The Australian Race - Workers Bush Telegraph

THE AUSTRALIAN

ITS ORIGIN, LANGUAGES,

CUSTOMS,

RACE:

PLACE OF !,ANDING IN AUSTRALIA,

THE ROUTES BY WHICH IT SPREA~ ITSELF OVER

THAT CONTINENT.

BY

EDWARD M. dURR,

.AtaAor of 11 Pvn 8tJddk HtWtU," 1111d 11 &coll«Uonl of 8qull#mg ill Yicforill."

IN FOUR VOLU1d:ES.

VOLUME II.

JOLBOll'.BNB : JOHN PDBB8, GOVDNlllBNT PB.IlrrKB.

LONDON: TBUBND AND oo., LUDGATE BILL.

1886.

CONTENTS OF VOLUME II.

1urr OJ' ILL1l'll'l'BATION8

BOOK THE SIXTH. ll'o.

Prefatory Remark■ -

40. Streaky Bay -

tl. Port Lincoln -

42. Peake Telegraph Sta$lon -43,North-weetofLakeEyrek. North Shore of Lake Eyre

'6. Weet of Lake Eyre -

-{D. K. RtcAardaon} O.Prowa

-{ .A • .A. a. Le Swef} R. W.Hofllm

• 0. Todd - 'JI'. E. Ja«Jba • - F. E. Ja«Jba • _ { John WMl'ffl

Jo'6n HO(JM1,A 48. Warburton River - • W. J. Paull • ,7, Warburton River - - W. H. Oomi.th ~. Cooper'■ Creek, to the eastward of} ,

itaNorthernBranch;-alao Koongi W. H. Oomi.th Lake • • _ • _ _ H~ G. Salmon

49. Qioper'a Creek in the nelglabourhood where Burke and Wllla died • .Alfnd H'1UltU

SO. Cooper'■ Creek near the Booloo River l .A. F. Bull~n . l Emut Eglinton

61, Nockatoonga, Wlllon River • - T. W, Foott • 52. Thargominda, Bulloo River - - F. W. Mylu • 63, Lower Bulloo River - • .A. F. Sullifflfl M. A Tribe to the eaet of Strr.eleoki'a

Creek. -66, From Mount Freeling to Plrigundi

Lake - - Samuel GGIOII S8. Kopperamana - - F. .BJ, Ja«Jba • 67. Strangway Springl - - John Wlffl"ffl 58.Umbertana - N • .BJ.PAilUp,on ·• 119, Mount Berle <Jlw.rlu WUll IIO, BeltanA • . { J. W, King,mUl } .

8. Gaaon 61, Wonoka -112. Eut.ern Shore of Lake Torrena-113. Gawler Range -M. Marachowle ·115. Mount Remarkable • M. Port Pirie, 40 miles eaet of

W.M. Gnt-n W.M. GNtn .A. D. 8a1Nr1 H. L. Beddome J. a. v alffltme 8, Le.Bnm •

P.lO■

-vi

3

6

8

10 12 -1, 16

18 22

30

32

34 36 ~

" '' 108

110 112 116

118

12' 126 130 132 136 140

iv OOlffENTS. ·

BOOK THE SIXTH~ontinued. No. • •-

67. Yorke'■ Peuimula, South Autralla • { ;:~• } 143

l Ttichelmann GIid t 68 •. Adelaide.and it■ neighbourhood - 8cA11m1a1111

W. Wyatt

{ H. Or«.ier t 69. Evelyn Creek - - A, Dt1Dhvrd f 69A. Near the North-we■t Corner of

New South W&le■ • .A. W. Ml1rlon

BOOK THE SEVENTH. Pre!at.ory Remark■ -

70. CoUDtry North-we■t of the Barrier Range- - AIIOllflllOUI

71.• Country about 80 milea North-we■t from a point on the Darling midway between MeniD.die and Wiloannia

72. Boolooomatta -73. Torrowotto 74.. Lower portion■ of the Paroo and

Warrego Riv~n -76, Bourke, Darling River

W.Ha.inu W.J.LahIJia: J . .A.Rdd •

G. Scrivemr -G. N. Tttllon

76, Fifty mile■ below Bourke on thef8ir8, WU-Darling River •

77. Wiloannia 78. Tintinlligi 79, Wein£ilriga

. l w. Hender,on M. Roger, • TM .AutAor • .A. McLeMCm

80, Mehindie, Darling River • 81. Tolarno Station 82. Junction of the Darling and Murray

Riven-88. From the Bank■ of. the Murray River,

whlre it ~ter■ Lake Alexandrina t.o the embouchure of that river

-Mair o. w. 8hll.VJ.

and l,aoepede Bay • <ht,rge Taplin 84. From Wellington, on the Murray

River, t.o the North-weat Bend • M, MoortAouae 85. North-weat Bend of the Murray

River • 86, Ned'• Comer • 87, From the Mallee CllifB t.o Wentworth 88, From the Junction of the Lacblan

and Murray t.o the Junction of the Darling and Murray

F. w. Fulford A. H. Pegler - McFariane

J. A. Macdonald -

14.8

lM

lM

166

173

182 188

2!U

226 230 232 234,

236

238

278 280 282

285

CONTEMTS.

BOOK THE EIGHTH. ll'o.

Prefat.ory Remarb -se,' Eastward of the Nicholson River and

.· between that river and the oout 90. Burket.own 91. The Mouth of the Leiah&rdt River 92. Mouth of the N onpan River -113. Middle Norman

• 114. On the W eet Bank of the Leichardt River, near the -

~- Leich&rdt River, twenty milee below

Edu,ard Owr T. 0-rn -W.JD • ..4.rmit JY. JJ1 • ..4.rmit W. JC • ..4.rmit

Jµmllaroi Station IIJdllJOll'd Ourr 116. Kamilaroi Station, Leiohardt River - MO'lltagu Curr· 97. Between the Gregory and Leiohardt

Rivera • .If. S. Lt:ffllOftd 98. Seym?ur, Templeton, and Cloncarry {F. ~~rt

Rivera - - · - - - J. 0 &,TJev 99. The.Cloncarry River . {JD. Palmer and

..4.nonymou,

} }

100. The Flindera and Cloncurry Rivera - ..4.. MacGiU.fJrd.y • 101. The Burke River - - JD. /Cglinl,tm • l The Hamilton Biver - - - W. Blair . lO'l. The· Lower Georgina River - • R. N. Oollim

Between ~e Georgina and Burke { J. Oraigie -Rivera - - - . - ..4. • .McLean -

103. Head of the Hamilt.on River - - JD. Eglinton -104. On the Hamilt.on River near Boulia JD. Eglinton -106. Junction of King's Creek and the { J. 0. Ma.cha.Uie

Georgina River - - - - J. 8. LiUle 106. Lower Diamantina - -· Anonymous -

107. Junction of ~omson and Barcoo { J.,1J.::::::1 Rivera, aJso the Whitula Creek - .,,,., ;..__

. ~-rnv~

BOOK THE NINTH. Prefat.ory Remarks -

}

108. PrinC811 Ch&rlotte's Bay, North Queensland - W. 0. Hodglcimon

109. Endeavour River - {J. Ooolc } P. P. King

HO. Weary Bay T. Hughu ' lll. Akoonkoon, Palmer River - .BJ. Palmer

112. The Lynd River W. 0. K. Hill ll3. Granite Range, cloae t.o the Head of .

the :Mitchell River and east of the Hodgkinson Goldfields - •. H. M • .Mo11ibra11

V

·-293

296 .298 300 306 310

314

31(1 318

322

326

330

340 '346

350 .3M 356 368 360 364

366

371

374

389

389

39'2

393 396 400

402

vi OONTENTS.

BOOK THE NINTH~wd. l!fo,

114. Near the Head of the W alah River - J, .Atlamota • 115. Country about Thornborough

· Digginga, and near the Head of the Mitchell

116. Gr&Dite Range at the Head of the W. O. Hodg'/ci-

W&lah River • R. R . .Da'llidaon 117. Head of the Gilbert JI. 0wT 118. Hlnohinbrook Ialand and the Main• { M • .Amutrong l

land a.djaoent - • - - J. Murra.r 1 · 119. Herbert River W. 8. 8tq,l,m

120. Halifax Bay • . { J. Oaaad11 } R.J~

121. Head-w&ten of the Burdekln River W. 0. Hodg~

122. Clarke River . {G.LUII } . ·. - Dela Tour

123. Top of the Range near Dalrymple • W. JJJ • .Amit

124. Cleveland Bay . { .A. R. JohRBf.<JM M. Ou"'

125. Mount Elliott -126. Mouths of the Burdekin River 127. Porter'■ Range

128. Charters Towers

JI. GnrJ""71 • J. O'O<1nnm • M. Ou"'

{ Ohief'Oommiarioner } qf Polia, Briabam

129. Upper Flindera, Hughenden, Dutton { .M. OufT } • River, &o. - • • • • E. Curr

130. The Watershed and Upper Portion of the Cape River M • .Arm.atrong

131. Nat.al Down■ Station, Cape River

132. R&ven■wood, Upper Bu,rdekin 133. Mount Bl.&ok -

134. Lower Burdekln

135. Burdekln River, various tribe&

. { F. M. Tomp,o,1 _I

w. OM,iji,tW. f W.H.Kent Govtrnfflffll o/(jueen.aland

_ { E. Cunningham. } F. J. Gonon J. Ha.ll 8cott

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS, VOLUME II.

. ··-408

412

PJ.81

Kopi, or Moumlng Cap of Gyp■um 238 A Tree on the Dia.man.tin& River, Queen■land, Reoord of & Fight

which took place in the locality • 433

•

BOOK THE SIXTH.

VOL. n. A

BOOK THE SIXTH.

PREFATORY REMARKS.

TnB tribes whose manners and languages form the subject of this book belong to the Central Division, like those treated of in the two preceding books. In many of these tribes the principal article of food was a sort of flour, obtained by grinding grass-seeds, which was made into unleavened .bread or mixed with water and eaten uncooked. With these tribes we come to the termination (in this neighbourhood) of the practices of circumcision and the tern'ble rite, a fact which is referred to at length in the prefatory remarks to Book VII.

In the languages of this book it is interesting to find paroo and hooloo, the two equivalents for fak, also the names of rivers. The explanation probably is that tribes which used these words (the Peake Telegraph vocabulary, for instance, contains both), having become the discoverers of these rivers, which abound in fish, named them respectively Paroo and Bulloo from this circumstance.

In some of these languages barkoola means 2 and in others 3.

No. 40.-STREAKY BAY.

BY D. K. RICHABDSON, EsQ., AND C. PBoVIB, EsQ.

FBox the Streaky Bay district I have received two vocabularies, both of which I have thonght it desirable. to insert ; for thongh for the most part they agree, they

A. 2

4 THE AUSTRALIAN RA.CB:

have also many points of diff'erence. Indeed the two equivalents of B/aclifello1D lead to the inference that they represent the dialects of two distinct (though neighbouring) tribes. The first of the two vocabularies, forwarded by Mr. D. K. Richardson, gives in addition the following names of persons:-Men: Moongolte., Koongulta, Moonaga. Women: Koomilya, Tchoonbilla, Noobillia. For the second voca.bolary I am indebted to Mr. Charles Provis, who gives the following names of persons, one of which is given by Mr. Richardson :-Men: Yaljulte., Thangil. WOtMn: Koomilya and Koobillye..

No. 40.--STREAKY BAY.

By D. K. RIClWUll!ON1 EsQ.

Kangaroo - . wa.rroo. Hand- • mnrra. Opouum - • pilta. 2 Black.a - - kootera Dinnga. Tame dog - - yelka. 3 Black.a - karboo Dinnga. Wild dog - One • kooma -Emu - - kurlea.

Two - kootera. Blackduck- -Wood duck

Three- - karboo.

Pelican - weely. Four (many) - yalbta.

Laughing jackaas Father - mnmma. Native companion Mother - w-. White cockatoo - yongona. Siater--Elder • konky. Crow - • wungara.

II Younger -Swan - • koorti

Brother-Elder Egg - namboo. - min-. -Track of a foot - tchinna. II Younger

Fish . - chataga. A young man • WBDllOO.

Lobster An old man • chllby.

Crayfish - An old woman · kooroo. Moequito - • koonaboonjeloo. A baby - walboo. Fly - • yoombera. A Whiteman • kooba. Snake· • djoono. Children • yarpo kardo. The Black•· - niunga.

A Blaokfellow - niunga. Head - • kurka.

A Black woman • weeinna. Eye - - meiL

Noee • - inoola. Ear - • yooree.

STREAKY BAY,

No. 40.-&ru.un· B.u--contm-Z.

Y:out.h • DeeJDy,

Teeth • - yira. Bair oUhe head- ngooro.

Beard - - ngangwin. ThUDder - - t.oondooga. Graa • - kurroo. Tongue - kyaling. Sklmach - choorda. 1!reuta - moondundoo. Thigh - kanty. Foot • Bone -Blood -Skin -Fat -Bowele Excrement -War-Bpe&r -Reed-spearWommera -Shield Tomahawkr.no.,. Bun -MOOD -Star -Ught-Dark -Cold -Heat-

Day -l!iight-

Pire -Water

Smoke

Ground Wind-Rain -God -Gboltl

- tcheena. - moolallie.

- yaildo. - imba. - mainby.

• meela.

- cheeando.

-~ • kalka.

- moabu. - mbrlaroo. • ngunera.

• perria.

- maltie.

• kulla.

- kaaby.

- pooyoo.

- poordo.

- eeneroo. • wainburoo.

• pokobidne7.

Boomer&llg•

Hill -Wood-

Stone -Camp-

Yea No

I You •

Bark •

Good -

Bad -Sweet

Food -Hungry

Thirsty

Eat -Bleep -

Drink

Walk •

See -Sit

Yeat.erday • To-day

- kulla.

• poonda.

- ngoora.

• yooa. - mukka. • ngunna. • tchanna.

- piltera.

- yardoo. • nunta. • morogo.

- ma. • meamukka.

- mungarra.

- ngaal. • yango,

- mungarra.

- wayn.

- ngakoon.

- ngeedin.

- wilyoodo.

To-morrow

Where are the Black.a?

• pynyinyee.

- maalduloo.

I don't know

Plenty Big -Little· Dead·

By-and-by -

Comeon -

Milk • Eaglehawk

Wild turkey

Wife -

- tchalla mindy •

- moona. - willaroo. - minya.rdo.

- pilunabeena

- wuneroo. • p&Dlli winni.

6 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE:

No. 40.-STREAKY BAY.

BY C. PBovu, EsQ.

Kangaroo Opouum -Tame dog Wild dog -Emu BlackduckWood duok-

- W&l'OO.

- pirlt&. - yelga.

- warritoh&. - murrva.

Pelioan - weele. Laughing jaokua Native oompa.nion White oookatoo - yunga,na. Crow - warnk&ra Swan• - kowerte.

:Egg - - peepee. Track of a foot - tobinna. Fish - - kooya. Lobster Crayfish -:Moaquito _ koonaboonjeloo. Fly • • yoonberra. Snake. - wobma. The Blacks- - kurda. A Blackfellow - kurda. A Black woman • kore. No■e • - mootla.

Hand -

2 Blacka -

SBlaoka · One •

Two •

Three

Four •

Father

Mother

Bister-Elder

- murra.

- koothera kurda.

- k&boo kurda.

- kooma. - koothera.

- kaboo.

- wima.

- mamma. - weeya.

- konbee.

., Younger -

Brother-Elder • yoonga.

,, Younger

A young man - wilyara.

An old ID&ll - poorlka. An old woman - weeya,

A baby - bit.cha. A White man Children

Head -Eye -

Ear -

- koopa. - keetohaba. - koka.

- meena.

STREAKY BAY.

Kou~ Teeth

• meeme.

. yeen.

Hair of the head- ngoora.

Beard - - ngornka. Thunder

01'111-Tongue

Stomach -Bream Thigh Foot·

Bone -Blood -Skin -Fat -Bowel11

- koorooua. - korra.

- kyaklng.

- warna.

- ebee.

- wiltha.

• tcheena. - moolale.

- yaildo, - eemba. - mainbe. - warna.

Excrement - - kurta.. W &r·spear - - keeya. Reed-spear -Throwing-stick -Shield-Toma.hawkOi.noe-Su .

Moon -Star -Light• Dark -Cold -Heat -Da.y -Night-

Fire -Wat.er Smoke Ground W-md-

Bain -God -Ghoata

- konde.

- tchinta. • peera.

- kulka

- moaba. - pyala. - pookara.. - pirrea. - molthe. - kurla. • koppe. • pooya.

- mietlea. - warre.

- wa.inbaroo.

- poorkabidne.

BoomerangHill -Wood

Stone

Camp-

Yea -No I You -

Bark -

Good •

Bad -Sweet

Food • Hungry

Thirsty

Eat -Sleep -

DrinkWalk -

See -Sit

Yesterday -

To-day

To-morrow-

- kurla. - parnta. - ngoora. - ya.

- mukka.

- ngie.

- noone.

- yoolthe.

- yatto.

- ngontha.

- morrogo.

- ma. • ka.rnpa..

- mungarra.

- mungee.

- ngarbiroya.

- algoona.

- ngomerna.

- meena.

- neena.

- wiltchera. - pynea. - molthaloo.

Where &re the intha kurda? Blacks?

I don't know

Plenty

Big

Little -

Dead -By-and-by -

Comeon -

Milk -Eaglehawk •

Wild turkey

Wife -

- yaminthe. • murna.

• mu.ma. - meenya.

- kukabuk.

- karree. - pemee,

7

8 THE AUBTRALUN RA.CB :

No. 41.-PORT LINCOLN. BY A. A. C. LK Souu, EIQ., AlfD TD bVJ>. B. W. HoLDD.

V OCABULA.BIES of the Parnkalla langnage, which is spoken at Port Lincoln and along the western shores of Spencer's Gulf, have been sent to me by A. A. C. Le Souef, Esq., and the Revd. R. W. Holden. Of this language a dictionary of about 2,200 words, prefaced by a grammar, was published in Adelaide, 1844, by the Revd. C. W. Shurmann. From these sources I have filled up the following vocabulary. It is to be noticed that in the Revd. Mr. Shurma.nn's work there is but one word which begins with the letter ti, and the sound of ck is entirely wanting, but that my two contributors both give kitckti as the equivalent of 6al,y. Circumcision prevails in this tribe.

No. 41.-PORT LINCOLN. BY A. A. C. LK Souu, EBQ., AlfD TD RBvo. R. W. HoLDD,

Kangaroo . Opouum Tame dog • Wild dog Emu • Black duck Woodduok

. bulk.a, warru.

. pilla. • wilga. · kurdnimd, • wa.rraitya. • murrarra.

Pelioan • widlL Laughing jaok&III kook&rk. Native oompa.uiou White oookat.oo • Crow • • wornkarra. Swan • • • • kooti. Egg • • peepee, bebl. Track of a foot • yedna, weedla. Fish - • kuya, Lobet.er Crayfish -:Moaquito •

Fly • SnakeThe Blackl A fflaokfellow

• kunnutyullu, yuwunu.

- yumbarra. • wamba. - yoora, t.oora.

A Black woman - pallara. N018 • - moodla.

Hand • • murra. 2 Blaob . · bllpille toora. 3 Blacb • koolperrie t.oon.

One • • kublll&IID&.

Two • • k&llpille.

Three • • koolperrie.

Four • - ngerla. Father • pappL Mother - ngammi Slat.er-Elder . ya.kka.

,. YoUDg81' • Brother-Elder • yunga.

,. Younger ngaityaba. A young man - mooltappa. An old man • meetta, pulka. An old woman - mood&llL

A baby • kit.cha. A Whit.a man • koopa. Children - • boolyoo, mur-

dalyi. Head • ka.ka. Eye -Ear •

• mena. • yoorL

PORT LINCOLN. 9

No. 41.-Po:a'f Lmoou---contmued,

11011th - ya, nr.rpartra. Teeth - yern., ira. Hair of ~ head - kakaputti, kurni· Beard - - ngarnb. Thunder

Ol'UITongue St.omach

Breuta Thigh Poot -Bone Blood -Skin -l&t -Bowels Excrement -War-apear -Beed-.pear -Wommera -Shield Tomahawk -r-oe-San -MOOD -Star -Ught -Dvk -Cold -Be&t • Day -N"i,ht -Fire -Water Smoke Oround Wind -Bain -

God -Ghonl

· kooranna. - kurra, uthera. - yarll. - pompe ngan-

blla. - ngamma. - yatla. - Lina. - winma, W'lll'lpoot - kartintye.

- mama, ngappata. - kudna. - kudna. - Ida, bya.

- midla, kundi.

- kanti.

- yumo. - pirra. - purdll.

- multhL - paialla, pila. - kallalla. - waJllna, marka.

- gadla, !turd.la. - bpi, kauo, - puyu, pooya. - yurra. - wirra. - bttari, koonm-

na-kowi,

- Dara, wllya.

BoomerangBill -WoodStone -Camp-Yea

No I You -Bark -Good

Bad -SweetFood -Hungry Thiraty Eat -Sleep. DrinkWalk -

- purri. - plla. - kanya. - koornkoo. - ia, ya, a, nga,

yooa. - mukka, madla.

- ngai. - neena. - yoolthi. - munjarri, mar-

nlti. - milla. - ngaltya. - ma, mal. - karnba, kurnpa. - JUrDe, - ngalgutu. - meya, wanniti, - yappaka. - ngukata, pad-

nata. Bee - - nakkuttu, nak-

koo. Sit - yikketha. Yeeterday - - willjenna. To-day - yatha. To-morrow - - wilcherpani. Where are the wanna toora ? Blaclr.a?

I don't Ir.now Plenty

Big -

Little -Dead -By-and-by -Come on Milk • Eaglehawk -Wild turkey Wife •

- ya-ltood-la. - nurla. - yoodlu, mur-

nundo, - bulya, peelyoo, - kunya, panmtu - Itani. - purdni.

• J&rDU.

- wa11a. -,yungara.

1 I


No. 42.-PEAKE TELEGRAPH STATION.

BY CBil.LBs TODD, EaQ., C.M.G.

Kangaroo - - koongoora. Hand - •mUl!'II.

Opoaum - - womboola. 2 Blacka - - parakulla nulla. Tame dog - - murdla. 3 Blacka - • kulpura nulla. Wild dog - One - • weyoo. Emu - -erlea. Two - - parakulla. Black duck- -oodl&-oodla.

Three - - kulpura. Wood duck- - yarkalto.

Four -Pelica.n - warnmto. - nooyoo.

Laughing jackus Father - meeya.

Native companion mulpa, Mother - ·a1ooka.

White cockatoo - Siater-Elder - karkoo. Crow - - wokkoola,

" Younger · Swan• - kute. Brother-Elder - noota. Egg - - papoo.

Younger Track of a foot - wimba. " Fish - - paroo, booloo. Ayoungma.n - yawonka.

Lobster An old man - waroo. Crayfish An old woman - wittoola. Mosquito - - ooinya. A baby - marchi Fly - - oringore. A Whiteman - koopia woonka. Snake - - wobma. Children . koopak.urdli. The Blacks- - nulla. A Blackfellow - nulla. Head - - kurty.

A Black woman - munkera. Eye - - milchi.

N0118 • • media. Ear - - yeari,

PBAKE TELEGRAPH STATION.

Hoatb • muma. Tenb • - yakbra. Hair of the head· wilpoora. Beard • • numka.

Thllllder - mmigaunda. Grua - • kunchan. Toague • tardll.

Stomach - - yarrakoora.

Breuta ThighFoot -

Bone -Blood.

Skin •

- nama,

- walpoo(?) -peedna.

• walpoo(?) - koobmara.

- maramakoo. ht - · p11Dga, marri. Bowela

Bl:crement • • koodna. War-,pear • B.d-,pear-Wommera -

Shield· Tomahawk• Canoe-Sun -Koon -Star -Light -Dark -rud -Heat -Day -Night-

Fini -Water Smoke Ground Wind

Rain -God •

Ghoete

- yvro. - pur&lla. - kartepela. - poorinda. - wonga. - madlera. - alpa.

• wolta. • woogna. • mukka.

• koota. • ukurta.

• yoopella.

- wolmurra. • chllta.

Boomerang

Hill -Wood

Stone -

Camp-

Yee -No -I You -Bark Good. Bad •

Sweet

Food -Hungry

Thinty

:Eat -Sleep ·

Drink.

Walk -

See -

• nartanda.

• kardna, opata.

. nma.

- arrL

- myella.

- aupa. - autoo.

- peeta.

- tetalla.

- ch&lpa. · . wodla. • yuukurta. • taner&.

· koortan&.

• poontar&.

• ukandanda. • yu.ngunda.

Sit • • tunkann&. Y eeterday - - ukunta.

To-day . ch&lpa.

To-morrow - - WODg&r&.

Where a.re the weterl& null& Bl&cb T parak& 7

I don't know • an&kolL Plenty • nooka,

Big - - para.nda.

Little -DeadBy-and-by -

- pek&mmaroo.-

- pooranda. • uta.

Come on - - karwona wee.

Milk -E&gleh&wk

Wild turkey

Wife -

11

12 THE AUSTRALIAN &ACE 1

No. 43.-NORTH-WEST OF LAKE EYRE. BY F. E. JACOBS, F.eQ.

TH:a: following vocabulary from the language of the tribe which dwells to the north-west of Lake Eyre was kindly forwarded to me by Mr. F. E. Jacobs, a German gentleman resident at the Lutheran Mission Station at Kopperamana. I have thought it necessary to call attention to the nationality of my correspondent, as in many cases the spelling of the words of his vocabulary, taken from an English point of viem, represents sounds which it would be impossible for an Australian Black to utter. The stk, which occurs so frequently, I take to represent the nasal sound which is generally expressed by ng.

No. 43.-NORTH-WEST OF LAKE EYRE. BY F. E. JAOOBII, F.eQ.

Ka.nga.roo . kungara. Hand. • IIUllll'a,

Opouum • pilda. 2Blacka • tu& pan.kulu. Tame dog -madla. 3 Blacka • tu& kulpari. Wild dog One . • athuja. Emu . • wurrukotti . Two . pan.kulu • Black duck- - durnml,

. Wood duck

Three. - kulpa.ri.

Pellaan • tampanpara. Four . - pankulu-para-

Laughing jaok&111 kulu.

Native companion puralka. Father . alnja.

White cockatoo • nardnanpn, Mother · ■th&rluka. Crow • - wokkala. Siater-Elder . kuppali.

Swan - • kurti. ,, Younger -Egg . • pappu • Brother-Elder - 11thuttl. Track of a foot • tidna.

" Younger

Fish . -worrl. A young man . t&rlnka. Lobister - kurukudirrl. An old man - muttupurdu. Crayfiah An old woman - wuljula. Mo■qulto . tudinma.

A baby • ■thallua. Fly . - athurrlnhurri. Snake- . titta. A Whiteman

The Blacks - . tua. Children • ■thallua. A Blaokfellow • tuaohuju. Head· - karta.pu.

A Black woman - boku. Eye . mllkikardi. Noae . • milla. Ear . . turri,

NOB.TB-WEST OP LAKE EYRE. 13

No. 43.-No:am-wmrr o• L.&.u EYU-COntinu«l.

Moalh • morna. Boomerang . Teeth - • taob.ra. Hill . Hair of the head - whlrri. Wood- • athalpa. Baud- . atharubta- Stone - . bdna.

charda. Camp. . ethma. Thunder . plldri-plldri.

Yee - kau. Graa - - kuta. Taogue • tanjama. No • bumi.

Stomach . k1lllD&kardi. I . ethanna.

Breasta . ethamma. You - andrugundree. Thigh. . tarra. Bark • pitjam11m1. Poot . • ti.dna. Good - ethurku, Bone • • wolpu. Bad - . madla. Blood • . gummari. Sweet- - murdu. Skin . . batta. Food . - workana.

"" . . mamL Hungry - wordlara. Bowels . lammateiri.

Thinty • athalpa.ria. Excrement - . kUJ1DA. War-apea.r • . pirrimpara. Eat . . tarumda .

Beed-..-r. Bleep . . kurmala.

Wommera - Drink . puntarda.

Shield - • mudluworru. Walk· - tuokanda.

Tomahawk· • b.rlara. See - • athanninda IAnoe. Sit • tankarda.

8un . · muju. Yeeterday • woldapurta. Moon· . purta. To-day • arnti.. Star . . kardipilla. To-morrow - - wongara. Light· -pared,ohi. Where are the taa tiara? Dark - - ■thalpuru. Blacka? <l>ld • baokala.

I don't know • eth&nnago • Heat - . karrara.

Plenty- . ethadla. Day . - muju • Night - wompa. Big - kartuwirri.

Pini . maoka. Little · . etharra.

Water • kutta. Dead . • kumpirra.

Smoke · maokatupu. By-and-by . - thaeinni. Ground · wodlu. Come on - - kaua. W-md. • wommara. Milk -Bain . - kurn,worra. Eaglehawk -

I God . Wild turkey Giiom Wife .

!


No. 44.-THE NORTH SHORE OF LAKE EYRE.

Br F. E. JACOBS, EsQ.

For remarks on the spelling of thia vocabulary aee No. 43.

Kangaroo -Opo11&um -Tame dog -Wild dog -Emu -Black duck Wood duck

- yahuckuru. .. pilka.

- tirrita.

• workatji. • durnmi.

Pelican - worrantjuma. Laughing ja.ckaaa Native companion puralku. White cockatoo -Crow Swan -Egg -

- wauwacka.

. pampu. Track of a foot -Fi.ah -Lobster Crayfish Mosquito - - pirtipupu. Fly - • dritji. Snake - - tipamakatu. The Blacks - - karna. A Blackfellow - karmaohunara. A Black woman - widla. Noae • • mudla.

Hand -2 Blaoka • 3 Blaoka -

One • Two • ThreeFour •

Father

Mother

Sister-Elder

• kama parukulu. • karna paraku-

auna. - stb:anan. - parukulu. • parakuauna. - parakulu-para-

kulu. • atharr&pi.

- Bthandrl. • Bthuttari.

., Younger •

Brother-Elder • 1thuju.

., Younger

A young man

An old man • wollunku. • kurkaru.

An old woman • wildapirna.

A baby • kuba.na.ukatu. A White man • Children • Head Eye • Ear -

- athurdutandra. • milk.i.

- turpa.

THE NOB.TH BBOB.B OF LAKE EYRE. 1~

No. 44.-TBE No:aTB Sao:u o, .L&u EYBB--co11tillved.

Mouth • morna. Boomerang-Teeth • mOl"llatirri. Bill -Bair of the head - wullpuru. Wood • pinta.

Beard Stone• -marda.

Thunder Camp-

Gr1111. - kuttu. Yee -

Tongue - tarlimaukatu. No

I Stomach . - tandru • &..ta

You - - tidni.

Thigh- Bark - - pitji.

Foot - Good - - tampa.

Bone. Bad - - lll&DDa. - worrupu. Blood- Sweet- - mardu.

Skin - - kadla. Food •

Fat . Hungry - mauanu.

Bowels - kunuaworla. Thiraty • tardinu.

Excrement- Eat . ~ taiima.

w ar-apear - - kuju. Sleep - - mokaparrena. Beed-apear - Drink. - tubburra. Throwing-stick - Walk - - wappema. Shield • atharra.namma See . • athirkana. Tomahawk - Bit - llthammana. Canoe- Y ellterday - woldra. -Sun - • ditji.

To-day - karikura. Hoon - • atharra. Star - ditjinaukata. To-morrow - - wonganulli. -Light - Where are the

Dark - Blacks?

C4ld - - backala. I don't know

Heat - Plenty - whitta. Day - - ditji. Big - - pirma. Night - palkara. Little - - wolka. Fire - - tu.re. Dead - - naoori. Water - athappa.

By-and-by - - karra. Smoke - turotupu. Come on - phuila. Groand - woilju. -

Wind- Milk -Bain - - kurrara. Eaglehawk

God - Wild turkey

Gbolte Wife -

I

l


No. 415.-WEST OF LAKE EYRE.

BY Jou WAB&BN, EeQ., A.ND Jou Hooam, &IQ.

Kangaroo - - koongaroo. Hand - - mtura. Opouum - - wombla. 2 Blacb - - nulla parakula. Tame dog - - mudlu. 8 Blacka - null& kulpart.e. Wild dog - - willl One - - oyoo. Emu - - warrewotti. Two - -parakula. Black duok - mulohawa.roo. Three. - kulp,.rt;e. Wood duck Pelloan - worandoo.

Four - - parakula-para·

Laughing jaokus kula.

Nativeoompanion wooroo. Father • neia.

White oookat.oo - kadaroonga. Mother • loob.

Crow - - wakilla. Siater--Elder - kakoo.

Swan - - kooti. ,, Younger - kooba.koo. Egg - - bapoo. Brother-Elder - nooto. Track of a foot - darri. ,, Younger kooba.koo. Fish - - paroo. A young man - kulpi. Lobster An old man - warroo. Crayfieh - koongideri.

An old woman - willula. Moequito - - ueni. Fly - yoorgoori. A baby - koopa-koopa.

Snake • wabina. A White man -The Blaoka- - nulla. Children -A Blaokfellow - nulla. Head - - kardiapoo.

A Black woman - bookoo. Eye - - miltekurte.

Noee - - meetla. Ear - • yerri.

WEBT OF LAKE EYRE.

No. 46.-Wur op Lil• En~ued.

Mouth Teeth

• m111'11&,

- yakkara. H&ir of the head- yarree. Bea.rd - - miDga. Thunder - - pulpa. Gl'BIIII - • komgara. Tongue - t.a.rli. Stomach - - koodnakurte. Breuta -ngumma. Thigh. -Foot -Bone -Blood -Skin -Fat • Bowels BxcrementWar-apear -Reed-epear -Wommera or

throwing-a tick

- tidna. - walpoo. - kooabma.ni. - pelta-nooree. - mnrnL - kunakurri, - koodna - peremboora.

- katchL

Shield - moodlawarroo. Tomahawk - - kandi <:'Anoe -811n -Moon -Star -LightDark -Cold • Heat -Day -Night.Fire -Wat.er Smoke Ground W"llld -Rain -God -Gliona

VOL. u.

- mooyoo.

- burilla.

- kardikilla. - arka, - mllooroo. - mudli. - warontoha. - wudla.

- alboonoo. - mukka. • koota.

- toopo. - wodla. - wobnera.

- chaili.

B

Boomer&11g • • -

Hill -Wood

Stone

Camp

Yea No I You •

Bark

Good •

Bad -Sweet-

Food • Hungry Thirsty

Eat -Sleep -

DrinkWalk -See • Sit Yeaterday •

To-day

- mukka.. - kadna.

- 00-00-oor-roo.

- pee, yarra. - padne. - outu.

- anpa.

- 00-00-koo. - mudlante.

• chalpa.

- koodnullana. . poont.a.rda.

- ukunda. • nangenda,

- toDkunna. - kulkara.

- woldarapoota.

To-morrow - - wonga.ra.

Where are the wetiara nulla? Black■ ?

I don't know

Plenty

Big

Little -

Dead -By-and-by -

Come on •

Milk -Eaglehawk

Wild turkey

Wife -

- wijero,

- nooka,

- burra-burra.

- koopa-koopa.

- boorunda.

- yadnai. - kowana,

17


No. 46.-WARBURTON" RIVER. BY w. J. PAULL, EsQ.

THI: following vocabulary of the language of the Ominee tribe was forwarded to me by Mr. W. J. Paull, if I read the signature correctly. That gentleman informs me that the marches of the lands of the Ominee, W ongonooroo, Kuranyooroo, and Y arleeyandee tribes, all intimately connected, meet on the Warburton River, at Cowarie he&dstation. This country, my correspondent goes on to 8&Y, was first occupied by the Whites in 1876, at which time these tribes amounted in the aggregate to between six and eight hundred souls, at which number they still remain. No clothes are worn by them; the women go quite naked, and the men have only a belt made of human hair round the waist, from which a fringe spun from the fur of rats hangs in front. The men also smear the skin with grease, and daub the body with red and yellow ochre, and the women sometimes wear a bone through the septum of the nose, which is pierced for the purpmie. :Most of the males have two teeth extracted, but not all of them. Se,·eral sorts of nets are in use, made of rushes or human hair. This tribe use no tomahawks, properly speaking ; but for tomahawk purposes a flint fixed chisel-fashion on to the end of a piN'e of wood by means of a compound of water, sand, and the ashes of a bnsh called mindree. This instrument is, as the reader has seen, in extensive use on the west coast. Their weapons are clubs, boomerangs, and spears thrown by hand. The chief articles of food are nardoo, fish, wild-fowl, eggs, rats, and snakes of various sorts.

Cannibalism e.xists an1ongst them, bnt is not commonly llffifti$\.>d, Son1etimes when a BlM.'k dies from natural caul:'les, bis relations eat portions of the body ; but if a dt•ath happens in a pi11!1a or war party, any of the tribe who are present partake of the flesh of the

\V ARBURTON RIVER. 19

deceased. The reason of these differences probably is that in camp a. person might by ma.gic ta.ke the life of one not nea.rly related to him for the sa.ke of a mea.l; that relatives would never commit such a.n a.ct; and that none would do it whilst on the wa.r-pe.th, when every combatant is of consequence. They sa.y the human flesh tastes much like that of the igna.na.. Mr. Pa.ull gives me the following names of persons:-Men: Ya.nchillina, Pirrillina., TarraJ.lina., N a.lkallina. Women : Yinkeetarrina, Itha.pappina, W a.unillina., Koora.kookanea.

The men marry women of other tribes. Polygamy is in force, but my informa.nt ea.ye that neither widows nor widowers marry again, in which I think he must be mista.ken. He also remarks that most of the women who have children seem to be between 28 and 40 years of age, and tha.t children are not numerous. These tribes scar the body extensively by way of ornament. Most of the males are admitted at about fifteen years of age to the rank of young man by mea.ns of the terrible rite. Some, however, undergo circumcision only, and these are -said to be the fathers of the children in the tribe. Weighing the facts, that the women rear no children until well on in life, that the great majority of the males are rendered incapable of begetting children and others not, a.nd that only some of them have teeth knocked out, I have no doubt that these .practices a.re the results of precise laws the particulars of which have not rea.ched me, the object of which is to limit population. In connection with this subject the reader is referred to the a.ccount of the Birria tnl>e, near the junction of the Thompson and Barcoo.

Pitcheree is chewed by these tribes, and Mr. Paull remarks that some of the Whites who have smoked it, when tobacco has been -scarce, say that it puts them to sleep.

Around places where emu are known to be, the grass is set on fire, and by this means they are driven into nets or waterholes and killed. Kangaroo are hardly

B:&


found in this country. As usual, the hair of these tribes is long, sometimes straight, and at others wavy and curly. When a man dies, it is often thought to be the result of a bone having been pointed at him by the doctor of another tribe, and then an expedition to revenge his death follows. Messengers are sometimes sent to absent friends bearing a string saturated with the blood of the sender, as an intimation to come to him speedily. Friends embrace each other on meeting after a long absence. No signs of government or distinction of rank exist in these tribes.

Mr. Panll's account is full of interest, and one cannot help regretting that he had not materials to make it more complete.

No. '6.-W ARBURTON RIVER.

BY w. J. PAULL, EaQ.

Kangaroo -Opoeaum -Tame dog -Wild dog -Emu -Black duckWood duck

- chookeroo. - marloo. - kinthalla. • (the same). - warroogatty. - pi&.

Pelican - toompingaroo. Laughing jacka.sa Native companion pooralco. '\\"bite cockatoo - karrong. Crow - - kol\ilka. Swan - - kootee. Egg - · kaapee. Track of a foot - dinn&. Fish - - paroo. Lobster Crayfiah - koonkoodirri. M0114uito - - koontie, koinyee. Fly - - moonchow. Snake - toothoo. The Blacks - marroopoo. A Blackfellow • k.anna. A Black woman - will&. Noae - - moo!&.

Hand-2 Blacb -3Blacb One -Two -Three Four -

- m'llJTa.

• koono. - mandroo. - parra.koolo. - mandroo-man-

droo. I Father - apparree.

Mother - andree Sister-Elder - karkoo.

,. Younger -Brother-Elder - naatatta.

,. Younger

A young man - tarree. An old man - pinaroo. An old woman - w:idleepena. A baby - wakb-wakka.. A Whiteman -Children - - primaa-primna. Head - - mungatundra. Eye - - milkee. Ear - - talpa.

W ABBURTON RIVER.

No. 46.-W A&BtraTON Rxvn-eontmuecl.

Mouth - muma. Teeth • - munathundra. Hair of the head- parra. Beard- - nanka. Thunder - - pildree-pildree. Graa - - kanta. TODgUe Stomach Breast.a Thigh-Foot -Bone •

Blood -Skin -Fat -Bowels Excrement -War.-pear -Reed-spear -Wommeraor throwing-stick

Shield Tomahawk• Canoe-Sun • Moon-Bt.ar. Light -

- tarlee. - mandree. • mamma.

• noora. - dinna. - mookoo. - k00Dl&rree. - dalla. - mamee. - kipper&. - koodna. • kaltee.

preeta.

- pirramarra. - toola.

- ditchee. - pirra. • ditchee (?)

- marroo.

Boomerang

' Hill, if rocky

,, if 1&nd Wood

Stone -

Camp-

Yea -No I You

Bark Good Bad •

Sweet· Food Hungry

Thirsty Eat .

Sleep -

Drink

Walk -See

Sit

• keera. • marda. - dak.ko,

- moolyea.

- marda.

- nooia. • yow. . pannee.

- akannee.

- inkannee.

- pitchee.

- nkoma.

- moontchoo.

- mardoopinna. . boaka. - mowallee.

- tardeeallee.

- tin&.

- moka. • tapooinna.

- wappina. • nina.

- nammema.

Yesterday - - waldrawirtee. To-day - kurraree. To-morrow • - tunkapurna.

21

Dark - • warroo-warroo. Where are the widderee kanna? Cold -Beat -Day -ll1ght. J'ire • Water Smoke Ground W"md.

Rain -God • Ghoate

- killpolee. - waldra. - karrarree. - melyarroo.

- tooroo. . appa. - topoo. - meta. - wattara. - tallarra. • mooroo-moora.

· koochee.

Black.a T I don't know Plenty Big Little -Dead -By-and-by -Come on -Milk -EaglehawkWild turkey Wife -

• anacoo. - murrapoo. - piarree. - waddawak. - pallina • • wallyea. - kopperow. •·namm&.

- karrawurra. - kallatoora. - nooa.

22

No. 47.-W ARBU&TON &IVE&.

BT w. H. CoB.NUIII, F.aQ.

Kangaroo - chookooroo. Hand· . murra. Opouum . wampala. 2 Blaoka • yoo-oo parakoo-Tame dog . mulla. loo. Wild dog 3 B1aoka · yoo-ou koolperie. Emu . wa.raguit&. One . Black duck- Two • pa,rakooloo. . Wood duck- Three. • koolparie. Pelican . tumpum.ra. Laughing jaokau Four . Native companion pooralkoo. Father . anya.

White cockatoo - kudaroonka. Mother • umma.

Crow• • waokalla. Slater-Elder - karkoo. Swan." · koodie. "

Younger - koopalie. Egg • parpoo. Brother-Elder - nutie-nutie. Track of a foot • tidna. Younger koopalie.

" Fiah . • warrie . A young man - kerna. Lobater An old man - mat&poota. Crayflllh - koonkooderie. Moequito . yoowinya. An old woman - wlllula.

Fly • ooringoorle. A baby - nara-nara.

Suake loarpet) • wonungunnie. A White man -The Blaoka- - yoo-oo-oodla. Children - - nara naroo-o-la. A Blaokfellow • yoo-oo. Head . brdappoo.

A Black woman • moncurra. Eye - - milkey. Noee • . meedla. Ear - • yanie.

W AB.BURTON BIVEB..

No. 47.-WABB'll'BTON Rivn--continued.

Mouth - muma.

Teeth - - yackarra.

Hair of the head- wirrie.

Baud - unka. Th'IIJlder - moonkarda. Grue - - chllpa. Tongue - tanjamia. Stomach - - koona-kuddie. Brea.ta Thigh Foot -Bone -Blood -Skin -Fat -Boweia Excrement -War-apear -Reed-apear -Wommera or throwing-etick

Shield.Tomahawk -Omoe-Sun -Moon -Star -Light -Dark -Cold -Heat -Day -Night-Fire -Wat.er Smoke Ground Wind-Rain -God -Gbq

- umma. - tarra. - tidna. - walpoo. - koomarie. - putta. - monnie. - koonaturie.

- wonna. - kutobie.

munkoorara.

- mooloowarroo.

- mooyoo. - arkunnie. - kerdie-billa. - bukkie. • wona. - mullara. - kuna-kulla.

- wonga. - mukka. - koola. - toopoo. - wadlea. • womara. • koorowara.

Boomerang

Hill -Wood - - mucka.

Stone - - kadna. Camp - - ooria. Yea - - kowina. No - panie.

I - unu.. You -Bark -

Good -Bad -Sweet

Food • Hungry

Tbinty Eat

Sleep -

Drink

Walk -See -Sit

Yeaterday • To-day

- umpa.

- pitohamooroo.

- oorkoo. - mudla.

- oorkoo. - kartie. - wadlara.

- aparra.

- tuninda.

• koonalunda. • poontada.

- ukunda. • nuninda.

- tunkada.

- kulkawarra.

• untie.

To-morrow - - wongara.

Where are the yoo-too tear& T

BlackaT I don't know

Plenty

Big -

Little -Dead -

By-and-by -

Come on Milk -Eaglehawk -Wild turkey Wife -

- ino. koo. • udla. - kirtiewirrie.

- na.ra-nara.

- wonchad&.

- woolya.. - kowa.narie.

23

24 THE ACS'l'BALIA5 RACE:

No. 48.-COOPER'S CREEK, TO THE EASTWARD OF

ITS NORTHERS BRASCH; ALSO KOONGI LAKE-

Br W. H. CoL'm!B, EsQ., AlfD IIDsT G. SALlloN, E8Q.

I.N connection with this portion of the Cooper's Creek country, I have received vocabularies from W. H. Cornish, Esq., and Henry G. Salmon, Esq. The one supplied by the first of these gentlemen is from the language of the Yowerawoolka tribe, and Mr. Salmon's from Koongi (usually spelt Coongy) Lake Station, lat. 27° south, long. 140° east, or thereabouts.

With his vocabulary, Mr. Salmon has also sent me some particulars concerning the plant called pitckeree, which is very extensively used in this portion of Australia. As the weed is not found near Koongi (dry) Lake, long journeys are made periodically to the north-west by the men of the tribe to procure it. It is said to be a mild narcotic. Women use it, but less freqnent]y than men. The specimen sent ~e by Mr. Salmon consisted of small sticks about the thickness of rye-grass stems. " The Blacks" -says this gentleman-" first chew it into a mass, then mix it with the ashes of gum-tree leaves, making a paste ball. This, when kept in the month for some time, has a highly stimulating effect." Mr. Salmon gives the following additional words:-

Quiok • - pukkuW. Lake • - ngappa-puma, or Forehead - unda, big water • Knee • . punt.a.

Cloud■ · parraweelpa. Feather • kootya. Centipede - . thinga-tbinga. Gum-tree - yall&wa.rroo. Box-tree - kulparoo. Lir.a.rd- - kupa.

Sa.ndhill -merree. Fishing-net- • peerly.

Plain • - yumburri, A.ab.ea. • toorpa.

Creek. . kunvl. Siok . • woodiawarra.

COOPER'S CREEK,

Bring a fire-■tiok mukka &IT&llg11DOO,

Bring water • - ngappa arramundratullr.a. Which way ■hall we go ? • iilanda towmahatchi? Where are you lick? or In what part iilanoonoo woodiwarra inganitchi?

do you feel amilll? n ii going to rain . mura (or unyara) towara.

25

In the vocabulary and Additional Word, of this language the reader may compare the equivalents of The Black,; WAere are the Black,? WMre ,hall 'R)tJ go? and Where a.re you Bick? The termination hatclu, itchi, &c., in connection with iilanda, &c. = ,,,,here is remarkable.

26 THE . .A.USTB.ALIAN RACE :

No. '8.-COOPEB.'8 CREEK.

BT H. G. 84LMON, EsQ.

Kangaroo • Opoeaum • Tamedog • Wild dog • Emu• Black duok

- ohookooroo. - murloo • • pau.di.

- wa.rrawidgee. • dickeri.

Wood duok • goomabrinna. Pelican - dookam.errL Laughing jaoka.1111 Native companion koodri. White oookat.oo - nerraplnta. Crow - • kaoolika. Swan -Egg • Track of a foot

Fish • Lobster Crayfish

Mosquito • Fly • Snake-The Blacks-

• kurrawattL

- pompo. - palto. - kooya

• narraminyeh. - koontL - moondyoo. • parday.

- kooroo. A Blackfellow • koomoo. A Black woman - yewa. Nose • - klnts.

Hand-2 Blacks

3 Blaob •

One -

Two -ThreeFour -

Father Mother Sister-Elder

. murra. - kooroo barkool&. • kooroo barkool&

g00IIL

- goon&. - barkoola.

- barkool& goona. - barkool&-bar-

kool&. . appari. • undri. • kako.

., Younger •

Brother-Elder • mooto. ,. Younger

A young man - poolya.

An old man - kooroo-kooroo.

An old woman - gooroolpo.

A baby • tiddari. A White man • purloo . Children - - murrowa. Head· Eye -Ear -

- koka. - meetyee. - tulpa.

COOPER'S CB.EEK. 27

No. 48.-Co<>Plm's C:ul::s:--commutd.

Mouth - mlll'D&.

Teeth - - nurra.ko. Hair of tbe head- oolparoo.

Bea.rd - nnga. Thunder 01'1118. Tongue Stomach -Breuta Thigh Foot -Bone -Blood-

Skin -Fat -Bowela kerementWa.r-apear -Reed-spear -Wommera -Shield TomahawkOmoe-San -Moon-Star -Light -Dark -Cold -Heat -Day -Night Fire 7

Watef Smoke Gnrand WindBain -God -Ghoeta.

- unnera. - poka. - pulpa. - t.oondroo. - um.ma. - wonda.Jtilla. - tinna. - moko. - pun:ut.era, yanp-

rungooroo.

• durla. - munni. - koornadulla. , koorna, -windra.

. yarra.

• narratitta. - mudramoodipa. - ukobichi - triohi. - prira. - triohi poolya. - minda. - murree. - multee, - murpununga.. - mindil. • murilla..

- mukka.. - nga.ppa. - toopo. - purl&. - tyiri. • unyara.

Boomerang - - yarra.koodakoo-dari.

Hill -Wood - wottee. Stone -

Ca.mp -Yea -No

- muddra..

- noora.. - kow. - paunee.

I - . - unnyi. You Bark • Good -Bad -SweetFood -Hungry Thinty Eat -

Sleep -DrinkWalk -See -Sit

- yea.nyi. - dallamurroo. - pytohl. • murlundL - palyunginee. - tyinnnga. - moaly, - ta.tipa.lla. • boorta., kur-

nunga, - toorungariati. - ta.ppernunga. • - tooarnunga. - woora.nunga. • nina.nunga.

Y eaterday • - a,na,njnna 'lOOk • dra..

To-day . - kailrl. To-morrow - • murrawinka. Where a.re the iilatunna. koor-Blacks? natchi?

Idon'tkDow Plenty Big • Little -Dead -By-a.nd-by -Comeon -Milk -Eaglehawk Wild t11,rkey Wife -

- ka.reel atunna. • mulkuri, - uli. • poolya. - puldringunna. • mini. - kuppa.row.


No. 48.-COOPER'S CREEK.

By W. H. CoBNISB, F.sQ.

Kangaroo -Opouum Tame dog -Wild dog Emu -Black duckWood duclr.-

• choolr.ooroo. • mulloo. • pandL

• quarra.

Pelica.n - dukkamirrl. Laughing jack.MB Native companion poorallr.o. White oockat.oo • lr.oodrunkoo. Crow -Swan· Egg. Track of a foot Fiah •

Lobeter Crayfiah

Moequit.o • Fly Snalr.e. TheBlacb-

• lr.owulb. - lr.oodri. • pompoo . • tidna. • paroo.

- lr.idneylr.ooderi. • kunti. • moonchoo.

wooma. lr.erna.

A Blackfellow • kerna, koornoo. A Blaclr. woman • monkurra.

N 0118 - - lr.inta.

Hand-2 Blacb 3 Blacb -

One -Two • Three.

Four • Father Mother Sister-Elder

• murra. • lr.erna paralr.oola • lr.erna paralr.oola

lr.oornoo - lr.oornoo. • paralr.oola. • paralr.oola

koornoo.

. appardi • undri.

- lr.aroo. ,, Younger -

Brother-Elder • ootoo. ., Younger

A young man • lr.arroo. An old man • lr.arroo-lr.arroo (?)

An old woman A baby A White man Children •

Head· Eye • Ear

- kooroopoo. • poola-poola.

• poolung malkeri (many).

• koonkoo. • mitchie.

lr.oochara.

COOPER'S CB.KEK. 29

Mouth • mtll'lla.

Teeth - mundrakoo,

Hair of the head - koonltoo.

Beard • UDg&,

Thunder

01'1181 Tongue

Stomach

Bnut.a

Thigh

Foot •

Bone -Blood-

Skin -Fat -Bowell

Excrement -War-cpear -Reed-cpear -Wommera -

ShieldTomahawk -Canoe-Sun -Moon -

Star -Light -Dark -Cold -Heat -Day -N"ight-

Fire -Water Smoke Ground

Wind -

Rain -God • Gbona

- yinki, iDdie.

- kuntha.

- perpa. - koonanewa.

- umma.

- wondaldlla. - tidna. - mookoo.

- yoongooroo.

- dulla (bark?) • monni.

- koonakulli. · koodna. -winara.

- munkoorara.

- narateta

- kooti. - pirra. - koolipoolya.

- k.arumba. • murri. • poondrali. - mukkalla. - brumba. -murri. - mukka. • apa. • toopoo.

- pudla. - tiarrl. • unjara.

Boomerang

Hill -Wood

Stone -

c.mp-Yea -No

I You -

Bark -Good -

Bad -SweetFood -

Hangry

Thimy Eat -Sleep -

Drink

Walk -

See -Sit

Yesterday -

To-day

- mukka. - murdra. • oorla. • kowina.

- hil pannL

- inl. - ybmi.

- delamooroo.

• wotchL

- mUD&JJ1erla.

· booka. • mooalli.

- moorrellL

- taiDdri.

• mookapiari.

• tupelidri.

• towiDdri.

• wowindri.

- DiniDdri.

- kulkunni. • kiari.

To-morrow - - murnatunlta .

Where are the kema ilakarri? Blacks?

I don't know

Plenty

Big

Little -

Dead -By-and-by -

Come on -

Milk -Eaglehawk

Wild turkey

Wife -

- ha koo.

• mulkirri.

- puma. • poolya.

- nari. - minni. • kaparow.

so THE AUSTRALIAN RACE:

No. 49.-COOPER'S CREEK, IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD WHERE

BURKE A.ND WILLS DIED.

BY A.LJ'BBD Howwr, EsQ., P.M.

Kangaroo - tcbukuro. Hand - • mirra. Opouum 2Blacb • ll1&IHlra kurm.. Tame dog · klntalla. 3 Blacb · b&rcolo kurna. Wild dog One . • 000110, Emu . · wa.rrawatty .

- mandro. Black duck - · tarralko. Two .

Wood duck-Three. · ba.roolo.

Pelic&n . tampangra. Four - mandro-mandro.

Laughing jackau Father

Native companion bouralko. Mother

White cockatoo - Sister-Elder Crow•

" Yomiger -Swan - • ootee. Brother-Elder -Egg - • capee. Younger Track of a foot . palto. " Fiah . paroo.

AyoUDgman - carra-wallee,

Lobeter ooopa.

Crayfiah An old man . phmaroo.

Mosquito An old woman .

Fly A baby

Snake· - tuchu. A Whiteman . pirri-wirri.

The Black&- - kurna. Children

A Blackfellow - kurna. Head· A Black woman • noa. ! Eye • milkee.

Nose - : Ear

COOPER'S CREEK. 31

Mouth

Teeth· Hair of the head -:Beard. Thunder

Gl'UII -TODgUe

Stomach -Breuta ThighFoot • Jlon.e -Blood -Skin -Fat -:Bowela Excrement -War-spear -Beed-epear -Thnnring-etick BhieldTomahawkCanoe-Sun -Moon -Star -

Light·

Dark • Cold -Beat -Day -NightJi'ire -Water Smoke GJ:011Dd W-md

Ram -God -Obom

- tiima..

• bomaiko. • (none). - deekee. . peera. • peera warb

warka.

- puldralee.

- deekee.

- tooroo. • appa.

- toopoo. - mitta.

• tallera.

Boomera.11g

Hill -Wood

Stone -

Camp

Ye1

No I You •

Bark • Good -

Bad -Sweet-.

Food -Hungry

Thiraty Eat Sleep Drink

Wal.Ir.

See -Sit Ylllterday •

To-day

- pattara. - murda.

- gnoura (ngoora?)

- abo. - watta. - gnamiee, gnatto - yennee.

- gnomo. • malinkee.

- ngomo.

• mowalley.

- minalley.

- tyenA. • ngourani.

- tappenl. • balkali, taykana.

- milkelee. - ningeea.

To-morrow - - tallko-burna.

Where are the ku~ woordary?

Black.a! I don't know

Plenty Big Little -

Dead -

- pinna. - warka-warka.

- nandrena. By-and-by - - minny-minny.

Come on - coperow.

Milk -Eaglehawk-

Wild turkey

Wife •

82 THE AUSTRALIAN B.ACB:

No. 50.--COOPER'S CB.EEK, NEAR THE BOOLOO RIVER.

BT A. F. SULLIVAN, EaQ., AND EBNBll'l' EoLUm>N, EsQ.

Kangaroo - - th&ldara. Hand. -murra. Op011111m • murrathurra. 2 Black.a Tame dog - - thit-the. 3Blacu Wild dog - One . • watchualie. Emu - • koolba.ree. Two • barooola.

Black duck - willwiga.. Three - • ba.rooola tber-

Wood duck - ngowera. watchoo. Pelican Four • ba.rooola tr& ba.r,-

Laughing jacka1111 ooola. Native companion koonthurra. Father • urnacher.

White oockatoo • thirindhella. Mother • ummaldja. Crow• - worgaritchee, Sister-Elder • kurnmni Swan - - kootooroo. "

Younger • koorkane. Egg - - kupinya. Brother-Elder . koortchie. Track of a foot . thinna.

" Younger karkundi.

Fish - - kooa. A young man - bulcabit-tbee. Lobster - thandool&. An old man · kurroo. Crayfish An old woman - bootchoo, minna. Moequito - eurie. A ha.by . warniwah. Fly • mooginger. A White man · birrie. Sna.ke- • ngoothe. Children • warrawarra min-The Blacks· • kurna. gee. A Blaokfellow • kurna. Head· • kookL A Black woman • walga. Eye • booth&roo. Noae . • moola, Ear - ngurramunda.

COOPER'S CREEK.

No. 50.-COOPn's CBux, NIIIAB THB BooLOO RlvBa---<:ontinued.

Mouth - thiga, thaia. Teeth - dth.iga. Hair of the head - konkooroo. Beard - - nnkooroonka. Thunder -Gl'llll Tongue Bt.omach Breuta Thigh Foot Bone -Blood -Skin -Fat -Bowels

Excrement -War-spear -

Reed-spear -Wommera or throwing-stick

- malloo. - koola. - thulgunya, - . i-e-mulla. - umma. - thoorka. - thinna.. - moko. - mundalga. • nuncheenia.

- mumee. - goonabulga-

bulga. - koona. - yungoo.

Shield- - bur-o-goo.

TomahawkOmoe-Bun -Moon-Star -Light -

Dark -Cold -Heat -Day -Night-

Fire -Water

Smoke Ground Wind-Rain -God -Ghoate

VOL. U.

- ngumboo. - mill&. - mirriekurinya. - titchee.

• - bitthemurm-gurra.

- ngowoo. - thillaba. - yowoora. - weka. - nala. - wee. - ngukka. - thopo. - thukka. - ya.Ila. - peeter.

C

BoomerangHill -Wood

Stone

Cemp-

Yea -No

I You

Bark -

Good -Bad -Sweet-

Food -

Hungry Thin,ty

Eat -Sleep

Drink

Walk -See Sit

Yeaterday -

To-day

- muckoora.

- yundera.

- ngoora. - kow.

- wa.lya. - ngoocha. - unnee.

- wombo.

- thallie,

- mepa.

- tha.lthurra.

- unga.

- ungegula.

- tha.lthagurra,

- walgurra.

- ungegula.

- yanthegurra.

- ya.ddegurra.

- koolagurra. - neela.

- pulla.

T0rmorrow - - wekulla.

Where are the

Black.a T

I don't know

Plenty

Big -

Little -

Dead -

By-and-by -

Come on -

Milk -Eaglehawk

Wild turkey Wife -

- wa.lya.

- marrkoo.

- thoondoo.

- whyewa.

- palloogurra.

- thoona.

- kowatha.

33

7

34 THE AUSTRAUAN RACE:

No. ol.-~OCKATOONGA, WILSON RIVER.

BY T. w. FOOTT, ~-

Kangaroo • thuldra. Ha.nd • • mnnbroo . Opouum • murrathurra. 2 Blacks Tame clog · thithe. 3 Blacks Wild dog One . witeyooally. Emu - koolpurri. Two - barkoola. Black duck· - nowirra.

Three -Wood duck • koora.burra.

• ll'UJlllOO.

Pelican Four

Laughing ja.ck111111 (none). Father • nundetya.

Native companion goonthurra. Mother - umdetya. White cockatoo Sister-Elder - thurrengera. Crow - wa.wkaretche. Younger Swan• • thurragoora. " Brother-Elder · kurwidge. Egg . kuppy.

Younger Track of a foot • thinna. " Fi.sh . - gooia • A young_man . kumgoo.

Lobster An old man · kurroo. Crayfish - thinta. An old woman - wullganooga. Mosquito - noonarully. A baby - wurriwa. Fly • mokinga. A White man Snake • moona..

Children • mootha. The Blacks - - noo-ga.. A Blackfellow Head · thumkoora.

A Black woman - wullga. Eye • boolderoo.

Noee . • moolya. Ear • nnrramnnda.

NOCKATOONGA, WILBON RIVER. 35

No. 51.-NOCXA.TOONOA., WILSON Rlvn-continuw.

Month • tia. Boomerang: Teeth· - neelumburra. Hill . Hair of the head • kumkoora. Wood- • mukoora. Bea.rd- • llDkoora. Stone - . yandra. Thunder • mulloo, Camp· - noora • G1'1181. . goola. Yea . maia. Tongue - thullunya. No . yow. Stomach • naiamnlla. I-Breaat.a - numma. You Thigh- • bilgurra. Bark - kooly. Foot . - thinna. Good • mulllnye. Bone . • mu.nka. Bad · toonka. Blood. • pundulya. Sweet -Skin • boontyoo, Food - tulta. Fat - t0nmi. Hungry . goonga. Bowels Thimf - nukka linya Excrement• (water want). War-apear · • mullyoo. Eat · thultola. B.eed-Bpear - • (not used). Sleep - • woggo-gilla. Wommera - • (not used). Drink-Shield- - boorgoo. Walk - . yantharilla.

Tomahawk - - kootya. See - thundolo.

Canoe - - (not used). Sit - koolo-gilla.

San - - yow-wirra. Yeaterday Moon. - merbirinye. To-day

Star - • ditye. To-morrow -

Light - • weeka. Where are the Dark - nowa. Blacks? Cold - . thalluba. I don't know Heat - yow-wirra. Plenty- . noo-ga. Day . pulla. Big • noo-ga. Night - • wawgurra. Little · • munyam. Fire - wee.

Dead · - pooloowulla. Water- • nukka.

By-and-by -Smoke - thoopoo. Ground · thukka.

Come on - mulpurra,

W'md- Milk -Bain - Ea.glehawk -

God Wild turkey

Ghoata Wife -

CZ


No. 52.-THARGOMINDA, BULLOO RIVER.

BY F. W. Mn.u, EsQ., P.M.

FOR my information ooncerning the W onkomarra. tribe, which inhabits the Bulloo within a radius of twenty miles a.round Tha.rgominda., I am indebted to the kindness of Frederic W. Myles, Esq., P.M. The names of the tribes which adjoin the Wonkoma.rra. a.re, to the south, the Poidgerry (on the Currowinya. Downs station) and the Bitharra. ( on the Bulloo Downs station); to the west, the Thiralla (on tl;ie Nockatoongo station) and Eroma.rra. (on the Conbar station); to the north, the Bunthoma.rra. ( on the Mount Margaret station) and the Murgoin ( on the .Ardock station); and on the ea.st by the same tribe ( on the Dynevor station). How many the Wonkoma.rra. tribe numbered when the Whites took possession of their country is not known, but in 1883 ninety of them were still alive, nine being children, and the females more numerous than the males, both of which facts point to a very oonsiderable decrease in numbers. Their country was first occupied by the Whites in 1863 or thereabouts. At that time opossumrugs were not much in use in the tribe. Their ornaments were reed necklaces, shells, and feathers, the women wee.ring at the oorroboree a fringe of string from waist to mid-thigh. When menstruating, the women pa.int the body with red ochre, and persons in mourning with mud or pipe-clay. Their tomahawks, before they obtained iron ones from the Whites,

THABGOMINDA., BULLOO RIVER. 37

were of green st.one, as large as an American axe, the sides rather roughly chipped, and the edges ground smooth. Their knives, as usual, were bits of flint gummed on to wooden handles; weapons were of the common sorts; their spears thrown by hand and not with the wommera; and their t.oy boomerangs returned to the thrower. Their food, as 118U&l, comprised whatever living things and edible roots their country produces and also seeds. In cookery, they grilled on the fire; they also baked their food in ovens, or holes dog in the ground for the purpose, at whatever place they might chance to encamp, and not, as in the south, at }mticular places, eo that the ash-heaps found in Victoria, and commonly called ovens ( and by one writer myrnong heaps), are not found in their country. Restrictions with respect t.o the use of certain sorts of food by females and youths were in force. Small-pox, which devastated the Australian tribes from 1789 to 1840, did not reach the Bulloo.

With the object of preventing consanguineous marriages, the Wonkomarra tribe is divided into several classes, each ealled after some animal, as emu, snake, opossum, &c. In or out of the tribe (for the neighbouring tribes had sit¢lar organizations) a male of the snake class, for instance, could only ma.rry a female of the emu class, and so on. Before the coming of the Whites, any infraction of this law was visited with death ; bot in this tribe, as in all others, aboriginal laws have given way before our civilization. Mr. Myles thinks the women gave birth, on an average, to a.bout eight children ea.ch. Infanticide ie a practice of oldBtanding. Scrofulous swellings of the neck a.re common, and consumption the prevailing disease. The males have the oeua.l ornamental sea.rs on the forearm, chest, and thighs ; the females on the thighs and upper pa.rt of the stomach. The septum of the nose is perforated in both sexes, and the females have two front teeth knocked out. In performing this operation, a stone is held inside the mouth in contact with the teeth which a.re to be removed ; against them, on


the outside of the gums, is placed the aboriginal chisel, which id smartly struck with a heavy bit of wood or stone, and by this means the teeth are punched out. A fire-stick is then applied to the bleeding gums to remove the pain or stop the bleeding. Some only of the males are circumcised. Pitcheree is in use, being obtained by barter from the Cooper's Creek tribes. This weed, which my informant says has muoh the same effects as opium on a Chinama.n, is prepared by chewing a.nd then mixing with wood-ashes a.nd the leaf of some plant of which he does not know the name ; it is then baked in the hot embers of the fire, a.fter which it is ready for use. The first chewing was a part of the process of preparation ; it is now chewed for pleasure, like tobacco. A man at the c.amp masticates a quid, and after a time passes it to his neighbour, who does the same, and so it goes round the party.

In this tribe, I am informed, the women bury the dead, an instance of the fa.ct that, amidst the sameness of Australian manners, there is no tribe without some little novelty. The most common ca.uses of war are stealing women and hunting on the territory of a neighbouring tribe. Before the fighting men set out to avenge an injury of any sort, a herald is despatched to the enemy to declare war, and his life is held sacred. The members of the tribe salute each other on meeting after an absence by throwing their hands up to their heads. No form of government exists, but in matters of importance the old men are always consulted. One old female, whom the Blacks, when speaking English, call doctor, has great influence. With this tribe some difficulty is found in getting persons to tell their native names. The following, however, have been obtained:-Men: Mipbungithe, Pial.li, Cobongooe, Bobitje, Burbinni, and Ba.thine. Women: Coolethe, Barkaunta, Bingeranta, N anbaranga, Ethera.nga. Boys: Beuranga, son of Etheranga; Undaranga, son of Nanberanga. Girls: Billethe, Mara; and Wingo, daughter of Pialli.

THAROOM.INDA, BUI.LOO RIVER. 39

It is important to notice that this language is related to those of Cooper's Creek, Umberta.na, Beltana, Port Lincoln, and others to the south-west, whilst the tribes immediately to the eastward of the W onkoma.rra. speak languages akin to those in nee to the north-east. A comparison of the Upper Bnlloo equivalents for a Black, yes, kangaroo, emu, egg, hair, &c., with those of Cooper's Creek and the other places named will make this relationship clear, the agreement of the equivalents of a Black and yes being strong evidence on this point. The practice the Bnlloo tribes have of chewing pitcheree is another evidence of the relationship in question. On these circumstances I lay particular stress, a.s they go to show the correctness of the map on which the routes ta.ken by the several sections into which the race split as it spread itself over the continent a.re indicated.

The reader will notice in the vocabulary the affinities between the words tongue, eat, and drink, a. not uncommon occurrence in our languages, and may find himself led by them to some considerations in connection with savage prehistoric speech • generally. The female with tribal influence amongst the W onkoma.rra is a.n exceptional feature in aboriginal manners. Besides the common vocabulary, :Mr. :Myles gives the following additional words:-

Ribe - monka. Near at hand - wena. Side - warriba. I think IO - - nA-berri.

Elbow- - thurt.e. Yam-stick - - marle.

Lightning • bitha-bitha. Cloud• - thiringera.

Sky - - i-yerra. MiBt - - gunmo.

Go quickly. Husband - - nupa. - yerrangurra. Angry • malu.

Come quickly- - yannaera. Jealous • como, keranetha.

St.op - - nina-yatho. Strong - mirtlmberri. Young woman - male. That will do - nore, Dirty fellow - dooka-bitte. Flour• - bnllowarra. Stinking - - dunka. Bread- - mano. A lODg way off - camparre. Comet - gunke.

40 THI-~ AUSTRALIAN RACE:

No. 62.-TB.ARGOMINDA, BULLO<> RIVER.

Kangaroo -Opoaaum -Tamedog •

Wild dog • Emu •

. kulla.

-gllrrigen. - marl. - marl. - koolberri.

Black duck• - tlrle. Wood duck - bitt&-bitta. Pelican - kaubwigarra. Laughing jackaaa (none). Native oompanion (none). White oockatoo - derringerri. Crow • - wathakur. Swan· Egg - - kuppe. Track of a foot - yappara. Fish - - guia. Lobater Crayfish Moequito • Fly -Snake-

- buggilla. - yoori. - mogundhoo. - yethe, moona.

The Blacb • • w&mo, ura. A Blackfellow - ura, kunga. A Black woman - wethetha.

N oee - - minke.

Haud-2Blacb • 3 Blacb • One -Two -Three-

Four -


. mara.

- tharranya. - barcoola. • barooola go

Warr&.

- barcoola-barcoola.

• wanyu. · unu.

,, Younger - gunyarre. Brother-Elder - bommo.

,, Younger gongoogo. A young man - oolyarra. An old man - korroo. An old woman - budtha mepa. A baby - mitha burlu (it.,

little one). A White man - doona(aee ghoet). Children - - mutha. Head - - bunda. Eye -Ear -

- mongoora. • bina.

THAB.GOMINDA, BULLOO RIVER 41

No. 112.-Tlwwo:ammA, BtJLLOO Rivn---continu«l.

Mouth - thia.

Teeth • - tiaa. Hair of the head - konkoora.

Beard- - D&Dkoora.

Thunder • Graa

T011pe

Stomach -Breast.a Thigh-

Foot -Bone •

Blood -Skin -Fat •

- mindarro. • gootho. • therlla. • na-e-mil-la.

- na.ma.

- thara.

- dinna. • monka.

- gomia. • oolla or yoolla. - monne.

Bowell • warria. Exenmumt • • OODO.

W lll-llp8&1' - - yongo. Beed-Bpell,I'- • (none),

Throwing-stick - (none).

Shield- • burrigo.

Tomahawk . · gndga. Canoe - - (none).

Sun • - thurnwia.

Hoon • - mirkerinia. Star •

Light· Dark· Cold • Heat • Day • N'ightPire • w. Smoke Ground Wind

Rain God Gboate

• teke. • bitta (mnna ?) ·

• birta. - terria. - bola. • murna.. • birta. • wee. • na.pa. • bobatho. · docka.

- yarns.. • pedongaloo. • doona..

Boomen.ng• Hill •

Wood• Stone·

Camp• Yea No I• You

Bark Good . Bad • Sweet

Food • Hungry Thinty Eat . Sleep • DrinkWalk. See Sit

• wanna.

• bompa (11&11d).

• nora. • thurloo.

- kow. - yow.

• atho.

· yundo. · birrea, toombo. • oloberri. • winne-winne. • monne gnbba.,

- birajanna. - napa thala altha. • thale. - &1111etho(?) • thale. • &1111etho (?)

. nantharriga.

. yennana.

Y eaterday • • nelia. To-day • konye.

To-morrow - - birtarra. Where are the ye ninka ura Blacks? warno ?

I don't know • n1 yea allit

Plenty Big • Little -Dead. By-and-by -

Come on

nanka. • warno.

· koba..

- mitta burlo. - dankeyan. • bollee. - kommera, ko

mitha. Milk - • omma. Eaglehawk -Wild turkey

Wife • - new-wera.

THE AUSTRALIAN RACE:

No. 53.-LOWER BULLOO RIVER.

BY A. F. SULLIVAN, Esq.

Kangaroo • - koola. Opossum • • koorakunnia. Tame dog • mirre. Wild dog • Emu - koolbarree. Black duck - willunga. Wood duck - koonare. Pelican • kowbemuggera. Laughing jacka11 Native companion koonthurra.

White cockatoo - thirindthel&. Crow

Swan -Egg •

Track of a foot Fish •

Lobster

• worg&.

- kootooroo. • kuppo. • chinna.

• kooya.

Crayfish - boogali. Mosquito - • oonawalli. Fly - - moogingoo. Snake· • yelchi. The Blacks - ngoorra. A Blackfellow - tho.rinya. A Black woman - wilthetha. Nose • - minchi.

Hand-

2 Blacks -

3 Blacks One -Two -Three-

Four -

Father

Mother

Sister-Elder

• murra.

- ba.rkoola ngooara

• warn..

• barkoola. - ba.rkoola ma

wart'&.

- barkoola ma

barkoola.

- urnL • ummad.L

- kurrangL

,, Younger •

Brother-Elder - karkoorL ,, Younger

A young ma.n - bulkabilthi. An old ma.n - kurookuroo. An old woman - bootchoo. A baby - kidtha. A White man - birri-birri. Children - gidthuga. Head - - boontha. Eye • - mungaroo (?)

Ear • - pinna.

LOWER BULLOO RIVER.

No. 53.-Lown B'll'LLOO Rina-cominued.

llouth

Teeth -- thiga. - tiga.

Hair of the head• koonkooroo.

Beard - - unkooroo.

Thunder -

Graa ·

Tmigue

Stmua.ch Breutia Thigh

Foot -Bone·

Blood -

Skin -Fat -Bowela

- girriwarra.

- kundha. • thulla..

- i-e-mulla.

- umma.

- thurra.

- thinna.

- munka.

- kooma. • but-tha. - murui. • goonabulga.

Excrement· - oonoo. War-spear - - murli.

:e-1-apear -Throwing-atick -Shield • googarra.

Tomahawk - - kootcha.. CanoeSun -Moon

Star -LightDark -Cold -Heat -Day -Night

Fire -Wat.er Smoke

Gl'Olllld Wind

Bain -God -Ghoeta

- boorlee. - thunoo. - mirri-kurringa,

- ti.tohi. - bithangurrigurri. - bithan. - markooroo.

- bo-i•ga.. - weka.

- nala. - wee. - nguppa.. - thoora.ka. - thukka. - koogathinne. - yanna,

Boomerang

Hill -Wood

Btone

Camp-

Yea -No I You -Bark -Good -

Bad -Sweet

Food -Hungry

Thiraty Ea.t -

Sleep -DrinkWalk-

See -Sit

Yesterday -To-day

- wa.gga. - yernda.

- thalloo.

- kow. - yowoo. - witchi.

- bindara. - ooloo.

- winme.

- thullinna. - unga,

- thirtima.

- thulligurra.

- oonana.

- thirtima.

- unnegarra.

- yundergurra.

- yinuagurra.

- neela.

- kunye.

To-morrow - - piltowera.

Where are the thunbooroo

Blacka ? ngoorra?

I don't know

Plenty

Big -

Little -

Dead -

By-and-by -Come on Milk -Ea.glehawk -Wild turkey

Wife -

- yowoo. - marroo.

- gooba.

- mitchewarroo. - thanohegurra..

- barloo.

- kowA.

43


No. 54.-A TRIBE TO THE EAST OF BTRZELECKl'B

CREEK.

Tin: words which I have received from this locality, at which the boundaries of Queensland, New South Wales, and Sooth Australia come into contact, are so few as not to be worth transcribing. The first of them is Cltookaroo = kan,a,roo, and they show generally an affinity with the languages of Cooper's Creek.

No. 55.-FROM MOUNT FREELING TO PIRIGUNDI

LA.KE.

Tm: following aooount of the Dieyerie tribe was published in 1874 by Mr. Samuel Gason, who has kindly allowed me to republish it. Mr. Gason spent over nine years in the country of the Dieyerie, and his monograph of that tribe seems to me to stand alone in excellence amongst acoounts of the sort, if we except the late George Taplin's account of the Narrinyeri tribe. Mr. Gason's pamphlet is, omitting the preface, &c., as follows:-

THE DIEYEBJE TRIBE OF AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINES.

PA.BT I,

Tlte Tribe; Country; Neiglt6oura; Good and E1Jil Qualities; L01Je of Bartering; Food; Dogs,· Traditions of tlte Creation, and of tlte Sun,· Suhdimaion into Families.

The Dieyerie tribe numbers about 230; the four neighbouring tribes-the Yandrawontha, Yarrawanrka, Auminie, and Wongkaooroo, about 800-in all about I ,030.

MOUNT FREELING TO PIRIGUNDI LAKE. 45

Their country is about 630 miles north of Adelaide, the <Spital of the Province of South Australia., and is bounded at the most southerly point by Mount Freeling, at the most northerly point by Pirigundi Lake ( on the Cooper River), at the most easterly point by Lake Hope, and at the most westerly point at a pa.rt yet unnamed, but about eighty miles from Lake Hope. This country is traversed by Cooper's Creek-there only a cha.in of lakes without any defined channel.

Their language is understood by the four neighbouring tribes, with whom they keep up ostensibly a friendly interCOUl'lle, inviting and being invited to attend each other's festivals, and mutually be.rtering, but in secret they entertain a most deadly enmity to each other, although at the same time believing that they came from a pa.rent stock, and even intermarrying.

A more treacherous race I do not believe exists. They _imbibe treachery in infancy, and practice it until death, and have no sense of wrong in it. Gratitude is to them an nnk:nown quality. No matter how kind or generous you are to them, you cannot assure yourself of their a.ff ection. Even amongst themselves, for a mere trifle, they would take the life of their dearest friend, and consequently are in constant dread of ea.ch other, while their enmity to the White man is only kept in abeyance by fear. They will smile and laugh in your face, and the next moment, if opportunity offers, kill you without remorse.

Kindness they construe into fear; and, had it not been for the determination and firmness of the early settlers, they would never have been allowed to occupy the country. The tribe is numerous, and if they knew (and it is feared they will eventually learn) their own power the present White inhabitants could not keep them down, or for one day retain their possessions.

They seem to take a. delight in lying, especially if they think it will please you. Should you a.ek them any question, be prepared for a falsehood as · a matter of course.


They not only lie to the White man, but to ea.ch other, and do not appear to see any wrong in it.

Notwithstanding, however, what has been said of their treachery, and however paradoxical it may appear, they possess in an eminent degree the three great virtues of hospitality, reverence to old age, and love for their children and parents.

Should any stranger arrive at their ca.mp, food is immediately set before him.

The children a.re never beaten, and should any woman violate this law she is in turn beaten by her husband. Notwithstanding this tenderness for their remaining offspring, about thirty per cent. a.re murdered by their mothers at their birth, simply for the reasons-firstly, that many of them marrying very young their firstborn is considered immature and not worth preserving; and secondly, because they do not wish to be at the trouble of rearing them, especially if weakly. Indeed, all sickly or deformed children are made away with in fear of their becoming a burthen to the tribe.

The children so destroyed are generally smothered in sand, or have their brains dashed out by some weapon ; the men never interfering, or any of either sex regarding infanticide as crime. Hardly an old woman, if questioned, but will admit of having disposed in this manner of from two to four of her offspring.

Their whole life is spent in bartering; they rarely retain any article for long. The articles received by them in exchange one day are bartered away the next, whether at a profit or loss. Should any one of them, more shrewd than another, profit on one occasion by this traffic, he is sure immediately after to sacrifice his advantage, and the majority of their quarrels are caused by bartering or refusing to barter.

Their food is principally vegetable, animals being very scarce, if we except rats and their species, and snakes and other reptiles, of which there is an unlimited number.


There are no kangaroo, and very few emu, the latter of which is their favorite food; and occasionally, in very hot weather, they secure one by running it down.

In a dry season they mainly subsist on ardoo, but in a good sea.son with plenty of rain they have an ample supply of seeds, which they grind or pound, make into small loaves, and bake in the ashes. They gather also then plenty of plants, herbs, and roots, a description of which, with their native names, appears in another place.

Their dogs, of which every camp has from six to twenty, are generally a mangy lot, but the natives are very fond of them, and take as much care . of them as if they were human. If a White man wants to offend the native, let him beat his dog. I have seen women crying over a dog, when bitten by snakes, as if over their own children.

The Dieyerie would as soon think of killing themselves as their dogs, which are of great service to them, assisting them to find snakes, rats, &c.

Animal food being very scanty, the natives subsist chiefly on vegetable matter, so that, eating the flesh of any animal they may procure, the dog, notwithstanding its services and their affection for it, fares very badly, receiving nothing but the bones. Hence the dog is always in very low condition, and, consequently, peculiarly subject to the diseases that affect the canine race.

THEIR TRADITIONB.-THE CREATION.

In the beginning, say the Dieyerie, the Mooramoora (Good Spirit) made a number of small black lizards (these are still to be met with under dry bark), and being pleased with them he promised they should have power over all other creeping things.

The Mooramoora then divided their feet into toes and fingers, and placing his forefinger on the centre of the face created a nose, and so in like manner afterwards eyes, mouth, and ea.rs. The Spirit then placed one of them in a standing poaition, which it ceuld not., however, retain, whereupon the


Deity cut oft' the tail, and the lizard walked erect. They were then ma.de male and female, so as to perpetuate the race, and leave & tribe to dispute their ancestry with Darwin's monkeys.

Men, women, or children do not vary in the slightest degree in this acoonnt of their creation.

0mu.TION OF THB SUN.

Their traditions suppose that man and all other beings were created by the moon at. the bidding of the Mooramoora.

Finding the emu pleasant to the sight, and judging it to be ea.table (but unable, owing to its swiftness, to catch it during the cold that then prevailed), the Mooramoora W88

appealed to to cast some heat on the earth so as to enable them to rnn down the desired bird.

The Mooramoora, complying with their request, bade them perform certain ceremonies (yet observed, bnt too obscene to be described), and then created the sun.

MuRDoo.-(Subdivision of Tribe into Families.)

Murdoo means taste; but in its primary and larger simplification implies family, founded on the following tradition:-

After the creation, as previously related, fathers, mothers, sisters, brothers, and others of the closest kin intermarried promiscuously, until the evil effects of these alliances becoming manifest, a council of the chiefs was assembled to consider in what way they might be averted, the result of their deliberations being a petition to the Mooramoora., in answer to which he ordered that the tribe should be divided into branches, and distinguished one from the other by different names, after objects animate and inanimate, such as dogs, mice, emu, rain, iguana, and so forth, the members of any such branch not to intermarry, but with permission for one branch to mingle with another. Thus the son of a dog might not marry the daughter of a dog, but either might


form an alliance with a mouse, an emn, a rat, or other family.

This custom is still observed, a.nd the :first question asked of a stranger is "What Mnrdoo?" namely, of what family are yon.

PART II.

CM.mei1,s; 'l.'reaty; Mode ef Reception; .Armed Party; Lams. Ceremonies-Hole in the Nose; Extraction ef Teeth;

Circumciaion; To Procure Harvest; To Inr;oke Peace,· Operation ef Koo/pie ; Furieral Rite,; Deatk Spell; Making ef llain; Making Wild FO'flJl l,ay Eggs; Making Iguanas ,· Superatition about Trees and Iguanas,· &medy for .Accidents,· Expedition for· Red Ochre,· Diseases and Doctor; Cure for Wounds.

COUNCILS.

Should any matter of moment have to be considered-such as removing the camps, ma.king of rain, marrying, circumcision, or what not-one of the old men moots the subject late at night, before the camp retires to rest.

At dawn of the succeeding da.y, each question as proposed by the old man is answered at once, or, should they wait until he has :finished, three or four speak, together ; with this exception, there being no interruptions, and stillness prevailing in the camp.

At first they speak slowly and quietly, ea.ch sentence in its delivery occupying three or four minutes, bnt generally become excited before the conclusion of their speeches.

TREATY.

Should there be any misunderstanding between two tribes, the women are sent to the other as ambe.ssadors to arrange the dispute, which they invariably succeed in doing, when women from the other return the visit to testify their approval of the treaty arrived at.

VOL. n. D


The reason women are appointed in this capacity is that they are free from danger, while, shonld the men go, their lives would be in peril.

MODE OF RECEPTION.

A native of influence, on arriving at one of the camps of his own tribe, is usually received in the following manner:-

On approaching the camp, the inmates close in with raised arms, as in defence ; upon this, the person of note rushes at them, making a faint blow as if to strike them, they warding it off with their shields; immediately after they embrace him and lead him into the camp, where the women shortly bring him food. Should any female relatives to him be present they cry with joy.

If he visits a neighbouring tribe he is received in the same manner as by his own.

A native of no influence or note, on returning after considerable absence, takes his seat near the camp without passing any remark.

After remaining a few minutes as if dumb, the old men close round him, ask where he came from, and what befel him, when he tells them plenty of news, not forgetting to embellish. Then two old men stand up, one retailing it, and the other repeating the sentences in an excited manner.

Upon this, as on all other occasions, the new comer is hospitably received, plenty to eat being furnished him.

PINYA.-(Armed Party.)

The armed band, entrusted with the office of executing offenders ( elsewhere referred to), is entitled Pinya, and appointed as follows:-

A council is called of all the old men of the tribe: the chief-a native of influence-selecting the men for the Pinya, and directing when to proceed on their sanguinary mission.

MOUNT FB.KELING TO PIRIGUNDI LAKE. 51

The night prior to starting, the men composing the Pinya, at about seven p.m., move out of the camp to a distance of about three hundred yards, where they sit in a circle, sticking their spears in the ground near them.

The women form an outer circJe round the men, a number of them bearing fire-sticks in their hands.

The chief opens the council by asking who caused the death of their friend or relative, in reply to which the others name several natives of their own or neighbouring tribes, each attaching the crime to his bitterest enemy.

The ch!ef, perceiving whom the majority would have killed, calls out his name in a loud voice, when ea.ch man grasps his spear.

The women who have fire-sticks lay them in a row, and, wlnle so placing them, call out the name of some native, till one of them calls that of the man previously condemned, when all the men simultaneously spear the fire-stick of the woman who has named the condemned.

Then the leader takes hold of the fire-stick, and, after one of the old men has made a hole a few inches deep in the ground with his hand, places the fire-stick in it, and covers it up, all dec]aring that they will slay the condemned, and see him buried like that stick.

After going through some practices, too beastly to narrate, the women return to the camp.

The following morning, at sunrise, the Pinya attire themselves in a plaited band painted white ( charpoo ), and proceed on their journey until within a day'R stage of the place where they suppose the man they seek will be found, and remain there during the day in fear they may be observed by some straggling native.

At sunset they renew their journey until within a quarter of a mile of their intended victim's camp, when two men are sen~ out as spies to the camp to ascertain if he is there, and, if possible, where he sleeps. After staying there a.bout two hours, they report what they have seen and heard.

DZ


The next thing done is the smearing of the Pinya with white clay, so as to distingnish them from the enemy, in case any of the latter should endeavour to escape.

They then march towards the ca.mp at a time when they .think the inmates are a.sleep, from a.bout midnight to two a..m.; and, when within one hundred yards of it, divide into two parties, one going round on one side of the ca.mp and the second round on the other-forming a complete circle to hinder escape.

The dogs begin to bark, and the women to whimper, not daring to cry aloud for fear of the Pinya, who, as they invest the camp, make a very melancholy grunting noise.

Then one or two walk up to the accused, telling him to come out and they will protect him, which he, aware of the custom, does not believe, yet he obeys, as he is powerless to resist.

In the meanwhile, boughs a.re distributed by the Pinya. to all the men, women, and children, wherewith to make a noise in shaking, so that friends and relatives of the condemned may not hear his groans while he is being executed.

The Pinya then kill the victim by spearing him and striking him with the two-handed weapon, a.voiding to strike him below the li.ips, as they believe, were they to injure the legs, they would be unable to return home.

The murder being consummated, they wait for daylight, when the young men of the Pinya are ordered to lie down.

The old men then wash their weapons, and, getting all the gore and flesh adhering to them off, mix it with some water ; this agreeable draught being carried round by an old man, who bestows a little upon each young man to swallow, believing that thereby they will be inspired with courage and strength for any Pinya. they may afterwards join.

The fat of the murdered man is cut off and wrapped round the weapons of all the old men, which are then covered with feathers.

They then make for home.

MOUNT PREELING TO PIRIGUNDI LAKE. 63

LAw o:r MUBDEB.

H two or more men fight, and one of the number should be accidentally killed, he who caused his death must also suffer it. But should the offender have an elder brother, then he must die in his place, or, should he have no elder brother, then his father must be his substitute ; but in case he has no male relative to suffer for him, then he himself must die. He is not allowed to defend himself, nor indeed is he aware of when the sentence may be executed. He knows the law.

On some night appointed, an armed party surround and despatch him. .

Two sticks, ea.ch of about six inches in length-one representing the killed, and the other the executed-are then buried, and upon no occasion is the circumstance afterwards referred to.

Should a man of infiuenoe and well-connected, that is have numerous relatives, die suddenly or after a long illness, the tribe believe that he has been killed by some cha.rm. A secret council is held, and some unhappy innocent is accused and condemned, and dealt with by the Pinya. as previously described.

LAw OF FELONY, ETC.

Should any native steal from another, and the offender be known, he is challenged to fight by the person he hu robbed, and this settles the matter.

Should any native accuse another wrongfully, he is dealt with in the same manner &B for stealing.

Children a.re not punished on committing theft, but the father or mother has to fight with the person from whom the property W&B stolen, and upon no occasion, as stated elsewhere, a.re the children beaten.

MooDLAWILLPA.--(Hole in the Nose.) This operation is inflicted on the boy or girl at the age

of from five to ten yea.rs,

THE AUSTRALIAN RA.CB :

The father generally proposes to the other denizens of the camp to have his child's nose pierced, and one old man is selected to perform the ceremony, which is usually done at mid-day.

A piece of wood, six inches long, from a tree called Cooyamnrra (a species of acacia), is pointed at one end sufficiently sharp to pierce the nose, the partition of which the opera.tor takes in his left hand, while he pierces it with the right.

A few minutes before, and during the operation, the men and women sing, believing that by singing a great deal of the pain is taken away from the child.

The hole being made, a large quill, about a quarter of an inch in diameter, is placed in it to prevent it from closing np, and kept there until the wound is thoroughly healed.

The word Moodlawillpa is derived from mood/a (nose), and millpa (kole), hence, hole in the nose.

CHIRRINCHIRBIB.-(Extraction of the Teeth.)

From the age of eight to twelve years, the two front teeth of the upper jaw are taken out in the following manner:-

Two pieces of the Cooyamnrra tree, each about a foot long, are sharpened at one end to a wedge-like shape, then plsced on either side of the tooth to be extracted, and driven between as tightly as possible. The skin of a wallaby, in two or three folds, is then placed on the tooth about to be drawn, after which a stout piece of wood, about two feet long, is applied to the wallaby skin, and struck with a heavy stone, two blows of which is sufficient to loosen the tooth, when it is pulled out by the band. This operation is repeated on the second tooth.

As soon as the teeth are drawn, a piece of damp clay is placed on the holes whence they were extracted to stop the bleeding.

The boy or girl (for this ceremony is performed indifferently on either sex) is forbidden to look at any of the

l


men whose faces may be turned from them, bnt may look at those in front of them, as it is thought that should the boy or girl look towards the men while their backs are turned from them the child'■ mouth woold close op, and con■equently never allow them to eat thereafter.

For three days this prohibition is maintained, after which it is removed.

The teeth drawn are placed in the centre of a bunch of emu feathers, smeared with fat, and kept for about twelve months, or some length of time, under the belief that if thrown away the eaglehawk would cause larger ones to grow in their place, torn op on the upper lip, and thus cause death.

The Dieyerie, on being questioned, can assign no reason for thus clisfiguring their children than that when they were created the Mooramoora• knocked ont two front teeth of the npper jaw of the first child, and, pleased at the sight, commanded that such shoold be done to every me.le or female child for ever after.

This ceremony has been witnessed by me on several occasions, and, though it must be very painful, the boy or girl never winces.

KUBRA WBLLIB W ONKANNA.-(Circumcision.)

As soon as the hair on the boy's face makes its appearance, a council of old men, not relatives to the boy, is held, bnt no warning is given to him or his parents. Everything is kept secret.

A woman, also not related to the boy, is then selected, and her duty is to suspend a mnssel shell round his neck. Whereupon, some appointed night, just before the camp retires to rest, ordinarily about nine p.m., she watches an opportunity to speak to him, daring which she contrives to

•Non.-Mooramoora I.a a Good Spirit, God, or Divine Being; and, although they have no form of religious wonhip, they speak of the Moora-moora with great reverence,

l

o6 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE:

cast over the boy's head a piece of twine, to which the shell is attached by a hole drilled at one end. He, knowing the meaning of this by having observed the same thing done to other boys, immediately runs out of the camp.

The inhabitants of the camp, upon learning what has happened, directly commence crying and shrieking at the top of their voices.

The father and elder brothers at this become excited and qna.rrelsome, demanding by what right the old men of the camp seized their sons or brothers. However, after about an hour's quarrelling (without fighting), they go to sleep as if nothing had happened.

In the meanwhile the boy remains alone, camped by himself, until the following day, when the young men (not relatives) visit him, and take him away to other camps, fifty or sometimes one hundred miles distant, for the purpose of inviting other natives to the intended ceremony.

The lad, during the day, keeps aloof from the camps he has been led to; at daybreak, before the camp arises, being away hunting, and at night camped about four hundred yards a.part from the other natives.

During the boy's absence, his near relatives collect all the hair off the heads of the men, women, and children, till they are thoroughly shorn, spin it, and twist it into a fine thread about the thickness of ordinary twine, in one oontinnons length, without break, of about five hundred yards.

This is ma.de for the purpose of winding round the waist of the lad after circumcision, when it is called Yinka.

On the day previous to that appointed for the ceremony, at four p.m., all the old women of the camp are sent in search of the boy, knowing where to f!.nd him, for, after proceeding as before described a distance from his relatives, occupying so long as a fortnight, he returns homeward, and prepares the knowledge of his whereabouts by raising smoke twice or thrice each day, which also indicates that he is alive; they then bring him into the camp, when he is directed to stand up for a few minutes until everything is

MOUNT FREELING TO PIRIGONDI LAKE. 57

ready. (The natives never can prepare until the very le.et moment, generally causing much confusion when the time arrives for work.) The father and near rele.tivee walk up to the lad a.nd embrace him, when immediately two or three Bmart young men rush at the boy, place him on the be.ck of another man, all the men of the camp shouting at their highest pitch thrice.

The boy is then ta.ken about one hundred yards away from the women, a.nd covered up in skins, remaining so till daybreak.

The father and rele.tivee of the lad now renew their quarrelling with those that ordered the shell to be suspended to the neck of the boy, and a general fight ensues, all ablebodied men joining in the fray, each helping hie friend or relative, until by the time the row is ended there a.re many broken heads and bruised bodies-the women in the meanwhile crying, shouting, screaming, hissing, and ma.king many other hideous sounds, like so many hyenas.

Subsequent to the suspension of hostilities, the men keep up an incessant humming noise, or singing (not da.ncing), a.nd practising most horrible customs, until about four a.m., when the womep a.nd children are ordered off to a diet.ance of four hundred yards from the camp, where they remain beating a kind of wooden trough with their hands once every minute ( as in civilized communities bells are tolled for the dead), the men replying to the noise in like manner, until day dawns, when the beating ceases.

Immediately before the boy's circumcision, a young man picks up a handful of sand, and sprinkles it as he mns, round the camp, which is supposed to drive the devil out, keeping only Mooramoora, the Good Spirit, in.

As soon as circumcision has ta.ken place, the father stoops over the l;>oy, and, fancying himself inspired by Mooramoora to give him a name other than that he previously bad, re-names him, upon which he is taken away by some young men, and kept away for three or four months after, when he returns, virtually a man; for though only a

58 T.HE AUSTRALIAN RA.CE:

lad in yea.rs, he is e.llowed the same privileges as a man in consequence of being circumcised.

I have omitted to state that, in the event of no father living, his nex~f-kin st.ands in place thereof.

Decency has compelled me to suppress the worst fe,.turea of the ceremony.

WILLYA.Boo.-(To procure a good Harvest; Supply of Snakes, and other Reptiles.)

The next ceremony following circumcision is that now to be described.

A young man, without previous warning, is taken out of the camp by the old men, whereon the women set up crying, and so continue for almost he.If the night.

On the succeeding morning, at sunrise, the men (young and old), excepting his father and elder brothers, surround him, directing him to close his eyes.

One of the old men then binds another old man round his a.rm, near the shoulder, with string, pretty tightly, and with a sharp piece of flint lances the me.in artery of the arm, a.bout an inch above the elbow, causing an inst.ant :ff.ow of blood, which is permitted to play on the young man until his whole frame is covered with blood.•

As soon as the old man becomes exhausted from loss of blood another is operated on, and so on, two or three others in succession, until the young man becomes quite stiff and sore from the great quantity of blood adhering to his person.

The next stage in the ceremony is much worse for the young man. He is told to lay with his face down, when one or t~o young men cut him on the neck and shoulders

• NOTB.-The reaeona auigned for this barbaro111 practice are ,that thereby courage I.a Infused into the young man, and to 1how him that the eight of blood ia nothing; ao that 1hould he receive & wound in warfare, he may account it & matter of no moment, but remark, bra.vely-That he hu previo111ly h&d blood running all over hia body, therefore, 'why should be feel faint or low-hearted.

MOUNT J'REBLI1'G TO PIBIGUNDI LAKE. 69

with a sharp flint, about a sixteenth of an inch in depth, in from six to twelve places, which incisions create scars, which until death show that he has gone through the Willyaroo. .

When tattooed, a piece of wood a.bout nine inches long by two and a half wide and a.bout a sixteenth of an inch thick, with a hole at one end, is attached to a piece of string eight feet or so long, and this is called Yuntha, which he is instructed to twirl when hunting, so the tribe may reap a good harvest ot' reptiles, snakes, and other game, and every night until his wounds are healed he must come within four hundred yards of the camp (but no nearer), and twirl it so as to acquaint his parents that he is alive, and they may send him some food; and in the meanwhile he must look upon no woman.

After perfect recovery, he returns to the ca.mp, when there is great rejoicing over the missing young man.

He remains there, however, only for a few days; when, accompanied by some of the tribe, he is sent away to visit other camps for the purpose of receiving presents, such as a a spear, boomerang, or other native weapon or curiosity. This flying trip is called Yinninda. ·

On the night of his return, these presents he hands over to those who operated on him, and a song, composed during his absence, by a young woman selected for that purpose, is BDDg by her, the men, women, and children dancing, and this revel is maintained for about two hours.

MnmARIE.-(Festival to invoke Peace.)

After enduring the ordeal of the Willye.roo, the next ceremony the young man has to go through is that of the Mindarie, which is held about once in two years, by this as by other neighbouring tribes.

When there are sufficient young men in the tribe who have not passed this ceremony, and each tribe being on friendly terms with the others, a council is held, when time and place a.re appointed in which to hold it-some three


months after it is determined on-to allow the hair to grow sufficiently long to be dressed in the manner hereafter described, and those young men whose hair, at the termination of this period, is not long enough cannot take part in the ceremony.

Women are sent to the neighbouring tribes to invite them to the ceremony, the preparations for which, in building wnrleys, &c., occupies from six to seven weeks.

Every day witnesses fresh arrivals of men, women, and children; and, as soon as the first native heaves in sight, the Minda.rie song is sung, to show the stranger that he is hailed as a friend.

At length all having arrived, they wait on the full of the moon, so as to have plenty of light during the ceremony, which commences at sunset. In the meanwhile, at every sunrise, and at intervals during the day, every man in the ca.mp joins in the Minde.rie song.

They then proceed to dress the young men who have not gone through the ceremony previously.

First of all the hair of their bee.de is tied with string so that it stands on end. Thippa (the tails of re.ts), a.re then fastened to the top of the hair, the ends hanging down over the shoulders. Feathers of the owl and emu a.re fastened on the forehead and ears. A large yinke. (previously described), is wound round their waist, and in which, near the spine, a bunch of emu feathers is worn, and the face is painted red and black. By the time the young men are dressed the sun has set.

All the men, women, and children now begin and continue to shout with the full power of their lungs for a.bout ten minutes. They then separate, the women going a little way from the ca.mp to dance, while the men proceed to a distance of 300 yards; the site selected being a plain, generally of ha.rd ground, which is neatly swept.

A little boy, about four years of age, deputed to open the ceremony, is tricked out all over with down from

YOUNT PREELING TO PIRIGUNDI LAKE. 61

the swan and duck, bearing a bunch of emu feathers on his head, and having his face painted with red ochre and white clay.

He dances into the ring, the young men following him, and they followed by the old men.

They dance for a.bout ten minutes, when the little boy stops the dance by rnnning off the dancing ground.

All the young men then re-commence, going through many extraordinary evolutions, standing on their toes, then on their heels, then on one leg, shaking their whole frame at a rapid rate, and keeping accurate time, throwing their hands in the e.ir simultaneously, and clapping; running one way as fa.et as they can go, they will suddenly halt, renew the dance with ha.nds and feet both in motion, agaiir run off, perhaps twenty a.breast, and at the sound of a certain word, as one man, drop one shoulder, and then the other. Then they throw themselves down on the ground, de.nee on their knees, age.in clap their hands, and accompany these postures by shouting and singing throughout the night without ceasing; the whole keeping time as perfectly as a trained orchestra.

By Bllnrise, becoming tired, the ceremony is closed, , when they retire to rest, and sleep during the day.

The reason of holding this ceremoqy is to enable all the tribes to assemble and renew peace, by making presents to each other, and amicably settle any disputes that may have arisen since the last Minda.rie.

The natives are all pleased at this observance, and talk of the event for many days after.

KOOLPIE.

So soon as the hair on the face of a young man is sufficiently grown to admit the ends of the beard being tied, the ceremony of the Koolpie is decided on.

A council of old men assemble, :fix the site, and appoint a day for the operation, on the morning of which he is

62 '1'BE AUSTRALIAN RACE:

invited out to hunt. The young man not suspecting anything ie, at a given signal, seized-one of the party placing hie hand on the young man's mouth, while others remove the yinka (elsewhere described) from his body.

He ie then directed to lie down, when a man is stationed at each limb, and another kneels on hie chest to keep him steady.

The operation is then commenced by first laying his penis on a piece of bark, when one of the party, provided with a sharp flint, makes an incision underneath into its passage, from the foreskin to its base.

This done, a piece of bark is then placed over the wound, and tied so as to prevent it from closing up.

Thie concludes the operation, and the young man goes away, accompanied by one or two others, and rethains away from the camp until such time as the wound is thoroughly healed, when the bark may be removed.

Men who have passed through this ceremony are permitted to appear in the camp, and before women, without wearing anything to hide their person.

FUNERAL RITES.-CANNIBALISK.

When a man, woman, or child dies, no matter from what cause, the big toe of each foot are tied together, and the body enveloped in a net.

The grave is dug to about three feet, and the body is carried thither on the heads of three or four men, and on arrival is placed on its back for a few minutes. Then three men kneel down near the grave, while some other natives place the body on the heads of the kneeling men.

One of the old men (usually the nearest relative) now takes two light rods, each about three feet long ( these are called coonya), and holds one in each hand, standing about two yards from the corpse; then beating the coon ya together, he questions the corpse, in the belief that it can understand him, inquiring how he died, who was the cause

MOUNT FREELING TO PIRIGUNDI LA.KE. 6S

of his death, and the name of the man who killed himas even decease from natural ca.uses they attribute to a charm or spell exercised by some enemy.

The men sitting round act as interpreters for the d~ funct, and, according as the general opinion obtains, give some :fictitious name of a native of ano~her tribe.

When the old man stops beating the coonya, the men and women commence crying, and the body is removed from the heads of the bearers, and lowered into the grave, into which a native (not related to the deceased) steps, and proceeds to cut off all the fat adhering to the muscles of the face, thighs, arms, and stomach, and passes it round to be swallowed. The reason assigned for this h9rrible practice being that thus the nearest relatives may forget the departed, and not be continually crying.

The order in which they partake of their dead relatives is this:-

The mother eats of her children. The children eat of their mother. Brothers-in-law and· sisters-in-law eat of each other. Uncles, aunts, nephews, nieces, grandchildren, grand-

fathers, and grandmothers eat of ea.ch other. But the father does not eat of his offspring, or the

offspring of the sire. After ea.ting of the dead the men pa.int themselves with

charcoal and fat, marking a black ring round the month. This distinguishing mark is called Mnnamnroomnroo. The women do likewise, besides painting two white stripes on their arms, which marks distinguish those who have partaken of the late deceased ; the other men smearing themselves all over with white clay, to testify their grief.

The grave is covered in with earth, and a large stack of wood placed over it.

The first night after the burial the women dance round the grave, crying and screaming incessantly till sunrise, and so continue for a week or more.


Should the weather be cold when a native dies, fires are lighted near the grave so that the deceased may warm himself, and often they place food for him to eat.

Invariably after a death they shift their camp, e.nd never after speak of, or refer to, the defunct.

MooKOOBLLIB DuOKANA.-(Bone Strike, or Death Spell.) The words at the head of this chapter are derived from

Mookoo (hone) and Ducko:na (atrike), the compound word implying ,truck b,_J a bone •

. As no person is supposed, from whatever cause, to die a natoral death, but is conjectured to have been killed, either by one of a neighbouring tribe or of his own, men, women, and children are in constant terror of having offended some one who may therefore bear them enmity.

Thus, so soon as a native becomes ill, a council is held solely to ascertain who has given him the bone.

Should he remain a considerable time without a change, or his malady increase, his wife if he has one, or if he has not the wife of his nearest relative, is ordered to proceed to the person who is supposed to have ca.used the sickness. She does so, accompanied by her paramour (whose relationship is explained elsewhere), and on arrival immediately makes a few presents to the person suspected of her relative's illness, but makes no accusation against him, contenting herself with simply stating that her relative is fallen ill and is not expected to recover, whereupon he sympathizes with her, e.nd expresses a hope that the invalid will soon be well again.

He knows, however, perfectly well, though not accused, that he is suspected of having caused the malady; e.nd, on the following morning, acquaints the woman that she can return to her relative, as lte mould dram all pomer a1()(Ly from tlte bone by steeping it in water. Accordingly the woman carries back the joyful tidings that she has seen the party who has the bone, and he has promised to take all the power out of it.


Now, should the invalid happen to die, and be a person of any influence, the man who acknowledged to having the bone is murdered on the first opportunity.

Men threaten their wives (should they do anything wrong) with the bone, causing such dread in their wives that mostly, instead of having a salutary effect, it causes them to hate their husbands.

This bone is not an ordinary one, but the small bone of the human leg ; and one of every two of the natives is charged with having one in his possession wherever he may go ; but, in my own experience, I have never seen more than a dozen, and those at one of their ceremonies ; as, for instance, when the whole tribe desire to kill at a distance, say from 50 to 100 miles, some influential man of another tribe, they order several of the old men to despoil the dead, that is, to take the small leg-bones from many skeletons.

Of these, the relicts of their own tribe, they take from three to eight, which they wrap in fat and emu feathers ; all the most noted men of tl}.e tribe taking them and pointing towards the place where their intended victim is supposed to reside, while doing which they curse the man they desire to kill, naming the death they would wish him.

All present are bound to secrecy, and the ceremony lasts about an hour.

Should they learn, after a few weeks, that the man they destine to destruction is still alive and hearty, they account for it by supposing that some one of the tribe of the person cursed had stopped the power of the bone ..

So strongly are men, women, and children convinced of the power of the bone, that no reasoning can shake their belief.

I have frequently asked why they did not give a bone to myself or any of the settlers, knowing that they mortally hate all White men, but they meet this by saying we ii.re too superior in knowledge, so that the bone would have no effect OD 118,

VOLD. E


THE MAKING OF RAIN.

This is one of their grandest ceremonies. When there is a drought or dry see.son, frequent in the

Dieyerie country, the natives have a. he.rd time of it. No fresh herbs, no roots, nothing but ardoo have they to subsist on. The pe.rched earth yielding no gra.ss, the emu, reptiles, &c., are so poor e.s to be nearly valueless for food ; it is, therefore, easily perceived that to the natives re.in is the supremest blessing.

Believing they he.ve the power of producing it, under the inspiration of Mooramoora (the Good Spirit), they proceed as follows:-

W omen, generally accompe.nied by their paramours,• are despatched to the various camps to assemble the natives together at e. given place. After the tribe is gathered, they dig e. hole, about two feet deep, twelve feet long, and from eight to ten feet broad. Over this they build a hut, by placing stiff logs about three feet apart, filling the spaces between with slighter logs, the building being of conical form, as the base of the erection is wider than its apex-then the stakes are covered with boughs. This hut is only sufficiently large to contain the old men; the young ones sit at the entrance or outside.

This completed, the women are called to look at the but, which they approach from the rear, then dividing, some one way and some the other, go round until they reach the entrance-each looking inside, but passing no remark. They then return to their ca.mp, distant about 500 yards.

Two men, supposed to have received a special inspiration from the Mooramoora, are selected for lancing, their arms being bound tightly with string near the shoulders to hinder too profuse an effusion of blood.

When this is done all the men huddle together, and an old man, generally the most influential of the tribe, takes

• Each married woman is permitted o. paramour.


a sharp flint and bleeds the two men inside the arm below the elbow on one of the leading arteries, the blood being made to flow on the men sitting around, during which the two men throw handsful of down, some of which adheres to the blood, the rest floating in the air.

This custom has in it a certain poetry, the blood being supposed to symbolize the rain and the down the clouds.

Doring the preceding acts two large stones are placed in the centre of the hut ; these stones representing gathering clouds, presaging rain.

At this period the women are again called to visit the but and its inmates, but shortly after return to the camp.

Tbs main part of the ceremony being now concluded, the men who were bled carry the stones away for about fifteen miles, and place them as high as they can in the largest tree about.

In the meanwhile, the men remaining gather gypsum, pound it fine, and throw it into a waterhole. This the Moo

. ramoora is supposed to see, and immediately he causes the clouds to appear in the heavens.

Should they not show so soon as anticipated, they account for it by saying that the Mooramoora is cross with them; and should there be no rain for weeks or months after the ceremony they are ready with the nsnal explanation that some other tribe has stopped their power.

The ceremony considered finished, there yet remains one observance to be fulfilled. The men, young and old, encircle the hut, bend their bodies, and charge, like so many rams, with their heads against it, forcing thus an entrance, reappearing on the other side, repeating this act, and continuing at it until nought remains of their handiwork but the heavy logs, too solid even for their thick heads to encounter. Their hands and arms must not be used at this stage of the performance, but afterwards they employ them by pulling simultaneously at the bottom of the logs, which thus drawn outwards causes the top of the hut to fall in, so making it a tot.al wreck.

1:2


The piercing of the hut with their heads symbolizes the piercing of the clouds; the fa.U of the hut the full of rain.

THE MAKING THB W1Ln-FoWL LAY Eoos.

After heavy rains, the smaller lakes, lagoons, and swamps are generally filled with fresh water, attracting flocks of wildfowl ; and the natives go through a horrible ceremony, without which they believe the birds would not lay.

On a fine da.y, after the rains, a.II the able-bodied men sit in a circle, each having a bone from the leg of a kangaroo,• sharpened a.t one end, when the old men commence singing, and the others pierce their scrotum several times. This must be very painful, yet they show no sense of it. They are generally la.id up for two or three weeks, unable to walk. While thus torturing themselves the women are crying. At this ceremony a song is sung, but it is too obscene to be translated here.

It is useless to argue with them on the absurdity of this custom; for all answer, they say it is impossible for White men to know their power.

THE MAKING ol' IarrA.NA.s.-(Kaupirrie Wima.)

Whenever it is a ba.d season for iguanas· (Koppirries ), one of the prjncipal articles of their food, some of the natives proceed to make them. The ceremony is not observed by the Dieyerie, but as they are invariably invited and attend, I think it proper to describe it.

On a day appointed, they sit in a circle, when the old men take a few bones of the leg of an emu, about nine inches long, and sharpened at both ends.

Each old man then sings a song, while doing so piercing his ears, :first one and then the other, several times, regardless of the pain, if not insensible to it.

• It ia ea.id elsewhere that there &re no ka.ngaroo in the Dieyerie country, but it mUBt be remembered th&t in their expeditione for red ochre they tr&vel over the l.a.nd■ of other tribes where the ka.ngaroo C&D be procured.

MOUNT FREELING TO PIRIGUNDI LAKE. . 69

I add the song, which is not in the Dieyerie dialect, and a translation of it:-

THB IGUANA SONG.

Pa-pa-pa. Kirra-a. Lulpa.ra-na. Mooloo Karla parcha-ra: Willyoo lana .Mathapootana mlll'ara Thidoa-ra Mindieindie Knrtaworie-woriethiea-a..

Transl,ation. With a boomerang we gather all the iguanas from the

flats and plains, and drive them to the sandholes, then surround them, that all the male and female iguanas may come together and increase.

Should there be a few more iguanas after the ceremony than before, the natives boa.st of having produced them, but if they are as scarce a.s previously they have their customary excuse that some other tribe took away their power.

SUPERSTITIONS ON THE foUANA.

The iguana is supposed to be a conductor of lightning, and during a thunderstorm all these reptiles a.re buried in the sand. And should any native become grey or have much hair on its breast when young, it is supposed to be caused by eating them when children.

SUPERSTITION ON TREES.

There are places covered by trees held very sacred, the larger one~ being supposed to be the remains of their fathers metamorphosed.

The natives never hew them ; and slionld the settlers require to cot them down, they earnestly protest against it, asserting they would have no luck, and themselves might be punished for not protecting their ancestors.

R.DIEDY FOR AccIDENT OR RIDICULE.

Should a child meet with any &<',cident, all its relatives immediately get struck on the head with a stick or boomerang until the blood flows down their faces; such surgical operation being presumed to ease the child's pain.

'1

70 THB AUBTB.ALUN RA.CB:

In like manner, should any man or woman, by doing anything awkwardly, provoke laughter, he or she request.a one of the men or women to hit him or her on the head till the blood trickles down the face, when the person thus relieved commences laughing, and appears to enjoy the Joke as keenly a.e the rest.

INDESCRIBABLE CusTOKB. That of causing a. plentiful supply of wild dogs, that of

creating a plenty of snakes, that of giving strength to young men, and some other customs, a.re altogether so obscene and disgusting, I must, even at the risk of leaving my subject incomplete, pass over by only thus briefly referring to them.

BooK.ATOo.-(Expedition for Red Ochre.)

Every winter, in July or August, a council of all the old men is held, relative to the starting of an expedition for red ochre, to a. place called Burratchunna Creek (west of the Blinman township), where there is a. large mine of it.

Old and ·young men are selected, a day fixed, and a leader appointed to take command; all being kept secret from the women, in fear they would persuade their husbands not t.o leave.

On the day the party must eta.rt, the old men rise with the sun, and grasping their weapons and singing promptly depart without leave ta.king or farewell to their wives and children.

The women, then conscious of the men's intentions, commence screaming, screeching, yelling, hooting, hissing, and making all kinds of hideous and uncouth sounds, calling on their husbands, sons, brothers, and friends to remain, and not to be led into a. strange and hostile country; they, unheeding, proceeding on their way for a.bout five hundred yards, for the purpose of arranging with the old men who are left behind to build wurleys (Booka.too Oora.nnie) for the reception of the party when it returns. The site being selected, and instrqctions given to build

MOUNT FREEi.ING TO PIRIGUNDI LAKE. 71

substantial huts, farewell is taken, the expedition singing a rather mournful ditty, encouraging the young lads to keep up their spirits ; and indeed some of them require encouragement, knowing that besides having to travel over three hundred miles through strange country, many a hungry belly they will have before reaching their destination, independent of the load of ochre they will have to carry be.ck.

The party travels about twenty miles a day, and on arrival at the mine each member of it digs out his own ochre, mixes it with water, making it into loaves of about 20 lbs weight, which are dried.•

Each man carries an average weight of 70 lbs. of ochre, invariably on the head, t and has to procure his own food; the pe.rty seldom resting a day while on the journey, which lasts usnally from six or eight weeks, until within one day's stage of their camp-the Bookatoo Oorannie.

On the return route, they barter with the tribes they pass, giving weapons for old clothes.

Leaving for a while the returning party within one stage of the Bookatoo Oomnnie, I will state what has been done in their absence by those who had to prepare those wnrleys, (which built) a space of about one hundred yards around them is cleared and swept.

During these preparations, every morning the women are ordered away to a. short distance, and not allowed to return until sunset, and during their absence they collect seed, which is stored e.gainst the return of the expedition.

The men of the ca.mp keep up a continuous singing during the whole day and night, ma.king, from the native cotton-bush, sugarloe.f-shaped bags, about eighteen inches in length, and large enough at the orifice to admit the hee.d; these being intended for the Books.too men on their return.

• Just after collecting the ochre, having all the hair of their faces plucked out (not cut or burnt off).

t The men carry their loads on their heads.

72 TIIB AlJ'STBALUN RACB :

During the making of the bags the following BOng is song, of which herewith I give the original, with a free translation :-

Mulka-a-&-a-wora-a-a, Yoong-arr&-&-& Oondoo-o-o, Ye. Pillie-e-e-e Mo1b a a a angienie Kooriek:i.rnw.-+ya-a-a-ya.

Tramlation. Pot colors in the bags, Close it all round, And make the netted bag All the colors of the rainbow.

The women are supposed never to have heard this BOng, which is kept secret from them, and they fear that they would be strangled by the men should they ever overhear it.

I now return to the ochre party, who, having for fear of hostile tribes ma.de their way home only resting at night, are now within two hundred yards of the camp prepared for them.

They drop on their hands and knees, so as not to awaken its inhabitants, who they desire to take by surprise, which they do when within a few yards distance by loud yelling and clapping their hands, and dancing two or three times round the Booka.too Oorannie, after which they retire a little way.

The men of the camp then rush out to ascertain whether all of the party have arrived safe-women crying, children screaming, dogs fighting, altogether make up a discord language is unequal to describe. Now the sugarloaf bags are placed on the heads of the adventurers, the women prepare food for them, and dancing is kept up during the whole of the night until sunrise, when the ceremony is over, and until when the women are not allowed to speak to their husbands or relatives.

Afterwards, days are spent by the members of the expedition in recounting anecdotes and incidents of their travel. ·

MOUNT FREELING TO PIRJGUNDI LAKE. 73

DIDASBB.

Wittcha.-This disease is, I think, the itch. The symptoms are innumerable small pimples all over the body, ca.using considerable irritation, only to be temporarily allayed by rubbing the parts affected with a sharp instrument or stone, the hand a.lone being insufficient to afford relief.

It is very contagious, spreading from one person throughout the camp, and is probably ca.used by genera.I want of cleanliness, and allowing mangy doge to lie with them. They a.re subject to this disease once a year.

Mirra.-A disease which every native has once in his life, sometimes at three years of age, bot more frequently at fourteen or thereabouts. The symptoms are large blind boils under the arms, in the groin, on the breasts or thighs, varying in size from a hen's egg to that of an emu's egg. It endures for months, and in some instances for years, before finally eradicated.

Doring its presence the patient is generally so enfeebled as to be unable to procure food, and, in fact, is totally helpless.

It is not contagious, and is, I surmise, peculiar to the natives, whose only remedy is the application of hot ashes to the parts affected.

Mooramoora.-Unqnestionably small-pox, to which the natives were subject evidently before coming into contact with Europeans, as many old men and women are pockmarked in the face and body.

They state that a great number have been carried off by this disease, and I have been shown, on the top of a sandhill, seventy-four graves, which are said to be those of men, women, and children, carried off by this fell disorder.

THE DooTOR-(Koonkie ). The Koonkie is a native, who has seen the devil when

a child (the devil is called Kootchie), and is supposed to have received power from him to heal all sick.


The way in which a man or woman becomes a doctor is, that if when young they have had the nightmare, or an unpleasant dream, and relate this to the camp, the inmates come to the conclusion that he or she has seen the devil.

The males never practise until after circumcision, and, in fact, are not deemed proficient till out of their teens.

Whenever a person falls ill, the Koonkie is requested to examine and cure him.

The Koonkie walks up to the invalid, feels the parts affected, and then commences rubbing them until he fancies he has got hold of something, when he sucks the parts for a minute or two, and then goes ont of the camp a few yards.

He now picks up a piece of wood, about one or two inches long, and returns to the camp, where, procuring a red hot coal, he rubs it in his hands to make them hot, and then feels the disordered parts again, and after a little manceuvring produces the stick which he had concealed in his hand, as if extracted from the patient's body, to the great surprise of all the natives, who conclude that this was the cause of the complaint.

The Koonkie is requested to try again, when he goes out a second time in a very solemn manner (the natives all looking at him with wonder), blows twice or thrice, returns, goes through the ea.me performance as before, and then produces a long piece of twine, or a piece of charcoal, of COUJ'!re from the part affected.

This imposter won't confess to his trickery, and, indeed, from constant practice, at last deludes himself into a belief of his skilful surgery, which all the other natives have implicit faith in. And, indeed, the force of imagination is so strong in some cases, that I have seen a native quite ill, and actually cry for the Koonkie, who, after his humbugging, appeared quite recovered.

Should the Koonkie fail in his effort to relieve the sick, he is prepared with a ready excuse-some Koonkie of another tribe, possessing more skill, has stopped his power.

MOUNT ntEELING TO PIRIGUNDI LAKE. 75

When a Koonkie is ill he calls in the aid of another Koonkie to cure him.

As I have said elsewhere, no person is presumed to become ill naturally. The Kootchie (devil), or some native, has bewitched him.

CUB.E OF DISEASE OB WOUNDS.

Sores, cuts, bruises, pain, and disease of all kinds, no matter how arising, are treated in one of two modes-if slight, by the application of dirt to the part affected ; if severe, by that of hot ashes.

In cases of any kind of sting, leaves of bushes, heated at the fire, are applied to the part stung, as hot as the patient can bear it, and the smart almost immediately disappears.

PABT m. Catawf!U,8 of Animals, fc.-Rats and tkeir Congeners; Rep

tiles; Birds; Fisk; Vegetables,· Insects; Manufacturing Products; Weapons; and PerBOMl Adornments.

RATS A!ID TBBIB CoNGBNDS, (All eaten by them.)

Kaanoonka Wurlarrie C.pietha liliaroo. Poontha Arutchie Cowirrie 'J'bi)]amiUarl11 Pnlya.ra Koolchie Koonappoo Kulkuna Kooraltha Kulunda 'l'ickawara -

Kunnie Kopirrie l'atharamooroo

- Bush wallaby. - Kangaroo-rat. - Native rabbit. - Rat, - M01118. • Native ferret. - Rat (I don't know the species). - A Bp8Cies of ferret. - Long-mouted rat. - Species of rat. - Species of moUBe, - Species of wallaby (very ■wift). - Spotted ferret. - White and blaclr. rat (■imilar to the hou■e rat). - Native cat.

Rn-r:u..Bs. (Those not eaten marked thu■ •.) • Jew lizard. . Iguana. . Black iguana (I have only seen three; they are 'Very

scarce).

76

ChoopaKudieworoo • Wakunie •womaloora

•Thitthurie • Moonkamoonk&rilla

Oolaumi

Woma •

Thoona

Wondaroo •


- A Blender lizard, about 3 in. long. • Red-backed 1izard, about 3 in. long. - Flat-headed 1izard, about 3 in. long. - Smooth-lkinned 1izard, about 5 in. long, • Small rough-■kinned lizard, about 4 in. long. • Small black 1izard, with ■hort t.ail; generally fOlllld

under the bark of tre.. • I.bard, tr&nlparent ■kin, ■potted yellow and black,

abouU in. long. • Specie■ of 1izard, flat head, IIO&ly back. about 4 in.

long; live■ under the ground, and only appean above after heavy rain■• The nativ• d~be it u venomou■, and affirm itll bite i■ oert■iu death, wherefore they are very frightened of it, and even avoid killing it from fear of it.a poiaon-ing their weapon■•

- Ca.rpet ■nake, from 5 to 12 ft. long, large body; ite bite not venomous.

• Grey imake,• generally about 5 ft. long; venomoua.

• Green and yellow make, very thick body, about 5 ft. long, quite harmleu, and ha■ a llleepy appearance,

W oonkoo • Light brown and grey make, from 4 to 7 ft. long; venomou■, and very viciou■•

Wirrawirrala • Large brown snake, with yellow belly, from 8 to 10 ft. long; very venomou■.

Wipparoo - Long thin ■nake, black, ■haded with other dark oolour■, about 7 ft. long; very venomou■, itll bite cau■ing in■tant death, ■o the native■ are v917 caution■ in killing it.

Ma.rra.killa • Large brown ■nake, about 7 ft. long, ha■ a large head ; i■ very venomou■ and viciou■•

Mithindie • White and yellow ■potted ■nake, ■mall thin body, about 3 ft. long; harmleu.

Koolielawirrawirra • Small yellow and black ■potted make, about 3 ft. long; harmleu.

Mulkunkoora • Black and green ■potted ■nake, 5ft. long; venomoua.

Thandandlewindiewindie Small black BDake, small mouth, about 5 ft. 8 in.; venomou■•

Karawulieyackayackuna Flat-headed ■nake, green back, yellow ■potll on belly, about 4 ft. long; venomou■•

Kulathirrie • • Frog. Thidnamura • • Toad. Pinchiepinchiedara . Bat.


Kunienundnma -Thirriethirrie Thoa.roopathandrunie :Milkieworie • Pittiek.ilkadie Kirrkie-Kookoongka -Windtha Wurchie11'1lrchie Killawoloowolloorka Moonyie Killunkilla -Kooranyawillawilla Pooll1llka Cathathara Willaroo Moodlubra Murnpie Woparoo Koorookookoo Mulliepirrpaoonga Choonda Thindriethindrie -Thiewillagie -Mulyamulyayapunie Poothoopoothooka Koorabaukoola

Ooroo • Culiemulyandurie -MoolpaChooiechooieDickadickulyerra -M.ootoomootoo Thanpathanpa

Tbaralkoo • Thowla Kockadooroo ChipalaKoodnapina -Thookabie • Doolpadoolparoo Kilkie •

BDmll. (All eaten by them.)

- The largest hawk excepting eaglehawk. - Small apeck.led hawk. • White hawk. - Large grey hawk. - Speckled hawk. • Whiatling hawk (very swift). - Kite. • Greyowl. - White owl. - Dark-brown owl • Mopawk. - Red-breasted cockatoo. • Cockatoo parrot. · Parrot. . Shell parrot. - Curlew. • Pigeon. - Bronzewing pigeon. - Flock pigeon. - Dove. - Quail - Red-breuted robin. - Shepherd's companion (a apecies of wagtail). - Small apeciea of lark. - Swallow. • Sparrow. - Magpie.

WA.DEBS.

- Nankeen-colored crane. • Black &ud white crane. - White crane. · Snipe. - Speciea of snipe. - Species of snipe. - Slate-colored anipe.

W.&TBB FowL.

- Teal - Spoonbill duck. • Mountain duck. • Whistling duck. - Brown duck, with red beak. - Diver. - Black diver. - Water hen.

78

MuroomurooW athawirrieMnloorr. Boorkoopiya -Kirrpiyirrka.

THE AUSTRAi.JAN RACE:

- Black water hen. - Species of water hen. - Cormorant. - Long-beaked cormorant. - Gnll.

Flsll AND OTIID F'aEsllWATBR HillTANTII

Are few and UDimport.a.nt, being canght in the waterholes uid lakeleta. which can only be called creek■ or river■ when the flood■ come down, the la■t of which occurred in 1864.

Paroo - - A mnall bony Sat fi■h. Multhoomulthoo - A Bah weighing from 3 to 36 lbe. Moodlakoopa - A fi■h averagi.Dg t lbe. Koorie • - M:1111181.

Thiltharie

Murunkura -Kooniekoonierilla -KUDiekoondie Pitchula Pindrie Purdie • Pittaboobaritchana

!NSJW1'8. - Centipede (■ometimes 7 in. long-it■ bite ia venom-

ou■).

. Tarantula. - Black ■pider. - Scorpion. - Species of ■pider. - Grauhopper or locn■t. - Grub, caterpillar. . Sandfl.y.

VBOBTABLES, Roars, HDBB, F'RuIT, SuD, .ITC. (Eaten by the

Yowa -

Winkara. Munyaroo Kunanrra

Ardoo -

Cobboboo

Wodaroo

Nati'!e■,)

- Rather larger than a pea, found 3 ID. deep in the ground.

- A very atarchy root, about 5 in. long. - A plant much eaten. - The ■eed of the Munyaroo, n■ed when groud into

meal between two atones. - (Often described in new■papera and by writer■ u

Nardoo,) A very hard aead, a flat oval of about the ■ize of a ■plit pea; it ia crushed or pounded, and the huak winnowed. In bad ■euon■ thi■ ia the main■tay of the native■' 1u1teaance, but it ia the wont food possible, poulllling very little nourishment, and being difficult to dige■t.

- A nut found on the box-tree, on breaking which it disclosea a grub; this is probably a gall

• A thin, long root, obtainable only where the ■oil i■ rich and covered with turf. This is one of the best vegetables the natives pclllleBI, ■weet uid mea.ly.

MOUNT FREEi.ING TO PIRIGUNDI LAKE. 79 1"----L!---' \AIVIWWrne •

Patharapowa

O,.ulyoo

W odlaooroo -

Wirratha:a.dra Mulkathaudra Yoongu.ndie

Moot.cha

Kuloomba

Willapie Yoolantie Book.a.hood& • Mandawora • Thoopara Yegga •

• The aeed from a apeoi• of acacia, ground and made into 111l&ll loav•.

- The aeed of the box-tree, ground and made into · loav•.

• The aeed of the prickly acacia, pounded and made into loaves.

• Very fine aeed taken from the silver grau, grow-ing in the creeks.

• Seed of an acacia. • Seed of the mulga tree, - Blaok fine aeed, taken from a plant aimilar to

clover. • Native cotton-bush. When the leaves sprout and

become quite green the natives gather and cook them, and at aeed time they pluck and eat the pods.

• Indigenous clover; when young, cooked by the natives, and eaten in large quantities.

- A l1ll&ll watery plant. - The native fig. - The native gooseberry. • The native blackberry. • The native pear. - The native orange.

VBGBTABLB PBoDUOTIONS UBBD IN MANUFACTURING,

Mindrie

Moot.cha

Murawirrie -

Kundriemookoo

- A large root, from the outside of which is obtained a kind of resin, which, when prepared at the fire and afterwards allowed to dry, becomes very hard and tough, called " kundrie," and is uaed in fastening a flint to a short atick called " kundriemookoo."

- The stema of this bush (the pods and leaves of which afford food) when dry are pounded into a fine fibre, then teased and spun, after which it is made into bags, which are very nicely done, and occupy many days in their production.

WEAPONS AND lHPLBllBNTll,

- Two-handed boomerang, from 6 to 14 ft, long and 4 in. broad.

• Of aemioircular shape, 2 ft. 6 in. long, to one end of which is attached by resin a flint, forming a kind of axe or tool uaed in making weapons.


W ona - A abort thick atlok, about 3 ft. long, ued by womeD. who do not carTY the ahield, ~. or boomerang.

Y ootohoowonda • - A p~ of flint about 3 in. long, with an edge like a razor, and at the blunt end covered with resin; this is conoealed in the palm of the band when fighting, and is capable of inflicting a wound like one made with a butcher's knife.

Pirrauma • A ahield, oval-shaped, of aolid wood, from I ft. t.o

Kultrakultra

Yinka -

Mundamunda

Kootoha

Wurtawurta -

Cbanpoo

Koorie •

Oonamunda •

Oorapathera -

Unpa

3 ft. long, and from 6 in. to I ft. wide.

PnsoNAL 0RNAIIENTS.

• Necklace made from reeda strung on woven hair, and 1111pendad round the neck.

- A string of human hair, ordinarily 300 yard.a in length, and wound round the waist. Thi■ orna- · ment is greatly prized, owing to the difficulty of procuring the material of which it is made.

- A ■tring made from the native cotton-tree, about two or three hundred yards long; thi■ is wom round the waist, and adorned by different colored string■ wound round at right anglee. These are wom by the womeD., and are very neatly made.

• Bwich of hawk'■, crow'■, or eagle'■ feathen, neatly tied with the sinews of the emu or wallaby, and cured in hot ashe■• Thi■ is wom either when fighting or dancing, and alao Uled as a fan.

- A bunch of the black feather■ of the emu, tied together with the ■inews of the ll&Dle bird; wom in the yinka (girdle) near the waist.

• A bandof about6in. long by2 in. broad,madefrom the items of the cotton-bush, painted white, and wom round the forehead.

• A large m\l888l shell pierced with a hole, and attached to the eD.d of the beard ·or suspended from the neck; alao used in circumcision.

· About 10 ft. of string, made from the native cotton. bush, and wom round the arm.

• A bunch of leaves tied at the feet, and worn when dancing, cau■ing a peculiar noise.

• A bunch· of taaeel■, made from the fur of rats and wallaby, wom by the natives to cover their private parts. They are in leD.gth 6 in. to 3 ft. long.

MOUNT FREELING TO Pm.IGUNDI LAKE. 81

Thippa•

A.roo -

Wurda Wurda

Pillie -

Wondaroo

Pirra -Min.mi -

• U&ed for the aame purp0IMI 18 Unpa. A bunch of taaaela made from tails of the native rabbit, and, when wuhed in damp 11&11d, is very pretty, being white 18 the driven mow. It takee about fifty tails to make an ordinary Thippa, but I have aeen aome oonaisting of 350.

- The large feathen from the tail of the emu, u&ed only &11 a fan.

- A circlet or coronet of emu feathen, wom only by the old men.

- Nett.ed bag, made from the lteml of the cottonbush and ruahee, with meahea aimilar to our fiahing net.

• A olOBely-nett.ed bag, made from the fibre of the ootton-bu■h.

- A trough-like water v-■el.

- Fi■hing net, made from ruabe■, umally 60 ft. long by 3 ft. wide.

PART IV.

Tile Dieyerie Dialect,· Key to Pronunciation; Examples of tlte Construction of tlte Language,· System of Notation; Astronomical Terms; List of Names distinguishing .Age or Relati<mahip; The Ten Commandments; Parts of tlte Human Frame; Vocabulary.

The Dieyerie dialect, although of limited construction, yet has certain rules not oftener departed from than the languages of a more civilized people. Each word invariably t.emrinates with a vowel; and so accustomed are the Dieyerie to this form that, in acquiring foreign words terminating in a consonant, they always add vowels, as thus :-Bullock becomes bulakoo; hat, hata; dog, doga; and so on.

Besides the spoken language, they have a copious one of signs-all animals, native man or woman, the heavens, earth, walking, riding, jumping, flying, swimming, eating, drinking, and hundreds of other objects or actions have each their particular sign, so that a conversation may be sustained without the utterance of a single word.

This dumb language, of which I possess a thorough knowledge, cannot, however, be described in words. A special

VOL. II, F

82 THE AUSTRALIAN RA.CE:

feature in their language is that of distinguishing each other in their relationship, by which their names become tr&nsmuted in a variety of ways-at certain a.gee, on their being married, and after undergoing certain ceremonies-examples of which a.re here given.

Their system of notation, which is described farther on, is excessively restricted, as is also their knowledge of astronomy, with which they have, nevertheless, an acquaintance.

The Dieyerie language extends far beyond the limit of their own possessions, being understood, though not spoken, by the surrounding tribes.

The alphabet used by me in the vocabulary consists of eighteen letters only, the Dieyerie dialect possessing no equivalent for our F, J, Q, S, V, X, Z, while K answers in every respect for C, excepting where it precedes the letter H.

KJIT TO l'BoNUNOUTION.

A, a, in Hand, hat, fat, band.

B, " D, " E, ,,

G, "

H, " J, " K, " L, " M, " N, ,,

0, "

Bauble, bible, bride. Deed, did, deadly. Treat, tact, tart. Gag, gurgle (never u giant,

page, rage). Hay, heavy, hearty. Light, bright. Kernel, keep, kick, key. Lilt, laurel. Mama, marmalade. Nothing, none, noon. Ormolu, ostracize, olive.

P, a, in Popo, puppet, pipe. B., ,. Rare, rioh, rr.ther. T, ,. Teat, tint, threat. U, ,, Cur, fur. W, ,. W&lte, walk, weak. Y, ,, Youth, yonder.

Au, a, i11 C.ught, taught. Ch (&!cA), Child, ohuroh, chat.. le, a, in Yield, thief, brief. Oo, ,, Moon, BOOn, balloon. Ou, ,, Cow, now, how, br<nr. Th, ,, Teeth, truth, this, that.

A LIST OJ' W O&DB

Principally, and In aome oaaea only, showing the oona1iruction of the language used with others, and then 1181lally terminating them. E:1:amplea follow

Ali-UB. Alyie-Few. A.mi-To. A.na--ing. Anie-Me, my. Arrie-Same aa. Athi-Doit.

Aumpoo-AlmOBt. Auni-Wlll, aha.IL

Baoka--Same as. Boot.oo-With. Buokuna-AlBO. Buth-Not.


Champllll&-AhrayL Pilklldra-Somethfng elle.

:im-.To,of. Pina,-Great, very. Pothoo--Only.

Goo-To youn, of youra. Pulpa--Othen.

J&DD&-We. Punie-None, no one.

J~. Tha.n.-~ey.

Kaunchie-Cert.ain,BUre. Thananie-Thein. Thanlya--Them, thoee.

Launi-Will, ahall. Tbarkuna--Inoline.

Marow-Do it (imperative), Thulka--Relating to. Thuruna--Together.

Moonthalie-Ouraelvea. Moonthoo-Moat. Uldra-We. Moolaroo--Oreat, vsry. Una-lug, ed. MullaUD&--Together, each other. Undroo-Together. M.undroola---Only two. Murla--More. Wadari&-Where, whioh. Murra--Freeh, new. Wakawaka } Leut. Matoha-Enoagh. W akamoothoo Mi-To. Warana-Who.

Whi-What. Nandroya-She. Windrltr--Only. Na.niea--Her. Wirrl&-Of them, to them. Nanka.nie-Hen. Wodow-What, how. N'mna--The, thee, that, it. Wonthie-Had. Nbmiea-Thia. Wuly--SOOn. Nie-My, mine. Wulyaloo-Boon after. Noali-He. Wurnie-Whoae. Nooloo-Him. W un&-Of them, to them. Noonkanie-Hia. Warroonga-Whom. Nowieya--There.

Ori-Did, hu, have. Yank.iea.-Many. Yinkanle-Theirs, youra.

ParohUJ1&-All. Yondroo-Thou. Pilkie-Not relating to. Yoora-Ye, few.

.A-Koornoo. Few-Alyie, yoora. All-Parchana. Fresh-Murra. Alao-Bakana. Hae or have-Ori. Almoat-.Anmpoo bnmpoo. Had-Wonthie, Alway......Champana. He-Nooliea.

Him-Nooloo. Certain-Kaanchie. Hia-Noonkanle.

Her-Nanlea. Enoagh-Mutoha. Hera-Nankanie. Each other-Mullan&. How-Wodow.

I' 2.


Incline-TharkUDa, It-Numa.

Leut-W akawaka, w&ltamoothoo.

Me-Anie. Mine, my-Nie. Many-Y ankiea. More-Murla.

None, no one-Punie. Not-Butha. New-Murra. Not relating to---Pillde.

Only-Pothoo, wiri. Only two--MUDdroola. Othera-Pulpa. Of-Elie, thulka. Of them-Wirrie, wurra. Oun-.J a.nna.nie. Onnelv.-Moonthalie.

Relating to---Undroo.

Bhe-NUDdroya. Bure-KaUDchie. Boon-Wulya. Boon after-Wulyaloo. Bame -Arrie, back&.

Belf-Moontha. Something e1-Pilldldra.

The-Ninna. Th-Numa. Theira-Thananie. Them, th011e-Thaniya, Gomdroo. They-Thau. That-Ninna. Thil-Ninna, ninniea. Their-Yinkanie. To-Elie, thulka, goo, ami, mL To them-Wirie wurra. Together-Mullauna, thurana. There-Nowieya.

U1-Alie.

Very-Marpoo,moolaroo,pina.

With-Boothoo. W e-Jmnana, uldra. Will-LaUDi or Auni. Where, which-Wadarie. Who--W a.ran&.

Whoae-Wumie. Whom-Wuronga. What-Whi, wodow.

Ye-Yoora. Yours- Yinkanie.

ElixPLBS.

Alie, ua - {Moonthalie, ounelvea. Moontha, eelf-Alie, 1111,

Mooalie, hungry, Moa, hUDger-Alie, 1111,

Mookalie, aleepy. Mooka, sleep-Alie, 1111.

{Tannanie, oun. Tanna, we-Anie, me.

Anie, me, my - Apinie, my father. Appirie, father-Nie, my. Uldranie, of 118. Uldra, we-Nie, u■•

Bootoo, with-Kintaloobootoo, with a dog. Kintalo, dog-Boothoo, with.

Butha, not-Y oothabuta, not lucky. Y ootha, luck-Buth&, not. Bumpoo, almo■t-BumpoonUDdra, almOllt a blow. Nundra, blow

Bumpoo, almo■t.

{ Baukoelie, of nothing. Baukoo, nothing-Elle, of,

Elie, of - Bootchooelie, of the blind. Bootchoo, blind-Elie, of the.

Goo, of or to- Yinkanigoo, of or to your■• Yinkani, ~ of or to.

MOUNT FREELING TO PIBJGUNDI LAKE, So

Kaunchie, certain, atealing. {Kooriebunchie, thief for oertaln. Koorielie,

■un. _ . Yadinakaunchie, liar for certain. Yadiena, lying. Yapakaunchie, fear for certain. Yapa, fear.

Koornoo, on&-Pothookoornoo, only one-Koornoo, one. Pothoo, only.

{ Oamoomurla, better. Omoo, good-Morla, more.

Mur]a, more • Wordoomur]a, ■horter. Wordoo, ahort-Mur]a, more,

:Moothoo, most---Wordoomoothoo, mo■t abort. W ordoo, ahort-Moothoo, mo■t.

Mullana, together, each other-Da.mamullana, cutting each other. Damami, to cut--Mullana, eaah other.

Murra, freah, Apamurra, fre■h water. Apa, water-Murra, fre■h. {

Karoomurra, hair beginning to get grey. Karoo, grey-Marra, new.

new · Noa.murra, married couple. Noa, h118band or wife -Murra, new, i.e., new relationahip.

Poothoo, only-Pothookoornoo, onlyone-Pothoo, only. Koornoo, one.

{ Y oothapina, gre■t luck. Y ootha, luck.

Pina, great, very Moapina, very hungry. Moa, hunger. Nooroopina, very quick, Nooroo, quick.

Thulka, relating to-Knrnuthnlka, relating to penon of a Blackfellow, Kurna, per■on of Blackfellow-Thulka, relating to.

{Mopathuruna, collect together. Mopa, collect.

Thuruna, together Kumpathuruna, collect together. Kumpa., collect. Ookunathuruna, joined together. Ookuna, joined.

{ Kookootharkuna, unlevel, down hill.

Tha.rkuna, inclln- Dooratharkuna, bending the body forward. ing uneven· Munatharknna, gaping, Muna, mouth.

Undroo, relating Pimmdroo, relating. to trough, Pirra, trough. {Apaundro, relating to water. Apa, water.

to • • Kurnaundroo, relating to penon of Blackfellow. Knrna., a Blackfellow.

Love-Y oorl. Had loved-Y oorawonthie, To love-Yooraml. Loving-Y oorana. Loved-Y ooranoarl.

Will or ehall love-Y ooralaunl.

Love each other-Y oorimullnna.

Did,,hu, or have loved-Y ooranaori. · Love ye-Y oorama.row.

To Love, Y oorami. Loving, Y oorana. Loved, Y ooranaori. I am loving-Athooyoorana. Thon art loving-Yondrooyoorana, He is loving-Noolieayoorana.

We are loving-IDdrayoorana, You are loving-Yinieyoorana, They are loving-Thanayoorana,

86 THE AUBTRALIAlf RACE:

I did or have loved-Atbooyoorr.morl. Thou didat or have loved-Yondroo:,oonmori, He did or bu loved-Noolieayoorauori.

We did or have loved-Uldrayooranaori. Y 011 did or have loved-Ylnieyooranaorl. They did or have loved-Thanayooranaori.

I had loved-Athooyooranaorl. Thou hadst loved-Y ondrooyooranawonthie. He had loved-Noolie&yooranawonthie.

We had loved-Uldrayooranawonthie. You had loved-Yinieyooranawonthie. They had loved-Tha.na.yooranawonthie.

I shall or will love--Athooya.ralaunl. Thou ah&lt or will lov-Y ondrooyaralaunl. He lha.ll or will love--Noolie&yr.ralaunl.

We ah&ll or will lov-Uldraya.rala11Di You lha.ll or will lov-Yinieyoorr.lamd. They lha.ll or will love-Thallaya.rala11Di

N.uos GIVBN AOOOBDINO '1'0 Aoz AND :8.uJ.TIONIIHIP,

Kunwulle--Boy under 9 year1 old. Mooka.woro-Boy over 9 and under

12y8&rlold. Thootchawa.ra-Boy over 12 year1

old after circumcision. Ma.t~Ma.n. Koopa-Girl until married, Munkanr--Girl on marriage. Kudla.koo-Woma.n of middle age. Noa.--Huaband or wife. Adad-Ora.ndfa.ther. Athani--8on or daughter, 10 called

by mother. Athamoora-Son or daughter, IO

called by father.

Noa.murra-Man and wife. Booyooloo-Near relative. Kab-Unole. Kunninni-Ora.ndohild or grand-

mother. Pirraooroo--P&ramour. Piya.ra-Mother-ln-la.w. Pulara. - W oma.n when appointed

ami.-lrea. Thidnara--Nephew. Thuroo--Fa.ther-ln-la.w. Widla.murra-Women. W owitcha-Diatant relative.

PaTB OJ' TBB HUJUN FB.uo. Auma---Breut& Caupoora-W a.iat. Cauloo-Liver. Coopoodrompoo-Wriat. Imulla--8w&llow. Koodna.biddie--Inteatinea. Kundrieooloo-Collar-bone. Moona.mbirri--chest. Muttaduckoc>-Ankle.

Milkieoootchan--Eyebrowa. Murramookoo-Fingen. Murrapirrie--Finger-na.ils. Murraundrle--Thumb. Murra.wootchoo-Forefinger. Milperie--Forehea.d. Muna.nllyi-Guma. Munaki.rrr,-Jawbone. Miemle--Lipa.

MOUNT PRBBLING TO PIRIGUNDI LAKE. 87

Ocma-Arma. Oolooo-Cheeb. Oora-.Lega. Puliethilcha--Oroin. Pittie-Fundament. Pittiemookoo----Beat. Punchiethandra-Kneea. Pooadrapoondra-KidneyL Poonpp--Light.e. Pid.--NaveL Pmabthirrle-Side. Pillperri&-Shoulden. Thookoo-Back. Thilch&undri-calf of lega. ThiDthabiddie-Elbow.

Thidm.mookoo-Toea. Thidnawurt&-HeeL Thidnaundrie-Large toe. Thidnaulkie-Bet11·een the toea. Thidnathookoo-Inatepa. Thidnapirrie-Nails of the finger. Thara--Thigh. Thilcha-Sine,n. Thudacuna-Pulae. Thitha---Jointl. Unkaohan~. Urra-Heart. Wolcha-Hipe. Y erkala-Neck. Y oorieyoorie-V elna.

SYIIRII oF Nar..a.no1', The only worda repre1111Dting n11D1erala pouwed by the native■ are:-

Coomoo-One. I Paracool&-Three. M:UDdroo-Two.

Should they deeire to expNIIII any greater number, it ia done by adding together the words above, for inatance :

•· Mnndro-la-mUDdro-1&. 15, M:UDdroo-mundroo-ooomoo, that ia twioe 2 and 1. 8. Mundroo-la-m~la-mundroo-la, that ia thrioe 2.

And IO OD till-10. After which, to 20, the term murrathidna, from murra (handa)

1111d thidna (feet), is ued, and the flngera and toee brought into play. Their arithmetic ia then exhauted, and any larger number than 20 ia

ldgnified in the dUDlb language, oonveying the idea. of a mob-an innl1Dlerable q11&11tity.

.AftBoNOIIY,

The Dieyeriea have aome ■light aoquaintanoe with the heavenly bodie■, and a1■o with the cardinal point■• Not being Informed in that ■cience myaelf, I can only quote a few in■tanoe■ :-Amathooroooooroo-Evening star. Apapirrawolthawolthana - Two Kyirrie-Milky Way. stare seen in the ■outhem Koolak A bright ■tar ■een hemi■pherein the winter.

oop~e northern hemi- Ditc~i~ittiekillkuna-Meteor. Koonekl?'l'&-Rainbow.

■phere in the winter month■•

Kurawurathldn.-A cln■ter of ■tare repre■enting the claw of aneaglehawk, aeen in the we■tern hemi■phere during the winter month■•

Ditchiecoornaworkoo - The IUD'■ meridian, alao north on it■ declen■ion.

Wathararkuna - The ■outh, the quarter from which the wind is most prevalent.

Ditchiedoonkuna-Sunriae, Dilchiewirruna- Sunset,


PILLlffllILLCllA-THB AUBOL\ AU9'l'JLALIS.

Whenever this phenomenon OCCllll the nativea become very t.errified, believing it to be a warning from the devil (Koot.chie) to keep a strict wat.ch, u the Pinya (armed party) ia killing aome one; &lao a caution to avoid wrong doing, lest the Pinya comes to them when leut expected. The imnatee of the camp then huddle together, when one or two atep out and perform a ceremony to charm the Koot.chie.

8JWIC1'IONS PBOK THE TBlf Co:IDlAllDIIDT8.

lit . Athona yoora Goda. 2nd. Watt& yoondroo aunchanapitt&, paroo, ya ya pitt&pilkildn. windrie

Goda yondroo &UDchana. 3rd. Watt& Goda yoondroo caukooelie dikaua. ,th. Apirrie, ya andrie, parabara oondrana thana thipie aUJD&Dunthoo. 5th. Watt& yoondroo narrie nundral.&. 6th. Watt& yoondroo pul&k.&unchie. 7th. Watt& yoondroo kooriekaunchie. 8th. W atta yoondroo kuma komanelie, caukooelie ulchulchamuna. 9th. Watt& yoondroo bootoo thoola milkirrana ya, DO& thoola watt&

yoondroo milltlrrana baukooaum&lluntho.

VOCABULARY,

Ach-Aak. Achana-Aaking. Aohami-To aek. Achanaori-Hae &eked. Achanawonthie-Had uked. Adada-Grandfather. Adamie-Behind. Akuna-To flow (u water fl.owing

or running). Akoonga--To me, of me. Alie-Ua. Alyie-Few. Alkooelie-Nioe. Alkoomie-Very nice. Alkoo-Pel'IODB visiting a neigh-

bouring tribe to barter. Alkoopina-Delicioua. Ami-To. Aw&--In reality. Anan&--Inclination. Anie--Me.

Antie-Meat, flesh, animal food. Anti-The meat. Antiemur.-Of the meat. Apanie--The water. Apalie-Of the water. Apanundroo-Relating to water. Apulya-Wat.ery. Apinal.e--My father. Apoo-Comprehend. Apoona-Comprehending. Apooapoo•-Dumb. Apoouna-To bathe, bathing. Apachunk&--D&mp, moiat, wet. Apoorie&--Bilence. Apoonma.-Silenoed. Arrie--Similar. Athanie--Son or daughter (ao e&lled

by mother). Ath&moora-Son or daughter (eo

e&lled by father). Athat&--Younger brother or mater.

• During nine yean/ aoqualnt&noe with the Dieyerle and neighbouring trlbel I have enoountel'ed only one woman r.nd one man deaf r.nd dumb, r.nd have convened with ~ bJ ue of native algu.

MOUNT PREELING TO PIRIGUNDI LAKE. 89

VOCABll'LABY~wd.

A:amami-To lit down. Aumuna-Sitting down, reaiding. Aumiathina-Remain.

Boonkanaori-Hu grown. Boonbnawonthie-Had grown. Bbonbnalauni-Will grow. Boorka-W ade. Aumiathieami-To remain.

Auminthiemarow - Remain (im• Boorkunaparana-Wading through peratively).

A.um~Keep. A.umulkuna-Keeplng, Aunc:hana--Caresaig. Aumpoo-Almoet. Aumi-Flock (of aheep or bird&,

mob of cattle, &c. ). Anacbiem'111ana- Comideration of

peace offered. Backa-Huak or outer &hell; aleo

uaed u a terminal imply• ing "the 11&1De."

Bi.rrie-Danger. J3irnm&--Endangering, dangerou. Binina-Exchange placea, take turn·

and-turn about. Boarbli-eon.cience. Boolkooruna-Home-eickneaa,deaire

to return to frienda and relative&,

Boobundrinie-Scrub, ahrubbery, more buahea than tree&.

Booka-V egetable food. Boolyaroo--Soft clay, mud. Booyooloo-Near relative. Boolyia-Thoae two, that two. Boompoo-Bud, immature. Boompoonundra-To &trike ineft'ec•

tuaJly, to hit with DO

foroe. (FromNuadra-to &trike, and Boompoo.)

Booloopathurona-Requiring change of acene.

Boolocr--Whlte. Booaoonoo-Itchlng. Boonka-Grow. Booak~Growing.

or CJ'Ol8ing water. Booroolkooyirrpuauluna-Two per

eoDB crouching down, hiding to avert danger.

Bootohoo-Blind. Bootchooelie-Of the blind. Bootchoondroo- Relating to the

blind. Bootharoo-Shower of rain. Boongalar-8hade. Boongalie-Of the houee or but. Boonga-Wurley, houe, hut. Bootoo-Property, chattel&; aleo

uaed aa a terminal "with."

Bootoouadroo-Relating to property or chattel&

Baukoona-Digging. Baukoo-Nothing. Baukooelie-Of aothing, with no

purpoee. Bukina-Sk.i.aning any animal with•

out aid of inatrument. Bukinaori-Haa skinned. Bukinawonthle-Had akinned. Bukinalauai-Will akin. Bukuaa-Alao. Y oondroobukuna

(Yoondroo- You)-You aleo.

Buakanie-Side, &idea. Bunkie-Pride. Bunkiethoorana-Sleeping on the

aide, Buakiebunkuaa--Proud. Buayabunyina-A trotting pace. Champuaa--Always. Cbandachandllllll- Mimicking for

the purpoae of joking.

00 THE AU8TR.ALIAH RACE:

V OCWl'CJLilY~

Chandachandathi.-Apt to m1mio. DallinaWODthie-Jlad bidden far. Chablum.-Doubting. well Chabirrpamull1111a-Doubtbig each ~ Will bid farewell

other. Danthao-Soft. Charpoo-White band ,rom aorca Dapr.--A eore, a 1'0Ulld.

the forehead. Da.rpami-To nvep. Chib-Wrong, awkwvd. Darpam.-81reeping, clearing a Chibl&-Quite wrong. apaoe.

Re1a . Darpa.marow -- Sweep {impera-Chikalmdroo-: tiDg to wrong. tively). Chilpie-A knot. Daralie-Bad -.on for food. Chilpieundroo-To tie a knot. Datharoo-Walt. Chinberrie-8can railed on the

body. Chindri---ol08I)', lllllOOth ~. Chindrieohindrieth'lll'UDa - Very

g!081)', very mnooth. Chirnm.-Breaking of the ■kin by

■omeaooident.

Chirbra-Sharp, keen edge, not blunt.

Chirrin~Knocking out of teeth.

Choondaroo• - Bed-ridden, paralyzed.

Choo-An exclamation to draw at-tention.

Chowohow-Awkward. Choopadoo-To play: when children

wi■h to play they ue thi■ word.

Chnbooohuboo-A ball (played with by children).

Dalkoo-Clear, tran■parent.

D&mami-To cut. Damin&--Cntting. Damamarow-Cut (imperatively). Damathuruna-Cut together. Damamulluna-Cuttlng each other. Danina--Bldding farewell. Daninaori-Hu bidden farewell.

Dauohoomu.-With eve, handle or carry with care.

Dieami-To ■trike, to hit. Dieuna-Strildng. Dieuaori-Ha■ ■tricken.

Dienawonthie-Had atricken. Diealau.-Will ■trike.

Dieamuna--Gaping. Diemarow-Strike (imperatively). Diku.-Naming a child. Dikmarow-Name a child (impera-

tively). Dikami-To name a ohild. Dilka--Thorn, burr, prickle. Dilk-:Edge, ■hore.

Dilkerawirrtie-Along the edge, ex-treme ■hore.

Dookurami-To extraat, looa■n, unfa■ten.

Doolr.un.-Extracting, loolenbag. unfa■tening.

Doolkooro-Large hole or gully. Doonlr.ami-To riae. Doonlr.un.-Riaing. Doorootharkuna_..;. Round ■boul-

dered, to bend the body forward.

Doomoodomoortr-Round, anything round.

* I have - alive three pert~ lkele$ona-men ulD and bone up to $be DeCI< and fllOe which were oompanUveJT 11eahy.

MOUNT PB.El!:LING TO .PIB.IGUNDI LAKE. 91

V O<WIULABY-cm&ml11ffl,

Doolkam11111D....Gorged, lick. Karkamarow--CaJl (lmpera.tively). Dowa-lnterfere, atop a qll&l'reL Karkt.thuruna- Calling together Dowuna-lnterfering, sawr-mg. (we are calling). Doongiema-Cripple, a lame perlOD. Karbmullun--cawng each other. Dooatouna-Echo. Kathi&-W earing apparel Dubmi-To pierce. Kaulkoo-Ruhee. Dulr:ana-Pieroing. Kannchie-Certain, sure; sadden Dabmuow-Pieroe (Imperatively). appearance. Dakathurana--Pieroe t.ogetber, we Kaungoo-Penpiration.

are piercing. Kautoo-A breakwind. Dnlbna-A.tvaoting the IUD'■ rayL Kauloomurnna--Greedy. Dulkmathurina,-Attracting heat. Kikubyernna- Slipping. Dunkina-:Meeting. Killnna-Da.ncing, Dangina-Breaklng oover to atart Kilchnna--Sklnning.

game. Kilchami-To akin. Duruna--A. 11Cratching noiae.. Kilchamarow-Skln (Imperatively). Darieirrpuna-A ■eratching noiae. Kilpa-Cool. Dullaritt--lce (aeldom .-i in Kilpalie--Cold, Literal translation

Dieyerie land). -Cool UI,

Iana-We. Kilpaoomoo-Very cold. Ianani&-Oan. Kilpa.nie-W"mter; alao, I'm cold. lmulla--The nrallow. Killde-Water hen. lnaloo--Below, beneath. ltcha-Frequently. Kah-Uncle. Kakoo-Yellow, yellow ochre. Kakarurnma--Belching. Karchuna--Tuming, revolving. Karchamulkuna-Tarning over. Kap■,row-Come (imperatively). Kannlie-&oeaive heat. Kaparachilpie-A wart, horny ex-

- an ~e fle■h. Karoo--Grey. Karoomur&-Greyillh, inclining to

grey. Karpami-To ■ew, mend. Karpuna,--Sewing. Karp&marow-Sew (imperatively). Karka-Call. Karkami-To call. KarkmJa.--<'All.

Jiilthie-Soup, juice, Kima-A. ■welling.

Kimarrie-h ,welling. Kimt11'11Dllr-Haa ■wollen.

~Laugh. Kinknna-Laughing. Klnbboolkaroo-Smiling. Kinna-Climbing. Kime-Clear-headed, 18118ible. Also

u■ed to order the way to be "cleared " to allow of paaaing.

Kirrunl11'1lD&-Teeth eet on edge by hearing grating noiae.

Kookoo-Y ea, yee ; alao, hollow ve11eL

Koodakoodarie-V ery crooked, irregular.

Kooknna-New■, Intelligence. Kookathuruna-Telling the news.

92 THE .AU8TRALIAN RACE:

V O<WIO'UBY--(OIIAlltfed,

Koolr.oothar~Unlevel, down Koopia--Callfng • child, u "0-. hill child."

Koolr.ootbarka.-Topay-turvy. Kookoo~Noiae of birda

rising or alighting. Koollr.ami-To protect. Koollr.una-Protectlng. Koollr.amrow-Protect (impera-

tively). Koollr.athuruD&-Under protection,

protecting together. Koolie--Odour, ecent. Koolkoorie-Game of hide and seek,

played by children. Koollr.amuna-J umping, springing. Koolkamunawirrica - To jump

down. Koolpim..--Searching for tracks. Koolpi1r-An operation (vide text). Kooma.nll-0- friend. Koomuna-A dance performed by

women, when they move their legs very rapidly.

Kooooelie-Knowing nothing of it. Kooooani1r-I know nothing of it. Koonga.rra-Ruatling or whirring

noise cauaed by birda riaing.

Koonthina-Sprinlr.ling. Koondrakondroo-Coughing, • cold. Koonyilli1r-Debria of leavee uaed

by IW&IUI in building neats.

Koonkuna-W allr.ing lame. Koonabootharoo-Whirlwind. Koonlr.ie--Native doctor. Koondagie-Storm, heavy black

clouds. Koonkana-A grunting noise, Koontiekoontie--Crooked. Koopoo-Forelega. Koopirrina--Sore from any cauae. Kopulyeruna-Diarrhcea.

Koopawun.-C&lling children. Koopa'W'1U'la---Oall children

(aathoritati.Tilly). Koorie--M-1 aheU. Kooriean~ in wurley to

allow _,.pe of smoke. Koorieldrra-B&inbow. Kooriekurana.-ir-ped. ran away. Koorookooroomallr.una-To hide

anything, to lr.eep aecret. Koormooworkoo-H~tal,

IICl'OII.

Koorana-.Laying, placing; alao bringing forth young.

Kooranaori-Hu laid. Kooranawonthi1r-Had laid. Kooralauni-Will lay. Koorathuruna-Parrying, shielding. Koorietharuna.-Forgotten, to. of

memory. Kooragie-CerWnly. Koorieli-Stealing. Kooriekaanohi1r-Thief for oertain. Kootcharabooroo-Deaf. Koothina--Oat of ai&ht, diappear-

anoe. Kootoha.-Lea.f, leaves. Kootohi1r-Devil, evil spirit. Kootchieeli1r-Devil, evil spirit. Kauplrrieandroo-Belatlng tio the

iguana. Kowlr.ow--Bpanging, tio apunge on

any person. Kowabban.....Calling tio acoount. Kabbou-Ejacalation to warn from

danger. Kudl&lr.oo-Middle-aged woman. Kalakula.-Diagaated. Kuldriecbarkana-Bending the

body backwards,

MOUNT FREELINO TO PIBJGUNDI LAKE. 93

V OOABUUBY-coiltiffllffl.

Kuldri&-Brackiah, bitter. Kurie&mi-To pursue. Kulkawnn--Afternoon. K~Punuing. Kullula-Retaliation. Kuna-Vermin in animala. Kulkaua-W aiting. K~Feeling. Kulbmi-To wait. Kurr&kurrana-Feeling with the Kulawua-Gathering up. handa, groping in the Kulkulie--Slightly, alowly, gently. dark. Kull-That'• enough, I have -.id Kura-Probably, in all probability.

it, that'• llllfficient. Kurrawelie--Boy before circum• Kuma-Keep. ciaed. KamUD6-Keeping. Kutta-Lioe, vermin. Kummie--Sieter-in-law. Kutchakutchana- Paining, oon-Kampmia--Oathering. tinned pain. Kampathunma - Gathering to- Kuttanylpa-Lioe, nit&

gether. Marieauka---Baiaing or lifting up. Kumpamarow - Gather (impera- Mathiena-Of oouree.

tively). Mal.thie-CooL K111Ulinie - Grandchild or grand- Mal.thiela-lncliniDg to be oool.

mother. Manathoonb-Moming. Kundrie-Reein; alao, a native Marpoo-Many.

weapon. • Matha---Bite. Kunth-droer-Relating to gnu. Math11D&-Biting. K-thakoola---Green. Mathanaori-Hae bitten. Kmigirnma--Playful, merry. Mathanwonthie--Had bitten. Kundrimookoo-A native weapon. Mathanalauni-Will bite. Kunthalr:unthuna--Shaking any• Mathamulluna-Biting each other.

thing. Mi~mmence, begin; aleo To, at-Kurdie-Brother-in-law. tached to a verb. Kurnaandroer-Relating to a native. Miaroo-Rat. Kurdiemurbra-A ■upposititioue Miduk11D&-Driving.

large fieh at the bottom Mikarie--Deep. of the lake■ and deep Milki.tchaparawurna - Light. water■• headed.

Kurra.kurrairrpuna--Feeling pain, Milla---Raoe, Cllff8nt. ll8llle of pain. Milluna--Racing.

Kurloomura-Two of the 1&me age Milliemuluna-Racing each other. circumciaedat ■ametime. Milkie--Not etra.nge.

Kurlina-ObHterating. Milki.ela-Acquaint.ed with, ■een Kurta-Sound. before. Kurtie--Raw. KllnlDlba--Blaze of fire, flame. K~Directly.

Milkirruna-Coveting, desiring. Milkieehenmuna--Opening the eyes,

opened eyes.

94 TBE'AU8TRALIAN RAct:

V004BULAJLY~.

Milpera-Compa.ny. Millierieununanie-Dlaeolved. Milya-Any kind of food eaten by a

native for the fim time. Milyaroc>-Dark, duak. :Mina-What ia. Minapitta-Wbat ia it. Minka-Deep hole, cave, burrow. Minanie-Wbat elae. Mindarie--A ceremony. Mintie-Net. Mindriea--Run. Mindrina--Rulllling. Mindrielow-Run (by command). Mirrie-Above, the top. Mirrk-Small blaok ante. Min-pa-Ignite. Mirrpami-To ignite. Mirrpuna-Igniting. Mitha-Earth, groUDd, dirt. MithaJdllyana-Loamy aoil. Miyerra-Begin it, commence it. Minan~For what reuon. Minarr&Die--For what l'UIOll, why

not. M.ithathootina-Cover over with

dirt. Moa-HUDg9r. Moalie--Hungry (hUDger ua). Moa.nie--1 am hungry (hwiger me). Moapina-Vary hungry. Moodlathirruna-Frowning, looking

Cl'Oll8.

Moodlakoopa - A fish weighing about 4 lbe.

Moodnna--Finiahing. Mooda.naori-Has finished, Moodawonthi-Had finiahed. Moodalaunie--Will finish. Moodlawilpa-Hole in the n011e. M.ongathandraparawwina - Crazy,

insane.

Moolaroo-Quantity, great many. Moolthabuna--8o&king in wat.er. Moola-Quiet, tracw.ble, harmlMook-Sleep. Mookalie--Sleepy (sleep ua).

Mookoopanma-Sleeping. Mootoot.boonn.-Lying uleep. Mooncb.--Sick. Moonch~iokn-Moonchapa.rana-Lying ill. Moonchoelie--The ftiee. Moonchoondra-Fliee. Moongan,-Spirit, aoul (I eannot de

llCribe thia word otherwise).

MoongathandramidU-Siok hNdache.

Moonkuna-Embraeing. Moonkanaori-Hu embraced. Moonk~wonthie-Had embraoed. Moonka.J.auni-Will embrace. Moonarrie-Preoipioe, bark. Moonth-seU. Moonthalie--Myaelf. Moonthabutha-Dllberal. Moonthapirn.-V ary liberal Moongaworroo--The head smeared

with white clay (oertifying grief for the dead).

Mongamun-8triking on the head. Moonmananie--Puniahm.ent of elder

brother for younger's crimee.

Moonyirrie-A circle, current in a stream.

Mopa--Colleot. Mopami-To collect. Mopsmarow - Collect (impera-

tively). Mopnna--Collecting. Mopathuruna-Collecting together

congregating.

MOUNT FREELING TO PIRIGUNDI LAKE. 9~

VOOABtl'L.UlY~.

Hooroomia..--Ser or rubbing Murdie-HeaTy. the body. Murdawola-The under none, uaed

Jlooromooroo--Dilabled, deformed. In grinding lleed. Jloot.hoo-Certainy, witboutdoubt. Murdoooparoo-Theuppernone,do. Jlooya-Dry. Murdoo-Tute. H001erana-Drymg. Muracherpuna--Oroplng with the MudJanchie-Not good, 1mplelll&1lt. banda In the dark. Jlullmi.-Alik~ Muroo-BlacL Multhoomulthoo-A fiah a"f'8l'ISlng M111'111Jf-Red.

3 Iba. Murookoot.oo-Black ochre. Mumuna-Beggmg anything. Murkan-A large filh. Munbll---o-ful Murchamurchuna-Wbimpering. M~Young woman. Murla-Agaln, true, not false, beat M~y. (111perlative). Jlanprin&nie-1 &m mocleet, mo- Murlaloo-Without doubt.

den me. Murchina-Noily. Kundracowellie-Jealou. Murra.wirrie-Two-banded aword. Jlunumurana-Talkative, gabbling. Muna-Freah, n~w. Jlmiacoothuruna-Tired of talking. .Murra.willpillpuruna-N um bed lilundroola-Only two. band. lilundnmindina-To draw In the Murndiekilla-Wavea.

belly. Murndiekillundroo-Relatlng to 1IUDa1Duroomuroo-A bJaok mark the wavea.

l'OllDd the mouth, dia- Murdapoo~Hailstonea. tinguiahing thON who Mutoha-Enough, 111ffl.cient. have eaten human .Mutohoomutclioo--Orpban. ileBh. Nanieya-Sh~

.M1111&tharkuna-Gaping. Nandrooya-Her. Munyerruna-Parcheil. lipa. Nani~he iB here(afterinquiry). Munyoo--Good, pleaaant to the Nanb--Juat down the~

tute. Nankuldra-Repeat. M:undathuruna-Lazylng. Narrie-Corpee. Jlundathurathie-1.Azy, want of Narrienie-The dead, my dead?

energy. Niwia-&elng. Kunthab-Unmarried. Nile-Seen. Mmdea-Catch,11eCure. M11Dfna..-C&ught. Munieami-To catch, to~ Muniemarow-C.atch, 11eCUre (impe-

rative). Jlunkuna-Scatterlng, duperaing, Kundrunchoo-Pregnant.

Niehie--Seen. Nianaori-Haa Been.

Nianawonthie-Had -n. Niana.uni-Will -. Niamull~ each other. Niamarow-Bee, look, behold (im-

perative).

96 THE AUBTB.ALIAN RACE:

V OOABtTLABY-contifaued.

Nieamurra-Brothers. Nieaandroo-Relating to. Nillanill&-Mirage. Nina-It. Ninia-Thia. Niniy-That, there. Nindrie-Body of anything. Ninthalie-Aahamed. Nintbapina-V ery much aahamed. Ninthabutha--N ot ashamed. Ninthaooroo-Shameleaa. Ninyillpana-Tuming inside out. N oe,-Wife or hu■band. Noamurra-Wife and huaband. Noandroo-Relating to wife or hu■-

band. Nokooloonokooloo--Continually re-

peating, reiterating. Nooliee.--Strangle. Noolina-Strangling. Noolinaori-Ha■ strangled. Noolinawonthie-Had strangled. N oolihaanie-Will strangle. N oolinamullana - Strangling each

other. Noongkoongoo-To him. N oongkanie--Hia, belonging to him. Noora-Tail. Nooroo-Quick. Nooroocauko-Not quick, ■low. Nooroopina-Very quick. Nooroonooroo-Be quick, haaten. N owieya-There. Numpami-To bury or cover. Numpuna-Burying or covering. Numpathuruna-Burried, covered. Numpanaori-Ha■ buried or

covered. Numpamarow-Bury or cover it

(imperative). Numpamullun&--Covering each

other. Numpunawonthie-Had buried.

Numpalaani-Will bury. Nurieami-To order away. Nuruna--Ordering away. Nanga-Pour. N ungana--Pouring. Nungathlll'llD&-Pouring out. Nungamarow-Pour out (impen.·

tively). Nanginaori-Haa ponred. Nanginawonthie-Had poured. Nungalaanie-Will pour. Nundra-8trike, hit. N undraori-Haa ■tricken.

N undrathie- } Will ■trike. Nundralaani-N undramulluna-Bmk.ing each

other. N unka-Pr.■•

Nunbmi-To p~ Nankana-~. Nankathunma-~ it. Nunkamarow-Prea■ it (impera-

tively). Nunkamullana-Prea■ing each

other. Olakana-Watching. Oodla.ka-Watchguard. Oodlakuthuruna-W atching or

gua.rding together. Ookuna-Mixing, joining. Ookunathuruna-Mixing or joining

together. Ookiwuruna-Sick, retching. Ooldroo-Small mouth, ■mall hole. Oolaulcba-Bubblea. Ooliekirra-New, bright, clean. Oolkaitcha-Betraying, a pm!OD

unable to keep a aecret. Oolkootharkana-The elder bro

ther's aasistance aaked by the younger in fighting.

MOUNT tR.EEL!NG TO PIRIGUNDI LAKE. 97

Oolyi&-Gum. Oomoomurla-Bett.er than good, au-

perior. Oomoomoothoo-The best of all. Oona-Arma, wings. Oonoo-Laid. Oonarri&-Right-banded. Oonchamuna-Reoogniz.ed. Oonchami-To recognize. Oondu-Thinking. Oont.ban..-Moving the body to and

fro when linging (a customary tl.1688 with the tribe).

Oondnmi-To think. Oondra--Think. Oondrathunma-Thinking to•

gether, considering. Onawillpillpirrtm&--The arm be-

numbed. Ooroo -Often. Oorooooroo-Hard, tough, strong. Ooroocathina-Lying at full length. Oorthie-Bra.nchea. Ootamanurie-Hat, covering for the

head. Opera-In front, ahead. Oothoooothoothunma-Stretching

the arma together over the head.

Ooyamuna--Remembering. Ooyella-To pity, oommiaerate,

compa88ionate. Ooyellala-Pitying. Para-Hair of the head. Pu-ayelchyelcharoo-The hair

straightened on end from the forehead.

Parakurli&-Large head of hair. Pfl'&IIIOOroo-Thickly-matted hair. Parana---Crouing over. Parabara.-With force and strength.

VOL. IL G

Parkooloo-Three. Paroo-A Bmall bony flat fiah. Paraparawurni&-Fooliah. Panm&--Stopping at a certain place. Parunaori-Haa stopped. Parunawonthie-Had stopped. Parulauni-Will atop. Pathuna--Tired. Pathapathana-1 am tired. Pathara--A box-tree. Patharaooorl&- Young tree, sapling. Paulkoo-Fleah. Piduna-Pounding, cnuhing. Pila-Charcoal. Pildrapildra-Struck by lightning. Pilli&-Bag: Pilkildra-Something else. Pilkiela-Another. Pilki&-Not relating to. Pilliethillcha--The Aurora A111-

tralia. Pillpillieunkuna-To flatten any

thing. Pina-Large, great. Pinaenna-Increaaing in stature,

growing. Pinpanaori-Haa shared. Pinpanawonthi&-Had shared. Pinpalauni-Will ehare. Pinpuna-Sharing. Pindri&-Gr&88hopper. Pindrathi&-Thin aa a grauhopper. Pinya--An armed party. Pinyanie-My armed party. Pinyali&-Our armed party. Pinyalloo-Of the armed party. Pirramundroo-Shielda. Pirramoonkoo-A ricochet. Pirrakuna--Groping in a.ny encloaed

place with the ha.nd■

for a.nything.


V OCilULABY-<OIIMtled,

Pirrie-Gap, groove, Pirraooroo--Paramour (each man

hu from two to six). Pirrundroo-The trough. Pitta-Stick, pieoe of wood. Pittundroo-Relating to the .tick. Pittadinthie-A piece of wood that

hu been 11-1 or cut. Pitt&copara-Roota of trem Pitt&boob&richuna--Sand1ly. Pittie-Fundament. Pittiethawa--Harpillg on one mb-

ject. Pinthie-Nickname. Piy.-Birda. Piyaundro-The birds. Piyacooduna-Noiae cauaed bybirda

aettling on land or water.

Piyawola-The neat. Piyawolundroo--Relating to the

neat. Piyara-Mother-in-law. Poolkami-To blow. Poolkuna--Blowing. Poolkamarow-Blow{imperatively), Pooldroopooldroounkuna - Meal

ground from aeeda. Pooloouna--Breathillg. Poolpauma - Mid-day meal when

hunting or gathering aeeda.

Pontoo-Blunt. Pontoola--Blunt, an inatroment not

sharp, Poth~ly. Pothookoomoo-Only one. Poonthina-Taking different roads. Poopuna--A word of contempt. (Any

person lagging behind or straggling out of a party ia told poopuna, to keep his place.)

Poor&b-Dry waterhole, clandried up.

Poorina--Fallen, to fall Powa--Fine aeed. Pukuna--Exploding, bunting. Pukieathie-Apt to explode or bum Publa-Frollt. Pulbmi-To go. Pulkuna-Going. Pulkamarow-Go (imperatively). Pulaoorier.:-lmplorillg, be■ eec':ing,

Puluna-Witherillg, drying up of · water, dying out.

Pulunaori-Hu died out. Pulunawonthie-H&d died out. Pulunaunie-Will die out. Pulpuoo--Sa.rfaoe. Pulpa-Othen. Pulan.-Women are so called when

'appointed to perform

any apeclal mia&ion,

BUch U &1111embling the tribes.

Punga-A small fly, hardly diaaer· nible, but capable of inflicting & ating u painful u that of the wup.

Punie-No, none. Pun4ra-Cooked, not raw. Punkara-LeveL Punthama-To smell Punthamuna--Smelling, Punchietharkuna--Kneeling, Purdakunaori-Hu brought. Purdakunawonthie-H&d brought. Purdakalauni-Wlll bring. Purdakunna.-Bringing, carrying. Purdie-Grub, caterpillar. Purda-Hold. Purduna-Holding. Purdamarow-Hold (imperative),

MOUNT PREELDtG TO PIRIGUNDI LAKE. 99

VOCUB1JLA&Y~.

Purdamulluu.-Boldfng each other. Thilpana-Provoking. Pardami-To hold. Thilpathurrnna - Provoking each Pardanaorie-Baa held. other. Pmdawonthie-Had held. Purdamulluna-Bolding each other. Purathura-Smooth, Oat, a bowliDg

green. Parie-Under the nrfaoe. ~Beneath thellll'faoe,ander•

neath. Purriewillpa--Sky. Purriewillpa.nie-HeaTI1U. Puthina-Early. 'Thalkoo--8traight. ~Bard of heariug. Thalpina-W arm, not oold. Tbandrana-Pouring. Thaugemana-With foroe. Thana-They, them. Tham,-Thoee. Thanyoo-Dried fruit. Thanyoondra-The dried fruit. Thanpooruna-Ca.ving in. Tharka--Stand. Thark.una-St.anding. Tbarbmi-To at.and. Tbarkiebuna-To at.and anything on

end. Tbanlkoo-Ducb. Thatha-A crack in wood, atone, or

other matter. Thatie-The middle. Thaubulyoo-Rotten egg. Tlwunpara-Pelican. ThikamUDa-Spinning. Tbiewie--Flowe?II. Thieaoolraroo-Saw. Tbidnayoonkurrie--Cramp in the

toee.

Thilchaumma-Impatient. Thidnara-Nephew. Thilpa-Teaee, provoke.

Thilluna-To bubble up, eft'erveace. Thinthami-To l011e, to spill. Thin~Lo.ing, spilling. Thinthlnanaori-Hae lolt or spilled. Thinthanawonthie- Had lo.t or

spilt. Thinthi-Loet. Thinkabooroo-Dawn. Thipie--Alive. Thipieoondra-Regard for life. Thipplmma-To give life. Thirrie-Fight. Thirrina-Fighting. Thirriemullana.-Fightlng with eiwh

other. Thirkama-A_aong 1ung at the cir

cumciaion,and aacredly kept aecret from the women.

Thitti-Ticklilh. Thoknndruna-Throwing down. Thookami-To carry on the back. Thookuna--0,.rrying on the back. Thookanaori-Bae carried on the

back. Thooka.uawonthie--Bad carried on

the back. Thookalauni-Will carry on the

back. Thookamarow--Carry on the back

(imperatively). Thook&mulluna - Carrying each

other on the back. Thoola-Stranger; also, fl.int. Thooldrina-Playing. Thooda.-Noon. Thoonka-Unpleaaant smell, stench. Thoonku~tinking. Thoonchirrnn-Sneezing.

02


V OOABULABT-conttltwd.

Thoondakunathoorana-Sleeping on Thuralama-Swimming. the back. Thurak--swim.

Thoondakuna-Anything lying on Thurona-Flying. it.a back. Tiana-Eating.

Thoopoo-Steam. Tiala-Eat. Thooroodurana-Lighting a fire. Tianaori-Bu eaten. Thooroomunya-1''ireeti.ck. Tianawonthie-Had eaten. Thooroothiewillka-Sparka of fire Tialauni-Will eat.

emitted from flint or Tiamarow-Eat (imperatively). stone. Titituna-M&Bticating.

Thooroothooroo-Very hot. Tithatitha-Pockmark. Throoringie-Marrow. Ukurrie-Oar■• Thoorpuna-TwiBting string orrope. Ulka-Spittle, ■aliva. Thootchoo-Reptiles, inBect& Ulkundroo-Spittle. Thootchoondroo-Relating to rep- Uldra-We, UB.

tile■ or inBeot■• Uldrauie---Of ua.

Thoot.chaworoo-A lad after ciroum• Ulchut.chamuna-To threaten. ci■ion.

Thoodaroo-Fog, mist. Thudaka-To vibrate,

pUBh. Thudakuna-Vibrating,

beating.

shove, or

pulation,

Thula-Name. Thularabooldrina-The clouds gath-

ering before breaking. Thularakooduna-Raining. Tbularapolkoo-Clouds. Thularak.inie-Lightning. Thuliekirra-To put the tongue out

of the mouth to denote that the person who does BO i■ only jesting.

Thumpuna-Walking softly on tip• toe to surprise.

Thumpathumpuna-Walking stealthily BO as not to di■-turb prey.

Thunkurina-Going over. Thunka-J"uice. Thurdie-Thiret. Thuroo-Father-in-law. Thurakami-To swim.

Unakoo-Don't know. Unkana-Making, doing. Undrakoom~e of the flock or

party. Unpa--r-I made from fur of rate,

and wom to hide the privy part■ •

Unpundroo-TUBeL Undrawolpuna--Covered, not in

view. Ulla-Well. Utta-An exclamation. Urrapuma-Startled, sudden fright. Urramurana---Gay. Urrathuri-Attend, regard what

leay. Urrathurruna-Paying attention. Urrina-Li■tening.

Urraurraunkana-Breathing hard. Urrawordoo-Guping. Urawa-Salt. Urraurruna-A caution to be careful

of the young, to avert dangerfrom them while out hunting or on expeditiODB,


V OOABUUBY-contiflud. Urriana-To deacend. Urriemath&-Flooda. Urriemathundroo-Relative to

ftooda. Wad&ri&-Where. W~mall, not much. W&kawaka-Very small, mite. Wara.ai--Refusal. Warapa--Inform. Wan.pa.mi-To inform. W ara.puna-lnforming. W ara.panaori-Has informed. Wara.panawonthi--Had informed. Wara.palauni-Will inform. Wata--Don't. w attawani--Ialand. w atharaundroo-Relating

wind. Waakriebuna-Breaking. Waukanaori-Hubrobn. Wbi-What. Wiala-Cook.

to the

Wiami-To cook. Wimia-Cook.ing. Wiunaori-Haa cooked. Wianawonthie-Had cooked. Wiula.uni-Will cook. Wianie--Nonaeru,e. Widlamura-Women. W-ilape.th~Anythinginmotion

at a diatanoe, as, for instance, bra.nches of trees.

Wiera~Leaving the camp for a day'■ hunt.

Wieilkami-To take charge of the child when hunting.

Wieilkcana--Taking charge of the children when hunting.

W-llyaroo-A ceremony, Willpana-Whi■tling.

Willpa---Hole. W"illpawillpa---Fall of hol-.

Willpalooloo-White hole; also stupid.

Wimana--PlaciDg under cover, pat• ting in.

Wima-Pat in. Wimma-Song. Wimmawonk~inging. Wimamarow-Patin (imperatively). Windami-To count. Windimana--Counting, Windrie--Only. Winth&-When. Wintharie-Whence. Winya-Wither. Winyerrana--Withered. Wippa--Gally. Wippiyirri&-Gutter, watercourse. Wirrelyema-Level ground. Wirrileama-Leading a weak person

gently. Wirriear-Under cover. Wirrunaori-Ha■ gone under cover. Wirrun&wonthie-Had gone under

cover. Wirralauni-Will go under cover Wirruna-Betting of the sun and

moon. Wi.rrka-Fi.unre■•

Wirrkanie-Flatewithmanyfissures, llooded.

Wirrtie-Song. Wilchiena-Trembling from fear. Witt.cha-Itch. Withie-Wound. Wittwittana--The roaring of thnn•

der. Wittawittanathnrina-Continued

roar of thunder without intermi■sion.

Wodarrie-Where. Wodow-What, how. W odaanchoo-How many,


VOCAJl1J'LABY-eontinaed. W oduie-Wbat la it like! W ondram&row-Show (imperative). Wodaroo-What do you aay! WondnJa-.Show. Wokbuma-Arriving. Wondaroo-Sho'W81', IDdic,.t;icm of Wokari-Arrived. rain; alaooloeel:,-lmitted Woturnaori-Hu arrived. Wokurnawonthie-Had arrived. Wolpun&-To cover. Wolpadukun.-Covering over. Wolaguna--Walking leisurely. Wolthami-To carry. Wolthamaori-Hu carried. Wolthamawonthie-Had carried. Wolthamala.uni-Will carry. Wolthuna-Ca.rrying. W ooloobuka.nathoorana-Sleeping

on the face. Wooloo-Terri.fic paoe, very IIWift. W~pring,theyoungofany

animaL Wolthoo-Not firm, shaky, rickety. W olkapurrie -Two perpendicular

marlu in red ochre on the atomach t.<> distinguiah thoee who have been on the red ochre expedition.

Woliewoliebun&-Peraon who prevent& a quarrel.

W oliewoliebundroo-Relating t.<> a peacemaker.

Wompinie-In the ■bade, aheltered from the ltlll.

Wcmb-Sing. Wonk~inging. W onkunaori-Ha■ ■ung. Wonkunawonthie-Had aung. W onkamullana-Singing together. Wonkulauni-Will aing. Wondrami-To show. Wondrun-showing. Wondrunaori-Hae ahown. Wondrunawonthie--Had ahown. Wondra.la.uni-Will ahow.

bag. w onina-Tracldng. Woninaori-Bu tracked. WODinawonthie-Bad tracked. W oninalauni-Will track. W noioarnnllana--Tracldng each

other. Wonchami-To try, to tute. W onchuna--Trying, tuting. WonohathUl"IID&-Ha■ tried, baa

tuted. Wonabunyie-The emaJl bone of

emu'a or kangaroo'a leg, W onthawonthaloo-Travelliog. Wonthawirrieyinkmui.-Travel.ling

to a certain pla.oe. Wonthilcurie--Round theotheraide. Woonthatharka-A calling plaoe. W onthina-Search. Wonthinaori-Ha■ -.robed. Wonthinawonthie--Had 1earohed. Wonthilauni-Will aea.roh. W onthithunma-Sea.rched in vain. Wopun.-Gone. Wopulkun--OOing. Wopunaori-Ha■ gone. Wopunawonthie--Had gone. Wopulauni-Will go. Wopala,-Are going. W orietha-Long way off, diatant. Worami-To throw. Woruna-Throwing .. Woranaori-Hu thrown. Woranawonthie--Had thrown. Woramarow-Throw(imperatively). Woralauni-Will throw. Woratharuna-Stumbling. W oorookaran__.Barking.

MOUNT Jl'REBLING TO PIRIGUNDI LAKE. 103

Worooworookmia-lUckety, ehaky, not firm.

Worbcr-The other way. W oorookathieUDdroo- Relating to

emUL W orookoornoo-The revene end. W oraworaua--To deeert. Worapami-To tell Worapuna-TelliDg. WorapUDAOri-Wu told. W Ol'ap11D&WODtbie--Bad told. Worapnlauni-Will tell Worapathunma-Telling together. Wordoo-Short. Wordoopirrap~hort and thick. Wordoow~Very ahort. Woraunchoo-Left-hr.nded. Woroola-Well Won»-Time put. Woroomurla-Long time put. Woroomootboo- Very long time

put. Wootchoo-Long and thick. Wo~emookoo-The grave. Wotthina--Building. WoWrlnaori-Haa built. Woitbinawonthie-Had built. Wottbalauni-Will build. Wolthihr--Built. Wowitcha-Dist&nt relative. Walpieunkuna-PlaitlDg. WaldngaD,.......Summer. Wuldragunyaundroo-Rel&ting to

IIUDllller. Wulkularie--Sorry. Wullmlienun&---Sorrow. WulkiDa.-Inpa.in. Wulkinaori-Haa 1111ffered pa.in.

Wulkinawonthie-Bad llllffered . pain.

Waldragunyandroo-Rel&ting to emus,

Wuldrulie-Warm. Wul,-&on. Wulyaloo-Hereafter. Wuld.Bwirrtie-Y811ierday. Wuraoong-Whom. Wurta-The butt, the trunk, the

large end.

W urtbr.now-Where ia it T WurtbllDinkle- From where,

whence. W urdathulka-To where, whiilier. Wurunguna-To be diatant, to ■how

contempt, diaowned, diacarded.

Wurrpuna-A cantering pace. Wttrnie-Whoee. Wumieundroo-To whom doe■ it

belong? Wurriewarina--Exhauated, knocked

up. Wurlie-Who will, who did. Wurungunalawopia-Have di■-

owned, have di.ecarded.

Wura.na-Who. Ya-And. Yae-Deaiat. Yakulkami-To que■tion.

Yakulmarow-To question (impera• tively).

Y akulkuna-Que■tioning. Y akulkunaori-Ha■ questioned.

Y akulkunawonthie- Had que■-

tioned. Y akulkunauni-Will que■tion. Y akulka-Queation. Yadin&-;-Lie. Yadinaori-Haa lied. Yadinawonthie-Had lied. YadinabUI1I1a.--Will lie . Yadinakaunchie-Liar for certain. Yaniekaitciha.--A bonf',


V OCABULABY-cont.tved. Yaniethuma-To plaoe a stick Yeppulauni-Will burn.

through the &l'IIIII acroaa Yen..-Tbeotheraide,fartbeataway. the back (native mode of Yera.wayern..-Away from you, ab-lounging). eent.

Yandrowd-Now,atpreeent, about Yl.u.-Millt. this time. Yibnunthoo-To milk.

Yap..-Fear. Yiltuna-Millting. Y apali-Fright. Yiltunaori-Hu milked. Yapalieuna.n.-Frightened. Yikunawontbi-Had milked. Yapakaunchi-Extreme fear. Yiltalauni-Will milk. Yapaooroo--Not afraid. Yikyillarie-Hyaterice after exOM-

Yar..-Thia aide, nearest. live laughter. Yarapara--Tbat'a right. Yinltun.--Giving. Yarooka-Like this. Yinltunaori-Haa given. Yarooldra-The aame. Yink.U11&wonthi-Had given. Yatouna-&tiate. Yinkulauni-Will give. Yathamullana- Quarrelling to- Yinkumullun--Giving each other.

gether. Yinkathurrie--Gave. Yatbami-To epeak. Yink.iea--Give me. Yathunaori-Hae spoken. Yinka-Girdle. Yathunawonthi-Had ■poken. Yilltbura.la-ConvaleaceDoe, recov-Yathulauni-Will speak. ery from Bickne■■• Yathamarow-,Speak(imperatively). Yinltaungoo-Of you. Y athala-,Speak. Yinkaungooondroo - Relating t.o Yathi-Have spoken. you. Yathuna-8peaking. Yindraml-To cry. Y aupuni-Afraid. Yindrun-Crying. Y edlakoo-Very far off', long dis- Yindrunaori-Hae cried.

tance. Yindrunawonthe-Had cried. Yellaloo-Together. Yindrulauni-Will cry. Yelkyelkaroo - Extreme excite- Yindrama.row-Cry (imperative).

ment; hysterica prevail- Yindrath=--Crying together. ing chiefly among■t the Yini-You. women, and mainly Yinkatburuna-To111ccumb,toyield. cauaed by jealou■y; once Yinetba-You did it. experienced, it■ return ia Yinpa--Send. frequent. Yinpami-To ■end.

Yegg..-Native orange. Yinpuna-Sending. Y enmuna-1 wait your return. Yinpunaori-Hae ■ent.

Yeppina-Burning. Yinpunawonthie--Had 11ent. Yeppinaori-Hae burned. Yinpulauni-Will ■end.

Yeppinawonthi-Had burned. Yinpaniarow-Send (imperative).


V <><Wnn,UY-conlfflw. Yinpamull-8ending each other. Yoonb-Sulky, 111llen, obetinat.e. Yinthin&-Dozy, llleepy. Y oonlturuna--Obetinaoy. Yirrin,-Thin, poor. Yoorkamuna-Roaating. Yinirrabula--To inatract, t.o oom- Yoora--Few.

miaaion. Y oorala-Love. Yirrirrbuna - Inatract.ed, oommia- Y oo~Loving.

aioned. Yooranaori-Haa loved. Yirrchier.-Awake. Yooranawonthi&-Had loved. Yirrchuna-Awakening. Yirrchienaori-Haa awakened. YUTChiebunawonthie--Had awake-

ned. Yirrchiebulauni...,. Will awaken. Yirrchiebuna-To awaken. Y ookardi....,.smoke. Y ookardieoondroo - Relating to

IIIDOke.

Y ookabitchie-Spade, any kind of eeoop.

Yoolkami-To swallow. YoolkUDa-Swallowing. Y oolkunaori-Haa swallowed. Yoolkunawonthie-Had swallowed. Yoolkunauni-Will swallow. Yooa-Debating. Yoondrsthana-Acl'OIIII country. Yoola-You two. Yoon~YollI'l!elf. Y oondrooina-You did.

Y ooralauni-Will love. Y oorootcha-Horu. Y ootha-Luck. Y oothamurra-Great luck. Y oothapina- Very great luck. Yootbabutha-No luck.'· Y ootchoo - Signifies a string put

round the neck of a pereon leaving t.o barter with neighbouring tribes.

Yootchoondroo-Relating to Yoot choo.

Youdanie-About here. Y ounieka-About this distance. Yowla-Breath. Yowara-Language. Yowerayinkuna-Dictating, lit.erally

your talk. Yowerie-The out.er fat attached t.o

the skin. Yuntha-A piece of wood.

lOG THE AUSTRALIAN RACE:

No. 66.-VOCABULARY.

Kanproo • Opouum Tamedog • Wild dog

• chookaroo. . pildra. • kintalo.

Emu - • woroooathie. Blaok duck- - ohippala. Wood duck- • koodnapina. Pelie&11 - thaumpara. Laughing jacka11 (none exist). Native companion booralkoo. White cockatoo • kudrungoo. Crow - - kowulka. Swan· Egg •

Track of a foot Fiah -

Lobeter Crayfiah

Moequito -Fly -Snake-The Blaob -

- kootie. - kuppie. . thidna. - pa.roo, .to. (each

aort particular name).

• kuniekundi. • koontie.

- moonchoo. - woma, .to. - kurnawara.

A Blackfellow - kumL A Blaok woman - widla. N oae - - moodlL

Baad-

2 Blaob

8 Blaob •

One -

Two -

Three -

Four -

Father

- murra.

• kuma mundroo.

• kurna parkoola.

• koomoo.

- mundroo.

- plll"koola.

- mundroo-mun-

droo.

- apirrle,

Mother - andrle.

Slater-Elder - kakoo.

., Younger • athata.

Brother--Elder - niehie.

., Younger athata.

A young man - thurrie.

An old man - pinaroo.

An old woman - wildapina.

A baby - koopL

A White man • witepellL

Children - - koopawura.

Head -

Eye -

Ear •

mongathandra.

• milkie.

- ~tchara.


No. 155.-VocABUL&RY-continmd.

Mouth - muna. Teeth - - munathandra. Hair of the head . para.

Beard - - unka. ThUDder - - thnlarayindrie. Graa - - kuntha. Tongue - thulie. Stomach - mundra. koodna-

Breute Thigh Foot -Bone -Blood.

Skin -Fat Bowels

ExcrementWar-spear -Beed-spear -Wommera -

Shield Tomahawk -Omoe-Sun •

Moon -Sw -Light· Dark -C.Old -Hea, -Day -Night-Fire . Wat.er Smoke Ground W-md

Bain -God -Gbolta

bidie. - auma.

- thara. - thidna. - mookoo. - koomarie. - du.la. - murnie. - koodnaundrie. - koodna. - kulthie.

- pirauma. - kundriemookoo. - pirra. - ditchie. - pirra. - ditchiethandra, - buralchie. - pulkara. - kilpalie. • wuldrulie.

- kurrurie. - pulkara. - thooroo. - apa. - ukardie. - mitha. - wathara. - tulara. - mooramoora.

BoomerangHill -Wood

Stone -Camp-

Yee -No I You -

Bark -Good -Bad -

Sweet

Food -Hungry

ThirBty

Ea.t -Sleep -Drink

Walk -

See -

- kirra.

- thooroo.

- murda. • oora. - tow, koolr.oo. - ahi. - althoo. - yinie.

- pitchie.

- oomoo. - mudlaunchie.

- aloooelie.

- booka. - mooalie.

- murdiealle.

- tiami. - mookalie.

- thapa.na. - dukadukuna.

- nieuna. Sit - armuna.

Yesterday - - wuldra-wirrtie,

To-day - k111'l'l11'ie.

To-morrow - - thunkabunna. Where l.l'8 the kUJ'D& wadarie T Blacb?

I don't know Plenty Big -

Little -Dead -By-and-by -C.Ome on -Milk -Eaglehawk Wild turkey Wife -

- kooanie.

- narpoo. - marpoo, moola-

roo, pina, - waka, wauka. - narrie. - wulya. - kapara. - yika. - C111'aWUr&.

- kulathoora. - noa.

7


No. 66.-KOPPERAMANA.

BY ML F. E. JAOOBB.

Kangaroo • ohooka.roo, Hand· • marra. Opoaaum • pildra. 2 Blacka Tame dog . puruina. 3 Blacka Wild dog • kentella.

One . kulnu. &nu • womtltatti .

. . Black duck· Two . • mondru, poolga. . ma.ru-maru. Wood duck- Three. • paruklulu, kulnu

Pelican • tampangara. mondru.

Laughing jackUI Four • • mondru-mondru.

Native companion puralku. Father . ngabrl.

White oookatoo • keirdrangu. Mother . ngandrL Crow• • kawolka. Siater-Elder Swan· • kurti. .. Younger • Egg . • kabbi. Brother-Elder . negi. Track of a foot • tldnarnalh Younger negi (T) • Fiah -morri .

.. . A young man . tarri.

Lobster • kurnkuderri. Crayfiah

An old man . pirnarru.

Moequito • kunti. An old woman - wilda pirna.

Fly • muncho, girmun, A baby • kupa-wakku.

Snalte- • tutjo. A Whiteman .

TheBlacb- • karna. Children - kupa.

A Black.fellow . karna.. Head· - ma.ngatandra.

A Black woman . widla. Eye . • mil.Id.

N011e - -mudla. Ear . • talpa, kutjera

KOPPERilUN.A. 109

No. 116.-KoPPDAJI.A.NA-continued.

Mouth - moma. Teeth - - momatandra.. Hair of the head parra. :Beard • - namka. ThllJlder G~Tongue Stomach

Breaate Thigh. Foot -Bone -Blood -Skin -Fat Bowela

Excrement • War-apear. Reed-apear • Wimmera or throwing-stick

BhieldTomahawk -Canoe SUD •

Moon -Sta.r Light· Dark Cold -Heat -Day Night-

Fire -Water Smoke

Ground Wind -Rain -God -Ghoata

. pildri-pildri. - ka.nta. . tarli. - kunnapirdi. - ngammamurra. - ta.rra. - tidna. - moko. - gnmmari. • da.rla. - marni. • poualara. . kmma. . kalti.

kuckuru.

- pirrama.rra. • ka.rla.ra.

- ditji. - pirra, kuria. • ditji-wokka. • pa.redji. • ngalpura.

- kilpa. - woldrapima. • ditji. • tinka. • turo. - ngappa.. - yukari, turo-

tupu. • mit&. - wottara. - tarla.ra.

BoomerangBill -Wood Stone -Camp. Yee • No I You Bark Good -Bad -Sweet -

Food -Hwigry Thinty Eat -Sleep -Drink -Walk· See Sit Yeeterday

To-day

- pita. - marda. - ngnra. - kow. - banni. • nga.nna. • yundru, yidni. - pitji. - mumu. - madla.nji. - marda • • boka.

• moua.lli. • tardielli. • tai-i-na. - mobturarena.. • t&bberna.

- wapperna. . nai-i-na. • narnrna,na. - woldra-wirti.

- karrari. To-morrow - - tinkangalu,

mornatunka.

Where are the karna worda

Bla.cks T yerri?

I don't know - ngannago. Plenty - marrapa. Big • pima.

Little • - wokka. Dead • - na.rri.

By-and-by - • wolya.

Come on - kapperoa,

Milk -Eagleha.wk -Wild turkey

Wife •

kappou.


No. 67.-STRANGWAY SPRINGS.

BY Jomr W AB&BN, EaQ.

Kangaroo - koongaroo. Opouum •

Tame dog - mudla. Wild dog Emu • Blackduck -WoodduokPelioan

- warrewatte.

Laughing jaoUl!II Native companion White cockatoo -Crow • Swan -Egg - - bapoo. Track of a foot - womba. Fiah . . pt.r00.

Lob&ter Crayfish Moaquito - teepa. Fly Snake - - wabma. The Blacks -A Blackfellow - null&. A Black woman - ikkala. N01e - - mootla.

Hand -2Blacb

3 Blacb

One -Two -Three.

Four •

Father

Mother

Si.at.er-Elder

• murra.

. oyoo. • kara-kolon.

- kara-kolon-kara

kolon.

,, Younger -

Brother-Elder -

,, Younger

A young man - eawanga.

An old man • wvroo. An old woman -

A baby - koba-koba.

A White man -

Children -Head -

Eye

Ear -

- kardiappoo.

- eungia.ria.

STR.ANGWAY SPRINGS. •

Mouth

Teeth· - mauga.

Hair of the head- yarre.

Ber.rd -Tlumder - - myanguta. G~-

Tongue

Stomach •

Breuts Thigh-

Foot • • t.edna. Bone a

Blood -Skin -Fat -Bowela

Excrement -War-apear -Beed-spear-Throwing-stick Shield-Tomahawk-CanoeBun -Moon•

Star -Light -Dark .

Cold -

Heat -Day • N'ightFire • Water Smoke

Ground Wind.Bain . God • Ghoaa

- koodna.

- mooyoo. . parala. - kardibula.

• mudle.

. wanga.

· koota.

- wombara. . elinga.

Boomerang -

Hill • - ardere.

Wood-

Stone •

CampYes

No

I-You

Bark Good •

Bad

Sweet-

Food · Hungry

Thirsty

F.at -

Sleep ·

Drink-Walk ·

See -Sit

Yesterday -

To-day

To-morrow•

Wbere are the Blacka?

I don't know

Plenty Big •

Little·

Dead •

By-and-by -

Come on •

Milk -EaglehawkWildturkey

Wife -

• akie,

- atoo, aroo,

• &too.

. anpa.

. oorokoo.

• mudlanti.

. koodnulla.

. pangalu.

. naaka. • burra.

• n'lll'&ndu.

111


No. 67,-STMNG'WAY 8PILIK0&-A.DDlTlOlU.L WoBDS.

Alleep • andurata. Lake - • ebla. Arm • • bambooarie. Lightning • · iDendi. Claypan water · wereka. Midday • wvridanga. Creek • • brla. Cloud Dawn-

. upella. • wongonbra.

Faoe · • mana. Fruit of pig's face peuda. Give (me) water - koota narriqanda Good-bye - • era. Girl • • angara. Gum-tree • • apea. GreenGo away Hone-

. mara. yookanara.

• nant.c>.

A. lUDat' month; } karalongayoo. lit.: one moon

Salt . • moolire.

Spring water - narrawa. Sandhill • moodloo. St.c>ny plain • t.oodlere. Young woman - adluka.

Where? • wetera, ioka ! Boy . . kootere. NoD118D88 . . padne I

Rat . . myara.

No. 58.-UMBERTANA.

BY N. E. Pmr.uPsoN, EsQ.

Tmc following vocabulary and fa.cts connected with the Umberta.na. tribe I received from Mr. N. E. Phillipson, who sent them to me at the request of Sir Thomas Elder.

In the Um'l?erta.na. tribe the boys a.re circumcised at from thirteen to fifteen yea.rs of age, after which they a.re ca.lied Bernippa. A few months later they undergo the terrible rite, when they are styled Kobba. Later on they are scarred on the chest, and have the muscle of the left arm tightly bound up with e. cord me.de of human hair, when they a.re ca.lled Wilyeroo. We have seen that this custom prevails on the De Grey River.

Women, when given in marriage, a.re merely sent by their father or brother to the ca.mp of the husband elect.

The food of the tribe consists principally of kangaroo, emu, wallaby, grubs of the gum-tree, snakes, a.nd opossums;

•

UMBER.TANA. 113

also of the seeds of the silver-wattle and of bower-grass, which are crushed between stones and made into flour.

Few tribes seem t.o mbject their young men to so many barbarities as the Umbertana.

Uncle· Aunt ·

No. M.-UIDIDTAN.&.-ADDmoNAL WoBDB.

- ammerna. - wadnee nammee

(little moth

- Kortabina vocabulary).

Younger IOD - warreya. Elder daughter - a.rranye. Yoqer daught.er warreeka. Demon • yubaldoo-baldoo. Vmu- - wertaoordlee.

Coaain Elder IIOll -

- bapapa. - biddeya.

Club - • mokooko. Two-handed club mODgOree.

Andalda. Aldaberry. Notilda.

NAJOIII OJ' Mu.

Murrawalda (brokm hand).

Eednando.

NillBII OJ' A F..um.Y.

Notilda (the father). Wilpuda (the mother). Yalduktmda (a IOD).

VOL. U.

•Nuneotapi

B

Wonoka • (a daught.er). Morruya (a BOD).


No. 58.-UMBERTANA.

Ka.ngaroo - oordloo. Hand - • murra. Opoeeum . - bilda. 2Blacb - arlpillina eura Tame dog . wilka.

3Blacka - woolpa.rinna eura Wild dog • ldnt.ala.

One • oomart&. Emu · warrache, Wll'OO-

. . katee. Two . - arlpillina.

Black duck- - bamdoo. Three. -woolplrbma. Wood duck- Four . . oobmomurra. Pelie&n Father . bapee. Laughing jackau

Mother . nammee. Native companion

Bilter-Elder . yaoka. White oookatoo - warrandoo. Crow • - wollr.o,korowolko. .. Younger

Swut - • oortee. Brother-Elder • nonga. Egg • kuppee. .. Yomiger Track of a foot . wertaappa.

A young man • yungarree. Fish - . paroo.

An old man • boolka. Lobliter Crayfiah An old woman - billcoota.

Mosquito • oondee, coontee. A baby . eedlapa.

Fly - yappoo, muncho. A Whiteman . oodnya. Snake· · wabna. Children . yackarty. The Blacks· . eura.

Head - . babertla,ookerty. A Black.fellow - kurna, eura. A Black woman - artoo. Eye - meena.

Noee - • mood.la. Ear • uree.

UM:BBRTANA. 115

M:oath

Teeth · . eera.

Hair of the head • aackerly.

Beard • - nernga.

Thunder

Ona-Tongue Stomach

~

Thigh-

Foot · 1lone • Blood. Skin • Fat • Bowels Excrement• War-spear . -Reed-apear .

'l'browing-etick Shield

Tomahawk · Canoe-Sun · Moon· Siar . Light •

Dark Cold • Beat Day • Night -1ire • Water-Smoke Ground Wind-Bain • God • Gbona

- erndoo. • yuta.

• yarlee.

• werla.

• namma.

. moorta.

- edna. - werlpo. . aartee. • weeyee. • memee. . merndakb. . koodna. . winda.

• w-4erloo. • t.eeparra.

- eandoo. • peearra.

. boordlee.

• bichie. . weeloba. • anakoo. . werdla. . yatta. • weelcha. . erdla. • owie. • oomdo. . yerta. • waree. • owie.

- moordoodnoo.

Boomerang.

Hill •

Wood

Stone • Camp. Yee No I You Bark Good Bad

Sweet· Food · Hungry

Thinty Eat •

Sleep • Drink.

Walk·

- waldna.

• nutchoo. . aydnfa.

. arngoo.

. nagoo •

. merdla.

- ngyee. . neena.

-beetetee.

-warndoo. • beednee. . arngaweeta • malyee.

- eenberninda.

- yambekoo. • nalquiatoo.

- meya wandie. • yalpa.rtoo •

• mokaiye.

See • nak0&11danna. Bit • eikiyee.

Yeat.erday • • dal11J18Ya. To-day . yaatta.

To-morrow · - wiltaardla. Where are the weeya idla eura T

BlaobT I don't know Plenty Big Little • Dead.

By-and-by

Comeon • Milk •

Eaglebawk •

Wild turkey

Wife

B2

• ne weeya.

• weenerdla. • mannawerta. · biednappa.

• baadlookoo. . any.

- abbeeya.


No. 69.-TURA OR EURA TRIBE, MOUNT BERLE.

Kangaroo - oodloo. Hand• -murra. Opouum • hilt&. 2Blacka - eura id tplllina. Tame dog - wilb. 3Blacka - eura oolpraoca. -Wild dog

One - obmoot.o. Emu - warrachie· --Black duck- Two - - id tpillina. • murrara. Wood duck - b&rndo. Three- - oolpraooa.

Pelica.n Foar - . yandymurra. Laughing jack&1111 Father - pappy. Native compa.nion Mother - namica. White oockat.oo • weurando.

Sister-Elder - yaok,.. Crow - - walkala. Swan • "

YoUDger •

Egg . - pepe • Brother-Elder . woongna.

Track of a foot • yappa. "

YoUDger Fish - A yoUDgman Lobater

An old man- - bulkamero. Crayfish

An old woman - bincuta. Mosquito · oonte.

A baby - edlappa. Fly Snake - . wobna. A Whiteman - oogtna.

The Blacks· . eura.. Children • yackarty munga.

A Blackfellow - eura.. Head - - buppartloo.

A Black woman • &rtnDia. Eye - min&. Nose - • moodla. Ear - • 8111'8.

MOUNT BERLE.

No. 59.-Tmu. OB EUR& TB.nm, MoUNT 8.DI.K- continued.

Mouth Teeth -

- yikya. - eara.

Hair of the head - buppartloowatche.

Beard-Thunder -Gr&l!B.

Tongue St.oma.ch Breuta Thigh-Foot -Bone -Blood -Skin -Fat Bowela Excrement -w ar-spe&l' •

Reed-9p8&1' -Wommera -

Shield Tomahawk -Canoe -San •

Moon -

- &rllka. - ando.

- uta. • yerlee. - wuurla. • numma.

- moot&.

- edna.. - walpo. - artee. - pea-ee. • mernee. • merndacca. . oodna.

• wurlata.

- woonrara. . peepara.

• undoo. . bera. -boodla.

Boomerang

Hill

Wood

Stone -

Camp-

Yea No

I You Bark . Good . Bad .

Sweet

Food •

Hungry

Thirsty

Eat

Sleep .

Drink.

Walk -See

Sit Yeaterday •

• 'Wittie. . adgna.

- arngo .

• nucko.

- murdla. . ni. • ninna.

. bidtbati.

- w&r11do.

. bedenacka.

• angowitha. • miei.

- arnbunda.

- owiemooroo.

- nalconda.

- meer.

. yappanda.

- ookanda.

• mikanda. - ek.inda. • ala.nga.

To-day - yethaundoo.

To-morrow - • wiljharadla.

117

Star -Light. Dark

• mopanninga. Where are the wereadla eura ?

Cold Heat -Day • N'ight. J'ire •

Water Smoke Ground Wind-Bain God • Ghoaa

• wilcha.

• hottanda. • walta. - undoo. • wilja. • ardla. • owie.

- ardlaeppo. • yearta. • waddee.

- owie.

Blaclat?

I don't know

Plenty

Big Little -Dea.d .

By-and-by -

Come on -Milk . Eaglehawk -

Wild turkey

Wife -

• utan&.

• naruta.

• narrak&.

.· bidenappa. - eudaltha.

- aratche. - abbaunin.


No. 60.-BELTANA.

BY ML J. W. KmosllOLL AND ML S. G.A.801',

I HA VE received voca.bularies of the languages of two tribes which dwell in the Beltana country. The first wu forwarded to me by Mr. J. W. K.ingsmill, under the direction of Sir Thomas Elder ; the second by Mr. Samuel Gason, who writes of the U nyamootha tribe, and it will be noticed that the two have many words in common, or but slightly differing. Indeed, had it not been that they disagree in their equivalents of a Blackfell<M and their negati'oe adver68 (two words which must never be overlooked when considering the relationships of our tribes), it might almost have been argued that their differences were those of spelling, supplemented by a few mistakes. Mr. K.ingsmill, who tells me that the language of which he has sent me a specimen is called Kooyiannie, says:-" The extent of country inhabited by the Kooyiannie Blacks is about 100 miles long by 50 wide, Beltana being situated in the south-eastern portion of it. The names of the neighbouring tribes are Koonarie on the north, a much more numerous tribe than this; the Burngala, on the south, now nearly extinct ; the Keid.na.mutha on the east, a fierce and warlike tribe ; a._nd the Kooca.tho on the west, of·which very little is known. The Kooyiannie, or Beltana Blacks, number now about 50."

Mr. K.ingsmill also gives the following additional words, using kn for the common ng, to express the nasal sound:-

Uncle • Aunt Cousin • Eldeetaon Other aona Eldest daughter Other daughters

knamUl'IIA, • knowoora. • wincha.

berdiana. moonia. moonaka. kooranya.

BELT.ANA. 119

The tribe concerning which Mr. Gaeon writes is called U,nyamootka, possibly the Keidnamutha of Mr. Kingsmill. The_ country of this tribe, Mr. Gason says, was first occupied by the Whites in 1857 ; that the tribe, which numbered about 150 souls when my informant went to live at Beltana in 1865, is now (1883) reduced to 50 persons, consumption and dronkenness being the cause of the decrease. For clothes, this tribe had rugs of wallaby skins, and for ornaments feathers worn in the hair and necklaces made of the Btems of grass, cut into short lengths and threaded. Besides clubs, and spears which were always thrown by hand, they bad also the boomerang. To end the moans of relatives who were dying, they used when the Whites first arrived amongst them to kill them, the fat and choice portions of the :flesh being cooked and eaten. Polygamy still prevails, and marriages both within and without the tribe. Females become wives at fourteen. Formerly the first-born child ll8ed to be destroyed. The neck, chest, and arms a.re sce.rifi.ed in the usual way, and circumcision prevails. This tribe call the young men Willyaroo, as amongst the Umbertana tribe. Mr. Gason says that the tribes which bound the Unyamootha are the Wipie to the south, the Y e.ldikowere. t.o the north, and the Yarrikuna to the ea.st. Running sores are sucked by the Minarie, or doctor, and then bound up with hot earth or ashes.


No. 60.-VOCABULARY OF THE KOOYIANNIE LANGUAGE.

BT Ma. J. w. Knf08IDLL.

Kangaroo Opoaum Te.me dog Wild dog Emu •

Black duckWood duck

. yarndL bildL

• wilker.

wilker. • worre.chie. • minge.Ue.. • ye.ngace.roota.-

poone. Pelican • tbe.mpe.re.. Le.ughing je.ckua (none). Ne.tive companion (none).

White cocke.too • wa.rranthoo. Crow • • we.ucurla.

Swa.n - - oootie. Egg . • peipe.

Tre.ck of e. foot - thidnL Fiah • • (none in the dia-

Lobet.er Cre.yfiah Moequito Fly •

Sne.ke •

trict).

- ooolie-coolie. - thumpe.re.. · wobma, win-

chertL The Blacks - • thura. A Blackfellow • thure..

A Black wome.n - kurdrie,

Noee • - mudla.

Hand -

2 Blacks -

3 Blacks

One •

Two •

Three· Four •

Father

Mother

Sister-Elder

. murra.

• mundru thurL

. oulpart. thurL

• coob111&11a.

• mundru.

• culpara.

• mundru-mundru.

· paple.

• oomle, knumie,

,, Younger • ye.ckL Brother-Elder

,, Younger oongL

A young man miroo.

An old man yowery.

An old woman pine.roo.

A be.by - thethree-maroa-

gie.

A White lll&1l - coodnoo.

Children • urdlana.

Hee.d •

Eye

Ee.r •

• be.perdelie, mie-

roo. • mena.

• eurl.

BELT.ANA. 121

No. 80.-Koo~

Mouth Teeth·

- thea. -en.

Bair of the bead • awat.chle. Beard • • 1ll'llga.

'lbUDder - carndoo. Ona • • thuthara. Tongue • tharlie. Stomach • - Clll'lpa. :ei-ta -mana Thigh - cantbie. Foot; • • thidna.

Bone - - warlpoo,

Blood - - currimcbie. Skin - - pie. Fat -Bowels Excrement -

War-ei-r -Beed-spear • Wommera • ShieldTomahawk

Canoe-Sun -Koon-Star -Light •

Dark -Cold -Heat -Day •

N"ight -Fire -Water Smoke 0l'Olllld Wind-

Bain -

God -Gholta

• mm-nee. • uampie.

- coodna. • ward.lat&. . kidchie.

- muala, waroo. - bome, yackoo,

- (none),

- thurndoo.

- pera. - purdlle. - peitchie. • wilt.cha.

- malu.

- knunnarra. - peitcbie. • wiltcha. • curdla. • oowie,

- thoopoo. - yarn.. • warrie.

• cowie,

• acheroo (maker).

- oooobie.

Boomerang. • (DODe).

Bill -Wood-

Stone -Camp.

Yee

No I You • Bark -Good -Bed -

Sweet

Food -Hungry

Tbinty

Eat -Bleep -DrinkWalk.

Bee -

- curdla. • keidna. . carnaooo. - kow. • mmdlo. . knL • neina.

- coorkie•leingL

- mirneitha.

- munp. - kurnyanlenya,

- mie.

- karnbaninYL

• thareninYL - wealcoollinya.

-miYL - thapunga oowie.

- oocunga. - naccoo-coo,

Sit -~. y eeterday - - waldarlaca. To-day - yeth,

To-morrow - - wilcha-wiloa. Where are the wadna thura T

BlacbT I don't know Plenty

Big -Little -

Dead -

By-and-by -

Comeon -

Milk -Eaglehawk•

Wild turkey

Wife -

- murdlL - knurlanL - knurla.

- wa.ne-wa.ne.

- pardlunL

- carie. - oowiea, abbfa.


No. 60.-UNYAMOOTHA TRIBE.

BY lb. B. G.&SON,

Kangaroo - - ooloo. Ha.nd - - murra. Opossum - bilda. 2Blaoka - yierlina yoora. Tame dog - - wilka. 3 Blaoka - oolpurina yoora. Wild dog . wilka. Emu • warretchie. One - - oomertr.. -Bia.ck duck- . marara. Two - - yierlin&.

Wood duck • (none). Three - - oolpurina.

Pelican - (none). Four - - ya.ndiemurra. Laughing jackaaa (none). Father - papie. Nativecompa.nion (none). Mother - amie. White cockatoo • ·(none). Bister-Elder - a.nyinie, Crow• - wawkala. Younger • papa. Swan - - (none). "

Brother-Elder - oowellie. Egg - • pie-pie.

Yomiger noonga . Track of a foot - idna. .. Fish • (none). A young man - ymgarie.

Lobeter - (none). An old man - poolkL Crayfish - (none). An old woman - yowirrie. Mosquioo • oolilie. A baby - idlapa. Fly • yapoo.

A White ma.n - oonyoo. Snake - • woma.

Children - arraurda. . The Blaoka- • yooroonguna. A Blackfellow • yoora. Head - - paparla.

A Blaok woman - yooratoo. Eye - - mbma.

Noae - • moodla. Ear • yoorie,

BBLTANA. 123

Koath - yiya. - wanna. Teeth- - iera. - yoocurrie. Bair of the head - papalawot.chJe.

BoomerangHill -Wood• Stone -

Camp-

- vla. Beard - - IUlka. Thunder - - ooodoo. Ora.a -Tongue Stomach Bream Thigh-Foot -Bone -Blood-

Skin -Fat -Bowela Excrement -War-spear -Reed-apear -Wommera •

Shield

TomahawkCanoe-Sun -

Moon -Sar -Light -Dark -Cold -Heat -Day -Night-

l"ire -Water Smoke

Gromid

Wind

Bain -

God -Ghost

- yoothera. - yarlie. - alpa. - ookooroo. - moota. - yedna. - walpoo. - urtie. - hie. - murnie. - mundaca. - oodna. - winda.

• {none).

• thippira.

- adgna. - (none). - yoondoo.

- birra.

- booralie. - nilkerie. - wildga. - alt.and&. - wolda. - batchoo. -wildga.

- u.rla. - owie. - yoopoo. • yerta.

- warrie.

- owie.

- winma.

- winida.

Yee

No I

You -Bark ·

Good·

Bad -Sweet-

Food -Hungry Thirsty Eat -Sleep -DrinkWalk -

- udriDga(t)

- unkoo.

- II&.

• ootuna.

- iyie.

- nina.

- pithadie.

- munieurra.

- nunga. • arngaminda.

- naigie. - unpaninda. - yanpiltie. - .alkooda.

• milwonito. - yapandaloo. - ookundowa.

See - - nockundaloo.

Sit - ikundowa.

Y eaterday • alanya.

To-day • yatha. To-morrow - - oopinga.

Where are the yoora wona T

Blacks!

I don't know

Plenty

Big -

Little -

Dead -

By-and-by -

Comeon -

Milk -Eaglehawk •

Wild turkey

Wife -

- wungayindie.

- orlaca.

- pinapa.

- yinda.

• arreL - obieyar.

- ama.

- wildoo.

- wala.

- artunoo.


No. 61.-WONOKA. BY W. M. Guo, &IQ.

THE following vocabulary was forwarded to me by Mr. W. M. Green, who informs me that the language of which it is a specimen is that of the Arkaba-tura tribe, whose country is about 70 miles north of Port Augusta. These people relate that they sprung from a number of individuals whose crimes had made them outcasts from their several tribes ; that they met at various times at the waters, and agreed to cast in their lots together. Other hill tribes in this locality are said to have originated in the same way. It will be noticed, on comparing the first column of the vocabularies belonging to the tribes in this portion of the continent, that they present few differences, but that several are met with if we turn to the translations of young man, old man, old n,oman, baby, &c. Another term which differs occasionally in these dialects is n,oman.

No. 61.-WONOKA. Kangaroo - koodla. Hand- . mm-a. Opouum - - peelda. 2Blacka - - alpilya tura. Tame dog - • wilka. 3 Blacks - oolparrie tura. Wild dog - One - oobmana. -Emu• - warrachie. Two • alpllya. Black duck- • ngoorrir. -Wood duck- • hlll'lldoo. Three - - oolparrie.

Pelican Four • - alpilya-alpilya.

Laughing jack- Father - papie. Native oompanion Mother • ngummie. White cockatoo • woolaki. Siater-Elder - yack&. Crow - • worcala.

" Younger • yack&. Swan. - oootee. Brother-Elder - ngemga. Egg - - peepee. Younger ngemga. Track of a foot • erdna mulb. " Fiah - kooyea.

A young man • ngumgarrie.

Lobster Anoldm&n - poolb.

Crayfish - An old wom&n - ngumbatcha.

Moequi~ - - gooleyrr, A baby • yacb.rdie: Fly - A Whiteman Snake- • wobna. Children -The Blacks- - tura.

Head - - &brt.ee. A Blackfellow - tura. .t\. Black WOJD&D - artoo. Eye - - mena. Noee - • moodlaormudla. Ear - - upe.

WONOKA.

No. 61.-WoNoKA-contiflued.

Mouth - ye•l-ya.

Teeth - • eera. Hair of the head- parpardla wichie.

Beard- - ngoonw. ThUDder • • bmdoo, eum-

Graa -Tongue

Stomach • Breut.a Thigh Foot -Bone -Blood· Skin • Fat • Bowels Excrement• War-apear • Reed-apear -Wommera -Shield Toma.hawkCa.noe-Sun -Moon -

doo,

-mooroo. • yerlie.

- pombee. -ngamma. • anti.

- eedna. • walpo. - kooroo. - peyee. • mume. • ngumble. • koodn&.' • weenda.. • wadne.

- oomera. - eparoo.

- yerndoo.

- peer&.

- poordla.

Boomerang

Hill -WoodStoneQi.mp.

Yea -No

I You • Bark •

Good.

Bad -Sweet•

Food • Hmigry

Thirsty

Eat -Sleep -

Drink Walk-

See -Sit • Yesterday •

To-day

To-morrow-

- widte.

- kadne. . kerngoo. • DL

- mukka. . qie.

• bldithl. • merlngola.

• bidnyaca.

- mooamurda.. • ml&, myee.

- ernba. - yarbe. • arlgonda..

• meya.

- yap1,>urda.

- lmookumda. - naooo. - yecunda..

- arlimga.

- yata.

- wiohurndoo.

125

Star • Light -Dark -

- peerlu.. - weelja.

Where are the wanUDga tura !

Cold • Heat· Day -Night-Fire • Water Smoke Ground Wind-Rain •

God •

Ghoata

- manja. • warlda..

- weelja. - erdla. -owlr. • booyoo.

- yardda.. - warrle.

- W&p&rl'&.

Blaob!

I don't know

Plenty

Big -Little-Dead •

By-and-by •

Comeon -

Milk • EaglehawkWildturkey

Wife -

- yaooodla. - uprda-oortoo. - yoonga. - prednappa. • end&the. • warnbl.

- yenak&.


No. 62.-EASTERN SHORE OF LAKE TORRENS.

BY w. M. G:uu, EaQ.

THE following vocabulary, which differs but little from the last, was sent to me by Mr. W. M. Green, who informs me that the Kortabina tribe dwells on the eastern shore of Lake Torrens. In it, mother, breasts, and milk are all expressed by the single term ngummie. Mr. Green gives me the following additional words:-

Teal - . marrar. Sandhill - poomb&. Diver - weoopa. Green - - kadleka. Curlew - weeloo. Whit.a - yarldoo. Rock-wallaby • karndo. Red - - yalthuchie. Kangaroo-rat - oolka, boorachie. Bl&ck - - peimba or blow-Frog - - ngerna. arn. Blowfly - yappo. Trousers - cundeepetha. Lame - - teedna-currica.

Evil night spirit - wangabbie. Blind - - mena-mela. Morning star - wildoo kyleela=

Demon - marrownya.

eagles two. Southern Crou • mamburdi.

Frost - - buckala. Jupiter - boordlaketha.

Yowig - buppa. Uncle• • ngoomarnoo.

A gentle wind • warree buppa= Aunt · - ngapperla.

wind yowig. Couain • mangurti Ad11Bt1torm • poota. Boy of about boldo.

Lightning - wirra-wirra. three years old

Crooked • wirra-wirra. Boy of about ab: yackerty.

Rainbow . • ooranye • years old

Clouds - marpenya. Female infant - ldrtigny. Cloudless - · keeree. Girl of six years - ummeta.

:&!STERN SHORE OF LA.KE TORRENS. 127

Besides individual names and appellations which depend on age, parents in this tribe distinguish their children e.s follows:-

lltaon - warrea. Pine-tree - - peimba. 2nd,, • moonea. Large eort of pig's oummmjnoo. 3rd ,, -beerea.. face Ith ,, . ngvlia. Where (a.re you) wantha ngook-6th ,, • melia. going? anye.? lit daughter - moona.rca. Begone • ugook&ka. 2nd ,, . warngoot.oo. Go that way • ugoob wana. 3rd

" • wa.rreb. Go back again - berrat.okaka..

Ith " - kerranye. Isthere(any)water Kowie yeringa

6th ,, · muroob. in the country r wandinga?


No. 62.-EASTERN SHORE OF LA.KE TORRENS.

BY W. M. GBDN, EaQ.

Kangaroo . . koodla. Hand-Opouum . -peedla. 2 Black.I . - kylpela tura. Tamedog - . wilka. 3Blacb • ooolpa.ra tura. Wild dog .

One - - koopmam.. Emu . - warracble •

Two - • kylepela. Black duck- - t.anth'IIDllie. Wood duck- - moondon-nga.rie.

Three. - koolparoo.

Pelloa.n - w-1ley. Four • • memdoom.-mem-

Laughing jackaa doona.

Native companion Father - pappil.

White oookat.oo - yoanganna. Mother - ngummie.

Crow - . woooalla. Biater-Elder

BWBD - - oootee. ,, Yomiger Egg - Brother-Elder -Track of a foot; - Yomiger ,, Jl'lah - A young man - meroo. Lobster An old man - poolka. Crayfish

An old woman • yowrie. Moequito . . gooley-gooley.

A baby - markutok. Fly - - buppa. Snake- A Whiteman - goodenue.

The Black.I- - tura. Children - - ngarlanna.

A Blackfellow - tura. Head· - karkata-pepa. A Black woman • oarroo. Eye - • mena.

Noee - -moot;la. Ear - -urie.

►

EASTERN SHORE OF LAKE TORRENS. 129

No. 82.-EABr:u.!1' Saou o:r ~ ToBBD"s---continued.

Mouth - thied.

Teeth- - eera. Hair of the head parpardla

Beard

Thunder -

GraaiTongue St.omach -Breute Thigh Foot -Bone -Blood· Skin • Fat -Bowelll Excrement -War-spear -Reed-Bpe&r -Throwing-lltick Shield Tomahawk Canoe Sun -Moon -Sta.r -Light -Dark -Cold • Heat -Day -Night

Fire -Water Smoke Ground Wind -Rain -God -Ghosts

VOL. IT.

wiichie.

- ngernka. - karndoo.

- yarlie. - pombey. • ngummie. - kundee, walpo. - teedna. - wa.rlpoo. - certingey. - pee, pelt.ha. - murnee, - ngumbie. - koodna. - weenda.

• meetla. - moodlawaroo. - boomeroo.

- tintoo. - peer&. - poordley, - perk&. - weelja. - beeree. - wa.rdla. - bichu. - weelja. - erdla. - kowi. - booyoo. - ya.rdarra. - warrie. - kowi.

- unga mat.ha(?)

I

Boomerang

Hill -Wood

Stone -

Camp -Yee No I You -Bark -

Good -

Bad -Sweet

Food -

Hungry Thiraty

Ea.t -Sleep -

Drink -

Walt-

See -Sit -

Yesterday -To-day

- wadna.

- kudll.

- kudyna, undya.

- kerngoo. - kowoona.

- murdla. - ngie,

- neena •

- coolara. - mernet&.

- mernet&.

- mie.

- kemba. - therrle.

- arlgoonda. - wandeta.

- thuppanda.

- ngookunda.

- mena.. - teekunda.

- weeljara. • yerta.

To-morrow - - weelja-weelja.

Where are the want.ha tura T

Blacks! I don't know

Plenty

Big -Little -

Dead -By-and-by

Come on -

Milk -Ea.glehawk

Wild turkey

Wife -

- whyu.

- nga.rlana. - manawarta.

- wundey.

- pardlunda.

- corrie.

- kow-ii-e.

- ngummie.

- wildoo.

- wirdla.

130 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE :

No. 63.--GA WLER RANGE.

BY ML A. D. 8AWBB8.

Kangaroo -Opoeaum Tame dog Wild dog -Emu • Black duckWoodduck-Pelican

- kurdloo. • pilla or pillpa . wilka. • coortnini. . wa.rradi.

• maurra.

Laughing jackaas Native companion White cockatoo yomgona. Crow •

Swan• Egg -Track of a foot Fillh • Lobster Crayfish Mosquito Fly .

Snake The Blacks·

• wongara. · kooti. . peppi. • tidni moonga. · kooya.

• yoombara, kudlugi.

• wapma. . ura.

A Blackfellow · ura. A Black woman • balara. Nose •·moodla.

Hand·

2 Blacka

3 Blacks -

One -

Two -

Tbree-

- murra.

• kilbelly un.

• koolberri ura. • goo-o-mana.

- kilbelly.

- koolberrl.

Four - - nulla.

Father - papi.

Mother - ngaml.

Sieter-Elder • yakka. ,, Yo-qngv •

Brother-Elder - yunga. ,, Y,ounger

A young man - ooltapa.

An old man - meatta.

An old woman - oodlalli.

A ~by - poolyoo. A Whiteman·

Children -Head· Eye -

Ea.r -

- kyoherri.

- kaka. - meena. • euri, uri, or

yoori.

GAWLER RANGE. 131

Mouth - ya.

Teeth - - ieera.

Hair of the head- koolda.

Beard- - urnka. Thunder -

Gru1-Toogue St.omach -Bream Thigh-

Foot -Bone -Blood -Skin -N -Bowell ExcrementWar-spear -Reed-spear -Wommera -Shield Tomahawk Canoe-Sun -Moon -Star -Light -Dark -Cold -Heat -Day -Night-Fire •

Water Smoke Ground Wind-Bain -God • Ghosta

- koonuma, wongutta.

- kurra, buree. - yalli. - wurrna. • numma.

- weeta. - tidni. • wallpoo. - kurrinji. - pee. - munni. • bambL - kurrta. - kaia.

- midla. - yalltoot.a. • kundi. - yoota. • UDO,

• biara. - boordli. - wullara. - mullti. - plalla. - poolijL - yattunyarro. - mnlldL - kurdla. - kow. - kurdla-booioo.

- yukarra. - warri. - kooruna.

- good.nee. 12

Boomerang

Hill -WoodStone -

Camp

Yee -No I You -

Bark -Good -

Bed -

Sweet

Food -Hungry

Thirsty

Eat -Sleep -

Drink

Walk-

See -Sit

Yeeterday -Today

- wurndoo.

- kytmya.

- kurngoo. - uh-uh.

- mukka.

- nglee.

- ngina. - patta. - munjeri.

- nunko.

- ithleta.

- miL

- kurnpa. - kow-yanbitti.

- kurnba.

- mia.

- kowyappa.

- ookita.

- nakoota.

- clukatt.a. . wilcherra.

To-morrow · - muldarroo. Where are the with& kootyoo

Bl&oks 7 ura ?

I don't know • yakootloo.

Plenty • mbma. Big - - minundoo.

Little • - boolyoo.

Dead - - padloo. By-and-by - - yanyi. Come on

Milk -Eaglehawk

Wildturkey

Wife -

- burtni.


No. 63.-G.&WLBB RA.NoL-ADDJTIONA..L WoBDL

Red kangaroo - koordloo. Eyebrow - • pikkoo. Black kangaroo • warroo. Forehead - • 111'11&,

Rock-wallaby • kunoo. Cheek. • ootoo. Pigeon - murnbi. Nail . • perrL Curlew • wiloo.

Wriat · - urndoo. Native cat - . gedna.

Elbow• Yellow make • wiparoo.

• mungoo.

Black make Back . • yardn&. • womgo. Carpet 1nake • waranbini Knee• • borra.

Seven• · • merna. Shoulder - - bilberri.

Eight • . minnawutha. Neck - • moorni.

Nine . · koortillyi. Summer - - pokurra. Ten . • koorijuno . Winter - goorilli SouthernCrOIII • wolliberri. Uncle - . ummana. NOltril • moodla upa. Aunt · . 1lDlll1&ri. Lip - . ngimi. Couin . winja.

The names of men and women which are also often the names of waterholes in the Gawler Range :-

Mm: Milta, Mooni, Yimbarro, MamiltL Women: Mattoodni, Koonda, Upatilll.

No. 64.-MARACHOWIE.

BY H.ul.RY L. BBDDOMB, EsQ.

THE following vocabulary was drawn up by Harry L. Beddome, Esq., who forwarded it to me through the editor of the Soutk Australian Register, who had kindly published a letter of mine on the subject of the native langnages. Mr.

Jd.AB.ACBOWIE. 133

Beddome informs me that he has given the vowels generally the value which they bear in Italian. He adds-" The words which I have spelt with lye might be more accurately rendered with gli, if pronounced d l' Italienne. Where I have spelt words with three r's, it is to show how very strongly they a.re rolled ; quite e.e strongly a.e in pa.rte of France.'' :Mr. Beddome notices that e.11 the tribes in the neighbourhood have a word for de'Dil. Many words in this vocabulary are found at Gawler Bange and Port Lincoln.

No. 64.-M.uu.oaoWIJ:.-ADDITIOIUL WoBDS.

My - - arttl. Little boy - - ma.railye. Uncle - - kAnye. Finger-nails - murra-bede. Swim. - albutta. Wet - munla. Bite . - biteyena. Lipe . • nymnyee.

Oro.- -botch&. A lie - • orra.

Very hot - • bookara, To tell a lie - orra wonga. Very cold • byala. Knee - . poora.

A boil- - bugroo. Creek - • pa.ree. To die- - badleto. To kick - palda-thgun. Parrow • dgeeda. Ankle- • pArdla. Tail . • dginda. Dmt . • poorba.

Troulere . - bntie-bilda. Meat· - piroo • Armpit • kaptlra. Truth-yea - tookoo. Wallaby - brndoo. Cut - -t11kut. Five . • brpo. KiN - • t&rpanle.

To kill • koonda. Body - • 11bo. Little girl . katailye. To run • 11mmutta.

Lice . - kooloo. To speak . • w6nga. Country • kAdma. .Ant . . wi;epa.

Son - - kutche. Forehead - -waa. Devil . • munnunnunna. Gum-tree . • wirra. Sweethea.rt,Female mudla. J ea.1011&-a.ngry - woll.a.

,, Male mudye. Cloud - • wera. Dry . - mool.a. Couain - wingdya. Shade· - madlee. Lie down - - wAnnetie. Knuckles . - mookoo. Give (me) - -yilngo.

Hat . - mooua . Whirlwind· • yeroo.

134 THE .£.USTR.ALIAN RACE :

No. M.-MARACHOWIE.

BY H. L. BBDDO:U, EsQ.

Ka.ngaroo •

Opouum -Tame dog • Wild dog -Emu -Black duckWood duok-Pelioan

- ooordloo.

• wi1ga. • ooppa. • ka.rlye.

Laughing jaokau Native companion Whit.a oockat.oo -Crow -wongala. Swan Egg • peepee. Track of • foot -Fish -Lobster Crayftllh Moequito · • Fly • Snake-The Blacks

• kololoro. - yumbera. • juno, ·wabna.

.A Blaokfellow • nanga, ura.

.A Black woman -Noee - - moodla.

Hand.

2Blaob

3 Blacks

One •

Two •

- moorra.

• oooma.

Three- - murra.

Four - - minna (many).

Father - mumma, papee.

Mother - nammie, weea.

Sister-Elder

,, Younger -

Brother-Elder - murree. ,, Younger yunga.

A young man

.An old man

.An old woman -

.A baby

.A Whit.a man - ooopa. Children -

HeadEye •

Ear •

• kaka.

- mene.

. urii

MARACBOWIE. 135

Mouth Boomen.ng-

Teeth - -eera. Hill - - burnda, kadna.

Bair of the head- manga. Wood- -cudla.

Beard- - 1111ga. St.one - - kydwa.

Thunder - Camp - - ,

Ona - - boolca. Yee - - ngarnye.

Tongue - talanye. No - mukka.

St.omach - nyeeree. I

Bnutll - eebe. You -Thigh- - bntle. Bark -Poot - - yedna. Good - - munyeri.

Bone - Bad - - meela, minga.

Blood - - brrlnye. Sweet-Skin - -balda. Food - - mar, mail. Fat - Hungry Bowela Thinty Excrement - Eat -War-epear -

Sleep - - y1111goo. Reed-Bpeal' -Throwiug-etick - Drink-

Shield- Walk - - ookutta, winnin-

Tomahawk- innie.

Canoe- See -Bun - - dglndoo. Bit - eecutta.

Moon - - peera. Yesterday -

Star - -kalb,poordlee. To-day - panye.

Light - To-morrow- - maldooroo.

Dark - Where are the

Cold - Blacks?

Heat - I don't know

Day - Plenty

Wight- - muldl. Big -Fin, - - kalla, cardla. Little -

Wat.er - kowie, kapie. Dead -

Smoke - pooyoo. By-and-by -

Ground Come on -Wind - Milk -Rain - - kapie. Eaglehawk- - wolye.

1

God - Wild turkey - wall&.

9hoea Wife -

136 THE AUSTRALIAB RACE:

No. 65.-MOUNT REMARKABLE.

BT J, C. V .ALDTID, l!'.8Q.

Tim following vocabulary and account of the Doora tribe were forwarded to me by J.C. Valentine, Esq., of Adelaide, who received them from a gentleman well acquainted with the tribe. Unfortunately, the manuscript is so indistinct a.s to leave severe.I words in the vocabulary doubtful. Mr. Valentine's informant begins by pointing out that the lands of the Door& -were :first occupied by the Whites in 1849 or thereabouts, the area of their country being thirty miles by thirty, or 900 square miles, the tribe, it is thought, numbering between fifty and one hundred souls. Of these there a.re alive at present (1880) three men and five women, the major portion of the deaths being attributed to phthisis.

The weapons and implements of the Doora (whose neighbours were the Bnngeha and Manuley tribes) are those we commonly meet with, including the wommera and returning boomerang. When the Whites first knew the tribe several of its members were marked with sme.11-pox, which was ce.lled mingi, of which disease some of them had died twenty years before. One of the ceremonies by which the status of young man was reached was circumcision. This tribe scarred the chest, arms, and back ; the corroboree was in nee ; the knocking out of teeth was not practised, and marriage took place within the tribe,· but not between near relations.

l

I

. MOUNT REMARKABLE. 137

Cousins were not allowed to marry. My informant adds that the tribe believed in the existence of God, but furnishes no particulars ; the word even is not translated. To my mind no satisfactory evidence of an original belief in God on the part of our Bla.cks has yet been adduced.

I I

138 TllB AUBTB.ALUN RACE:

No. 66.-MOUNT REMARKABLE.

BT J. C. VAL&NTIN&, EsQ.

Kangaroo . • kudla. Baud- • mirrr.. Opoesum . · bild&. 2 Blacka Tame dog • • gardley. 3 Blacka Wild dog . - quana, One . • kouman. Emu• • ka.nie. Two • boodlina. . Blackduck - manou. Wood duck • neirey. Three- mungweena.

Pelican • mamunou. Four•

Laughing jackua picky. Father - ludlaw.

Native companion Mother - mungier. White cockatoo • quodockee. Sister-Elder . yukka. Crow• • walkulla. ,, Younger • bimya. Swan• Brother-Elder - ounga. Egg - - mooka. Younger bimya. Track of a foot • thinda.

,,

Fish A young man • beela. - • queea. Lobster • wolkoo. An old man -botta.

Crayfish An old woman - namature. Moequito . • nowwine. A baby • wolkalko • Fly - • papou. A Whiteman • bingera. Snake- - worma.

Children - wolkalko • The Blacks- • doura. .

A Blackfello~ Head· - kokulli.

A Black woman - Eye • mina.

N018 - • mudla. Ear - . uree.

No. 65.-Mo'll'NT RuomroJ&--«mtinued.

Mouth

Teeth-- targa. • yeen..

Hair of the head - woolya.

Bea.rd • - mulda.

Thunder

Ona-Tongue Stomach

nr-a Thigh-]!'.oot •

Bone -Blood.

Skin -

Fat • Bowela Excrement -War-~· Beed-~Throwing-lltick ShieldTomahawk -Canoe-8= . Moon -Star -Light -Dark -Cold -Heat -Day -Night-Fire • Water Smoke GroUDd W-md-Ba.in -God -- -Ghoat.a

- kandou.

- toot.a. • yarlee,

- yookoo.

- koondoo. • matt.ea. - tidna.

·- wipoo. - garoo.

- bertpa. . - monee. • mnrkinya.

- kudna. - winda. - weeboo-winda. - wirnee. - womera.

- youkou, - tindoo, - biar. - bundi. - tindoo. - weeldya. - mineya. - woldya. - tindon. - weeldya. - kadla. - kowie. - booyoo. - yeltar. - warrie. • muckra.

- kunyou,

Boomerang

Hill -WoodSt.one -Camp-Yee No I-You •

Bark -Good -Bad •

Sweet

Food -

Hungry Thinty

Eat -Sleep • Drink

Walk -

See -Sit

Yesterday -Today

• worna. - turt.oo •

. kanya. • wurley. - nee. • minbugoo.

- Die.

• doclmee.

- mornetu. ·-· - mieh.

- tlndaget. - moorlight.

- meerkutcha.

- plliger. - mimtchter.

- nakntohar. - ticka.

- "bokilou.

- yatta. To-morrow - • tokilou.

Where are the Blacbr

I don't know - nang-y-ama. Plenty

Big - - been&. Little - • meekappa.

Dead - - tindeitcha.

By-and-by •

Comeon -

.Milk -Eaglehawk

Wild turkey

Wife- . -

- yangaree.

- gubbL

- DAmee.

-. wildou.

•.walla. -k&ttou.

139

140 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE

No. 88.-PORT PmIE, FORTY MILES EAST OF.

Br ML B. La Ba1l1f.

Kangaroo -Opoaeum • Tame dog -Wild dog Emu • brde. Black duck- - DUTJ. Wood duck Pelican Laughing jackua Native companion Whit.e oocbt.oo • Crow -SWBD. Egg • Track of a foot Fish • Lobeter Crayfish M.014uito • Fly • Bn&ke The Blacb· A Blaolr.fellow A Blaok WODl&ll •

Noae - • • mudler.

Hand.

2 Blacks

8 Blacks

One •

Two .

Three

Four •

Father

Mother

Sister-Elder

• murra..

• lr.oomunti.

• poodJio&-

- munguina.

• t.ernlJn&-.

,, Younger -Brother-Elder -

,, Younger A young Dl&ll - pemappa.

An old man - boolr.ucb. An old wom&ll • amaja. A baby

A Whit.e man • lr.oonyoo. Children •

Head Eye Ear •

- kookerti. • minn.oo. . uni.

l>OB.T PIRIE, FORTY MlLF.B EA.BT OP. 141

Mouth

Teeth -Hair of the head -:Beard-

Thuiider -

0l'IIM -TOllglle

St.omach •

Breute

Thigh-

Foot -Bone •

Blood -

Skin •

Fat -llowela Excrement -

War-Bpe&r -Beed-.pear • Throwing-stick ShieldTomahawk -Canoe-Sun -Moon -Star -Light. Darlr. • Cold Heat -Day l\ight -Fire . Water Smoke Ground

Wind -Rain • God • GhOlltl

- terko,

• kudn&.

- perrie

- kurreler. - kowi.

Boomerang -

Hill -Wood

Btone -

Camp.

Yea No I You

Bark Good • Bad .

Sweet -

Food -

Hungry

Thimy Eat Sleep • Drink.

Walk -

See -

Sit

Yesterday -To-day

To-morrow -

Where are the BlaobT

I don't know

Plenty-

Big -

Little -Dead •

By-and-by -

- nee. - murlunty.

- thookoori.

- wadlucll

• maiyL

- arkoonooa.

- wundiungy.

- tekunny.

Come on - kareung.

Milk -Eaglehawk -Wild turkey Wife -

142

North· South· Eut . WeetSea River• Reeda. Whiaken

TBE AUSTB.ALIAN &&CE:

No. 68.-Pon Pmm.-AD»molf.AL Woue.

NatM o/ tM tribe-ChllOIOie. · kowerta. - patputta. • morritta. • wongitta.

I Fillger-aaila Elbow Knee • Meat.

- bookooroorer. . kurry.

TwilleKangaroo-rat Bandicoot -- wirto.

».lfOllllfATIOlf OW CID::LDUN.

.Ila/&

lat born . berrier

2nd•• wvrier 8rd .. ooonooa 4th ,, 6th .. murria 6th .. 7th ,, milla-

• perrlngL • thingy. - mutta. . budoo. · thildeer. • bookurra.· • mutty.

Jl'tJllt(IM.

kartaDp. warretoo. coonertoo.

munertoo . murretoo. milletoo.

In asking for anything, Mr. Le Brun informs me that the word nee= yes is added to the substantive, as-

Ba.rdoo-nee Maiyi-nee

give me meat. give me food.

YORKE'S PENJNSULA, SOUTH AUSTRALIA. 148

No. 67.-YORKE'S PENINSULA, SOUTH

AUSTRALIA.

Bv '1'ID Rsv». wILJULII KiiBN ill> w. FoWLBR, EBQ.

O:r the language of the tribe which inhabits Yorke's Penimola I have received the following specimen (which includes some additional words) from the Revd. Wilhelm Kuhn. It has many terms in use at Mount Berle, Belta.na., and other places. Information concerning this tribe has also reached me from Mr. W. Fowler to the following effect:-

Yorke's Peninsula in South Australia (which must not be confounded with Cape York Pen4lsnla in the north) was mt occupied by the Whites in 184 7 or thereabouts, but the Blacks relate that it had occasionally been visited by sealers prior·to that date. In 1847, Mr. Fowler believes the tribe numbered. some 500 persons, but that it was reduced to about half that number when he first became acquainted with the locality in 1856. In 1880, the date of Mr. Fowler's writing to me, the tribe numbered less than 100 sonls. This falling off in number he attributes chiefly to debauchery, infanticide, and to venereal diseases which were introduced by the Whites. The maximum duration of human life in the tribe of Yorke's Peninsllla., Mr. Fowler estimates, from what he has seen, at 80 years. Cloaks ma.de of opossum or kangaroo skins are worn by these Blacks. Girls deck themselves with necklaces made of sea shells. Of course the men formerly greased their skins when they conld obtain fat of any sort. For knives they employed shells and afterwards glass ; for they relate that they used occasionally to find bottles on the beach many years before the Whites came to reside in South Australia. Their weapons were rude spears, and wooden swords five feet long and slightly curved; the °bo?memng and

144 THE AUSTB-AI,JAN RACE :

wommera were unknown amongst them. Occasionally they baked their food in temporary ovens. Polygamy was practised, and girls became wives at ten years of age. Lung diseases and enlargement of the liver are the maladies most prevalent in this tribe. A few years ago scarletrfever and measles were introduced,, and killed many.

The males of this tribe are admitted to the privileges of men, or made young men as the term is, by being circumcised ; such privileges being the right to get a wife, if one can be obtained, and the removal of a portion of the restrictions on food. When the time for the administration of this rite has come, the men seize the uncir011IDcised males of the proper age, and drive the women, after some show of resistance, out of the camp. The foreskin is then severed, and, it is asserted, swallowed by the youth's father. This tribe, it is related, believe in a future state, and that the dead go to the west ; to the country whence come the cool winds, and in which it is believed there is always abundance of fat fish. Kangaroo and emu are speared and also taken in nets. The dead are frequently buried in old wombat holes.

Mr. Fowler relates the following as one of the modes of :fishing in this tribe, witnessed by himself. A good-sized fish being roasted, and tied up in a bundle of rushes, is fastened round the neck of a strong swimmer, so that it hangs down his back. With this he swims out to sea a mile or more, and then returns to the sandy beach, the roasted fish still hanging behind him. When near the shore, the swimmer attaches the fish to a spear stuck in the sand, where the water is about three feet deep. In the meantime the men have got ready their long nets, and the shoal of fish, as soon as it arrives on tlte scent of tl,,ia drag, is surrounded and taken, Mr. Fowler says that he saw an enormous quantity of schnapper secured in this way on one occasion. It is a mode of :fishing I have not heard of before.

YORKE'S PENINSULA, SOUTH AUSTRALIA. 140

In the Additional Words, the equivalents for hoots and hlind are evidently composite words, and may be compared with foot and eye in the Common V oca.balary. It may be noticed that didna is foot; dinnabalta, boots; and balta, coat.

Blowfly - duboora. Hol'lle • • 11&11too. HOl'llefly - dumboola. Listen- - yooringooroo. Stick . -wowac . Hat - caooaboomia. Meat - . ba.roo. Upper lip - taba.rlpa. Awake - wondini. Under lip . adba.roo. .Another • gootchoo. Lazy . • idamrle • Bread. - miei. Knee• - mattoo • Branch • Wllddly. Female kangaroo- worvie. Cheat (male'■) - buttna. MoUBtache - • dabara yanca.

Bum - • nairie, Moonlight . birr&yirka. Boot.a • • dinn&balta. Moue- - mantoo. Bury. • bernit.ebernite. More . . garridoo.

Build - - tuatooroo. Mi.at - - malmia. :Bag . - mamdiooo. Neck . • monooworta • :Beach. • worra. North· . karrana. Blind • - roinuadampa. Net . • winna.

Coat . • bait.a. Kangaroo net - mintie •

Cry . • moorkanoo, Now - • gerrie.

Cloud - • macooo. Poor . - wollinoo.

Dance- . curribunguroo. Exclamationa · yakka I gertal

VOL. II. I[


No. 67.-YORKE'S PENINSULA.

BY TBll REvD. WILIIBLII KUH."i,

Kangaroo -Opoaaum

• pantoo. - bllt&,

Tame dog • bdle.

Wild dog • Emu - - garrie. Black duck - - bulguna arrie. Wood duck - woodla arrie. Pelica.n • dauauka, wudlie. Laughing ja.cka.ea Native companion diddidilga. White oocka.too • a.ga.ga.la. Crow • - gooa.. Swan - • guldyoo. Egg - - mokka. Track of a foot - bultoo.

Fish - • guya.. Lobater - da.nibutcha.. Crayfish - worronguna. Moequito - • goonintie. Fly - - da.ba.boo. Snake - - worukoo. The Blacka - • niporie. A Blackfellow - nipoo. A Black woman - ankie. NOiie - - mndla..

Hand -

2 Blacks

3 Bla.cka

One -Two •

Three -

Four -

Father

- mirra. - bullie niporie.

• Jll&llg00r8 niporle • a.rielr.oo.

- bulll. • Jll&llgOOr&.

- gerrie bulli

- tchela..

Mother • tcha. Sister-Elder - ya.cka.na.

,, Younger - bunya..

Brother-Elder -

,, Younger yuna. A young man - dingarra..

An old man - ba.lka gerlie.

An old woman - ba.lka a.nkie.

A baby - voccacoo. A White man - bindirie yerlie.

Children - - guanetti.

Head - • bkka. Eye Ear •

- minna. - daltie,

YORKE'S PBNJNSULA, SOUTH AUSTRALIA. 147

Mouth - dabara. Teeth· · tea.

Hair of the head - bkb wilya. Beard • • yanb. Thunder - - garta. Ona - - dutta. Tongue - dallange. Stomach - - wonlde. Breuta Thigh-Foot -Bone -BloodBlin -Fat -Bowela

Excrement -War4pMI' -Reed-epear -

- ammie. - gant.ee. - didna. - worlpoo. - ga.rroo. - barlba. - numma, mernie. - wolobarie. - goodnarie. - durdla winta. - giea.

Wommera or wiaroo. throwing-stick

Shield - mullabakka. Tomahawk - - balgarie. Canoe - - jukkoo. Sun - - tintoo. Moon -Star -Light -Dark -O>ld -Heat -Day -NightFire -Water Smoke Ground Wind

Rain -God -Ghol1ia

- birra. • burlie.

- galllra. - wiloha. - maaartoo. • wodoonabbie.

- gura. - mall&boo. - gurdla. - kabie. - booyoo. - gerta. - worrie. - manya.

Boomerang

Hill -Wood

Stone -Camp

Y• No

I-You -Bark -Good -

Bad -Sweet

Food -Hungry Thinty

• Eat -Sleep -Drink-

• murdalpa.

- woodla. - bernta. - wodlee.

- nee.

- mana.

- ti. • ninni.

- garnioa.

- gurrana. - wollinoo. • gurrana, merto.

• datyoo. • datyoorle. • kabitoha, bad-

waioh.

- argooroo. - wondinie. - dabbanie.

Walk - - bommanie. See - • nayoung. Sit - dikkanie. Y •terday - - buooiloo. To-day - gerrle. To-morrow - - dargerrie. Where are the niporie wonna r Blackaf

I don't know Plenty Big • little -Dead -By-and-by -O>me on •

Milk -EaglehawkWild turkey Wife -

It z

• wolli wompana. • durlooroo, mirna

- mlrna. - dookoody. - barluna. - ganenarlie. - bernie, bor-

natoha.

148 THE AUSTRALIAN R.AOE

No. 68.-ADELAIDE AND ITS NEIGHBOURHOOD.

THE Adelaide tribe having become extinct somewhere about the year 1850, and no original information therefore being now obtainable concerning its manners and language, I have taken the vocabulary and the few additional words which follow from two works which agree very fairly in their translations. The first is entitled Outlines of a Grammar and Vocabulary, jc., spoken by the Natives in and for some distance around Adel,aide, by C. G. Teichelmann and C. W. Schurmann. Adelaide, 1840. The other, Some Account of the Manners and Superstitions of the Adelaide and Encou,nter Bay Aboriginal Tribes, toith a Vocabulary of their Language, fc., by Wm. Wyatt. Adelaide, 1879.

The Adelaide tribe practised circumcision, and small-pox committed fearful ravages amongst them in 1830. They used to say that it reached them by way of the Murray, having been passed on from tribe to tribe. The Adelaide Bla.cks, like the Bangerang, when they first saw boiled rice, called it by their equivalent for maggots. The additional words are these :-

Uncle - koua.no. The- • kopoola koue Aunt · burnowe. ( 1111.lt wat.er). Nephew - burria.n. Salt - • kopoola. Nieoc • wongare. Girl - - munkera. Cousin • kou-wou. Fillet for the head munga. North • koua.nda. Dist&ft' - munga ainke. East • m&re, Ground . yerta. Black • boolyon. Country-man - yerta mayoo Whit.e - burkon. (ground man). To fight - - kond&n. Country-woman - yerta ummaiche.

ADELAIDE AND ITS NEIGHBOURHOOD. 149

Where? What -

- adle. - &IIIl&,

To drink water by arkoonde koue. lifting it with the hands

To dive - bokan. To nun - bookane. Frost - - boorka. Wrist - - erndo. Quemona to a kaclle adle dead man wangan.

The heart - - kalto. Sweat - - kantarta. Evening - k&rkalo. Forest- - kerta.

A cough - kolte. The inner (lit. ummaiche woman) rainbow kombo.

To fight - kondan. An imaginary koonyoo. being

Animals females koongonda. muatnoteat

Flesh of animals ponoo koongonda females muat not eat

Corroboree -A young emu Tobacco Tovomit •

· koore. • koore-koore. • koppe. • koppeen.

Some of the above phrases are very suggestive, as, Drinki119 water btj lifting it mitk tlte hands; Questions to a dead man; An imaginary being; and are referred to in Vol. I. in the Chapter which treats of the Origin of the Race.

150 THE AUBTRALIAN RA.CE:

No. 88.-FROM TEICHELMANN AND SCHURMANN, AND W. WYA'IT.

Kangaroo Opoaam Tame dog Wild dog

Emu -Black duck -Wood duck-

- nanto, wauwe. - pilta. . bdll. • wa.rru-kadll.

- bri, korre.

Pelie&n - yeltu. Laughing j&ebam ngunpna. Native companion Whit.a cocbtoo • 11:urr&ke. Crow• Swan. Egg .

Track of a foot Fish • Lobner Crayfish M0114uito Fly . Sn&ke-

• ku. - kudlyo koolyo. • muka. • taing&. • kuya. . kunggurla. • ug&lt.ait;ye.

• kuntipa.ity&.

- mef;f;eek&. The Blacb • • meyu, m&yoo. A Bl&ckfellow • bbm&. A Black WOIIl&ll • ngamni&, ngam

ma.it;ye.

Noee - - mudla.

B&nd.

2 Blacks

3Blacb

One -

Two • Three.

Four •

Father

Mother

Siner-Elder

• mar&.

. kuma.

• parlait;ye.

• marukut;ye.

- yerrabuila.

• yerllmeya.

• ngang-kif;f;&.

• yakk&n&.

" Younger • panyappi, ng&·

r,,una,

Brother-Elder • yanga.

,, Younger panyappL

A young m&D • ngarilda.

An old m&11 - burka, burtcmna. An old wom&D - paif;yabulli.

A baby - pind.iwadli.

A Whit.a m&D • pind.i-meyu.

Children • • wakwakko.

Head - · mabrta. Eye

Ear • - mena. • yure.

ADELAIDE AND rrs NEIGHlK>URHOOD. 151

No, 68.-FB.oll TuCBllLIUllN il1> 8cJroJul.urN, AND W. WYA'l"l'co,atinw.

Month - ta, narapart.a, Boomerang -taiappa. Hill -

Teeth- _ tia. Wood-

Hair of the head- yoka. :Bea.rd - - malt&.

Stone -Camp-

Thmider -GruaTongae Stomach Breuta Thigh-Foot -Bone -Blood -Skin •

Pat

Bowell ExcrementWar-epear -Reed-epear -Throwing-stick ShieldTomahawkCanoe-Sun -Moon-Star -Light -Dark -Cold -

Heat -Day -Night-Fire -Water Smoke Ground Wind-Rain -God -GhOlte

- biturro, karndo. - ngurko, -tadlana. - moont.o. • ngammi, umme, - yerko, mitti. - tedua, tiDna.

- karro. - pupa, yurinda,

m&ikundo. - womga, kurkur-

la, maDi. • kudna. - kudna. - winda. - kaya. - midla. •· mullabakka.

- bokka yoko. - tindo. • piki, kaJdrra. - purle, willo, - gadla.ieri.

• manyapaiamna, manya.

• wortla.

• ngulti. - gadla, ~ - kauwe. - puiyuorpooeyoo. • yerta, - warre. - kuntoro.

- towilla.

Yea -No I You -Bark -

Good -Bad -SweetFood •

Hungry Thiraty Eat -

Sleep -

DrinkWaJk-

See -

Sit Yeaterday -To-day To-morrow-

Where are Blacb!

I don't know Plenty Big • Little -Dead -

By-a.nd-by • Come on Milk -

Eaglehawk • Wild turkey Wife -

• karna, mokoota, - gadla, wiml. - pure. • werle, wodll

bulto. • ne. • yaltlto, mad]uma-• ngai. - na, nfndo. • (dry) bub,

bokko. • mane. . wakkenna.

• mai (vegetable), pa.ru (amma.l).

- ta.ityo, ta.itohoo.

- mut&ndi, ma.i-endi,

• medo1• menurnen<U.

• narkone. • murrendi, mal

endi. - nakkondi, nang

a.ndi.

• bukkilyelo.

- paningolo, t.ark&-ryelo, yellar brri.

the

• tauata - tauara, parto. • tukkutya. • medobulti, kadi-

a.dli. - boora-boora. - kawai. • ngammi, nga.rru,

umminga.roo. - weelto. • wolta. - yanE!&rra, um·

malche.

152 THE AUSTRALUN RACE

No. 69.-EVELYN CREEK.

I .ill informed by Mr. H. Crozier and Mr. Arthur Dewhurst, surveyor, that the country inhabited by the Pono tribe may be roughly described as bounded on the south by Bencannia. Lake, Telawonga. and Kooningberri Ranges; on the ea.st by Yancannia; on the north by De~t Glen; and on the west by Mount Arrowsmith. As several of these features do not appear on the map, I am unable to draw the boundary lines of the Pono country with any approach to correctness. Evidently, however, Evelyn Creek is the prominent feature in the area in question.

The Pono people having been much reduced in numbers of late years, it seems that many individuals from neighbouring tribes which occupy less desirable country have joined them, and so caused a great mixture of dialects. On the whole, however, language and the prevalence of circumcision affiliate the Pono Blacks to the Cooper's Creek rather than to the Darling tribes. The absence of the Darling term Wimbija, and the presence of the Cooper's Creek term Kurna, both meaning Blaclifell010, are also very strong evidence on this point. The practice of chewing pitclteree exists in this tribe, and cannibalism in the past used occasionally to be had recourse to.

EVELYN CB.EEK. 153

The country of the Pono forms a portion of the interior traversed by Oaptain Stnrt in 1845 and described in such dismal colours as destined to be for ever uninhabitable by civilized people. It was here that, living in an underground room as a protection against the intense heat, his ~ails ceased to grow; the hairs of his head split at the end; lucifer matches dropped from the hand, light of themselves on reaching the ground, and so on ; and yet this couµtry has . been found for several years t.o make good sheep-runs.

154 THE AUSTRALIA.N RACE:


BY H. CBozum, EeQ.

Kangaroo - - ohukeroo. Hand - . murrr.. Opouwn - - murlu. 2 Blacb • kurna munderu. Tame dog - - koonai. 3Blacka . kurma baralkeru. Wild dog - - thirita. One - • koola. Emu - - kurlithe. Two - munderu. -Bl&ok duck- - pundrewunga. Three. • ba.ralkeru. Wood duck-Pelican Four - - munderu-mun-

Laughing jack1111 deru.

Native companion mulumparl. Father - kooma.

Whit.a cockatoo • kugalurinya. Mother - ngumma.

Crow• • kowulka. Sister-Elder • kanuberti

Swan• • kut.eruk ,, Younger • karee. Egg - • kupL Brother-Elder - kaku Track of a foot - tina. .. Younger neeyL Fish - - kooia. Ayoungman - karuwurle. Lobst.er

An old man - karu-karu. Crayfish - muracuru.

An old woman • koorilpu. M0114uito - - koonti. Fly - - ulberu. A baby • yalibuthe.

Snake- • thuru. A Whit.eman • birre-birre.

The Blacks- - yarlee. Children -A Blackfellow • kurna. Head· - kukaminta. A Black woman • kumbuga. Eye • mirlke. Noee . . minthe. Ear - kutohera .

155

No. 69.-Ev.u.YN Cuu-contmued .

Mouth - mUJ'II&.

Teeth - • murna-thunthera· Bair of the head • kukawinoba. Beard- -ngunka Thunder OnaTongue Stomach

Breute Thigh Foot; • Bone • Blood· Skin • Fat · Bowela

. thuna.

· kuntba. - thurli. • mundera. • ngumma.

-ngura. -tin&. - moko. · kurte. . ngunya. - mume,

Excrement•

War-spear • Beed-spear . ThJowing-1tick •

• kurnangundere. . koodna. . birra.

Shi&d- -puragu. Tomahawk · · nali. Canoe.

Sun · Moon -Star • Light -

Dark· Cold Beet Day NightFire •

Water

Smoke

Ground WindRain •

God •

Ghoete

• uku,

- pirtall. - purle. · dudthera. . tinka.

• muntha. - nurtekurla,

dudthera. . tinka.

· kurla. . ngapa.

- moyu. . nurte.

• yurke.

• koolpe.

Boomerang. Hill Wood

Stone · Camp.

Yee

No I You -Bark •

Good Bad

SweetFood · Hungry Thimy Eat

Sleep · Drink.

Walk· Bee Sit

Yeeterday · To-day

To-morrow•

• kira.

. pumperu.

· kurla.

- kumu,

• nginohera.

. ngagu.

. punni.

. nginyi.

. ybte.

- ngonyia-ngon1ia,

• mlnko.

• winu.

• minko. • munu •

purangu.

· wirltunga. • thulinu •

• ngurwanu,

- thapemu. • purlkanu.

- thitthanu. . pula.

• kulginyie,

• kerreri.

• koonigoonirri.

Where are the noweraku T Blacb!

I don't know Plenty Big Little • Dead.

• wertarie. . perrirL

• pirna.

• wakarraka.

By-and-by - • muta.

Come on • kuba.

Milk - • thunka.

Eaglehawk - • kurrera.

Wild turkey • kurlathura,

Wife • - nongo.

156 THE AUSTB.ALIAN RACE


BY A. DSW11UB81', EeQ.

Kangaroo Opouum Tamedog • Wild dog_ -Emu• Black duck. Wood duck Pelican

· turlda. . pilta. - kunnuya.

- kurlit.ohi. - kultappL

La.ughing jackaaa -Native companion puralko White cockatoo • kilumburra. Crow • Swan· Egg Traok of a foot Fiah •

Lobner Crayfish Moaquito Fly Sna.ke-The Blacks· A Blackfellow

- kaulka. - kutteroo. . kappi. . tina.

- kuya

. um.purra. · kunti. - llburroo. • turroo. • yalli.

A Black woman - kum.buka. Noee - - mlnta.

Hand· 2Blacb

3Blacb One •

Two

Three.

. murra.

- koola.

. boola.

. barlgo.

Four . knmdoo.

Father - kum.ma. Mother . um.ma.

Bister-Elder • braloo. ,, Younger . kalawarri.

Brother-Elder • karkoo. ,, Younger

A young man - kulta.

An old man - garroo-garroo.

An old woman • walgunnuga.

A baby · multa-bobbra. A Whiteman Children - - kurndoo, wal-

Head·

Eye Ear .

tanna. - karkunta.

- mllpr.rloo. • yuimerta.

EVELYN CREEK.

No. 69.-Evu.nr Cuu--omtinue:l.

Mouth - tia. Teeth

Hair of the head - kakowunta. ·

Beard - - unkurroo . Thunder - - kulpi.

Gl'UII - - muttoo. Tongue - tarllndi.

Stomach - - ayamulla.. Breasta -numma.

Thigh - - yaltarra.

Foot - - tinna. Bone -Blood -

- mookoo.

- ka.rti.

Skin - - parlatta. Fat - mulni.

Bowelll - naimoola. Excrement • - goornana.

War-spear . - kal-kurroo. Reed-spear -Wommera -Shield - gulgarra. TomabawkCanoe-

Sun • Moon -Star -Light -Dark· Cold -

Heat • Day -Night-Fire -Wat.er Smoke Ground Wind -Rain -God -Ghoata

- karro.

- yookoo. - pitali. - purli.

- muuta. - nitiulla. - bookaninti. - neilba. - wi, -nappa. - tooba. - nulti. - yarlto. - kulpi.

Boomerang

Hill -

Wood

Stone

Camp Yes • No I

You •

Bark -

Good •

Bad -Sweet·

Food -

Hungry

Thinty

Eat -Sleep -Drink

Walk -

Bee -Sit

Yesterday -

To-day

- wunna.

- yanda.

- wi.

- yunda.

• iohurra.

- kow.

• nunjie.

• yimba.

• bindaIT&.

• minko.

- taukoo.

- talata. - boorakinnia.

- tallndalto. - ummgi.

- bulkara.nnia.

• ninadunnia.

- bokanni. - kailo.

To-morrow - - pamyinga.

Where are the Blaob?

I don't know

Plenty

Big -Little

Dead By-and-by -Comeon -

Milk -EaglehawkWild turkey Wife •

- narooringo.

- gurudo.

- wilto - bumpata.

• palino.

• tarpunda. • purti. • kaldura.

157

158 THE AUST&ALIAN RACE:

No 69A.-NEAR THE NORTH-WEST CORNER OF NEW SOUTH WALES.

BY A, W. Mo:aTON, EaQ.

Tm: following vocabulary and information concerning a tribe which dwells between Lake Torrowotto, the southem boundary of Queensland, and the country of the Pono tribe, were kindly forwarded to me by Mr. A. W. Morton. Thie gentleman gives Mulya-N apa as the name of the tribe in question, which differs but little from that which distinguishes the people which dwell on Lake Torrowotto. The vocabularies of the two tribes, however, differ very considerably. Napa it will be noticed means n:ater, a word of which significa.tion enters into the names of many Australia.n tribes.

Mr. Morton's communication is accompanied by several valuable remarks by the Revd. William Webster in connection with this tribe, which both language and customs show does not belong to the Darling section of the Centr&l Division.

Mr. Morton relates that the country of this tribe was first stocked in 1864, at which period the Mulya-Napa are said to have numbered about 1,000 souls, but that when he went to reside there in 1880 their numbers had fallen to 34 7 persons, ten of whom were half-castes. These people have rugs, some made of opossum skins sewn together and others consisting each of a. single kangaroo skin. They wear by way of ornaments small bunches of feathers in their hair, also necklaces of reeds cut into short lengths, strung on a vegetable thread. They have also large nets made from grass for catching ducks, smooth stones for grinding nardoo into flour, stone tomahawks and knives of chipped quartzite. On the march they carry water in bags, jnst e.s I have seen done in the country immediately to the north of Swan Hill in Victoria. For this purpose an opossum is skinned from the head downwards, the hide coming off inside out, without any further cutting of the skin except at the feet. The holes

NORTH-WF.ST CORNER OF NEW SOUTH WALF.S. 159

left are then tied up and the bag ie ready for use, the fur being inside. The Mnlya-Na.pa have boomerangs of both sorts, the one which returns being called tikkartikka and the war instrument 1Darna. Their spears, which a.re thrown by hand, they tip with quartzite splinters, which a.re attached with beef-wood gnm. Their boomerangs and large clubs they color with ochre. The Revd. Mr. Webster remarks that on occasions of oorroboree the men pa.int stripes on their skins with gypsum, or kopi as they call it. Their principal articles of food are kangaroo, opossums, lizards, snakes, ducks, crows, kites, and grubs ; also nardoo and portnlacca. In this tribe there a.re certain restrictions on food which apply to the young males and women. Marke of small-pox have not been observed. Cannibalism prevailed to some extent at and prior to the period of our occupation, ae the people themselves acknowledge, the parts said to have been eaten being the fat of the cheeks and thighs. That it was really limited to these, however, there ie no reason to believe.

The persons of this tribe do not object to tell their native names, of which Mr. Morton gives the following:Ma[e.: Pinga.li. Females: Pingeriba, Punda.rnika., Boolnra., Bombia.k, Moirguga, and Milpa.riche. Marriage occurs both within and without the tribe. Polygamy prevails. Infanticide accompanied by cannibalism is practised. The stomachs and backs of this people a.re ornamented with BaU"S, The young males a.re admitted to the rights of manhood by circumcision, and the majority of them have to submit to the infliction of the terrible rite. Some of the women have two front teeth removed from the upper jaw. The septum of the nose is pierced, and a. stick or

. feather occasionally worn in the orifice. The doctor or conjnror of the tribe carries about with him a small bag which contains bones and other things. The leaves of a plant called murradutta (supposed by Mr. Webster to be pitcheree) are dried in the sun for chewing, and are said to produce the ea.me result ae spirits. It is singular that accounts of the e:ff ects of pitcheree a.re so uncertain, and


even contradictory. My own impression is that intoxication does not follow its nse. In some of the caves which exist in the country of this tribe painted figures of the outstretched human hand are fonnd. At their corroborees the performers tie small bunches of leaves round their ankles, streak their chests and arms with kopi, and imitate the actions of some of the native animals. Mr. Webster remark■ that in burying the dead they in some c&ees smear the corpse as well as their own persons with kopi. Messag~cks are in use. It is related by Mr. Morton th&t a man being ill, one of his friends placed a ligature round his own arm and opened a vein ; that the sick man drank a quantity of the blood which flowed from it, and then vomited.

In the vocabulary of this tribe, kill and atone a.re both expressed by the word yanda.

No. 69.&..-NEAB. THE NORTH-WEST CORNER OF NEW SOUTH WALES.

BY A. w. MOB.TON, EsQ.

Kangaroo • t&lda. Hand - - mum.. Opoaaum • • pilta. 2 Blacb Tame dog • koonoo. 3 Blacks Wild dog • urlka. One • • koola. Emu • • koleti. Two . boola. Black duck · · mungowri. Three • • boolera-kulata. Wood duck · kunarll. Four · boolera-boolera. Pelican • karbonera. Father • koom&rde. Laughing jaokua Mother • armunde. Native oompanion pooralko. Sister-Elder . pina karooloo. White oockat.oo · kuta. ,, Younger • pump& k&raloo. Crow - • kowerulko. Brothtll'-Elder -Swan • • kuteru. ,, Younger Egg · · karpL A young man . koolta. Track of a foot · tena. An old man . karoo. Fish · · kooa. An old woman t.oo Lobater • poo • Crayfish - . kutera. A baby . purta. Mosquito • koonte. A White man • too-t.oo. Fly • . ulberu. Children • (black) pina pur Snake. . turu. ta; (white) too The Black.a • . yarlye. too purta. A Blackfellow - yarlye-oorra. Head · • kataminta. A Black woman • kumbukka. Eye • milpa. Noee · · minti. Ear • • waimerta.

NORTH-WmJT CORNER OF NEW SOUTH WALES. 161

No. 89.L-NUB m. NoBTR·WBBT CoBND OJ' Nsw SoUTH WALJ:s-conmautd.

Kouth • taryarre. Teeth - • teeyer. Hair of the head- puntu. Beard • - ankuroo. Thunder • - urrukunda.

Gna · Tongue Stomach Breuta Thigh.

Foot • Bone • BloodSkin •

Fat • Bowels

• mutu. • tarlunya. • tookookooloo. • ama.

. munka. • tin&.

• moko. . kurt.e. • parlata. -mumi.

Excrement • • kuma. W u--apea.r • • kalkoroo. Reed-spear • Wommera or throwing-stick

Shield • 1mlgowra. Tomahawk · · tarro. C&noe • • pulturoo. Sun •

Koon· Star • Light. Dark •

Cold •

Heat · Day • N"ight • Fire •

Water Smoke Ground W-mdRain • God . Ghoet.a

VOL. JI,

• yooko. . petarli. . purli. . petri. • owoo. • munta. . yooera. • kyoo. . tinbi. · kulba. . napa. . topoilla. • murnde. . yarto. · kulpL

• pure,

L

Boomen.ng. • -Hill • WoodStone · Camp.

Yee No I You

Bark • Good.

Bad •

Sweet• Food •

Hungry

Thirsty Eat •

Sleep · Drink. Walk.

See • Sit Yeaterday

To-day

• yanda.

- tulu. - yanda. • narchara.

• ka.

• errer. • onye.

• ene.

. parlata. - minko. • wynoo • • Jmlkalaunya.

• purra.

• purra ku-kinda. • lke-ma.rrl-urra.

• purra-pert,e. - meteru. • tapa-eta.

• wolkutta.

• tita-eta.

• ninneroo.

• bokunni. • poola-ookoo.

To-morrow - • pernye-inga. Where are the wonda yarlye ! Blacks!

I don't know

Plenty Big •

Little• Dead .

By-and-by • Comeon •

Milk • Eaglehawk • Wild turkey Wife

• wondi-ee-pa.

. nunka. • pin&.

. pumpa.

• tootoo. • parooloo. • kaba. • am&.

- kurrawerra. • kurlatora. • kumbukka.

BOOK THE SEVENTH.

J 2

BOOK THE SEVENTH.

PREFATORY REMARKS.

(The tribes treated of in tl,,ia book belong by descent to the

Central Division.)

MANY tribes have traditions concerning their origin. Two instances of this have come to my knowledge in connection with the branch of our aboriginal race which I have classed as the Darling tribes. Both of them are interesting, and supported by the evidence of language and manners. The :first to which I shall refer has been preserved by the tribes which dwell on the banks of the Lower Darling, and was placed on record by C. G. N. Lockhart, Esq., as he informs me, when Commissioner of Crown Lands, in his Annual Report to the Government of New South Wales, in 1852 or 1853. It is to the effect that in the far past a Ble.ckfellow, whose name I have not lea.mt, arrived on the banks of the Darling, which was then uninhabited. He he.d with him two wives, named Keelpam and Mookwam. These two Eves of the Darling Adam, as Mr. Lockhart ca.lls him, bore their lord children, and in due time the sons of Mookwara. took as wives the daughters of Keelpa.ra, and their children inherited Kee,pa.ra as their class-name ; and the sons of Keelpa.ra married the daughters of Mookwam, and their children bore Mookwam as their class-name. Subsequently these two classes were divided, the Keelpa.ras into Emus and Ducks, and the Mookwara.s into Kangaroos and Opossums or some other animal; and thenceforth a male of the Emu class could not marry indiscriminately any girl descended originally from Mookwara., but only such as belonged to the proper sub-class, and so on. And in this way, tradition says, these original class-names and their

166 THE AUSTB.A.LUN It.ACE:

subdivisions have gone on regnlating marriage amongst the descendants of the Darling Adam for who shall say how many ages up to the present time.• What led the Darling Adam to expatriate himself with his two wives can only be conjectured, but the manners of the race render it probable that he had either committed some crime which the usages of his tribe punished with death, or what is more probable, that he had stolen one or both of the partners of his flight, who could only be kept possession of by the step he actually took.

The second tradition to which I have referred belongs to the Narrinyeri tribes, which dwell at and near the month of the Murray, and is related in a work entitled The Folklore, Manners, CU&toms, and Languages of the Sman Au,tralif.l Aborigines, edited by tll8 late Revd. George Taplin. At page 38, he says that a party, the members of which were the progenitors of the Narrinyeri, origiMll!J came from tAe Darling, having followed down that river and the Murray to the sea. The other matters mentioned in this tradition do not concern us at present, but will be referred to further on.

Of the correctness of these traditions I feel no doubt, for I find in the country which I have mapped as belonging to the Keelpara and Mookwara descended peoples just such a state of things as I should expect to result from such causes. As it would take a considerable period for the descendants of one man and two women to increase in numbers so as to people the country in which the Darling language now prevails, and as aft.er eventually coming in contact with the outside population the position of the two bodies would long, if not for ever, remain hostile, I should expect to find-

} st. That these long-isolated tribes would bear a common name, or rather that they would have a common equivalent

• To thia there is an exception on ·the Upper Darling, where the Darling Blacks have come into contact with a border tribe of the Eastern Division. This Darling tribe uae the Eastern claas-namee Hippi, Kumbo, &c., u Mr. Teulon point.I out, which is one instance out of Averal of a tribe relinquishing a c1111tom, to take up one of a neighbouring tribe,

PREFATORY .REMARKS. 167

for the term Blaekfellow, for I have already pointed out in Chapter 2 that it is by means of this and one or two other words that associated tribes mark their connection.

2nd. That these tribes, in lien of a series of languages differing every fifty or one hundred miles, as always happens when the spread of the race has ta.ken place in the normal way, would speak a language almost unbroken by dialect; because, being restricted on their marches by tribes speaking languages different from theirs, and therefore hostile, to a comparatively small area, a little world of their own, communication within it would be well kept up.

3rd. That this almost common language would differ very considerably from those around it, but ret.ain, nevertheless, some words by which the long-isolated tribes might be traced to the section of the race from which their ancestors had sprung.

4th. That some of the customs peculiar to that section would have been preserved and others lost. And,

5th. That as war would, for a considerable period, be unknown amongst the descendants of Keelpara and Mookwarra, some falling off in the construction of weapons would take place.

Now, taking these expected peculiarities, we fi.nd-

lst. That the Darling Blacks proper, that is omitting the N arrinyeri branch, and their descendants have a common term for Blackfellow peculiar to themselves.

2nd. That speech varies so little amongst the several tribes that some of my correspondents are under the impression that there is but one language on the Darling.

3rd. That the languages of the Darling tribes differ so much from all others ( though they possess their full share of the common Australian characteristics) that I had some difficulty in tracing them to their source. On the other hand, the absence of terms peculiar to the Ea.stern and Western Divisions, and the following agreements with the

168 TRE AUSTRALIAN RACE

languages of the Central Division, show them to have sprung from that section of the Australian race:-

T.uu IBOWllfG TIDl Co1'1QC'l'ION 01' 'DIii L.ufOO'AGD 01' 'DIii D£JU.DrG TJUus WlTB THOU 01' 'DIii CKlffaAL DrvlBIOJr,

En&Ulh. i.=. i.n,u.,.. ol the Oentnl Dlvlalan North and Wed ol the Dadlllr,

Mother• . Amukb . Umma . · Evalyn Creek. Ngamukb. Namib · - Moant Serle.

Water• . Ngookoo . Ngukka · • Cooper'• Creek. Nookoo . Nukka . • Willon River.

Ngappa . · Kopperamana. Rain . . Mukkra Mukkra · • Mount Remarkable.

Kangaroo . Thurlda . Tbuldra · • Willon River. Thaldra • • Cooper'• Creek.

Opouum Bilta . Pilt.a • Common.

Dog Kullie • Kadle . • Yorke'■ Penin■ula. Kallie

Native companion Kooroollr.o . Pooralko • Warburton River. Koolarkoo . Puralku • - W eat of Lake Eyre.

Booralko • . Cooper'• Creek. One Neecha N"mta • Macumba River.

Nitcha• Moequito Koondee Koontee • • Cooper'• Creek.

Koontee - - Warburton River. Koontee • - Lake Hope.

Ear . Uri, ure . Euri - Common. Mouth· Yelka. Yikga • Mount Serle.

Yalla . . Yalla • Umbertana. Fire . Kurla · Kurda . . Gt.wler Range.

Kulla · Kalla • Maraohevie, Boomerang . Wana · Wanna . • Belt&lla. Night Tunka. Tinka • Koppenmana. Shield . Woolambora W oodlawarroo Kartabina.

4th. As regards the preservation of some customs and the loss of others by the Darling tribes, Mr. Gason has recorded that the Dieyeri to the north dig pits in connection with their rain-making ceremonies, and Mr. Lockhart, in a, letter to me, mentions the same practice amongst the Darling Blacks ;

PREFATORY REMARKS. 169

and, on the other hand, circumcision and the terrible rite, which prevail to the north, and of which I shall speak presently, are not found on the Darling. Again, in connection with weapons, we discover that few of the Darling tribes use the wommera. to this day, those which do, having no doubt taken the practice from neighbouring tribes differently descended from themselves. •

We next come to tradition of the N arrinyeri, that their ancestors descended the Darling and located themselves at and near the month of the Murray. The first fact I shall adduce in support of this tradition is, that the horrible mutilations of the person common in the tribes near the Narrinyeri-that is in the country a.round Adelaide, on the Gulf of St. Vincent, Spencer's Golf, &c.-are not practised by them, and that in this they agree with the Darling tribes, as well as with the whole of those which I have traced to Keelpara. and Mookwara. Turning to language, we find that the N arrinyeri have a few words found on the Darling, and even as far :aorth as Cooper's Creek, which do not exist amongst the tribes which inhabit the country next to theirs but practise the mutilations just referred to.• They are as follow :-

Eacllab- Nanlnyul. Darllng. Pi- Norih ot the Darllnir.

Wat« . Nguke- . Ngookoo . Ngukka - Cooper'• Creek . Nukka • Wilson River.

Kangaroo . Tulatyi . Tult.a. . Thuldn. - Wilson River . Thaldara • Cooper'a Creek.

Stone· . Marti. . . . Murda • Cooper'a Creek • MOBqllito . Mooroollee • Muninnerie · Noonarully Willon River. Stomach . Mankoorl . Monda . Mandree • WarburtonRiver.

Hence we see that the tradition of the Na.rrinyeri is supported by the absence of certain mutilations and the presence of certain words prevalent on the Darling and to the north

• It ill noticeable that Komi, or aome other related word, ill the ~uivalent of Blad;fdJ,ow in the Cooper's Creek, Adelaide, and Narrinyeri tribes. It seems probable that the Darling Blacks 1188d the same word origiDally and relinquiahed it after the departure of the Narrinyeri.


of the country occupied by the Darling tribes, but nonexistent amongst the tribes adjacent to the Narrinyeri on the north side of the emhoucltu:re of the Murray. These facts, it seems to me, can only be explained by the acceptance of the tradition that the Narrinyeri a.re descended from the Darling tribes.

Touching the Nartinyeri there are two circnmstancea which lead me to think that at the period at which their ancestors left the Darling and descended the Murray was but a few generations after the arrival of Keelpara., Mookwara., and their husband on that river. The first is, that had the exodus occurred at a later period, we should probably find in the Na.rrinyeri vocabulary a. word or two which had come into existence on the Darling, and which of course would be unknown on Cooper's Creek; this, however, as far as I can judge, is not the case. The second is that language shows that the descendants of the Narrinyeri, gradually a.a they increased, ascended the Munay, and kept on occupying the land on its banks, until at length they met the Darling tribes at or near Menindie. Of this the languages leave no doubt. But had population on the Darling been nnmero11S at the time of the Narrinyeri exodus, the point of meeting would have been lower down that river or on the Murray.

Another thing which we learn from the comparison of languages is the territory which the decendants of Keelpara and Mookwara eventually ca.me to occupy. This will be seen by reference to the map in Vol. IV., and may be roughly described as extending from Lacepede Bay to the mouth of the Murray, thence upwards along the banks of that river to its junction with the Murrumbidgee and La.chlan ; also from the junction of the Murray and Darling to the junction of the Culgoa and Darling; from that point north to a.bout lat. 29°; thence west to the 141st degree of longitude; and thence south to the Murray. Taking the two traditions mentioned, facts derived from language, which admit of no doubt, and the peculiarities of the tribes in the east, west, and centre of the continent, minutely detailed in

PREll'ATORY REMARKS. 171

a former chapter, the principal circumstances connected with the settlement of what I have called the Darling tribes may be epitomized in this way: The husband of Keelp&ra and Mookwara reached the Darling, having travelled from Cooper's Creek, then but sparsely peopled, or possibly from some water still further north. After a few generations, a party of their descendants left the Darling, went down the Murra.y to its mouth, and established themselves there. These were the Narrinyeri, who, as they increased in numbers, spread to La.cepede Bay, and also up the Murray until they ca.me in contact near Menindie with the tribes from which their ancestors ha.d separated several generations before, and with a tribe of the Eastern Division a little higher up the .Murray than its junction with the Darling.

But the reader will sa.y, if the ancestors of the Darling tribes ca.me from the north, and not from the east, how 1s it that we find wanting amongst their decenda.nts circumcision and that other mutilation so genera.I in the north? In considering this question, we must remember that the . Darling Adam marched a long distance through a country more than semi-desert, and found himself entirely cut off from the rest of his race. Being thll8 isolated with his two wives, in country in which abundance of food must have been easily procurable, there would be no reason to induce him to follow customs, the objects of which were to economize food by keeping down population, and to prevent the young men from intriguing with the girls whom the old men habitually monopolize as wives. Besides these, mutilations are not inflicted by a father on his son, and they often result in death, a loss to which a sma.11 party would not be likely to expose itself; hence the first man who dwelt on the Darling would have no object to serve by inflicting the terrible rite or circumcision ; his children would never have heard of them, and the practices would natnral.ly be lost. Had the party consisted of several men with their wives, no doubt it would have been different.


From this account of the Darling tribes, a few facts of interest which bear on the race at large come into view. It exemplifies what I have before stated, that population was sometimes spread by means of small parties, which marched long distances into the wilderness, where they remained isolated for a considerable time, and that out of such beginnings especially grew associations of tribes and great differences of language. Not less interesting is it to find that it was in consequence of the flight of the Darling Adam, and of his descendants spree.ding themselves to the month of the Cnlgoa on one hand, and to the month of the Murray on the other, that those horrible mutilations of the person which prevail from the north coast, as far nearly as Adelaide, were prevented from being carried further south.

In thus viewing the Darling tribes as a whole, I am reminded of the incident already related, which led me some -twelve years back to take up the study of Australian ethnology, as well as of the fact that, however much sameness there may be in the manners of our tribes, one never contemplates any large section of the race, or compares the languages of extensive areas, without being rewarded by the discovery of some fact which throws a light on the general history of the aboriginal. of this continent, or in some cases claims a page in the history of the human family at large.

NORTH-WFST OF THE BARRIER RANGE. 178

No. 70.-COUNTRY NORTH-WEST OF THE

BARRIER RANGE.

:Br .ANONTIIOUB.

Tim following words, contributed anonymously, some of which correspond with those of the Common Vocabulary, show that the tribe which uses them is of Darling descent:-

Kangaroo . . talta. Yee . • eh-eh • Tame dog . . kaUi No • nanger .

Emu . . kalati. Good - . kmigella. Whit.e cockatoo • packoo. Bad . • meek&. Crow. • wako. Neck - • burnba. Snake- . tooroo. Chest. - kurnunia, • poon-Hand. . murrr.. doola. Head· . turtoo. . Back • . turna. Hair of head • hoolkee. Arm . • wankar&.

Beard • melka-bulkie. Finger • melinga. Graa • murt.oo. Creek. • pangil.

Thigh • yalchara. Plain . • peecha. Foot . • t.enola. Wat.erhole · tarkarooloo. Fat . • mend. Eatable - memo . Tomahawk- • koorb. Gum-tree . • bungoo •

Star . • poorll. Pine-tree . pinpa.

Fire . • kooneka. Sundown . • yoke>-upi-ana. Wat.er • millyera. Sunrille • baapanannla.

Rain . . wongaroo . Midday IUD • moretinki.


No. 71.-COUNTRY ABOUT SIXTY MILES NORTH

WEST FROM A POINT ON THE DARLING

MIDWAY BETWEEN MENINDIE AND WIL

CANNIA.

Tm: object of inserting these imperfect vocabularies is to mark the country occupied by the Darling tribes, by which I mean the descendants of Keelpara and Mookwara, and to a.llow the reader to form his own opinions on the subject.

Kangaroo · thulda. 0p0N111D • • yeru.ngee. T&medog Wild dog Emu • • thultee Black duck Woodduok Pelican Laughing jaokau N atlve oompanion Whit.e oockatoo • Crow • Swan• Egg •

• warko.

Track of a foot • yuppar. Fiah • Lobster

Crayfiah Mo11quito Fly · • wongarra. Snake • thoro. TheBlacb. A Blacldellow · wimbacha. A Black woman • wichoon. Noae • • mendolo.

Band.

2Blacb

3Blaob

One • Two • Three.

Four · Father

Mother

Sliter-Elder

• murra.

,, Yowiger ·

Brother-EJder

'' Yowiger A young man

An old man

An old woman A baby

A Whit.e man •

Children

Head· Eye • Ear .

• may-kee.

.HETWEEN KENINDIE AND WILCANNIA. 175

No. 71.-CoUMTBY ll'1'WDN lrhlmmIB ilD WIUWOIU-continued.

:Mouth Boomerang -Teeth · · undee. Hill • Hair of the head- th11l'f;olkee. Wood · Beard . . warkowlkee. Stone -

Thunder -Grua -Tongue St.omach Breaata Thigh. Poot -Bone -Blood -Skin -Fat Bowela

Excrement -War-epear .

Beed-&pe&r -

Wommera or throwing-stick

· moto. - thurlunia. - koomtoo. . poona.

- karreka. • thiJma.

- karlkooL

Shield - plmpa.

Tomahawk • - tbanmia.

- yoko.

Camp-

Yee -No

I You -

Bark -

Good -

Bad -Sweet•

Food -Hungry Thirsty

Eat -Sleep -Drink.

Walk -

See -Sit Yeeterday -To-day

• yerra. - kurnoo.

- lmmarna.

- lngardara.pa.

- lmba.

- pooleera.

- thuluka.

- umbaba.

Canoe Sun -Moon- - woychuka. To-morrow - - kera.nkee. Star - ' -LightDark -Cold -Heat -Day -Night-

Fire -Water Smoke Ground Wind

Rain -God -Ghoete

- poortie.

- th11l'f;o.

- koneeka. - moko. - purndoo.

- mukurra.

Where are the

Blackat

I don't know

Plenty

Big -Little -

Dead -By-and-by -

Come on

Milk -

Eaglehawk

Wild turkey

Wife -

- pooree.

176 THE AUSTRALUN RA.CB:

No. 72.-BOOLCOOMATrA.

BY w. J. LAD DD:, F.aQ.

MB. DIX informs me that the Boolcoom.att.a Blacks, who a.re evidently connected with those of the Darling, neither circumcise nor practise the terrible rite. They call the tribes which circumcise Buemdoppa., and those which do not TaJ.ara.

No. '12.-BOOLOOOMA'ITA.

Kangaroo ()poelum -Tame dog -Wild dog -Emu • Black duck Woodduok Pelican

- kurloo. - piltr.. - k&lley.

- kaltee.

- koonallee.

Laughing jaokau Native companion White cockatoo -Crow - - wagoo. Swan -

Egg - - berty. Track of a foot -Fiah -Lobster

Crayfish -Moequito -Fly • • wingeroo. Snake-The Black:a - - weembabitoha. A Blackfellow

A Black woman - koombutoha. Nose - - mendolo.

Hand-

2 Black:a

3 Blaok:a •

One -

Two -

Three

Four •.

Father

Mother

Siner-Elder

- murra.

• koolt..

- barltloo.

- barklarroo.

• gumbja.

- amL

., Yomiger •

Brother-Elder •

.. Younger

Ayoungman •

An old man

An old woman

A baby

A White man - thundukor..

Children -

Head -

Eye

I Ear •

- tartoo. • megie.

- urie.

BOOLCOOMA'IT.A.

No. 72.-BooLOOOlliTTA-continued.

Month Teeth - - anndil. Hair of the head- tartoo-hoopa. Beard • - wank-hoopa.

Thnnder - knrndoo. Grau Tongne St.omach -Breuts ThighFoot -Bone -Blood -

• tarelunia. - k&rnnnia. • amma.

- karraka. - d.idna.

Skin • - palta.

Pat - - mnrnie. Bowela Excrement • • koodna. W ar-Bpell,I' -

Beed-spear -Wommera or throwing-stick

Shield TomahawkCanoe-Snn -Moon -Star -LightDark -Cold -

Heat -Day • Night· Fire •

- yookoo.

- pieohyka.

• booerlee.

• tnnkern.

• yackee.

- booka.ra.

• kudnicka.

Boomerang -

Hill •

Wood

Stone -

Camp

Yes -

No

I

You Bark

Good -

Bad -Sweet-Food • Hnngry

Thirsty

Eat •

Sleep -

Drink

Walk • See -Sit

- yarra.

- kurno.

- yeppm.

- koo.

- mmgee. • appa.

• imba.

• murra.cha.

• toolacka.

- willcncca.

- d.itchua.

• wiega.

- parapa.

- bimme.

Yeat.erday • To-day To-morrowWhere are the

Blacks?

I don't know

Plenty Big •

Little -

Dead -

• wobo-wobo.

- wortoo. • berloo.

• bookalacha.

177

Wat.er Smoke

Gronnd

WindRain •

• ookoo. By-and-by• - wonko-wouko.

God -Ghoeta

VOL. Il.

Comeon •

Milk • _ mu.kkara. Eaglehawk -

Wild turkey

Wife -

X


No. 73.-TORROWOTTO.

BY JAJlll:8 A. REm, E.,Q.

THE following vocabulary and :fa.cts conneet.ed with the Milya.-uppa tribe were kindly forwarded to me by Mr. James A. Reid:-

The Milya.-uppa occupy the country within a. radius of a.bout fifty miles from the centre of the Torrowotto Lake or Swamp. The Whites settled there in 1862 or 1863, the tribe a.t that time numbering some 200 souls. By 1872 the tribe had fallen to 150 persons, and in September, 1879, only a.bout sixty re_ma.ined, half of whom were under fourteen yea.rs of age; besides, several of those included in this number were Blacks from less desirable country, who on the reduction of the Milya.-uppa and the partial breakdown of old customs in the neighbourhood had ma.de Torrowotto their home.

The Milya-uppa., whose country is extremely hot in summer but frosty on winter nights, wear opossum-rugs. They ornament the person ( or used to do) with the usual long scars, which, however, in their case are on the stomach. They also wear necklaces of bones, and in decorating for the corroboree pa.int the person with stripes of pipe-clay, and stick the down of birds on to the ha.ck and chest with blood, one of the men bleeding himself at the elbow for the purpose.

Their tomahawks were of stone, of the common pattern, ground to an edge. They had a.lso the instrument general in the continent, which is shaped like a. chisel, but used also as a. knife. Besides these, there were nets for the capture of ducks and emu, but not for fish, as Torrowotto Swamp contained none, my informant says, until they were introduced by the Whites. This tribe have also the boomerang and clubs and spears of various kinds. The wommera. is not used. Their shields were sometimes carved,

TORROWCYrl'O. 179

the implement employed for that purpose being as usual a bone. Kangaroo, emu, wild-fowl, nardoo, and pig-weed (the two latter especially) were their chief articles of food, and were cooked on the fire or in the ashes, ovens not being used. Since the arrival of the Whites there have been many changes in their ways of life and customs.

Cannibalism existed amongst them, but the women were forbidden to taste human :fi.esh, as it was thought to make them barren. They had no objection to tell their names, as was the case with many tribes, and Mr. Reid gives the following as specimens :-·Poorpa.

Wamby. Boolbelly. Wilbooly. Koonmelly. Kathally. Wately.

Womm. Yonga. Piltery. Koorlgoo. Neilthery. Wooatcha.

Regarding marriage, my informant says, neither men nor women married outside of the tribe. Polygamy prevailed ; the tribe was divided into two classes, and no man was allowed to marry a woman of his own class. Children belonged to the class of the mother. Possibly the system was more elaborate than Mr. Reid was aware of. When a woman had a baby (the former child being still young), it was killed immediately after birth. This people did not circumcise, though that practice was common in the neighbourhood. They believed, says my informant, in the existence of God, which I think doubtful, and that after death they would be transformed into birds. They buried their dead in the ground, and when the deceased had been a warrior they cut one another's heads and let them bleed on the corpse as it lay in the grave. When a man had given another cauRe of complaint, custom required that he should allow his head to be struck by the individual off ended till blood came. Message-sticks were in

M:&


nse. After a long separation men nsed t.o hug on meeting. The tribes which bonnd the Milya-uppa are the Ngnronta on the west, the Momba on the south, those of the Pa.roo on the east, and the Ka.rengappa on the north.

For the cnre of wounds, earth and in some cases charcoal were applied as a plaster. Mr. Reid also says that water in which certain herbs had been steeped was used as a laxative, bnt does not say whether this occurred before the arrival of the Whites or not. For myself, I never knew any uncivilized Black who took any heed of the state of his bowels or believed that it had anything to do with health.

The equivalents of tongue, food, and eat a.re evidently from one root.

No. 73.-TORROWOTTO.

Kangaroo - - tharlta. Hand• - murra. Opouum - • yorangtt.. 2Blacka -Tame dog - - kaltha. 3 Blacka Wild dog . • poolkaga. One - - neecha. Emu - - kathie. Two • ba.rcoolo. Black duck - -• ngalta.

Three- - ba.rcoolo neecha. Wood duck- - koormaly. Pelican • thampano. Four - - ba.rcoolo-bar-

Laughing jackB88 (none). coolo.

Native companion koorltho. Father · kumbidgi. White cockatoo • korkanda. Mother • homoohi. Crow• • wakoo. Sister-Elder • cinchi Swan• • youngooli. ,, Younger - whirtooka. Egg . • birty. Brother-Elder • kogoi • Track of a foot • tintha.

" Younger burlogi. Fish - • (none). A young man - thumb&. Lobster An old man wirtoo Crayfish

- . An old woman • wirtoo oonbuca. Mosquito - - kondie.

Fly - - wingorlo. A baby • kicbingo.

Snake • thora. A Whiteman • boree.

The Blacks- • wimbiga. Children -A Blackfellow • wimbiga. Head - - tarto. A Black woman • nongo. Eye - • mee-ee. Noee • • mindolo. Ear . . ure .

TORROWO'lTO. 181

i No. 73.-ToRBOWOT'l'O--Corlti11wd.

r Mouth- • yal]a. Boomerang - - wana. Teeth - - tha.nde. Hill . - kanoo .

f Hair of the head • t&rt&woolka. Wood- . yara. Bea.rd • - warkawoolka. Stone - • kano.

I Thunder - pimdi. Camp. • yatha.

Grau - - mootho. Yea . • kurry-kurry.

Tongue • tarliDa. No • Datha.

St.omach - koontoo. I . upa.

Breast.a . ama. You . lmba. Thigh. - karb. Bark • paltha . Foot . • tintha. Good . karngilla. Bone - . pirlla. Bad . tool.aka. Blood· • ka.nd&ra.. Sweet• Skin . -·paltha.

Food • thlala. . Fat • murne.

Hungry Bowels • koomowa. Excrement. - koorna. Thirsty . ya.rb.

War-apea.r · - karkooro. Eat tia1a . . Beed-spear • Sleep • • boompopa.

Wommera or Drink - wechana.

throwing-stick Walk - • parapoo. Shield- - ullumburra. See . pome. Tomahawk• • taronga. Sit • ninga. Canoe• Yesterday - ellemo. Sun - - yako. To-day - kalpo. Moon· - bichirka.

To-morrow• • wamba.ma. Star - - poorly.

Light - - minkee. Where are the winga wimbiga?

Dark • tonka. Blacks?

Cold . yakee. I don't know • wingana.

Heat . • pochee. Plenty • woolurty.

Day . . bokara. Big . parooro •

N"'ight - . tonka. Little • - kichirlco. Fire - · koonaka. Dead • • tamboro. Water- • nooho. By-and-by - - ka.na. Smoke - pomdo.

Come on - kowo. Ground - murndy.

Wind· - yartoo. Milk . • am&.

Bain • mukkara. Eaglehawk - • bil.lara. -God . Wild turkey - thurlchega.

Ghollta - boree. Wife - - nongo.


No. 74.-THE LOWER PORTIO~S OF THE PAROO

AND W ARREGO RIVERS.

BY G. Scalvun, ~-

THB dialects of the Lower W arrego and Lower Paroo, of which latter the attached vocabulary is a specimen, are undoubtedly off-shoots of the Darling languages. From an account of the Parooinge• tribe, which dwells on the lower portion of the Paroo, given me by Mr. G. Scrivener, I gather as follows :-

When the Whites first occupied the Paroo country, in 1863, this tribe is thought to have numbered about 500 souls, but has fallen off considerably since. In cold weather, the Parooinge wear opossum-rugs. They have boomerangs of both sorts, but not the wommera, all spears being thrown by hand. Their weapons generally a.re much carved and painted. My informant notices that there are undoubted signs of small-pox having visited this tribe about thirty years ago, and that it is said to have half exterminated it. This people object to tell their native names, but will do so if pressed by a White man. Mr. Scrivener gives the following :-Males: Okomine, Milta, and Bareo. Females: Kutteri, Nambala, and Binjilla. Marriages, which are chiefly made within the tribe, are regulated by classes, which Mr. Scrivener calls Mnkkwaroo and Kilparoo. Widows are said to remain their own mistresses for a year, after which they generally become the propertt of the best fighting-man of the proper class. The girls become wives whilst mere children and mothers at fourteen, and the old custom was to kill the first-born by strangulation. At

• People of the Paroo.

PA.ROO AND WARR.EGO RIVEBB. 183

present abortion is so prevalent that very few children are reared. This is generally effected in Australia by pressing on the stomach. It is a novelty found in this tribe, that the usual ornamental scars are produced, not by incision, but by the lighted stem of a burr, which is placed on the part and allowed to bum into the skin. Neither circumcision nor the terrible rite are practised. The septum of the nose is pierced; and the rights of manhood are said to be conferred at about fifteen years of age by knocking out two of the upper front teeth. When rain is much needed, I am told that the men pluck out their whiskers, bleed themselves, and abstain from cohabitation with women for about ten days. Pitcheree is not chewed by this tribe. Canoes are not used, and fish are caught with nets only. Burials take place immediately after death; graves are about four feet deep, and over them is erected a little hut in which is placed a vessel holding water, the ground being carefully swept for a short distance round. The bearer of an important communication from one party to another often carries a messag~tick with him, the notches and lines on which he refers to whilst delivering his message. This custom, which prevails from the north coast to the south, is a very curious one.- The reader has already been told that no Blackfellow ever pretends to be able to understand a message from the notched stick, but always looks upon it as confirmatory of the message it accompanies. As early, perhaps, as 1844, the Bangerang Blacks showed me sticks of the sort, and said that they had used the like from time immemorial, and that they answered the pm·pose of the White man's writing. Finding that none of them could read the lines and notches, I rejected the whole story of their antiquity and general prevalence, thinking them a mere imitation of our practice of writing letters; and it was not until many years after that I found I was wrong as regards their antiquity. Whether the idea was brought with the first comers to these shores or whether it originated in this continent I know not. . The extent to which it prevails in Australia, at

184

all events, shows the custom to be one of very ancient date, so that, in either case, we :find the savage mind originating an idea which might develop into writing. Of hieroglyphics I have found no trace.

No. 74.-THB LOWER PORTIONS OP THB PABOO AND

WA.RB.EGO RIVEBS.

BT G. SCluvuD, EaQ.

Kangaroo . • tulta. Hand· -mum.. Ope.um . • wirrikoo, yar- 2:Blaob . · br.rkoola wimbit-

ingi. cha Tame dog . • lr:ulli. 3 Blaob - b&rlr:oola itcha Wild dog . · bullr:itoha. wimbitcha. Emu . - kulti. One . • itcha . Black duck- . mingara. Two . - br.rkoola. Wood duck- • lr:oonali Three. · barkoola itch&. Pelican · boolooch. Four • · br.rkoola-br.r-Laughing jackau (none). koola. Native companion kooloorka.

Father • kumbitcha. White cockatoo • (none).

Mother • nmm.ak&-Crow• • warkoo. Swan. • yoongooll. Siater-Elder • wert.ooki.

Egg . . birti. ,, Younger - wa.rticha.

Track of a foot • tinna. Brother-Elder · brkuga. Fi.ah . . n&mba. ,. Younger burlucha.

Lobster A young man • tumba.

Cray&h - koongoola. An old man • dulbil.

Moequito . gundi. An old woman - koorit.cha.

Fly • wingero. A baby - burloo.

Snake· - dooroo. A Whiteman • tundook, bori.

The Blacks - • wimbitcha. Children - burloo-burloo.

A Blackfellow • marli (f) Head· . turt.oo. A Black woman - noongoo. Eye . • mikJd. Noee • • mindoolo. Ear . . uri.

P ABOO AND W .ARB.EGO RIVERS. 185

No. 74.-Lown Po:BTio:ire o• flm P .&BOO .AND W ABB.BGO ~inued.

Mouth • yulka. Boomerang • - wuna.

Teeth - - ngundi. Hill • · unikk.oo (f) Bair of the head - tart.oo bulki. Wood • · yerra. :Beard • • waka bulki. Stone · • kurnoo. Thunder . burndi. Camp • · yeppera.

Grua -Tongue Stomach :er-ta Thigh.

Foot • Bone -

Blood· Skin •

Fat -

Bowela

Excrement -

War-apear -

Reed-spear .

Throwing-stick Shield

Tomahawk -C&noe-Sun -Moon·

Star • Light.

Dark · Cold -Heat -Day •

Night· Fire • Water-Smoke Ground Wind· Rain • God • GhOlta

• mootho. . tarlinya. . k~unga. • 'IIDIDla.

• yalko. . tinna. • birn&.

- ka.rndera.

• puttha.

-murnL • kitcha kurnunya.

- gooma.

- karlkooro.

- (none).

- (none).

- ooloomburra. • turroin. • (none). - ooko. - bychook. - boorle. - meerinki • malara.

- mukoora, yeku. • bootchi. - meerinki. • ma1ara. . wi, goonikka. - ooko, noko. - boomdoo. • murndi. . yertoo. - mukkera. • koolerberri.

- bukkemberri.

Yee -No

I-You -Bark -Good Bad • SweetFood -

Hungry

ThirBty Eat . Sleep •

Drink -

Walk· See •

Sit

Yesterday -

To-day

. ngu.

- ngater, ngarter-berri .

. uppa. • imba,

· pultha. • m.ariga. - tulukka. . wartink. - mewulk,

- wilka-wilka.

· yerka.

• tundel.

• immarela. • wicbal.

- wommole. • bummy.

• amgle. • yillon.

• kimbo.

To-morrow - - wombin.

Where are the wimba wimbit-Blacks? cha?

I don't know Plenty

Big -Little -

Dead -By-and-by· Come on Milk -Eaglehawk -Wild turkey

Wife •

• winjarto.

• oolfrti. - wertoo. - kichalko . - book&.

• kunni, bulyardo. - yoon berrip. - ummalora. - boolyara. - dikkera. • noongoo &r

taminyL


No. 75.-BOURKE, DARLING RIVER.

BY GU'VII.,U N. TEtJLON, E9Q.

THE following account of the Bahknnjy tribe and vocabnlary of its language have been drawn op by Mr. Tenlon, to whom I am particularly under obligation for the great pains he bas expended on the matter. In one particular only do I differ with ·my contributor, namely, as to the amount of frontage to the Darling which he assigns to this tribe. This, accounts of the neighbouring tribes show to have been less e:,c.tensive. It will be noticed that the Bahkunjy have as neighbours above them on the Darling tribes which belong to the Eastern Division, in which are found the class-names Kombo and Hippi, and not Keelpara and Mookwara.

In my description of tribes it has been my custom to reduce to a narrative form the replies received to my series of printed Questions, but in this instance I shall insert exactly Mr. Teulon's replies to my questions. The following is an extract from the letter which accompanied that gentleman's contribution:-

" In these vocabularies there are but few words that have been suffered to pass without confirmation from at least one entirely independent source. I trust, therefore, that errors also are but few. The work of collecting information in the present day from the Blacks of the Upper Darling is equally trying to the patience and bewildering to the wits. The old man retains a most indistinct remembrance of the long past, and is suspicious of any raking of its ashes; while the man in his prime, distracted between the two stools of the two eras (willing to be communicative about that, were this away), makes mistakes, is discovered, and resents discovery by cutting off supplies. Moreover, the tribes are not sund~red as of old; the common misfortune has drawn them

BOURKE, DARLING RIVER. 187

together; consequently, tongues have become mixed, words have become changed, or have fallen out of use or out of memory, so that what one cannot confirm by reference to one's own memory or recollection ca.Ile for many siftings before any a.ccepting. I have appended a. voca.bnla.ry of words and sentences. It contains nearly every word mentioned in the pa.gee preceding it, besides other words. In a note further on I shall give a. list of words and their counterparts-in sound, not in sense. There are several compound words that follow the lead of these, and a.re perti.a.ps as innocent of meaning anything whatsoever in connection with their apparent derivations as ludicrous tJentre-JJleu itself, and its kin. Such a.re goorra-bootta. (whirlwind-grey thunder!); yeulta.-wulkka. ( vein-string of the water-monster t t) ; tnrtoo-woollee ( doctor - hole in the head It!); &c. Moonnoo-moorra.,.to hum, means (if it has a. meaning) upper lip-to think; which may or may not mean further-to hold the lip in a state of quiescence, which one certainly does when humming? But-these extravagances set a.side-one finds in the Korn()o tongue, even at the eleventh hour of now-a-days, words sufficiently sensible and eloquent (those for God, morning star, evening star, mirage, for example) to have entitled it to something beyond be.re Non omniB moriar, and to make one ask-If the shallows can supply such 'inestimable stones,' what may not the deep · have held?"


Addreu-Alma Terrace, Chapel-street, East St. Kilda. Sm, Melbourne, 18

Allow me to bring under your notice that I have been engaged for several years in collecting for ethnological purposes, and with a view to publication, specimen vocabularies of the aboriginal languages and dialects of this continent, of which, as the result of the support which I have received from the several Colonial Governments, stock-owners,. police magistrates, inspectors of police, and others, a very large number are in my hands. In the course of my inquiries I have, however, come to see how important it is for those who interest themselves in such studies that correct and syst&matic information on many matters connected with our aboriginal race should be obtained before it is too late, and from all parts of the continent. Under these circumstances, and as my object is of a public rather than a personal nature, I trnst I shall be excused for the liberty I have ta.ken in forwarding to you copies of my Questions and Vocahula,y, and in begging for such information in connection with them as you may have opportunity or leisure to communicate. In order to avoid misconceptions, I may notice that it is not anticipated that the gentlemen to whom these papers are sent will in general be able to reply to the whole of my queries, bnt that some will be able to give information on one point, and some on another, and all on a. few; and I may add that, however meagre, the contribution will be received with thanks.

Concerning the vocabulary, which is a very important f eatnre, experience has proved that four-fifths of the words, at lea.st, can be very quickly ta.ken down with the a.id of a moderately intelligent Blackfellow. The aboriginal words should be written very distinctly, and without using capital letters, which are often very puzzling; and it should be borne in mind that budgeree, bael, gin, lubra, &c., a.re not aboriginal words, though they pass for such.

I am, Sir, Your obedient servant,

EDWARD M. CURR.

QUESTIONS CONCERNING· TllE AlJORIGINF.S. 189

QuESTIONS CONCERNING THE A.BORIGINES OF AUSTRALIA.

My questions to Teulon and his replies are as follom:-1. What country does ( or did) the tribe to which your

answers refer inhabit ? It is essential that this question should be answered in such a way that the locality can be set down on a map, approximately at least, and that all your replies should have reference to this particular tribe and to no other ?

1. The tribe inhabits both banks of the Darling from about Bourke on the left bank to a.bout Tilpa on the right bank, a length, by road, of upwards of 100 miles. Towards either limit the dialect shows itself affected by other dialects ; but, indeed, one may question whether, at the present time ( 1884 ), it is spoken unmixed anywhere, so whitewashed, so to speak, a.re the few Blacks now to be seen, and of these so great is the proportion of what would once have been regarded as W &Tega.ls, or Tanqui (hostile persons).

2. What is the native name of the tribe ? 2. Bihld1njy.

3. In what year was their country first occupied by the Whites?

3. Probably about 1845. 4. What was the number of persons composing the tribe e.t

the time? 4. Probably not fewer than 3,000.

5. In what year did you first reside on the country in question?

5. 1863. 6. How many did the tribe number in that year ?

6. Probably not fewer than 1,000. 7. How many does it number now? If you can, please

specify the men, women, youth of both sexes, boys and girls, at present composing the tribe.

7. Probably not more than 80; namely (say), 25 men, 35 women, 10 boys, 10 girls.


8. If there has been a decrease in numbers, to what do you attribute it ?

8. There has been a decrease to an extent scarcely short of annihilation (the majority of the remnant being decrepit in the extreme), owing in pa.rt to the diseases that accompany the White man ; in part to what must almost ever be the result of putting " a piece of a new garment upon an old."

9. Were there any old Blacks when first you knew the tribe.

9. Yes. 10. As far as you can judge, what ages did the oldest ones

reach? 10. Their looks were the looks of White men of 70

years. 1 I. Are there any old persons in the tribe now ?

11 Fully half of the adults remaining look old, but the actually old are few.

12. Did they wear clothes before the coming of the Whites; and, if so, what clothes?

12. None, except the loin-net (weerlppa-pulkka) or the fringed apron (weerlppa) supported by the loinline (weerlppa-weenya), the head-band (merry-merryja) or the head-net (turtoo-weerlppa); and, in cold weather, the skin-rug (kombee).

13. Do they wear any now ? 13. Yes; but never with grace, and seldom with a

good grace. This latter assertion is proven by the alacrity with which they disrobe as soon as ca.mp is reached.

14. If they had no clothes, how did they manage on cold nights, or when mosquitos, &c., were troublesome ?

14. Their fires warmed them; and the smoke of their fires, aiding the fish-grease with which they daubed their bodies, was potent to hold at bay the most bloodseeking mosquito.

QUESTIONS CONCERNING THE ABORIGINES. 191

15. Do or did the men or women wear any ornaments of the person, and what are they?

15. The women wore the necklace (pernbe.-wnlkka.); the men wore tufts of feathers in head-net or head-band; both sexes wore the nose-stick (meundeea.hrra.).

16. Do they smear their persons with grease, red ochre, pipeclay, or other substances; and, if so, on what occasions?

16. Grease, as being repulsive alike of insects and of weather, was employed universally in place of clothing, with the occasional admixtore of red ochre (koottee) and pipe-clay (ko-pajja). Red ochre was utilized also as war-paint, pipe-clay as dance-paint. Pipe-clay, moulded to the head, is still the mourner's head-dress.

1 7. What bags, nets, baskets, · or other 1;1tensils had yonr tribe in its natural state ?

17. Their principal utensils were the fish-net and duck-net (mulkka), the fish-spear (tintee), the spade (boppara), the yam-stick (werkka), the large wooden bowl (yookooja), the small wooden bowl (yerra-koorooka), the mat (pintooka), the basket (koorooka), the little net (worroka), and the fly-switch (weerlppa). The duck-n~t was very large, reaching from the one bank to the other of the river, and to a height of many feet above it. The process of duck-hunting was very simple. Two Blacks would take charge of the out-stretched net, and a third down-stream would disturb the ducks ; which, thoroughly frightened, as they neared the net, by the kite-like cries and missile~ of the enemy about it, would almost infallibly drop and become enclosed.

18. Have they any implements of stone, such as tomahawks or flint knives ? Were they ground smooth or only chipped ? Please describe them.

18. The stone instruments used by these Blacks were the tomahawk (durrinya), the chisels (mnndooba and moollee ), and the knife (yernda ). These were all ground smooth, not chipped, The head of the tomahawk was fixed to its handle by means of gum and string.


19. What wee.pons have or had they? Is the boomerang used? Does it return when thrown ? Do they throw their spears with the hand or with the throwing-stick (wommera.)? Are their wee.pons ornamented with carving, or colored with ochre, &c. ?

19. In addition to the common fish-spear, their spears, available equally for fighting and for hunting, were at least four, namely, goolleer, onbarbed; tmrra-'IDirroty, barbed on one side ; kulkaroo and nunndeehooka, barbed on both sides. All barbs were cut out of the wood, and were not splinters of stone inserted in it. The barbs of kulkaroo and 'IIJirra-mirroty were stout and short, those of nunndeehooka were very fine and very long, and lay parallel with their she.ft; nunndeehooka was used as a fish-spear as well as for other purposes. The wommera. was unknown to the tribe; so, probably, was the reedspear. Boomerangs were of two kinds-monggee, which_ would return; monna, which would not return. Nullahnnllahs, or clubs, also were two-koloroo, that for the fray; poonggoroo, that for the chase. W a.ddies (clubs) were two-the rounded poondee, the flat mung-abuttaka. Some of these weapons were ably employed in seconding moolloomburra, the shield, in the work of defence. The shield was invariably colored with red ochre; sometimes it was carved ; then it would display alternate stripes of red ochre and pipe-clay. Spee.king of weapons, one is epecieJ.ly justified in using the pa.st tense. It may be seen of no grandly-framed Wim.baja• now-&-days "quo turbine torqueat haatam," no bird fa.lie to the lesser nullah-nulla.h, no stranger quails before the boomerang returning. A broken boomerang here and there, a battered unregarded shield, a toothless spear-these are the " sole remaining " representatives of the not despicable armoury that was. Trfda fuit indeed.

20. With what implements do they make and carve their wee.pons?

20. With durrinya, mundool>a, and yernda. •Blackman.

QO'F8TIONS OONCERNJNG THE ABORIGINES. 193

21. With what do they cut open, skin, and divide animals when killed ?

21. With the shell-knife (kahra), the emu-bone knife (knltwrpinna), and the kangaroo-bone knife (tulttapinna).

22. What are their principal articles of food P 22. The seeds of nardoo (tundukka.), of pig-weed

(toong-ara), &c., bruised and kneaded into a paste (womppa) between flat stones (yeltta), and either scooped up with the forefinger and advanced to the mouth at this stage, or baked into a cake (bookala); sow-thistle (bnllum.ba), trefoil (poontta), pig-face (k:ahnbee), yam (koonpinya), gum (tnnninya.); eggs innumerable in their sea.sons; a.n,d of the animals under him, every one, without exception, perhaps, from the kangaroo (tultta) to the pisant (moonnee).

23. How do they prepare their food P 23. Most of the plants ea.ten by them, and a. few of

the smaller animals, they ate raw. Meat they cast whole or piecemeal into the fire, and little more than singed it. The Wimbe.ja is conservative, and still prefers his food thoroughly underdone.

24. Have they ovens P What are they like P How large are they P How a.re they used P

25. .Are there many of them P Have any fallen into disuse P 24, 25. Of old they used the oven (wong-a), a mere

hole in the ground, for the cooking of large game. Having well heated it, they would place it in the carcase to be cooked, and, having " topped-up" with a good fire,-sit awaiting patiently the kindred cries, nahtoolw (take it out I), putta-puttalw (cot it op I). Ovens have been out of use for very many yea.rs ; the existence, therefore, of any of them in the present day is doubtful.

26. Have your tribe any restrictions with respect to food; if so, what are they P

26. Nowhere on the Darling do the Blacks recognize any restrictions in regard of food, saving such as may

VOL. II, N


come of en per-sufficiency within or of deficiency without. (See 72.)

27. Had any of yonr tribe marks of small-pox when first yon knew them ? Were ench marks strong or light ?

27. I can recollect bnt one Black having pock-marks, which, in hie case, could not be called light, although lees strong than those ordinarily seen on a White man's skin. Thie Black answered to the name Shylock; and certainly in hie sinister features and furtive glances, and subdued sullen bearing, one could trace little of the open, hearty (I would say honest) expression that stamps the Wimbaja in general.

28. Are any still alive with the marks? How many, and of what ages?

28. All answers to this question and to the half-dozen following it were so con11.icting as to be all but valueless. I saw probably two-thirds of the Blacks, now living, of the tribe, but not one, howsoever slightly, pock-marked; on the other hand, I was informed that some having marks are yet to be seen. The early explorers affirm that the disease had plainly done its work before their time, whereas the Blacks (many of them at least) maintain that the White man introduced it.

32. Did many of the tribe die of it ? 32. Yee.

33. What did they call small-pox ? 33. Mungga.

34. Did they bury those who died of it ? 84. Not known.

85. Are your Blacks cannibals ? Please mention the grounds of your opinion or belief of this subject.

36. If they are cannibals, to what extent; and what are their practices with respect to cannibalism?

37. Please state any facts yon know on the subject. 85, 86, 87. There appears to be no reason to suppose

that they were at any time cannibals. Until stock littered their simple harvest, and dogs and horsemen

QUESTIONS CONCERNING THE ABORIGINF.S. 195

and fowling-pieces scared and thinned their lawful furred and feathered prey, and the effeminacies bred of apparel-wearing debarred them _from fishing in the old fashion that insured a hauling, not chanced a hooking, they were abundantly supplied with food, and experienced, therefore, no provocation to a feast so gross as the cannibal's.

38. Have your Blacks any objection to tell their native names.

38. They hesitate, and in a manner so suspicious that when at length they tender a name, one cannot help doubting the genuineness of it. They always show an extreme repugnance to hearing mentioned, as to mentioning the name of one dead.

39. Please give me as many of their names as you are able, distinguishing those of men and women, boys and girls.

39. Men: Kihpp~, Boold~, Mfili1rilly, Mi.hrttm, Tttn-giilylrl, Mll.thlbitrin, Eeblirry, Mlirroorry, KlhMreekl. Women: Yoomml, Meinml, Goorgoogoogl, Neelppee-biindlikl, Mlirrinjll.r~ Klhboonjll.rll., Nlimmoonji1rl. The children of the period (1884) affect English names in toto.

BitWl~goollee (i.e. moon-house) is the name of an isolated hill, near the river, right bank, at about the centre of the territory, on Dunlop Station. This hill is marked in a map annexed to Mitchell' a Expedition in Eastern .Australia.

Ki1lkiilk~beeki1reejee is the name of a creek at the foot of Bittola.-goollee.

40. Have they any class-names ? What a.re they ? To what do they refer ?

41. Do your Blacks (or did they originally) marry women of their own tribe or of some other tribe or tribes P

40, 41. The tribe was divided into (I believe) only two families, Kombo and Hippi ; any member of the one of which might marry with any member of the

N2


other. The marriage of a Kombo with a Kombo, or of a Hippi with a Hippi, constituted an offence against law, Marriage out of the tribe, being a. matter of ma, commonly involved the summons aiJ arma.

42. Have any of the men more than one wife? What pre portion ha.d more than one ?

42. A very small proportion ha.d more than one wife, probably none but a redoubtable warrior conld compass such an a.cceBBion to his household, or, having compassed, sustain.

43. At what age do the male.a marry, and at what age the females P

43. The me.lee might marry at 19, the females at 13 or 14.

44. At what age do the females bear children P 45. If the females marry out of the tribe, into which tribe

do they marry. 44, 45. I could get no answer to either of these

questions. 46. How do the men of your tribe obtain wives P

46. A man wishing to marry a girl of his own tribe expressed the wish to her parents, on whose application a meeting of the tribe was called, where the banns, so to speak, were published, and the girl was exhorted to be a faithful wife. The meeting dissolved, bride and bridegroom retired, a.e on their honeymoon, int.o other parts, until the possible shrew ha.d been dnly tamed ; they then returned, and if the inqniry put t.o the girl by her mother as to whether she is happy could be answered satisfactorily, the pair continued to live together ; otherwise they separated-that is, the girl went home a.gain.

[This answer must be taken "for what it is worth,n as it was not confirmed. The most romantic part of it is omitted.]

47. Have they any laws a.bout marriage; e.nd, if so, what P 47. See 40, 41.

QUESTIONS CONCERNING THE ABORIGINFB 197

48. What becomes of widows ? 48. A widow (boortooka) returned to her parents, but

might marry again if she willed. It was according to role that she should give preference to the brother, next younger than him, of her deceased husband.

49. Do children belong to the father's tribe or the mother's? 49. Marriage was within the tribes. Children belong

to the mother's class. 50. On an average, how many children did each woman

bear? 50, No answer obtainable to this question.

51. Is infanticide practised? To what extent? What is the cause of the practice? Are yon aware whether it prevailed before the coming of the Whites?

51. The Blacks deny that infanticide was ever practised among them, but I can certainly recollect rumours of it, and I distinctly remember the case of one be.be-inarms which disappeared suddenly, "and nothing said." I fancy that the crime re.rely occurred unless a mother, intolerably overburdened, found the poor thing an encumbrance-as ourselves say. If the custom existed at all, the coming of the Whites doubtless extended it, as a half-caste child was seldom to be seen.

52. To what diseases are your Blacks subject; and of what do they die?

52. The most common aboriginal disease was that still known by the na.me "giggle-giggle" (moorkka.), a form apparently of scrofula., a.rising from uncleanliness and dearth of vegetable food. This disease showed itself in whitish blotches, chiefly a.bout the legs. The Blacks died less, perhaps, of any specified disease than of that mysterious inability (and nnce.refalness too) to live, to which those succumb who a.re (and have discovered that they are) not " the :fittest."

63. Do they raise sea.rs on any pa.rt of the body by way of ornamentation; if so, describe the process, the age at which the operation is performed; the part of the body


on which the scars are raised, both as regards males and females?

53. On the back about the shoulders, on the outer side of the biceps, on the breast, never about the legs: they raised blisters that look like so many swollen leeches laid in rows. Either moollee or kahra was used in the operation, which took place before early youth had passed. If much pain followed, iguana fat was rubbed into the wounds; in any case they were bathed with water. The same parts of the body female (plus abdomen) were tattooed (scarred) as of the body male.

54. Do they circumcise ? With what object ? Do they intermarry with tribes which do not circumcise? Are all the males circumcised ?

54. Circumcision is unknown. 55. Do they practise any other rite of the sort ? If so,

describe it ? 55. No.

56. Do they knock out any of the front teeth? Which teeth ? At what age? For what purpose? How is it done ?

56. They knocked out the tooth, most fronting one, of the upper jaw of every lad as he neared manhood. None would account him man while full-mouthed. The tooth was expelled by means of two pieces of stick placed on each side of it ( so as to form an obtuse angle -tooth vertex), and struck alternately until it gave way. (See 72.)

07. Do they pierce the septum of the nose, and wear a. bone or stick through it?

57. A hole (~rra-woollee) is made in the septum of the nose, and a menndeeahrra is worn thrust through it.

58. Do they mutilate the body in any other way ? 58. No.

59. Are there any differences of customs between the circumcised and uncircumcised; if so, what a.re they? Do enmities exist between them ?

50. Circumcision is unknown,

QUF.STIONS OONCERNING THE ABORIGINES. 199

60. Have they any religi.0118 belief? Do they believe in an Almighty Creator or Ruler?

60. They believe in one God (Wahtta-noorinya), the ample-handed maker and preserver of all things, but have neither knowledge, nor desire for knowledge, of him; nor does any man expect to eee him, even should his delighted soul attain to its star. Some assert that they will exist after death as White men, the increasing number of these and the decree.sing numbers of themselves lea.ding them not unnaturally to such conclusion; others, that the evil one (Boorree) removes indiscriminately all souls, nobody knows whither.

61. Have they any superstitions; if so, what ? 61. They still cherish a superstitions belief in a pair

of snake-like water monsters (Neittee and Yeutta), endowed not with huge teeth only, but also with a special craving for the Wimba.ja; also in Boorree, just mentioned, in whose despite, that the devoted camp may escape, nature engages the curlew (willaroo) to sound ala.rums from evening till morning; also, in a god of the winds, one Pindee, author of thunder, who gathers the clouds and (but sparingly) breaks them with a blow. They hold, too, that the spirits (koylppa) of the departed walk the earth after dark, and that the whisperings of leaves, when all else is still, are the murmurs of ghostly voices; nevertheless, they are not utterly averse from moderate travel by night. In respect of dee.th, they somewhat illogically maintain (or maintained) that no man can die a natural dee.th except through the illoffices of an enemy, and tha.t the manes of the dead cannot be appeased until that enemy has been discovered and despoiled of his kidney fat. This deed done, the kopajja• of sorrow may be removed. The Bahkunjy Blacks, like most aborigines of regions subject to drought, kept in pay, as an item of necessary furniture,

• Pipe-clay worn on the head as mourniug,-E. M. C.


a rain-maker (boontairramukkra). The proceBB by which this man compelled the rain~louds was to take of bark one strip, to knead blood and lwpajja, into. a lump in it, and to deposit the mixture, sprinkled with feathers and coated with mud, at the foot of any gumtree growing on the slope of a bank leading to water. In seven days from that moment rain might be expected; in seven days, or more, it would assuredly fall.

62. Have they any account of the Creation, or of the Deluge, or any traditions of the origin of their race ?

62. Yes; but they plainly confuse their own traditions with what they have heard of our beliefs. For example, they speak of the Deluge as the big water that devoured the White man.

63. Is pitcheree or any other narcotic or stimulant used by your tribe; if so, how is it prepared and used; and what are its effects ?

63. No aboriginal narcotic is known to the tribe; a fact deplored by all to whom this question was put.

64. Have your Blacks any crests or totems? What are they ? To what do they refer?

65. Do your Blacks use signs instead of words ? To what extent, and what particulars can you state ?

66. Did your Blacks draw or paint in their wild state? 64, 65, 66. To these three questions the answers were

invariably No, but I feel inclined to believe that, excepting so far e.s painting is concerned, they were false. I do not think that the Blacks painted, there being no caves and but few rocks in the territory.

67. Describe the canoes used by your tribe ? 67. The canoes of this tribe were the gom-ca.noe

(koombahla-booltaroo) e.nd the bo:x:~oe (koorkooroobooltaroo ). They were made of bark, somewhat " bowed" at either end, where would be placed a lump of clay as supplementary prqra, or puppia, and were propelled by a long pole (werkka), pulled with long

- firm strokes. The sides were kept a.part by sticks

QUESTIONS. CONCERNING THE ABORIGINES. 201

(yerkaka), laid thwartwise, abaft and forward of a third lump of clay (koony-ka.hn-go, or fire-place). More of this very handy clay was need for caulking, should any fissure occur.

68. How do they kill kangaroo and emu? 68. By surrounding them, and narrowing the circle

until po<rNiee and poonggoroo could be need to advantage. Or by noosing. The animal in this case was his own doometer.

69. Do they procure fish ? With nets, spears, or hooks ? If with hooks, describe them.

69. They both speared fish and netted them. Hooks were unrecognized as expedient until the more straightlaced days of the era of apparel-wearing. Net-fishing was the work of two Blacks, who grasping, each of them, a pole of the net, would swim hither and thither for a few minutes, and finally bring up against some gently shelving bank, or on some shallow.

70. Can yon give me any information concerning their corroboreee?

70. I remember little more myself of their corroboreee beyond the facts that the chief bones (in front) of each performer were marked out, skeleton fashion, with kopajja, • that his knees and ank s were fringed with gum-leaves, and that dnring a part of the performance he would sweep the air above the ground, rhythmically from side to side, with bunches of green leaves, making the while with hie month a hissing _sound, as though in imitation of that made by the leaves ; and that the gins, and very old men, and little children, who formed the appreciative audience, kept up a sing-song accompaniment, and beat time ; the females by thumping their opossum-rugs, folded into pads, and the males by clashing their boomeranges together as cymbals. Perhaps the most striking feature of such corroborees as I witnessed was the ever-recurring transformation scene ;

• Pipe-olay.


backs would be suddenly turned to one, and lo I "the collied night"; faces, and presto! an array of gesticulating, or lea.ping, or quivering skeletons. The Blacks of the present day are singularly reticent touching all their ceremonies-will not, indeed, refer to them in the presence of a gin (who generally manages to continue present); and of the many names supplied to me of their various corroborees I could substantiate none, save one--mahnee.

71. What is the average height of the men; also of the women P Describe their hair. Are their any cripples or Albinos?

71. The men average in height about five feet and seven inches; the women a.re, in proportion, somewhat taller. The hair of the Blacks is black and strong and straight; heads even partially bald a.re rarities. I never heard of either cripple or Albino.

72. Do they make the youth into young men P At what age P With what ceremonies P

72. The lad (kornoondoo) became the prm-adult (wilyahng-o), and thence the adult (tnmmba), at the age of about eighteen yea.rs. Six weeks or so before the day on which the ceremony of his initiation had been appointed to take place he retired from the ca.mp, preceded by an old man, and following by cuttings of bark flung at him by hie youngest brother, or other boy, the women lying perdues behind a screen of boughs, erected lest any of them, seeing the direction taken, should curiously attempt to follow it. The old man conducted him to some secluded spot, where or whereabouts he remained, without communication with any but hie possible fellows in probation, and without fire, until recalled. Food was brought to him daily by an elder (sole exception to the rule just cited), from whom at length he would learn of his promotion to the estate of nilyahng-o; whereupon, for a period of three days, he would fast. On the third day of the three the closing

QUESTIONS CONCERNING THE ABORIGINF.S. 203

ceremonies-the expulsion of the tooth, and whatever might pertain to that ordeal-took place; and these were followed by a corroboree, in which, as being then tummba, he was permitted to make one.

73. How do they dispose of their dead? Describe their funeral ceremonies, if any. Have they any form of mourning?

73. They bury their dead beyond highest flood-mark in the soft, easily-worked sand of the red sandhills. Now here, perhaps, may be met more face to face than at the funeral of a Black that touch which makes the whole world kin. The procession in twos or threes, for fellowship's sake; the hanging of heads, and the wringing of hands ; the wailings in camp, on route, and at the grave's mouth, that come plainly from no hired lips ; the carefully swathed body ; the carefully swept holy ground containing it ; the green leaves (flowers being none) laid under it and over it; the green boughs protecting it, all testify to recognition of the fact that a member has been taken, and that the members suffer and prize the worth of the lacked and lost. Nor may any sound be heard more plaintive, hardly more musical, than the varied intonations of the- mourners, as each mises his or her peculiar cry of relationship :-Kith-koo-jai.-1-ffiY-Alas, my brother I Wimb&-rai~ra.y-Alas, my child I W ah-pa-nyai-a-my -Alas, my child's child I . . • • On one occasion I was present at a burial, when the widower• (as the chief mourner chanced to be) leapt into the grave, and, holding his hair apart with the :fingers of both hands, received from another Black, who had leapt after him,

• The bereaved man's name waa Towney. Towney waa a. chatty pleaaa.nt little "nugget" of a. fellow, who, if one might judge him by his •If-contained fearleaa ma.nner, a.nd by the fact of the presence of a bullet in hia neck, had not held back from doing his part ver8U8 the invader. He went t.o Bourke shortly after the death of his gin, a.nd waa made tracker there; a.nd when, through an accident, he died some yeara ago he received the honor of a public funeral.

204 THE AUSTRALIAN .RACE:

a smart blow with a boomerang on the "parting." A strong jet of blood followed. The widower then performed the same duty by his comrade. This transaction took place, I fancy, on the bed of leaves, before the corpse had been deposited. I may add that, while walking lately (1884) on the other side of the river from Bourke, I came across a recently-made grave, about three and a half feet by two feet, swept and levelled, and bordered with pieces of round wood. Twenty pieces of kopajja, each of the shape and size of an emu egg, long drawn out at the ends, covered most of the space enclosed, while at the grave's head lay a much larger piece, and globnla.r, that had apparently been wom. Quite a gunyah (hut) of boughs shadowed this grave.

74. What a.re the causes of their wars? How are they carried on ?

74. The ordinary origin of a war between two tribes of Blacks was the offence of gin-stealing; the tribe of the intruding Black being aggre880r, in case of their kinsman's death; the other tribe should he have escaped. Not that the word 'IDar in its extended sense applies to what would actna.lly occur; there would be a few duels, and, perhaps, a m~lee, in which, by reason of the address of the combatants, not a life in all likelihood would pay forfeit; and then two ancients, one from each army, would step to the front, and exchange peaceful words, an example a.non followed generally. The Wimba.ja. does not foster for long alta mente repoatum, what we call bitterness and wrath-may be he is too indolent to do so, and, perforce, therefore, too indolent to prosecute a war.

75. How a.re disputes within the tribe settled? 75. The settlement of disputes within the tribe was

left to a conclave of old men, who, having heard both partiel'l, would do their best to bring a.bout a reconciliation. Failing in such endeavour, they would con-

QUESTIONS CONCERNING THE ABORIGINES. 205

sent to the breaking of the peace which they had found themselves powerless to me.ke. Nothing more serious, though, than a duel, and that, possibly, all but bloodless, might be expected; worse threatening, the kindly services of the old men would be again brought into play. The will and pleasure of these ancients ( only form of government in the tribe) seems to have consisted largely of deprecation, bat little of dictation, and to have been conveyed ever with a view to the rest and quietness of the community.

76. It has been said that messages are sent from one tribe to another by figures painted on bark or cat on sticks; will you give me your experience on the subject?

76. I lia1Je been told that, in the event of the loan of a net being required of another tribe, a waddy (club) having the image of a net· scratched or carved on its nob, would be despatched thither; and that bark, too, was used as a means of communication.

77. Have they any mode of salutation amongst themselves, such as shaking hands, &c.

77. Two men, not necessarily related but friendly, when meeting, would salute by standing side by side, and casting, each of them, hie nearer arm round his fellow's neck, with the greeting kahmbeeja or bahlooja (father or younger prother), according to the age of the addressed.

78. What was the extent of country which belonged to the tribe?

78. About 100 miles, as the crow flies, of river frontage. The extent of be.ck country was probably undetermined, the act of trespass among such people as Australian aborigines being ordinarily the meeting anywhere of two alien companies.

79. Name the tribes with whom their boundaries conjoin. 79. The adjoining tribe, up the river, is Bt1rrt1nbinyl.

That down the river is Nullt1lglS. That back of left bank (Mulga country) is Nyimmbl. That back of

206 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE s

right bank (towards Warrego) is Kih~gti1ly. The.t back of right bank (towards Pa.roo) is Bihrttnjy. The tribe Wihmbttnjy comes next above the tribe Blini1mbinyl; the tribe Tunggl next below Niillltig~.

80. Have your Blacks any masonic signs? 80. I never heard of any.

81. Have the Blacks any Government, or council of old men ? If so, please give full information.

81. See 75. 82. Does the native bee exist on your run? What is their

economy ? What are they like ? Do they swarm,? What is the weight of their comb, and qua.lity of their honey ? Can they do without water ?

82. The native bee (tintee-noorra) did formerly exist on the run. It was slim and stingless. It needed water. The honey ma.de by it was both pleasant to the taste and fragrant, but wanting in clearness until strained. I do not know whether native bees were given to swarm, nor yet what was commonly the weight of their comb. Here and there about the clayey frontage of the Darling grows a low sma.11-lea.ved running plant (mummalarooka), which secretes a tene.cious milky juice. With a speck of this juice (honey being required) a tiny piece of down would be attached to &

bee's back (the bee having been caught while settled), and serve not only to retard the flight of the insect, but also to aid the eyesight of the Black pursuing.

83. Have your Blacks any cures for sickness? How do they treat wounds ?

83. Except in the case of some mysterious disease calling for "treatment," when the doctor (turtoowoollee) would beat and sweep with leaves the air and the ground about his patient, knead him with knuckles, mutter over him, and eventue.lly gladden him with sight of a stone or piece of wood as causa 11W1'hi, the remedies applied by the Blacks accorded very closely with nature; the severest flesh-wound (beingga), for

I

1· i

QUFSl'IONS CONCERNJNG THE ABORIGINES. 207

inst.a.nee, being merelysucked, and then poulticed with a poultice of earth, or of chewed green leaves, or of braised bark; while for the most badly-fractured bone (ya.hkollojy-pinna.) nothing more than splints of bark and comparative rest would be considered necessary A man suffering from rheumatism (ga.hn-gala) would content himself with a poultice of boiled• marsh mallow (pemdeecha). To remove a headache (turtoo-meeka), he would dive repeatedly, or hold the head over a fire of green twigs, or apply hot to it smoked green leaves, or, the pain in it becoming extreme, bandage it with a strip of green opossum skins; sandy-blight (meeky-kollala) andswelling-blight(tillunggoonna), he would cure with the juice of the pig-face, when this was to be obtained. Cold water within for a fever (kollala); cold water within and the beat of a fire without for a cold (koondinya.), cold water both within and without for indigestion (koonto-meeka), are other examples of the simple " course " adopted aforetime by the Wimbaja. His alleg~d philosophic prescription for snake-bite, however, is open to question. If the snake's harmless, no remedy will be needed; if he's not harmless, none will avail.

• I fa.ncy that before the arrival of the White& boiling wu unknown t.o the Darling tribes.-E. M. C.

208 THE A USTB.ALIAN RACE :

•

No. 75.-BOURKE, DARLING RIVER.

BY G:aB.NVILU N. fiULON, F.sQ.

Kaugaroo - to.lttl. Hand - - mtlrrl. Opouum - • ylrinjf. 2 Blacka - boolll wimbljl. Ta.me dog # - mo.lttlri. 3 Blacka - bo6lll-niiechl -Wild dog - - poolk!lji.

wimblji. Emu - - k11lt~. Black duck- - ming-iri. One - - niiilchl.

Wood duck- - killSnihlJ. Two - - boolll.

Pelican • boolilllji. Three - - billS111-neilch1.

Laughing jacka.118 kllrrillSkn.h.klW. Four - billS111-boolll.

Nativeoompa.nion gool!lrka6. Father - kl.hmbilllji. White oookatoo - kiillfbo6ki. Mother - 11flmmihki. Crow - • wihkillS. Sister-Elder -wihtt.a!Sk'-Swan• - yoon-go-lee.

" Y ou.nger - wihttilllji. Egg - • p!lrti111-g11llll. Brother-Elder - kihkillSji. Track of a foot - tinni. Younger blhlillSji. Fish - (nogeneralna.me). " - A young man - to.mmbl. Lobster • (not known).

An old man • mi!rtti. Crayfi11h - koon-gillSla6.

An old woman • nihngglS. Moaquito - - koondilll. Fly - A baby - ki-ohttnggl.

Snake- A Whiteman - ttlndillSki.

The Blacks- - wimblji. Children - - ~lillS-~la6.

A Blaokfellow - wimblji. Head - - tilrto6.

A Black woman - btlrri1kkiL. Eye - - mAk.J.

Nose - - p11lkkil.-plnnl1. Ear - -etlrri!6.


No. 75,-Bo'UJWII, DABLINo Riv:m--continue.d.

Mouth • yelka.

Teeth - - nllnndi!li. Hair of the head- tltrlo6-wi5olkkY,

Beard• - wokkl-wa61kkY. Thunder - bootti,

Grau • - miRi~. Tongue - t11lli!linnl.,

Stomach - koont.6.

Breast.a - poonnl. - mungk.a.. - tinni. - pind. - kondlri. - pflltti.

ThighFoot -Bone -Blood -Skin -Fat Bowela

- . • mllnni!li.

Excrement• War-spear -Beed-spear -Throwing-ltick ShieldTomahawk -Canoe-Sun -Moon -Star -Light -Dark -Cold Heat · Day -Night-Fire -Wat.er·-Smoke Ground

Wind -Rain -God • Ghosts

VOL, ll,

- kallnnl-w1Ukll-wtllkll.

- kiRinnl. - koJ.klraiS.

- woollallmbttrriL. - wiikkiLkit • biRiltlraiS. - mi!ngki!lillllii. - bi-challkiL. - boolli!li. - mi!ngki!li. - wongkiL. - yi!rkki!li. - biiyttyi!li. - yllkii. • toongkiL. - koonYU, - nii-kkii. - poondo6. - mllndi!li. - yiirtt.6. - mtlkkriL - wlhtti-no6rinyL - kllylppL

0

Boomerang -Hill .

Wood

Stone -Camp -Yee No Me You

Bark Good -Bad

Sweet. Food -Hungry Thimy F.a.t • Sleep -Drink.

Walk· See

Sit Yesterday · To-day

• WOnniL.

- biilii. - yi!rd. • gi"'bbL

. yo.ppld. • mirraytL

- nlhtti. . lhppiL.

- Im.bl.

- toJ.kl!rall. • gtlnj111.ll.

• tiRilliLkiL. • gtlnj111.ll.

- wilklhkl. - yi!rlkkL

- tI-i!li. • l!-mirgiLlL

- t.clonjiLliL.

- wong-1.. . bonimi!li.

- nlihggiL.

- nlihgii.

- kiillppii. To-morrow - - wlhmbi!linyiL. Where are the wiRindyiL wlm

Black.at bi.jiL I don't know

Plenty

Big Little •

Dead -

By-and-by

Come on

Milk -

Eaglehawk

Wild turkey

Wife

- wiRindyiLh-n-no.

- noolliLdiL.

- koombi.jiL.

- kiUohlllkii.

- bclokU.

- pallly-lhttiL

- yo-thlhni!li.

- nO.mmiLJ.a6.

- bll-ylhriL.

- tikkiLri.

· koomblhkiL.

210 THE AUSTRALIAN RA.Cl!::

No. 75.-ADDlTIONAL Wo&D8.

The long mark and the short mark are employed in tb.ia vooabu1ary, not only to insure, aa far aa poesible, with the help of the hyphen, a oorrect pronunciation, but also to indicate the exact number of syllables in a word. In a compound word, the place of the long mark depends generally, u with ourselves, on the context: to.rtoo-woolkky, for instance, stands in oontra; distinction to wok.ka-woolkky; turtoo-woolkky, to turtoo-pinna.

Soft c or , does not exist in the tongue; for hard c, I have uaed k, &11

being unmistakable; j for soft g; tt for long e; ay for a, aa in baby ah for a, aa in father; a elsewhere is aa the one or the other of the two vowel.a in manna. The softer consonants are ·often preferred to the harder -p to b, t to d, and, now and then, le tog. Double consonants have been constantly employed, even where a single oonsonant may seem enough (pp in mulppa, nn and kk in noonntoolkko, t.g. ). The cause of this is the great emphasis which the Wimbaja lays on some one particular syllable, or two, of almost every word spoken by him, an emphasis ,o great at times aa to convert into a mere by-the-way the portion leU without emphasis. The emphasis is most apparent if the word be of two ■yllables, in which case he favors the penultimate, no ultimate being lengthened except in order to the ■trengthening of an exclamation.

Pronounce al, all, as in valley; ull, aa in gully; th, u in thought;

arr, err, irr, orr, urr, respectively, aa in barro111, ferry, wn-or, aorrou,,

hurry.

God-WahtU, n116rinyl(i.e., He of the right hand).

Heaven, aky-Kllrobb;Ynl. SU11-MengkiltJt1llll, yiik.Mllll. Moon-Tintttnn;Y, bittllll, bi-chi'l6kl

(i.e., white). Star-BoolliltJ. Morning twilight, sunrise-Wii.hm·

biltJ. Evening twilight, sunset---Kii.hlk.ki!.. Day, light-M~ngki!{j, yil.k.11. Night,da.rkneu-Toongki!., wongka. Morning star - WahmbiltJ-b11611E!il,

wllngkii.hl116 (i.e., that which da.rkneu brings).•

Eveningstar-Ml!ngki!.trniirnf(i.e., that which daylight brings).*

Southern Croaa-Mirribcioka. Alpha, Southern Cross - Nllr-ey

aldy. Pointers-Koll;Yb116kl (i.e., cocka-

toos). Milky way-Pllrro-wo-tM. Orion-T116lorllja (the Wimbaja). Pleiades - Bw-ltl.-cM (the Bur.

rukka). Hyades - Poond11611:1 (poondoo,

cloud). Meteor-Bihnggi!.ll. Comet---No.Ippa. Heat---BoyttyiltJ, b116kahri. Cold-Yerk.kE!il, koylyiltJ. Rain-Mii.kkra. Water-Nll-kkll, go.Ilinggll (cf.,

gully, gula; gurgle, gurr,ulio), mUydry

• Mark the original beaut, or th- two oonoept1011.1.


No. 715.-ADDmONAL WoBDa-contt11u«l. Drop of water-Tttrtoo-dArA. Ford-KAhnb&. Bubbl-NOlldyA-nttlldyA. .Reef-Ki!rnnll. Rainbow-Mllndil.nb&rA. hland-Poolpp/1, Clouds ( varioua}-Ninndi, poondo6, Flood-ToolppA.

koo!Aro6, taung-Aril. Wave - Koolil:ro6 (1cf, koolaroo, Lightning-Kttlli-koonYU, bi!rli. cloud). Thunder-Bootti (cf., boyttyee), Current--Kihni!enyil.

pindi!e. Eddy-MirrO.nyA. Wind-Yerttll. Water returning by bank-side--Whirlwind - GoorrA-bo6ttA, ylln- NerrnM.

dil.nyA. Creek-Kolppa, dAlyY, North wind-KllllY-wlllY, Ana-branch-DAlyY-volkkA. South wind-Bil.kkm-yi!rttll. Waterhole-KiLhkMro6. Ea.at wind-Tow-ArrA. Lagoon-Beil-rile. West wind-Ko-ly-i!rttll. Rain-water pool-Mooltt!.nyl. Sunlight--Bembllk.ki (1cf., bokka, Pool left by flood-Yiimbil.nyi, no-

leaf). kk~mttlli, thanlkA-

Shade, shadow - Ki!ylppArA (cf., Wet ground~~o.kkA. koylppa, soul, ghost, Ground of such a wetness that the and Umbra), mor-ro. feet sink in it--Yoo-

Land, ground-Miindi!e. lArM. Mirage (water on ground)-Tool- Ground of such a wetneBB that water

likA-no-k.kll, (i.e., false lies on it-Polng-Aro6. water). Rut left by flood-PolkkAJ1.

Mirage (" gin and water")-Bo-Y- Fissure left by flood-Yiilkky. t tyM-mil.ngkll-mil.ngkll, Hollow, hole-Meenggi, woolli!e. (i.e., heat, blinking). Sand-TernnA.

Hail-Werlo6. Hill-BoollA, bolll. Dew-Keltt/I, Sandhill-TiirnnA-bo611A. Boar frost--BahnggAri. Mountain-Miikkll. Ice-Nelli!eng-t1rri, Open country-PiillirA (cf. pulla.ra, Fog-Poondo6-po6ndo6 (i.e., smoke flame, whe1·eby coun-

and smoke, or smoke try is made open; and of smokes; so our" red pullaro., bald). red." Cf. poondoo, Scrub oountry-MOlpp,. cloud, and also nebula, Plain-Boolkkil. nubes), Duat-Boottll.rA .

.Mud-BollA. Gum-tre&-Koombihlil. (Li it by a River-ParkkA. chance or by a conceit Bank-Menddi. that maiden also is Point-Merti!e. Bend-Tookkllrri. Reach-Bllppilmbil.

koombahla ?* " Alba liguatra, * V accini.& nigral")

• other doubles are-Ternna (and, back); boolla (hill, two) 1 multtara (tame dOfr fea&her); merry (brow, very); mungko (lower arm, to wlD!r.); pern (aountry, quickly) wona--& (oven, to walk); bulkka (1tr!D&", to kill).

t See moulA, P8fl9 1109,-E. H. 0.

oz


No. 711.-AI>Dm0NAL WoJU>8-COfttinaetl.

Box-tree-Koorki!6roiS. Baltbush (gigas)-BAhliki. Cott.on-buah-Noorp<RSroiSjlL. Polygonum (p. ju.noeum) - Wi!b-

ddA. "&ly-poly"-lUiiniJA. Bowthiatle- (" warregal cabbage")

b1lllttmbL Trefoil-Poontti. Pigfaoe-KAhnball. Nardoo-T11ndttkklL (? cf .. tukka). Pig-weed-T!iong-Ari. Yam-K!ionplnylL. Muahroom-&olll!II (cf. our atar-

wort, at&rfiah). Marahmallow-Pl!mdl!oohA. Bee-plant--Nttmmllirookkl (num-

maloo, milk). Native apina.ch-K6llityli-mtlnno6. Cre.u--Bihnl.chi. Cowalip-Ki!6ri!onggi!6roiS. Lily-BihlihmbAhthArA (pronounce

th u in tAw). Native pear*-Kihk61A. Sturt's pea,--MAkYlill, gii1Sl!llki!6. Toadatool--Bi!6lli!i!-wilii-rl (cf. mush-

room), beltti!IS. Herbage-Borddi!ii. G1'&1111-Moott6. &ot-PnlyArl.. Sap..:... Yoong-A. Trunk-T~ (cf. t&hreenya, per

pendicular). Bark-PnlttA (i.e., akin; cf. pelt,

pellia), tlllk!lroiS. Bough-WootA-y!lrri. Branch-Wol-y!lrrlL. Lea.f-BokkA. Bl01180m, :8ower-W-mdi!6. Seeda-Ding-1-dlng-Y, pihppl. Gum-TtlnnlnyA. Honeycomb-K1llliR>.

Honey-Wihrlhni. Opouum hole-Pt\ntttnj'Y. Ka.nga.roo--T11lttA. W allaby-Milrrlnyl. Kangaroo-rat--Wong-lroiS. Tame cat--MAriilin-bAriio. Tame dog-MO.lttArL Wild dog-Poolki!ji. Bandiooot--Poolkl!nyL Rat--Poolk6. Mou-Mo.ng-6. Opounm-YA-rinjf, w6m!ba6klL. Emu-K11lttilii. Curlew-Willi.ri!6. Native companion--GcRntirkiR>. Swan-Yi!6ngoll!II. Turkey-'nkkf.rlL. Pelican-&oliliijlL. Eaglehawk-BllyibrL Kite-GoorkkA. Crow-Wihki!6. Sulphur cl'\llted cockat.ocr-Kollf

bi!6ki. Tricolor«eated ooobtoo (Lead

beater'a) - K.lhgill>lirlnyi.

&ae-breaated cookat.ocr-Killttmbi. Black oockatoo - PinnYA-kollyjl,

tfl&hr6. Parroquet--Klll11nggoonyL Laughing jackaaa - KllrroiSkih

klLhklL, tikko6kL Morepork-Woopi!6gl, noorrko6n-

yi. Black duck-Ming-Ari. Wood duck-Ki!6nihlj. Teal-KooltApl. Squatter pigeon-BAhndi!ii-wi!6ttl. Created pigeon--Gool11mb1llliL Speckled dove (g. cu.neata)-K6r·

wi!6thi!6. Magple-lark-Koolll6tlriRS.

• Not the wooden fruit commonly known under thla name, but a rind of moderate hardnoss and thlcknoss, oontalning a lllAl8 of 10ft spun g1-•llke ftbre, encucd In a coat of brliiht rr-en IC&Jes. .


No. 76.-ADDlTIONAL WoBD&--corlHnwd.

Swallow-Ninebyttnb)'. W agt,a.il-Tlrrf-gln'yki ( of. moki-

cilla ). Homet--W-md)'{dy. Bee-'I"ln~nc5i>rrl. Butt.er8.y-B"ill11.1JYl!nki (of. pa,-

pilio, achmetterling, farfaJJa, f'IIIH'ipo&a),

lilOBquito-Koondi!fi (? cf. koonnee, sting).

Blow-fly-KliiltrOtY. M:arch-fly-Pimpl!rY, Eye-fly-W-mg-OriR>, mo-Uy. Sand-fly-Ni!li~pp)'U. Ant.a (variou1)-K11.lki!rY, pfnt411!till5,

bRlp11.nbttlli, mi!mdi, mooDDilli, mippi.ro6,

Whit.e ant-Thtl.m!ID.9i, . Gra.-hopper-NihroiSkl, bi!ndN, Whit.e gru1-MI-oh11.nggl. Centipede-Ki!lkkA, ffllrrYgl.rQkU. Tara.ntula-Mt1rrim&r11.kk1. (" The

apider taketh hold with her hatnda ").

Scorpion-KlblN-koondld (''They had t.atl.a like unto ,corpion, ").

Lome-Noollttl>. Sna.kea (va.riou■}-Miii!tmdY, dihn

giRI, moondlriL, mo.lki!rY ( or tiRlro!i).

Iguana-Tirko6liRI. Lizard-Yi!ndiRlro6. W orm-fulndooriR>. Tortoi■e-Boomi1Abo6kl. Frog-Bt1nbttlli (bulla, mud). Crayfiah-Koon-giRlliRI. Mu11118l-Illl!6ji. Cockle-Bokkl>jjiril.. Periwinkle-Mei!millijlrY. Filhea (varioua)-Tihpo6ril6, pll.ng

hll., Illihmbll., yll.nlmAhji, ko6nbll.bll!6, pi!mdo6.

Fur-PoolkkY (in compoaition, softened to woolkky),

Tail-Koondh'Cl&w-Mi!lllnyl. (nail). Bea.k-Moonni16 (upper lip). Wing-Wll.nyllli {upper arm). Feather-Mo.lttirll., poolkky. Down-Poolppll., poolkky. Egg-Pi!rtN-go.lU!. Nipper-Nll.nndi!li (tooth). Sting-Koonnil6. Soul, ghoat-~ppL Body-MAhnbll.. Bone-Finni. Hair-Poolkk)'. Head-T1lrtil6. Hair of head-Tiirt<RS w!!illkky. Hair at back of head-BombY-

wo6JkkY, Skull-Tiirt<RS-pinnl. Bram.-Tiirt<RS-nt1.mmAliRI (i.e.,head

milk). Forehead-BRkkiRI. Brow-Mi!rrY, Eyebrow-Mi!rrY-woolkk)', miiiing-

i-wo61kkY, Eye-MiiiikY, Eyelid-Ml!6kY-bo-lL Eyelaah-MNkY•wlxilkk)'. Teant-Nihkkil.. Noae-Po.lkkl-plnnA ( T of. pulkka,

■tring ...... ). . Noatril-Mi!nndAmo.110, Ea.r-E11rri56 (cf, auria, oil, ; al■o,

aii>Ji,~). Upper lip-Mlxinnil6, Hair of upper lip - Mo6nn<115-

woolkky. Lower lip-Miiiiml!6. Hair of lower lip - MNml!li,

woolkky. Tooth-N11nndl!6. GuDlB-Nllnndil&bll.hndllli. Tongue-TitllNnni. Saliva-Nilllt.chi. Cheek-Nilll.~. Chin-Wokki. Beard, whiakera--WOkki-wooJkkY.

214 THE AUSTlULUN RACE:

No. 75.-AIIDmO!UL WoBD8-(0llli1111~. Throat-Yelkkl. Fiugen-(fim and -«lf)--N~ Neck-Pernbi. kllkoo-mihmbonyl. Gullet - Koo!l•gllll-gttrrl (cf. gul- Fiugen-{third and fourth!), fourth

linggo, water). finger-:Sillkka6-Collar-bone--BimbarY, mlll'ri. Breaat-Poondolo. Breast--(i.e., uJ,,r)-poonna. Nipple--:S!lmmi (cf. moonnoo and

meemee, and also mam'1111).

Milk-Nilmmilii6. Rib--TirrA· kei\k)'-plnnl. Heart-Biirlii6. Lunga-TholkkA. Belly, 11tomach-Koont.6. Naval-Winggii6. Liver-Tilng-gnnyiL Dung-Koonnll.. • Bowels - Kii6nni-wi1lkkl-wttlkki

(pulkka, string ...... ). Kidneya-Y eerltto. Urine--Tipparl. Shoulder-Knlttll. Shoulder-blade-Nclli!li-plmll. Back-TcrnnA. Ba.ckbone--Ti!rnni\-pinnA. Hip-TingkA. Upper ann-Wilnylie, t~ Bicepa-WiiingkiriL Elbow-Koop<\. Lower ann-Milngkll. Hand-Murri. Wriat-Werttl!-mt!.rrl (i.e., the heel

of the hand). Palm-Koontl!-mt!.rrA (i.e., the b,lly

of the hand; " the hollow of hie hand." Cf. ali•Plls, al1'118).

Thumb--Kil6nilabmAbkl. Nail-Mellinyl. Thigh-joi.nt-B""tlkinnJ. C"pper leg-Mfingki. Kn-Ding!df. Lower leg-Yelkko, dindil6. Calf-Yi'lkkllrd.. Shi.n-Dindoo-plnn1'. Ankle--Mi!nggil6nyl. Foot-'I'innl. Heel-Werttl. Sole-Koont.6-tlnn.K (i.e., tbe belly

of the foot). Toe--Merlil6. Big toe-Weetyil6. Ski.n-Pillttl. Perepiration-Kftng~ Vein - Yi!nttl-wttlkU (pulkka,

string ...... ). Blood-Kondlrl. Fat, marrow-llilnnt!li (e.g.,

yeerltto-munnee, kidney fat; munrka-munnee, leg-marrow).

Small-pox-MD.nggl. "Giggle-giggle. "§-Moorkkl. Fever-KolOOa. Sandy blight-Mt!lik)'-kollala (i.e.,

tbe fevered eye); mt!lik)'-kond.arl (i.e., the bloodshot eye).

• Note the aerl011 ol whlob thl.l word ill bead and lront-Kooogungurra, koon'°, koonna-wulkka--wulkk., koondara, koonnee.

t To the be8t ol my romembero,noe, all Blacu, when drinking, ftlrted the water In~ their mouth■ with thOIIO two fingers (the third may have been Included) ol the right hand; and the women, when net making, employed u meeh-lrame the 11&11le llngen ol the left hand; hence, doubtlc111, the conjoining or them u abo,·e. Likely enough, too, they lormod the paint brush ol the artist-ln-kopaJJ1>--when adorning II comrade !or the corroboroe.

i lt Is an lnterOlltlng !act that tho mbordlnate plaoe In &II age• ..Uotted to the third llnj'er 1hould have obtained among these Blacks, toto diTJift o,w III they were.

§ The eruptive dlaorder common amonpt our Blacu ii, I tblnk, meant by thill word.• H. 0.


No. 75.-ADDmONAL WoBDS--COntimud.

Swelling blight-Tl1111nggoo~. Rhenmatism-Gfihn-g1'll. Fleah wound, acar of wound-Bemg-

~ Broken bone-Yihkt\llllj}f-pinnil:, Cramp-Men~jll:. Indigeation-K~n~miRiklit. Heada.che-TtlrtM m~ A cold-Koondmyil:. A boil-M!!nt.o!S. White man-TilndiJ6klit. Black man, Black men-Wimbll:jil:. Black woma.n-Btlrrilkklit. Black women-Btlrmb1'rttkkil:. • Old man, head ma.n-Merttll:. Old woman-Nihnggll, Koombll:hkil: Hnaband-MihliRi, nooundll:jll:. Wife--Nihnggll, Koomblhklit. Father -Kihmbi!lijlit. Mother-Ntlmmlithklit (nnmma; of.

maman, mamma.) Son, daughter-Wimblitrlit. "Onr mutual child."-(Expresaion

used by either paient to the other when speaking of one of the children of the family) -W-1JJ1~n-tllliRinnil:

Elder brother-Kihka6jlit. Younger brother-Bihloojlit, Elder llister-Wihtt.o!Skll:. Younger sister-Wiht~jil:. Father's brother-Kihmbi!lijli: (t.e.,

father). Father's sister-Ni1mmil6jil:. Mother's brother- Wihklitjil:. Mother'ssister-Nihlloojlit. Nephew, nieoe-Giln-goojlit. Cousin (male)-Kihkooji£ (i.e., elder

brother.)+ Cousin (female)-Wahttooka (i.e.,

elder sister.)

Father's father-Mihtll:jl'-Father's mother-Meet.o!Sjll:. Mother's fa.ther-Nihttll:jlit. Mother's mother-Gihnfl6j1'. Grandchild-Wihpil:-nyl'Father-in-la.w (to the husband)-

Wihklitjil: (i.e., mother's brother).

Mother-in-law (to the huaband)Nihlla6jlit (i.e, mother's sister. )t

Bon-in-law-Giln-goojl (i.e., nephew),

Fa.ther-in-law (to the wife) -Kihmbi!lijil: (i.e., fa. ther's brother).+

Mother-in-law (to the wife)-Nnmmoojl (i.e., father's sister.)+

Daughter-in-law- Giln-goojli: (i.e., niece.)+

Baby-Ki-ch11ngg1'. Twins-Booll1'nl1'. Child-B!!rloo. Children-B!!rloo-berloo. His (mother's husband's, i.e.) fa

ther's boy - Mihli!eberloo.

Her (father's wife's, i.e.) mother's girl-Nihnggl>-bl!rloo.

Lad, youth-Kllrnoondoo. La.se, maiden-Koomblhll. Young man, inlJJledia.tely before ini

tia.tion-Wllyihng-6. :t Young man, after initiation-

Tiimmbil:. Widower- Yerkkfl6ja (?cf. yerkkee ), Widow-Boort.o!Skl. Orphan- Wulklnylit. Rainmaker-Boon-tal'.r-rlit-mtlklr.rllt. Doctor-Tttrtoo-woolliRi. Manslayer-Biilkka-biJ6kkl.

* The plum!, by redupliaa.tlon of aome aort, appean to be the ohlof, U not the aole, form of plunl in the language,

t Th- are only 111Jl1K9Rlons founded on aaalot17. i See page 119.-E. M. C,


No. 75.-ADDlTIO!l'.AL WoJI.DII--CORtinrud. Country (reyio, patria)-Gi!i!irrl. New■-Plllkkoo. Corroboree-Mihnllli. Fight--Goo-rlny~ !rleltle-Noo~i-~rln)'L Duel-Birkoolci6-goortny~ Devil-Boorrl!li. God of the wind■-Plndllli (whence

pindee, thunder). Monster■ of the water■-Yi!ut~,

n5lttM. Burial - ground - Mllndllli-mllndE!li

(i.e., ground and ground, or the ground of ground■, i.e., God'• Acre),

Grave-Toongphd (aee toong-gahty,• to bury; and cf. aepulchrum, ,epelire).

Well-Ki!i!it.c~. Road-Yengkl. Traolr. (i.e., "apoor ")-nnd (■o

mT"d .. ~II(, on the tnulk■).

Stone-Gib~ Wood-Yi!m. Fire-KoonYU, Fireplace-Koon)'-kihu-gO. Flame-Po.~~ Sparks-~wllli. Smoke-Poondoo, pai>ndi!!imK. Charcoal-Ni!kkE!li. Ashe■-po.lp~. Bread-Mo.nnoo. Meat -WOngp. Paste of ■eed.1-WOmp~ Cake of ■eeda-B<x>km. Flat stone■, wherewith to bruiae

■eed■-Yi!l~. Oven-Wong-i ( ? of wong-a.roo,

kangaroo-rat). Break-wind-Kihtri>too, Sun-sha.de-T""ahng-oroo,

Camp-Yilp~. Aboriginal hut-Gi5ollil6. Ridge-piece- Yerklld: (i.e., y-gool·

lee). Front upright--Mi!i!inggookl. Rafter-noo-ihk~ String, cord-PillkU (eometime■

hardened to bulkka, sometime■ softened t.o wulkka).

Canoe-Bool~. Canoe-pole - werW (i.e., b-

werkka). Canoe-cord-W&hwi!rY-~ Thwa.rt-atick-Yi!rkakl. Net--mo.lkkl. Fiah-spear-TintE!li. Spea.r■ -(2-barbed)-ko.lku-oo,

no.nndE!li-boo~. Spear (1-b&rbed)-Wlm-wirrotY, Spear (unbarbed)-Gooll~. Shield-Woolloombo.rrl. War boomerang-Wona. Returning boomerang -Wonp. Large club-Ko-lo-roo, Small club-pi5onggoroo. Club of another ■ort--Poondllli. Club (liat)-Mimg-i-bo.ttnl. Tom&lr.a.wk-Wo~, plrdmbo-

~. Stone tomahawk-D11rrln)'L Spade-Bop~. Y am-stiok-Wi!rW. Stone ohi■el■-Mo.ndoo~ moollil6. Stone knife-Yi!m~. Shell knife-Ki~ Bone knife-To.lt~-p~ ko.lttE!li

p~. Stick, with which tooth is expelled

-Yi!ntooroo. t Punch, for "giggle-giggle "-Pi5on

goo~. Red ochre-KoottE!li.

• Al a rule, noun, verb, and adjeatlve, and ooculonall,y adverb, are the IUD8 word euotly.

t Tbe Blaclu open the Innumerable plmplel whlClh arlle bum thll dlaorder with a UWe pointed ltlck.-.E. )I. c.


No. 76,-.AJ>DITIONAL WoBD11--contintcea.

" Pipe-clay " (1111lphate of lime)Ko-pijjL

Wooden bowl (large)-Yooko6jL Wooden bowl (mnall; wherein t.o

heat water)-Yi!mkooro6kl.

Mat-Pinto6kX. Buket-Kooro6kl. Net (mnall, for odd.a and enda)-

WorrokL Rug-Koml>M. Fringed apron-Wi!&'lpJ:IL Loin-line, supporting it-WiJ6rlppi-

wl!&lyl. Loin-net (for bracing the body)

Wt!6rlppi-palkkl. Fly-awitch-Wi!iirlppi (i.e., e.g.,

wingoroo-weerlppa). Noee-atick - M6undiJ6ihtta (i.e.,

meundamullo-yerra; i.e., noatril-atick),

Head-b&Dd-Mi!rrY-mAnfjL Head-net-Ti1rtoo-wiiilrlpJ:1L FeatherB in tufta(e.g., emu-feathers)

placed therein-K1llltiJ6-wo61kkY,

Neck1ace-Pi!mbl-w11lkkl. Hole in 1eptum of noae-Y~

wooll~. Ornamental IQl'II-NlngkL Gap in front teeth-Bmg-6-106. Hat-Tttrt!io-piroli. Good-Gllnjl!lkkl, gllnj~ bi!l-

leiirrL * Bad-ToolmX, toijlWt11llf. Fat-Noo~ . Old-T6-tiyly. Truthful-Mmllyt.X. Untruthful-T'"an-go6jL Bot-BoytyiJ6. Cold-YerkkM, bt1ndMng-ttlll(.

Tall, lofty-Bo6-rijj~-tarto6 (i.e., head afar), turtoollji'

Big-Kooml.jL Little-Kl!lchi!lkll. Perpendicular-T'"ahrMnyL Horbontal-EepJ:IL Right-handed, using the right hand

-No6-rinyL Left-handed, using the left hand

Yinggo6jL Using both handa, ambidextero

M1lllttk-m1lllttk-no6-riDyL

A.ngry-Koom. lli-Miii!kl, miRikXjL Whi~Bl-cho6kL Black-KerkrMkl. Red-NihllkMkL Blue-Ko-krMkl. Green-Noonl.rakl. Hungry-WilkXhkl. Thiraty-Yi!rlkkX. Empty-DikkO.llL Lame-PMlkkL Grey-GoorrL Blind-Wonto6jl. Bald-Ptll.llrl. Deaf-Nihppijii: (Tcf. n-ahppa, 'tis I:

i.e., 'tis only I; the compulsorily UDBOCiable; paaa on).

Dumb-ll0.nd0.ng-inggL lna&De-T0.rto6-WillkUf (!cf.bulkka,

t.o kill ; or pulkka, string • • • ,).

Dead-Bookkl. To Hear, t.o underatand-TIUlMtM

( ahow1 how affined in the wimb&ja are ~ and vov,).

Smell-Bll-oottlt

• Tlae tbiee worda (which an adverbl &lac>) may be joined ~erently with any DOUD or pronoun that la to be favorably qualified, the ooculon 911ppl,ylng the tun aenae brtended. They nand, therefore, for good, ffMt, new, lie. TooUaka r.nd tooUahlly, In like manner, an.nrer to our bad, luy, quarrel10me , &c.

t See page 113, Curloo tl>OOltt, = Aair qf u.. A«,4.-E. .IL 0.

218 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE

No. 711.-AI>DmO?UL Wo&D&-Collti11wd.

To See-Bomm~. Summon by whi.stling-KoJl•

p~ (? cf. koylppa). Call by name-KnlpprK. Fetch-Wott6la"Y, Seiz.e forcibly-Noo-rfnyi( (noo

rinya, a.a verb or a.a adverb, takea the long marlt on the fint 1ylla.ble).

Tattoo-Wihmmll:, bihta;, Kiu-Mo6nno6-injit (moonnoo), Tickle - No6nnd1£-noonndttndl

(cf. kinda-kindunda, the event of noonnda noonndunda).

Pinch-Boottit. Btroke-Tolnbllmhil:. Btrike-Perttit. Kill-BulkU (cf. bookka). Bury-Toonggiht)'. Breathe, to sigh-Tow-i!n"Y, Snifl'-Wii.hnggo.nyit. Sniff, rubbing the noetrila with

the fingcr-Menndll:mO.llll:bO.ttit.

Blow the noee-Nondi!n'Y, Sneeze-Encho6cM. Crawl-Bil.nggll:. Dance-Wo6mlxlmbi5cnl~. Swim-Yiillkkll:, Dive-Bflrrtl.ng-ll:. Walk-Wong-ii:. Run-KolYarit Pant-Mootto-moott6. Stumble headlong-Nii.hng~ll(

tinggo6r~ (? cf. nahnggo).

Fall-~kkll: (cf. bookka). Sit down, rema.in-Nei!ngg1£. Sitcroeslegged-Prnt~-pin~jy. Lie down, recline-Ecmmll: [cf.

eeppa]. Think-Moorra. Sleep-i-mirgm,

To Dream - BcASkiSJlppJ (! cf. koylppa).

Snore--Poompoppi. babnd~ Yawn-T'"ahp~pl. Wink-Mi!.ngko. Blink-M ilngko-mil.ngko. Stare-Wii.hmhil:. Get up - Dinggi!rf (dinggy:

" A hand touched me, which set me upon m:,mu"),

Smile-Mo-ki-yo. Laugh-Krndll:-kindo.ndl. Hum-Mo6nno6•moonit Whi.stle-Woolpo6l.ko. Sing-Yengkt,. Gabble-Y o.ndl-yiindldl. Shoot out the lip-McRSnnolS-

boo~jll: (monnoo). Sulk-Brei!n°Y, Sta.mp foot-NilmmbO.ddy. Fight--Goo-rrnyll:. Sob-Ni!nnggo-nennggll:rf. Cry - Neerra, nahng-ll:rolS

(nahnggo: "Women. mwt weep "-Kingeley).

Groan-Yerlr.ttlko. Cluck with tongue - Noonn

tcRSlkko. Drink-Toonjl£lll:, twiii!ndyi(. Hicoough - Til.nto.ndll:, nilmm•

bo.llll:. Blow with mouth-Poorppll:. Eat-ti-1511, tll:r-enjll:Ij. Gorge-Wertto-tli!II, bi!lleerra-

tl~, noorlnyll:-tii!II. Be ill-Ko.llo.llll:. Spit-No.lltchl'Cough-Goon.koko. Vomit-Mo.nda.ndit. Sta.mmer-M rmdo.lkll:. Whisper-Mll:hrll:-bo.lkkcRS. Shiver, tremble-Yo.rly-o.rly. Fa.int-Wll:hloo-wll:hloolhil:


No. 75.-ADDITIONAL Wo'&Ds-continued.

To Di-Bllilkkl. Together-Boolllt Smell ill-Bookkli:-booW (i.e.,to Apart-Nlil!oha:-n~hli: (i.e., one by

be dead indeed). one; of, ~vo ~vo, St. Very very long ago-Kihnc!Mn Mark V'l, 7).

ml!rt1 kahndl!iln yllk6 To the right-Noor'fnylt (i.e., yako). To the left-Yingg6.

Very long ago-JUhndilli-k.ihnd~- On the hither side-W6rrlln1'rllkk1', yli:, m1!"1m1!"1 kahn- w6r-ing!!rY, d~ y6k6, On the thither sid-M11llarkli:.

Long ago-Kihndillinyil:, kihndillin Anigh-Tiillppil:. y6k6, Afar-Bc:Rl-rijjacyl, b<lo-ri!i!llY,

Lately-Kmlpp6-kiillpp6, Indoons-Koont6-go6llilli (i.e. the The day before yesterday-Kah- belly of the house).

ro6k6, Out of doons-llhn1'-mi1111'k1'. Yesterday-Illahg6. The end-Tln~·willkklt To-day-Now, almoat (cf, our pre- The middle-Tln~-ilkkli:, tt1rtoiS-

aently)-Keilpp6. n!l-kk6, To-morrow- Wihm~yli:, Klh- Everywhere-Tinto6-n6-kk6,

reengky. Very, thoroughly-Mcn-Y, To-morrow morning- W1'hmbll- Plenty-Noolladli:.

ihmbY, Lo 1-Biimmi!li. The day after to morrow-KihklQi

~gky. The day after the day after to

morrow-Kihkihklh~ngky.

In five days hence-Y~tli: tlnnli: yllk6.

In. ten days hen-Tlnnli: !lhll6 y6kll.

By-and-by-Pool)'-ihttlt Some day or other - Bc:Rirfjjacy!

kihnl!il (i.e., afar to come) - kihnl!il-1111-kihnl!il,

Forthwith-Ti1ndl!ilj1'. Often-Ti1n-g1'. Alwaya-Ti1n-g1' ml!n-Y, N ever-Killl'-For long-Werk6-6-t1' (cf. kitto-o-

ta, farewell). One-Niit!oha. Two-Birkooloo, boolJJ:. Three-&rkool6 ni!iicha:. Four-Birkooloo birkooloo.

Hark ! Ti1llilli~. What ?-Minn.1'? Where ?-Wi!iindyli:, wi!i!ndylrli:. Well 811.id I Well done I Hooray I

All right !-Gt1njt11W, gtlnj0.111', bl!lli!i!rrlt

You don't say so 1-Ahtl!ilng-lt Yes, truly-NiM-, nay (cf. ,,a,)

mmiytli:, Yes, indeed-Mirriytli:, ml!ITY, No-Nihttli:. Certainly not-Nihttli: m!!ITY, Have done 1-Nlhohttli:, nlhtihttlt 1-lhppit You-imba:, indoo, o-mmli:. He, She, lt-Wihttli:, wihtt6. The man yonder, That woman, Thia

thing-Wlhtt1'-eenn6. One more-Ni!i3chii: binnlt It's all one to me, I think with you

-El!.nl!il-n-ihlppy, imni!i3ny1'-n-ihppa. (cf. U,l'U8),

Ah me 1-N-ihppa gtllJJ:gll.


No. 711.-AD»moNAL WoBDII--CO!dinll«l.

Take care 1-W-ll'1'1'-mJlll. Cheer up! Don't make a foul Huahl

Moonda':-n~ My dear-Mlhmbo-ll. Come hither-Yci-thahnil6, yci-Vih

rillipK. * Go hence-Wib.ri-thahnl!II, w~

vih~pL• Come hither quickly 1-Yci-mmY•

thihnElli, Yo-mmY-v~pK.

Fet.ch it hither 1-Yih-wihttci. Take it hence 1-Wib.ri-gii,hndE!li, I'm off-Thihnl!II ihp~ ihppl

thahnE!ling-11ng~ You stay behind-Imbii: niii!nggK. Which way ahall I go?-Wei§ndyli:

li:hpplt tbihnE!ling-11ng·1'.

Go that way-Wihttci-1£-rihnl!II. Quickly, quickly 1-G~ gEAirr1'. Halt there 1-Ni!i!ngp. Keep to the road-Yengkil: blnn1'. I don't want to go 1-KlllhinE!ling

ihpplt. I ahan't go 1-Moolltttrri!ling-ihpplt. I'm very tired - Baalyli:hpp}f-wli:h

nda':-ihppli:. I have too huge a corporation

Koonn1'-n1£-plllll£-ihpp1'. I'm very ill-Mi!i!kli:-1-ihpplt. Come, no more of that gabble

Wi!i!ndyt1k m11ndyy11n. da': ynndltdli: Ind<RS.

Go and have a drink- Bi!i!lkkli: t.oonj1'11'.

Where are the Blaclui T-Wi!i!ndyli: wtmbii:jli:.

ldon'tknow-Wi!i!ndylth-n-nO. (i.t,, ay, where indeed?)

I have aeen it-BllmmE!li wihtto. I have not BBeD it-KI111' bOmmE!li

wihtto.

I have heard of it-T1lll~wihtt6 I nndentand-T1llli!fitilli 1'hpp1'. What do you eay?-KO-pl k<RSriy, There'a a Black coming-~-

11ng-ll: nilf,cbl wfmbii:jL Seize the fellowl-Noo-rlnp wihttA.

(" With all our ,_.. of power.")

Why 10 ?-Minni mllndj. There'■ not a Black about the p1-

-Ki11' nli:httlt wlmbii:ji!ttl!II.

lB a Black here?-W-1D1bii:jl nE!linggL Yea, I 1-N--ahppa. 11 Good morrow to thee I Welcome''

-Gi!i!m • thihnl!II. gi!i!m-vihreliP', ( i.e.. come quickly! adN.').

Where'& another Bia.ck ?-Wi!i!nd~ kihro6 wlmbii:jlt.

A Black'■ coming-Wimbii:jli: l>Anda':lllng.

Come, I want one of you with meYO • thahni!6, niilll!II bi!rril6 thahnE!li.

Come quickly, one of you l~gE!lirrihni!.

Come quickly, numben of you I~ . gl!llrrihnl!lln ohms.

Make a big blue; it'• very coldNoo~ rihttci kiioofkll: ; bt1ndi!6ng • iilll ki!i!ltkY,

Get more wood - Kahro:6 ym:i wahttci.

Where ia it?-Wi!i!ndyli:h-t-t6. It'• all gone-Nihtta wmnlltY, You're a humbug-Nihttlt mmY

lmbii:. I'm no humbug, I'm in earne&t, I

speak the truth-larriyta ml!rfY ihpplt.

• In t.he 70- and the wabn.• of t.h- worda, one oan almoat 1ee t.he weloomlng and t.be repe1111Ji a..1.ton of band■ and llpa.


No. 75.-ADDITIOJUL WoBD&-continued.

You're a lazy fellow-Ti5ol.W[t111Y • t1lrtcRijit (Turtoo: ~

eaput,-e.g., "can ca-put.")

You're another-N-imblh-kiJtt;X. "Where shall I put it T-WIR!ndYa

t!6mlnXji-iY, Her&-Ktturr-Ydi. There--Eettlld More this way !-Yii-ml!rrY, More that way !-Wirrii:-ml!rr-Y, That'll do; I don't want it-Nlt:-

Mh~; kil~ wlhttlS ihltlS.

What do the Bia.ck■ name this TMinnX w1mb1'jl k!Rlkkf.

I'm a.llbuta.Bl&ck myaelf-Kellpp6 wtmb1'jl n-ihappil:

Who a.re you T-Mlnnll: wil:hn-gil: lmb1'.

Where's your oountry T-WIR!ndyil:ril: ~-r-0-~

Afa.r on the other side of the river -MO.llirkil: pirkkil: bo6rijjil:?Y.

The net's at the ca.mp on the other side--M lllkkil: l!-mimil: mtUlirkYnil: moollllli-n-yttppil:rtlnnil:.

The sun's just setting; oome, be quick, be quick, and get over, and set oft' to the ca.mp together-Kellpp6 yttko-tUlO bllliW kllnnih, gi!i5m glllirrihnllling-6-tih, gi!i!m glllirrib, ytlppil:ra mttnday.

Good-bye! Good-night !-KiltlS-o-til:, nel!nggttnggil:.

The very expressive words following-oontained above, but not there noted, many of them-seem to me worthy of 1pecial mention:-Wa.bkoo (crow), woopooga (morepork), koona.bly (wood-duck), korwoo thoo (speckled dove), korrooka.hka.bka (laughing jackass), tirry-girryka (wagtail), eurree (ea.r), moonnoo and meemee (upper lip and under lip), tulleenD& (tongue), yelkka (throat), koongung-urra. (gullet); gullinggo (water), bootta (thunder), towerry (to breathe), poompoppa (to snore), enchoo-cho (to meeF.e), goonkoko (to cough), mootto-mootto (to pant), nennggonenngga.ry (to sob), yurly-urly (to shiver, to tremble), mungko-mungko (to blink), kinda-kindunda (to la.ugh), ta.bppapa (to yawn), weelpoolko (to whistle), noonntoolkko (to cluck with the tongue), nulltcha (to spit), poorppa (to biow with the mouth), moonnoo-inja (to kiss), moonnoo-booteeja (to shoot out the lip), mennda.mulla.butta (to sniff, rubbing the nostrela with the finger), na.bnggahla-tanggooree (to atumble headlong). And what can better example Shakapere's "quick cross-lightning" than kulla.-koonyka; the quiver of a brandished spear, the quiver and whirr of a launched spear, than wirra-wirroty; the fitful ways of a butterfly, than billubyleukka T

One may reasonably doubt whether, from a vocabulary so limited, could be furnished by any civilized tongue such a galaxy of speaking words.

The following is a list of words either not oonfirmed or having something Bllllpicioua about them, but not necellll&rily unworthy; inserted because some of them might possibly be oonfirmed by, or "oonfirm, those of another oontribntion :-

New moon-Bt1ttoti. Full moon-Kiilimb1'jl (i.e., big). Moon on wane--Wlnnl.

I Evening Bta.r--Nii6ihlok-m11ttlllimilttllliklt

Sunrise-Klllchttlkl.


No. 75.-ADnmoYAL WolllDS-Q)lltilltlell. Midday-Klllkl!rj (alao, bull-dog

ant.) Sumet-Pilkka, pllkilml, pl1lkkl•

,rihW, (pilkahna -given to me at variollll timea not only as ,unael, but as c/iiltl; and, joined with boollee, as ,n,leor).

Night-Nihmi'i6doo. Meteor-Boollee-pllkihnlt Comet-Ycngkil: (also road). Heat-Kihla- kih~. Water-Kolly(this word savoun of

boojery and the like, as do wee-tett, ill; 1mroko, 1nm; bimble, grou1ul). •

Mirage-A.hp~-nO-kkO. Ford-Nilrree-nli-kkO. laland-Kil.rl&-pcii>lppo. Waterhole-No-kkO-yl!rd, nOr-

ih~. Pool-Gihtll!Yka. Open oountry-MilkUh (alao

brackish water). Saltbush-Bokka-boott& ( thunder

leaf). Cotton-bush-Bo'"6ko.mb&ro6,bllnnbit Trefoil-Goorrl-goom. Nardoo-Wihn-goo. Pig-weed-Tool6rlO.ngglMnylt Y o.m-GimmY, tihnile. Mushroom-Bo'-6-ro.ngga. Bee-plant-ButhYm-bo.thY (th as in

tliin). Sap-Bil~-nO-kko. So.pling-Mcntl\nya. Bough-Woomb&ja. Leaf-Kihr!!rile, Seed-Poonbl\lkil:. Hive-Woolle11 (i.e., hole; is tUUrky

a. corruption of woollee!).

Honeyoomb--Thi+illi (th uin thin). Kangaroo-Gilp)'ji. Kangaroo-rat-:\1.artooU, ~iD)'L Bandiooot-Kond&rl-booki.. Porcupine-Kliltoti, kllllHee. Curlew-Bo.rtnllkl. Turkey-Toolkeeki. Sandfty-lloonnee-nirri6ki.. Ants (various)-lleetoojl, bliltta,

teerall. r White ant-lloomtnyl.

Snake (o.)-Ycrrelko. lguana-Pilrnnl, wOllOriiennl. Lir.ard-Boonnoo. Torto~Kt'rlr,Y-mo.IU, poorkoo. Periwinkle-Neemml, moollainf. Fiahea (varion11}-Po.nt.ihlei, wiii-

gil{;r, p11.rnto-Oki.. Soul-Toob!!rf. Tean-MeekY-mahlll:, mil{;kY-nilll-

(nnllee, cheek). Septum of nose-Tahppa. Cheek-Noolkko. Chin-Moolttil{;. Kidneys-Bihndil:. Baok-Nihroo, bih~. Hip-Kooloo-ptnm. Ankle-Keng-goo. Sole-Poonnil:. Big toe-Bt\nnil:. Joint-Moorkka (also, "giggle-

giggle"). Blister--Ko.lll. . Swelling blight-MeekY-boJlloo. Child-Pllkihu. Children-Gorwa, kahtchi-wllll~

k<RS. Ma.iden-PO.lkihly. Male child-Wtll)'il:-roong-l. Female child-Ki-cht\nggoo. Young man-Ml\ll<RS-ooltl. Young man, before initiation-

Wilyaro6, ntllkkll, kihndil{;.

• I had wamed my oontrlbutol'II, in a letter attached to my list ol word1, aplnn eett.1ng down without Inquiry• lew 112cb word.I II boojtri=good, bad:non, which the ..-1,YeMUen bad l•rnt lrom the Sydney tribe, tho lmpre.lon with 10me peraon1 being ~ there la bni one language in A111tralla.-E. H. c.

BOpRKE, DARLING RIVER. 223

No. 75.-A.DDITIONAL WoBD8-co7Uin!lffl.

Young man, after initiation-Ki!ol• t.mttrrK, moolil'mlyl.

Widow-Nilnnjl!e. Woman who haa left her huaband

Ginml!e. Fatherleu child, motherleu child

Mornnil'li. (A woman speaks to her nephew of

his father aa t.KrilbJ.) Breakwind-T11rt<Ri-dK-btlrttl. Corroboree-BahkttnyK, y~gkO,

nommbK, mil6lgKhllJ, dinnKbY.

Road-Pulttoo, iitironildo. Small firewood-Mookil6jK. Large firewood-TihlKra. Front BUpportB of gunyah-Ulll!e

i!ngki:ra. Back B11pportB of gunyah-Til6ltt6·

o.ngkara. Rafter&-Tilkl!e-goollil'li. Charooal-K.imbK. Fiah-grease--Wllkihra. Cake of aeeda--WindcU. Poultice of warmed leave1t-Poon•

bKhmbK, Oven-Kllrkooril6, nool. Fiah-spear-Kilrttil'li, bilndl. Nullah-nullah (small)-Keikka. Yam-stick-Kwingk~ koo~. Red ochre-Kllrkkoo. Wooden bowl (amall)-Kei!nyY. Mat-Pintooroo. Net (little)-MirrK. Head-band-Nootonggya. Necklace-Kl!i!wKra. Strong-Koorkrl!e. W eak-iiiillK-kil6rkril'li. Courageoua-i°ellK-oollyKloo. Afraid--OollyK.

Tall-~rlil6ril6. Short-Kiirdil6kK. Unthruthful-Barkll:jK. Thieviah-KernmKhjK. Lame-Kookkll:. Deaf-Mo-kll. One-eyed-Yi!nttK-mei!kKjK. Angry-Bee-ri!-ril'li. Lazy-Bttndil'li-bilndil'lijK. Industrioua-B<,ppli:raka. To 1troke - KoonnK-kilonnei!nyK

(probably to pat with aatisfaction ; a wellfilled atomach),

To fondle-BahndKhk.11. To dive-NKhppoo-or~ To get up-PllrndK. To aing-Po.kkinyK. To aob-Boquil'lipli:, yKhncUl.ihnl. To drink-WeejjK. To atammer-Tool!Kkll:-billkkil6. To atop eara-Nihjjl. Y eaterday-IIIKnK. Ho, there !-Moo. Stop 1-Tihrilli (alao trunk). Come hither !-BilrrelibK. Be quick t-Moom-moom. la it a fact !-Injil'li. For a while-BttlyihcU (suapiciou11ly

like-aoften it and it becomes pooly-ahtta, by-and-by).

I don't know-Yoon-gihnj1, Tribes (incidentally mentioned)

Ahn·gookt\, Mi-pttlktl, Til.ngga, WihttK-wKhttK, * Li!tchli: • li!tchll:, KKhtchilli-tihkka, Ung-1-ilng·I,

When a chUd died, It wu burled near to a young tree, round which bands alternate (from the bottom) of black, red, yellow, red, white, were drawn; a path to the pve wu aarked oui. No kopajjl wu placed on the grave of a child.

• It Is curl0111 to note bt the names of two tribes below Swan Hill, on the .Murray, were known on the Upper Darllng.-E . .M, C.


No. 76.-FIFTY MILES BELOW BOURKE ON THE

DARLING.

BY Sm S.A.Jrom. WILSON AND W. HmmnsoN, EsQ.

01' this vocabulary, which has a good deal in common with the foregoing one, I have received two renderings, one from Sir Samuel Wilson, and the other from Mr. William. Henderson ; they agree well.

Ka.nga.roo Opoaaum Tame dog Wild dog Emu -

- dulta. • yerringee. . kulli. • kudill. - kulthl.

Black duck - - mengera. Wood duck-Pelican

. ninyea. - nunkoor, nan

kura. Laughing jackau kurra-ka-ka. Native oompanion gultook.

· White cockatoo - kullepooka. Ctow - - wakoo. Swan - - ungoll. Egg - - purti. Track of a foot - tinna. Fiah - - (no generic

Lobater Crayfiah Moequito Fly •

name), - (none). - wegiga. • oonthl.

Snake - - mulkeri. The Blacks · - weimbutha-A Blackfellow - wombage. A Black wo111&11 - burraburraka. N01e • - mendoomulla.

Hand - • mum..

2Blaokl . boola weim-butha.

3 Blacb . boola nicba weimbutha.

One . . nioha.

Two . . boola.

Three. . boola nioha.

Four . . boola-boola.

Father - kombitba, gam-biji.

Mother .. ummaka

Sister-Elder • wirtooka.

,, Younger•

Brother-Elder - wertiga.

,, Younger kakooga.

A young man - kooltha. An old man - murta. An old womaD - burruga. A baby - kaichungo. A White man - weilbulla. Children • ldicha-bulluko. Head - - thertoo, thurt-

Eye -Ear

woola. - mikey. - yoori.

~ I

BELOW BOURKE ON THE DARLING. 225

No. 76.-FDTY MILU ULOW Bo'l7UJI ON TD DaLINo--contimud.

Mouth - yelka. Boomerang • 'l:'eeth • • undi Bill · Hair of the head . therteboolka. Wood · :Beard • . wakaboolka. St.one .

Thunder - brinda. Camp •

Graaa -Tongue Bt.omach Breut.a Thigh-Foot • Boue • Blood -Skin · Fat Bowela Excrement• W ar•apear • Beed-apear -Throwing-stick BhieldTom&kawk-

Canoe-Sun • Moon -Star -

- molo, muttoo. • therlunnia. - moonda. . umma. - mulka or monka. - tinna. - brinna. • karnthurra. • pultha. • mumi. - koonawoon. - koona. - karkooro. - (not uaed). - (not uaed). : oolumburra. - wakultka, tur-

rinya. • boolyunga. - yooko. - brlttella. - poolia, burle.

Yea No I You Bark Good -Bad SweetFood -Hungry

Thirlty

Eat • Sleep -Drink.-

Walk -See Sit Yesterday To-day To-morrow -

- yarra. - yemda. . yeppara. • 00-00, naya. - nata. - uppa. - imba. - pultha. - kungala. - boolagalll. - murga. • ooquanna. - weilkukka, yar

n.nge. - nookoowerthi-

kuppa. - kari. - lmmerkulla. - t.oonjella, dun-

gera. • taminjerri. - pommi. • namgulla. - karlkmma. - kailpoo, kiporta • wambi.

Light - - wombe. Where a.re the wingera wim• Dark Cold Heat • Day Night-

Fire -Water Smoke Ground Wind· Bain • God •

Ghost.a

VOL. II.

• t.oonka. - bundinyella. • boorchi, tila. - mirnkay. . kailka. - kurla. - nurko. - bumdoo. - mumdi. - yerto, • nina, mukra.

- boori. p

Blaclu? bagi? I don't know

Plenty Big -Little -Dead -By-and-by -Come on Milk • EaglehawkWildturkey Wife

• wingera moora kitthi.

• oolurti. • wert.oo • - kurtalooko. • book&. -gooni. - yonatani.


No. 77.-WILCANNIA.

BY MURRAY Roons, EsQ.

Ka.ngaroo - turlta., telta. Ha.nd- -murra. Opouum - • ya.rungee. 2 Black■ • ba.rkoohrimbut&. Tame dog - bulkaja. 3 Blacka • barkooleacheree Wild dog - - kullee. wimbuta.. Emu - - kultee. One - neecba. Black duck - - mingera. Twe - barkooL Wood duck- • koongnallee. Three. • b&rkooleaoheree.. Pelican

Four - ba.rkool-b&rkool. Laughing ja.ckau

Father - gombigi. Native companion White COl)ka.too Mother • ummikL

Crow - - waakoo. Biater-Elder - wertoki.

Bwa.n - yungolee. " Younger

Egg . bertee. Brother-Elder - kokogi. Track of a foot tinna . .

" Younger-

Fiah - A young man Lobster Anold man- - mambee, gombigi Crayfish An old woman Mosquito. • koondee

A baby - burloo. Fly - wingeroo. Snake• - mingera. A Whiteman

The Blacks - Children

A Blackfellow • wimbuta. Hea.d . turto .

A Black woman • nungo. Eye - meekee. Nose . - mendolo. Ea.r • yurree •

WILCANNIA. 227

No. 77.-WWWOO'.A.--continwd.

Mouth- - yelko. Boomerang -Teeth - - undee. Hill - - bolo. Bair of the head- turto bulkee. Wood- -yerra. Beard - - waub bulkee. St.one . • kerno. Thunder - plrndee. Camp. -yapra. Grau· - mootoo. Yee . ungua. Tongue No - atha or &rtha St.omach - koontoo. berree. Jkeuta - ummi. I . appa. Thigh. You . imba.

Foot - • thma. Bark - . pelt&. :Bone - - yelko. Good . b&lera.

:Blood · . brndara. Bad . toolika.

Skin - - pelt&. Sweet -Fat - murnee. Food . . wunga. Bowela - tungunya. Hungry · wilkuka. Excrement - - koolna. Thirlty • yerka. War-apear · • pirror. Eat · tiell. Beed-epear - Bleep . • wimpup. Wommera or Drink. • weecherie. throwing-atick Walk -

Shield· - wond or wound. See pommee. Tomahawk• • taroonya. Sit • nerole.

Canoe - Yeeterday • elarko. Bun • yoko. To-day · kailpo-yoko. Moon - . bichuka. To-morrow • . karankee •

Star . • boorlee. Where are the winger& wimbu-

Light - • yoko. Blacb? ta?

Dark - mark&. I don't know • eel& athawa pom-

Cold - yerkee. ma.

Heat · bootchee. Plenty • waupoo, waugh-

Day - yoko. waugh.

Big • werta. Night· • marka . Little - • kutchulka. Fire . - koonika. Dead . . booka, bookala-Wat.er- • ngoko. gee. Smoke- • boothara. By-and-by - . bilpo .

Ground • mundl. Come on · kowa, koalee.

Wind· - yerto. Milk -Eaglehawk -

Rain - . mukkra. Wild turkey . teekera or tool

God . kera. GhOltia Wife

P2


No. 77,-ADDmoNAL WOii.DB, BT MIJlULlY Boons, EeQ.

Teal • Role coobtoo Road •

Heart· Thin . Corpulent Dust • Cotton-buah Green gr1111

I am hbngry Stink -

• cooltooper. • kukundee. • yerluia. . boolato. . ninditcha. • nooree.

· booth-.ra, • bootooja. • noomba. mootoo. • wilkuk appa. · boob-booka.

You go • parek imba. Get out of that - wurrumi <Yr wur-

rumonda. I am ■oon going • bilpoparikappa. Timber • yerra. Gum-tree • goombll. Box-tree - koorkoor. Pine-tree - pimpa. La.ugh• • Jdnduda. Cry • nukka-nukka. Tean • • yanda. Quick - - kulyerall. You be quiok • kulyerall imba. Strong • bickra. You are very werta bickra strong imba.

Calaba■h • kerkee. Bag - . mirrar. Net • murlka. Covering for the turtoopero.

head Rug • • com bee. Do you under- eurich imba. f ■tandf

I do not under- wamba appa. ■tand

StringSpring

Springwater Summer

Winter

South wind-

. burtb.. • peril.

. palta gnoko. • bookara. . koalyee. · koolyerto.

Small ant - - moonee. Exclamation of yabi I 1111l'pri■e

Grauaeed · . paapa. Mar■upial pouch - wurlp. Opprobriou■ epi- wurlgama. tbet applied to a female

Opprobriou■ epi- curl;i)ma. thet applied to a male

Tail - koond&rL White

Black -Five •

Ten

Twenty

. oop■ge.

. coolaega. • yantamera.

- merrinole (hand) • merrinole tinole

(hand and foot) Waterhole • murtee. Hill waterhole • bolomurtee.

Place • · geeri Good plaoe or balera geeri.

oountry Rock wallaby - wungeroo. Kangaroo-rat • curtie. Paddimellon • yapoonia. You remain • imba. nerole. I have a pain in koontoo mubge my ■tomach appa.

229

In several localities in the Central Division of the Continent we find Aut translated ffJUrli, and in the Additional Words just given we have ffJUrlga = marsupial pouch, which I have no doubt is derived from ffJUrli, if indeed ffJUrlga does not mean Autin this language. Wurlgama, the opprobrious term applied to a female, may be a compound of ffJUrlga and ama == 6reasta. In this V oca.bulary the nasal sound is expressed by gn instead of the ordinary ng.

230

No, 78,-TINTINALIGI, DAB.LING B.IVEB..

See toar-,pt,ar, KaalJ: ii a OODIDlOll equinlmt for -'·

Kangaroo • Opoaaum Tame dog Wild dog Emu • Black duckWoodduck• Pelican

- dulda. • yeringl. • kalli

• kalthL . ngalta. - goonale,

L&ughingjackau- kobgok. Native companion kolloorkoo, White oockatoo • kenke,

Crow -Swu • Egg • Track of a foot

Fiah -Lobner

• waakoo. . yungoonoo. - blrtL • kappala.

Crayfiah - • kumbooloo. Moaqulto - • goondL Fly • - wilngeroo, Snake - • thuroo. The Blaclu - • wimbooja. A Blackfellow • wimbooja. A Black womu • ngongoo, N 0141 • • mlndoonga.

3 Blaclu -

One -Two -ThreeFour •

Father Mother Siner-Elder

•m11l'l'L

• barkooloo ,rim •

booja. - barkoolitcheri

wimbooja.

- ngitya. - barkooloo. - barkoolit.cheri. - barkooloo bar-

kooloo. - kumbidja. . npmukka. • widthooka.

" Younger -Brother-Elder - kowkija.

,, Younger

A young mu - talera. An old mu - baalwila. An old womu • goomboka. A baby - moetpa. A White mu -Children - - gonendoo.

Head - - thartoo. Eye - - mikL Ear - - yoori.

TINTINALIGI, DARLING RIVER.

No. 78.-TINTIN.ALIGI, DAJU.ING Rlvu-contmutd.

Mouth - yalka. Boomerang • . Teeth - - unde. Hill -

Hair of the head - thurt.olge. Wood -

Beard - - wokolka. Stone -Thunder - - blrndi. Camp • Graa - - mothur. Tongue • dthal&inga. Stomach - koorntoo. Breuta - ngamma. Thigh - - yalkoo. Foot - - dthinna. Bone - • birna. Blood· Skin -Fat Bowels Excrement •

w &r-apea.l' -

n-1-apea.r -Throwing-etick Shield Tomahawk -Canoe Sun -Moon -Star -

- ka&ngurra.

• mirni.

- koorntoo. - koorna. - kaalkooroo. - (none). - (none). - ngooloomburra. - waakakoo. - bootheroop. - yukur. - burchooga. - boorle

Yea No I You •

Bark

Good Bad •

Sweet -

Food • Hungry

Thimy Eat Sleep -Drink.

Walk -See Sit Yeaterday To-day To-morrow -

. yarra.

- kirnoo. . yappa,ra.

- ugetina.

• angawirri.

. ngappa.

- ngomon. . balthir.

- balera.

- dolooka.

• wonga.

- wilkookak.

- yaarke. • daialaanook.

- boonpur. - wigalangoo. • bareje. - bomera. • ganoola.na. • el&koo. . gili - mirdandoo.

231

Light -Dark -

- nguny&k. - dalka.

Where are the winja.ra wim -

Cold -Heat -Day -Night-

Fire -Water Smoke Ground Wind -Bain . God • Ghoeta

- yaklte, - ya.nke. - kalkere. - doonka. - koonika. • ngookoo. - boordook. . mlrndi. . yertoo.

- urokkera.

Blacka? booja T

I don't know • ngaroodoogoo . Plenty

Bif( • Little • Dead •

- kumbooj&. . katcbilgook&.

- th&mbooroo. By-and-by - • balyarda. Come on • yamma. merrile.

Milk •

Eaglehawk -Wild turkey

Wife •

• Contrut with fal/llr,


No. 79.-FROM WEINTERIGA, ON THE DAB.LING, TO THE BARBJEB. RANGE.

Kangaroo - tult.a. Opoaaum • • yarra.ndi. Tame dog • kullL Wild dog Emu - - kultt. Black duok - - koomalli. Wood duok • - murnburra, Pelioan • puligi. Laughing ja.oluu gokaka. Native oompau.ion goorlokko, White oookatoo • ltainkl. Crow -Swan -Egg . Track of a foot Fi.ah -Lobner

- wolko. - youngaW. - burti. - dlnna.

Crayflah - koongoolo. Moaquit.o - - goondi. Fly - wingroo. Sna.ke - - tooro. The Blaoks - - wyimbida. A Blaokfellow - wyimbida. A Blaok woman • nongo. Nose - • mhulolo.

Hand -2Blaob

3 B1aob •

One -Two -Three

Four -


• murra.

- barkoola w,imbida..

• barkoola nldda wyimbida.

- nidda. - barkoola. • barkoola nidda.

- barkoola-barkoola.

- kambidda. - amukka. - wort.&kka.

., Younger • Brother-Elder - ka.ukooja.

., Younger A young man. - gomo. An old man• - wort.o. An old woman - koombukb. A baby - kat.ohuka. A White man · bori. Children - - goomondoo. Head • - dhirtoo • Eye -Ear -

. mikki.

- uri or yoori.

WEINTERIGA TO THE BARRIER RANGE. 238

No. 79.-PBox Wmrri&lo~ ro TD BABJUD R.uro&-eontinued.

Mouth- • yalb. Boomerang • Teeth - - hundthi. Hill -Hair of the head - dhirt-bulki. Wood - - yarra. Beard - • wauka-bulld. Stone • - kurno.

Thunder • - piindL Camp · • yappara.

- ngea. Grua • - moodthu. Yea -Tongue - turlinya. No - ataharri. Stomach • urina. I • - appa. Bre&Stl Thigh -

Foot • Bone •

Blood -

Skin -

Fat -Bowela

- umma. • yalko.

- dinna. . pinna.

- kanda.ra. . pulta.,

. murni.

· koomalkak&.

Excrement - • koorna. W &r·llp8&1' - - kalkooroo. Reed-spear . . patthai. Throwing-stick -Shield - • ulumbarra. Tomahawk -

Canoe -Sun -Moon· Star -IJght • Dark • Cold -Heat Day -Night-Fire -WaterSmoke• Ground Wind -

Rain -God -Ghoeta

• waukaka. - pooltooroo. • euko.

- pyohugga. - poorli. • kooyooro. . toonka.

- yakkl. . bookara.

- euko. • toonka.

- koonib. - hoko. • boorndoo. - murndi,

- yurdtoo. • mukkra.

You

Bark -

Good -Bad -

Sweet

Food • Hungry

Thirsty Eat

Sleep · Drink.

Walk·

See

Sit

Yesterday To-day

- imba. - palta.

- balera. - mild&. - kooloanya. • thyalo •

• wilka, wilkaya. . yerka.

• thytena.

• boornparoo. • weatohaloo. • baripoo. . pami.

. neenga.

• yellakko.

. kailpo.

To-morrow - • karraukl.

Where are the windarra anika Blackat wyimbidat

I don't know • yilla urinadtoo.

Plenty · wow-wow • Big • koombootoha:

Little · • kitohilliqua. Dead · • bookallagey. By-and-by - • palya. Come on • - yamaparri. Milk · Black swan -Eaglehawk -Wild turkey Wife •


No. 80.-MENINDIE, DARLING RIVER.

BY - MAm, EsQ., P.M.

Ka.nga.roo - • thurlda. Hand - • murra. Oposaum - • bilta. 2 Blacka Ta.me dog - • k.alya. 3 Blacka Wild dog - One - -neetcha. Emu - - kalti. Two - piakullu. Black duck- - nalta. Three· - piakullu iteri. Wood duck- - koolenallL

Four • piakullu-pia--Pelio&n - • poolija. kullu.

Laughing jackasa- tulpu. F&ther - kambidja.

Native companion koledrooko. White coobtoo - kainki. Mother - nyam-mugga.

Crow• - wokko. Siater-Elder - ka.ntche..

Swa.n - - yungolli ,, Younger•

Egg - •. pa.iti. Brother-Elder - kakoodya.

Track of & foot - na.rrukka. ,, Younger Fiah - • tilyekka. A young ma.n - t.&ldra. Lobster An old ma.n • weytu. Crayfi~ • kongola. An old woma.n - burruga. Moequito . koondi. A baby - purlu. Fly - - wengooroo. A White ma.n • mad. Snake- • tooroo. The Blacks- - wiimbuje.. Children -A Blackfellow - wiimbuj&. He&d • • tartoo.

A Black woma.n • nongu. Eye - - ma.ikki. Noee • • mendol& •. Ea.r - • yoorree.

MENINDIE, DARLING RIVER. 235

No. 80.-Munmm, Dil.LING RITim-contmued.

Mouth

Teeth-- ya)ka.

- ngundi.

Bair of the head- poolkee.

:Beard - - waJka.woolkL Thunder • - pindi.

Gl'Ull -Tongue

Stomach -Breaate Thigh-

Foot -Bone -Blood -Skin -

- mootoo,

- turlmma. - korntoo. - kookooroo. • nooranya (right),

yango (left). - tinna. - pinna. - kandera. - pulta.

Fa1i • - mayrnee. Bowela - weylpa. Excrement • - koorna. W&r-apear - - kalkooroo. Reed-spear - . kalka. Throwing-nick -Shield- - payalli. Tomahawk CanoeSun -Moon - . Sta.r •

Light -Dark -Cold -Heat • Day -Night

Fire -Water Smoke Ground Wind -

Bain -God •

Ghoete

- wokooga. • pulturu.

- yukkoo. - paitchugga. - poorlay. - menki. - doongka. • yakke. - taeyelu.

- menki. - doongka. - koonyga. - ngokko. - purndu. - murndee. - yartoo. - mukkera.

Boomen.ngHill .

Wood

Stone •

Camp.

Yea

No I-You

Bark Good

Bad -Sweet.

Food -

Hungry

Thirsty Eat -

Sleep • Drink

Walk -

See

Sit

Yesterday

To-day

To-morrow -

Where are Blacks?

I don't know

Plenty-Big

Little · Dead By-and-by -Come on Milk -Black awan


Wife -

. yarra.

- karnu. - yappurra.

· ngyay.

• ngawo.

- uppa. . ngymba.

. palta.

• purlayra.

. toolaka.

· kandjelka.

- koombodja.

• weelkooja.

- yarka. • n&llilU,

• nettru.

- waitago.

- parrybo.

- pammayo. • ngayingooyo,

- idlago, . kaipoo.

- kara.inke. the winja gupta

wiimbuja!

• winja tigga.

· koga. - murta. - kattyelooga. . pukka. . pulyalya. - kowwa.

236

No. 81.-TOLARNO STATION, NEAR KENINDIB.

BY C. W. 8JU.w, EIIQ.

Kangaroo

()poNum

Tame dog

Wild dog

Emu

• tarlta. -yarruugi.

• kurlL

• kurltf. Blaok duck • kurloo.

Wood duck • gooDal'lL

Pelican • boollL Laughing jackau kooka.rkoo.

Native companion koolarkoo.

Whit.a cockatoo • bi.nld. Crow • • warkoo.

Swan - • yunggoole.

Egg • · burtL Track of a foot • kuppintin&.

Flab • • koonbarll.

I.obit.er Crayflah M01quito -Fly -Snake

The Blaclu-

- koongooloo.

- muninnerL - wengooroo. • tooroo. - wimbeen.

A Blacldellow - wimbeen. A Black woman • nunga. N011 - ~ mindol&.

Hand 2Blaolu -

8Blaolu -

One -Two -Three.

Four -

Father Mother Siner-Elder

-mum. - barkoola 1rim•

1-.

- barkoola -chen 1rim1-.

- neecha. - barkoola. - barkoola -

chera. - barkoola-bar-

keol&. - kumbeya. - hummugp. - willoya.

., Younger -Brother-Elder -brkook&.

,, Younger A young man - thuldera(-bn-

garoo). An old man • wittoo. An old woman - koomburga. A baby - moorpa. A W"hite man - boree.

Children -Head -Eye -Ear •

- moorpa. - durtoo. -maki • munger.

TOI.ARNO STATION, NEAR lrlENINDIE. 237

No. 81.-ToLABNo 8'rA'l'IoN----contit&utd.

Mouth - yelka. Boomerang•

Teeth - - undi. Hill -Hair of the head- bulki. Wood -

Beard - - wooka bulld. St.one -

Thunder - - bindi. Camp -

Graaa - - mootoo. Yea -Tongue - turliuya. No Stomach - - koonta. 1-

Breuta - humma. y OU -

Thigh - gurka. Bark -

Foot - - tbma. Good -

Bone -Blood

Skin -

Fat -Bowela

- brhma.

- kandra.

- bult.a.

- mum!.

- koonabulta.

Excrement - - koonua.

War-Bpll&l' - - marchinga. Beed-Bpll&l' - - purtbi. Throwing-atiok - pulkarri. Shield - woolambora. TomahawkCauoe-Bun -Moon -

- wokara. - pulthro. -.yooko. - waichookn..

Bad -Sweet


Eat -

Sleep -Drink

Walk -

Bee -Sit

Yeaterday -

To-day

- koondega.

- kurnoo. - y&pera.

- nea.

- napa. - imba. - burlt.a.

- bellara. - toolaka. - goolkoola.

- wunga. - wilk.0&. - yarraka.

- tailata. • poompera.

- witola.

- oma1a. - pumma. - nanga1a. - elow.

- k.ilepa.

Star -Light -Dark -

- booli. To-morrow - - korooka.

Cold -Heat -Day -Night-Fire -Water Smoke Ground WindRain -God -Ghoata

• unuya. - mullara. . yekka.

- bookkara. - minki. - tuuka. - kooudega. - nookoo. - boondoo. - mundi. - yartoo. - mnkkara.

Where are the doo wimbeen?

Blacks?

I don't know

Plenty Big •

Little -

Dead -By-and-by -

Come on

Milk -Eaglehawk

Wild turkey

Wife -

- oao. - koombeya.

- kutchiloo.

- boogaloo.

- guypoo. . yammari.


No. 82.-THE JUNCTION OF THE DARLING AND

MURRAY RIVERS.

BY JOHN BULJID, F.8Q.

Or this langnage, which is called Marowera, I have two vocabularies. The first, which was kindly forwarded by Mr. John Bulmer, manager of the Lake Tyers Aborigina.l Station, I have inserted; the second was taken down by myself. In most cases the two agree.

Mr. Bulmer informs me that it was the practice of the women of the Marowera Blacks, on the death of a husband, to put a sma.11 net on the head and cover it with mortar one or two inches thick. This mortar consisted sometimes of gypsum and at others of pipe-clay. After being worn several days it became solid, and was removed unbroken by means of the net, so giving the ca.st of a considerable portion of the head of the wearer. After removal it was baked in the fire and laid on the tomb of the deceased.•

Since Mr. Bulmer's communication, Mr. J. H. Leplastrier bas shown me two specimens of these casts. They are quite uninjured and just as the widows took them off, perhaps a century ago. Mr. Leplastrier picked them up at a deserted burial-ground at Yelta, in January, 1880. They have not been burnt, however, and one of them shows quite distinctly the marks of the meshes of the net. Mr. Bulmer says that these casts, which the Knlnine tribe call Kopi, weigh

• Sir Thomaa {then Major) Mitchell found similar caat.a at Fort Bourke, nearly 400 miles higher up the Darling, drawings of which will be found in his Three E:r:peditiom into Interior of Eastern .Au,tralia, In which the marks left by the net.a a.re viaible.-Vol. I, p. 253.

-----, .-.•.... ,,_,,. . _,..

KO Pl or m,oundng e,ap of gypsUTru

JUNCTION OF DARLING AND MURRAY RIVERS. 239

sometimes as much as fourteen pounds. In this instance the weights are respectively 10 lbs. 7 oz. and 5 lbs. 13 oz. To plaster the head with clay in time of mourning is very common throughout AustraJ.i.a., and the Kopi is merely an exaggeration of the custom.

The word Kopi will be found, signifying mourning, occurring at the junction of the Georgina River and King's Creek.-See Vocabnlary No. 105.

As regards the word Nooralie (God), Mr. Bnlmer says that the Blacks understand by it a Superior Being, who has existed for ages and ages, and still exists. He gives me the following additional words :-

My wife Thy wife All women

nongwi. nongoma. kumbumba.rra..

With respect to this word Kumbumbarra, the termination barra or burra seems in several parts of the Continent to denote large numbers, or large things. For instance, in portions of the Eastern Division the names of the tribes end in burra, and amon~st the Bangerang, in the south, a large fire is called Wooloombara.

240 'lBB AUSTRALIAN RACE:

No. 82.-MAROWERA LANGUAGE.

BY JoBN Bu1.111m, E8Q.

Kangaroo . . boololea. Hand. • mUJTa.

Opouum . yarrvingy. 9Blacb • walmbia qolo. Tame dog · kaddelie. 3 Black■ · walmbla baroolo Wild dog • wilcanya. nuclde. Emu . · ka.lte . One . • nuclde. Black duck- · kult.owa. Two . · baroolo. Wood duck- Three· • baroolo nuclde. • Pelican . ngankro. Four• • baroolo baroolo. Laughing jackau thakoa. Father · kumbia. Native companion Mother . ngamara. White cockatoo • ka.inkie. 81.eter-Elder • wertia or wirtoo. Crow : - wako. "

Younger Swan• • youngolle . Brother-Elder . berlwea. Egg . • purty •

" Younger kokwi.

Track of a foot . yuthero. A young man • tb.alara.

Fi■h . . wanga. An old man . wino • Lob■ter An old woman · kumben., koom-Crayfish · kongola. bugga. Moequito . koondi. A baby • katchooa (male), Fly . • wingoro. kattarra(female) Snake- • tooroo. I A Whiteman · thandoa. TheBlacb- · waimbia. Children · kendara. A Blackfellow . waimbia. Head - • thirtoo. A Black. woman • nongo. Eye . milkL

Noee - • mendolo. Ea.r • eurie, munga.

JUNCTION OF DARLING AND MURRAY RIVERS, 241

No. 82.-M.uoWJDLA LAliG'D'AGll-continued.

Mouth • yelka.

Teeth · - nandie, ngundl. Bair of the head - therto burlkie. Beard • • wa.kka burllde. Thunder - pindie. Grua • • mutho. Tongue • ta.rllnya. Stomach • koorntoo. Breut.at - ngama. Thigh · • karraku. Foo, - • thina. Bone• Blood -Skin .

Fat. -Bowela Excrement• War-spear -Reed-spear. Wommera or tiirowing-lltiok

Shield TomahawkCanoe-

Bun -Moon

St.ar -I.Jght. Dark -Cold -Heat -Da:, • NightFire -

Water Smoke Ground WindRain . God -Ghoata

VOL. II,

• pena, birna.

· kaandara. • palthu. •muml. · koonna. - kurnang. • ka1kro maitunga. • jerail.

pira.

• waaka, - pulthoro, ban-

koom. - yookkoo. - baitchea. - boorli. • minkie. - maraka. - yackea, yalli • wapilka. - mink!. - maraka. - nandalie, koon-

nia. - ngookoo. - boomdoo. - kara, mumdi. - yartoo. • mokkera. . - nooralie. - konejerle,

Q

BoomerangHill .

WoodStone •

Camp-

Yea -No

I-You

Bark -Good -Bad -SweetFood -Hungry Thinty Eat •

Sleep • Drink Walk See Sit Yeaterday -To-day

- yarrara.

- yarrda, karnoo.

- yappara.

- ngu, ngai.

- mopu, ko~o, bal· yarto.

- ngio, - Dindo. - palthu. - kandelb. • thulaga.

• mano.

- wilka wilkana. - yarakana. - thialo. • imia.

- urupUD. • parneua.

- win. - mingana. - illower.

To-morrow • - kara minkie. Where are the windara waimbia?

Blacks? I don't kn.ow - indearto or nga-

Plenty

Big -Little• Dead -By-and-by -Come on

Milk. EaglehawkWild turkey

Wife -

too. - koowa. - koombaia. - katewailno. - bokka. - kalpo. · kowa, ya.man,.

barrioo. - ngama. - bilyarra.

- nongo.

242 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE 1

No. 83.-FROM THE BANKS OF THE MURRAY

RIVER, WHERE IT ENTERS LAKE ALEX

ANDRINA, TO THE EMBOUCHURE OF THAT

RIVER AND LACEPEDE BAY.

BY '1'BJI LA.TB RBVD, 0:IOBGB TAPLDf,

No Australian tribe, or association of tribes, has been so frequently and well described as the Narrinyer4 and principally by the same writer, the late Revd. George Taplin, who during the ten or fifteen years he managed the Government Aboriginal Station at Point Macleay, on which one of these tribes resided, published several accounts of them, some of which were illustrated with a few excellent photographs of men and women of the tribe. One of the latest of these accounts appeared in a work entitled The Folklore, Manners, CustomJJ, and Languages of tke South Australian Aborigines, which was published in 1879, and consists of replies from a variety of persons resident amongst different tribes to a series of questions drawn up by Mr. Taplin at the suggestion of His ]jlxcellency Sir A. Musgrave, Governor of South Australia. Mr. Taplin, the editor of Tke Folk/are, was one of several who furnished replies to the questions issued, and these I have been kindly permitted by the Government of South Australia to introduce into this work. In connection with them, it is only necessary to remark that having already called in question what Mr. Taplin says on the subject of government, it is unnecessary again to refer to the matter. The following is the account of the Narrinyeri given by Mr. Taplin in Folklore:-

THE " NABBJNYERI " TRIBE.

[The questions were sent to five persons dwelling in localities frequented by this tribe-viz., Police-Trooper E. H. Deane, of Wellington, River Murray; Police-Corporal John Dann, of Milang; Crown Lands Ranger George W admore, of Meningie; Police-Trooper T. Moriarty, of Goolwa; and also to the editor of these pages. The answers to the

FROM MURRAY RIVER TO LACEPEDE BAY, 243

questions are very much alike. This was to be expected. as they refer to the clans of the same tribe. The editor, therefore, will give an account of this tribe at greater length, and entering into more particulars than are contained in the short answers of Messrs. Deane, Dann, and W admore. Police-Trooper Moriarty's replies also refer to a clan of the Narrinyeri; but as they live at Goolwa, about sixty miles from the Wellington clan, it has been considered advisable to give his very able and intelligent series of answers separately. It will be remarked, however, that the similarity of the testimony of these :five observers is a guarantee of the correctness of the statements. This is very satisfactory. The Narrinyeri are one of the most important tribes of aborigines in Sonth Australia.. They possess greater vitality than any other tribe that we know of. There is also amongst them indications of a form of organized society, law, and government of a higher character than is usually found amongst Australian aborigines.] ·

•1. The Revd~ George Taplin, Missionary to the Aborigines, Point Macleay.

2. The "Narrinyeri." Probably this word is an abbreviation of" Kornarrinyeri" (belonging to men). This is the derivation recognised by some. Nevertheless some natives prefer to regard the word N arrinyeri as derived from "narr," plain, intelligible (referring to language), and "inyeri," belonging to. This would make the word mean-belonging to plain or intelligible speakers, or those of one language. It is probable that the :first derivation is correct, because it is applied frequently to those whose dialects differ considerably.

3. A tract of country-which may be ea.id to begin twenty miles above Wellington, on the Murray, and which may be enclosed by lines supposed to be drawn from that point to Cape Jervis on the west, and to Kingston, Lacepede Bay, on the east and south-east-is occupied by the clans of this tribe or nation.

• The queetions, to which what follows are !rlr. Taplin's replies, will be found at page 268.

Q2


4. The tribe is divided into eighteen clans, and each has a tribal symbol, totem~r as they call it " ngaitye"consisting of some animal or vegetable. The following are their names and totems:-•

NIIIUofClaa. Looallt,J. 'l'ollmorNplQ'8,

I. Raminyeri . Enoounter Bay . . . Wattle gum. 2. Ta.nga.narin . Goolwa . . . Pelican. 3. Kondarlinyeri - Murray Mouth (we.t aide) • Whale. 4. Lungundi . Murray Mouth (eut aide) . Tern. 5. Turarom- . Mundoo Iala.nd . . . Coot • 6. Pa.nkinyeri . Lake Coorong . . . Butterfi.ah. 7. K.a.nmerarom - .Lake Coorong . . . Mullet. 8. Kaikala.binyeri Lake Albert (aouth aide) . Bull ant. 9. Mungulinyeri - Lake Albert (east aide) - Chooolate llheldrake.

IO. Ra.n.gulinyeri · Lake Albert Paaaage . . Wild dog, dark color. I l. Kara.tinyeri . Point Malcolm . Wild dog, light color. 12. Piltinyeri . Lake Alexandrina (east end) Leeches, catfish. 13. Korowa.lle . LakeAlexa.ndrina(northaide) Whip make • 14. Punguratpular- Mila.ng (Lake Alexandrina) • Muek duck. 15, W elinyeri . River M urra.y . - . mack duck, black

IIIUl,kewith red belly. 16. Luthinyeri . River Murray . . Black nn.n,teal, black

111&kewithgrey belly. 17. Wunyakulde . River Murray . . Black duck. 18. Ngra.nga.ta.ri Lacepede Bay . Ka.nga.roo-ra.t.

5. Each clan has a totem. Indeed the totem is the nucleus of the clan, as it consists of those persons who, by birth, are entitled to bear the same totem-native, "ngaitye" (literally, friend). Each clan is called "lakalinyeri," and all its members are regarded a.a blood relations. Children inherit their father's totem. The ngaitye, or

• The Coorong clana of the Na.rrinyeri were called in the early days of the colony tbe " Milmenroora. tribe," The writer recently inquired of some Coorong Blacks if they bore thia name; they replied that many ye&ra ago the cla.n dwelling on the Coorong, near McGrath'■ Fla.t, w1111 called "Milmenroora.r," but that now they were called" Milmenyeria.rn." Thia is &D

instance of change of name, The natives seemed much aatonished when the name " Milmenroora" wa.s uttered; they regard it III a. sort of resurrection of an old name.


totem, may be killed and eaten by those who possess it, but they are always careful to destroy the remains, such as bones, feathers, &c., lest an enemy should obtain them and use them for purposes of sorcery.

6. There are no class-names. 7. The Narrinyeri never marry one who belongs to

the sam.e ngaitye or totem-that is, of the same clan; neither do they allow near relations to marry, although of duferen~ clans. This is always regarded as of the first importance. Cousins never marry.

8. Marriages are generally, bot not always, arranged by the clans. The marriage ceremony consists in the father, or eldest brother, or nearest male relative of the woman, formally giving her to her fa.tore husband in the presence of the assembled clans or relatives. She signifies her acceptance of the giving by making a fire for her husband. Songs and dances accompany the marriage. It is a point of decency for the couple not to sleep close to each other for the first two or three nights ; on the third or fourth night the man and his wife sleep together under the same rug This arrangement is for the eake of decency. At the marriage many persons are present, sleeping in the same camp; so the newly-married couple wait till they have moved o:ff, and only a few relatives are left with them. They then often make a little hot for themselves. If a lewd woman goes with a man without being given away, she is ea.id to be "kanaoworle" (their's), and be has the right by custom to lend her to any of bis friends. It is considered disgraceful for a woman to take a husband who has given no other woman for her. Bot yet the right to give a woman away is often purchased :from her nearest male relative by those who have no sisters. Of course this amounts to the same thing. In most instances a brother or first cousin gives a girl away in exchange for a wife for himself. The females are married when about fourteen years of age. It is notorious amongst the aborigines that girls married young make the best wives. Those married later seldom tum


out well, The men rarely marry before they are eighteen or twenty.

9. Children belong to their father's clan. 10. Polygamy ie practised; but there are seldom more

than two wives. The eldest wife ie the chief. An elderly wife has little objection to her husband having a younger one, ae she ie subordinate to her. Sepa.ra.tione and divorces sometimes take place by mutual consent. If a man ill-treats hie wife, her clan always interferes ; and, if he persists, will take her away from him and give her to another man.

12. Blood relations do not marry. 13. Every clan bas a chief, called "rnpnlli" ( or land

holder). The clan is actually governed by a council of elders, called tendi, which controls all its affairs. When a member of the tendi dies, the surviving members choose a suitable man out of the clan to take his place. The number of men on this council is usually ten or twelve.

14. Justice is administered by the tendi in accordance with the custom11 handed down by tradition in the tribe. In case of an offence being committed against native law or custom, a regular trial takes place. The rupulli presides, and sits on a judgment seat called "tendi lewurmi." Witnesses are examined, and fnll inquiry made. All parties obtain a hearing. Various punishments are inflicted upon the guilty in proportion to the heinousness of the crime. Sometimes a. certain number of blows are given on the offender's head. Sometimes he is banished from the clan. And sometimes death is inflicted. Sometimes the tendi will secretly condemn a breaker of the law, and appoint a person to suddenly fall upon him and put him to death. When offenders belong to different clans, or the contention ie between members of two or more clans, the united tendis decide the matter.

15. The most frequent punishments are blows. Sometimes, however, a murderer ie speared to dee.th. Sorcery is severely punished.

16. There are three forms of sorcery, called "millin," "ngathungi," and" neilyeri."

FROM MURRAY RIVER TO LACEPEDE BAY. 247

Millin.-The aborigines have a big-headed club, c.alled plongge, which is used entirely for millin. Its mere touch is injury. When they get an opportunity they knock down an enemy, then tap his chest with this club, hit him with it on the shonlders and knees, and pnll his ears till they crack; he is then ca.lled "plongge watyeri." The victim is now supposed to be given into the power of a demon called Nalkarn, who will make him have chest disease, or cause him to be speared in battle, or be bitten by a snake. Very often the plongge is used upon a person sleeping. The weapon is warmed, and his or her chest gently tapped with it. One who has beeµ. thus served is supposed to be snre to have disease of the chest. If a man or woman feels sore in the chest it is always attributed to millin. After death the chest is opened, and any disease found there is attributed to this cause.

Ngatkungi.-This kind of sorcery is practised with bones, or remains of animals which have been eaten. When a, man gets hold of a pe,rticnlar bone of some bird or beast which his enemy has eaten, he mixes it with grease and red ochre and human hair, and sticks the mass in a round lump on the end of a prepared skewer of kangaroo's leg-bone, and it is called a. " ngathnngi." When injury is to be inflicted on the enemy who ate the animal from which the remains ca.me, the possessor of the ngathungi pots it down by the :fire, and as the knob melts, so disease is supposed to be engendered in the person to be bewitched, and if it wholly melts oft' he dies. A man who knows that another person has a ngathungi capable of injuring him boys it if he can, and throws it into the river or lake; this breaks the cha.rm.

Neilyeri.-This is practised by means of a pointed bone. It is scraped to a very fine point. Sometimes an iron point is used. This is poisoned by being stuck into a dead body. Any one wounded by it is inocnlated with the virus, and either loses a limb or dies. Very ofter this wound is inflicted secretly when a person is asleep. The bone point is kept moist for use by human ha.ir soaked in liquor from a dead body. The natives a.re so terribly afraid o~ neilyeri that

248 TUE AlJSTB.ALIAN RACE :

they dread even for the weapon to be pointed at them, attributing to it a deadly energy.

17. Children who died in infancy were sometimes burned, but are now always buried. Youths and adults in the prime of life when they died had their bodies dried. A.ft.er death the body was carefully examined, and all the apertures sewed· up. Then it was set on its back, with the arms crossed in front and the thighs spread out, and the legs and feet bent under. In this posture it was placed on a sort of triangular bier called " ngaratta." This was elevated on three men's heads, with the body on it. Then all the friends and relatives stood round and called out various names, in order that they might discover who had by sorcery ca.used the man or woman to die. The body, thus elevated, was taken to various spots in the neighbourhood which had been frequented by the deceased. It was ea.id that when the right name was called an impulse was felt impelling the bearers towards the person who called out the right name. This was regarded as a sufficient indication of the guilty person. The bearers profess to be entirely controlled by the dead man's spirit. Sometimes, in order to discover the guilty sorcerer, the nearest male relative would sleep with bis bead on the corpse, in order to dream who was the criminal. This matter having been settled, the body was placed over a slow :fire till the skin rose, and then it was all peeled off, and the corpse appeared like a White man, the pigmentum nigrum having been removed with the scarf skin. I do not think there was any rule for this ceremony or the preceding one to be performed first. It depended on the presence of friends. All near relatives were required to be present a.t the trying for sorcery. The scarf skin having been removed, the body was smeared with grease and red ochre, and the head tied up in pieces of skin or rags. It was now called " gringkari," a name applied to Europeans by the Blacks, because they think that they resemble a peeled corpse. The body was then elevated on a stage about four feet from the ground in a sitting posture, with the feet under the thighs. A slow

FROM: :MURB.AY RIVER TO LACEPEDE BAY. 249

fire was kept under it for weeks, and it was basted with grease and red ochre. The liquor from it was kept for neilyeri purposes. Regular times of wailing and screaming around it were observed. Men and women cut oft' their hair in sign of mourning. The hair was spun and made into head-bands. The hair of the dead was especially prized for this purpose, as it was supposed to confer the gift of clearsightedness. Men blackened their faces, and women emeared filth on their foreheads, in sign of mourning. It was not uncommon for them to cut themselves to show grief. When the body was dried, it was wrapped in rugs and carried about from place to place to be mourned over. When the grief was assuaged, it was put on a stage in a. tree, and, after a time, buried. The body of a very aged person would be wrapped up and put in a tree without much ceremony.

18. Property descends from father to son, or nearest male .relatives if there be no eons.

19. The Narrinyeri always believed in a future life after death. They believed that the dead go to some place in the west where their god N urunderi resides. In passing to this place they go under the sea, and as they go see down below them a great fire, and the bad are in danger of falling into it and being burned, but good peopl&-aecordiug to their ideas of goodness-get safe to Nurunderi. They call heaven W a.iyirri, or W yirri, or W yirrewarri.

20, 21. The great god of the Narrinyeri is Nurunderi. They also believe in several demi-gods called W a.iungare, Nepelle, and demons Pepi, Melapi, Nalkaru, Mulgewanke, and Karungpe. The traditions of the Narrinyeri all refer more or less to Nurunderi and his adventures and exploits.

Nurunderi, their'great and wonderful god or chief, ca.me down the Darling with his followers. When he arrived at the lower River Murray he sent back two of his men to tell those from whence he came of his arrival. They never rejoined Nurunderi. The chief and his party are said to have crossed the country from the Murray-apparently from the south bend-to the lakes, striking Lake Albert. They


fonnd the country around the lakes in possession of clans or Blacks under W aiungare and N epelle. Various me.rvellons adventures a.re told of these personages. Nurunderi is said to have thrown flat stones into Lake Alexandrina, near Pelican Point, and they became the fish ce.lled " tinuwarri " (or bream). He me.de an expedition up the Coorong, where he had a great fight with and slew a chief who had stolen his children. Then he arrived at Encounter Bay, and while there his wives forsook him. He ce.lled upon the see. to overflow and drown them, and it obeyed. Airer many such adventures, Nnrunderi went to Wyirrewarri, or heaven, where he resides. They also have an indistinct myth in which a son of N urunderi ca.lled Ma.rtummeri is spoken of, but it is so misty that little sense can be me.de of it.

W aiungare is said to have been produced by his mother's excrements without any father. He was a red man (narumbe). His brother was Nepelle. Nepelle's wives one day saw Waiungare at the lake and desired him for a h11Sband. So they went to his hut at Pnlluwewal, and :finding him asleep made a noise like emus running outside. He awoke and came out, when they burst ont laughing, and rushing to him clasped their arms round his neck and insisted upon becoming his wives. The unfortunate hero appears to have yielded. Nepelle, enraged, went to Wa.iunga.re's hut, and found that he and the wives were absent, hunting. So he put fire in the hut and told it to wait until they returned, and then, when they were asleep, to get up and burn them. The fire obeyed, and the sleepers were aroused by the vengeful flames. They fled to the swamps on the shores of the lake and plunged in and escaped. After this Waiunga.re threw a spear at the sky with a. line tied to it. At first, when he hauled upon it, the weapon ca.me out. Then he threw up a barbed spear. This held fa.st, so he pulled himself up to heaven and afterwards hoisted up the two women. Certain stars are pointed out as Waiungare and his wives. Nepelle afterwards was driven to the top of the hills by a great flood. So he got to heaven by the same means as W aiunga.re, and drew up his canoe after him. This vessel is still to be seen


:floe.ting in the sky in the "milky way." These persons are said to have lived at a time when enormous kangaroos and fish exist.ed. The former were so large that the skin of one covered acres of ground. W aiungare and N epelle, aft.er their apotheosis, sought to make these animals smaller. The former tore a kangaroo in pieces, and, strewing them on the earth, ea.ch piece became a small kangaroo, such as we now have. N epelle did the same with a fish, and produced small fish.

The following is a native myth in the vernacular of the Na.rrinyeri :-" Norar ngertir nlangk, kar morokkir an mamar. Kar tuppir an me.mar Tipping. Wanyar muldara.r ngungyin na.muramb an mama.r. Wunyar pu.lkeri mu.ldara.r pettir an mami. Wunya.r norar ngrakkuwallir. Wunyar nora.r mu.ldura.r mendir. Kar pingkir mu.ldura.r brugnngai wunyar Kinemin. Wnnyar norar balpewallin Inn ellin tnkkeri." Translation-" The pelicans fished in the lake and caught some tukkeri fish. They carried the fish to Point Stnrt. Then the magpies made a fire to cook the fish with. The greedy magpies then stole the fish. The . pelicans were angry with the magpies, and they fought. The magpies were rolled in the ashes, which made them black. Then the pelicans became white like the tnkkeri fish, which they had eaten."

22. It seems to be very probable that the Narrinyeri are a mixture of two races. Most likely the tribe which came with Nurnnderi were of East.em Polynesian race, derived from some people who may have been drifted in ca.noes on the north-eastern coast of Australia. from the South Sea Islands. They discovered that there was a tribe already in possession of portions of the country, which seem~ to have been Papnan. It is a fa.ct that some of the Ne.rrinyeri a.re straight-haired and of a lighter complexion, while others are curly-haired and ve-ry black. All the native traditions agree with the above theory.•

• Except that our Black race is the outcome of a. cross, the writer differs from Mr. Taplin in the above particulars, as has been aeen in Chapt.ers 6 and 7.-E. M. C.

252 THE AUSTRALIAN BA.CE:

28. No doubt the Narrinyeri descended from a more civilized st.ate of society. They possess laws, customs, implements, and wee.pons which they are quite unable to invent now, and elaborate ceremonies of which they do not know the meaning, although they adhere to them strictly. The remains of a kind of sa.cri:fice is found amongst them. When they go on a great kangaroo hunt they knock over the first wallaby which comes nea.r enough to the hunters. A fire is then kindled and the wallaby placed on it, and as the smoke ascends a kind of chant is song by the men, while they st&tnp on the ground and lift up their wee.pons towards heaven. This is done to secure success in hunting, but the reason of the custom they know not.

24. The Narrinyeri are not cannibals, and express a great horror of cannibalism.

25. Their wee.pons are clubs and wa.ddies; heavy wooden spears, barbed and unbarbed. These are made of very hard wood, got from the river_ tribes, and, through bei~g hardened in the fire, become as hard as bone, and can be made very sharp. The most dangerous and effective weapons are the spears called kaike and yarnde. The shafts of these are made of reed for the kaike, and dry grasstree-flower stem for the yarnde. Both have a point consisting of about a foot of hard wood. Sometimes the yarnde is barbed with splinters of quartz, stock on with gra.sstree or pine gum. These spears are thrown with a throwing-stick or t.aralye. They can hit a mark at fifty and sixty yards. They are quite as effective as arrows from a. bow. They also have boomerangs, but they a.re not moch used in wa.r-more for striking water-fowl on the wing. They have also two shields -the broad bark shield and a narrow wooden one. The former is called wakkalde, the latter murukanye.

26. They make nets, twine, fishing-lines, ma.ts, and baskets. The mats and baskets are made of two or three kinds of rushes and flags. The twine and lines are made of rushes, or of the root of the menokkuri flag boiled and chewed and then twisted by hand.

FROM MURB.AY RIVER TO LACEPEDE BAY. 253

27. Their only implements in the way of tools were stone tome.hawks and shells. They oft.en use the edge of a split reed for cutting flesh.

28. Several ceremonies ha.ve been described in the foregoing answers. It is only necessary to say that the natives are particular to adhere to them. They have a certain kind of courtesy amongst them. The formal goodbye of one departing is " Nginte lew" (" Do thou sit still"), and the reply of one remaining is, "Nginte ngoppnn" (" Do thou walk"). It is regarded as very rude to converse or speak privately to a person in the presence of others. The women are always kept separate immediately after parturition and during the time of menstruation. Boys are forbidden to eat certain kinds of game, and young men other kinds, and a.gain women others.

The following is the list of the kinds of game forbidden to boys, and also to young men during the ceremonies of introduction to manhood:-

Native NMM. l.Nakkare 2. Ngerake

YOUNG MBN.

]Dnglilh. - Black duok - Teal -

3. Kinkindele } 4. Wheri Turtle of two kinda

5. Ponde - - Murray ood 6. Pankelde - Black and white gooee 7. Tyeri - - Golden perch -8. Punkeri - Widgeon. -9. Kalperi - Shoveller duck -

10. Parge - - Wallaby -11. Tilmuri - Female musk duck 12. Pomeri - - Catfish ·13. Kupulli • Blue mountaia parrot 14:. Rekalde · Water rat -IIS. Puldyokkuri • - Water hen

Bon.

I. Wheri

2. Tyeri 3. Punkeri 4:. Kalperi 5. Parge 6. Tilmuri 7. Pomeri 8. Kupulli.

16. Talkinyeri · Native turkey 9. Talkinyeri 17. Prolge - - Native companion - 10. Prolge 18. Wanye • · Mountain duck - - 11. Wanye 19. Tarke - , Lake perch - 12. Tarke 20. Korneok - Pink-eyed duck - - 13. Korneok

So that twenty kinds a.re forbidden to the young men and thirteen kinds to boys. It is supposed that if they eat of


these they will grow ugly and break out in sores, and also become prematurely grey. A carious custom of the aborigines is called " ngiangiampe." It is carried on thus : When a child is born, its navel-string is preserved and tied op in a bunch of feathers called " kaldok:i." The father of the child gives this to the father of some other child. From henceforth neither of those children nor their parents most speak to or hold any kind of intercourse with each other. The mntnal relationship brought a.bout by this is called "ngia.ngiampe "; and although the two most not speak they must not see each other want. If one " ngiangia.mpe" sees another in need of anything, he or she most send a supply of it if possible; bot yet there most never be any direct personal intercourse between the two. I never conld find out the reason for the custom; the natives conld not tell me, so we are left to conjecture. The children who are thus estranged from each other may belong to the same clan or to another clan; this is a matter of indifference.

44, 45. For answers to these questions see paper· on the Diseases of the Aborigines appended hereunto.

46. While a boy is growing op his hair generally need to be allowed to go untouched by comb, or at least it was allowed to grow undressed and uncut for two or three years before the time of puberty, which occurs at abont fourteen years of age. The consequence was that it became a perfect mat of entangled hair and filth. When the time came for the youth to be introduced to manhood, the old men of the clan wonld appoint a time with some old men of another clan to meet together to make "kainganar," or young men. This was kept secret. A youth from each of the two clans wonld be selected, and on the night fixed upon they were soddenly seized by the men of the clans and borne to a place apart from the women, who set np a great cry and pretended to try to rescue them, but were supposed to be beaten off with fire-sticks by the men. The two youths were thrown on the ground, and all their moustaches plucked ont and the hair on their bodies; the hair of their heads was roughly combed out with a point of a spear, tearing it off by handsfnl ; they


were then rubbed over plentifolly with a mixture of fish oil and red ochre. They were compelled to fast three days; drinking only water, and that to be sucked up from the lake or river through a. reed. They were not ellowed to sleep at ell for about three days, watch being kept over them for the purpose. They are now said to be ka.ingani or narnmbe -a word very near to our own word aa.cred, only without any moral purity attaching to its significance. When the two ka.inga.nis were ellowed to sleep their pillow must consist of a couple of sticks stuck in the ground crosswise. For many months the two youths were compelled to go naked. They were forbidden to eat certain kinds of game while they were narnmbe, and also were not ellowed to touch any food belonging to women. All the food which they touched or caught became narnmbe like themselves, and was forbidden to females. This state of narnmbe lasted until their beards and moustaches and body hair had been pulled out three times ; ea.ch time the beard was allowed to grow a.bout two inches long. They were not ellowed to take a. wife till this period elapsed, generally two years; but during this time very little fault was found with them for licentious conduct. During the time between the first plucking and the second the youths were called "na.rnmbe" instead of their real names; during the time between the second plucking and the third they were ceJled "takknre mak," or "plucked cheek." The second and third plucking was generally performed without any ceremony like the first. The two young men who undergo this rite together a.re ever after held to hold a peculiar relationship to each other called "wirake."

47. The Na.rrinyeri natives do not knock out the front teeth.

48. The N a.rrinyeri do not practise circumcision.

STATEllENT OF THE NUMBER OF THE " N ARRINYERI."

1. I have often thought that it is very desirable that we should know exactly how many of the aborigines there are, so as to be able to form some idea of their wants. I have


several times heard expressions of incredulity when I have said how many I thought there were; and, on the other hand, I have heard people say they thought there were more than I had any reason to believe exist.ed. Such a counting of the aborigines, if it had t&ken place twenty years ago, would have afforded some interesting information as to their rate of decrease, and would have thrown light on the causes of the decay of the aboriginal races. By way of making a beginning in this direction, I prepared a list of the names of all the natives of the Narrinyeri tribe, or nearly all. The danger in taking such a census is of omission, and perhaps I may have omitted a few. May I be allowed to suggest that if at every aboriginal dep~t a register were kept of every man, woman, and child known to the issuer of stores, and a periodical return of their numbers made, it would be very valuable; it would be especially so in the Far North, and on the overland route, and in the Northern Territory.

2. In making out the list, I got the assistance of four intelligent native men; I allowed them to apportion the dift'erent names of persons to their respective clans; in one or two cases I found people belonged to a different clan from what I had supposed. I have a personal knowledge of three-fourths of the natives whose names are given; the rest I am assured are living, and in some inst.a.noes I am told I have seen them, but have forgotten them.

8. The proportions of the different clans are as follow:--

N&IDe of Clan. Men. Women. Bo:,a. Girl& Total.

--- --- -- -- --Ooolwa and Port Elliot - - 42 37 10 5 94 Lake Albert - - 12 10 3 5 30 Mila.ng and Point Bturt - 14 19 13 3 49 Point Ma.olea.y . - - 42 48 23 22 135 The Coorong - - 49 37 12 16 114 Lower Murray, near Wellington- 37 32 8 12 89

-- -- --Total· . . 196 183 69 63 611

It will be seen that the Point Macleay clan is the largest; this is in consequence of the natives here being the


healthiest. The smallest proportion of children are found in those clans which inhabit the settled districts. The Goolwa and Port Elliot clan has only fifteen children, and yet they have ae many men as the Point Macleay clan, which contains forty-five children. The circnmstances attending the life of the aborigines in settled districts are adverse to their having children. I am sure that we have, by getting children from the natives in the settled districts to this institution, saved the lives of many; the proportion at Goolwa and Wellington would be even lower than this, were not this the case, and I know that the natives who reside here have and rear more children than any others of their tribe. The Coorong clan is a numerous one, and needs our best efforts ·for its welfare. I do trust that we may be enabled, by having a tract of land allotted to ns, to reach these people, and do them as much good as we have done the Point Macleay dan; they have amongst them some intelligent men. The Point Macleay clan and the Milang clan ( a very small one) are the only ones where the number of women is greater than that of men. I can say with assurance, that the dissipation and debauchery into which many of the natives fall is more fatal to women than it is to men.

4. The preparation of this statement forcibly reminds us of the decrease in the numbers of the aborigines. I myself, in 1849, saw 500· :fighting-men of these Narrinyeri; I was also told by a former Government officer that he saw 800 :fighting-men in 1842 ; at the present time they might muster 150. This would make the proportion of warriors at present a little more than one-third of the whole nnmber; supposing, as is probable, that then the proportion was onefonrth, there were in 1849, 2,000 Narrinyeri, and in 1842, 8,200. I am sure every one will feel sorry at this. We have deprived the natives of their country, sadly diminished their means of subsistence, and introduced a state of' things more fatal to them than the barbarism in which they before lived. We feel anxious to prevent such mournful results.

VOL. IL R

258 THE AU'STRALIAN RACE:

Our history on this station has been one of seventeen years' resistance to their downward progress towards extinction, and it has not been altogether nnsnccessful. We trust we may prevent that almost total disappearance which bas befallen the Adelaide and Moornndee tribes.

5. As the subject of disease among the natives has a close connection with the ca.uses of the decline of the aboriginal mces, I have drawn up a statement of the result of my observations and experience on this subject.

THE DISEASES OF THE ABoBIGINES OF THE LAKKs AND

LowEB MURRAY (SouTH AUSTRALIA).

I have resided among the aborigines inhabiting the Lakes and Lower Murray for the last twenty yea.rs, and during that period have observed that they a.re subject to the following diseases, viz. :-Apoplexy, acute nephritis, cataract, consumption (tubercular), dysentery, dia.rrhree., epilepsy, fistula. in ano, hydrocephalus, hepatitis (a.cute and chronic), hydatids in the liver, hydrothorax, influenza, indigestion, impetigo, neuralgia, otalgia, otorrhree., ophthe.lmie. (a.cute and chronic), phrenitis (one instance only), pneumonia, porrigo, ranula (one case only, but very bad), rheumatism ( acute and chronic), sunstroke, syphilis, sore throat in its various forms, toothache, and ta.bes mesenterica..

1. My observations have led me to the following views of the principal disease from which the natives suffer, which is evidently tuberculosis in its different forms. I think that a large number of deaths arise from this cause-of fifty deaths of adults which occurred here between 1859 and 1869 twenty-five were caused by tubercular consumption. In infancy the tuberculous diathesis shows itself frequently in the form of hydrocephalus, generally occnrring at the time of dentition ; it also very often manifests itself in the form of tabes mesenterica, about the third or fourth year, or even later; I have even known of a very bad case occurring in a man of twenty-five. This constitutional tendency often


appears in a form of indura.tion and ulceration of the glands of the neck; where it comes out thus, it is generally cured, and the person becomes healthy afterwards; but its most usual and fatal form is that of tubercular consumption. Any accident to the chest seems to lead to the deposition of tubercle. I knew a case of a previously healthy young woman who received a blow on the chest from her jealous drunken brute of a husband; she vomited blood immediately after, then her case gradually assumed the form of tubercular consumption. I had a case of a White woman on my hands at the same time as this one. I was struck with the exact eimila.rity of the symptoms in each case-the two women died within an hour of each other though living miles apart.

2. The mortality among infants of the aborigines is very great-of 101 deaths, occurring between 1859 and 1869, thirty-six were of infants under two years of age, :fifteen of children under the age of puberty, and fifty of adults. In nothing has the result of our labors been so apparent as in the saving of infant life. The good effects of cleanliness and proper care are so apparent that I have heard the women on our station lecture young woman on the necessity of keeping their children washed. · Infants suffer very much from the exposure of savage life. I have known infants die of the scorching which their heads got through being exposed on their mothers' backs during a long march on a hot day; and any severe disease which may suddenly seize a child, when its mother is in a situation where help cannot· be obtained, of course runs on and becomes fatal, although at first quite amenable to treatment.

3. I have frequent cases of both neuralgia and toothache. A peculiar cause of toothache is the chewing of fibre for the purpose of making twine ; this wears the teeth down to a level and makes them very tender to bite upon.

4. I have frequently seen cases of epilepsy. I have generally noticed that the persons subject to it have sunk into a low state of health, and soon died of consumption.

R:l

260 THE AUSTBA.LIAN RACE:

I had recently a case of a woman whose pregnancy was accompanied by attacks of hreme.temesis and epileptic fits. I have seen several cases of lunacy among them ; it is not uncommon for the intellect of old men to give way, and for them to be insane. In one instance an old chief was frightened by some people telling him that the Whites were going to take him and his tribe to Kangaroo Island ; he immediately betook himself to the reeds and hid for days; he was then found by his friends, and afterwards had an apoplectic attack; in a few weeks homicidal mania set in, and he chopped a women a.bout with a tome.he.wk frightfully -this led to his incarceration in the Adelaide Lunatic Asylum. In two or three years he was discharged cured: he is, however, yet strange in his manner. The relatives of lune.tics have no superstitions ideas about them, and treat them very kindly-they are rather afraid of them.

5. The aborigines do not suffer from malarious fevers. 6. Before the advent of the Whites a strange disease

came down the Murray and carried off many of the natives -it was doubtless small-pox, for some of the old men are pock-marked. The natives point to certain mounds where the dead were interred who fell victims to it. The natives readily receive vaccination. The aborigines here do not readily take measles; a few had them when they very prevalent, but they were nearly all half-castes. We never had the measles on this station at all, although settlers had them within two miles of us, and they raged violently at Milang and Meningie-and yet nearly all the aborigines at the Poonindie Mission Station had them. I cannot understand the reason why our natives were exempted. Although a large number of natives were gathered in camps at sheep-shearing, and some of them, mostly half-castes, had measles, yet they did not spread generally; this is surprising, since absolutely no care was taken to prevent infection. Neither are the natives subject to scarlatina, although the disease has prevailed very much in this colony. I never knew natives have it, and yet I have reason to believe that


they had the cast-off clothes of White sufferers from the disease given to them.

7. The aborigines have a skin disease, which is a sort .of impetigo-it might be called impetigo contagiosa; it manifests itself in a crop of pustules about the joints, the ankles, knees, hips, or elbows ; it is worst when it occurs on the hips ; it is accompanied with itching, swelling, and pain, and afterwards excoriation. I have seen places on a person's hips, occasioned by it, as raw as beef and as large as my hand; it is very contagious among the pure Blacks, and less so among the half-castes. I have known half-castes sleep with Blacks who had it and yet not catch it. I have known a very. White half-caste woman who was married to a Black husband, and yet she never had it, but her children did. Sulphur is a specific for it. Some years ago I was led to ask the Aborigines' Department for a supply of soap, which I used liberally-the supply has been continued, and the result has been a marked decrease in the number of cases of impetigo ; this fact is very significant as to the cause of the disease. The natives call this disease Wirrullumi.

The natives often get ringworms on their bodies, but not on the scalp; they catch them through tending calves which have them. No kind of leprosy is known among the aborigines.

8. I have seen cases, even bad cases, of syphilis amongst the natives. I am sure the disease was imported among them ; they knew nothing of it before the advent of the Whites-this is the testimony of the natives. I have known fatal cases, also cases where the tibia was affected, and bony excrescences on the skin, with atrocious neuralgic pain ; I have also seen buboes in the groin. Venereal disease is not very prevalent ; I am persuaded that sometimes cases of impetigo have been taken for it.

9. I have never seen a hunchback among the aborigines, and only one case of lateral curvature of the spine in a half-caste,

262 TRB A USTB.ALIAN RACE :

10. The vital power of the natives varies very much in different individuals, but taking the average, I do not think it could be rated high ; they easily give way to disease, and hopelessly yield themselves up to a fatal result. I think their diseases are more of a sthenic than asthenic type. They endure both heat and cold well-they will sleep comfortably under a much thinner covering than an average European.

11. The question has often occurred to me whether they suffer as much pain from injuries as Europeans do. It is difficult to decide ; let an injury be caused by a European, or by work for a colonist, and a great fuss will be made of it, while a much more severe injury occurring through a native custom will be made light of and endured with fortitude. This leads me to think that they do not really suffer so much as we do; however, the whole question as to whether one man suffers as much as another from a similar injury is one which I should like to see ventilated by a competent authority.

Wounds made by metal or stone implements or weapons heal about the same as similar wounds would do in Eu.r<r peans, but wounds made by wooden weapons heal very quickly-the transfixing of a leg by a wooden spear is regarded as a trifle, and soon heals. Blows on the head are not so dangerous to natives, because of the thickness of the fatty tissue between the scalp and the skull-this forms a kind of pad, which in some measure protects the head.

12. The aborigines have no medicines peculiar to themselves : they regard all diseases and most injuries to the person as the result of sorcery. In order to cure diseases

· they use charms, which consist in the utterance of certain words in a kind of chant or recitative. They endeavour to cure some complaints, such as rheumatism, by a rude kind of vapor-bath ; the patient is placed on a platform made with sticks, underneath are placed red-hot stones, or a few live coals, a rug is wrapped round the sufferer; then some water-weed called pinggi is taken wet from the lake shore and put on the hot stones or fire and the steam allowed to


ascend a.round the naked body, anq a perspiration is produced from which relief is oftentimes obtained.

13. I have known women get spots on their eyes from receiving blows on the back of the head; these spots enlarge and occasion very imperfect vision in after-life. I have known several cases of blindness, but not only from this ca.use.

14. The writer has often been asked respecting the fecundity of the natives, and the condition and habits of women in pregnancy and parturition. It has been stated that amongst some tribes in the other colonies if a woman has a half-caste child she never has another of her own race. This is not the case amongst the Narrinyeri, and the writer doubts if it is the case anywhere. He has known many women have large families after having a half-caste child. Instances have occurred where the :first child was a halfcaste, and yet a large family of Black children followed. Also, there have been cases where a half-caste child has been born after several Black children, and then Black children have succeeded it. Then women are known to have had two half-caste, and afterwards several Black. Indeed in every way the statement that the birth of a halfcaste injures the fruitfulness of the mother afterwards is proved to be untrue as far as the Narrinyeri are concerned.

The writer is convinced that when native women take to the excessive use of alcoholic drinks it injures and often entirely prevents their fecundity. In no instance has this rule been found to be incorrect. Let a Black woman take to drinking, and she generally has no more children, or, if she does, they a.re poor weakly creatures, and soon die. There is to be taken into account though that where aboriginal women become drunkards they become prostitutes too.

A remarkable result follows the free use of tobacco by the native women. The writer has observed it for yea.rs in a large number of instances. When a woman smokes a great deal during her pregnancy, the child which she bears

264 THE AUSTRALIAN &A.CB:

is always excessively fat. Soch a child will resemble one of those little fat Chine11e pigs, so abnormally fat will it be. Often a native woman is complimented on the plompness of her ha.by when it a.rises solely from this ca.nee. Bnt to a person accustomed to see native children this fatness is known to be peculiar in its character. The child is ronnd and bloated and unhealthy, a.lthongh 80 fat. And in every instance snch infants have died. I never knew one that survived the tronbl~s of dentition and weaning. The eft'ects of tobacco have also often been noticed in the case of women suckling. I have been ca.lled to a child which was ill, and found it suffering from a.II the effects of poisoning by tobacco; and no wonder, for its mother smoked heavily, and it was nursed in a close hot with ha.If-a-dozen people a.II blowing a suffocating cloud of tobacco smoke. I am convinced that a great deal of the ill-health of the natives-tendency to long disease, &c.---e.rises from excessive ose of tobacco. They use it so immoderately. I was confirmed in my opinion of the use of tobacco causing a peculiar fatness in infants by observing an instance of the same kind in a White woman. Doring her pregnancy she suffered severely from toothache, and only found relief by smoking tobacco. This she did until the infant was born. It was enormously mt, a.lthongh both the parents were thin and spare in habit. I noticed too that the fatness was of exactly the same peculiar kind as that in the Black infants. However, the fatal result did not follow in this case, for the mother left off smoking, and the child survived, and got rid of its excessive fatness after a time.

The pure Blacks are not 80 healthy as the ha.If-castes. Always the children of two half-castes will be healthier and stronger than either the children of Blacks or the children of a Black and a half-caste. When a half-caste man and woman marry, they generally have a large and vigorous family. I could point to half-a-dozen such.

Aboriginal women generally suffer less on the whole during parturition than White women do. I attribute this


to their bodies being allowed to develop in childhood without the restraints and injuries which result from the use of stays, corsets, and other civilized appliances. The experience of the writer has not been small, and he never saw an instance where deformity or malformation of the pelvis was indicated in any native woman yet. May not this result be attributed to the fact that their mothers never wore stays during the tim~ when they were child-bearing P The pelvis of a growing footus must be peculiarly liable to malformation from abdominal pressure in the mother. At any rate, such is the met, as stated above, with regard to native women, and obstetricians will appreciate the vast decrease in danger and suffering which is ca.used by it.

Aboriginal females though do suffer considerably in child-birth, some more and some less. Instances of death in child-bed a.re rare. The only three which I know were remarkable. These were two sisters, ea.ch named Petembaitpiri; they got married, and each died in child-bed. One died with her second child, and the other died with her third child. The second one left a daughter whom we brought up from infancy, and she attained to a maria.gea.ble age. She was married, and notwithstanding every means which was used, died in child-bed with her first child. The cause was obstinate metritis, which set up immediately after the birth.

Many of the native women are skilful midwives, and exhibit much ta.ct and presence of mind. Aboriginal women always bear their children while they kneel, and sit back on their heels, their feet being la.id on the ground, soles uppermost-a. common posture always with them when sitting. One of the women attending sits behind the woman in labor, and puts both her arms round her waist, thus forming a support for her back. The other widwife will attend to her as necessity requires. Parturition always takes place in this posture. The mother of a newly-born child generally recovers rapidly. I have known a woman walk two miles the day after she was confined. But this always does


harm; and I have heard their husbands reproach them with their folly.

On emergencies, native women have sometimes been called in to act as midwives to the wives of White men living in the bush, and have succeeded very well. I remember one amusing instance. The wife of a settler on Lake Albert was unable to get the help of one of her own countrywoman, so she called in an intelligent half-caste named Emily, in her sore need of help. In due time the infant was born, and when she had ma.de the mother comfortable in a. very kind way, the half-caste Emily proceeded to we.sh the newly-horn baby. After she bad been quietly proceeding for a. time, the mother was attracted by hearing the click of a. pair of scissors, and on looking at the nurse saw a spot of blood on her hand. " What are yon doing to my baby ?" she inquired. "Oh, missus," answered the nurse, "your be.by has got too many fingers, and I only been cut off one; I will cut off the other directly, and make him all right." Of course the mother protested that she would not have this, and the second operation was not performed. It tnmed out that the infant had five fingers on each band, and the native woman had clipped off with the scissors the superfluous finger outside the little finger on the right hand to make all right as she said. I only relate this as indicating what would be probably done by aboriginals themselves in such a case. The infant in this instance suffered very little, and grew np a fine boy. Children very much deformed were invariably killed immediately after birth. But they must have been rare, for, although they a.re not killed now, they rarely appear.

Although the N arrinyeri a.re so often exposed to the bite of venomous snakes, they have no remedy for this disaster. Their superstition leads them to believe it the result of sorcery. All the snakes are more or less deadly. Their poison brings on tetanus, and coma, and death. I have seen a. strong man die in agonies from tetanus on the third day after being bitten by a very small brown snake.


The natives particulary dread the native slow-worm, called by them "wiitii turar" (wittii, "stinging "-turar, "teeth"). Whether it is really venomous I never could ascertain. I have cured five natives who were bitten by snakes. The remedies used were very large doses of liquor ammonia fortissimus, ad.ministered in one-ounce doses of neat brandy.

The effect of the bite of the snake is to lower the pulse. It is felt to be gradually going down. I therefore gave ten drops of the ammonia in one :fluid ounce of brandy every quarter of an hour till the pulse rose. When this takes place the danger is passed. It is astonishing what a number of doses of the above will be taken before the slightest effect is perceived. At the same time I freely scarified the wound made by the snake's teeth with the point of a lance, and rubbed into the place pure liquid ammonia fort.

The natives themselves have a sort of treatment of diseases, but it consists more in incantations than anything else. There are certain men amongst them sometimes called "Kuldukkis," sometimes "Wiwirrarmaldar," and sometimes "Puttherar "-but all mean doctors, and they profess to cure the sick. They blow and chant and mutter over the sick person, all the while squeezing the part affected by the disease, and after many efforts will produce a bit of wood, or bone, or stone, which they declare has been extracted from the place, and is the cause of the ailment.

The natives are accustomed to scarify a part affected by pain with a bit of shell or glass, so that by making it bleed a cure may be accomplished. Another method which they pursue in cases of rheumatism is this:-They make a lot of stones red-hot in the fire. Then they erect a stage about three feet from the ground with sticks. On this they place the patient. Then they put the hot stones underneath, and cover them with wet water-weed called " pinggi." The patient and all is then enveloped in rugs or blankets, and the steam ascending produces a vapor-bath, which often brings on a salutary perspiration.

268 THE AUSTRALIAN RACZ:

Qt:ESTIOXS ON A.BoruGIXAL FoLKLORB, BTC.

(Ansmers to '!rhich appear i11 the pre'Dioua pagea.)

1. Name of the person who answers the questions, and locality where he resides.

2. What is the name of the tribe of aborigines to which his answers will relate? By "tribe," is meant all those aborigines who speak one language. The subdivisions of the tribe should be called clans.

3. What tract of conn try is inhabited by the tribe? 4. Is the tribe divided into clans? If so, how many are

there, and what are their names? 5. Has ea.ch clan a totem? (That is some beast, bird, or

other living or inanimate thing which is the symbol of the tribe.)

6. Are there class-names, or a kind of castes in the tribe ? 7. Do the different clans only intermarry with each

other, and do marriages never take place between members of the same clan? Or a.re the marriages regulated by the class-names? Do natives of different class-names only intermarry? If so, give names, and state what class-names the children of such intermarriages bear?

8. What a.re the marriage customs and ceremonies? Who gives a.way the female to her husband? Are marriages arranged by the clans?

9. Are the children of the father's tribe or the mother's? 10. Is polygamy practised? 11. What is the system of kinship in the tribe? Give

names for following relationships :-

My father. My father's brother. My mother'■ 1i.ster'1 h111ba.nd. My mother. My mother'■ ai■ter. My father's second wife. My stepmother, My father's si■ter.

My mother's brother'■ wife. My mother's brother. My father'■ ■iater'■ hUBba.nd. My son or daughter. My brother's child ("I" being

ma.le). My brother'■ child ("I" being

female).


My llilter's child (" I " being male),

My llilter's child (" I " being female),

My brother, My llilter. My elder brother. My elder 1iater. My yomiger brother. My younger lister. My father's brother's child. My mother's lliater's child. My father's father. My father'• father's brothers

and lliatera.

My father's mother, Her brothers and sisters. My mother's mother. Her brothers and sisters. My mother's father. Bia brothers and sisters. My father's 1ister'1 child. My mother'• brother's ohild. A father and child. A mother and child, A widow. A widower. A fatherleu child, A motherlC1111 child. A person bereaved of a brother.

[NOTL--Give the name of the relationehip in each case, no matter whether it be the ea.me word u one before mentioned or not.]

12. Are blood relations allowed to interma.rry? 13. What is the form of government? 14. How is justice administered? Is there any form of

trial for suspected offenders? If so, who are the judges? 15. What punishments are put in force against offenders? 16. What kinds of sorcery are practised? Describe them. 17. What funeral customs are there? 18. How does property descend? 19. Have the aborigines any ideas of' a future state? If

so, what are they? 20. Have they any belief in gods, demons, or supernatural

beings? If so, what are they? 21. Are there any legends or traditions amongst them?

If so, please relate some of them? If possible, give one in the native language with a literal translation.

22. Whence do traditions lead yon to suppose they came? Where were the original seats of the race?

23. Are there any proofs of their having been more civilized in past ages than they are now, and, if so, what are they?

24. Are they cannibals? What is their custom in cannibalism?


20. What are their weapons? 26. Do they make nets, twine, fishing lines, mats, or

baskets? 27. What tools or implements do they possess-or did

they possess, before Europeans came here? 28. Can you describe any ceremonies or peculiar cust.oms

practised by this people? 29. What do they call their language? 30. Has their language any articles? If so, what are

they? Are forms of the pronoun used as articles? 3 I. What is the form of the declension of nouns ? In

the case of the word for "man," bow do they say "of a man," "t.o a man," "by a man" ( as an agent), "by a man" (situated near a man), "from a man," or "a man" objectively?

32. le there a due.I form of the noun, i.e., is there not only a word for man and men, but a word for tmo men?

33. What is the form of declension of pronouns? Give the full declension of the personal pronouns.

34. Is there an abbreviated form of the pronoun, for the S&lre of euphony, used in composition?

35. Is there any gender to pronouns? 36. Has the verb any indicative mood? or has the verb

only a participial construction? Is the form in which the verb is used in the indicative the form in which the same word is used adjectively? Give a specimen.

37. What tenses has the verb? le there not only a past tense, but a remote past tense? Is there a reciprocal tenseas, for instance, "l cut myself," "We two cut each other"? Is there a repetitive tense-as, for instance, not only "I strike" but "I strike again"?

38. How is the passive form of the verb constructed? 39. ls there any verb "to be" or "t.o have" in the

language? 40. Is the letter s used in the language, or f, v, z? 41. What are the numerals ? How high can natives

count in their own language?


42. Give a few specimen sentences of the language with a literal translation.

43. What are the native words for the following English words?-

Sun. I Canoe. Good. Tongue. I. Moon. Fish. Bad. Teeth. Thou. Star. Dog. Man. Ea.r. He, She, It. Cloud. Kangaroo. Woman. Foot. We. Heavens. Fire. Boy. Nose. Ye. Rain. Honse. Girl. Hair. They. Heat. Spear. Father. Blood. Thia. Cold. Club. Mother. Live. I Who. Hill. Wommera. Huaband. Die. One. Land. Boomerang. Wife. Hear. Two. Stone. Day. Head. See. Three. Water. Night. Mouth. Sit. Four. Sea. Great. Hand. Make. Dual. Tree. Small. Eye. Give. Plural.

44. What diseases are most prevalent amongst the aborigines of the tribe where you reside?

45. Have they any methods of tree.ting or curing disease or injury among themselves, a.nd what a.re they?

46. What rites and ceremonies are used in the initiation of youths to the state of manhood 7

47. Do the natives knock out any of the front teeth? 48. Is circumcision practised amongst them? NOTB !.-Native words ahould be apelt according to the following

rulea:-

1. The conaona.nta to be aounded 88 in Engliah, only the g ia always to be hard.

n. The vowels are to be aounded thna :-

A 88 a in father ; ah Ai has the aound of long i. O"aa in old. Au ia aounded like ow in cow.

E as in they. I as 1 in fatigue. U as in rude, or a.e oo in mood.

NOTE 2.-Precise B.llllwers to question No. 11 are important. A correct reply will determine the system of kinship prevailing. The word for each relationahip should be carefully ascertained. It is also desirable to discover whether there is not a. slight variation of the word according 88 it ia borne or attributed to the speaker; for inata.nce, a variation for my father, your father, his fa1,her, &c.

272 THE AUS'IRALIAN RA.CE:

No. 83.-PYTU REACH.

BY GBOBGB TAPLIN,

Kangaroo - W&Dgami, tulatyL Ha.u.d. - marl Opouum - piltari, wongguri, 2 Blacks • kornengk.

melluri. 3 Blacks - neppaldarkorDlll' • Tame dog . keli.

Wild dog One - - yammalaityi.

Emu . - plnyell. Two - ninkaiengk.

Black duck- - nakkari. Three - •· neppaldar,

Wood duck- Four - knkknk. Pelican • nori. Father - nanghai. Laughing jacko.ss Mother • nainkowa. Native companion prolggi.

SiB'ter-Elder . ma.ra.nowi. White cockatoo - kra.nti, Black - wullaki,pillo.mbe " Younger - tarti.

" Crow . ma.ra.ngani. Brother-Elder - gelanowi.

Swan - - kungari, tnma-" Younger tarti.

kowa.lli. A young man - narumbL

Egg - - pellati. Track of a foot - ya.rluki. An old man- - yandiorn.

Fish - - mami. An old woman - yandi-imin. Lobster A baby - kelgalli, milyali, Crayfish • meauki.

M0114nito - muruli. tyinyero.

Fly - tyilyi. A White ma.n - gringkari. Snake - - kraiyi: Children . porla.r. The Blacks - - na.rrinyeri.

Head - • knrli. A Blackfellow - korni.

A Black woman - mimini. Eye . - pill .

Noae - kopi. Ear . - plombi.

PYTU BEACH.

No. 83.-Prrv Ru.ca~ •

Mouth • tori. Boomerang •

Teeth- . turar. Hill -Hair of the head· karl. Wood · Beard • • menald. Stone • ThUDder - mUDti, Ca.mp •

Grau · · ka.iyl. Y e1 •

Tongue • t.allauggi, No

Stomach · mankuri. I •

Bream - ngumpurengk. You Leg • . ta.ruki. Bark Foot· Bone •

Blood -

Skin •

• turni. . partpati. • buwL . wankandi.

. bllptlll.

- mewl, waltyerar. . kunar.

• wundi . kaild.

• tara.lgf. . wakkaldi. - drekurmi.

Good

Bad

Sweet·

Food -Hungry

Thinty

Eat -Sleep -Drink· Walk -See -Sit

273

. panketyL

• ngurll. • lamatyeri. • martL

• manti, ngauandi

- katyil, ng-ng. - nowaiy, ng-ng. . ngan.

- ngun-ngenti. • yorlL

- nunkerL • wirrangi •

• ltlnpin •

- takuramb. • yeyauwL . klallin.

. takldn.

- tantin. • murttun. - ngoppun. - na.kkin. · lewin.

Fat • Bowels Excrement -

War-spear • Beed-spear •

Throwing-stick Shield· Tomahawk• Canoe• - meraltL Y eaterday - • watangrau. SUD -Moon• Star -Light -Dark Cold Heat Day Night· Fire WaterSmokeGround Wind· Rain •

God -Ghoatill

VOL. ll,

- nunggi. • markeri. • tuldi. - nunkulowi. · yonguldyl. - murunkun. • waldi. . nunggi. . yonguldyi. • keni. . nguk, barekL • karL . tunl. • ma.iyi. • parni.

8

To-day • hikkai nunggi. To-morrow • • ngrekkald. Where a.re the yangi narrinyeri? Black.st

I don't know • nowa.iy ap ngle-

Plenty

Big Little -Dead • Byand-by -

Come on -

Milk -Eaglehawk

Wild turkey

Wife -

min. . ngruwar .

- grauwL • muralappi. • pornir.

• pallL

- ngai our.

- ngumperl.

- wulde. - talkinyerl. . nape.

274 THE AUSTRATJAN RACE:

No. 84.-FROM WELLL.~GTON, ON THE MURRAY

RIVER, TO NORTH-WEST BEND.

BY M. Moomouu, EsQ.

THB following vocabulary is extracted from a work, pn~ lished in l846, by M. Moorehouse, Esq., formerly Protector of Aborigines on the Mnrray. That gentleman was under the impression that it was spoken from Wellington .to the Rnfus, whereas it prevailed no further than the North-west Bend. In many instances I have noticed that Blacks exaggerate the extent of their territory, and also the area over which their langnages extend, especially after tribes become fnsed nnder the pressure of our occupation. Now-&-days, were an old man, on the Darling say, asked the extent of frontage his tribe occupied when he was yonng, he wonld probably in ma.king his statement add to the possessions of his own tribe those of one or two neighbouring ones, whose few survivors had in the break-down of aboriginal polity cast in their lot with his people. From this canse I have frequently found descriptions of the boundaries of tribal lands overlap each other.

The preva.lence of r as an initial, and the recurrence of double r, are remarkable in this language.

No. 84.-AnnmoN.u. Wo:BDS.

A 11pbit • idaldl. To ooUDt . kappekappan. Sorcerer · idaidlanko. Toapeak • kappun, kaptun. South• - karrungad?a. Sunaet • karlkallo. Eut . • ngaldko, Rage . • lr.edlanko. West - • kaato. The shoulders • kiDDi. Expreaaion of Ir.ail I Finger • lr.uilpo. wonder mood. · ka.ntur.

Light (not heavy) ka.ltkatyo. Bloodlilr.e . ka.ntukantur A grumbler • kappelr.appangko anglr.o .

FROM WELLINGTON TO NORTH-WEST BEND. 275

No. 84.-ADDlTIONAL Wo:&D&--«mtinued.

Eyelid Eyelash The thigh

- kuitme. · kuityoink. . mak.uru.

Tro118er11 • mak.urarru. Liver • • ngaldkur. Little finger - ngelko. Thumb • ngoako. Forefinger • ngonongunnun. Fleah - - pa.rrangaldko. Knee . . parrurup. Skin of an &nim&l ta.nko. Elbow- • t.a.tto.

Rib · · t.ennir. CheekBrain. To love To make love A magpie

- tunkatto. . yurlurro. • kirredlamun. • kirripun. . k6nla.rru.

To evacuate the korntun, kun-bowelB dun.

A reed • kordlo. To charm

Sorcerer Urine -Toaut A tear Don't cry A wife

• kungkun. . kungkungkangko - kuppur. . lappun. - llowo. - lloallo. - loanglr.o.

To see one's aha- lutt.a.nnun. dowiD the water

Liken-, shadow lutto. A liar • • maaungum-

angko. Wallaby • madlongo. Animal food • mam. The milky way • mamramko. To believe, think meinin. Paternal grand~ metei. father

Grandchild • • metto. Tokise Many-

. moornun. • nailko.

Uncle - - nukko. Afemale kangaroo ngaako • The liver • • ngaldkur. Maternal grand- nga~ father

Vegetable food The breath A louse A~

Nephew Stepfather -Huebmd To kill To die-

• ngemmo. . ngenginni. . paanlr.o. - paduamk'>,

puintyelmunlr.o. . pammo. . pangur. . pewi. • puilyerrun. . puintyan.

A widow • rangngu. A hut- • rap. A married couple rap-t.a.d-lakko . Wrath • rawuyip. Pleasure, joy • ratti. Bone worn rommum. through aeptum of noee

Couein • rongko or ronn ·

Red •

Door -Where? A grave

A ball used play

gur • . rum.rum.

. taakurru. • t.a.d1a? - t.a.ppullo, tap

purlo. in tiitko.

Sneezing • tintingen. To laugh • · tirrikeblin. To slander - • tungngun. Young woman or wa.rkarrau. girl

An adult female • wityange. A black oookatoo wornokkadlu. To swim - yagun. A maggot, &l8o yeltfrri. rioe

Thesz

• yerlungo, '

276

No. k-WELLINGTON.

Kangaroo

Opoaum -Tamedog Wild dog Emu -Black duck -Woodduck-

- peldld. - kedlu, kellu. - murrang kedlu, • ranguyu.

Pelic&11 - yeldko. Laughingjackallll- kukatka. Native oompauion White cockatoo • kawakko. Crow - • kunnamamu. Swan• Egg . - toldomko. Track of a foot • Filh - - kuyongo. Lobster Crayfiah · yukalto . :M0114uito -Fly - • dlertluimno. Snake The BlackaA Blackfellow A Black woman · ngammaltyu. NOiie - - roonko.

Hand - - mannurulto. 2 Blaob -3Blacb -One - - mew.tta. Two - - tangkul Three- -t.angkulmeto,

metko. Four -Father • nukJanvur,

petuwurra. Mother -ngawur. Sister-Elder -m&iko.

,, Younger • Brother-Elder - marruko,

,. Younger

A young man - ngudlongo. An old man

An old woman •

A baby A White man ChiJd -

Head -Eye •

Ear -

- nguilpo, reyu.

- pertpukko. - korllo.

• marlo.

FROM WELLINGTON TO NOBTH-wm!T BEND. 277

No. 84.-WBLLINGTON-conCtnued.

Mouth • munno, taako,

Teeth - • ngentko. Hair of the head-

Beard · - ngulko, Thunder • 01'81111. TODgUe

Stomach • Breast.a

Thigh Foot -:Bone.

Blood.Skin • Fat • Boweh

• rrarlo.

• wungk,

- ngantudle. • papu, • mumpurro, pa.i.-

puite,

- makuru. - tudgnl, • kamko, • kantur. • pilll. - mudla,

Excrement - - kunna, kunngo. W ar-1pe&r - - kak111'1'11, Reed-lpe&?' - • kaiyar, Throwing·ltick • ngeweangko, Shield - tarramo, Tomahawk• Canoe• Sun -Moon -

Star • Light· Dark· Cold -Heat. Day •

Night-Fire • Wat.er Smoke Ground Wind

Rain -Goi . Ghoata

• marrupung. • manno. - nangke. • kakur, kagurre.

- pedll.

- taako.

• nlmmL

- ngukko. - multko.

- murroko. - bubtarra..

Boomerang,

Hill -Wood

Stone • Camp.

Yea • No

I You Bark. Good. Bad •

SweetFood. Hungry

Thinty Eat .

Sleep •

Drink. WalkBee •

Sit Y eat.erday • To-day To-morrow

Where are the BlaokaT

I don't know

Plenty

Big •

Little· Dead •

By-and-by·

Comeon •

Milk -Eaglehawk • Wild turkey Wife .•

• tepko.

- parlo, parlko.

• ngai&l, ngalye.

- ngapo, nganna.

- ngurra, ng111'1'1l,

• pilli.

• mudloltyo. • palyu.

• nguntun, taan.

• murmrrl, yummun.

-naan. · llewln. • karldkun.

• yernko.

- poilyongko.

• yuatta.

• kauwo,

- yullurru,

• peralla. • loa.Dgko.


No. 85.-NORTH-WEST BEND OF THE RIVER MURRAY.

BY F. w. FuIJOB.D, EsQ.

It ii noticeable that aeveral word.a In this vooabulary begin and othen end

with r, 11r, 1U1U1Ual oha.raoteriltice In our 1angaagee.

Kangaroo -Opoaum Tamedog -Wild dog Emu • BlaokduokWoodduok-

• poorool, toltar • • booltoo.

• ohelli. - ra.ngun. - narkur. • kooar.

Pelican • na.nkoorar. Laughingjaok111111-kokaka. Nativeoompanion toorkul. White oookatoo • ohowuk. Crow• Bwa.n -Egg. Track of a foot Fiah •

Lo'bllter Crayfillh Moequito

Fly -Snake-The Blacks·

• waal. - nankyer. -. mllewrup. - toonar.

- ukot. - mantar. • nakemilll. • too-oo. . maree.

A Blaokfellow • maree. A Blaok woman • pookloo.

Noae - - mroontoo.

Ha.nd.

2 B1aoka •

3 Blaclu

One -Two Three.

Four -

Father

- koolpoo.

- ra.nkoolma.ree.

- ra.nkool mat& maree.

- mata. - ra.nkool • ra.nkool-mata.

- ra.nkool-ra.nkool

• pweeohar.

Mother • nukar. Sister-Elder • meeka.

., Younger•

Brother-Elder - murrkar. ., Younger bungu.

A young ma.n - leeree.

An old man - koombak.

An old woman - meeohung.

A baby • kimbill.

A White ma.n • towar.

Children - : mootar.

Head -

Eye

Ear •

- pempee.

-. meeyee.

- marwarl

NORTH-WEST BEND OF RIVER MURRAY. 279

No, 85.-No:aTH-Wll'Br Bu» or TD Riva MUB.lUY-continued •

.Mouth - t.ookoo. Boomerang -

Teeth - tanwD . . Hill . Hair of the head - winnee. Wood- • narook • Beard. - wakkoo. Stone - . konning.

Thunder - poorok. Camp- - rowoo. Grua - . wunkar. Yee - niyar. Tongue • nundoolar. No • ya-ya. Stomach - moont.oo.

I-Breaata - moombooroo.

. narpoo.

Thigh- - muntar. You • nooroo.

.Foot - bungoorar. Bark . na.rdlung.

Bone - - kumpoo. Good - moolike.

Blood - - kondur. Bad • mookar.

Skin . • t.oolt.oo. Sweet- - moolike. Fat • bartoor. Food - - miyer. Bowels • wunbaroobar. Hmigry • booung. Excrement - Thirsty - tarwin. W ar-11p8&1' - Eat - tarklaka. Reed-spear - Sleep · - umkunar. Wommera or Drink- - nooluka. throwing-stick

Walk - . punar. Shield-Tomahawk- • maraboong.

See - nowar.

Sit - lowunar. Canoe - - munnur, Sun - klear. Yeeterday - kulkulk.

Moon - - lr.ukarar. To-day - peeyowar.

Star - · billee. To-morrow - • peeatulr.ar.

Light - - wynekur. Where are the there markuk T

Dark - rookool. Blaclr.a T Cold - - lookur. I don't know - Wlnyar(T where) Heat - - "nirrkee. Plenty . warpoo warpoo. Day - nitechar. Big . beekuk. Night- - rookul. Little - - riwoone, Fire . - nalkoo. Dead • • boonglll. Wat.er - nookoo. By-and-by Smoke - moolt.oo. Come on - lr.oowee. Ground . t.oot.oo. Milk . Wind- · yarool.

Eaglehawk -Rain - markarar. God . Wild turk~y

Gh~ Wlfe

280 THE AUSTB.ALIAN RACE :

No. 86.-NED'S CORNER STATION, KUB.RAY RIVER.

Kangaroo • Opoaaum-Tame dog • Wild dog -Emu -Black duck

- broolach. - bultcha. • wilkiDg.

• rungine.

• nucha. Wood duck • obawra.

Pelican - muckwan. Laughing jaokua kookooka. Native companion tharo. White cockatoo jackwa. Crow - - woncher. Swa.n - - nunoba. Egg • • thulla.n. Track of a foot • Fiah •

Lobster - thupul

Crayfish lrf0114uito - muntba. Fly • Snake The Blacks- - nut.cha. A Blackfellow - merrely. A Black wo111&11 - bolko. Noee - - roonoh&na.

Hand-

2Blacb -

8Blacb

One -Two.

Three

Four -

Father

- ohalpo.

. metha.

. ranko.

• ranko metba.

. rucbaa.

Mother - nutcbaa. Slater-Elder

,, Younger • thuloha.

Brother-Elder •

'' y owiger bunoba. A young man - ligboher. An old man - koob&tch An old woman - yeohong. A baby - murtcha. A White man • though&.

Children HeadEye Ear .

- bumple.

• meohil. ,munchuna.

NED'S CORNER STATION, KURB.AY RIVER. 281

No. 86.-NBD's Co:aiom BTATioN, MUBBAY ~-

Mouth • thurab. Boomerang-Teeth • lut.oba. Hill . Hair of the head winine. Wood- - lecher. Beai-d- . wu-cha. Stone- • kurncha. Thunder . • pooraohe. Ca.mp-

Grus- . youngoba. Yee • hiehia. Tongue - nungohul No • mematt. St.omaoh • poungoong. I. Breaa1a - buntrioba. You Thigh· • nuncha. · Bark - • niohline . Foot · • t.hunga. Good. • mulach. Bone.

Bad mood- . koundoba.

.

skfu . • thuloba. Sweet- • nuohlaoh.

Fat • patura. Food· . thfghin.

Bowels • kudn&. Hungry

Excrement- • kudn&. Thiraty

w &r-lp8&1' • Eat . Reed-1pear- • keohia. Sleep. Wommera or Drink-throwing-etlok Walk. • puncha.

Shield • thr&m. Bee . nungba. Tomahawk- Bit Canoe -munga.

Yeeterday · Sun . • lechie.

To-day Moon- • bohiera.

Star · • hillier. To-morrow-

Light- - neohega. Where are the

Dark· • niminoha. Blaoluf

Cold - • dukka. I don't know • winacba. Heat· • nunoka. Plenty Day . Big . Night • nulka. Little-Fire • - thepia. Dead. Water - multcho. By-and-by-Smoke Ground

Come on . Wind

Milk.

Rain. Eaglehawk-

God . Wild turkey

Ghost.a Wife -

282 THE AUSTRALIAN &ACE:

No. 87.-FROM MALLEE CLIFFS STATION TO

WENTWORTH.

BY - MoF..u&r..AD, EaQ.

Tm: following vocabulary and other matter connected with the Kemendok tongue were kindly but hurriedly dictated to me by Mr. McFarlane, the owner of the Mallee Cliff Station, who speaks the language fluently :- •

Kangaroo -Opoaaum -Tame dog -Wild dog

• buloker. . bu.It. • k&lli.

Emu - - rungln. Black duck - toorlum. Wood duck - wondre. Pelican • bel&ngri Laughing jackau kokak. Native companion t.ort. White oock&too • runth.

Crow - - waak. Swan - - koolthawa. Egg • bert. Tra.clr. of a foot • thin. Fish -Lobster Crayfiah - moak. Moaquit.o - munth, Fly . Snake - thok. The Blacks- - ngulteteL A Blackfellow • ngult. A Black woman- korump,

Noae - - kaap.

Hand• 2Blacb 3Blacka

• wain.

- raangool ngult. · raangool meta

ngult. One • - meta.

Two • - ru.ngool Three- - ru.ngool met. Four - - ru.ngool raan-

gool Father - blith. Mother - ngaak. Siltier-Elder . mai-ik.

'' Younger. Brother-Elder - kook.

,, Younger A young man - lomith. An old man - pilr.waar. An old woman - pilr.-korump. A baby • thalump (male),

baroeit (female). A White man - thow-wur. Children - reep-reep. Head - • tarurt. Eye - mi. Ear - - mur,

MAI.LEE CLIFFS STATION TO WENTWORTH. 288

No. 87.-MALLD CLl:rr&--eontinu«l.

Mouth • thak. Boomera.ng-Teeth- - drirk. Hill • Hair of the head- drlrk kit.ch. Wood· Beard- • ngoolk. St.one -

TJ\under - - bethung. Ca.mp · OruaTmigue St.omach Breuta Thigh

Foot · Bone• BloodSkin -Fat . Bowels Exorement-

- thellum. . mat. - monda.

. ngunt.

. thin. - biromp. - koork. - met.chook. . mint.

W ar-Bpe,V • • thill. Beed-Bpear· - nerit. Wommera or ngowathuk.

throwlng-Btick

Shield - benmaL Tomahawk - - tharing. Canoe - longup. Sun • nunk. Moon - • bait.ch. Star - - burl Light - - nungan.

Dark · · wangoran. Cold - - tirowl. Heat -Day. NightFire . Water Smoke Ground Wind Rain . God •

Ohoeta

. numum.

. nungan. - wa.ngoran. . nik. . ngook. • thoor.

- nait.ch. . wirith. • makkrL

Yea No I You Bark -Good .

Bad Sweet

Food -

Thinty Eat . Sleep -DrinkWalk-See . Sit Yesterday -To-day To-morrowWhere are

Blacka? I don't know

Plenty Big . Little -Dead .

By-and-by· Come cm. • Milk •

Eagleh&wkWild turkey

Wif, -

. boop.

• mok. . raap . . al-al. . plntha. - ngale, ngai&. - wooroo. . kaart-kaart. • warrlnk.

ba&thup. . burmum. • m&&m (animal),

tha&p (vegetable).

- ngow-ngow-mum.

- konoolun. - thaicha. . muttri. . ngooka. • yinn&.

• maima. • lewa. . k&&lkun.

• bianunga. • pint-wangorong.

the winya ngultetel

• pint& ngala yoorun •

- nur. • yoorong. • ba.ie. - yootmal • mo~dja. • ylnne ap.

284 THE AUSTRAIJAN RACE:

CONJUGATION OF VERBS IN THE KEMENDOK LANGUAGE.

To S'l'BID.

PBl:Smff,

I lltrike - ngal.e wokb.. Thou lltrikeet - ugoora wokka. He atrikee - inna wokb..

I Weatrlke -You atrlke • Theylltrike

•nnar TDBL

llltrllok • ngal.e wokkul. We atruok •

Thou ■truokeet - ngoora wokkul. You atruok-

He ■truck - • inna wokkuL They lltrllok

• nginmn wokkul.

• ngooroom. wokkul

- ngamwokkul.

I will atrike - mondja npie wokb..

We will atrlke • nginn& mondj& wokb..

Thou wilt strike • mondja ngoora wokb..

He will ■trike - Inna mondja wokka.

You will ■trike - ngooroom mondj& wokb..

They will atrike • ngowo mondj& wokb..

DIPBBA.Tlff IIOOD.

Strike • wokb.. Let UI atrike • ngurra ugimla woltka. Let him ■trike - ngurra Inna

wokka. Let them ■trike • ngnrra ugowo wokk&.

go •

Thou goe■t -Hegoee

I went Thou wenteet

To Go.

PBBSBN'l' TUSJI,

• nup yennin. - ngoorayennin. - inna yennin.

I Wego You go They go

PBB'l'DI'l'B 'l'US:I,

• nup yennooL I He went, &o. - ngoora yennooL

J'IJTt7U TBNSlL

I will go, &o. • nup mondja yenna.

ngoora mondja yenna.

innamondja yenna, &o,

• nginna yennln. • ngooroom yenna.

• ngowo yemaiD.

• nginna yennool,

&o.

BE'l'WEE.L'l THE LA.CBLAN, MURRAY, & DARLING. 285

DIPBBA'l'IVII IIOOD,

Go thou • yemia. Let Ill go • • nghma lurt Let him go. . ngarainnayemur.. yenna.

He will go by-and-by There a.re no Blaoks at Y oungera There la no water at Younger& • I have no opo8ll1Jl1 -

I don't - him -

That girl baa a pretty f&oe

Let them go - ngara ngowo yemia,

Inna mondja yennola. pint& ngok coda Youngeran. pint& nga1k coda Yomigera.n. pint& ngai& bult. not I opo,uam. pint& ngai& ma.imln Inn&.

not I - him. - Inna morin warink nglnlng.

she girl good faoe.

No. 88.-FROM THE JUNCTION OF THE LACHLAN

AND MURRAY TO THE JUNCTION OF THE

DARLING ·AND MURRAY.

BY J. A. MACDONALD, EsQ.

OF the language of the tribe which inhabits the country specified above I have three specimens, one drawn up by Mr. J. A. Macdonald, another by Mr. John Miller, of Knlnine, and the third by myself. Though they differ somewhat, I have only inserted the first, together with some phrases and tenses of verbs obtained from Mr. Macdonald, who speaks the language well. The numerals 1, 2, and 3 a woman gave me very distinctly as mok, tkO'l'al, tkO'l'al na mok. Families often differ a little in pronunciation.

Though its language shows this tribe to be an off-shoot of the N a.rrinyeri, and hence of Central Australian descent, yet it ca.lls itself and its la.ngoa.ge Yit-tka, which is its negative adverb.

This, as the reader is aware, is a cl18tom which may be said to be confined to Eastern Australia. Its occurrence in

286 THE AUSTB-AI,UN RA.CB:

this tribe (the only exception I know) is explained by the fact that it is the last of the Centre.1 series, and has for its neighbour up the Murray a. tribe of Eastern descent, which calls itself by its negative, and has no doubt named the Yit-tha in the same way. As I have said before, tribes often infl.nence the languages and customs of their neighbours.

From this point as far as Expedition Range, in Queensland, this practice of ca.lling a. tribe by its negative preftils generally.

The Yit-tha have territory on both sides of the Murray.

AD»moNAL PlllW!B8, rro. There la no water at Yomigera; lit.:• Yittha ngok gooia, Youngeran.

No water there, Younger& There are no Blacb at Y 01111gera - Yittha nUDD& gooia Y owigeran. I have no money; lit.: Not me money - Yittha ngunak money, I don't aee him; lit. : No I aee that Yit-tha ngaie naiin yanda nUDD&,

Black That girl ill pretty; lit. : That girl Yanda moorooin kaangil.

good

Ngale wokka yanda nUllll& koomdi n1111ga. I (will) kill that Black to-morrow 111111.

To Go.

PJI.B8BNT TBNS:I,

Ngaap nukka .

Ngoora nukka -

Y and& nukkllll -

'I go.

• Thou goeat.

· Hegoee.

Ngainne nukk:1111 • We go. N goona nukka - You go. Yanda bugganukka They (or that

lot) go.

PDJ'BOT TBliSll,

Ngaap nukkamt • I went. I Ngainne nukkamt - We want. Ngooranukkamt • Thou wenteat. Ngoona nukkamt • You went. Yanda nukkamt • He went. Yanda bugga nukka.rnt They went.

J'UTURB TBNll:I,

Ngaap lokka nukka · - I will go. Ngoora lokka nukka • . - Thou wilt go, Yanda lokka nukka . He will go, &o. And soon.

BETWEEN 'l'HE LACHLAN, MURRAY, & DARLING. 287

WOOKOOBN-To 8'rlu.KB,

Striking- • wokkilant. Struok - • wok-koomt.

PJLBSBNT TBNl!E,

Nga.ie wokka Ngoora wokka Ymnawokka

· I &trike. . Thou ■trikest. - He atrikee.

I Nganni wokka • • We strike. Ngoona wokka- • You strike. Yanda lokka wokka - They strike.

PDn!C'r TBNSB.

Nga.ie wokkoornt - I struok, Ngoora wokkoornt • Thou struokest, &o.

Ngaie ngopra wokka koorndi nungung. I you strike to-morrow 1un.

God made man. koityoornt n'llllll&,

God ■aid not good man alone - moothoort yittha kaangil nunna mowa

to dwell Then (at the time) God made woman. Fint woman lewin. Ngoomantha rooan - kooiyoornt pirup. Mipurn pirup

Eve. Eve was wife of Adam. Adam ii father of the Blaokfellow : Eve. Eve - malool- Adam. Adam - beith wernum da Nunna:

father of the Whites. Eve the mother of the (belonging to) beith wemum da Waipella. Eve - ngaa.k wemum da

Blaoks; mother of the Whites; mother of all. Nunna; ngaak wemum da Waipella; ngaak kurgumum,

288 TBB AUB'l'.BALiil BA.CB :

No. 88.-YIT-THA.

Br J. A. liuODOlU,LD, EaQ,

Kangaroo • Opouum •

Tamedog •

Wild dog Emu•

Black duck Woodduok

• boolyoker.

· wok-ltual. . ngelning ""

ngointh.

• bungain r,r trungain.

. kurabung.

. woorna. Pelloan • nenangoo. Laughing jaokus thoopunk. Nativeoompanion quirk. White oookatoo • kunth. Crow · toola.ng. Swan - koolthoo.

Egg · · beit. Track of a foot • yerimp.

Flah • Lobllter Crayfilh M01KJ,uito

Fly . Snake-

- thappool · bungiank, bun-

gerang . thill. • nalmo, nulma.

The Blacks • Ii.er nunna. A Blackfellow • nunna. A Black woma.n • ph-urp. Nose- • kaa.p.

Bud-

2Blaob ·

3Blaob One •

Two•

Three

. ,,.,_ . thn.l nmma,

thora1 DUDD&,

• thra1 mo DIIDJI&,

• mo. . thral.

• thnlmo •

Four • • thnl thraL

Father - beith.

Mother ·ngaaka. S~Elder • maiook.

,, Yomiger •

Brother-Elder • kom, komma.

,, Yomiger

A yowig man • olquong DUDD&.

An old man - beuk.

An old woman - koram-koram.

A baby • peW..

A White man • kommaitoh.

Children - pelai-peW..

Head • · derran.

Eye - laong or laank

Ear • maorL

BETWEEN THE LAOHLAN, MURRAY, & DAB.LING. 289

No. 88.-YIT-THA-continued.

Mouth - moorn. Teeth · treurk. Hair of the head derart. Beard • kaa.rt. Thunder Grass Tongue Stomach Breaat.a Thigh Foot -Bone -BloodSkin · Fat -Bowels ExcrementWar-apear-

- mundara . - thelim. - mert. . mi.rt. . pa.ap. - nunt. , - thinna. • kaam, biim. - korook. - look. - kirt. - baagmirt. - koorn. - maileba.

Reed-spear • ngoroot. Wommera or ngaak. throwing-stick

Shield - murkaang, boo-

TomahawkC,anoe-

Sun Moon-Star -LightDark -Cold · Heat -Da.y • Night Fire -Water Smoke Ground WindRain.

God ' . GhOlltl

VOL. D.

ra.r. - thariing. - yoongui, ko-

kwunk. - nunk. - baidjh. - dingi . - biak, birarka. - roin.

• wilyar. - nunk. - roin. . ngaroong. - ngok. • toomp. • ngait. - wiirrit. - maggur.

"l'

Boomerang Hill -Wood-

StoneOamp· Yea No I-You Bark· Good -Bad Sweet Food· Hungry Thirsty Eat -Sleep• DrinkWalkBee -Sit Yesterday· To-day

• woodtha, nga rong.

. maak. - traarp. - eiye or ye-ye . . yit-tha. - ngaap. - ngooro. - ngoort. - kaangil. - look. - kaangil . thaap. - ngow-ngow-mun. - konoolun. - thaia • yimma. - ngokoloo. - nikka. - look, nithe. - lewa. - kaalkun. - yinnark nunk

(this sun). To-morrow- - koomdi nunk. Where are the winya nunna ? Blacks?

I don't know

Plenty Big . LittleDead -By-and -by -

Come on Milk -Eaglehawk Wild turkey Wrle -

• winy& (?) 07"

yitta ngai yewin not I know.

- kurgur. - yoorong. - marlong. - yootmurn. - moinjalla, w ai

ar-ing. . nukiia.

BOOK THE EIGHTH.

T2.

BOOK THE EIGHTH.

PREFATORY REMARKS.

Te1s book contains what I have to record in connection with the tribes in the eastern portion of the Central Division. Whether the tribes described at Noe. 188, 139, and 140 ought to be included in this instead of in the Eastern Division it is impossible to determine on the small amount of information I have been able to obtain concerning them, for I have no accounts of their manners, and besides in both language and manners neighbouring tribes often take something from each other. The matter, however, is not of much importance.

As one can examine no considerable section of the Australian race, homogeneous though it be, without meeting something of interest peculiar to it, we. are not surprised to discover a few novel features in the manners of the tribes described in this book. The :first to be noticed is the existence on the banks of the Gregory of a neutral ground, 150 miles long by 50 miles wide, which has been reserved, by the common consent of several tribes, for the purpose of holding their meetings. This seems a happy arrangement,

294 THE AUSTRALlAH RACE:

for the Blacks, who delight in large gatherings, are usually obliged to curtail them on account of the quantity of food it costs a tribe on whose territory a meeting takes place. And here it may be noticed that when a tribe ent.ertains another it does not, save in exceptional cases, supply food; but allows its guests to help themselves to what is obtainable on its lands.

Another still more remarkable feature in the manners of some of these tribes is the prevalence of monogamy, a circumstance not heretofore mentioned in any of the works which treat of our Blacks. The existence of this practice was :first touched on in my description of a small tribe on the west cQast called Yercla Meening. In the present book we find it prevailing in the two tribes, one described at No. 106, and the other at No. 107. Hence the fa.ct is mentioned by three independent witnesses. That one of my two contributors to No. 107 has reported the present existence of polygamy in the Birria, one of the tribes in question, does not surprise me, as it is stated that a large proportion of the males were shot down before they were allowed to " come in " to the station, when the men, finding themselves less in number than the females, would certainly betake themseh-es to polygamy. That monogamy did exist in this tribe prior to the disturbance caused by the advent of our settlers I have no doubt.

As regards the portions of the territories of most of the first ten tribes dealt with in this book, it has been found impossible to map them with any accuracy, the accounts received being irreconcilable in this particular. It seems probable that some tracts of country were hunted over by more than one tribe.

I have heard mentioned as a well-known fact, that either one or two old cocoa.nut trees, I forget which, have been found growing on the ma.inland of Australia, and, if I remember rightly, in the country of the tribes which a.re treated of in this book. Since then our settlers have made

PREFATORY REMARKS. 295

some plantations of these trees. What story is connected with the one or two trees which grew previous to our occupation? Had the nuts from which they sprung arrived in some canoe with ca.st.a.ways, and, if so, what became of its hnnia.n freight ; or had they simply drifted to our coast, been washed a.shore, and grown ? At any rate a passing interest attaches to these trees, as they a.re the only proof we have of anything having reached this continent from the outside world, possibly during the lapse of many centuries.


No. 89.-EASTW ARD OF THE NICHOLSON RIVEi AND BETWEEN THAT RIVER AND THE COAST.

YA.NGA.RELLA TRIBE.

The reader will notice that hair 1111d gra,, in thla vocabulary, u well u in numben 93 and IN, have l()ID8 affinity.

Kanga.roo Opoeaum

• jaoo-jaco. Hand • - malda. • ma.leanda, 2 Blacks

Tame dog - nawooa. 3 Blaob Wild dog • wangir.

One . . chadra. Emu - chabadoo. Black duck- Two . -chiarnga.

Wood duck- Three. -tamgilda.

Pelican . parooa. Four . Laughing jack11111 Father • candado. Native compa.nion giradilgoora, Mother • namado. White cookatoo • ngarnala. Siater-Elder . kemagi. Crow. • wongoola.

Yomiger • Swan• " Egg . • crowa. Brother-Elder • taboogoo.

Traok of a foot • tyarra. " Yomiger kimagi.

Fiah • yakooli, Ayomigman • ooroonda. Lobster An old man • padolo. Crayfish An old woman • moolgoori. Moequito - kalaranga.

A baby . cognara. Fly . . yirgooda. Snake- . • palanga.li • A Whiteman - kando-kando.

The Blacks- • wompoora, Children

A Blackfellow • choigno. Head. • moolia.

A Black woman - magooa, Eye - miboolda.

Nose · • kirca, Ear . maralda.

1

EA.BTW ARD OF THE NICHOIBON RIVER. 297

No. 89.-EABrw.ABD OI' NICBOLSON Rivn--conttnutd.

Mouth Teeth-

• wollara. . t&rmanda.

Hair of the head, boolda. Beard • . t.oobuda. Thunder Gr&BI -Tongue

St.omach

Breuta Thigh.

Foot · Bone • Blood· Skin ·

- boolda. • tcharnganunga.

. pardaga.

-moonira.

• kooldoora. -charna. • chulda.

· bndo. . tarara.

Fat • ooira. Bowels - tulda. Excrement • • tollda. War-spear • • mlloori. Reed-apear • - kooboorama. Wommera or pirri. throwing-stick

Shield- - chardia. Tomahawk• Canoe-Son -Moon -Star -Light· Dark Cold Heat -Day Night -Fire -WaterSmoke Ground Wind -Rain -God -GhOltll

- karawa.

· warkooa. • kooroba. - koogigi.

. goorlnda.

. nirtanita. · yanda. . brwigi. . ngiada. . mookooa. - noorara. • doolga. - womgalda.

- pargigi. - worldala.

Boomarang. Hill . Wood-Bt.one • Cunp. Yea -No I You Bark Good •

Bad •

Sweet-Food .

Hungry

Thiraty

Eat .

Sleep -

Drink.

Walk·

See

Sit

Yeaterda.y -

To-day

To-morrow.

Where are the

Black.a!

I don't know

Plenty

Big -

Little -Dead -By-and-by -Come on

Milk -Eaglehawk •

Wild turkey

Wife •


No. 90.-BURK.ETOWN. BY TsoJLU Cow.AllD, EsQ., lNBHC'roa OI' N.t.TIVli PoLICL

THB gentleman to whose kindness I am indebted for this vocabulary of the language spoken at and near Burketown informs me that he obtained it from Police-trooper Vioq, a native of the locality. Burketown is distant a.bout 450 miles from the Adelaide River, being at the head of the Gulf of Carpentaria, lat. 17° 30' south, long. 139° 40' east or thereabouts.

The eq nivalents of the words eye, teeth, beard, tongue, fire, and tDalk point to the connection of this with the other Australian languages in general.

No. 90.-BURKETOWN.

BY TBoJLU CowA.BD, EsQ., lNBHCTOB OI' N.t.TIVli PoLICL

Kangaroo • boongana. Hand • - nungurra. Opou11111 • - wahbera. 2 Black■ -Tame dog • 3 Blacka Wild dog • - goodo. One • Emu • - boolongena.

• tualnu.

Black duck - beangora. Wood duck - yabbra - mondon- 1

gera. Pelican - yokkorara. Laughing jack11111 talgora. Native companion dilla.-dulkoora. White cockatoo - dialpoarra. Crow • • wongoola. Swan - - goonangoda. Egg - - yabbeba. Track of a foot • gungy. Fiah • • Warr&,

Lobater Crayfish - - mlntoola. Moequit.o - kallanarra. Fly • - woouiarra, Snake- - balangara. The Blacks - - yungunna. A Blackfellow • nurka. A Black woman • mago. N oae - • kulra.

Two - • digana. Three • · tangilla. Four • • ticantallio duallio Father • ldhadgy. Mother • gondODp. Bister-Elder • ongoora-bunga.

., Younger·

Brother-Elder - nungal. ,. Younger

A young man - koolangally. An old man • birdyuiarra. An old woman • wirdigarry.

A baby - bildingoora.

A White man - birda.

Children - woorara.

Head - - wirda.

Eye •

Ea.r -

. midialla.

• murra.

BURKETOWN. 299

No. 90.-BlTBKE'l'owN-continuetl,

Mouth- • burk&. Boomerang-Teeth· - lla. Hill -Hair of the head - booloomba. Wood- - willa.dalhundy. Beard. - yarrania. Stone - - kabirda. Thunder - birdmirra. Camp. - nidda. Graaa - - gurua. Yea • ne-a. Tongue talnia . .

No · wirninga . Stomach . boolgee. Brea.ate • nookoola. I • kooronya.

Thigh. - bilba. You - • unna

Foot - ganga. Bark - kooroomba.

Bone - - dimara .. Good . boorooga.

Blood· • duckana. Bad · toorka. Skin . • baokeroo. Sweet - - ka.ral-karella. Fat • buranga. Food - . larcoola. Bowela - durra. Hungry • nollo . Excrement - • malina. Thinty • normundo. War-epear - • warinwa.rrina. Eat · diehdie. Reed-spear - - woring.

Sleep - • yongoyou. Wommera. or peery. throwing-stick Drink - owondinny.

Shield- - tardoona. Walk - • yankia.

Tomahawk• - tardiabona.. See • nowaba. Canoe - - kamera. Sit . ninya. Sun . tiringana.. Yesterday • kouondua. Moon - . ballanichi. To-day - yananinga. Star . • barl.nia..

To-morrow• - kaontoongara. Light - • kaondonarai.

Where the dame nar Dark • kavondi. are

Cold • woorine. BlacbT kommoT

Heat - yalooloo. I don't know • wandong nangy

Day - batman • malla- goorda.

malla. Plenty • yonkoona.

Night - millimard . a. Big - koonamera. Fire - willa . . Little • - bilgingoora. Water- - wudha. Dead . . bookiana. Smoke - toomburna. By-and-by . gedanda niadja. Ground - koorda. Come on · nidja. Wind - - wirramirra, Milk -Rain . - boollolungana. Eaglehawk -God Wild turkey Gholltll Wife -


No. 91.-THE MOUTH OF THE LEICHARDT RIVER.

BY w. E. ABIDT, EIJQ.

TB following vocabulary and information relative t.o the tribe which occupies the country on the eastern side of the emhouchure of the Leichardt River I owe to the kindness of Mr. W. E. Armit, Sub-inspector of Native Police, aa also some particulars concerning several other tribes.

Mr. Armit says that children in this tribe· inherit the names of their fathers, a statement which, I think, requires confirmation, as such a practice would often conflict with what seems to be the general custom of not naming the dead. He also says that many tribes have crests or totems, and gives the following instances, viz.:-

N garra is the name of a tribe on the Leicha.rdt River whose crest is a shell on each cheek.

The Eugoola Tribe, on the Nicholson River, paint a. succession of hooks on each a.rm.

The Myabi tribe, on the Saxby, paint a snake on their shields.

The Maya.goondoon, between the Leichardt and Gilbert Rivers, wear, as their crest, a band with pendulous kangaroo teeth round the forehead.

The Mayatagoorri wear a belt painted with red ochre, in imitation of the meshes of a net.

MOUTH OF THE LEICHARDT RIVER. 301

The Naungaun, a tribe between the Norman and Gilbert Rivers, wear beneath the biceps of each arm an armlet made of opossum hair, with pendants of the ea.me material.

The Mygoolan, a tribe on the sea-coast, at the mouth of the Ennasleigh, wear two rings of opossum hair, with pendants on each leg, one above the knee and the other on the calf. .

Returning to the particular tribe treated of, Mr. Armit remarks that to denote any number above four, the hands are opened and shut until the desired number has been indicated, the person exclaiming at the ea.me time Gunbalo,. _gala I Gunbala,gala !-i.e., good many.

When the eldest son is old enough to be considered a man, the father leaves the camp, nor does he return for about three months, when the whole tribe meet him at the place from which he took his departure, and a grand corroboree ensues. They say that the eldest son is" no good." This custom is evidently but partially understood. This tribe believe in a Good Spirit, and that after death they will become White men; but as they have only lately known of the existence of White men, this belief must be of very modem date.

The ceremony of ma.king young men is carried on in camps marked in a peculiar way, and at these Mr. Armit has seen painted on a conspicuous tree, with red ochre or blood, the figure of a hand. The same sign he has also seen chopped on the bark of a tree. To mark a clean surface with a dirty, greasy, or painted hand is a common practice of our Blacks, and I have seen them do it on several places long distances apart. It seems to me a practice of no significance, unless it be the first step in imitative art. .

During the period of menstruation the woman removes a little way from the camp, and remains in seclusion. Should a man cross her track at such a time it would be considered an evil omen, and the woman probably be brained to appease the anger of the Evil Spirit. In like manner


men have a dread of women stepping over them when lying down, for it is believed that sickness or death follows.

Mr. Armit concludes his very interesting lett.er in t1lli way:-" You may, however, glean a few scraps here and there which I trust will repay you for reading my long epiEtlt, which, however, I must still elongate to touch on another alleged custom, or rather society, which some gentleme11 believe exists amongst the aborigines of Queensland. I allude to their freemasonry, or words and signs known to

each other. In this I am a total disbeliever. That they have signs and signals by which they may recognize ont another at a distance, or signal danger, such as 'Police alxnlt,' I thoroughly know, as I have often witnessed them; but these a.re very different things from a systematic arrangement of signs, symbols, and words, by which a man from one tribe could :find immunity from outrage in passing through another tribe's territory. The former are simply necessary things which every animal makes use of to warn its mates. The latter I do not believe to exist, nor do I think the intellectual powers of the aboriginal sufficiently developed ro invent such a system. That the Blacks up here can and do understand certain words from southern dialects is very true, but the transition from one dialect to another is so gradual that many words a.re retained common to all. though very possibly of totally different signification in any two or three dialects. Thus we see a Black show signs of pleasure on hearing a trooper from the Ma.ra.noa using a word which he understands in his own sense and becomes quite delighted at the sound, which he will repeat two or three times. This has been termed a system of freemasonry, and, in conjunction with the crests they use, has been point.ed out as a sign of intellectual power which they never possessed. The two should be kept separate, for I see no affinity between them whatever."

In Mr. Armit's vocabulary the equivalents for ear, tutA, beard, foot, tltr010ing-stick, tomaltamk, and fire resemble those in the N ormantown or Micoolan language, some

MOUTH OF THE LEICBAB.DT RIVER. 303

seventy miles to the eastward. He also gives the following names of tribes on the Leiche.rdt River:-

Djargirra, or People belonging to the fresh-water. Djinumarra, or People belonging to the ll&lt-wa.ter. Gooran, or People belonging to the BCl'llb.

The following words are additional:-Demon - Dibir. Good Spirit Ma.ndja.. Southem CrOIB Ganyi-ga.nyi. V en118 Booga.r.

304 THE AUSTRALIAN RA.CB :

No. 91.-MOUTB OF THE LEICHARDT RIV.ER.

Br W. E. Alum, EsQ.

Kangaroo - - majumba. Hand- - malla. Opoeaum - kardilla. 2Blacb - kurbayia yirr-Tame dog - - yalba. man. Wild dog - 3Blacka - matt.a yirrman. Emu - One - - wongarrl. Black duck - - bind11rra. Two - kurbayia. -Wood duck-

Three- - matt&. Pelie&n Laughing ja.ckaaa jarungooL Four - • murgoo.

N&tive comp&Dion p&rlllllba. Fa~er . kumalla.

White cockatoo • Mother - mujoo.

Crow - - wya. Sister-Elder

SW&n - ,, Younger -

Egg - - t&ndoo. Brother-Elder -Tr&ck of a foot - wooya. Younger Fish - • wokka.i. A young man - kalbi. Lobeter - ruj&. An old man - muddoo-muddoo. Cr&yfiah

An old woman - moa. Moequito - - wungili. Fly . -

Ab&by - pa.jamulla.

Sn&ke - dulburru. A Whiteman - moombi.

The Blacks- Children - - murgoo.

A Bl&okfellow - yirrman. He&d - - tchigi.

A Bl&ok woman - ballla. Eye - - tiba.rri. Noee - • guuyi. E&r - . binn&.

MOUTH OF THE LEICHARDT RIVER 305

No. 91.-MoUTB OJ' TBB l..BJCBABD"r Rivu--continued.

Mouth - lerra. Boomerang• Teeth- • yemgandi. Hill . Hair of the head- walloolu. Wood- • mada. Beard- - ya.nba. St.one -Thund81' Camp-Gra811 - kadir. Tongue • moon!. YM - • kullllli.

St.omach - koodna. No - yaddi

Breaata - mundji-mundji. I - yundou.

Thigh- • langiu. You . - nayou • Foot - - tbma. Bark • yagarri.

ikme - • mada. Good • • ma.nja. Blood- - ma.jaugo. Bad - kakai. Skin - • yogale. Sweet- . tamba.n. Fat - - gamirr. Food • yaddil. -Bowell - turburr.

Hungry • yadda. Excrement- • dulla.

w &r·Bp8&1' - · kungoon. Thiraty - yaddingayoo.

Reed-spear - • t.abarra. Eat . . yadda.

Wommera or eurman. Sleep - - woogamba.

throwing-stick Drink- • wooga. Shield • wallauja. Walk· - kurrai. Tomahawk- - marrea. See - · nama.lbadda. Canoe- Sit • inaL Sun - • burril.

Yesterday - • birringa. Moon- . barngan.

To-day • nilla. Star - • yalli. Light- - wudja. To-morrow-

Dark - - mulla. Where are the yirrmandan

Cold . yirringa. Black■ ? dana? . Heat· - t.ammoon. I don't know - yaddi galao.

Day - · mandja. Plenty

Night - Big -Fire . • yangoo . Little - - niun-niun.

Water - yabboo. Dead. - moria.na.

Smoke • tooba. By-and-by - - wurru.

Ground - magi: Come on . • kabbiyao.

Wind- Milk -

Rain . . kalga. Eaglehawk-

God - - wongaringe. I Wild turkey

Ghoeta Wife -

VOL. ll. u

306 THE AUS'l'BALIL'l RA.CE:

No. 92.-MOUTH OF THE RIVER NORMAN.

BT W. E. Alulrr, INSPIWTOB OI' N.t.'IIVE MoUNDD PoLICJL

T1111: country of the Kamwdee tribe is on the Gulf of Carpentaria, commencing at the mouth of the River Bynoe, and continuing along the coast, after passing the emlxn«:kure of the Norman, to a salt-water creek '\\ithin fifteen miles of the mouth of the Gilbert : inland it extends to Magowra Station, and on to Walker's Creek, and contains about two thousand square miles. This country, or a part of it, was first occupied by the Whites in about 1866. In 1875, when my informant first knew the tribe, it numbered some 250 persons, but is now reduced by the ri1le and syphilis to 160 souls, ma.de up of 50 men, 70 women, and 40 children. Women rarely being shot, it seems from these figures that 90 men of this tribe fell before the rifle.

This tribe go naked, like all others in Northern Australia., and a fair proportion of them, for the most part females, seem to be sixty years of age. They erect during certain seasons dome-shaped huts made of grass and sticks, which, mosquitos being numerous, they completely fill with smoke before retiring for the night, and entering quickly fill up the aperture with grass. By degrees the smoke escapes. Their ornaments present no peculiarities, and like all other tribes we know of, they smear their persons with fat and red ochre when dancing the corroboree. The wommera and a. twohanded club, which they color red, white, or yellow, are in use, as also the boomerang. They have besides the common koolaman, or wooden water-trough. Their principal articles of food are rats, sna.kes, wallaby, and sharks, also dngong, turtle, and other sorts of fish, and besides severe.I sorts of

MOUTH OF THE RIVER NORMAN. 307

roots and the fruit of the mangrove; all of which are cooked on the coals or in ovens. In the southern portions of Australia it is common to cook at certain favorite spots, hence our ovens or ash-heaps ; but such is not the case in the North. Restrictions as regards certain sorts of food obtain, and food being very abundant, cannibalism does not exist in this · tribe. Marriage in the Karrandee tribe is endoga~ous, and regulated by classes, some of which are called Mooroob, Heyanbo, Lenai, Roanga, and Y elet. A few of the men have as many as four, and one six, wives. Females become wives when mere children, and mothers at, it is said, twelve years of age. Married couples often seem much attached. Lung disease appears to have been common before our occupation, and syphilis is now exterminating the tribe. The customs of scarring the skin and piercing the septum of the nose prevail, and some have teeth knocked out. The genera.I height of the men is a little under 5 feet 8 inches, but some reach 6 feet 3 inches. The rights of manhood are conferred by means of secret ceremonies. Message-sticks accompany viva voce messages of importance between portions of the tribe camped a distance apart. The following Additional Words are given by Mr. Armit :-

Crab • · gomi. Tree • bilbar. Ray • rowal. Water-trough yerka.l. Uncle • miartuk. Stea.mer yerkal. Aunt - nullat&. Tobacco-pipe beyal. CoUBin pata. Red ochre • perra. Hawk - - rea.nga.l.

ui

1 308 THB AUSTRALIAN RA.CB:

No. 92.-MOUTH OF THE NORMAN.

BY W. E • .Amm, E,Q.

K&llpl'OO · gooalek. Hand. . maar. Opossum - ungorr. 2 Blacb - aam buggar. Tame dog . irruag. 3 Black& - aam orinch. Wild dog . One . - lum . Emu . . ta.rmar • Two . - buggar . Black duok- • neur. Three· • orinch. Wood duck- - char.

Four• Pelican • nyumiaggar. Laughing jackass kerreg. Father - nyet.

Native companion kor-kor. Mother • mooruk.

White cockatoo • Sister-Elder • nullatr.

Crow• · polleet. " Younger .

Swan• Brother-Elder . paa.ta. Egg . -taum. Younger ,, Track of a foot • ain.

A young man . karnert. Fish . · kurmbaiar . Lobeter . laamballay. An old man kini&rt . . Crayfish · ndaag. An old woman . mung!aert.

Mosquito . . lal. A baby - chuckor . Fly . . nyal. A Whiteman - morub . Snake, - tell Children The Blacks- . ngaan.

• ngongorr.

A Blackfellow Head· . 1agaL . aam.

A Black woman - nok-nok. Eye . - ale.

N011e • • owoo. Ear • nulliak.

MOUTH OF THE RIVER NOB.MAN. 309

No. 92.-MoUTB OJ'~ NoJUU.N-continued.

Mouth - aa.g. Teeth - • ngaal. Hair of the bead- t.aak. Beard • · lbar. Thunder Grua • Tongue Stomach BreaatAl Thigh.

Foot -Bone • Blood· Skin -Fat • Bowela Excrement -War-spear . Reed-spear •

• urray. • guan.

- ndara. • worr. · yoong. - lar. . aaen.

: mog. • yaang.

· baab. • yamba.ra.

• laamba. • oong. • aalga. . oerma.

Wommera or throwing-stick ngiel.

Shield • kullyar. Tomahawk · - tcbnggar. Canoe

Sun -MoonStar -LightDark -Cold -Heat -Day -Night

Fire -Water Smoke Ground Wind -Ra.in •

God •

Ghost.a

- nye. - rarm. - ulkyan. - lache. - lullumgor. - arreal. - lawn. - arelberelb. - kungel-kungel • ny. - umbyal. - baal. - goan. - tooak. - tara. - urpure. - mbyal wakoot-

alga. - poiln.

Boomerang - - ngel. Hill •

Wood· - bayal.

Stone • - urrayam.

Camp • - toaak.

Yea • - yiel.

No - ar.

I - mirriangle. You - nomoon.

Bark Good .

Bad •

Sweet -

Food·

Hungry

Thirsty Eat -Sleep -Drink.

Walk -

See • Sit

Yesterday -

To-day

To-morrow-

- ungorr •

• babrar. - urnwal .

• erryangool.

- goondoolgoon-doo.

• terrinjoin.

• rowal. - errealk. - ngoeur. • baal.

- rowarmungle. • yielgang. . yebaag.

- errowar.

- ngurrowar.

- nurrowar• poppoi.

Where are the amettaa tel100 T . Blacks!

I don't know Plenty Big -Little.

Dead -By-and-by • · Come on Milk -Eaglehawk Wild turkey Wife -

- errag naye. - wakoot.al. . aihn. - cbukkoor. - garter. - yagunga. - rurri jarganga.


No. 93.-MIDDLE NORMAN.

BY W. E • .Amlrr, EsQ., INl!P&Cl'OB 01' POLICE, .lND LYNDON POIONDIIIITBB,

EsQ., SUB·INSPBCTOB 01' PoLIOL

OF the language of the W ollongnrmee tribe I have received two vocabularies, one from Mr. William E. Arm.it, Inspector of Police, the other from Mr. Lyndon Poigndestre, Subinspector of Police, of which the former is inserted. Mr. Armit informs me that this tribe inhabit the country from the embouchure of the Norman to the ranges below Cambridge Creek. As, however, he has already assigned the mouth of the Norman to the Karrandee tribe, I am at a loss where to locate the W ollongurmee on the map, and have placed it on the Middle Norman as most probably the correct position. The men of this tribe, said Mr. Armit when he wrote to me in 1882, are bold and hostile, fine athletic fellows, of a coppery color, with curly hair, who make frequent raids on their neighbours, and murder a White man now and then when opportunity offers. When pushed for food they practise cannibalism. Their neighbours on the south side, says Mr. Armit, are the Mikkoolan, and on the south-west the tribes of the Leichardt, statements which are irreconcilable with others which have reached me.

It is most unusual to find a language which differs so much from its neighbours and those of Australia generally as this. Except in the equivalents of fak, teetk, and you, I

MIDDLE NORMAN. 311

:find no words which occur in other vocabularies. The ~171'eement in night and dark is almost the only other Australian characteristic which I observe. The manners and implements of the tribe, as far as I am informed of them, are those common on the continent.

In addition to the vocabulary, Mr. Armit gives me the following phrases:-Where did you sleep last night! • Where are you going to sleep to-

night? Don't Bing out Where is Tommy T • I am hungry • Don't be frightened Take me to yoor camp Comedown • Where water?

Inda takell munna T Indo takoll munnar gar T

lndo arra kepmer mundar. Takke Tommio T Mairrairrur naidjo. Mart marroor apmell jondoor. Innoo arroorroor lemenerid&igor. Indo arrurrunular. Arkkawor tikkellow T

With regard to the equivalents of you, indo, inda, innoo, and other terms, I have been particularly careful to see that they are given as I received them.

812 THE .A.U8TRALIAN &ACE :

No. 93.-MIDDLE NORK.AN.

BT w. E. Alulrr, EeQ.

Kangaroo - orthur. Band. • Ol'llDDOOr.

Opoeeum . - woombur. 2 Blackl Tame dog - noughtnoommer. 3 Blacks Wild dog

One • orter. Emu . - heerkoolar . Black duck - - ooltukkuller Two • gaulloor.

Wood duck - kur-kur-kur. Three. • orrinjay.

Pelica.n - arthurur, Four . Laughing jack111111 rulgeear. Father • uwer. Native companion koorur-koorur.

Mother - albeyarroor. White cockatoo • painduller. Crow - - &rther. Siater-Elder - annellar.

Swan - - (do. not occur). .. Younger•

Egg . • kowper. Brother-Elder • allingother.

Track of a foot . .. Younger koyer.

Fiah . • b&lpee. A young man • dairurkoona. Lobster • yandurrer. An old man • arquenna. Crayfish - elparra. An old woma.n . t.oinjure. Moaquit.o - etnawlyer.

A baby • koiohitt.oo. Fly - anur. Snake- - orugur. A Whiteman • oinger.

The Blackll- • arpmoor. Children - gonegoorur.

A Blackfellow Head - attaiger.

• A Black woman mongine. Eye - eller.

Noee . • oorkellar,warrur. Ear • womellar •

* L. Polgnd~

:MIDDLE NOB.HAN. 818

93.-MmDLB No:aMAN-continued,

Mouth Teeth·

• oowerur. • yeerur.

Bair of the head- elgooennoor. Beard • • alpaira. Thunder • chalquar, Ora.- • • quennur. Tongue • dairroor. Stomach - noomber. Breast.a ThighFoot · Bone Blood· Skin . Fat Bowels Excrement -War-apear -Reed-apear. Wommera or throwing-stick

Shield Tomahawk• Canoe· Sun Moon -Star -Light· Dark Cold • Heat Day

Night -Fire .

Wat.er Smoke Ground Wind· Rain . God • Gboeta

~ yungur. - arwoorroor. - eatnoor. • orku. · eerroor.

· yambairrer, • nambairrer (T).

· alkur. • allgorur.

engellar.

• koonburrar. - gwarringyur. · orrukkur · yennoor. · arkkenna. • arllyyer. • arndellur. • ballpuller. • kerramerrer • alwoonergoongee • yendunenmun-

der. • ballpullergett.er. • tllDDer. • ark-kawar. • orknoor. • arroorroor.

• roammuller,

Boomerang -Hill .

WoodStone • Camp. Yea No I You • Bark Good Bad Sweet


Eat

Sleep -Drink. Walk -

See Sit

Yeat.erday To-day

• koorur. - roongoolur. • allerooroor, • eeyo, yee, ee. . arro. • eeyoor. • inda, innoo. . ortter. • moonyerror. • karnyer.

. mairrairrur. - bengur, murrule

mundoor. • arweeroor, tyur-

goondoor. • quenditmayer. • arkwayennoor. • arattwaner

bunda. • lenderelder. - nocknoonnoon,

dur. • tarlm. • lapner.

To-morrow • • yennar. Where are the tak-ke-arpmoor T Blacks?

I don't know Plenty Big Little -Dead • By-and-by • Come on Milk • Eaglehawk • Wild turkey Wife -

• ambitcka. • walkoor. • armoorur, • jura. • arrembunnur. - lapnoorgoorar. • kow-way.


No. 94.-0N THE WEST BAYK OF THE LEICH.ARDT RIVER, NEAR THE SEA.

MINGIN TRIBE.

IN this vocabulary we have tullula = star, and n,illa = fire and 'll)()od, and in the Ngorraialum language, almost &t the other extremity of the continent, we have toort and

· nnin in t-he same senses. Note also the rendering of stone and hill,· 6ad and dead.

No. N.-WEST OF LEICHARDT RIVER.

BY EDwilD Cull.a, EsQ.

Kangaroo - jaco-jaoo. Hand - . na-nga-ra.

Opoeaum • wapoora. 2 Blacks Tame dog . . k.oodoo. 3 Blacks Wild dog - - megilpurra. One - choarng-ngo. . Emu• . poolunganna.

Two • tigiDa. . Black duck· Wood duck

Three. • tamgiltna.

Pelican - pit.eldoo. Four . Laughing jack.ua • Father • k.iagi.

Native companion pooralga. Mother - k.oondoonoo, Whit.e cockatoo - k.arimbala. Siat.er-Elder • yillolunga. Crow• - wongoola. Younger • Swaa •

,, Brother-Elder - nanoile.

Egg . • ooabiba. Track of a foot • tya.na. ,, Younger bi.rgenk.oora.

Fiah . - worra. A young man - ooroonda.

Lobllter An old man . pardingara. Crayfiah . Anoldwoma.n . ooardigiri.

Moequito . • k.ala.ranga. A baby • pelginooora. Fly . • koorina. A Whit.eman • tak.andana. Snake. • paganbaba.

Children TheBlaob·

. • wompoora.

A Black.fellow Head· • wedda.

A Black woman - magoo. Eye • migilla.

Nose . k.i • • wira Ear . • mar&,

WEST BANK OF THE LEICHARDT RIVER. 315

No. 94.--WllS'l' or LBICHARD'l' RIV.KB-continued.

Mouth Teeth

- parka. - lia.

Hair of the head - boormba. Beard - - yarin-nga. Thunder -01'11811 -Tongue Stomach -Breast.a Thigh-

Foot -Bone -Blood -

Skin -Fat -Bowela Excrement• War-spear · Reed-spear -

Wommera or

throwing-stick Shield ToIDAhawkCanoe-

Sun -Moon -Star -Light -Dark -Cold -Heat -Day -Night-Fire -Water Smoke Ground

Wind -

Rain -God -

Ghost.a

- boolba. - charn-nga. - pardaga. - makol&. - bilba. - changa. - dimira. - t.agana. - pagooroo. - paranga. - turra. - turra.. - mulgendara. - ngoormi.

pirri.

- charpi. - churiwindilla.

- chirinanna. - biringa. - tullula .

- goorina. - ooaloola. - yanalinga. - kowoondi. - will&. ·· wadda. - quia-quia. - koorda.

- wormora.

- churbooyo.

- parda.

Boomerang

Hill -Wood

Stone -Camp -

Yea -No

I ·You -

Bark -

Good -

Bad -Sweet-

Food -Hungry

Thirsty

Eat -Sleep -

DrinkWalk -

See -

Sit -Yeaterday -

To-day

- wangilla.

- kabada.

- Willa. . kabada. • nadda.

- pakooroo.

- poorooga.

- pooga, - paranga (i.e.,

honey).

- nullu.

- noormoondo .

- tara.

- yungooyoo.

- chi-chi.

- yappoo.

- koonooyoo,

- yalundie. - yanalinga.

To-morrow • - kowoondoo.

Where are the tano ara mingoo T Blacka T

I don't know Plenty

Big -Little Dead

By-and-by -Comeon -

- wonapoora. - poolana. - pilgingoora. - pooga.

Milk - • nogoola,

Eaglehawk-

Wild turkey - piringoora.

Wife -


No. 95.-LEICHARDT RIVER, TWE~~ MILES BELOW KAlliLAROI STATION.

TIiis vocabulary of a language spoken on the Leicbardt River, twenty miles below the Kamilaroi St.ation, was sent to me by my son, Mr. Edward Curr. Kamilaroi is not the aboriginal name of the st.ation, but merely a fancy name given by its owners.

The sound of the letter ti is found in this language.

No. 95.-LEICHARDT RIVER.

Kangaroo Opouum Tame dog Wild dog -Emu -Black duck· Wood duck-Pelican

• my-u-bee. - b-goin. - mo-rool

• gon-do-lo. • toor-gu.

laughing jackass Native companion White oockatoo • koo-lo-ra. Crow• Swan• Egg •

- toon-ou-vrai.

Track of a foot • chin-na

Filh · • balbL Lobster Crayfiah - choorn-gu. Moequito • wan•gouin. Fly • - ni-mo-loo. Snake • • ma-no-wag-gi. The Blacb · · in-goom. A Blackfellow A Black woman • poin-u. Noee • • koo-ni.

Hand.

2Blacb

3 Blacks

One •

Two •

Three.

Four

Father

Mother

Siate~Elder

• mulla.

• war-in-gu.

• koo-youn.

• ny-yill-ey,

,, Younger•

Brothe~Elder • na-boor.

,, Yomiger-

A young man • ya-bar-ri.

An old man - mo-a.

An old woman • mo-do-mo-do.

A baby • ty-gall A Whiteman

Children Head. Eye

Ear •

· mi-goo-loo.

• gi-gi.

. ti-ba-ri.

• phir-nur.

LEICHARDT RIVER.

No. 95.-LmCHABDT RlvD-continue.d.

Mouth • na-gu. Teeth • • yar-gan-di. Bair of the head• war-am-boo. Beard • • yan-bar. Thunder - yarn-ber-ri. 01'8811 - - yal-goon. Tongue Stomach -Breuta Thigh-Foot -Bone -Blood -Skin • Fat • Bowels

Excrement -

w a.r-epear -

Reed-spear -Wommera or throwing-stick

ShieldTomahawkCanoe-Sun -Moon• Star -Light -Dark -Cold -Heat -Day -Night-

Fire -Water Smoke

GroUBd Wind-

Rain -

God -Ghosts

- moo-ni - na-boo-ra. - t&m-boo. - tar-ra. - chin-na. - mud-da. - my-yung. - ya-karr-li.

- tan:goo-• tarn-doo.

- moon-Di

- chin-do-verri.

- koongoon. youl-man.

- yam-boo-roo. - ma-re-a.

. po-rill. • ge-ge-ra. - chin-by. • pir-in-girr. - war-ran-ga.

yen-ga • . por-rid.

- yan-ou.

- ya-boo.

· koo-mi-ri.

- ma-ge-a. - koo-bin. - na-bi la.

Boomerang~

Bill -Wood-

Stone•

Camp

Yes -No I-You -

Bark -Good -

Bad -SweetFood -

Hungry Thirsty

Eat -

Sleep -

DrinkWalk -

See -

Sit

Yesterday -

To-day

- nor-goor.

- mo-rin-gi. • mag-gi.

• ga-vi-a.

. yad-di.

- bimba.

. myn-ga.

- moor-da.

- oo-kom-bi.

- na-bil-Ia.

- a-gi-la-gi.

- iriem.

- ya-ta-Ii. To-morrow - - noo-la-ran. Where are the Blacks f

I don't know

Plenty

Big

Little -

Dead -By-and-by •

Comeon •

Milk -Eaglehawk -

Wild turkey

Wife -

- gar-noo.

- mo-re.

~ kabio.

317


No. 96.-KAMILAROI STATION.

LEICHARDT RIVER.-(Lat. 111" South, Long. 140" East.)

BY Ma. MoNTAou Cuaa.

T111s vocabulary was forwarded to me by my brother, Mr. Monta.gn Curr. In his accompanying letter he informs me that the ma.le Blacks in the Carpenta.ria. country a.re well grown and stout, and that instances of good looks amongst them a.re not wanting; but that the women a.re ill-favored a.s compared with the men and their sisters of the South, but not undersized. The hair in this tribe is worn long, collected in a knob on top of the head. Spears, tomahawks, boomerangs, wommera.s, &c., a.re like those commonly found throughout the continent. The status of young man is conferred by secret ceremonies. On the occasion of a. death the women daub themselves with clay and howl, as in other parts. Cannibalism prevails in a. mitigated form.

Several contrivances a.re in use for protection against mosquitos a.t night, which to a naked population like that of Northern Australia. a.re a perfect scourge. Amongst them are coverlets made of grass, which are used occasionally, rude bedsteads with a. fire underneath, and beehive-shaped huts, the doorways of which are closed to some ex.tent by the smoke of the fire.

KAMTLAR.01 STATION. 319

This vocabulary has mnch in common with the foregoing one, and some words general throughout the continent such as bulla, which appears amongst the numerals.

320 TBB A.UBTB.ALUN RACE :

No. 96. KAMU,ABOL

Kangaroo - • ngulanoo. Hand - • mala-roo. Opoeaum - . ka-goo-in. 2 Blacb Tame dog . • yambe . 3 Blacb -Wild dog . Emu - · d-pingo-burri. One - . goreen.

Black duck · bin-dar-ra. Two - . bulla.

Wood duck - wool-ad-dthoo. Three- • bulla-go-go-run.

Pelican Four • · in-ca-moo. Laughing j&ckasa d'ch&r-nm-gul Father • mudjo. N&tive companion d'tharwo-booga.

Mother - yag-e-roo. White cockatoo - k.oolera. Crow - d'thong-oo-boore. , Silrter--Elder • kool•&•moo.

Swan• ,, Younger·

Egg - · d'thandoo. Brother-Elder -Track of a foot • d'janna.

" Younger nga-boor.

Fiah . - bulbi. A young man - yab-bi-ree. Lobster An old man • mo-a. Crayfiah - jin-ju.

An old woman - wom-me-ra. ¥0114uito . - ong-go-in. Fly - • melg-na. A baby - good-a-dthoo,

Snake- A Whiteman - mud-dtha.

The Blacks· Children -A Black.fellow • bungil. Head • nganggul

A Black woman - bunya. Eye - • mille.

Noee • - goonyeen. Ear . - k.un-dtha.

K AMTT,ABOJ: STATION.

No. 96. KAMIJ.4BO• BTATION-eootinued.

Mouth - y&r-jeen. Boo!l1erang -Teeth - y&r-ra. Hill -Bair of the head- war-room-ho. Wood

Bea.rd - ya.n-bur. Stone -Thunder - - ,un-bur-ri. Camp . Grus - - kud-tha. Tongue Stomach Breut.a Thigh. Foot -Bone• Blood-Skin -Fat -Bowels Excrement· W&r-apea.r -:a-1-apea.r • Wommera or throwing-atick

Shield TomahawkCanoe-Bun -Moon -Star -Light· Dark -Cold • · Beat -Day Night Fire -Water Smoke Ground Wind-

Rain -God -

Ghoeta VOL. Jl.

- mool-lun. • wy-yeer.

- d'thunboo. - mogo. - jenna. - mo-goo-in. - go-ar-roo. -beya. - d'thun-go. - one-bun-go. - one-d'tho. - kon-goon.

yule-man.

- m&rlba.

• k.um-ba.

- gug-a-ra. - mindee. - ber-u. - wo-ra.ng-a. - ye-ring-a. - mow-ing.

- yang-oo. - yab-boo. - koom-e-ree. • mug-air.

- goo-bin. - yab-boo.

X

Yee

No I You -B&rk .

Good -

Bad -

Sweet


Eat -Sleep -Drink..

Walk• See -Sit Yeeterday To-day

.

To-morrow-Where are Blacks?

I don't know Plenty Big Little -Dead.

By-and-by • Come on -Milk -Eaglehawk Wild turkey Wife•

the

- bug-goo-roo. • mirn-dee. • wunjil-bo.

- ngeea. - n'gumbi.

- ngiego.

- yundo. • bimba.

• buig-gnee.

- yur-be.

• wanjilbo.

- barndthe boodtha.

- wabe.

. boo-ru-gul.

- g'nowl. - bering-a.

• iu-ca-moo. - wunyee. • djal-loo. - moo-gun. • ulla.

- kub-bee.

321


No. 97.-BETWEEN THE GREGORY AND LEIOHARDT RIVERS.

BY M. 8. L.uioND, 8UB-INBPIICl"OB o• NATIVII MoUlffBD PoLICK.

A FBW particulars concerning the Mykoolan tribe, together with the attached vocabulary, were kindly forwarded to me by Mr. M. S. Lamond. The country occupied by this tribe is between the Gregory and Leichardt Rivers. It was first settled by the Whites in 1864, and the tribe, which then numbered about 400, is now reduced to 200-the ca.uses assigned for the decrease being the rifie and syphilis. The term Mykoolan means wild turkey, which my informant says is the crest of the tribe, but gives no further information on the point. The knives and tomahawks in use are made of fiints, chipped, ground, and fitted with handles in the usual way. This tribe also use two-handed clubs, wommeras, spears of the common kinds, shields, and the war boomerang, but not the toy one. Novelties amongst their possessions are wooden bowls and water-bottles ma.de of dogskin. Cannibalism prevails to a considerable extent, and has been witnessed more than once by my informant. Infanticide is an ancient custom which still prevails, and the child killed is frequently ea.ten. The age at which it is killed is not stated. Message-sticks a.re in use. Circumcision and the terrible rite are not practised. The Mykoolan ornament themselves with scars. They knock out the left front upper tooth, and paint rude figures on rocks and trees.

THE GREGORY AND LEICHARDT RIVEBB. 323

In the vocabulary, in which Mr. Lamond seems to have been more interested than in manners and customs, the reader will notice the a.ffinities between stone and hill, and also between fire and 1000d. That there is only one term to express ekler and younger sister and another for elder and younger brother I very much question .

.I. 2

324 THE AUBTRALUN B.ACB:

No. 97.-BETWEEN THE ORF.GORY AND LEICHARDT RIVERS.

BY M. s. UIIOl!fD, EaQ.

Kangaroo - . nargoon. Hmd - • mambilla. Opouum - • kardella. 2Blacu - - blak&rra eerman. Tame dog - yalbrJ. 3 B1acb - goordbyeeerm&D. Wild dog - - yalbrJ. One - deinba, moar. Emu - doongoobarri.

Two • blabrra. Blackduck- - beendoora. -Wood duck- Three- • goordbye.

Pelican • wolgaribarri. Four - - blabrra-blak-

Laughing jacka.88 (none). arra.

Native companion toorga. Father - - yadoo.

White cockatoo • yaoorawani. Mother - miraga. Crow • wookan. Sister-Elder - } all mt.era, Swan - - (none). " Younger - lr.oolakalla. Egg - - tandoo. Brother-Elder - } all brothera, Track of a foot - jeena.

" Younger kadgakoora. Fish . • gemalla. A young man - oobaringee. Lobeter An old man - boolgin-boola. Crayfish - - begool. An old woman - wamoora. Moequito . - melr.a.

A baby Fly • milna. - billa-billa. -Sna.lr.e- - woonan. A Whiteman - mekoolan.

The Blacks- - eerma.n. Children - - tambooroo.

A Blackfellow • eerman. Head - - kandarr.

A Black woman - dindebarri. Eye - - mille.

Noee - - eengar. Ear - -benarr.

THE GREGORY AND LEICHARDT RIVERS. 820

No. 97.--0:BEGORY AND LBICHARDT RIV1mS-continued.

Mouth • t.angoola. Boomerang - • moora. Teeth - • yargan. Hill . - wyeila . Hair of the head • waroomboo. Wood- - eekalla. Beard. - yanbarr. Stone - • wyeila. Thunder - yoordooyoo. Camp. 01'881l. · katirr.

. maggea.

Tongue Yee . - kooloogalla.

- moonee. Stomach . teeba. No - nambL

Breute . tamboo. I - nyeegoo.

Thigh - . dooal. You - yooandoo.

Foot . - deina. Bark - mooroongoo .

Bone . • demuL Good . maka.rra.

Blood· . ngarroo • Bad • moorda. Skin . • bea. Sweet- • barragoo . Fat . tangoo. Food . - yatilbilla. Bowels • goonna.

Hungry • boolning. Excrement - • goonna.

War-spear - - deeniba.rri. Thirsty • mootingoo.

Beed-spear • • koongoon. Eat . • tangoola .

Wommera or yeilman. Sleep • • ookambirr.

throwing-stick Drink • nookalbilda.

Shield· • metir. Walk - - yadger.

Tomahawk - • marree. See - wollomillebild& .

Canoe - • (none). Sit • eeningoo . Bun . • booril. Yesterday - bringar . Moon - • kakurra. To-day • neilar • Star . . teirga. To-morrow• - noolar, Light· • ba.nb&L

Where are the eerman goodoo T Dark . waranga.

Cold . - yeiranga. Blacks?

Heat • ooirbur. I don't know - wolloomanbadd&.

Day • neila. Plenty- - moorgoo •

Night . wa.ranga. Big • bookarr,

Fire . • yangoo eekalaa, Little • - challoo,

Water - nabilla. Dead . -mokan.

Smoke - koomiree. By-and-by - - na11a.

Ground • mgea (?). Come on - karraL

Wind - • koobin: Milk - - t.amboo.

Rain . • kalginoonabilla. Eagleh&wk - - koondilla.

God . Wild turkey - mykoolan.

Ghoew -noonga. WifQ . - geela,

326 TBB AUBTRALUN B.A.CBs

No. 98.-SEYMOUR, TEMPLETON, AND CLONCURRY RIVERS.

BY F. UBQUBABT, EsQ., AND JOSBPB O'RBn.Ln, EaQ.

FBOH both of the above-named gentlemen I have received vocabularies of the Kulkadoon tribe, which in the main agree very well. Still the difference between the two translations of the term Blaclifellow, one of which is !/fm'O

and the other moodena, leads to the inference that there was some tribal distinction between the men from whom my informants took down the vocabularies. Mr. Urquhart gives me the following particulars concerning the customs of the tribe.

The Kulk&doon people inhabit the country of the Seymour River, a tributary of the O'Sha.na.ssy.• The extent of their territory is roughly estimated at 6,000 square miles, and their numbers .it is thought amount to a.bout 2,000. They have both boomerangs and wommera.s, and also the weapons, implements, bags, nets, &c., common in most tribes. The following names of persons a.re given :-Males: Bumgar and N undjiwarri. Females: W antra.lla and Kora.lim. Ornamental scars a.re in use, and circumcision and the practice of the terrible rite prevail. The trioes said to bound the

* Infonna.tion received from other BOUl'C88 has cawied the writer to asaign to this tribe a much larger territory than Mr. Urquhart has done.

SEYMOUR, TEMPLETON, & CLONCURRY RIVEBS. 327

Kulkadoon are the Miappi, Goa, Mykoolon, Oborindi, W ankaboonia, and Oonamurra. My first correspondent says in reply to one of my printed questions that this tribe has masonic signs. As only one other of my correspondents makes this assertion in connection with our Blacks, it seems certain that Mr. Urquhart has been mistaken, as such an institution would not be confined to a few tribes, nor have escaped the notice of the many masons who have written to me on the subject.

In the desert which lies to the west of the country of the Kulka.doon, and is supposed to extend nearly as far a.e the Overland Telegraph Line, the Bia.eke dig wells. They a.re funnel-shaped, large at the top and small at the bottom, and their sides unsupported by wood or other material. The water is reached by rude steps extending all round the well, each a.bout 3 feet perpendicular. The depth of these excavations varies from 3 to 30 feet. Captain Sturt in his Narratir;e ef an Expedition into Central Australia, vol. I, page 386, gives the following account of a work of this sort:-

" On reaching the spot, we discovered a. well of very unusual dimensions, and as there was water in it we halted for the night. On a closer examination of the locality, this well appeared to be of great value to the inhabitants. It was 22 feet deep, and 8 feet broad at the top. There was a landing-place, but no steps down to it, and a. recess had been ma.de to hold the water, which was somewhat brackish, the rim of the basin being encrusted with salt. Paths led from this spot to almost every point of the compass, and in walking a.long one to the left I came on a village consisting of nineteen huts, but there were not any signs of recent occupation." Hence, when much needed, the tapping of local springs is occasionally practised by the Blacks. In some cases our rivers and creeks run dry shortly after the cessation of rain, but for years after the Blacks obtain water enough for their wants by scraping holes or digging wells in their sandy beds.

328 TBB AUSTRALIAN B.&CE:

No. 98.-SEYMOUR, TEMPLETON, .AND CLONCURRY RIVERS.

BY F. UBQUJUBT, F.IQ.

Kangaroo -Opoeaum -Tame dog -Wild dog -Emu -

Black duck Wood duck

. narragoon. - marimba. - t.oogoo. - toogoo. - woodiga, wood-

i.Dpt.

Pelica.n - toolgeriberri. Laughing jackaaa marcolla. Native companion mieera. Whit.e cockatoo • kooloda. Crow - • wogalong, wa-

pl&. Swan -Egg - - goothoo. Track of a foot - tabumdoo. Fiah - - waukray. Lobster Crayfiah Moequito • mlggi, meeka. Fly . • milk&. Snake- • thooa.rre. The Blacks- - mido. A Blackfellow • yerro. A Black woman - murrabi.

Noee • -ye~.

Haad-

2Blacb

3Blacb

One -

Two -

Three

Four •

Father

Mother

Siater-Elder

- mugodthi.

- iera, iar.

- moo-doon&.

· koola.

• murtoo.

• wabe.tha.

" YoUDger •

Brother-Elder - th&boo.

" Younger nowell

Ayoung111&11

An old 111&11 • yalelora.

An old woman - morubL

A baby • kedgeekloo.

A Whit.e 111&11 - yooroo •

Children • koorL

Head· - kUDda.

Eye - • milthe.

Ear - • yintba, benm..

SEYMOUR, TEMPLETON, & CLONCURRY RIVERS. 329

No. 118.-SnxoUB, TEIIPLnON, AND CLoNCUlUlY Rivlms---contmutd.

Mouth • unda. Boomerang - - yulgawerri, yal-Teeth - - udintha. kabray. Hair of the head• ooraboo. Beard - - yenpur. Thunder Grau· Tongue Stomach Breuta Thigh.

Foot · :Bone Blood· Skin -Fat :Bowell Excrement• War-spear · Reed-epear • Wommeraor

throwing-Btick

• murga-murga. · beetha, kudda. • mulli • bothoo. • munda. • althor. • wogidra.

· koonga. . oolgi. • woggoo. • koonthalli. • oondoondoo. • woonoo. • yooko

Shield - - mida. Tomahawk - - marrea. Canoe• Sun Moon• Star · Light -Dark Cold Heat -Day Night· Fire . Water Smoke

Ground

Wind· Rain . God •

Ghoeie

. wunnaga. · korilliya.n

. warra.

• woonangarri. • waukan.

. warra._ - jando, hoojen. • goon. . palloo.

• moo.

. goon.

• yunyee,

Hill .

Wood

Stone •

CampYea No

I You Bark

Good Bad Sweet•

Food · Hungry

Thiraty Eat Sleep . Drink-Walk -See

Sit

Yesterday

To-day

To-morrow•

· koonger. • diur.

-moa.

• pi.

Where an the yingar oothoo? Blacb?

I don't know

Plenty-

Big

Little • Dead •

By-and-by ·

Come on

Milk · :Eaglehawk •

• wolldin.

Wild turkey • boranda. Wife .

330 TBE AUSTB.ALUN BACB

No. 99.-THE CLONCURRY RIVER.

BY EDw ARD PA.Lil.BB, EsQ,, AND AN .AliONTIIOUS ColfTBtBUTOB.

I HA.VB obtained two vocabularies of the language of the Mie.ppe tribe, from the sources named above, both of which are inserted. Ea.ch of my inform11.nts, whose vocabularies agree well in the main, gives also an account of the tribe. My anonymous contriLutor, who is evidently well acquainted with his subject, but whose writing is difficult to decipher, informs me as follows:-

" The Miappe inhabit a portion of the Cloncurry River country. Their territory is about 80 miles square, and Conan Downe station forms part of it. The adjoining tribes are the Mikkoolan and Koonkurri." My informant says that the Mie.ppe are thought to have numbered a thousand souls when first the Whites settled in their country. When, however, he first knew them in 1868, ouly a few years after, they only amounted to 250 persons. Their number at present (1879) is about 80. This falling off he attributes to the murderous onslaughts of the mounted Native Police and to venereal diseases and measles, which were introduced by the Whites, also to prostitution and infanticide, which have enormously increased. Prior to our coming, sunstroke and

THE CLONCURRY RIVER. 331

snake-bites were amongst the most common ca.uses of deaths in the tribe.

In their native state the Mia.ppe wore no clothes, and, except occasionally some cast-off articles obtained from the Whites, wear none still. Few of them seem to reach seventy years of age, my informant's impression being that the men a.re old at fifty and the women at thirty. When the mosquitos are bad, the men construct with forked sticks driven into the ground rude bedsteads, on which they sleep, a fire being made underneath to keep off with its smoke the troublesome insects. No bedsteads, however, fall to the share of the women, whose business it is to keep the fires burning_ whilst their lords sleep.

Both men and women wear necklaces of shells ; and my informant affirms that the wild Blacks in his neighbourhood will not ha.rm a White man who holds up to them one of these ornaments. When preparing for a. corroboree, they paint their cheeks and foreheads with red ochre, and also the sides of their legs in a. way which reminds one of the stripes down the outside of a soldier's trousers. As usual, they manufacture fishing-nets of very good quality and koolaman (wooden troughs) to hold water in at the camp. Their tomahawks are of stone, ground sharp, and shaped like an American axe. The handle is formed of a withe, well daubed with gum, passed round the stone head, as is common more or less throughout the continent. For cutting and carving they use their tomahawks, and flints when they can get them, but most commonly a mussel-shell ground to a point. For weapons they have carved spears, which they throw with the n:ommera or throwing-stick, also the boomerang which returns when thrown, and clubs of course.

Their chief articles of food are fish, -iguana, snakes, turkeys, ducks, emu, and wild dogs, which thtiy roast on the coals, putting heated stones into the insides of the larger animals. Until the advent of the Whites they used also to eat their dead in all cases, no matter what the cause of death, disease or accident. To cook a corpse, a trench was dug in

332 THE .AUSTRALUN RACE:

the ground, a fire made in it, and some stones thrown into the flames to heat. When the fire had burnt down, the heated stones were placed in the cavity from which the mscera had been removed ; half of the embers were then pnt on one side, and the corpse laid on those which were left.. Then, those which had been withdrawn were placed on top, and the whole being covered with earth, .the cooking went on. Young men and women were not allowed to partake of this sort of food. When all was over, the bones were burnt and the spot was deserted. This scene, members of the tribe who make no secret of the matter have often described to my informant. When he first knew the Miappe, there were some amongst them lightly pitted with small-pox, and he thinks a few are still alive.

The Miappe men often obtain wives from other tribes, especially from the Mitroo-goordi. As usual, the largest share of the females falls to old or oldish men, many of whom have two and some four wives. Female children are promised in marriage soon after they are born. On an average, the women are said to have three or fonr children each. Infanticide is very prevalent. OCC&Bionally men carry off girls by force and keep them as wives.

The men scar themselves on the arms, and the women round the top of the shoulders in the form of a necklace ; also across the breast.s. Circumcision is not practised. A tooth is knocked out at about sixteen years of age. It is done by placing one end of a pointed stick against the tooth and giving the other end a blow with a stone ; an old man being always the operator. The septum of the nose is pierced for the reception of a bone, feather, or stick, Traditions exist of floods more extensive than those which now occur in their country. Pitcheree is not known. A messenger from one tribe to another is often the bearer of a stick of the size of a pen-handle, on which are notches cnt by the sender. These are thought by the simple Blackfellow to be a sort of formal guarantee of the s~tements or promises made by the messenger. Kangaroo, I learn, are


scarce in the country of the Miappe, but they spear many emu. Their corroborees are few. They are a tall people; many of the men reaching six feet, and the women five feet eight inches, and upwards. Some of them have straight hair and some curly. When a man dies, his widows mourn with plasters of clay on their heads. Their wars generally spring from disputes about the women or from neighbours trespassing on their country. Women when they meet after a long absence embrace each other round the neck; men hug round the waist. They have no government of any sort, but the principal warriors have a good deal of influence with the tribe. They have no cures for sickness, but wounds are either plastered with earth or covered with gum-leaves dipped in water.

ADDfflONAL WORDS.

ANONYKOUS,

Son - cooye&l'88. Feather - coodee. Daughter - munguine. Cloud- - woorrool. Arm - - boogul Leaf of a tree - cootgaboo. Elbow - oulo. Branch - bamma. Thumb - mulbungeree. Pipe-clay .. • thurkera. Heart- • mundegir.r. String • walgoor. Liver - - mudjear. Creek. • tharro. Great toe - marrabungo. Scrub• . jingella. Toes . - jerri-jerri. Plain - - wolna. Face - · codjear. Sand • mungulla.

Neck· . munna. Tail of an animal tabbegora. Knee. • boongooL Lightning . • mungurn • Heel . • jandoongara. Meat· • cudde. Navel- • choongo. lmgry - eu.la. Chee)[. - naua or nana (?). Leave it alono • idger-idger. Anus . teppe. Getup - wollai. Finger-nails - marlidgee. Deaf, stupid - thirba-cumbo. Urine - . keepur. To kill - bunge. Mad - . womma. To fight - boonjabbe.

334 TJIB AUSTRALIAN RACE:

ADomoNAL Wo~w.

To give - burly-burly. 1 Goawa:, - - eooraboin. To apit - weeb. FI-, loue - • yabbi.n. To fall - culgoe. Frog - - nogoin. To make - jan-mugear. Bed - - putherag,rine. To run . looran. Whit.e - bonearrow . Todmig . 'WIIIID&. Black - - maigin • Tollpeak - mi-bi-ya. I Green - - oooregon. To vomit - ooolme. Blind - - mifmojoo. To cut . parrelUD. 1 Shade, ehadcnr - mimgo. To laugh - idjambe. A liar, n~ • oodjeba.nno. To jump . poorooodalle. Toatink - baggoin. Tolling . pea-al-e.

I Evil apirit - - thoi-onga-goola. To strike - cowe. ' Black make - oooremun. To cry or weep - parre. I Tiger make • curtalboon. To BCr&t.ch - yarrabalbo. , Any number over cudgello. Luy - - lerilte.

I ~de - - wallegnL Where . nantra. Here • coon&, ma. The other aide - narrakeia .

Mr. Palmer's account of the tribe (which he obtained on the spot from a Black on his station named Yulegerri) supports my anonymous correspondent in most respects. From it I glean the following additional particulars:-

There are in force several restrictions as to the use of certain articles of food. The young men, for instance, are forbidden to eat the native companion and emu's eggs. Small-pox, with which the tribe were affected within the last half century, is called nyamooroo. When the Whites first settled on the Cloncurry class-marriage was in full force, and the male of the class JI arringo ma.rried a female of the class Goothamungo. The names of the other classes are not given. Consumption is at present the prevailing disease; ca.noes are not in use; fish is ca.ught with hooks made of bone, and corpses are sometimes hung in trees. When the tribe is to be collected, the message-stick, called jaklwon, is sent round. The neighbouring tribes a.re the Mykoolan, Mygooda.n, Mythaguddi, and Wallankammer. No ha.rd and fast boundary lines of the several territories


are fixed says Mr. Palmer. The Miappi hunted over the Conobie Station (which was the property of Mr. Palmer in 1865) on both sides of the river and nearly to Donor's Hills.

336 THE AUST&ALIAN RACE:

No. 99.-CLONCURRY.

.Kang&roo • kooroo • Band· • mallero. Opouum . • kooquine. 2Blacb • bl&gara bungil • Tame dog . • yambe. 3Blacb • blagara noola Wild dog . yam.be. bungil • Emu • ohongoberry.

.. . One • ingom&r. -Black duck - ga.rra.ba. Two • blagur&.

Wood duck • ngalawul. -Pelican - thalgob'llll.

Three- • mudanuda.

Laughing jackass charroongul. Four . • cudgello •

Native oompa.nion thoroboko. Father - mojure.

White cocka.too • morine. Mother • yagoora.

Crow• - wire. Bister-Elder • ooobamoo.•

Swan - " Yomiger • coob&moo. Egg - - tando. Brother-Elder - ngaboon. Track of & foot - j&1111a.

" Y Ollllger ng&boon, Fiah - - b&lbee. A yollllg man - yabbiyerri&. Lobeter An old man • mow&. Crayfish - piocooL An old woman • ya.ppoora. MOBquit.o - - wongoin. Fly - - nguimmool. A baby · ooot-too-doo.

Snake- - (alhort.e di1ferent A Whiteman - muddth&, par·

ll&llle&). ra.go.

The Blacb • bllllgil, Children - - podjonger.

A Blackfellow • bungil. Head - oondil, mund&.

A Black woman - bunyah. Eye - - mille.

NOBe • - ningar. Ear - - bbmare.

• Thlll and the next three worda are probably Incorrect.

TIIB CLONCUB.RY BJVBB.. 837

Mouth • ya.rra.

Teeth - yarrangundoo.

Bair of the head- wvoombo.

Beard - - ya.nbar. Thunder -

Grue -Tongue Stomach Breaat.a Thigh Foot -Bone Blood -

Skin -Fat -Bowels Excrement -W ar..-pear -

Reed-spear -Wommera or

throwing-atick Shield

Tomahawk -Canoe-Sun -Moon -Star -Light -Dark -Cold -Heat Day Night-

Fire -Water Smoke Ground Wind -Rain -God -Ghoet.a

VOL. D,

· nooncup.

- yalguin.

• tomingil.

• ngabba.ra. - tambo. - tharro. - ja.nna.. • thimmool. - cobble. • beer.

- thango. • wa.u-W'tll'-noon(T). - wa.-a.-na. - boonja.bbee. - piljai.

ulemun.

- ya.mbooro. - chookledoonga..

- pinja.ma. - cockera.

• chinpee. - pirre. - ngoola.. - yerrenge. - woolbarre.

- winja. - ngoola. • ya.ngo. • oommo.

- coomera. - muggear. - copin. - oommo culge.

Boomerang• Hill -Wood

Stone -Camp-Yea -No I You -Ba.rk . Good -

Bad -SweetFood -

Hungry

Thirsty Ea.t

Sleep -

Drink

Walk -

See

Sit

Yeaterda.y

To-day

- elgoberre. - minde. - coonga.l. - minde. - boornga.. - ngea.r. - umpee. • ngio.

- undoo

- cimbin.

- yathi.

- ma.rtinga.ro.

- pattalge. - pulngee,

- pa.tta.lge. - wongilgee.

· nookalge.

- ja.n (foot) mug-gear (ground).

- numilla.

- yinna.

- pirregooL

- oowa.l. To-morrow - - pirrager.

Where are the wa.utra bungil t Bla.cket

I don't know

Plenty

Big Little •

Dead -

By-a.nd-by -

Come on

Milk -I Ea.glehawk -

Wild turkey

Wife y

- unipeenummello.

- cudgello.

- yaggoon.

- challoo. - moochum.

- cubbe.

- ta.mbo.

- cooradilla. - thuringa.. • nga.ddea.r.


No. 99.-CLONCURRY RIVER.

BY EDWABJ) PALKO, EIIQ.

See the word.a camp ud grourtd •

Kangaroo - - ngalana. Opoeaum - - kogoin. Tame dog - • mecum caramra. Wild dog • - ya.mby. Emu - - junkorberry. Black duck - binderra. Wood duck - ngul-owan. Pelican - thalcob&D. Laughing jack.. jarrangool. Native companion tharra-boogah. White cockatoo - moor-ine. Crow - - thoongaberry. Swan - - yalke. Egg - - thando, Track of a foot Fiah -Lobeter

- wean. - wog-ie.

Crayfish • junju. Moequito • - oonggoin. Fly - - nyimool. Snake - • mokoa. The Blacb - - bunjil. A Blacldellow - bunjil. A Black woman - bunya. Noae • - roomyeen.

Hand-2 Blacka -3 Blacka -

One -Two -Three-

Four -Father Mother

Siater-Elder

. malaroo. • pu1)agarra banjD.

- pullgarra-goroine bunjil.

- goroine. - pullagarra.h. - pullagarra.h·

goroine. - inka.mmo. - moocho. - yakoro.

- koolamo. ,, Younger - bichamon.

Brother-Elder • ngabone. ,, Younger bichamon.

A young man - yap-ary.

An old man - mor.. An old woman

A baby

A Whiteman

Children -

Head -

Eye -

Ear -

- warmoora. - goitho-thoo.

- ba.rrago.

- cudda-kudulla.

- ngunkool. - milly.

- beenar.

THE CLONCURR.Y RIVER. 889

Mouth - yarra. Teeth • • yarhjine. Hair of the head- warramboo. Beard. • yanbah. Thunder - • harry (t.o make a

Gr&N. Tongue St.omach -Breuta Thigh

Foot • Bone• Blood· Skin • Fat • Bowels

noise or cry). - yalkoine. • ngoolon. •·wanbungo. • thambo.

- mogo. • jaunah.

• thimmooL • goowarro. • beeah. - thanko. • waukitcher-

kurro. Excrement - • wanna. War-spear - - koong-koon. Beed-spear• • neenjerry. Wommera or yulemun.

throwing-etiok Shield - yamboro. Tomahawk -Canoe• Sun • Hoon-Star • Light· Dark· Cold • Beat • Day • Night-Fire • Water Smoke Ground Wind -Rain • God • Ghost.a

• marrea.

• nungkore. - muntharra. • kogarrah. - jinby. • yurah. - ngoro-lo. • yerringer. - mow-een. - muntharr&. . wammga. • yango. • yappoo. • koomeree. • muggeer. - koobeen. - oonjune.

- limbeenjargolong.

.Boomerang •. Hill • WoodStone • Camp. Yes -No I You

Bark

Good

Bad Sweet.

Food • Hungry

Thirsty Eat

Sleep · Drink

Walk • See

- mirry k&mmo. - minde. • bokore. - mirndyormindy. . muggeer. • ngeah. . ngumpy.

. ngiego.

- yundo. . beemba.

• gooljin.

· madthee. · gooljin.

- oudthe. . boolne. • yourby. • bath&lyee.

- waujilje. - bath&lyee. - wabi. . nam&lyee.

Sit - yenni.

Yesterday • · birregool . To-day • kowal. To-morrow - - birringeer.

Where are the wanth& bunjil !

Blacks? I don't know

Plenty Big •

Little• Dead.

By-and-by·

Come on

Milk •

Eagleh&wk

Wild turkey

Wife Y2

• wanthan kogool. • yink&mmo. • winyeer. - kudd&h. • mootchon. • ngulla..

• oubbe.

. thambo.

• ooorythilla.

- thoorna. (plain turkey).

• ngathea.

340 TBB AUBTB.ALUN RA.CE:

No. 100.-THE FLINDERS AND OLONCURRY

RIVERS.

I owB the following information concerning the m&nD.ers and language of the Oonoomurra tribe to the kindness of Mr. Alexander MacGillivray.

The territory occupied by this tribe, commencing at Richmond Downs Station, on the Flinders, extends up that river and nearly to the Diamantina, thence stretches to the Cloncnrry, and is bounded by that river to its junction with the Gulliet. ·Its boundary from that junction is an easterly line to the Flinders, which river it follows up to the starting point. When the Whites first entered on the extensive territory of the Oonoomurra in 1865 the tribe is estimated to have numbered only two hundred souls. In 1880 its numbers did not exceed one hundred, the other moiety having been either shot down or perished from introduced diseases.

Many of this tribe seem to have reached an advanced age. No clothes were used origine.lly except a sort of apron b_y the women. This appendage consisted of a number of strings made of opossum fur, which hung from a string round the waist, which the women manufactured of their own hair. At present the few who can obtain cast-off clothes wear them during the day. At night all sleep between small fires, covered with strips of ti-tree bark. For ornaments, the women wear necklaces made of yello'\f cane, or of stems of gr&Ss cut into short lengths, which they string as we do beads. In their corroborees they imit.at.e

THE FLINDEBB A.ND CLONCURRY RIVEBB. 841

the actions of the kangaroo and emu, smearing their persons on such occasions with red ochre and gypsum. Their few e:ft"ects they carry in pieces of ti-tree bark, and not in bags or nets. In fact, the bark of this plant seems to be the general stand-by of the tribe. They make nets for the capture of fish and pigeons. They have neither fish-hooks nor fishing spears. Kangaroo and emu they spear as they come to water.

Theii'. tools are the usual stone tomahawk, the incisor tooth of the opossum, and flints which they either hold in the :fingers or fix at the end of sticks, and use as knives or chisels when making or carving their weapons. Animals are cut up and skinned with mussel-shells. Their weapons are large and small spears, the first thrown with the hand and the others with the wommera; boomerangs which return when thrown; and two-handed clubs. They have also ls.rger spears, which are used in close quarters as lances.

Their chief articles of food, omitting vegetables, which have not been mentioned by Mr. MacGillivray, are mussels, rats, and pigeons, which two last in some seasons they get in immense numbers. Indeed, in occasional years since our occupation of the Oonoomurra country these marsupial rats have amounted to a plague. In the huts of the squatters and their men, food, clothes, saddlery, &c., had to be specially secured against their attacks. As a man sat smoking at night, he would have in one hand a string, to the end of which a piece of meat was tied, and in the other a switch; the rats followed the meat, which the man drew towards him, and met their fate from a blow of the switch. In this way a single man would kill fifty in an evening, two or three hundred being killed at a hut, their numbers apparently remaining undiminished. The Oonoomurra have also kangaroo, emu, opossums, water-fowl, and snakes to feast on. The smaller sorts of game are roasted on the coals or be.ked in the ashes. The larger are often cooked in ovens of the Il8l18l description. In their wild state these people were cannibals, and habitually eat their dead when not too much


emaciated by illness. My informant has known them to eat some of their fellows who had been shot by the Whites.

Marriages are contracted either in or outside of the tn"be indifferently, but are strictly prohibited. between rel.a.tivei. Girls are promised to men in in.fancy, become wives at about ten years of age, and mothers at fourteen or fifteen. Polygamy is common. Infanticide is an ancient practice in the tribe. . This people scar themselves on the biceps of the arm, down the back, and across the stomach. They do not circumcise, but some of their neighbours _do. Of the Ka~o, or circumcised, who are more numerous than themselves, the Oonoomurra are much afraid, as the former make raids into their country, killing their men, and carrying off then women. The Oonoomurra confer the status of young men at fifteen years of age by knocking out ~wo upper front teeth, after which those operated on are at liberty to get wives, if they can. They perforate the septum of the nose, and also make a large hole in the butt of one ear.

This tribe stand much in awe of 6arrakoo, or evil spirits, said to dwell in large waterholes and extensive scrubs. Prior to our occupation, such of the dead as were not eaten 118ed to be buried immediately after death. Now all are buried. When life is extinct, the knees and neck of the corpse are tied together, and it is thus brought somewhat into the shape of a. be.11. It is then enveloped in grass, covered tightly with a net, and so interred in a hole about five feet deep. To complete the rite, a mound is raised over the body, on which are placed logs and boughs, which latter a.re renewed from time to time, as long as the party remain in the vicinity. A space a.round the tomb is also kept neatly swept. Both the wars and internal quarrels of the tribe genere.lly a.rise on the subject of women. Message-sticks are in use. Members of the tribe who have not seen each other for a long time embrace on meeting. The people of this tribe do not object to tell their aboriginal names. Kulpakulpa and Ka.che a.re the names of two of the men, and Loroluro, W a.mmutta, and Kachebowmurra of three of the women.

THE FLINDEBS AND CLONCURRY RIVEBB. 343

The name of the Cloncurry River is Pia.murra; of Fullarton Creek, Ma.ka.purre; and of the Willia.ms River, Oorinde = stone.

The vocabulary which follows has much in common with that of the Cloncurry. As occa.eiona.lly happens, we find hill a.nd 8tone expressed by the same word, the hills in those parts no doubt being stony, whilst the fact of there being but one word to express ground a.nd camp is significant of the backwardness of the tribe, and of the usual style of their lodgings. It will be noticed that the equivalents of thrQ'RJing-atick in the language of this tribe a.nd of 8hield in the Sydney language are almost identical.

No.100.-FLINDEBB AND CLONCURRY B.IVEBS.

Kangaroo - • IDOIIIOl'Oll&O- Rud- - mumbil&. ()poNum - • bkooln. 2Blacb • · kurto bUJl8fl. Tame dog - :,ambe. 3Blacb Wild dog - One - kooroln. Emu - chmagoburre. --Black duok- - brrupa. Two . -kurto.

Wood duck- - nurloin. Three - - karto kooroin.

Pelican • whulkraburre. Four -Laughing jackue Father - yato. Native companion turb. Mother - min.Ito. White ooobtoo -

Slater-Elder Crow• - wamering. -m'lll'DO,

Swan - - (none ID the dia- ,, Younger - murno,

trict). Brother-Elder -Egg - - wirree. Yomiger

" Track of a foot - tunna. A young man - yappolerre. Fiah - - palpy. Lobater An old man • mooa.

Crayfiah - plkquol. An old woman - t&m&lla.

M0114ulto - - lewouln. A baby - kuttukb. Fly - - milng&. A Whiteman - burrub. Snake- • tinoulr. Children - kuttukbra. The Blacka- - nukker. A Blackfellow - bungil. Head· - nawgooL

A Black woman • bunya. Eye - - ukoorywo.

Noee - - nybr. Ear - • bbm&.

THE FLINDERS AND OLONCURRY RIVERS. 345

Mouth - thangula. Teeth - - ya.rcharring. Hair of the head- woorumboo. Beard-Thunder GJ.'881· Tongue Stomach

Breaat.a Thigh Foot · Bone• Blood·

Skin • Fat -Bowela

Excrement• w a.r-apear -Reed-spear -Wommeraor throwfng-eticlr.

Shield Tomahawlr.Canoe-Sun -Moon-Star -LightDarlr. -Cold -Heat -Day • Night-Fire -Water Smoke Ground Wind Ra.in -God -Ghom

- mungurra. - yunburree. - lr.utther. - nullandee. - wawbawgoo. - tampo. • mulr.ko.

- tunna. - moolr.ooin.

- machango. - peea. - lr.arning. • wawlr.achcache

kurro. - noointo. · tinnepurre. . tapouin.

youlmon.

- murria.

- lr.aampa. - kurno-kumo. - yonlr.o. - tennouil - wolr.komungo, - yernga.

- yango. - yappo. - yonbullr.o. - mulr.keo. - lr.uppin.

Boomerang

Hill -Wood

StoneCamp-Yea -No I You -

Ba.rlr. -

Good -Bad -Sweet

Food • Hungry

Thirsty

:Eat -

Sleep -Drinlr.-

Walk -

- yelkaburre.

- orringe.

- baklr.aro. - orringe. - muklr.eo.

- neea. - numbe.

- nigo. - yoondo.

- billa. - kammanurro.

- mattee. - jircallingo.

- buiningo.

- yoorpingo.

- batalpo.

- wongelgee. - batalgee.

- wapingo.

See · - - nungamma.

Sit - yennia. Y eaterday - - birrakol.

To-day - wowyal.

To-morrow - - birrenga.r. Where a.re the wondo nuklr.era T BlackaT

I don't Ir.now

Plenty Big •

Lfttle

Dead -By-and-by •

Come on -

Milk -Eaglehawlr.

Wild turkey

Wife -

• nee lr.ol.

- nurlo-nurlo.

- kurpia.

- moochoin.

- wa.ria. - lr.ooyan.

- tampo.

- lr.ooritella.

- barlr.am. • bunya,

THE AUBTB.ALIAN &ACE:

No. 101.-THE BURKE RIVER.

TBB country of the Yelina tribe is on the Burke River. Its extent is not known, but was first occupied by the Whites in 1877. The number of this people is estimated to have been and still to be about two hundred. Concerning the manners of the Yelina. tribe Mr. Eglinton gives me the few following particulars.

Pieces of the leg-bones of birds, about two inches in length, a.re worn by them as earrings. The wommera and boomerangs of both sorts a.re in use, and carved to some extent. Cannibalism was found prevailing in this tribe at the time of our first occupation, and my informant mentions having detected some of its men eating the remains of a child who had died in the camp. Consumption is stated, in this as in other tribes, to be the most frequent cause of death. Circumcision is practised, but there are a few of the men of the tribe who have not been subjected to this rite, the reason for which exceptions is unknown. Pitcheree, I am informed, is in use, and that chewing it ca.uses intoxication, a statement which does not agree with information which has reached me from other quarters. As regards the dead, the men of the tribe a.re described as ea.ting their flesh and burying their bones, displaying their sorrow by striking their heads until the blood flows, and then plastering them with pipe-clay.

THE BURKE RIVER. 347

In copying out this vocabulary, I have (as in several other cases) expressed Mr. Eglinton's ee by i. The reader will notice that boo la, a. very general equivalent for 2 in Australian, appears with some addition as 3 in the la.ngna.ge of this tribe. The constant occurrence of er as a termination leads me to think that what is meant to be conveyed is the sound of a faintly pronounced. Bone and mood a.re expressed by the same word, and kill and stone by another. The terms ltungry and tltirsty perhaps mean literally not eat and not drink

THB AUBTB.ALIAN RACE

No. IOL-BURKE RIVER.

Kangaroo - - nerkooner. Hand- -waaera. Opoeaum - - mitoheri. 2Blacb Tame dog - - moD«"O. 3Blacb Wild dog - One - nooreroo. -Emu - - womergooroo. Two - cherkumber. -Black duck-

Three- • boolerler-boone-Wood duck - koorerboo (t). Pelie&n - koobenroo.

roo.

Laughing jackau Four • - cherkumber-

cherkumber. Native companion booralgoo.

Father - brio. White oocbt.oo - J11D1erli. Crow• - wokkerla. Mother - mernoo.

Swan - Siner-Elder - thirerL

Egg - - brgooner. ,, Yomiger -

Track of a foot - diner. Brother-Elder - toweri..

Fiah - - eremerdo. ,, Yomiger

Lobner Ayoungman - wamerla. Crayfish - - koondasf. An old man - kooper-kooper. Moequito - • makkerdoo. An old 1f'Olll&ll - myerch&. Fly - - umundero. A baby • biller-biller, Snake·- - wamen.. A Whiteman • wootbu.e. The Blacks- - erirar. Children - choora. A Blackfellow - eri. Head - - moola. A Black woman - minmerl. Eye - - mi1la. N01e • - eroh1. Ear - - enerl.

THE BURKE RIVER. 849

No. 101.-BUBU Rivn---c:ontitlued.

Mouth - thaney. Boomerang- • byerla.

Teeth • lar. Hill • • mookerloo. Hair of the head· ulbanderoo. Beard - • talberri. Thunder -01'11118 Tongue St.omaoh Breutl Thigh root .

Bone -mood-Skin -Fat -Bowela ExcrementWar-apear. Reed-spear -Wommera or throwing-stick

ShieldTomahawkCanoe-Sun -Moon-Star -Light -Da.rk -Cold -Heat • Day -Night-

Fire -Water Smoke

Ground

Wind-

Rain -God -Ghoat.a

• koonoo. - kookerbL • mileri.

• namer. - yapperlL • diner. · tooker. - booreroo. ·• maperrer.

- nilki. • wooner.

• tookerni. • gilker.

ka.remlngo.

- kouoherchuoher. • wamumberoo.

- milr. - geber. • booderoo. • ninermoo. • warder. • maderi. - umergln.

• waohernee. • koonoo. - koodoo.

· toolee. - woonungoo. - koonoo.

• otenni.

Wood-

Stone

Camp-

Yes -No I You -

Bark -Good -Bad -SweetFood -Hwigry Thil'llty Eat -Sleep Drink W.tk-

• tooker.

- mookerloo. • mootoo.

• lamerer. - koonderba.

• neeya.

• nowa. - koolkerberer.

- ya.nberma. • nokkerdL

• nerilin. • kooler-nerilln. • kooler-leyerlin. • nerlyim. • noomerloo. • tookerlym. • mameroo.

See • • namerlin. Sit - nymerloo. Yesterday • - nowerli. To-day - ererli. To-morrow - • waddonaba. Where are the taleri erega.r ! Blacks!

Idon'tlmow

Plenty Big Little• Dead -By-and-by -Come on -

Milk • Ea.glehawk.

Wild turkey

Wife -

• niir moolonaban-&lli.

- ringaba. • ya.nnoo. • barleloo. - olunamoo. - kardee. • kower gerna.

berdL • namer. • mooneroonaler

gree. • tookerner. • neer.

350 TBB AU8TRALIA.H ILACB,

No. 102.-THE HAMILTOY RIVER, W ARENDA. Br W. Bl.Am, EeQ.

THE HAMILTOY RIVER. BT R. N. CoLLllfll, EeQ.

THE LOWER GEORGINA RIVER. Br J. Ca.uou, EeQ.

BETWEEN THE GEORGINA AND BURKE RIVERS.

BT A. McL&.u, EBQ.

I HA vx received four communications concerning as many tribes which dwell in the localities abov&-named. Mr. Blair's contribution is confined to a vocabulary. To a vocabulary, Mr. Collins adds a short description of his tribe, which is 300 strong, dwells on the Hamilton, and calls itself Ringe.-ringa.. Mr. Cra.igie describes the Runga-Rungawa.h tribe on Roxburgh Downs Station, which numbers 120 souls. The tribe about which Mr. McLean writes calls itself RingaRingaroo, and dwells between the Georgina and Burke Rivers, between latitudes 20° and 21° south.

These tribes are, I have no doubt, independent; what I have called associated; and of common descent. My grounds for thinking so are, their languages, which have in common many local terms; the common rendering of the equivalents for no and the Blacks, and the striking similarity in the names of the tribes, which no doubt were origin&lly one people.

THE HA.MILTON A.ND GEORGINA RIVERS. 351

As regards the manners of these tribes, nothing of a novel character has reached me, so that it will be enough to record, that they a.ll have the boomerang; that one of them uses the wommera, and another does not; and that circumcision and the terrible rite prevail in all of them.

Some portion of the country they occupy is reported to have been first settled in 1868, and afterwards abandoned, being finally r&-0ceupied in 1876-77 and '78.

Mr. McLean relates that the Ringe.-Ringaroo call the star Venus mimungoona, or big-eye, and believe that it is a fertile country covered with 6appa, the name of a sort of grass, the seeds of which the tribes here on earth convert into flour, and is inhabited by Blacks. It appears, however, that no water exists in the star, but there are ropes which hang from its surface to the earth, by means of which the dwellers visit our planet from to time, and assuage their thirst. A big old man of great power is also said to dwell in the star. In seasons of scarcity, these tribes have recourse to cannibalism, and eat their children.

Mr. McLean gives me the following additional transla,. tions :-

Thunder-at.orm Morning -Noon Evening To eat -Will eat -Did eat -Will sleep Did sleep

meankooka. murrully. kardingoola. yerki-yerki. tigerlinger. tigae. tigebr, moogi. mochynar.

No. lO'L-IIAJIILTON &IVER.

K.uiproo. ()poNum Tame dog Wild dog • Emu • Blaclr. duolr. • Wood duek Peliean

• mutambL . thinnabully. . peawally.

• lr.ulpeny.

Laughing jackaa Native eompuion borolga. White eoelr.at.oo - berdena. Crow • • walr.lr.ala. Swan -F.gg. . bambo. Track of a foot • thbma. Fiah - • cooia. Loblter Crayfiah Moequito • kertewa.kka. Fly - eooengerry. Snake - kunderry. The Black■ • - kerna. A Blaekfellow - kerna. A Blaclr. woman • wunga petury.

Noee · · mil1a.

. Hand.

2Blacb · 3Blacb

One •

Two • Three.

1 Four •

Father

Mother Siater--Elder

. murra.

· kema bu'Coola. . bueoola DOOl'O

kerna. . noora. • b&rooola.

• barooola nooro. • barooola-bar

coola.

• IUUIIIII&.

,, Yowiger -

1 Brother-Elder

., Yowiger

A young man

· An old man - yubere.

An old woman • punderoo.

A baby • pitt.&.

A White man · Children Head -Eye • Ear

• pitta . . lr.UDDea. . mia.

• DU'l'1'&.

THE HillILTON RIVER. 3o3

No. lO'l.-HA.xwrox ~-

Mouth - pulka. Teeth - • mllka. Bair of the head • Beard• • DUl'C&.

ThUDder •

Graaa • TODgUe

Bt.omach • Breaata ThighFoot -Bone -Blood· Skin -Fat Bowela

- pelba, bilpa. - bugaroo. • thully. • kUDuerra. - kabboogo. - murla, • thhma.

- bena. - noorkey. · nunderry. - wammo.

Excrement - • koo11DL War-spear • - DWTOa.

Reed-spear •

Throwing-stick -Shield- : yalkeberry. Tomahawk - • warramberta.

Oi.noe-SUD -Moon -Star • LightDark • Cold • Heat Day -NightFire •

Water Smoke GroUDd

WindRain . God •

Ghoeta VOL. II.

- walka. • geba.

- muley. - nuppo.

- mukka. - kamo. - putthy.

- mundey.

- thurobo. - kutha.

z

Boomerang•

Hill -Wood-St.one -Camp. Yea No I You

Bark Good .

Bad •

Sweet-

Food · H11Dgry Thinty Eat • Sleep • Drink.

Walk -Bee •

Bit

Yeeterday · To-day

To-morrow•

• gibba. - noora. . murchillmga. . mullo.

- nutta. - emba.

- m)alle. • mUDD&,

• naumalcha.

• thimingla. • tutchegga. • mutchugla.

. kUDdinga.

- nutchelinga. . nUDgelUDga.

Where are the winta kerna 7

Blacb? I don't know Plenty Big •

Little -Dead . By-and-by -Come on

Milk •

Eaglehawk •

Wild turkey

Wife -

. burry.

• mUDgOra.

. perpeura.

-yetia,,

. cuma. - koway, koL

THE AUSTB-AI,IAN RA.CE

No. 10'2-HA.MILTON RIVER,

BY R. M. CoLLINS, EaQ.

Kangaroo - - muttjumpa. Hand -Opouum - • pumbribbarro. 2Blacb -Tame dog - - dabe. 3 Black■ Wild dog - - myallee. One -Emu - - quilberri. Two -Black duck • konga. Three. Wood duck - potha.

Four Pelican • murli-muller. -Laughing jackaa Father

Native companion boralga. Mother.

White cockatoo - koolera. Sister-Elder

• mera.

- barkoola kerna.

- nooroorr. - barkoola.

• abori. . ama. - kako.

Crow• - workulla. .. Younger • Swan - Brother-Elder -wangi. Egg - - pambo. YoUJ1ger Track of a foot

,, -Fiah - kooia.

A young man - berniaka. -Lobeter An old man - kabo-kappa.

Crayfish An old woman - panderro. M0114uito - - murka. A baby - merri. Fly - · koonungeri. A Whiteman Snake • goongera.

Children - koorauggeri (!). -The Blacke· • kuema or kema A Blackfellow - kema. Head - • kurdL

A Black woman - wongata. Eye . • meea.

N01e - • millia. Ear - - nara.

THE HAMILTON ~

No. lO'Z.-H.utILTON Rlvn-ooRtitiw,

Mouth

Teeth - birna. Boomerang - - billerberro.

- milk&. Hill - - dippo. Hair of the head- lr.ooni.

Beard - - unga.

Thunder - - billpa. Gr&11-

Tongue

Stomach -

Breast.a Tbigh

Foot -

Bone -

Blood -

Sir.in -Fat -Bowels

- buggera.

- thallf. - manno.

- muna.

- merla.

- ohinna.

- prinna. - kemba.

- kurli.

- tootoo.

Excrement - - kooma.

War-spear - - arra. Reed-spear - - kundewarra.

Wood

Stone -

C'AmpYea -No

I You •

Bark -Good.

Bad -Sweet

Food -Hungry

Thirsty Eat •

- mooroo • • dippo.

- noora.

• mallo.

. tonguru.

• uronguri.

- thachier.

- womulga.

- timmia.

Sleep - • moocher.

Drink-

856

Throwing-stick - Walk • - kunderchier. Shield- - bibleburra. Tomahawk - - worrumberra. CanoeSun • Moon• Star -Light· Dark -Cold -Heat -Day -NightFire -Water Smoke Ground Wind

Rain -God -Ghoat.e

• wilka. • changi. - pinbi. • yoomenula. - yoomeloo. • malli. • koorokooro.

• yerri (7).

• mukka. • kakko. • koodo. • myi. . terribo. • palla. • elgera. - muma.

See . pepia.

Sit • nungia.

Ye&terday -

To-day

To-morrow-

Where are the inthia a kuerna?

Blacka?

I don't know

Plenty

Big • Little -

Dead -By-and-by -

Comeon •

Milk • Eaglehawk

Wildturkey

Wife· z 2.

- tir nila. • perri.

- uarraha.

- yettler.

- quema. - kowa.

- kalbago.

- barkum.

-. kooberro.

,

THE AUS'l'R.ATJAN RACE :

No. 10'2.-IWXBURGH DOWNS, LOWER GBOBGlN.A.

Kangaroo - - mutchumba or Hand - - murra. muttumba. 2Blacb - bark.ooh kl!fflL I

Opoenm . - wompella. 3Blacb - barkoola kDoon Tame dog - - toot&. kerna. WUddog - - peealee. One - - knooroora. Emu - - koolparry. Two - - ba.rkooJa.. Black duck - goondanarri. Three. - ba.rkoola knocn. Wood duck - kurlitulpa.

Four - ba.rkoola-Pelican - kartungara, -Laughing jackaaa

barkoola.

Native companion bralgo. Father - yapperi.

Whit.e cockatoo - Mother • D1UDIDL

Crow - - wokkardi. Sister-Elder - yakko.

Swan - ,, Yomiger -Egg - - bembo. Brother-Elder - tbeti. Track of a foot • tina. ,, Yomiger Fiah - - kobi. A young man - willimema.. Lobat.er An old man - katoogata. Crayfiah - tinnngi. An old woman - mntchu-chu. Moaquito - monulka.

A baby - tukko. Fly - - koonanjeri. Snake- - kutti.

A Whit.e man - birri-bini.

The Blacka - Children - - bnnta.

A Blackfellow - kema. Head - - karte.

A Black woman - wongetta. Eye - - mee-e.

Noae - - mella. Ear - - lmatta.

ROXBURGH DOWNS, LOWER GEORGINA. 367

No. lO'l.-RoXBUBGR DoWNs-continw.

Mouth - thera. Teeth • milka.

Hair of the head - bungo. Beard Thunder 01'111111 Tongue

Stomach • Breaate Thigh Foot -Bone• .Blood·

Skin • Fat · Bowels Excrement -w a.r-apea.r: • Reed-Bpjl&l' • Wommera or

throwing-atick

- nunga. - bilpa. - bookera. • tha.rlL • toondoo. • katichu. • murla.

- tina. • pina. • gimpa. -batta. • toota. - dtoochi. • koona. - yettchirra.

Shield- • terrango. Tomahawk• Canoe• Sun • Moon• Sta.r • Light

Dark • Cold • Heat • Day • Night• Fire •

Water Smoke Ground

Wind -Bain •

God •

GhOltl

• worrumbatta.

• walka. • chippa.

- chingo. • wokanna. • umallo. - mulli. • mukka-mukka.

• oongdoonga. • mukka. • knappo.

• kootoo. • mie.

• thooruppa. • pulla.

• yammeroo.

Boomerang• Hill •

Wood•

Stone•

Camp-Yea No I You •

Bark •

Good -

Bad

Sweet

Food • Hungry

Thirsty Eat •

Sleep -

DrinkWa.llt-See •

Sit

Yesterday •

To-day

• gilligella.

• poori.

• mukka.

• mukka (f).

• knurra.

• etcha.

• mallo.

• knunga.

- inknoo.

• koolbaturre.

• mUDDa.

• pillarri.

• thechingi.

• wonnara.

- ngattura.

• thetchilinga.

• mutchulinga.

• immallinga.

. kurninga. - thucka.mya.

- nunkya.

- kunwillooka. • purnia.rra.

To-morrow - - merrilli.

Where a.re the wa.ra nunkia

Blacks ? kerna ? I don't know • kulli.

Plenty • purrl. Big

Little• Dead •

• mungoora.

• thieu •

- koonta.

By-a.nd-by - - maoroo.

Come on • • kowa.

Milk - - amooguntooroo,

Eaglehawk • • koorithalla •

Wild turkey • kollitona.

Wife • • noopamulla.


No. lo-l.-.BETWED TllE GEOBGINA AND .BURKE RIVEBS.

Kangaroo • Opouum Tame dog Wild dog Emu • Blaolt duckWood duck-Pelican

- madchumbar. • dinD&bally. - beeotie-mullagu-.

· koolperry.

Laughing jack&11 Native companion ba.ralgar. White cockatoo · Crow• Swan· Egg •

Track of a foot • dinna. Fiah • - oooia or gweer. Lobster Crayfish Moequito Fly Snake - - tinjear. The Blacks • - kirna-mirrie. A Blackfellow - kerna. A Blaolt woman - mirrle. N0118 - - koonlr.urry.

Hand -2 Blacks

3 Blacka One •

Two -

Three -

Four -

Father

Mother Sister-Elder

. murra.

• ngooroo. . barooola.

- ngooroo-barcoola.

- barooola-barooola.

., Younger

Brother-Elder -

,, Younger

A young man

An old man - ooopa-ooopa.

An old woman - wa.ngatha.

A baby

A White man - birrie-birrie.

Children -

Head - gurdie.

Eye -

:Ear -

- mer, mllardy

- ngarrowa.

BETWEEN THE GEORGINA & BURKE RIVERS. 359

No. IO'l.-BBTWUN THB GJIOBOINA AND Bu:BKB .RivEBS-Co71tin!Ud.

Mouth reeth - - millea. Hair of the head - goonie. Bea.rd.

Thunder Grase -Tongue

Stomach -Breut.a Thigh-Foot -Bone -Blood· Skin -Fat Bowela ExcrementWar-apear -Reed-spear -Wommera or

throwing-stick ShieldTomAhawk -Canoe -Sun -Moon -Star -Light -Dark -Cold -Heat -

Day -Night-Fire -Water Smoke Ground Wind-

Rain -God -Ghoeta

- prilpa. • boogara.

- turley. - warmo,

- kurley.

-dinna. . brinna. - murkie.

-goonna.

• wolea or wolca.

- cheepa. - dingo.

- mallee. - undia, coorchi-

coorchla, - murrully. - ngooritally.

- gootha, ngappo. - boothi. - mie. - moorungulla. - bulla.

BoomerangHill • Wood-Stone -Camp-Yea -No I You

Bark -Good -

Bad -Sweet-

Food -Hungry Thinty Eat . Sleep Drink

Walk

See -Sit Yesterday •

To-day

To-morrow

Where are the Blacks?

I don't know

Plenty

Big -

Little•

Dead -By-and-by -Come on

Milk -Eaglehawk•

Wild turkey

Wife •

- parroo. - deepo. - ngoora. - eya. - malloo, eranok.

- utthu. - inb&.

- mially. - eramially.

• erabulgurma.

• boorlyla.

· tiger linger.

- mocbylinger.

- temarlinger.

- ranjo. • peeperlinger.

- nungerlinger.

- peerkillie, mun-goora.

• tyie-tyie.

• yidgear,

- cunna.

- kowera.

- ngarmo

360 TBB .AUBTBALIAB RACE :

No. 103.-HEAD OF THE HAMILTON RIVER.

THB following vocabulary and account of the Yanda tribe have been forwarded to me by Mr. Emest Eglinton. The territory of this people, estimated at between 2,000 and 3,000 square miles, was first occupied by the Whites in 1878, when the Yanda are said to have numbered only about 100 souls. Since then their numbers have been reduced to J 5 men, 20 women, and 15 children; in all, 50 persons.

My informant thinks that, when he first knew the tribe in 1879, there were several amongst them who had reached the age of 80 years. Clothes are not worn by this tribe. Tp.e head is plastered with pipe-clay on occasions of mourning, and at corroborees the hair and skin are painted with red ochre and pipe-clay. The Yanda women wear, on occasions of corroboree, an ornament common in many parts of Australia, which they call lmora. It is made of the two front teeth of the kangaroo, which are fastened together at their butts with sinew and gum, and extend at an angle of 45 degrees. They also wear the mungera (literally, opossum.), which is a. belt made of mixed opossum fur and human hair twisted together. This tribe have knives and tomahawks of chipped stone or flint; spears which a.re thrown by hand ; boomerangs, slightly curved ; the tulumberri, a. stick 4 feet long and 2i inches in circumference, which is used as a missile; and the kumbarli, a. stick with a sharp flint fixed on one end with gum, commonly called a chisel.

HEAD OF THE HAMILTON RIVER. 361

This tribe, it appears, decline to eat the iguana., through superstitious motives, probably, for its flesh is well tasted. They practise cannibalism, however, and eat the bodies of. young children who have died, and of their kinsmen slain in battle. They do not object to tell their names, of which Mr. Eglint.on gives the following :-Males: Ilpildirrien, Kudimulinem, Nituli, and Mantuli. Females: Ka.rriwono, Ra.nginta, Rubun, and Karkoomamlim. Fathers dispose of their daughters in marriage, which occurs both within and without the tribe. Few of the men have JD.Ore than one wife. Consumption is the most prevalent disease. The skin is scarred in the usual way. Circumcision and the terrible rite are inflicted on the youth, by which means they are admitted t.o the rights of men, a few always being exempted. Pitcheree, mixed with the ashes of the gidea leaf, is chewed in the usual way. Some of this tribe have curly and others straight hair. The men embrace on meeting after a long separation. Wounds are plastered with mud, and heal quickly.

Turning to the vocabulary, we find but one word t.o express both bone and 'JVOod ,· and that kookaburri, so often the equivalent of laughing jackass, in this language means emu.

The country occupied by the Yanda tribe is on the eastern border of the Central Division. ·


No. 103.-HEAD OF HAMILTON RIVER.

Kang&rOO • matumba. Hand· · mlllTL Opoeaum . mungera. 2Blacka - wa.rriki boolari. Tame dog - mikamo. 3 Blacka Wild dog . • mikamo. One • gooniba. . Emu . - kookaburri. Black duck- • bercamo. Two . . boolari.

Wood duck Three - - ruto (?).

Pelica.n - umbleterri. Four . -l!carra.

Laughing jacka.ss kowitcbi. Father · koopon.

Nativeoompanion booralga. Mother . yunga.nna. White cockatoo • Siater-Elder • kargimia. Crow• - wokkola. Younger• Swan• " Brother-Elder - kardUDDL Egg . • kudo,

Younger tit&. Track of a foot • tina. " Fiah . • wokarri. A young man

Lobster An old man - kuntanna.

Crayfiah - toomban. An old woman • yunganna. Mosquito • moonya. A baby . karrinUDDL Fly • chiki-chiko. A Whiteman • gungi, goongia. Snake- - goondaro.

Children . kardago • The Blacks - • warriki. A Blackfellow • wa.rriki. Head· • mureda.

A Black woman • wongita. Eye • meal

Noee . • tirki or tuki (?). Ear • talgaD.

HEAD OF THE HAMILTON RIVER. 363

No. 103.-HliD OJ' HA.HILTON Rrvn--cominued.

Mouth • tya. Boomerang• • bepaporo. Teeth- • ira. Hill -Hair of the head- bungu. Wood- - bunda. Beard- • t&lbarri. Stone - - goongo. Thunder - • ooratarrL Camp-Graaa - • bookurra.

- marrpan.

Yea - - eallamarra. Tongue - tyela.

No - wontitena. Stomach - booroo. Breaata - beriko. I - a.nga.

Thigh • t&ra, ( calf) eulo. You - - imba.

Foot . - tina. Bark . • tirki-tirld.

Bone - - bunda. Good. • kalamundiri. Blood- - karruga. Bad - - karlokoto. Skin - -binmin. Sweet-Fat • mulld. Food - - workia. Bowels Hungry - goongindia. Excrement- • koona. Thirsty -mundia. w a.r-tipear - - bipaparro. Eat - - kartitingia. Reed-spear -

Bleep - • mutchelinya. Wommera or throwing-stick Drink- - ekarratingya.

Shield - goonburra. Walk- • yannaninga.

Tomahawk- - warrambuda. Bee - bingininga.

Canoe- Sit - ninaninga. Sun - • tool:'O, Yesterday - - toro, Moon - - multchi. To-day - kiya. Star . - markatto, To-morrow-Light- - tooro. Where are the wariki wonar-Dark - - winta. Blacks? kika?

• Cold - - kitcha. I don't know - narrimo.

Heat- - ringan. Plenty • ekari.

Day - • nartha.nya. Night- - winta. Big - • beali.

Fire - - eula. Little - - nekowla.

Water - karko, Dead - - pullaurga.

Smoke • toorko. By-and-by. - wichunga. Ground - marban. Come on - - towari eninga.

Wind- - wipar. Milk - - tambo.

Rain - - karko. Eaglehawk - gooradilli.

~ God - Wild turkey - berkamno.

Ghost.a • bikerri. Wife - - natianna.

I

TBB AUSTB.ALI.A.N RACE:

No.104.-0N THE HAMILTON RIVER, ilD NEAR

BOULIA.

TBB BITl'A Bl'ITA TRIBE.

IN addition to this vocabulary, Mr. Ernest Eglinton has also furnished me a short account of the Bitta. Bitta. tribe, which differs so little in manners from the Yelin& as to render its insertion unnecessary. No traces of sma.11-po::r: have been seen in this portion of the continent.

No. 104.-HAMILTON RIVER, NEAR BOULI.A.

Kang&r00 • ~ matumba. ()polaum • - tinaballi. Tame dog - - munga. Wild dog - - pUD&1Dya. Emu - goolburri. Black duck • pepulu. Wood duck • bompeparoo. Pelican • malimurro. Laughing jackaae Native companion golathurra. White oockat.oo -Crow • wabla. Swan -Egg - • bembo. Traok of a foot • wando. Fiah • - koopL Lobster Crayfish • Moequito • • mooroonga. Fly • • moold. Snake - • goondarra. The Blacks • kema. A Blackfellow - kema. A Black woman • moitu. Noee • • mella.

Band - - m1ll'm. 2 Blacks - - barkoola kema. 3 Blacks - barkoolamero

One -Two -ThreeFour -

Father Mother Bister-Elder

kemo. • moorraroo. - barlr.oola. - barkoolanero. - barkoola-

barkoola. • aparl.

- &mm&.

- brko. ., Younger •

Brothel'-Elder • wangL ,. Younger

A young man - yapan.rrl. An old man - kaboogab&. An old wom&D - moitohu. A baby • merrital. A White man - tit&. Children - - tako-tako. Head • • kirti. Eye • Ear -

• me.

- IUlffOW'a.

ON THE HAMILTON RIVER, NEAR BOULIA. 360

No. 104.-HAJULTON Rivn, NBAB BoULli-contiitu«l.

Mouth Teeth·

• perla. Boomerang • • t.eera. · milb. Hill • . kowarrl.

Bair of the head • poi.Dgu. Beard • • nunb. Thunder Graa · Tongue Stomach Breuta Thigh-Foot · Bone • Blood· Skin -Fat Bowels Excrement• War-apear -Reed-1pear · Wommera or throwing-atick

ShieldTomahawk • Canoe -Sun • Moon-Star · Light· Dark -Cold -Beat • Day -Night· Fire • Water-

Smoke

Ground

Wind· Rain •

God •

Ghoata

• mungoona. • bookarra. . turli. . umba.

· bpatchu, - mirla. • tina. _. beena. • kimba. . nal1a. • toot&. . umba. . koona. . narrara.

• tunmarroo. - warrinbutta.

• wa.lka. • cheepa. • chutaluminda. . kinkimarria. • burrumpurra. . malli. • mukka-mukka.

• umalo. • pooti. · kuta. • boongya. . mya.

• turrubo. . pula.

• moma.

Wood-

Stone . Camp.

Yea No I You

Bark Good Bad Sweet•

Food · Hungry

Thinty Eat Sleep -

Drink· Walk· See

Sit

Yeaterday

To-day

To-morrow•

Where are the Blacka?

I don't know

Plenty

Big Little •

Dead •

By-and-by ·

Come on Milk •

Eaglehawk •

Wild turkey

Wife -

• moora. . tipo. • ooia • • Ir.oh. • mallo •

• ongya. • imba.

. nalla •

. myalli.

. munna. . myalli.

- tatchia. . yinaba. . pooalli.

. tatchia.

• mootchia.

- timia. • ltundia. · bipika. . nunkia.

• moora-wulka. . kani.

indowa kerna

nunkia? • kerli. . pooinda.

• mungoora, . tii.

- itchia. • toorra,

• kowa-e-rango. . toma.

. perrowalll.

. pooranna.

• noba-nulla.

366 THE AUSTRALIAN It.ACE:

No. 105.-JUNCTION OF KING'S CREEK AND THE

GEORGINA RIVER.

BT J. 0. MACHATTIE, ESQ., AND J. 8. LrrTL&, F.eQ.

THE following information concerning the Moorloobulloo tribe wa.s forwarded to me by the gent]emen named above. The country of this tribe, which is at the junction of King's Creek and the Georgina (formerly Herbert) River, was first occupied by the Whites in 1876. At that time the strength of the tribe wa.s about 250 souls, but between the period of our occupation and 1883 the number was reduced by consumption and venereal to 180. No clothes are worn by these people, who, when troubled by cold or mosquito&, sleep in earth huts (probably dug out of the side of a sandhill and roofed with grass, bark, &c.), inside of which they make their fires. When in mourning the head is plastered with burnt gypsum, which singularly enough is called kopi, the name in use in the Marowera tribe, which dwells at the junction of the Darling and Murray, 750 miles to the southward, for those solid coverings of the head already described. The wommera is not in use in this tribe, but their arms and implements display a good deal of carving and painting. Their food consists principally of nardoo seeds, the animals and wild-fowl of their country, snakes, iguana, &c. It is to be noticed that though one tribe declines to eat mussels, another oysters, a third mushrooms, a fourth iguanas, and so on, I a.m not aware that any rejects the snake, though in some tribes it is not a favorite article of food. My

-JUNCTION OF KING'S CREEK.& GEORGINA RIVER. 367

informants remark that the persons of this tribe take each the name of some bird or animal, which the individual calls brother, and will not eat. Of this system, unfortunately, no further particulars are given, but it reminds one of what Sir George Grey (vol. 2, p. 228) says of the kobong in Western Australia.

No signs of small-pox having existed appear in this tribe. I am informed by Mr. Machattie that, to his knowledge, seven children have been eaten during the last six yea.re by the Moorloobulloo, and that they habitually eat their dead when not too much emaciated. The following are names of persons :-Males: Woongongie, Kokomnrti, Pillchellie, Murrnmooli, and Mnrkilla. Fem.ales: Podoki and Larlooti. Marriage is, for the most part, exogamous, and is contracted by the males at seventeen and the female~ at eleven yea.rs of age. Before, however, a male is allowed to possess a wife the ordeal of the terrible rite has to be submitted to. These people scar the arms and shoulders with mussel-shells, pressing the lips of the wounds until they stand high above the genera.I level of the skin. Pitcheree, which is prepared and used in the usual way, ie obtained by barter from the nearest tribe on the Mnlligan, and is said to produce intoxication. The average height of the males is five feet eight inches. The corroboree does not differ from those Mr. Machattie has seen in the southern portions of Queensland. The resemblances in the equivalents of.fire, mood, and camp will be noticed. Koo= yes, is found at Port Darwin in the north, on the West Coast, and on Cooper's Creek. To suck the breast as a baby does, is rendered kobbidya titia = breasts eat.

868 TBB AtJSTBALUN B..lCB:

No. 105.--JUNCTION OF KING'S CREEK AND GEORGINA RIVER.

Kangaroo . • koonabulla. Hand - • murra. Opouum . • burloo • 2 Blacka · barkoola kur-Tame dog . • beeurli. rana. Wild dog . - mullok. 3Blacu . barkooleroo kur-Emu . • wargutohi. ram.. Blackduck· - kurligoolpar. One . ooroo . Wood duck • kowwar. Two . • barkoola. Pelican - murlimarroo. Three- - barkooleroo. Laughing jackaaa (none). Four - - barkoola,.bar-Native companion brolgar. koola. White cockatoo • (none). Father • ynpri. Crow. • wakeri. Mo~er · amori. Swan· . kurti. Sister-Elder • yawkoo . Egg - . pumpo.

" Younger •

Track of a foot • tinua. Brother-Elder - kooperi. Fi.ah - • koppL " Younger titi. Lobster A young man • yuperi. Crayfish - trunagi. An old man · koopa-koopa. M014uito - - gunte. An old woman - bundoora. Fly . - gooningerri. A baby - taka.koo . Snake· - kirtoba. A Whiteman • whitepella. The Blaoka- • kurrana mnrtoo. Children . • woolkaparri . A Blaokfellow • kurrana. Head· . kirti . A Black woman • purraja. Eye . • mi.

NOiie · •. mealia. Bar . • arra.

JUNCTION OF KING'S CREEK & GEOBGINA RIVER. 369

No. 106.-JUN<moN OJ' KINo's CB&u AND GEOBOINA RrvBRcontinued.

Mouth . teera.

Teeth · • milka. Hair of the head- pundju. Beard - • nUDka. Thunder • bilpa pundera. Grua - · bookera. Tongue St.omach -Breuta ThighFoot -Bone -Blood· Skin -Fat -Bowels Excrement· War-11pear -Reed-spear -Wommera or

throwing-Btick

. turli. • tundoo. • kobbedya. • kurla.

- tinna. • briuna. - jimpar. - nulla. -t.atta. - murda-murda. . goona.

- urrurra. - (none).

gundi-gundi.

Shield• • koomburra. TomahawkCanoe-Sun -Moon -

Star -Light -Dark -Cold • Heat • Day -Night• Fire -Water Smoke Ground Wind

Rain -God -Ghoata

VOL. II.

- warramutta. - (none). - .walka. - chungi. - jimpi.

- umolo. - nulli - yerrawier.

- mukka. • nappo. • kurtoo. • mai-i. • t.ooropoo. • kurta.

- kunmurri.

Boomerang

Hill -Wood

St.one • Camp-Yee No -I You Bark· Good· Bad -SweetFood -Hungry Thirsty

:Eat -Sleep · DrinkWa.lk -See -Sit -

Yeet.erday • To-day

. giera. - waieri,

- murra.

- keppo.

- murra. - koo. - wobba. - uncha. - imba. • nulla.

- ulyarri. - munna-munna. - queongo.

- ommonchilla. - woolka murra-

wondla. - titia. -muchia. - t.emallnna.

- tokomia. - munga-mungan-

dla.

moonyarribidyia. To-morrow • • 00-00-mollo. Where are the kurna winienda ? Blacks?

I don't know Plenty Big Little -Dea.dBy-and-by -

Come on -

Milk -Eaglehawk Wild turkey

Wife -ZA

- kurli. • murtoo or parri. • punkilli. - wurpa-wurpa.

- ityea. - kurnat.oord. - kow-wa. - kobbedya.

• kurreturo. • nopoona.

LOWER DIAMANTIN.A.

No. 106.-LOWER DIAMANTINA.

(Long. 141° E.; Lat. 25° S.)

.ANONTIIOUB.

371

AN anonymous contributor has sent me a short account of the Karawalla and Tunberri tribes, which dwell on the Lower Diamantina, and as they are described as neighbours, and but one vocabulary has reached me, I presume, as often happens, that they speak the same language, or nearly so. A very hnportant statement made in the account of the manners of these tribes is that monogamy prevu.ils in th.em, no man being allowed to have more than one wife. Other than this but little worthy of notice has reached me. These tribes use the boomerang, but not the wommera.; no traces of small-pox exist; children are eaten occasionally; marriage is exogamous ; consumption is the most prevalent disease ; pitcheree is chewed ; and circumcision, by means of which the rights of manhood are conferred, is undergone by the males when about seventeen yea.rs of age.

2. AZ


No. 108.-LOWER DLUUNTINA.

Kangaroo Opoaaum • Tame dog • Wilddog • Emu • Black duck-

· koora. • burloo. • pande. • pa.ude. • warrawudgi. • mingenarra.

Wood duck • chiberli. Pelican • turta. La.ughing ja.ok888 (none). Nativeoompanion kuntharat.a. White cockatoo • murramute. Crow • • wokeri. Swan • • (none). Egg • • pompo.

Track of a foot • mulka. Fiah • • wongo. Lobeter Crayfish

M0114uito • Fly • Snake· The Black.a-

• unde. . kunthi. • mongi. . minga.

• kerna. A Blaokfellow • orroroo.

A Black woman • punga. N oee • • purloo.

Hand • • murra. 2 Blaob • • 1-rkoola kema 3 Blaob - - bark.oola-orroo

One -Two •

Three

Four -

kerna. •Ol'l'OO.

- barkoola.

- barkoolamarnL

• barkoola-bar-koola.

Father • aperie.

Mother - urnde.

Sister-Elder • kAko. ,, Younger • nathura.

Brother-Elder • nalre. ,, Younger

A young man • wagl. An old man • brooro. An old woman - mutitu. A baby • nukakL A White man - peri-peri. Children • • poorloora

Head • - k.unk.L Eye • Ear •

- milki. • nuri.

j

LOWER DI.AMANTIN.A. 373

No. 106.-Lown DlillANTnu.-continued.

Mouth - bina.

Teeth - - den.

Hair of the head - tunda. Beard • • unka.

Thunder • unkind&.

01'1188 • - kuntha. Tongue

Stomach Breaata Thigh.

Foot -

Bone -

Blood·

Skin -

Fat

Bowels

Excrement -

War-spear -Reed-spear -Throwing-stick ShieldTomahawk -Canoe. Sun -Moon-Star -Light· Dark Cold -Heat Day Night· Fire . Water-Smoke Gl'OllDd Wind· Rain -God -Ghoew

• purlpa.

- wopa. • Dumm&.

. ura.

- tina.

- kunbo.

• kaluka.

- lturla. • mmue.

• moonnoo. • koona. · windra. - (none). • turtee. • toombaroo. • murdra. - (none). - ltoorle. - peumangle. - kolunthe. - burk. - mooka. • terrili.

- wiltoro.

• tooroo. . nappa. - koodoo. - pulo. • jimbo. · tindarheri.

Boomerang -

Hill · • meri.

Wood • - moora. Stone - • murtra.

Camp - • aru. Yes - ko.

No

I You

Bark -Good Bad Sweet -

Food • Hungry

Thirsty Eat •

Sleep -Drink.

Walk· See

Sit

Yesterday

To-day

- woba. . unge.

• tini.

- warinde. . patchi.

• terri.

- kudye.

• munka.

• m.inikibe.

• wardu. • tinna.

. parinda.

- tidina.

- kalinda.

- kunda.

- oorakoorle. • keene.

To-monow • - ununda.

Where are the wirdong kerna ! Blacka!

I don't know

Plenty

. Big Little • Dead.

- wobaunge, - matoo.

-piri •

- montooito.

- palnida.

By-and-by - ooroo.

Come on • kowi. Milk - - tuncat a,nd ama,

Eaglebawk - - kunthullo.

Wild turkey • wurkum.

Wife • • 11ewya.

374 THE AUSTBALIAN RACE:

No. 107.-THE JUNCTION OF THE THOMSON

-AND BARCOO RIVERS, ALSO THE WHITULA

CREEK.

011' the Birria, Koongerri, and Kungarditchi tribes, which dwell in-the country adjacent to the junction of the Thomson and Barcoo Rivers, I have received an account from Mr. Heagney, as also vocabularies of each of their dialects. Of one of these tribes-the Birria-1 have also received a description and Yocabulary from my son, Mr. Edward Curr. Mr. Heagney's relation is to the following effect:-

The tribes in this locality are called Birria, Koongerri, and Kungarditchi. The territory of the Birria is on the western bank of the Thomson, and extends from Jnnde.h to the confluence of that river and the Barcoo, and further for fifty miles down their united streams, which form Cooper's Creek. From its frontage to these streams this territory stretches back about forty miles in the direction of the Dia.mantina. The country of the Koongerri • tribe is on the eastern bank of the Thomson, and comprises all the country between that river and the Barcoo below Junda.h, and below Welford Downs on the Barcoo. It includes also a strip of country a.bout forty miles wide on the eastern side of the Ba.rcoo, from Welford Downs to its junction with the Thomson, and a.long Cooper's Creek to the junction of the ------- -- - - ------------

JUNCTION OF THOMSON & BARCOO RIVERS. 875

Kia.hara Creek. The Knnga.rditchi country is ab.out twenty miles square, and is bounded on the south by the Kiabara Creek, and on the west by the Koongerri country. The territory of these tribes was gradually occupied by the Whites during the interval between the yea.rs 1874 and 1878, the aggregate population of the three tribes at the :first of these dat.es being estimated at twelve hundred. The women at present (1883) considerably outnumber the men, many of the latter having been shot down by the Whites when they first established themselves in the district. Syphilis is and has been raging fa.tally in these tribes, of which seven per cent. are children. Many of these people are thought to have reached the age of sixty. Originally they were quite naked, but now the few who can obtain castoff' clothes from the Whites wear them. Their huts are spaces scouped out of the sand-hills, covered in with grass and clay, and the fires, which are made inside, keep the dwellers warm and the mosquitos out. The same orna,. ments are worn by both sexes, and consist of necklaces made of strong grass-stems, cut into lengths and threaded; also the teeth of other Blacks (how worn or obtained is n~t stated), and feathers, and bright seeds set in gnm. They likewise stick fur and down on their skins with the same substance; color themselves white when in mourning, and adorn the person here and there with red or yellow ochre on occasions of corroboree. For carrying water about in their dry country, when travelling or hunting, they use boatshaped vessels of bark, about two feet six inches long, eight inches deep, and eight inches wide. The principal implements of these tribes used to be stone tomahawks, ground to an edge, which they obtained from neighbouring tribes iµ exchange for spears, as their own country produces no stone suited to the purpose. Since the occupation of their country by the Whites, however, they have gradually obtained iron tomahawks. They say that some few iron tomahawks and knives found their way into their country, passed on from one tribe to another, some thirty yea.rs before the squatter

376 TBE AUSTRALIAN RA.OE:

appeared on the scene. Their weapons are carved to some extent, and one of them is the boomerang, which, however, only returns half way when thrown, as my informant remarks. They are ea.id to be an unwarlike people, and that most of their quarrels have their origin in jealousies about their women. Animals being very scarce in their country, their principal food consists of reptiles, bnlbs, seeds, and fruits. Temporary ovens are sometimes used in cooking. The young people a.re forbidden to eat emu eggs and the flesh of the eaglehawk. Strange to say, these tribes, according to my informant, object to eat fat. Small-pox has never been heard of amongst them. Cannibalism is not very p~ valent, as far as is known, though occasionally a child found difficult to rear is eaten. The people of these tribes do not object to tell their names.

Each tribe, I am informed, is divided into seveml classes, and a man may marry into any class but his own, or get a wife from another tribe. Perhaps there is some inaccuracy in this statement, as the system is but imperfectly known; at all events, marriage between persons nearly related by blood is prohibited. At the present day in these tribes the females largely outnumber the males, many of the men having been shot, so that about ten per cent. of the males have more than one wife. The original customs in such matters Mr. Heagney has left 11Dstated, if he knew them. Since the advent of the Whites, few children are reared-the rifle, syphilis, and debauchery having, as usual, commenced the work of extermination.

These tribes scar themselves for the purpose of ornamentation on the abdomen, chest, arms, and thighs, sometimes horizontally, and at others vertically. In some of the divisions the young men are circumcised, and in others not. At about fourteen years of age they knock out the two middle front teeth of the upper jaw, using for the purpose two sticks, one as a punch, and the other as a hammer. They also pierce the septum of the nose, wearing occasionally in the orifice a bone, feather, or twig ..

JUNCTION OJ!' THOMSON & BAROOO RIVERS. 377

The people of these tribes, says Mr. Heagney, believe in the existence of invisible beings, who can make them happy or miserable, and a.re said to hover about the burial places of the dead, and to be deeply offended by breaches of the laws relating to food restrictions and to marriage. Should a young Black, for instance, even break an emu egg, it is believed that the offended spirits will shortly raise a. storm of thunder and lightning, in which the unlucky culprit will probably be struck down. Often the tribe adjure these invisible beings, in a song dedicat:ed to the purpose, to inflict vengeance on their enemies. They also supplicate them to send rain, by placing a particular sort of stone on the edge of a waterhole. No a.mount of reasoning or experience of the failures of their charms, says my informant, can shake their belief in them. Pitcheree, he continues, is used for chewing. It is prepared by the plant being reduced to powder, and mixed with the ashes of gidjee leaves, and produces, says my informant, a sort of mild intoxication. No sort of sign language exists amongst these tribes. They have no canoes, though in times of flood no tribes have greater need of them. Even the use of bark canoes by the Whites has not led to their adoption.

· Emu a.re captured with nets, and killed with boomerangs. They also catch :fish in nets. Kangaroo there a.re none. The males of these tribes a.re ma.de young men at a.bout seventeen yea.rs of age, the ceremony in some of the divisions being circumcision. Their dead they bury in sand-hills, with much _show of sorrow, whitening their skins with pip~la.y, which . they leave on for seven days.

Message-sticks have not been noticed. On meeting after an absence, these people embrace and shake hands. The old men have much in:O.uence with the tribes, but nothing is known of any form of government. In some cases urine is swallowed as medicine. Wounds a.re dressed with fut and clay. Such is Mr. Hea.gney's account of these tribes.

I have already said that a second account of the Birria tribe has been sent to me by my son. The facts he gives were ta.ken down from the statements of Mr.--Fraser, a

378 THE AUSTB.ALIAN RACE:

gentleman who ha.d resided for a considerable time on the Whitula Creek, which runs through the country of the Birria. My son's vocabulary was obtained from a Birria Black boy, whose knowledge of English was rather defective. The statements ma.de by Mr. Fraser were to the following purport:-

The Whitula Creek Station was taken up in 1874, the Birria tribe, whose country it is, numbering at that time about 500 souls. Longevity seems to oo common amongst them, for many have lost their teeth from age, and appear to have reached eighty. When first the Whites came amongst them they wore no clothes, though such as can get them do so now. Their huts are partly hollowed out of the sand; are covered with sticks and earth, and have the fire inside. Stripes of red ochre are their holiday adornment, and in times of mourning they cover themselves with pipeclay. They have bags and fishing-lines ma.de of wild hemp, and construct dams for the capture of fish. The stone tomahawks they formerly used were ground to an edge. Their weapons are the ordinary boomerang which returns when thrown, very ill-made spears and two-handed swords, all of which they smear with red ochre. They have no wommeras (throwing-sticks). Mussel-shells and flints are used for cutting. Their food consists principally of wild rice, nardoo, and grass seeds, all of which they make into loaves and bake in the ashes. They also eat reptiles. Their country being subject to terrible droughts, they have often been reduced to great straits for food, and on such occasions they had recourse to cannibalism. From the nature of their food, sheep and cattle feeding must have been ruinous to them. In the drought of 1876-7 they eat all their children. In this tribe the possession of more than one mfe is absolutely forbidden, or n,aa before the coming of the Whites. Males and females are married at from fourteen to sixteen, but are not allowed to rear children until they get to be about thirty years of age; hence infanticide is general. Males are circumcised when about twelve years of age.

JUNCTION OF THOMSON & BAROOO RIVERS. 379

They scar the person about the same time. Two upper front teeth are knocked out, and the septum of the nose is pierced, and a bone or quill worn through the orifice.

The hair of the Birria tribe is straight, they chew pitcheree, and paint themselves white when in mourning. It is the custom to embrace, and it is said kiss, after a long separation.

...


No. 107.-VOCABULARY OF THE DIALECT OF THE

KUNGARDITCHI TRIBE.

Br J. HUGD'I', EsQ.

Kangaroo • Opouum •

Tame dog

• oatchira, coola. • warnanga, oo

thera.

Wild dog · dethee, oonatha. Ema • • coolperry. Black duck • • yellamoora. Wood duck- • goonary. Pelican • thirta. Laughing jackaaa Native companion goontheri. White cockatoo • mooramerry. Crow • • wawkerlo. Swan • • gootheroo. Egg • • oooourry. Track of a foot • thinna. Fish • • goombilla, gooya. Lobster Crayfish • boagalli, thorna-

Moequit.o • Fly • Snake·

ban. - noka. • moonthooan.

· thoolperoo, thiagara.

The Blacks • • oarooora, capo. A Blackfellow A Black woman • wondthowerry. Noae -

Hand· 2Blaob

3 Blacks

One •

Two · Three.

Four ·

Father

• murra.

• O&l'CO()l'I, barcoola.

• barcoola matina oarcoora

• matina, angaL

. barcoola boolara. · barcoola matina. . barcoola bar-

coola. • oopanya, moo-

naro, Mother • ominya.

Sister-Elder - coorcorminya. ,. Younger • pathanya.

Brother-Elder - goorkinya. ,, Younger

A young man • yiripie.

An old man • wongie. An old woman • wulko. A baby (male) • oomoo.

,, (female) . urtoo. A Whiteman Children •

Head • - bumbo. Eye Ear

• meyeL • munga.

JUNCTION OF THOMSON & BARCO() RIVERS. 381

Mouth - tyowa, thia. Boomera.ng- • yalka, babuberoo. Teeth- • yerra.ng, berra. Hill - - ree, weetyoo. Hair of the head- bungee. Wood- - wocb, rirlka. Beard - onga, nunka. Stone• • berry, ourdee. Thunder • bookura. Camp- • oora, wooira. Grau- • oondtha. Yee - - cardi. Tongue - thalang. No - walya. Stomach • aimella, mirra. I - boorko, nuthoo. Breulill - amma, ngamun. You - • ingowa, yinti. Thigh -moorta. Bark - • wathorra, pimr Foot - - thinna. birra. Bone • - etchewarra, Good - • barlo.

ooongoon. Bad - - wiltha. Blood - - ooorooka. Sweet-

Skin - dthuoarry, can- Food • • goonmango.

thirri. Hungry - wamaintha. Fat - dthootha. Thi.raty - wambawintha,

Bowela - warrawooroo. binganbundya.

Excrement - • goonna. Eat - - wonmanthoo,

War-spear· • moortya, canna. oarrinukeroo.

Reed-spear - Sleep - • beka, woonellera

Wommera or Drink- - ooothango.

throwing-stick Walk- • thango, wauwil-

Shield- - thumberoo. poora.

See - • manna, nockun-Tomahawk- - goabara, paining. thereena. Canoe- Sit - nanko. Sun - - moorie. Yesterday - - boob. Moon• - ullatha. To-day Star - - ooolaroo. To-morrow- - wiltka.

Light - Where are the wanthellioa, car

Dark. • bingell. Blacks! ooora!

Cold • gilea, moorana. I don't know - weeya. - Plenty • mirty, nokal.

Heat - • yowee, rinoung. Big - - wulko.

Da.y - - oothogun. Little - • napoondya.

Night• - gongongoo. Dead - - bookan, cotya-

Fire - - wichun, oorla. minni. Water - caooa. By-and-by - • wandthee, Smoke - mooyoo. Come on - oowally. Ground - thirna. Milk - • umma, ngamoon. Wind- - yarrika. Eaglehawk ~ - oorrowira, coori-Bain - • birta, yookun. adthilla. God - Wild turkey - goonging. Ghoeta • goondtha. Wife - • noopunya.


No. 107.-VOCA.BULARY OF THE KOONGBBB.I LANGUAGE.

BY J. Huo:nr, EaQ.

Kangaroo Opoeeum Tame dog Wild dog Emu Black duck·

. balcan. wanaonga.

deethee,

· koolperry. • yellamoon..

Wood duck • goonery. Pelican • thirta. Laughing jackua Native companion goontherra. White cockatoo • mooramerry. Crow• Swan -Egg. Track of a foot Fish • Lobister Crayfiah

• waukerlo. - kootero. - kookorry. . thinna. . goombilla.

- thoombur. Moequit.o - noka. Fly • moonan. Snake - - koorianorra. The Black.a • - ka.rkoora. A Blackfellow - ka.rkoora. A Black woman • Nose - . mingo.

Hand· 2 Blacb •

3 Blacb

One •

Two Three· Four •

• mum.. - brkoora

barcoola. - b&rooola murina

karkoora. . murina. -barcoola. • barcoola m11riDa. barcoola

barcoola. Father • thatanya. Mother • umeruinya. Sister-Elder - goorlturninya.

,, Younger • ba.thunga. Brother-Elder • goorldnia.

,, Younger A young man yiripy. An old man An old woman A baby A White man Children Head· Eye Ear •

walko. • oomoo.

• bumbo. • meyeL

• munga


No. 1117.-VOOABULABY OJ' THB KooNoBRBI LANouA.oB-CORtinuecl .

Mouth Teeth•

- thJa. - kirra or rirra.

Bair of the head - buntyoo. Beard - - nunka. Thunder - - bookura. 01'1188 -Tongue· St.omaoh Breaate Thigh Foot· l3one • Blood

Skin • Fat -Bowele Excrement -War-apear -&ed-■pear-

Wommeraor throwing-stick

- tallang. - mirra. - ngummun. • moorta.

- thinna.

- kurooka.

- thootha. - warramurra. - koonna. - kanna.

Shield - thumboora. TomahawkCanoe-Sun -Moon -Star -Light -Dark -Cold -Heat· Day -Night-Fire -Water

Smoke

Ground

Wind

Rain -

God -

Ghoete

- pa.lning.

- moori. - ullatha. - yeckee.

• bingel. • yirll. • warroong. • kothogum. - kulk&. - wichun.

-kacka. • mooyoo.

- thirna. • yarika.

• gooing.

Boomerang

Hill -Wood

Stone •

Camp -Yee -No

I You •

Ba.rk -Good.

Bad •

Sweet-

Food •

Hungry

Thirsty Eat .•

Sleep -

Drink

Walk -See

Sit

Yesterday -

To-day

• yalka.

- ree.

- wokka.

- berry. • oora.

- ietha.

- bombo.

- iowa. • enowa. - wathoora. - burlo.

- manyuthirrla.

- goomango. - womando.

- woonboweena. - wonmunthoo.

-beka.

- koothango.

- thango. - oonee. • inna.

- book&.

To-morrow - - wikka. Where a.re the wanthera

Blacb ? karkoora?

I don't know Plenty Big Little • Dead -By-and-by -

Come on Milk -EaglehawkWild turkey Wife -

- weeya. - mirty. • wulko. - napoodyeto. - boocanitya. • wanthee

wanthee, - kowally. • amma.

• corowera. • worka. • noopunga.

TBB AUSTRALIAN &ACE:

No. 107.-VOC.ABULARY OF THE BIRRIA LANGUAGE.

In thil TOCabalary compare Aeat and .fan. The -blanoe la an 'IDl

oommon one. In it alao we meet in ue the letter "· The phrue trad: qf a fool la not equivalent to fool limply, u generally happeu. FiM ia

rendered 1-amfJIOO, which uually meam toater, IO that alt.ogether I think 10me of the worda 1111N1liable.

Kangaroo - -pelgan. Hand - -mana.

Opoaam - woornanp. 2 Blacb Tame dog - 3Blacb Wild dog - tuti.

One - miriDa. Emu - kubane . -. Black duck- - peya. Two . - barkooloo.

Wood duck Three. • barkool marrar.

Pelican -t.arta. Four . - harkoola b&rkoola Laughing jaokaaa Father - tatanya. Native companion mulvani

Mother - narmaquia. White ooobtoo - murmarl.

Siater-Elder - koorkagni. Crow• - wawgala. Swan - ,, Younger - nabuku.

Egg - - kobrri. Brother-Elder - purghi. Track of a foot - migla. It Younger nathan&. Flab . - k&mmoo. A young ID&ll

Lobster An old ID&ll Crayfilh An old woman - waJso. Moequito . nab.

A baby • mararida. Fly - - moonan. Snake - kadi.

A Whiteman . TheBlacb- - mirti. Children

A Blaokfellow - mirti. Head - pumba.

A Black woman • muohmali. Eye - - me-il

NOBe . - mingoo. Ear - kurra.


No. 107.-VOCAJIULABY OJ' TBB Bill.RIA L.uiGUAOB-Cofttffltud,

Mouth - tya. Teeth - - yerra. Hair of the head - warqu. Beard - - D&Dg&.

ThllDder -01'11118 -Tongue Stomach Breast.a Thigh-Foot -Bone -Blood -Skin -Fat -Bowela Excrement -War-apear -Beed-apear -

- bnda. - taJli. - mirra. - ngamma. - tarra. - tbma. - ohiora. - karuga.

- tudda.

- koorna.

- kanni. - yalamba.

Wommera or warga. throwing-etiok

Shield - - pygilla. Tomahawk - - kulby. Canoe -SllD -M90n -Star -Light -Dark -Cold -Heat -Day -NightFire -Water Smoke Gro11Dd

WIDCl

Rain -God -Ghost.a

VOL. U.

- murra. - uallada. - yiohi.

- yelli. - wawgfn-nawgin.

- wawgfn. - kagoo. - trugoo.

- yarga. - kuguroo.

Boomerang

Hill -Wood

Stone -

Camp -Yea -No I You -

Bark -

Good -

Bad -Sweet-

Food -Hungry

Thirsty

Eat -

Sleep -Drink-

Walk -

See -Sit

- biboobooroo.

- wagga.

- pa.hi. - murra.

- wadura.

Yesterday -

To-day

To-morrow

Where are the Blaob?

I don't know Plenty

Big -Little -

Dead -By-and-by -

Comeon -

Milk -Eaglehawk

Wild turkey

Wife -ZB

BOOK THE NINTH.

2 B 2

BOOK THE NINTH.

PREFATORY REMARKS.

WE now begin with the manners and languages of the tribes which inhabit what I have termed the Eastern Division of the continent. Those brought nnder notice in this book a.re from the northern portion of the division. In this area circnmcision and the terrible rite are unknown except in one tribe. This is a most remarkable feature. It is to this area also we have confined the curious custom of the languages in many cases being named after their negative adverbs and in others the tribes. As regards the order in which I have numbered and described the tribes of the Eastern Division it is important to notice that though I have ta.ken them from ea.st to west and then from west to ea.st a.ltemately, and . so gradually descended south, that language shows the spread of the race in this locality to ha.ve been, roughly speaking, in several north and south lines, one of which followed the coast, another skirted the Central Division, there having been one or more in the interval between these two.

No. 108.-PRINCESS CHARLOTTE'S BAY, NORTH QUEENSLAND.

BY W. 0. HoDOXINSON, GoLDl'IELDS WARDEN, MAYTOWN.

THB following particulars concerning a tribe resident at Princess Charlotte's Bay were obtained by Mr. W. 0. Hodgkinson from a boy ten years of age called Mal, one of a couple captured in that locality. By whom the capture was effected Mr. Hodgkinson does not say, and probably does not know, for it is not at all an unusual circumstance

390 TRB AtJ8"l'ILALIA1' RACB:

in !forth Queensland for a boy of tender years to be eeized by a White man, taken away from his tribe and country, and brought op as a stockman or station hand, in which capacity his excellent sight and powers of tracking animals render him specially useful The country of Mal's tribe is called Mokinna. The men of it practise canruoalism, and Mal's ears are pierced for the reception of some ornament.

Amongst the few words obtained from the child we have kulka for war-spear, a word which with some alterations we meet with in several parts of the continent. The equivalent.a of .fire and 1Cood also differ bot slightly, which is a very common feature in our languages. There is but one word for atar and amoke. We have seen that another tribe look on the Magellan clonds as smoke.

No. 108.-PRINCfflS CHARLOT'l'E'S BAY.

Kangaroo · yearpee. Hand - - boolom. 0pou111D . Tame dog Wild dog Emu • Black duck· Wood duck-Pelican

· koolan.

. guarga. -boongil.

Laughing jackua kurnpul Native companion bundeela. White cockatoo - wattalla. Crow - - telpee. Swan• Egg • - emil Track of a foot - takko. Fish -Lobeter Crayflah -

• wunpoo.

Moequito • - bulbul. Fly • Bnake-The BlacbA Blackfellow

- JeerlUD,

A Black woman -Noee - - muntyin.

3Blacb One -Two -Three· Four -Father Mother Sister-Elder

t1 Yowiger • Brother-Elder -

t1 Yomiger A young man An old man An old woman -A baby A White man - parra. Children -Head -Eye -Ear •

- mea. - toontree. - )'impa.

PRIN~ CHARLOTl'E'S BAY. 391

No. 108.-PluNCESS CllARLO'l."l'E's BAY-continued.

Month -bma. Boomerang• • winche.

Teeth - - knmmnn. Hill . Hair of the head- mea. Wood- . yoompa. Beard- - watt.a. Stone• . koola. Thunder Camp- . wippe. 01'1111 - Yee Tongue • darbi. No Stomach .. - toolka. I Breaata - chacha. Yon Thigh- - pnhn. Bark Foot - - takko. Good • Bone - Bad . Blood- Sweet-Skin - Food . Fat - Hungry Bowela Thirsty Excrement• Eat w a.r-apear • . knlka.

Sleep · Reed-Bpe&l" •

Drink-Throwing-nick • botch&.

Walk· Shield • cheege.

See -Toma.ha.wk - • wakko. Sit

Canoe- • t&ndi Sun . • wootcha. Yeeterd&y ·

Moon- . arpe. To-day

Star . . tnmpe. To-morrow•

Light· Where a.re the Dark Blacka? Cold . I don't know Heat Plenty Day Big Night- Little• Fire . . ynma.

Dead • Water

By-and-by -Smoke . tnmpa. Ground Come on -Wind- Milk -Rain . Eaglehawk-

God . Wildtnrkey

Ghoete Wife -

No. 109.-ENDEAVOUR RIVER.

Br CilT.lllf Coo11: ill>~ P. P. Kme.

TIIB following short vocabnlaries are erlracted. the first from the account of Oaptain Cook's Voyages, as set out in The Voyage of GO'DeNU)t" Phillip to Botaft!! &y, published in 1790, and the second from Captain P. P. King's Su,rc,ey of the C<><Ut of Auatralia. Meul = eye and gulka = ,pear are the only terms common in Australia which appear in these vocabularies. Several of the words, however, are met with in the vocabularies of Cape York, of the Granite Bange at the head of the Mitchell, and of Weary Bay. I have not been able to obtain any original information from this neighbourhood. Remarks on the word kangaroo have been made at page 27, vol. I.

BacUab-

Head -Hair -Eyea . . Ean Noee -Tongue

Beard -Banda-Thigha -Feet -Cockatoo Sun . Fire - -Aman Canoe -Sit -Dog -Blood -Wood-Father-

C&plllln Oook.

Wageegee. Morye -M.eul . Melea -Bonjoo -Unjar. Wallar-Marigal. Coman. Edamal. Wanda. Gallan • Mea.nang. Ba.ma, bamma. Mariga.u Taka.i, t.oca.yL Cotta, kota. Garmbe. Yocou. Dunjo.

OllplalD P. P. JDDir.

- Monah. Me-ell, caree. M.ilbh. Em.erada, pote-er.

Wollah.

- Ma.rapn.

ENDEAVOUR RIVER • 393

.ICq]llh. o.pwn Oook. CApWn P. P. Klna'-

Woman . . . MootjeL :Bone . . . B&ityebal. Teeth · . Mul~re or mble . Molea.r. ~ . Coyor. Stomach . . . Glppa. Kangaroo . Kangooroo . . . M~uillh. Fi.ah . Po~ Water• . . Poorai . Earth · Poa-poa. Spear - . Gulka. Wommera . . . Melpairo • Eat . Boota, yatta. Drink. . Chuohala. Sit - Tue&i.

Sleep - . Poon&. Come hither Hala, ID.MS. A fly . . . . Tabugp, ohapaua.

No. 110.-WEARY BAY. BY TlloMAS HuoBES, EsQ.

A VOCABULARY of the language spoken at W ea.ry Bay and a few facts connected with the tribes in that locality have been kindly forwarded to me by Mr. Thomas Hughes. Several tribes, whose habits are but imperfectly known, live in association on the shores of Weary Bay and the country immediately adjacent. Their names a.re Bnlpoonarra, Koone.re., Wolburra, Moolburra, Moo-arm, Yoke.rm, Ikkarra, Yekka.rra., Amaggi, and Geuga.gi. With the exception of having wooden ca.noes with outriggers (whether ma.de by themselves or obtained from the Ma.lays or others is not stated), there seems to be nothing to distinguish these from other Australian tribes. Thus, cannibalism is practised ; their arms are spears, shields, and clubs, which they smear with red ochre and grease ; they make the usual nets and bags, have reed necklaces, and dance the corroboree. They


also knock out one or more teeth in youth, scar the skin, and subject the young males to certain secret ceremonies. Circumcision, the terrible rite, and the marks of small-pox are not met with in this neighbourhood. Food, which consists chiefly of yams, roots, and fruits, is plentiful in the country of these tribes.

Turning to the vocabulary, we find kooea =fish; ,aurrr.i = hand,· meil = eye; kullta =spear; also that milk and breasu a.re expressed by the same word, bibi ; and that there is but one word for foot and track of a foot-all Australian peculiarities more or less widely spread. Bumma = Blackfellmo is found with little alteration in the same sense at Endeavour River, and on the head-waters of the Walsh and Mitchell Rivers.

No. 110.-WEARY BAY.

By THOMAS HUGHES, EsQ.

Kangaroo . - darbar. Hand· - murra. Opoeaum -.kokoren. 2 Blacks - mlUlllll8l'II Tame dog • kai-a.. bumma. Wild dog . 3 Blacks . - kollur bumma. Emu - - korundi. One . - nobin. Black duck- - kalmaira. Two • mummera. Wood duck- Three• • kollur. Pelican - bulwarra.. Four Laughing jackass

.

Native companion Fa.ther • nundin.

White cocka.t.oo • bemba.. Mother • na.mmo.

Crow - • wa.tta.. Sister-Elder -pappar. Swan• "

Younger • booba.. Egg - - dewan. Brother-Elder . yabba. Track of a. foot - bena. ,, Younger yabbado. Fish . • kooea.. A young man -warroro • Lobster An old man • binanugh. Crayfish An old woman - gumb&-gumba. Mosquito .

A baby . gungal. Fly

A White man • wangar • Sna.ke • • tingalmo. The Blacks· • bumma. Children - gungal.

A Blackfellow - bumma. Hea.d • . tokal.

A Black woman • dalbo. Eye - meil. Noee • Ear . • mitka.buggir •

WBARY BAY.

No. 110,-WLUtY BAY-contintud.

Mouth • unbrga. Teeth - noman. Hair of the head-

Beard - - wallar. Thunder -Gram -Tongue

Stomach • Breute Thigh. Foot -Bone -Blood-

Skin -Fa.t -Bowels ExcrementW ar-epea.r • &ed-epea.r-

- morban. - karra.ra.. - tea.ll. - tep&r.

- bibL - na.rir. - tienna.. - paggeboy.

• youa.lban.

• wondole,

- towal. - dada. - kulka.

w ommera. or teka.ra. throwing-etick

Shield - toppar, wainbil.

Tomaha.wk - • tea., buba.

Canoe- • berongaboy.

Sun • - ungar. Moon - - kita.r. Sta.r • - t.owa.r. Light· - ungar. Dark • - woltour. Cold - kiwal. Heat -Day -NightFire -Water Smoke

Ground

Wind

Rain -God -Gbons

- wa.tcbil, kungin. - banna. Of' bauna..

- nalgo.

- gobo.

- koolnar.

- bppar.

Boomerang

Hill -

Wood

Stone

Camp-Yea

No I You -Ba.rk Good •

Ba.d -Sweet

Food • Hungry

Thirsty Eat -Sleep • DrinkWalk -

See -Sit y eaterda.y .

To-day

To-morrow-

- wongai. • munjal.

• toko. . kulgai.

• yamba.

- yho.

- ka.rrir. • ngio.

- yoono.

• bital. - mimii.

- warra.r.

- talbo. • mena.. • taquey,

• wawoll.

• nooa.1.

- wa.rungo. • nooa.1.

- not.orl. • niobal.

- bundy,

- yeell.

- neoo,

Where are the yrudowondo

Blacks? bumma !

I don't know

Plenty

Big -

Little•

Dead •

By-and-by -

Comeon -

Milk -

Eaglehawk

Wild turkey

Wife -

• wontong,

- kokora.

• terl.

- buban,

- wolla.i.

- tooma.

• kuttai. - bibL

• kural.

-munna.r.

395

TBB AUSTRALLUI' RACB:

No. 111.-AKOONXOON, PALMER RIVER.

THB following vocabulary and short account of the Mirkin tribe were forwarded to me by Jtlr. Edward Palmer.

The country of this tribe, which extends from Palmerville to the junction of the Palmer and Mitchell, is stated to have been first occupied by the Whites in 1874, Mr. Palmer becoming personally acquainted with it in 1878. In 1884, the Mirkin tribe had not yet been "let in," as the phrase goes ; in other words, the Whites were still at war with them, many having been shot down in retaliation for spearing horses and cattle. From whom the vocabulary which follows was obtained is not stated, but Mr. Palmer mentions a woman of the tribe being domesticated on his station, and it may have been from her. Of the few customs detailed but a small portion are of interest. Cannibalism and infanticide, it is stated, both prevail ; the tribe is divided into fonr classes in connection with marriage laws; some of the people have their bodies scarred; circumcision is not practised; two teeth are knocked out; fish is procured by spearing, and aleo by poisoning waterholes ; and a drink is said to be made from the Eucalyptus tetrodonta and water (as well as some other plants) for the cure of fever. This is a curious fact, if correct.

As regards the vocabulary, it contains few of the features genera.I in our languages. The equivalents of mother, apear, and you are, however, undoubtedly Australian in root. Fire and mood are expressed by one word, bretUta and millt, by

A.KOONKOON, PALMER RIVER. 397

another ; and there are distinct terms for elder and younger brothers and elder and younger sisters, all of which are common features in the languages of this continent. Atkurur = pelican is found on the Norman River.

In my long list of related tongues, of which, I am afraid, even the ethnologist will grow weary, many, nevertheless, present certain minor features of their own. As a rule, time has been wanting to draw attention to details of this sort, and the student has been left to discover them for himself. It may, however, be noticed here that in some of the vocabnlaries the. words generally comprise many syllables, in others but few; that in a third, r as an initial sound is common ; and in a fourth the ck is absent, and so on. In the vocabnla.ry of the Mirkin, the peculiarity is an unusual prevalence of o aud oo as initial sounds. In this as in the last vocabulary eat and drink have but one word to express them.

398 THE AUSTB.A.LIAN RA.CE :

No. 111.-PALIIER RIVER.

Kangaroo . · lnnar . Hand • - irre. 0p018UDl • oolon. 2Blacb - imm1 impa. Tame dog 3 Blacb - imm1 aroollto. Wild dog -oot&. One - appool. . Emu - oorooba.

Two - impa. Black duck - onoogi. Wood duck

Three. - aroollto.

Pelican • atharoo. Four - - abunjL

Laughing jackua Father - atheem. Native oompanion ingibbL Mother - among. White oookatoo - enbogunby. Slater-Elder -thappa. Crow - . atba.

Younger - ejeeja . Swan -

.. Brother-Elder · athll.

Egg - - a.nthool Track of a foot - amul. " Younger amoko.

Flab . - oyi. A young man - agannoong.

Lobeter An old man • oolpa. Crayflah - omothoo. An old woman Moaquito - ombolum. A baby - awillung . Fly • amin.

A Whiteman Snake - oloor.

Children The Blacks -A Blackfellow - bmni. Head - . ambogo,

A Black woman - aruntha. Eye - immun.

Noee . • omo. Ear . - innur.

AKOONKOON, PALMER RIVER.

No. 111.-PALKBB RlvB:B-eontinued.

Mouth - amitting. Teeth - - ookool. Hair of the head • allung. Beard - - aworko. Thunder -GraBB -Tongue St.omach Breuta Thigh-Foot • Bone -Blood·

Skin • Fat -

Bowela Excrement• War-spear -Reed-spear -

Throwing-stick Shield TomahawkCanoe-Sun -Moon -Star • Light -

Dark -Cold •

Heat -Day -Night-

Fire -Water

- ooldn. - elpin. - oroom.

- onyong. - amathling. - a.nnil. - okko. - onyel. - atteen. - ongue.

- oothun. - ulka.

- ombone. - koolmurra. - egau.

- etha. - thargau. - ilbannoong.

- ilboong. - oloorgo.

- atha.

- ethuttaga.

· oomar.

Boomerang

Hill -

Wood

Stone -

Camp-

Yee · No I

You -Bark -

Good -Bad Sweet

Food • Hungry

Thiraty

&t -Sleep -

Drink

Walk -

See -Sit Yesterday -To-day

• mulka.rra.

- jakkaro. • oomar.

- oolkon.

• ogne.

- yowo. • anunoha.

- mun.

- inoo. - oonkll.

- oonge.

- inthe. . inboo.

• athenning. - ange.

• lngky.

- athatbi.

- enthul

- athathi.

- agnllaki.

- tart!.

- anunba. - amilmean.

To-morrow • • oloong.

Where are the

Blacka? I don't know

Plenty

Big

Little -

Dead -

- ingam.

• otchoo.

• oolbin.

399

- ogno. Smoke - orkoon. By-and-by -

Come on

Milk -

Eaglehawk

Wild turkey

Wife -

• oloolbina.nga.

Ground • ogooe.

Wind - - olboongol - oyong.

Rain - - ogno.

God -Ghoat.s - 1nmann1ng,uo.

400 THB AUSTRALIAN RACE:

No. 112.-THE LYND RIVER. BY w. 0. K. HILL, EsQ., GoLDl!'IBLDS WABDEN, GJWBGBTOWJI.

THB following information concerning the Queearibnrra tribe was forwarded to me by Mr. W. 0. K. Hill, who obtained it from Mr. F. C. Urquhart, Sub-inspector of Native Mounted Police. Burra, the termination of the tribal ne.me, will be seen to be a very common one amongst the tribes which inhabit the country between the Bnrdekin and the sea. This tribe, it is said, roams over a large area, frequenting the ranges at the head of the Lynd in the summer or wet season, and the ea.st coast in winter. But the imperfect acquaintance we have with tribes in this neighbourhood, and the conflicting accounts we receive of the boundaries of their territories, renders it an impossibility to me.p them with any accuracy.

This portion of Queensland the Whites began to occupy in 1872, and in 1883 the Queearibnrra. tribe was estimated by Mr. Urquhart to consist of 800 women, 270 men, and a very few-say 100-children. Assuming this estimate of the women to have been correct, and that the females of the tribe had remained unaltered since 1872, I should set down the Queeariburra population at the date of our occupation to have been 2,400 men, 800 women, and 1,600 children, or

• 4,800 persons in all, which I consider to be a decidedly excessive figure. However this may be, Mr. Urquhart attributes the great falling off in numbers to the rifie and syphilitic diseases introduced by the Whites. From his account I gather further the following facts.

The Queearibnrra, like all -the tribes in this part of Queensland, go naked. They use both the boomerang and wommera, which, together with their clubs, a.re profusely painted and carved. One of their principal articles of diet is the root of the lily. That they e.re cannibals my inform.ant he.a had ocular demonstration. No marks of small-pox exist, but measles, contracted no doubt from us, have raged amongst them, and indeed between 1860 (and perhaps earlier) and 1883, many tribes in various portions of

THE LYND RIVER. 401

Anstralia. are known to have suffered severely from this disease. The following are names of individnals of the tribe: Men: Boango, Milgarday, and Jerubo. Women: Olonothanga, Wyoola, and Thaloogi. The males, in exchange for their daughters and sisters, obtain as wives the girls of other tribes, some of whom are said to become mothers so early as eleven years of age. Their children, as in all other cases in Australia, belong to the tribe of the father. Bronchitis is said to be the disease most prevalent. This people ornament themselves with scars and knock out two front teeth, but neither circumcise nor pierce the septum of the nose. Neither pitcl,eree nor any other narcotic is known amongst them. Fish are taken with hooks, epearst and nets. Elaborat.e ceremonies are in nee on the occasion of young males being accorded the privileges of men. The tribes whose lands bound those of the Qneeariburra are the Morrnburra., Illa.gone., and W arrialgona.

The attached vocabulary is a very imperfect one, and evidently hardly t.o be relied on. It will be noticed, however, by readers acquainted with the Ridley's Kamilaroi that the Queeariburra is the most northerly tribe, so far as known, by which Murri is used as the equivalent of tl,e Black, or a Blac/ifelllmJ.

No. 112.-LYND RIVER.

Kangaroo • ava.rinowo. An old woman • ray-molinga. Opoesum - mollullo. A baby • mooloo-mooloo. Tame dog . podgoro. A Whiteman • jorujaragee. Wild dog . • goro. Teeth· . marra-marra. Crow . braja. Tomahawk- . manyi-gogee. Track of a foot • biohqu, Fire • booandara. Fly . • nyun-nyun .

Yee • yanga (g aoft). TheBlacka- • murri. .

A Blackfellow • mali. No - • numbea.

A Black woman • molinga. Hungry . koi-il-lana.

One . . nyana. Where are the yungoe murri f

Two . • noyuona, Blackat

A young man - jolaja. I don't know • nyan-nyan.

An old man • jolajengaray. Dead • -wongi.

VOL. D, 20

402 THE AUSTRALIAN It.ACE:

No. 113.-GRANITE RANGE, CWSE TO THE HEAD

OF THE MITCHELL RIVER .A..""'D EAST OF THE

HODGKINSON GOLDFIELDS.

BY H. M. Mownu, E8Q.

Tms account of the tribe which inhabits the granite range, close to the head of the Mitchell River, as well as the accompanying vocahnlary, I owe to the kindness of H. M. Mowbray, Esq., Goldfields Commissioner on the Hodgkinson diggings, whose residence in the locality dates from 1874, about six years back from the time I write.

The name of the tribe is not known to my informant. He describes it as having been numerous, but now much reduced by its frequent encounters with the Native Police a.nd the settlers, as well as by diseases introduced by the Whites. Individuals of this tribe live to be very old, and Mr. Mowbray mentions one whose hair has grown quite white, and who is blind from age, and seems, as far as he can judge, to be 80 or perhaps 90 years of age. They wear no clothing of any sort, but when the nights are cold cover themselves with bark of the ti-tree, and sleep surrounded by little fires. But though they go naked, they adorn themselves with feathers in the hair, diamond-shaped pieces of crystallized quartz round the neck, and necklaces of cockle-shells. They aJso smear the skin with a mixture of grease and rnddle, especio.lly when the March :flies are troublesome, and with pipe-clay and white ashes when dancing the corroboree. The women have a variety of bags, ma.de of grass, bark, or reeds, and the men a sort of bag-net, constructed without knots. They have also tomahawks of ground stone, with double cane handles ; spears, some of iron-tree and others of reeds or grass-tree, tipped with that wood ; also wooden swords between three and four feet in length ; boomerangs which return when thrown ; and wommeras or throwing-sticks. Their weapons are sometimes elaborately carved, inlaid with shells, and

GRANITE RANGE, HEAD OF MITCHELL RIVER. 403

polished with wild fig-tree leaves. For knives they have, as usual, sharp pieces of quartz. Their food in great measure consists of ya.ms, fruits, nuts, kangaroo, eggs, fish, &c. They cook on the coals, and also in ovens of a temporary nature, using heated stones, and covering them and the food with bark of the ti-tree, and afterwards with earth in the orthodox way. Boys and women are forbidden to eat certain sorts of food. After a death in the tribe, women must abstain from meat for several months, when the young men are specially enjoined not to make them presents of game. No marks of small-pox have been noticed.

The peculiarity of this tribe-for most tribes have some peculiarity-is the extent to which they carry. cannibalism. Mr. Mowbray informs me that he has found them roasting and ea.ting their own children. Prior to the coming of the Whites, children were killed for the most trivial offences, such as for accidentally breaking a weapon as they trotted about the camp. Marriages are made either within or without the tribe, but not between near relatives. The men are allowed to marry at about twenty, and the females have husbands forced on them when mere children. Some of the men have as many as three wives, usually obtained in exchange for female relatives. The principal diseases are syphilitic, even the children having what is described as rottenness of the groin. These, there is no doubt, originated with the Whites. Fever also occurs, and is treated by bleeding the head. This tribe scar both sexes on the chest and stomach. They do not circumcise. When the males are made young men-which occurs at about twenty years of age-the right upper tooth is knocked out, the septum of the nose is pierced, and a bit of reed worn through it. The usual superstition about rain-making exists, for perhaps every tribe has a conjnror, one of whose accomplishments is making rain by incantation.

Rude drawings of men, kangaroo, moons, and other things are executed with red ochre,. but there are no drawings of women.

2C2


Some of the dead are buried, and others eaten, and their bones wrapped in ti-tree bark, and tied up with twine. Over these they often sing in a mournful manner, weeping and fas~ing. To denote mourning the women wear twine, wound over one shoulder and under the other. Their wars generally originate in thefts of females, the assailants sneaking on their foes and spearing them whilst asleep. Relatives kiss each other after a long absence.

It is noticeable that in the Additional Words we have word mappoon signifying lagoon, and that Wappoon is the native name of the River Loddon in Victoria. "To dive" in the Additional Words is rendered molla, which, in the Bangerang language, means water.

This language is evidently near akin to, but not identical with, that at the head of the Walsh River. One or two words, amongst others the equivalent of man, which is a most important word for establishing the affinity or otherwise of tribes, show that this language is also related to that of the Endeavour River. The negative kurree appears also with little change on the Diamantina and elsewhere.

No. 113.-ADDITIONAL WORDS.

Hard - - dundee. Carpet sna.ke - kunyaka. Soft . - kimma. Lagoon . wappoon. Sore - patchy. Sha.de· - wapoor. Close - - hurry. Kiss . . poimpee . Uncle• - kullgna. Cry . - p&lt.oonee • Grandmother - kummee La.ugh- - munka.

(ngummee ?). Climb- • wantindy. Gra.ndfa.ther - ngutchee. Ti-tree bark - wukka. Cousin - warree. Dilly-bag - wanchoo. Wild geese - - wooppa. Horse - • diarree. Stand up . - ta.nninnee. Ta.ii . - pitchee • Native hut - - ki-yimba. Louse - - kallee. Corroboree - - ooloomoonka. Club - - doori. Fight - - koolee. Wooden sword - wucli Oven - • koorma. Fish spear . . yirrimba. Bread - - woolta.. Sick . - kucka. . Ring-tailed pittoon. White- - keroo.

opossum Black - - ta.rkoo.

GRANITE RANGE, HEAD OF HITCBBLL RIVER. 405

No. 113.-ADDITIONAL Wo~tnmd.

Roan - - tuntnn. Urine • - kuppee. Dig - - puckelmi Cover up - - nunt.elmi. Take lt up - - wanty-chalmi Throat - mannoo. Crooked - rurrunjerree. Blend • - mee-i moppun. Running stream - tooan. River - - warrippa. Plain - - wallingar. Flat country - bollo. Rainbow - pampo. Dust • • tappoo. Boggy - - jerpo. Undemand (see binna.

Ear) Stupid Make afireHoney Beee' neat Small bee Large bee :0-'wax •

- binna pooyan. - oomy watchoo. . dilka. - calimpa. - wurran. . tuppoo. - koopun doori.

Cypre88 pine • kulptll'-woor. Swim - - yungoomy. Dive - - wolla. Scrub tlll'key - dooan. MOlll'ning twine murrunkee. worn by women

Bark wrapped round the bonee of the dead

wuloan.

V e8881 to dip tupa-tupa. wat.er

Grus-tree stick burn. for making fire by friction

Stinging-tree - millee. Sting or burn Morning Evening Crush. Sweatlronbark-tree

- watcheeohee. - nurkuppa. . ell. . tootalml. - jilloo. . roorikan.

Box-tree - derree. Ironwood-tree - wukkoor. Smell (aee Sweet) jilla.

FOOD.

Large yam which tutee like quinine hooki when cooked

Fig-tree, with &p on stem• • ngooli. Small fig-tree - - chattamall. Two kinda of lily roota. growing in narroobukkan and t.ellohur.

freeh-water lagoons Yam like arrowroot -Yam tasting like tob&ooo Yam plentiful in wet ll88IIOD8

purgative

koonjingna. • poondi.

and pullcha.

Nuta crushed and made into bread wurrumbil.

NillBB OJ' MBN.

Kinyoo. Hogabla. Tallo, lmbermo. W aggerinya. Derkoo. Wuoka.

NillBB OJ' Wolml't'. Cherabolloo. Turrauttaka. Y=unday. Porpinda. Tattaburry. Pankurmilmutchy. W ooraptohin.

.

THE A.U8TB.ALIAN BA.CB:

No, 113.-0RANITE RANGE, HEAD OF MITCHELL B.IVEB..

BY H. M. MowBJU.Y, EaQ.

L.ngaroo . • minya.

Opoeaum . • yowwa.

Tame dog . - Ida. Wild dog . Emu - • pa.nyan.

Black duck• - nilli·nillL Wood duck-Pelica.n • tilture. Laughing jaokau wakooka. Native oompanlon worrumbuL White oookat.oo • ki-eecha. Crow• Swan -Egg -Track of a foot

Fish -Lobster Crayfish M011quito • Fly

• watch&.

• derinya. • booree. - kooyu.

• mucheeoan. • punoha. • burra-burra.

Snake• • yarram. The Blacks • • pumma. A Blackfellow • pumma. A Black woman kunjee ; (middle

(young) aged) talpo. N011e • • koowoo.

Hand. -marra.

2Blacb • pumma mumurra.

3Blacb . pumma brtu.

One . - nupun .

Two . • mnm1ll'l'II.

Three. . kartn.

Four . • wappilly .

Father • nunchun.

Mother • amoo.

Slater-Elder • pappa.

,, Younger • pappa.

Brother-Elder • yuppa.

,, Younger yuppa.

A young man • jirrai.

An old man • bing&.

An old woman • borra.

A baby • jampeer.

A White man • beeroo-beeroo.

Children -

Head· Eye

Ear

• dungoo.

• mee-i.

• binna,.

GRANITE RANGE, BEAD OF MlTCllELL RIVER. 407

No. 113.-0:B.Ufln R&No:s, HJW> o:r MrroBBLL B.Ivn-continuecl.

Mouth • jowa "'" jiwa. Boomerang • • wangee. Teeth • Hill • • yilimbo. Ha.Ir of the head- moonka.

Wood- - t.oko. Beard- • walla.

Stone· • oh'llllker. Thunder . Gr1111. - bookan.

Camp- - yampa.

Tongue • nappil. Yea . - yae.

Stomach • juppa. No - kurree.

Breuta . pippee. I • niyoo.

Thigh- • t.atta. You . - yunt.o • Foot - • jinn&. Bark - - woolunga. Bone - • durree. Good. • minnee. Blood· • kerkun. Bad . • nooyan. Skin . • yulpan. Sweet- - minnee. Fat . • toopun • Food· Bowell • burroo. Hungry - wonkL Exoremeut- • tatta. War-spear· - kulka. Thirsty • wawoo.

Reed-spear • • pappoor. Eat . - nookummee.

Wommera or takowanchaleni, Sleep • • wooni.

throwing-stick murkoo. Drink- - wookummee. Shield- - kunjurin. Walk- · dunganee. Tomahawk- • wyambi. See . • naoheeohee. Canoe- Sit - poondandee. Bun . . unga. Yesterday • - yella jerpojerpa. Moon· • reetchur. To-day • nike. Star . - kooroopitche • To-morrow- • jerpojerpa. Light· • ulnoor.

Where are the werjimpa pumma? Dark· • peetchur.

Blacks? Cold . • wakuree .

• wanohum karilla. Heat· • ulptn. I don't know

Da.y . • imgaranga. Plenty • wapilly.

Night· - peetchur. Big . - muohan.

Fire . • humee "'"oomy • Little• • poopi.

Water • patna. Dead. • oolln.

Smoke - koopoo. By-and-by· - tum.ma.

Ground • borra. Come on • kutta.

Wind- • koomge. Milk - • parumba.

Rain - • patna. Eaglehawk - • yellingar.

God . Wild turkey • nunda.

GhOlta Wife - • munya.

THE AUBTRALIAN RACE:

No.114.-NEAB THE HEAD OF THE WALSH RIVER.

THx following particulars concerning a tribe located near the head of the Walsh River, in the Cook District of Queensland, as also the att&ched vocabulary, which resembles a good deal that of the Gilbert, I owe to the kindness of Mr. John Atherton.

The country of this tribe, Mr. Atherton informs me, was occupied as a squatting station in 1876, and the attacks made by the Blacks on the stock led to a considerable slaughter of the original possessors of the soil. This tribe wear no clothes. Some amongst them seem to have reached the age of 70 or 80 years. They have small bags made of cane, and others of strong grass. Their tomahawks are ground, and have handles of cane wrapped round them, and secured in the usual way. The boomerang is not in use, but long wooden swords, wommeras, and shields a.re, and are nicely painted. For cutting, they use pieces of quartz. Kangaroo are speared, and taken in pits. When pushed for food, the people resort to cannibalism. Polygamy is in vogue, and marriages occur both within and without the tribe. The females have children, it is thought, as early as twelve years of age. Infanticide ha.a al ways been practised in the tribe. They scar the skin, and pierce the septum of the nose. Their dead are sometimes burnt, and sometimes

NEAR THE BEAD OF THE W ALSB RIVER. 409

buried; but it is common in this and in several other tribes on the Mitchell and Palmer to carry about the bones of the dead for some months, wrapped up in ti-tree bark. This people sometimes kiss when saluting, and make rude paintings, whether on sheets of bark or on slabs of stone Mr. Atherton does not say.


No. 11'--NEAR THE BEAD OF THE W AIBB RIVER.

Kangaroo • yuree. Band- -mull&. <>pc-um - - kuthera. 2Blacb . Tamedog . 3 BJacb Wild dog . -cundoo. One - - werrb&. Emu - • cubbaree.

Two - booleny. Blackduck· • ooobaree.

I -Wood duck-

Three- - koorberra.

Pelican • kunumbirra. Four - - moorka.

Laugbmgjackua· brcoburra. Father . kiana. Native companion kooloora. Mother - yabana. White oocbt.oo • kiambulla. Sister-Elder - yabooroo. Crow - . wut-thagun.

Younger - ngiey. Swan• "

Brother-Elder • moogin&. Egg . • goo-gooje. Tra.ck of a foot • dinna. .. Yomiger burrguun •

Fiah - - kooyoo. A young man - murrgurra. Lohllter An old man - birmga. Crayfish An old woman • tum.by. Moequito - - tballow(?). A baby - ngunga. Fly - - moonool.

A Whiteman • migooloo. Snake • thumble. The Blacka- - moorka. Children -A Black.fellow - bamma. Bead - - kut-thul

A Black woman - wurrguoo. Eye - - dilly.

Noae - - kootha. Ear - -munga.

NEAR THE HEAD OF THE WALSH RIVER. 411

No. 114.-NKAB THB liliD o:r TBB W ALBB Rlvn-rontinmd.

:Mouth- • thowa. Teeth - - leera. Hair of the head- moora. Beard - . thulba. Thunder Ora.. Tongue St.omaoh Jkeasta Thigh. Foot -:Bone Blood -Skin -Fat :Bowelll Excrement -War-spear ·

Reed-spear -Wommera or

throwing-stick ShieldTomahawk -Canoe -Sun :Moon •

Star -Light -Dark -Cold Heat Day Night -Fire .

WaterSmoke-Ground Wind -Rain .

God •

Ohoet&

- oheekooroo. . yakoo. - thullung, . boongirr. . ngammoon. . yungurra. . dinna.

- baibun. - kooma. - thilly. - thummy, - thoothoor, - goona. . kulka.

oomboon.

• piokin. . yappa.

. kurry,

- bullanoo. . boorrgunga. . ngunda. - goonda. - kittoor, - bangine. • ngilla. - goondunga. . birree.

- komoo, kamoo,

- thooka, ohooka. - nunny. - yookun. - komoo. • goen.

. goon.

Boomerang -Hill .

Wood -

Stone -

Camp.

Yea No

I You Bark Good

Bad Sweet -Food -Hungry Thirsty Eat

Sleep -Drink.

Walk -See Sit Yesterday To-day To-morrow -

Where are the Blaok.B?

I don't know

Plenty Big Little · Dead •

By-and-by -Come on Milk • Eaglehawk -

Wild turkey

Wife

. wunguL

. hurry,

- thoola. . hurry,

• yumbunga.

- yo-i. . kurra. • ngia, ngoongool. . inda. • bulgun.

~ thurreburra.

• wurgoo. . bunga.

- kooyee. - oora.

- oothalgoo .

- ooka.

• oothalgo (same as to eat) .

. yanninga. nguka.

. nginna. • oorrgooloo. . ngilla. - goondamoo .

wia bamma?

- kurra ngia ngugga.

- moorga. - moongarroo • - wobbooroo, - oolunga.

- ngully yunnagoo, -ngammoon,

• goonoomully,

- boor-bai-ey,

412 TBB A.U8TRALIAN RACE:

No. 115. - COUNTRY ABOUT THORNBOROUGH

DIGGINGS, AND NEAR THE HEAD OF

THE MITCHELL.

BY 0. W. HoooJWIBON, EaQ., GoLDl'DILDB W.ABDBN.

Tml following voca.bulary, kindly forwarded to me by Mr. 0. W. Hodgkinson, has several points of interest. It cont.a.ins the sounds of the letters v, g, and cl,; its equivalent for BlaclifellmD is found in the neighbourhood of Peake Downs, and those of foot, milk, 1Dar-8pear, no, and wife, but little altered, in various parts of the Australian continent.

No. 115.--00UNTRY ABOUT THORNBOROUGH DIGGINGS, ETC.

BY O. W. HoDGJWIBON, F.sQ.

Kangaroo - - nombO-vodmook. Hand - - milrri. Opoeaum - -yod 2 Blacka -Tame dog • - kiyL 3 Blacka -Wild dog - - the 1111me. One - - noobttn. Emu - - p11njtln. Two - chffmbooloiS. Black duck- - nyellI-nyellI. -Wood duck- Three- - kootchoo.

Pelican - chilrd. Four - - chilngortchi.

Laughing jackaaa w&ko-glt Father - 11ngttn.

Nativecompanion koorohil. :Mother - nimo. White cocka.t.oo - kehiA. Sister-Elder - kllmmeglt Crow - wtchttkl.

" Younger - pirbl1rrlf.. Swan Brother-Elder - y&bbttr. Egg - 11nglt

" Youngeryabooga.

Track of a foot - chind. A young man - wooditchi Fiah . - kt1mmA. pAmgoo. Lohllter An old man - pAngit~ Crayfish - - chiiilwiggK. An old woman - kilm~ :Mosquito - - tlngiiil. Fly - . kiiminK. A baby - poorpi. Snake- - kilpe. A Whiteman - mtllloo (?).

The Blacka· - n&tchin Children - - nimwillkl.

A Blackfellow - pamma. Head· - ttlngo. A Black woman - moolimiiolL Eye - mirrl. Noee - - wtmo. Ear - pumi.

COUNTRY ABOUT THORNBOROUGH DIGGINGS. 413

No. 115.-CoUNTBY ABOUT TBOB.NBOROUGB Dioonms, rro.--ronttnued.

Mouth - chiilln. Boomerang - - wongttl. Teeth - - tirri(. Hill - - yoomM.

Hair of the head mD.ngA. Wood (or tree) - chook<IIS.

Beard • - ilngi. Stone - - koorchi. Thunder - - yemm. Camp . • yimbm. Graaa • • nilmbL Tongue - nyabbll. Stomach - - choorp<IIS. Breasta Thigh

Foot -Bone -Blood·

Skin -Fat -Bowels Excrement -

War-spear -Reed-spear -Wommera -

Shield TomahawkCanoe Sun -Moon -Star -Light -

Dark -Cold -

Heat -Day -

Night Fire -Water Smoke Ground Wind -Rain •

God -

Ghosta

- toomoo.

- pee~ - chinnl. - yelki. - kowlt - ptlrrl.. - koormoo. - kllkkttm.

-titc~ - kiilll. - nlimbm. - poomilm. - koolmttrrr. • kiingill.

- woonggl. - geetchA. - moorta. - tillnl!rrl.

• peiichilrt1D.

- wokkllrrl.

- woongml. - oongtln,

woongooifl.. • peijchllrttn.

- woond<IIS. - koU. - koplS. • poorm. . quinga.l.

- nirrl.

Yea -No

I You -

Bark -

Good -

Bad -Sweet-

Food -

Hungry

Thirsty Eat -Sleep -DrinkWalk-See -Sit • Yesterday · To-day

• yoo-ii.

- kilrrl.

- niiiylt

- yll.nd<IIS.

- yoorlbttn,

oonglll.

- minnl.

- wilrrit

- karkl, pilrrlwtlrrl.

• mli-L

- willingtlm. - wowoolim. - dO.mgl).

- woombi.

- cher~.

- yll.n~ t.oomgl. - nitchilll. - tAtcbX. - nAa~.

- lmi!eko. To-morrow - - woomgun. Where are the yurrttnga Blacks? nitchin!

I don't know Plenty Big -Little·

Dead -By-and-by

Come on -

Milk -Eaglehawk Wild turkey

Wife -

- cherko.ndJ,

- chungorI. - poohMbi1rrl. - poopiiibl. - o~.

- kirta. - pepi - yirngttl. -tA'rin. • mmiyurre.

THE AUSTRALIAN RA.CR:

No. 116.-GRA..~ITE RA.SOE, AT THE HEAD OF

THE WALSH RIVER.

BY R. R. DA VID801'1', EsQ.

Tms vocabulary differs but little from No. 113. The equivalents of Blaclifellom show that the two vocabularies belong to separate tribes. The equivalent of canoe is 1much the same a.s in the Endeavour River language.

No. 116.-GRANITE RANGE, HEAD OF WAIBH RIVER.

BY R. R. DAVIDtJOl'I', EsQ.

Kangaroo • chUDebudno.

Opoeaum T&me dog - gya. Wild dog • Emu - - koor&11gee. Black duck-Wood duck-Pelican Laughing jackaaa warcooga. Native companion White cockatoo -Crow -Swan -Egg • Track of a foot

Fiah • • kooyoo. Lobet.er Crayfish

M011quito - boonger or bUD-ger.

Fly • - burra-burra. Snake-The Blacks-

A Blackfellow - girreh.

A Black woman - talpoo. NOiie - - go.

Hand -

2 Blacks

3 Biacka

One -

Two -

Three -

Four •

Father

Mother

Sister-Elder

. mun-a.

- nuboon.

- mummera.

- koortoo.

- tangoor.

,, Yo11Dger -

Brother-Elder -

,. YoUDger

AyOUDgman

An old man

An old woman

A baby

A Whiteman

Children -

Head - - tungoo.

Eye - mirriaworker.

Ear • . bidna.

GRANITE RANGE, BEAD OF WAI.BB RIVER. 415

No. 116.-GB&NlTll B.ilGB, HUD OJ' W ALBB Rivn-continmd.

Mouth Boomera.ng - • wungie. Teeth · · dirra. Bill • Hair of the head - moongur. Beard. Thllllder

Graaa -Tongue St.omach Breaeta ThighFoot • Bone -Blood -Skin -Fat Bowel.a Excrement -War-apear • Reed-spear -Wommeraor throwing-stick

ShieldTomahawk-

- wooramparbidna.

- marpoor, bookan. - nabbie.

- chidner.

- kerkoon.

Qmoe - - murregan. Sllll - - woogna. Moon-Star -Light -Dark Cold Beat Day Night -Fire Water - bunna. Smoke GroUlld Wind -Rain . God •

Ghoeta • bero.

Wood-

St.one -

Camp.

Yea -No I You

Bark Good. Bad •

Sweet-

Food -

Hungry Thirsty

Eat

Sleep -Drink.

Walk -

See

Sit

- ,batchu.

-junga.

. minnle.

- boyoon.

. junkie.

. woodna.

Yesterday

To-day

To-morrow -

Where are the

Blacks?

I don't know

Plenty • wabulli.

Big

Little -

Dead -

By-and-by -

Come on

Milk -Eaglehawk -

Wild turkey

Wife -

- poopullangan. . woodna.

416 THB AUB'l'RALUN BA.CB:

No. IUL-Al>DlTIOlf.AL WOIUJL

Beel - - chugv. Talking - ,.ne bmak•. Sole of foot - - doombur. I To Bing - koko. Toe - - brkoo. Fowl - moorb. Throat • ooroongooden. Kia . - tapoombi. Winga (aee band)- mmra. Hill - . kulb. Anta . • jinga-jinga.

Knife• ukkii. Girl - murker. -m .

Hailat.one . brpanngoor. Moutache · - nurume.

Leaf . . pen. Finger-nails - millgroo.

River - . jalocm.. Naked • git.tar. Toapak · kulker. To cry . banbiiddi

No. 117.-HEAD OF GILBERT B.IVEB..

BY EDw.um CuBB, E8Q.

Kangaroo -Opouum Tame dog Wild dog Emu -

. uree. - kutt.ara. • ullimboo.

- kubberi. Black duck - - ooobbarl. Woodduck-Pelican - kunnul. Laughing jacba poolemba. Native oompa.nion Whit.e oocbt.oo • Crow -Swan•

• wadugga.n.

Egg . - woolmmra.

Track of a foot • :,elga. Fiah - - kooyoo. Lobner Crayfiah Moequito

Fly -Snake-TheBJacb·

. kooingarr.

- d'thumbul.

- gooi. A Blacldellow • A Blaok woman • wammgoo. bTme - • kooda.

Hand -

2 BJacb

3 BJacb

One -

Two •

Three -

Four •

Father

Mother

• mulla.

. nooug gooi •

. nooug.

- bullaroo.

. bia.

- yebunneboo.

Siater-Elder • purrinul

•• Younger.

Brother-Elder - koornigul.

., Yomiger

A yowig man • kulyina.

An old man

An old woman

A baby • buoona.

A Whit.e man -

Children

Head·

Eye Ear .

- dilll.

- munga.

j

HEAD OF GILBERT RIVER.

No. 117.-lllin OJ' GILBBB.T RlvBB.-continved.

Mouth Teeth-

- d'thulli. - kira.

Hair of the head - koonaroo. :Beard - - d'thulba. Thunder -01'111111. Tongue Stomach -Breast.a ThighFoot -Bone -Blood.Bk.in -Fat -

Bowels

Excrement -

- mooroonggooloo. - yagoo. - d'thulli.

- turra. - thma. - moogoo.

- kineba.

- thingoo.

War-spear - - bungi. Reed-spear -Wommera or throwing-stick

Shield • koolma.ni. Tomahawk-Canoe -Sun -Moon

Star -Light -Da.rk •

Cold

Heat -Day -NightFire • Water Smoke Ground WindRain •

God -Ghosta

VOL. U,

- kurri. - bullanoo. - ugil]a. - kurbella. - koonda. - kiddoo.

- k.ai'bool. - kummoo.

- d'thunboobaroo. - nanni. - gowri. - kummoo.

Boomerang -Hill .

Wood

Stone -

Camp-Yee No I You -Ba.rk Good -

Bad -Sweet-

Food -

Hungry

Thirsty

Eat -

Sleep -Drink-

Walk -See

Sit

Yesterday -To-day

To-morrowWhere are the

Blaoka?

I don't know

Plenty

Big

Little -

Dead -

By-and-by -

Come on -

Milk -Eaglehawk -

Wild turkey

Wife ZD

- kaibool

- purri. . yamba.

- kooka.

- koorja.

417

4:18 TBB A1JB'l'BALIAX BACK :

No. 118.-HINCHINBROOK ISLAND AND THE

MAINLAND ADJACENT.

Or the tribe which occupies Hinchinbrook Island and the mainland adjacent I have received two fragmentary accounts. One is from Mr. M. Armstrong, Inspector of Police, who informs me that the country of the tribe was first occupied by the Whites in 1863 or thereabouts. The tribe wore no clothes in their original state, but those who are now(in 1880) allowed to come to Cardwell do so. They nae for ornaments necklaces made of red berries, and the men smear the person with grease, red ochre, and pipe-clay when preparing to fight. They have bags made of ffllle, tomahawks ground smooth, and boomerangs which retnm when thrown. Their spears are carved, which is unusual, and thrown ,vi.th the wommera or throwing-stick. Cannibalism used to be practised amongst them, and they have been known to eat White men. They scar the skin, the males on the be.ck, and the females on the shoulders and arms. Their canoes a.re of bark, sewn and bound with cane and :fibres of bark. Fish is caught with nets and with hooks made of bone. The people of the tribe signalize each other by columns of smoke sent up through hollow logs.

My other correspondent, Mr. John Murray, informs me that the tribe is divided into four cl&eses like that of Wide Bay, which he contr&sta in this way:-

Wm11BaCLAl!IDl8.· Trawyne. Bundu. Bammg.

BaJaoin.

HlNOBINBROOK ISL.Um CI.AssBs. Koorkeela. Kookooroo. Woongo. W ooitcheroo.

BINCBINBROOK ISLAND, E'I'O. 419

These names of the Hinchinbrook classes have much in common with those of Port Mackay. Mal= Blackfell<YIO is also found on the Lynd.

The following V oca.bula.ry and Additional Words were contribut.ed by Mr. Murray:-

ADDITIONAL WoB.DS.

Ship· - woorbi. Wooden B'Word - bakkaroo. Bucket - noopa. Necklaoe - angyerri. Bag - - kakkirra. Hone - thiarri. Pigeon- - woorgoodjo. Bullock - toomoorberoo. Scrub turkey - koorgerri. Blanket, ahio ltumbi.

Club - • koolungoo. clothea

SD2

420 TBB AUSTRALUlt BACK:

No. 118.-HINCHINBROOK ISLAND.

Kanproo . -bargun. Band. • mUDDdai.

Opoaam . . meetin. 2 B1acu • :,ekbmal. Tame dog • wooyou.

8Blacu . . k1UTboo mal. Wild dog -Emu . • koondooloo. One - • yoongool.

Blaok duck- • oooberie. Two - -yekka.

Wood duck- Three- • klUTboo. Pelican • wookoolooloo. Four - -tatkfn. Laughing jackua koor&llan. Father - t.onp. Native companion terrol.

Mother - yappo. White oookat.oo . ldambala. Crow. . wagun. Suter-Elder - tude. Swan· • woolboo. .. Younger • Egg - . bamboo. Brother-Elder • telamboo. Track of a foot · phlghun. Yomiger .. Fiah . . taboo • Ayomigman - kookL Lobster • yeekerra.

A.nold man - keeline, Crayflah • mouwa.

An old woman • weeke-weeke. Moequlto • quoy-quoy. A.baby Fly - mabull • yeppe.

Snake . winjai. A Whiteman - kooin.

The Blaolu- • maL Children - - yeppe-yeppe.

A Blaokfellow • maL Head· - booyoo. A Black woman • tumpe•tumpe. Eye - - kuyka. NOH . • wooroo. Ear - • beeu.

HINCBINBROOK ISLAND, ETC. 421

No. 118.-lluce:nomoox Is~.

Mouth - unda. Boomerang •

Teeth · - yeera. Hill

Hair of the head - brran. Wood -

Beard - - tullba. Stone -

Thunder - tchickaroo. Camp -

Grua - - bunboo. Yea

Tongue • talline. No Stomach - koolko. I Breuta · npmoon. YOU Thigh • wucka. :&rk Foot · · pinguin. Bone - . toolkilL Blood - • koora.i. Skin · Fat . Bowela ExcrementW ar•Bpe&l' •

Reed-apeall' • Wommera or throwing-stick

•.yoonga. - tumme. • woomba. • goonang. - kulgie. · tchip-pin-kulgie.

yoolmun.

Shield- - peekinn.

Good -

Bad -Sweet•

Food •

Hungry

Thinty Eat •

Sleep -Drink.

• wambooy.

- barrie. • meetcha.

• nghee.

• mya.

. ipa.

• eenda.

• koob. • mullee.

• weakee. • toongoo. • moot.oh&. . umeree.

• ooorungooi. - eenda mootcha

(you eat). • boongai.

• yungna or

tunghna.

Tomahawk -Canoe -

• kawearie. Walk • - woongha.

Sun -Moon -Star · Light -Dark -Cold Heat -Day • Night-Fire -Water ·smoke

Ground WindBain -God -Ghoet.e

• woolgo. • weeyee. - nillghun. . yeargilingera. - yungarie. - nghoona. • kibool. • kelanghie.

- woonanghu. - wambooi. . kummoo. - boonoong. . klee.

- ghimboolanie. • yookun.

See • • oonda. Sit • tcheega. Y eaterday · kulmarra. To-day - cunyou. To-morrow - • tetillgo. Where are the wingia mal ! Blaob!

I don't know Plenty Big Little • Dead. By-and-by -Come on

Milk -Eaglehawk • Wild turkey Wife -

• beei wingia.

• duckin. • woorbie. . tchippin. • wooli. • maumoo. • kaau.

THE .A.USTILALIAl{ RA.CB:

No. no. BXRBER~ RIVER.

BY Wu.LU■ s. 8-nPBD, BsQ.

In this vocabulary '1Dm"·6JH'A" INl8Dl8 to be derived &om ioolllCI or ~ a very oommon root for ,trih. There ia but one word to expreu fire and wood. .

Kangaroo - - koobla. Hand - -mundi Opoaum - - mitten. 2 Blaclu

Tamedog - - whoyyer. 3Blacb Wild dog - One - - yunegal. Emu -Blackduck - - kumboonoo.

Two - - yugga.

Wood duck- Three- - brrbo.

Pelican Four -Laughing jaokau kowgurra. Father - tunga.

Native companion Mother - yabboo.

White cockatoo Siater--Elder - tundi. Crow - - wawgun. ,, Yowager -Swan - Brother-Elder - googoon. Egg , - bumboo,

Younger Track of a foot - toolma.

,,

Fiah - - kooia. A young man

Lobeter An old man- - kittun.

Crayfish Au old woman -Mosquito - - koommo. Aba.by - wullomorgo. Fly - - marbul. A Whiteman Snake- - wingee. Children -The Blaclu-

- bulgow. A Blackfellow - koonga. Head -

A Black woman - Eye - - milL

Noae - - wooroo. Ear - - binna.

--- --- --------------------------------

BEB,BBBT RIVER.

MouthTeeth -

. unda.

- era. Hair of the head - chingo. Beard -Thunder

G1'8B8 -Tongue St.omaoh Breut.B ThighPoot • Bone -Blood -

- -koondoono. - boogun. . tallan.. • woomba. - ummoon. . wugga.

- bingum. - toogil. - kree.

Skin - · yunga. Fat - - gearee. Bowels Excrement -War-spear - • boomabunni Reed-apear • Wommera or

throwing-atick Shield - - biggil. Tomahawk -Canoe-

Bun -Moon· Star -Light . Dark •

Cold -Heat Da.y -Night-Fire -Wat-.erSmoke• Ground Wind -Rain -

God -Ghosta

- kowarru.

- woolgo. - wee.

- wuggawurri.

- boolgaroo.

- kittel. • towan.

- mingo. - kummoo. - woombul. - kaiee. - kimpaynee. • hugun.

Boomerang

Hill -WoodStone •

Gimp-

Yea -No I-You

Bark -

Good -

Bad" -Sweet-

Food •

Hungry

ThirBty

Eat Sleep -Drink.

Walk· See

Sit

- mingo. . barrie.

- mootarnee. . tungarnee.

- wittel.

- oonamoo.

• chegunnee.

Yeaterday

To-day

To-morrow•

Where are the

• kungnoo.

• toondargo.

Blacka! I don't know

Plenty - kundul.

Big Little - • koo-oo-ga. Dead • - woolli.

By-and-by ·

Come on • • hurra. :Milk •


Wife ·

423


No. 120.-HALIFAX BAY.

01' the tribe which inhabits Halifax Bay and the lower portion of the Jlerbert River two accounts have been forwarded to me, one by Mr. James Cassady and the other by Mr. R. Johnstone. The first of these gentlemen givee me the following information.

The Halifax Bay tribe occupies a tract of country fronting the shore of the bay for about fifty miles, and extending fifteen miles inland. It is divided into seven subtribee, called Ikelba.ra, Doolebara, :Mungnlbara, Mandam.ba.ra., Karaba.ra, Bungabara, and Y oembara. In 1865, when the Halifax Bay country was first occupied by the Whites, the tribe is estimated to have amounted to a.bout 500 persons. The numbers which existed in 1880 a.re set down approximately to have been 40 men, 80 boys over ten years, 100 women and girls over ten yea.re, and 30 children of both sexes under ten yea.rs; in all 200 eonls. This decrease my informant attributes to the brutality of the Native :Mounted Police and some of the settlers, who, in the beginning, relentlessly hunted down and shot as many of the ma.lee of the tribe as possible. The present excess of females over males (the common proportion in oor tribes being a.bout three males to one female} bears out this statement.

The Halifax Bay tribe in their wild state wore no clothes. On occasions of corroboree the men smear themselves with a mixture of fat and red ochre. Their weapons, save the boomerang which returns,. my informant has not particularized, but remarks generally that those in use are carved by means of flints and shells. They have bags ma.de of grass and baskets of cane. Amongst their articles of

B.ALIFAX BAY. 425

food are swamp-nuts, fish, and wallabies, which they cook on the embers, or in temporary ovens of heated stones • covered with earth.

In this locality no signs of the former existence of smallpox have been noticed. The men object to tell their names. Restrictions concerning food exist, and some of the young women ·are forbidden to eat the flesh of male animals and eels. Marriage occurs both within and without each of the sub-tribes, and is regulated by classes.- Of these there are four, to one of which each person belongs. The system works in this way:-

llalea.

Korkoro marriea Wonganmgan, f 1 Wotero • Wongo ,, Korkorungan, ::il:: Kork~ • Korkeen ,, W oterunga.n, W ongo • W otero ,, Korkeelinga.n, are- Korkoro •

Pem&lea.

Woterungan. Korkeelingan. Wongerungan, Korkorungan.

All the neighbouring tribes pursue the same system, and the classes just given have their acknowledged equivalents in them. Hence, when a man marries outside of his tribe, it must be a female whose class corresponds to the one in his own tribe, into which he is at liberty to marry. Children are frequently betrothed in infancy. Polygamy is practised, and men have occasionally as many as four wives. A widow becomes the wife of a brother of her deceased husband. Lung diseases and fever prevail. Shells are worn as ornaments. Both males and females have the shoulders and chest scarred. They also knock out a front tooth of the upper jaw, pierce the septum of the_ nose, and wear a bone through the orifice. The women have a joint of the ~rst finger amputated, and it is noticeable that the same custom existed in the Sydney tribe, as well as in some of the southern portions of Queensland. Circumcision is unknown.

The Halifax Bay tribe believe in a good and bad spirit, and that their doctors are able to make rain and wind by incantation, and to inflict sickness and death on their enemies. Message-sticks are in use amongst them. Fish are procured

THE AU8TRALUN BACK:

with i,pears and hooks. Canoes a.re made of sheets of bark sewn together, and kangaroo and emu are captured with nets.

The tribe to the north of the one under consideration is called W ombelbara, and that to the south Korambelbara. Mr. Cassady has sent me the following words in addition to those of the Common Vocabulary:-

Uncle- - kowa. Down- . yeno. Aunt;· - bimo. . A- - cllndeyara. Cousin -b&lgal]a. Arm - . mango. Up - - bney. Knee - -mokko.

It is veey remarkable that ntero=~a, which prevails so extensively on the west coast, two thousand miles off, is also found in this and in the languages of Hinchenbrook Island and Port Mackay. Does not this lead to the inferences that this weapon was known to the first comers, or at all events to their descendants before the race had been very much spread, and that miro was its original. name P

What Mr. Johnstone has to say concerning the tribes in this locality is as follows :-About Halifax Bay there are six l>ara, or tribes, called Ikelbara, Dulenbara, Karrabara; Yauembara, Mnngalbara, and Mandambara. They speak dialects of one language. Their conntey was occupied by the Whites to some extent in 1864, since which period, as the result of measles, consumption, and drink, the numbers composing the tribes have greatly diminished. My informant assigns forty years as the duration of life amongst these people, so far as he is able to judge; but from the short experience yet had of them, it is perhaps premature to offer any opinion on the subject. In the day-time the people of these tribes wore no clothing in their nataral state; though now they put on when about the township such cast-off trousers, shirts, &c., as they are able to obtain, but strip at night and supplement the we.rm.th obtained from their fires by covering themselves with melaleuca bark, or with a. sort of blanket manufactured from the bark of the kurraj01tg

HALIFAX BAY. 427

tree, and also by smearing themselves with clay. On occasions of corroborees and :fights they paint their skins with red ochre and pipe-clay, and with charcoal when in mourning. Besides the bags and nets common throughout the continent, these tribes have water-bags, which they make of closelyplaited "lawyer" ( Calamus .Australis), and also of palm.leaf sewn with the sinews of animals. They also use :fishhooks ma.de of tortoia&-shell and of mother-of-pearl. Their weapons are spears, some simply pointed, others barbed, and others edged with flints ; they have also harpoons, wooden swords, shields, and clubs. Some of these are carved and painted ; spears are thrown both by hand and with the wommera.. The boomerang is not mentioned. Their implements are the usual flint knives and stone tomahawks, some ground and some chipped to an edge. They have also bark canoes, sewn at each end; For food, besides marsupial ·game, they have :fish, roots, and fruits of several kinds. From some of the roots they extra.ct, before they can be ea.ten, certain poisonous qualities by more than one ingenious process. Of the cannibal practices of these tribes my informant speaks very decidedly, for he says he has seen them eating Kanackae~ White men, and corpses of their own tribe. He also notices that they object to tell their names. Polygamy is in vogue, and the tribes are divided into the following classes:-

JlaleL

Korearo. Wongo. Korkeen. Wordon:.

FemaleL Korearobingan, WongobiDga.n. Korkeenbingan. Wordoingan.

These divisions, no doubt, have reference to their system of marriage, though my informant does not say so. Infanticide was practised before the coming of the Whites. The diseases now most common are consumption, fever, and rheumatism. The. practices of punching out teeth, piercing the septum of the nose, and scarring the skin are also in vogue. Message-sticks, Mr. Johnstone informs me, are in use, the

TBB A.U8'l'BALIA1' BA.CB :

marb caned on them, he remarb, "being a guarant.ee of the messenger, the same aa a ring with ns in former times." He also remarb that the hair of theee Blacb is generally curly, but often straight; that they paint repreeentationa of imaginary animals in cavea and on rocb, and dispoae of their dead by laying them on platfoflll8, by burying in the ground, and by eating them. In the vocabulariea attached we find two worda which begin with r, and the word ,eee, which in some places means fire, the equivalent of ,a.

No. 120.-BALIFAX BAY.

BY J. CilBADY, E8Q.

Kangaroo -Opouum • Tame dog Wild dog Emu• Black duckWood duck

- biilly. - katra. - knarbo. • gerole. - kondolo.

- te-te.

Pelican • yembor. Laughing jack111111 kowokara. Native oompanion korore. White oockat.oo • gemra. Crow - - wagan. Swan -Egg - - meto.

Track of a foot - genna. Fiah - • knoto. Lobeter • motoga.

Crayfish • Moaquit.o - • komo. Fly - - koyom. Snake The Black.a • tlnga. A Blackfellow • tinga. A Black woman • kolokolo. Noee • • woro.

Hand-2Blacb -3 B1acb -One -Two -Three Four or more

Father Mother

Sister-Elder

- lll&Ddy. -yakbtinp. - cabo ting&. • yongole.

- yalw. - kabo. - yongonda ,,,

kikaborgo. • baby. - kora, yong,

yonga. • murltingun,

boban. ,, Younger • tant.chua.n.

Brother-Elder - murkin, thalnbo. ,, Younger tant.chuling.

A yowig man • DMDgVO. An old man • kelan. An old woman • kellingan.

A baby (male) - morgo. ,, (female)- murkey.

A White man - mecolo.

Children - - yabingara. Head - • w&llow.

Eye - - koro. Ear - - binna.

HALIFAX BAY.

No. 120.-HALD.u: RlY-conUn-.f.

Mouth • mnda. Boomerang - - wongal. Teeth · yera. Hill - - monga.n. Bair of the head - molong. Wood- - tllllo.

:Beard. - talba. St.one - - baJgal. ThUDder - oondono. Camp • • rongo. Grua • Tque Stiomach Breuta Thigh-Foot -Bone -Blood -Skin -J!'at -Bowels ExarementWar-11p8&1' -Reed-11p8&1' -

- wota. . t.alang. . keppa.

- npmoon. --wakka or thaml. -genna. - tolkul . koma. -yonga. . tammy. - hara-ban. - gona. - kalge. - raba.

Wommera or mero. throwing-lltick

Shield - pikeL Tomahawk - - bt.rgo.

Yea -No I-You

Bark -Good -Bad -Sweet

Food -Hungry

Thirsty

Eat -Sleep -

Drink

Walk Bee

- ye •

- bal.

- kmba. - nino.

- yonga. - touca. - wago. -matana.

- ngoamL

- waJnga. - dialgo. • weraiL

- bona.

- yanya.

- nalgalgo.

429

CanoeSun -MoonStar -LightDark -Cold -Heat -Day -Night

Fire -Water Smoke

Ground

Wind

Bain -God -

Ghoste

- wolgo. Sit

Yesterday -

To-day

- nena or nega. - tu1a. - b&l&no. - karomin.. - miera - knowronga. - gerole. - tow-wong. - miera. - knowronga. - tano, kandagya.

-yakko. - t.onone. - ld-ie.

- bundle. - ukan.

- wonga-mally.

- wonga.

- minonga.

- ki-kin.

To-morrow - - coba.ra.

Where are the winta ting&? Blacks?

I don't know - knab moigee

Plenty

Big •

Little -Dead -By-and-by -Come on -Milk -EaglehawkWildturkey W-de -

kniba. ·- yongonda.

- nuooa. - tantchu. - boral, wolie - wolo. - ngari. - ngamoon. - cory-tella. - oabooalla. - gain.

No. 120.-RALIP.AX 'BAY.

Br R. JoDlft'On, BaQ.

Kangaroo . - borley. Hand. . mandy.

OpoNum - • brtra. 2Blacb -yakbtinp. Tame dog - - barboo. 3Blacb . brbootinp. Wild dog - • gerooL One . • yonggole.

Emu - - tondooloo. Two . . yatb. Black duct - • fa.ta. Three • • brboo. Wood duck- Four and any cicaborgo yoa.· Pelican - yeemboo. number oTer gonda. Laughing jack.111 k.awook&rra. Father • babai. Native oompamon koo1?m. Mother • kora or yunga.

White oock.atoo - Siater-Elder • murkengtm. Crow • • worpa.

" YOUDp' • tentcheran.

Swan. Brother-Elder • murk.in. Egg . • metio. YOUDp'· tantcheeliDg • Track of a foot " • genar.

A young man . marcara. Flab . • tnot.o.

An old man- . kelang. Lobeter • motog&r. Crayfiah An old woman • k.alanga.n.

:Moequitc - komo. A baby (boy) • worloomoogoo,

Fly - - kojom. .. (girl) • morkeyen

Snake· A White man • meoolo.

TheBlaob Children . yabingan. A Blaokfellow . ting&. Head • wallow. A Black woman • kolo-kolo. Eye • toro • Noee . • woro. Ear . bhma.

HALIFAX BAY.

No. 120-HA.r.u.u: BA.Y-cotltiftwed,

Mouth - lmakna. Boomerang •

Teeth - - jera.. Hill . Hair of the head - molong.

Beard - - t.alba. Thunder -Gram -Tongae Stomach Breutll!I Thigh-Foot -Boue -Blood -Skin -Fat Bowe1a Bxorement. War-apear -Reed-spear -Wommeraor throwing-stick

Shield Tomahawk· Canoe Sun -Moon -Star -

- oondono. - wot&. - t&Uang. - kippa. - ammun. -wakb. - gena.. - tolkeel. - koma. - yonga. • tammy. - hara-ban.. - goonna. - blge. - raba.

colngo or maroo.

- queeary. . kargoo.

- wolgo. -potera. - bartamoo.

- ka.nomen.

Wood-

Stone -

Camp -

Yllll

No

I

You Bark

Good Bad

Sweet

Food -Hmigry

Thirny Eat Sleep -ThinkWalk -See

Sit Yesterday

To-day

431

-wa.ngal.

- mcmgan. - tano.

- balgal.

- rlngo.

- jea.

- Jmiba.

- enba.

- yoonga.

-wargo.

• lmamey. • warlnga.

- di&na. - werail or yokey.

- bona.

- ya.n-ya. - nawina, nalgala.

- nina, nega.

- nenonga.

- lty-kin.

Light - To-morrow - - cobarra.

Dark - - lmora. Cold - - gerole. Heat - - banjera.. Day - - miera. Night- - Jmoronga. Fire - - tano, k.andanye. Water • yakoo.

Smoke • tonon.

Ground - kya. Wind - - bundy-bundy. Ra.in . - uka.n

God -GhOllt.a - wonga.

Where are the wont& tinga ? Blacks?

I don't know

Plenty

Big -Little •

Dead -

By-and-by -

Come on Milk -Eaglehawlt •

Wild turkey

Wife -

- narlnoolgakniba.

- yere. - nuca.

- tantchee.

- boril. - wolo.

- lmari.

- nammoon.

- coret.ala.

- cabocala.

- gain.

432 TBB AUSTB.ALIAN RA.CB:

No. 121.-THE HEAD-WATERS OF THE BURDEKIN

RIVER.

Tm: following facts connected with the Breeaba tribe, whose country is on one of the head-waters of the Bu.rdekin, as also the attached vocabulary of their language, were kindly forwarded to me by Mr. W. 0. Hodgkinson, who obtained them, as he informs me, from a very intelligent middle-aged Breeaba woman who lives at Maytown on the Palmer River.

This tribe have oposB1llll-akin rugs, which probably they use only at night. They possess also the wommera and boomerang. Certain articles of food are forbidden to the women. It is worthy of notice that this is the most northern tribe of Eastern Australia which reports the former existence of small-pox amongst them. It is called clun-ckin, and is said to have proved fatal to many at some recent period. The woman Wonduri, from whom Mr. Hodgkinson obtained his information, declares that the tribe decided at the time of this scourge that any one it attacked should be killed without delay whilst asleep, and that this plan was carried out. However, seeing that the disease is not heard

• of nearer than 300 miles to the south, no confidence · can be placed in Wonduri's statement that it existed. Prior to the coming of the Whites, children who died from natural causes were eaten, not by their parents or brothers, but by their cousins and other more distant relatives of the male sex. Their hands and fat were the parts most esteemed, as we find in other cases. Polygamy prevails in the tribe, and a widow becomes the wife of the deceased husband's brother. Twins are occasionally born. One tooth is knocked out at the age of puberty, and the septum of the nose pierced. Fish are taken with nets, spears, and hooks ; alao by

--- - -----

A TREE ON TH[ . DIAMANTINA RIVER QUEENSLAND

RECORD Of A flGHT WHICH TOOK PLAC[ IN THC LOCALITY

--- -- ---- --------------------------

THE BEAD-WATERB OF BUB.DEKIN RIVER. 433

poisoning waterholes with leaves possessing narcotic properties. Women and old men a.re buried without ceremony, but the remains of able-bodied males are placed on platforms constructed in the boughs of trees. Messag~ticks are in use. The attached is the sketch of a tree marked by the tnoe to commemorate one of their :fights.

Referring to the vocabulary, my informant expresses doubts as to the correctness of his translation of thres and

four. The reader will notice the termination burra in some of the words which follow. This, I suspect, is the equivalent for people, or perhaps many. Chinaman, it will be noticed, they call Murri, like their own people, whilst they have a distinct term for White man. Watcl,, is expressed by the same word as sun, and socks by a term derived from the equivalent of foot. The following words as applying to objects of which the Australian had no knowledge prior to the advent of the White man are of interest:-Cat . - moorboo. Boo1; . • mun. Horse- - ngooraboongoo. Socks. - tinnago. Cow, bulloclr. • t.oomooburra. Gown, coat, binga.rro, kampe. Calf • kinquan. troUBera Sheep- · burra-burra. Bridle- - mero. White woman • yallaman.

Knife, also fork - kunkurre. Chinaman . • murri • Domestic fowls • kookabinya. Spoon - · dekurra.

Chicken • wongurra (?). Chair. - woogogo. Watch- • kurri. Table • • t.oola. Look out I he is throwing a spear - lndi nukka kulka.

YOU see spear. Look out I he is throwing a boomerang lndi nukka ( or indi kooti) wougul.

You see (you eee) boomerang. Whereabout.aiswatertobefoundT • Wunta kamot

Where wat.er t Do you eee the road or track t • • lndi nukkulls tinna T

Youeee track? Yea, I aee the road • • Nia nukkulla tinna.

I eee road. What track or road! • Unne tinna T

What track? I aee two kaugaroos - · Nya nukka boolaroo kargul.

I aee two kangaroos.

VOL. n. 2 B

No. 121.-BURDEKIN RIVER.

Kangaroo - -brpl. Hand - - mulla. OpoNum - -tmiproo. 2Blacb -Tame dog - - moora. 3:Blaob Wild dog - • ngarbulla. One - - wirba. Emu - - koondooloo. Two . • boollaroo. Black duolt - - ltoorpooloo. Three- - koolbarro. Wood duck• birga - .

Four - • koorunga. Pelican - billibungerra. Laughing jaoltau- towa-towa. Father - yaboona.

Native companion bargum. Mother - yungunna.

White cockatoo• diggoree. Siater-Elder - kootann&.

Crow - • wotagan. " Younger - wobbooin.

Swan - Brother-Elder - kutta.

Egg - - kookablnya. "

Younger warbo. Track of a foot - chinna. Ayoungman • warbooroo. Fiah - - kooiyoo. Anoldmaa - bringubba. Loblter An old woman - murkoorra. Crayfish A baby - kandoo or kurn-Moaquito - - mobo. d90. Fly - • brr.Ila. A White maa - mikooloo or ma-Snake- - kobbul, mooda. koolo. The Blacb- - murri-murri. Children - - kurndoo. A Blackfellow - Head - - kirta. A B1aok W0111A11. wirmo. Eye - - tillee. NON - • koo. Ear - - wolloo.

THE HEAD-WATERS OJ!' BURDEKIN RIVER. 435

No. 121.-BuBn:unr ~ued.

Mouth - tunga. Boomerang • - wongul.

Teeth - • nulla. Hill . - migurra.

Hair of the head• tingo. Wood - · tula.

Beard • - unga. Stone - - purri. Thunder -GruiTongue Stomach -Breuta Thigh-Foot; •

:Bone -Blood -Skin -Fat • Bo,re1a Excrement• War-spear -Reed-spea.r -Wommera or tbrowmg-atick

- morrella.

- yago. - tulli. - bulloo.

- ngumoon. • durra.

- tinn&. - bulbun. - kooma. - yunga. - tommi.

• khlka. • tu11a.

boolaroo.

Shl~d- -koolmarri. Tomahawk - b&lgo. Canoe-Sun -Moon -Star -Light -Dark -Cold -Heat -Day -Night-

Fire -Water Smoke Ground Wind

Bain -God· Ghoata

• kurri. - pallanno. - ugo. - boori. - ngurnnu. - werera. - yago.

- kurringa. • ngurnnu.

- poori. - kamo. - tooga. - nanni

- kowri. - tandunga.

Camp. Yee No I-You Bark Good •

Bad -Sweet -

Food • Hungry

Thinty Eat -Sleep -Drink

Walk -See

Sit Yesterday -To-day

• yam.ha.

- nya (n&i-a ?).

- kurra.

- nia. . yinda (1f' indi.

- bulkan.

- binbi. . kicha.

- munt&.

- ugonga. - quee, kurmoona.

- woorgoo toonka.

- indi-uka.

- umberra ooka.

- indi-uka.

- yaninga. - nukka, kooti. - kooree. - woorgaloonga. - yachillo.

To-morrow • - peergunga. Where are the wunta murri? Blacb?

I don't know

Plenty-

Big Little -Dead •

By-and-by -

Come on

Milk -

Eaglehawk •

Wild turkey

Wife -Z EZ

• kurra (no).

• moorga.

- boolgi. • warburroo.

- woonunga.

• yeta kurbunga.

- woongunga.

- ngamoom.

• wirt&.

- tirkooyee.

• birgoo.

436 THE AUBTR.ALIAlf B.ACB:

No. 122.-CX,AR.KB B.IVEB.,

Kangaroo . Opoaum . . kljea. Tame dog -Wilddog -Emu - - goondooloo. Black duck Wood duck Pelican Laughing jackaa Native oompa.nion

White cockatoo -Crow-Swan-Egg. Traok of a foot -Fish . Lobiter Crayfish !rloequito Fly . Snake

• ldbberdee.

The Blacka- . murdee. A Blacldellow - yelda. A Black woman - warrangoo. N011e. . go.

Band-

2 Blacb

3 Black■ One .

Two •

Three

Four•

Father

Mother

Sister-Elder

. merda.

. younp.

,, Yowiger -

Brother-Elder -

" Younger

A young man An old man An old woman

A baby A Whiteman Children • Head-Eye Ear .

- wurboon. . galbin.

. kida.

- jeelee.

CLARKE RIVER.

Mouth - ta. Teeth - urdea. Hair of the head jingo, Beard-Thuder -GnmTongue Stomach Breuta Thigh Foot -:Bone. Blood-Skin -Fat -Bowela ExarementWar-apear. Reed-epear-

- mur-nmg-al-la. • yago. . tallay.

• jinna,

. 'barapn.

. tammee.

• bnng-gl.

W ommera or tarilla. throwing-mck

Shield - koolmaree, Tomahawk{at.one) balgo. Canoe Bu -MoonStar -LightDark -Cold • Heat· Day .

Night Fire • Wat.er Smoke Ground

Wind Ra.in.

God • GhOltl

. ki-ill-la. - balanoo.

• wild,..

. taroo. - kamoo. . toga.

- memerry.

BoomerangHill •

Wood-Btone

CampYee No I-You • Bark· Good.

Bad

Sweet-

Food· Hungry

Thinty Eat . Sleep -

Drink-

Walk-Bee •

Sit

• byree.

• yamba.

- wawga.

Yeaterday -To-day To-morrowWhere are the

Blaob?

I don't know

Plenty Big •

LittleDead.

By-and-by-

• bngora.

• hoolan.

Come on • • enjee. Milk.

Eaglehawk-Wild turkey • turgooey.

Wife·

437

438 TBB AUSTB.ALUN RA.CB :

No. 122.-THE CLARKE OR TBB CAPE RIVER.

Wo&DB BY :MB. D• LA ToUB.

The writer ii micertain whether th- worda belong to the Clarke or the Cape River.

Sticbwith which bmilla. Clawa • pig,.. fire ii made by Go away - mund&. friction Sheep • toomb&.

Kangaroo net • bundan. Gun . • pudoogo . Pigeon - mammi11, Club· • werrga. Sharp - berrby. Bre&lt • goonjen. Blunt - koodoo. Din . • D&Dllee.

Whiakera - nmiga. Sore . • gin-gin. Upe . - numbooL Give• • wawgandally. Eyebrow. • ngocm. Sick . - wee-wee • Knee • wa-gi-ill. Pipe-clay • hMr&nb&. Elbow • b&rago. Red ochre. - blmoogva. Lightning . • berm&nnow. Bottle-tree- . bmberra.

Hail - • pal.pee. GrUB-tree • • t&cbberd&. Corroboree- • mulgurry. Mud • •goom.rree. Tail . - '. W&DD&. Le&vea • bng&.

NilDB ow :Mo. Dindera. :Moonga. :Mmiga. W&rree. Gob&rann&. Wawboo. :Mundaree. :Mugineye. :Maunow.

Ngor&m1&, A.ngoree. Poonque. :M&bbo. :Mooemoo. Koongee Normee. Purmboo. Booee.

THE CLARKE OR THE CAPE RIVER. 439

Wanneree. Goolberee. Munduree. Mungaree. Linderree.

N.AJIBS OJ' WOM.IN.

Boongouree. Oba.rdee. Bobbina. Toeroyabba.n

I


No. 123.-TOP OF THE RANGE NEAR DALRYMPLE.

Thu Vocabulary, with 10me Additional Worda, ,nn kindly lllllt t;o me by W. E. Armit, Eaq., Inapect;or of the Native Mount.eel Police.

Kangaroo -Opoaum Tamedog -Wild dog • Emu -Blackduck-Woodduck-

- kargood. . tangoord. • kowl&.

· gundullu.

Pelio&n • ,-,

1-ghingj&okaa- bgoob&rr&. Native companion White cockat.oo -Crow • - watt&.

81JU1 • Egg. Track of a foot - dina.ngo. Fiah · • kuya. I.obiter Crayfish Mosquito Fly -Snake- - moonda. The B1acb - • marringo. A Blackfellow - mani. A Black woman - margan or birgo. Noee - • goo.

Hand and um - m&1la.

2 Bl&cb . marringo bulla.

3Bl&okl -

One -Two -

Three-

Fom -

- ball&.

Father • yaboo.

Mother - mama. Sister-Elder

., Younger -Brother-Elder -

., Younger

A young 111&11 - walb&rr&. An old man

An old 1l"ODIAll • cmymeu.

Ab&by

A White man - gooin.

Children -

Head - - katt&.

Eye - • dilly.

Ear - - w&lloo.

1

- --------------------------~

TOP OF THE RANGE NBA.R DALRYMPLE. 441

Mouth . daa.

Teeth· • yerra. Hair of the head- mowra.

Beard- -dingo. Thmuler -Graaa-Tongue Stomaoh-Br.at;a

Thigh Foo1;. Bone• Blood-Skin -Fat -Bowela

ExorementWa.r-Bpll&l'.

Reed-spea.rWommera. or throwing-stick

Shield

. namoon. . tarra.

. dhma.

~ goona. • pikalla.

Tomahawk- - bargoo. Canoe Sun -MoonStar -LightDark • Cold -Heat -Day • lf'lghtFire • Water Smoke Ground Wind_ Rain . God •

Ghona

. karri.

. nylian. • wilba.

- kirroo.

. bmrl. - gamoo.

• yugan,

Boomerang- • wanga1. Hill .

Wood-Stone-

Camp

Yee -No I You Bark -Good -Bad -Sweet

Food -Hungry •

Thirsty

Eat -Sleep.

Drink

Walk-See •

Sit Yest.erday •

To-day

• yam.ha.

• karra. . nya. . inda.

• yugain.

- wooka.

- nganl.

• yigilga.

To-morrow• • wooga.

Where are the wand& marri?

Blacb?

I don't know

Plenty - cnrbarra.

Big -Little - - wuputchum .

Dead -

By-and-by - - yabunda.

Comeon •

Milk -

Eaglehawk- · yilga.

Wild turkey W'de -

TBB AU8TRALLUI RA.CB:

ADDfflOY.U. W OIUllL

Shin-bone . •Jangvra. Bll1lock • mmoobarru. Sword -pichercan. Yam, ;,-ma- • malboo, malboon. Clab • • nerroo. Honey-comb • cabb& or cadja. Kanproonet; -1t'Upl. To lie. • caltL Dilly bag . -- Yoalie -cutinginda. Coolaman (,rat.er- wuprn. Salt-water <-> . ca1leyanga. trough) Scrub - - dalgi.

Creek - • calbama. Agan- • margin. Mountain • balgL PJmty of Blacka- carbarra mani. Hoaae- • gooca.

Where? • 1t'Ulda? Ho- • goocanga.

Toran Bandicoot -wagalla.

-,ragga.

Pigeon • ooombree. Yoa ran • waggina.

lgaana . tapnl. A boy- • yabba.

Rat . . carroola. To kill • gandy.

Kangaroo-rat • taiju. I will kill yoa Dyagn& margindo Carpet make . oa.bool. withagan gandy •

No. 124.-CLEVELAND BAY.

BT AB'l'B1JB B. JoBDfO:n, Bl!Q.1 ill> MoNUou CuBB, EsQ.

Tmll following vocabularies, which were forwarded to me, the one by Mr. Arthur Johnstone and the other by my brother, Mr. Montagu Curr, are both assigned to Cleveland Ba.y, and belong. no doubt to the dialects of two tribes in that locality.

Mr. Johnstone informs me that when a Black of this tribe dies he is buried and a. large :fire ~e over hie grave. Whilst it is burning, a gigantic man, it is believed, comes and takes away aJl the remains of the dead man with the

CLEVELAND BAY. 443

exception of his shadow and fingers. Should his surviving kinsfolk travel at night without :fire-sticks, they fancy they see the shadow of the departed, now here, now there, amongst the trees. The men gash themselves horribly on the death of a relative, and blacken their faces with charcoal.

Mr. Johnstone furnishes the following Additional Words:-

Forehead - - mooloo. Devil • . m1lllglll. Eyebrowa . poorloo. Paddle for canoe - pareeL Throat . roob. Fiahing-line • ra.ra. Whiaken . . thalbarra. Fiah-hook . • mingee. Moustache - - moolin. Corroboree • • mareka. Cheat. • rallee.

Tonim . - unmiga. Bhoulden - dilbree.

To burn • kundimena. Navel -toogool Arm • cnlguL To out - kocmaborra. . Elbow- - mooroo. Come I • ooreinl

Wrist· • poolgammoo. To throw • l'1IDII&.

Fingen and toee • eweera. To ling • mureka.

Littlefinger - kobbee. Tobit.e - koongmma.

Back - - thooree. Letgo • mma.

Knee - - moko. Tooook • mip.

Calf of the leg . ark&. Bick . • moogee. Shin . • rampa. Turtle - -yungun.

Ankle - • mookal. Wallaby • thallum.

Rump- • JDOOD. Iguana • plngoonbarra.

Anus - - pundein. B&ihe-de-mer • toonballa.

Urine· • ooral. Pigeon- - noolamoola.

Salt-water • • unda. Sword (native) - koonowa. Coral • - thumbee. Bag . • murrimikkee

TBB AUBTBALIAN RACE:

No. 12'.--0LEVELAND BAY.

Br A. R. J o!Dm'O:n, EeQ.

Kr,nproo • . thallun. ()pollum. Tamedog • Wilddog • Emu• Black duck • oorandoo, Wood duck Pelioazi Lt.ugbing jacka. kakoogoo. Native companion

Whit.a ooobt.oo · keemaroo. Cro,r.

SW&D· Egg • Traok of a foot • Fi.ah •

Lohlter Crayflah :Moequito Fly • Snake · bbool The Blacks-A Blackfellow • e]gooral, A Black WOlll&ll • mUDgUD.

Noee • • ooroo.

Band• - mulla.

2 Blacb · 8Blacb One •

Two.

Three-Four.

Father

Mother

Slater-Elder

., Yomiger.

Brother-Elder •

., Yomiger

Ayo11111man .An old man

Anoldwoman

A baby • moolooramoon. A Whit.eman

Children

Head-

Eye •

.Ear •

• mil.

CLEVELAND BAY, 445

No. 124.--Cr.Bvm.ilm BAY-continued.

Mouth • tha. Boomerang - · ~gal.

Teeth - - keera. Hill -Ualr of the head- moolooit. Wood• • puree. Beard • Stone -

Thunder Grus -Tongue Stomach Breaete Thigh. Foot -Bone -Blood· Skin -Fat Bowela Excrement -War-Bp8&1' . Reed-spear . Wommera or throwing-arttok

• oyulo. • thaleln. . keepa. . namoon. • thara. • tinna.

• kungen.

. keerulgarul.

Shield- • kooeeree. TomahawkCanoe · Sun Moon -Star Lieht -Dark Cold -Heat Day

Night -Fire .

Water Smoke Ground WindRain . God •

Ghoet.11

. oolgaroo. - oba. - bulbun. - puckarakkara.

- keeto. . einburra.

. pa.ree. • tha.lmul • puno. . arroeen.

- ooreal

Camp.

Yee No

I-You

Bark Good

Bad

Sweet

Food -Hungry

Thirsty Eat Bleep -Drink. Walk -

Bee Bit Yesterday

To-day

To-morrow -Where are the

Blacke? I don't know

Plenty

Big

Little -

Dead -By-and-by

Come on

Milk -

Eaglehawk -

Wild turkey

Wife -

• oora.

• nool&mbarroo.

- areea.

• moodthunna.

• oolein.

- koongool • yookeoarko.

- punga. . thararoo.

- neeka.

• kuka.

• ooleina.

- oorumpa.

• keu <rr ken.

446 TBB AUBT&ALIAB RACE

No. 12'.-CLBVELAND BAY.

Kr,ngaroo - - pollee. Band- - mal-la. Opmaum . - kudthara. 2Blacb -Tame dog - • oyeo. 3 Blacb Wild dog - One - - yoonguL Emu - - windoloo. Two - - yug-ga. Blaok duok- - )'&IDOOl'OO,

Three- - murgine. Woodduok- - gooda-gro-go. Pelican - bulloo. Four -

Laughing j11elua Father - a--boo.

Native oompllllion kondil. Mother - a-mee.

White oookat.oo - gim-o-ro. Siater-EJ.der - ava-ru,

Crow - - o-gal. .. Younger -

Swan - Brother-Elder - aw-ood-tha. Egg - - korindil Younger ti

Track of a foot - yalgi. A young man Fiala - ood-gurh.

- mur-gur-ra. -Lobater

An old man - woor-goor-bee.

Crayfiah - An old woman - ko-lo-la.

Moequit.o - - koo-be-yal. A baby . nunga.

Fly - • koo-roo-mo. A Whiteman Snake- - ur-bulla. Children - - d'thoon•ga-ree. The Blacka- - goon-gar-re.

Head - - alloo, A BlllOkfellow -A Black WOlll&D - mar-boora. Eye . - ma-el

N011& - - oro. Ear - - pinna.

CLEVELAND BAY. 447

No. 124.---CL:sv&um Bu-(()tllinlled.

Mouth • d'tha. Boomerang-Teeth • • reera. Hill -Hair ohhe head- moo-loin. Wood-:Beard - d'thub-barr. Thunder -Orsa -Tongue

Stomach -BreaetB Thigh Foot -Bone -Blood-

Skin -Fat -l3owels

Excrement -War-lp8U' -Reed-spear -

· d'the-go-ro. • boo-gun. - bl-line. . kee-la. • ngammoon. - d'th&rra. - d'thbma. • doo-ree. - goon-bunna.

- d'thal-goor. • t&mmee.

• koona. - kul-gi. - but-thurr.

Wommera or koola. throwing-stick

Shield - bingone. Tomahawk - - bun-una. CanoeBun • Moon•

Star -LightDark -Cold -Heat -Day -NightFire -Water Smoke Ground Wind

Rain -God • Ghosts

- woo-roo. - oob&. - kun-gine. • · oobun-jella. - moo-rone. • mung-urr. - kid-doo. . ungurra. • oo-b&. - ned-dee. . ar-a-bee. • kammoo. • poo-noo.

- ky-ee. • wirra-wirra.

- ko-a.

Stone· Camp. Yee No I You -Bark . Good.

Bad •

Sweet

Food · Hungry

Thirsty Eat •

Sleep -Drink.

Walk-

Bee Bit Yeeterd&y • To-day

- burree. • oo-gi.

- ud-d'tha.

• IOU·'WOO,

- kou-un-ju-ga.

• koo-bun.

• koon-jan-na.

• ooline. • boogar-go.

• ma-rul-a-go.

• cud-geen. To-morrow • kur-ul -a-go.

Where are the un dthnngo

Blacks ? burra minya ?

I don't know • a-oo-gud-tha.

Plenty · mindi-yarra • Big • - moo-ga. Little • • bun-jah.

Dead - - ola-na.

By-and-by • • lur-ga. Come on - oo-rlne.

Milk -

Eaglehawk •

Wild turkey

Wife -

448 THB AUBTJUI.JAX RACB:

No. 125.-MOUNT ELLIOTT.

Pao• 4 P.illPBLn JDiTlTI&D "SKB'l'OJI 01' TIO RamDCB 01' J.uns MOB.BILL AMONG TIO ABomoura 01' NO&TIIBBN Quulfsum> IOJI.

8rmT&D1 YliBB," no.

BY EDJroim 0:UOOBY.

THB following items of information in eonnection with the .language and customs of the tribe of which Mount Elliott is the head-quarters, and which frequents also at interva.le the coa.et at and near Cape Cleveland, were obtained from Jamee Murrelle ( commonly ca.lled Monill), and recorded in the pamphlet by Edmund Gregory named above. That fuller pa.rticu.lare of Murrelle' experiences were not preserved is to be regretted. Of those which we have, the chief points of interest a.re as follows :-

In 1846 several persons in a very exhaueted state landed at Cape Cleveland from a raft, on which they had ma.de their escape from a vessel which had been wrecked six weeks previously on a reef considerably to the ea.etwa.rd of that point. Amongst them was a young sailor named James Murrelle, who shortly became the sole survivor of the party. He relates that they were received by the Mount Elliott people, who were then on the coast, with a sort of rough hospitality, being well fed, and sheltered from the sun in huts ma.de of boughs, but were robbed by those children of

MOUNT ELLIOTT. 449

Nature of almost everything they possessed. The reason of the unfortunates · :finding favor with the tribe appears to have been that the latter, having no id~ that any race save their own existed in the world, thought the new arrivals were formerly defunct members of their tribe come to life again. With this tribe Murrells lived as one of themselves for seventeen years, acquiring both their language and habits, until, hearing of the arrival of wme squatting pioneers with their flocks and herds on the Mall-mall or Bnrdekin River, he made his way to their hut, with the consent of the tribe, and returned to civilization. After the lapse of a few months, Murrells married, received the appointment of Customs officer at Bowen, where he must have died not very long after, as the date of the pamphlet in which that event is mentioned'is 1865. The following facts are gleaned fram Mr. Gregory's account of Mnrrells.

Polygamy exists in tae Mount Elliott tribe, a few of the men having as many as eight or nine wives. In three or four instances twins were born. The food-supply, consisting of animals, :fish, and roots, is both varied and abundant. Cannibalism prevails, those of their own tribe who are killed in battle or by accident being eaten by their kinsfolk, but not the enemies whom they slay. There seem to have been eight distinct tribes living in association at and near Mount Elliott, all of whose dialects Murrells spoke.

"The different animals," says the pamphlet, "are arranged according to the size of their feet, hence the sheep have the same name as their w&llabiee (cargoon). All kinds of sailing vessels have the same name as their canoes, viz., 'IDOOlgoora, because they float on the water. The heavenly bodies are named differently; the sun is ingin, which they think is a body of fire, because of its warmth, and especially so since they saw us light a rag with a burningglass. The moon ( merhoonburra) they say is a human being like themselves, and comes down on the earth, and they sometimes meet it in some of their :fishing excursions. They e&y one tribe throws it up, and it gradually rises and

VOL. II, Zl!'


then comes down again, when another tribe catches it to save it from hurting itself. They accordingly think there is a new sun and moon every day and night. There is a large open space on Mount Elliott with not a vestige of vegetation ,on it, whilst up to the very margin of it is a thick scrub; and they told James Murrells it was done by the moon, who threw his circl~ck round it ( meaning his boomerang), and cut it off. Throwing the sun and moon up by one tribe, and catching them by another, will easily be recognized as their explanation of the rising and setting of these bodies. They have no knowledge of the earth beyond the locality they inhabit. They think all the heavenly bodies are under their control, and when there is an eclipse some of their tribe hide it with a sheet of bark to frighten the rest. There was about six years before Murrells' restoration an eclipse of the sun, nearly a total eclipse-the only one he saw-about four o'clock in the afternoon. He asked an old man what it meant, and he told him his son had hid it ( the sun) to frighten another of his tribe. But they were very uneasy during its continuance. They picked up a piece of grass and bit it, making a mumbling noise, keeping their eyes steadily :fixed on it till it passed over, when they became easy again. They think they have power over the rain ( durgun) to make it come and go as they like. The rainbow (terebare) they think is the clouds spewing fish in the lagoons, and roots on the hills, or something for their good, wherever the end points. They told me that their forefathers witnessed a great flood, and nearly all were drowned, only those who got on a very high mountain ( Bibbiringda, which is inland of the north bay of Cape Cleveland) were saved. He understood them to refer to the flood mentioned in Scripture, especially as they say only a few were allowed to go up." One of the ceremonies practised, when admitting lads to the statua of men, is tying up the arms above the elbow, as is done on the west coa.st. Many other practices already referred to in these pages are

MOUNT ELLIOT!'. 451

also mentioned by :Murrells. Following are given the few words which appear in the pamphlet and are found in my Common V ocabula.ry.

452 TBB AU'8'1'&ALIA1' &ACE:

No. 125.-MOUNT ELLIOTI'.

Kangaroo . Opoaum. Tame dog · Wild dog • Emu -Blaok duck Wood duck Pelican

. moongan.

- koondool&. . yamara.

L&ughing jackau Native companion phorogwan. White cockatoo • Crow Swan Egg •

Track of a foot -

Fiah • Lobeter Caayfiah Moaquito Fly • Suako-The Blacks A Blackfellow - munya. A Black woman - yowigoora, Noee -

Band-

2Blaob -

3Blacb

One -Two •

Three

Four -

Father

Mother

Siner-Elder

. woggin.

• boolray.

. goodjoo.

- m'Ul'l'WOOL

., Younger -

Brother-Elder •

,, Younger Ayomigman An old man An old woman

A baby - oolamar. A White man Children -

Head-Eye Ear •

- ooode. • t.eeburra.

• deeragun,

MOUNT ELIJOTl'.

No. 126.-MoUNT ELLI~.

Mouth Teeth-Hair of the head - weir. Beard -Thunder Grua -Tongue Stomach Breaste Thigh -Foot -

Bone -Blood -

Skin -Fu Bowel& &:crement • War-spear •

Reed-spear -Womm.era or throwing-stick

Shield -Toma.ha.wk -Canoe -Bun -Moon -Star -Light -Dark Cold Heat -Day -Night -Fire Water-Smoke-Ground Wind -Rain -

- teegoora.

- tel11. - booloo. - urga, namoon.

- deena.

- bullgoo. - woolgoora. - injin. - wurboonburra. - milgoolerburda.

- ejugaba. - doongalla.

- mannie.

- durgnn.

Boomerang -

Hill -Wood-

Stone -

Camp -

Yea -No I-You Bark Good Bad

Sweet -

Food -Hungry

Thirsty

Eat -Bleep -

Drink -

Walk -See Sit

Yesterday -To-day

To-morrow -

Where are the Blacks?

I don't know Plenty - queerarilla. Big

Little -

Dead -

- wadoolbil.

- waboora.

463

God -

By and-by -

Come on

Milk -Eaglehawk

Wild turkey

Wife -

- mooraynburra.

Ghoats

TBB AUST&ALLUI RA.CB:

No. 126.-MOUTBS OF THE BURDEKIN B.IVEB..

BT J, O'Conoa, EaQ.

K&ngr.roo - amp>. llaad . • warrumby. Opo..um - onehwiger. 2Blacb -bl&riD.dulgooh. Tame dog - - oodoodoo. 3Blacb • WUDgOO dulgooh. -Wild dog .

One • warriD. Ema • brboomnillery • -. Blaokdaok - - hooroobarry. Two . • b1&riD.

Wood duck- • oulbarh. Three. - WUDgOO.

PeliO&D • dooroomally. Four . • marragi. Laughing jaokua karooobar&. Father . abah. Native companion kooroogowgan.

Mother -yung,una. White oocbtoo - banginna.

Crow - • wombagah. Suter-Elder - kooda.

Swan - " Yowiger •

Egg . . gunnoo • Brotaer-Elder - kudan. Track of a foot • yulmun.

" Younger

Fiah . • weambar&. A young man - deebahgal. Lobeter • boogarrie. An old man . naganagamun. Crayfiah - lnandah. An old woman • bandeyun. Moequit.o • hoonhoono,

A baby - oowla. Fly . • nln •

Snake - • boongi (carpet). A White man - yuarroo.

The Blaob • • dulgooh. Children - - mool&ramoo.

A Blaokfellow - dulgooh. Head - - brboyan.

A Black woman • tadgegan. Eye - - deeba.ra. N01e • • waneary. Ear - - kUJJ&Dn.

MOUTHS OF THE BURDEK.IN RIVER. 455

No. 126.-Mot7TH8 OJ' TBB BlTILDllIN B.Ivn-continued.

Mouth

Teeth·

• miga.

. dingull.

Bair of the head • targuinn. Beard • • talba.

Thunder -

Gra11 -Tongue Stomach -Breuta ThighFoot -Bone -Blood-

Skin -Fat • Bowels Excrement• War-spear -n-1-apearWommera or throwing-stick

- burrahroo.

- narahminie. - dulling. • boonda. - dulnbinn. • duburrin. • dingooburr&. • mimmoon. • queeberry. - mindeer. - boongaroo. - yabboo. • guno. - woolunbura. • (none 11118d).

buddurrie.

Shield • poodda poodda. TomahawkCanoe-Sun -Moon· Star -Light -Dark -Cold -Heat -Day -Night· Fire -Water Smoke Ground WindRain -God -Ghoat.a

- oolun. - karbeyal. - mulloun. • waboonburra. • dirilger. - baragunna. • wulhurrie. - orbehgun. - moondo moondo. - unbur.

- neebull. - dunjun. - doongin. - dingur. - uinne. -marroo.

Boomerang

Hill -Wood - - moora. Stone • - bungil. Camp - • midera. Yea • - yu yow. No· • karbil.

I - uda. YOU • - ninda.

Bark - · bulgun • Good • - boongoon. Bad -Sweet-

Food • Hungry

Tbiraty

Eat -

Sleep -

Drink

Walk -

See -Sit

- diga.

- goondi.

• dunggee, ogoo.

• garoo.

- armboo yul-burana.

- dulgee ogoo.

- boog oggba.

- kudge ogoo.

• warin.

- na. - duri.

Y eaterday • dirrierih.

To-day • cudgin.

To-morrow - - burrigunda.

Where are the ulba dalgul ? Blacks?

I don't know

Plenty Big •

Little -

Dead • By-and-by -

Come on

Milk -Eaglebawk

Wild turkey

Wife •

- carbilbratber. - murrgi, • yunga.

- arbooro. • walgoon. • boodinhi

• k00&.

456 THE AUSTRALIAN &ACE

No. 127.-PORTER'S RANGE.

BYMON'rAGUCUR.B,F.sQ.

Kangaroo . - woora. Hand - malla. Opoaaum . thangaroo. 2Blacb Tame dog - moora.. 3 Blacka -Wild dog .

Emu - koondooloo. One - -wigin.

Black duck • koberri. Two - - poolaroo.

Wood duck - jimaju. Three. - koorburra. Pelican - pooloon. Four• J..aughing jackaaa kakoburra. Father - yabbo. Native companion

Mother -yauga.. White cockatoo • therone. Crow - - wooralta. Sister-Elder - koodtha.

Swan - " Younger -

Egg . • koomurra. Brother-Elder - waboo . Track of a foot • yalga. Younger ,, Fish . - kooyo . A young man - kowala. Lobster ~ - wagooramoo. Crayfish

An old man - magoora.

Mosquito - kooa. An old woman • wumpan. -

Fly - ninga.. A baby - kundoo.

Snake - noonda. A White man - miggolo.

The Blacks- - kooroon. Children • webburru.

A Blackfellow - murree. Head - - kowro.

_A Black woman - wangu. Eye - - dthille.

Noae - - nindee. Ear - - walloo.

PORTER'S RANGE. 457

No. 127.-=-Po:e:rn's &uiaB--COlllinMM.

Mouth • dtba. Teeth - - yeera. Hair of the head - kudtha.. Beard- - uuga. Thunder Grau -Tongue Stomach Breut.a Thigh Foot -Bone -Blood -Skin -Fat Bowela Excrement -War-apea,r -Reed-apea,r -

- moandhilla. - boogun. - dtballau. -bunna. - bilbille. - yungurra. - deena. - bulbun. - kooma. - minjun. - tammy. - nambo. - koonna. - kalka. : moongul.

Wommera or bingo. throwing-atick

Shield- - koolm&ree. Toma.hawkCa.noe-Sun -Moon -Star -Light -Dark Cold Heat Day Night -Fire -Water Smoke Ground

Wind

Rain -God -GhOlltB

- balko.

- kyee. - ebarra. - botho. - bunning. - oonoo. • winna.

- mungurra. - kurringo. - oonoo - booree. - kamoo. • dthoga. - nauee.

- eburra.

- komoo.

BoomerangHill .

Wood

Stone -Camp

Yea

No I You Bark -Good •

Bad -Sweet

Food -Hungry Thinty

Eat -

Sleep -

Drink

Walk -

See -

Sit

Yeaterday -

To-day

- dthoola.

- byee.

• yamba.

. - wyee. • gurra.

- ngiar.

- inda. - koka. - booroolera.

- magora.

- uree. - karamoonoo.

- woola.

- ugulla.

- bomburra.

- ugauago. - tooago. - mug-gul-a.

- naboo.

To-morrow - • ~-Where are the wundtbamurree?

Blacks? I don't know - gnia gurra yim-

billa. Plenty - boolgun.

Big -Little - - walidgero.

Dead - - woolanoo.

By-and-by - - dtbango. Come on - kannee. Milk -EaglebawkWild turkey Wife -

TBB AUSTRALIAN RACE :

No. 128.--0IIAB.TEBS TOWERS.

Fao11 TJDI CJDD 0o1Dml8IOND OJ' PoLICS, B1mJwm.

The equivalent for the word IIAieZd la the 1a111e u that of the Sydney tribe, now long extinct. There ia but one word to ~ MU and dolle.

Kugaroo . oora. Hand - • mulla. Opoaum . tandroo. 2Blaob Tame dog . ooda.

3 Blaob -Wild dog

One Emu · kondoolo. -.

Black duck• · kubbrie. Two -Woodduok• Three-Pelican • Weeda. Four • Laughingjackau • Father - yabba. Native oompanion

Mother -yang&. White oook&too • doorona. Crow • . wvralbr.. Siner-Elder

Bwa.n. " Younger -

Egg . - koobbeck. Brother-Elder - kudena. Track of a foot • dbm&. y OUJl8W wappo. " Flab . • koorie. A yomig man Lobeter

An old man - pnmgull&. Crayfiah - An old woman Moequito • kooa. --Fly - A baby • wappo.

Snake· A Whiteman -The Blacb- mankill Children -- . A Blaokfellow • marri&. Head - - kudd&.

A Black woman • Eye - - dillie. Noee - • ninde. Ear - - walloo

CHARTERS TOWERS.

No. 128,---Cllil'l'DS ToWDS-COntfflvtd.

Mouth - da. Boomerang - - wa.ra.ngal. Teeth - - alla. HW - - barrle. Hair of the head- Imelda. Wood • - budda.

Beard- · Ollpl', St.one - - b&nie. Thunder - Camp • - yamba. 01"11811 - - ,roomba. Tongue Stomach -Breana ThighFoot -Bone -Blood -

Skin • Fat -Bowels Excrement-

- alla. - bona. - mombot. - thurra.

- yarigarra.

- milqut,

War-apea.r • - kODda. Reed-apea.r -Wommera or throwiug-stick

Shield - heelaman. Toma.hawk - balgo. Canoe

Bun -Moon -Star -Light -Dark -Cold -Heat -Day -NightFire -Water Smoke

Ground

Wind

Rain -God -

Ghoeta

. kurra. • kooqurra.. - budda. - oona.

- oonock • Weeda.

- borra. - abra. - doogar,

- nana.

- oobra.

- gooie.

Yea -No

I You -

Bark -Good -

Bad -Sweet-

Food -Hwigry

Tbiraty

. Eat -Sleep •

Drink

Walk-

Bee -Bit

- balgut.

- nooda.

- ourquna. - abra.

- yamba,

- abra.

Yesterday -

Today

To-morrow•

Where are the

BlaokaT I don't know

Plenty Big •

Little -

Dead -By-and-by -

Come on

- coa. - olla.

Milk - - ommoon.

Eaglehawk-

Wild turkey • burcum.

.Wife - - bergana.

459

No. 129.-UPPER FLim>EBS, HUGHENDE!i, DGTI'O~ IDVER, ETC.

OF the dialects of the Upper Flinders and Dutton Rivers I have received two specimens from my brother and son named above. The name of the language is Pooroga. It much resembles that of Tower Hill and Cornish Creek, and bas many words found in the Porter's Range, Diamantina and Thomson Rivers languages. The two samples produced of the Pooroga agree very well, though obtained probably from persons of distinct tn"bes.

No. 129.-UPPER FLINDERS, HUGHENDEN, AND DUTTON RIVER.

Br Moll'liov CUJm, EaQ.

Kangaroo • Opoaum Tame dog Wild dog • Emu -

• gooroo. Hand • -murra.

BlackduckWoodduck-Pelioan

- oudthra. · oobboora.

. oooburree..

Laughing jackaae co-ca-burra. Native companion bilbungala.. White cockatoo - mooranga. Crow • - wagunna. Swan• Egg - - dthmdoo. Track of a foot Fiah • - oooyoo. Lobster • marooroo. Crayfiah Moaquito • oooogoona. Fly - - ngingya. Snake • • moond&. The Blacka • • murree

( doubtful). A Blackfellow A Black woman - ngyunga. Noae - • wangoye.

2 Black■

3 Blacka

One •

Two •

Three.

Fom •

Father

boolurroo.

- boork&.

• mareera.

Mother • marrunk.a. Sister-Elder - cudthllilD&.

•• Younger Brother-Elder • moogoona.

,. Younger

~ young man • nyunka. An old man - b&boora.

An old woman A baby • dgell&roo. A White man · Children Head· Eye -Ear .

· dthilli. . munk.&.

\

UPPER FLINDERS, HUGBENDEN, ETC. 461

No. 129.-UPP:a Fx.nmns, HuoHDDu, A.ND DU'l"l'ON Rxv:acontinv«l.

Mouth - dthowa. Boomerang-Teeth· -ulgulla. Hill Bair of the head• cudthagoorun. Wood-Beard • unga.

Stone - - but-thulla. Thunder • ge-L Gra1111. • yagoo. Camp- - wongo . Tongue . koogunya. Yee . eea. Stomach . yagoora. No Breuta

I Thigh - d'tharroo. Foot . . d'thinna. You

Bone - . goomgooma. Bark . magoora. Blood - . eergurra. Good . Skin . magoora. Bad Fat . · dthoona. Sweet-Bowell

Food - . minna. Excrement - - koonna.

Hungry - win-gin-a-roo. War-apear · - moorga. Reed-apear Thinty . kunga.

Wommera or Ea.t .

throwing-atick Sleep ·

Shield- - ooolmurree. Drink.

Tomahawk - - ooodja. Walk· Canoe- See Sun . . kumba. Sit Moon- - kogurra. Yeeterday -Star . - d'the-gul-C!Ood- To-day

tha. To-morrow• - djinroo. Light -

Dark - . burgun. Where are the

Cold - inguano. Blacks?

Heat • I don't know

Day Plenty

Night· Big

Fire . • booree. Little -Water- - kamoo. Dead . - ooranoo. Smoke - dthooga. By-and-by -Ground - goondee. Come on Wind- - poodtha: Milk . Rain - kamoo. Ea.glehawk -God . Wild turkey Ghoste Wife ·

462 THE AU8'l'R.ALIAN RA.CB:

No. 129.-UPPEB FLINDERS, HUGHENDEN, AND DUTl'ON RIVER.

Kangaroo . gooroo. Hand • -murra. Opo..um - bthara. 2Blaoka Tame dog - bbburra. 3Blaob . Wild dog

One . • ungarr . Emu . • oolo&rri. Blaokduok- - koo-daboora. Two . - boolani, poole.

Woodduok- - narawool Three. - goorboore. Pelican . tanvoo. Four . . poorooga. Laughing jackau kakooburra. Father • manma, mani. Native oompanion bilb11Jl8VI', Mother . yamgin, yanga. White oookatoo - murroin. Crow - • wadda. Bilter-Elder -npmalla.

Swm - .. y omiger • wabagoo.

Egg . • tarndoo. Brother-Elder . muggf.

Traok of a foot • tbma. .. Yowiger wabagoo • Flah . - kooyoo. Ayowigman • wangoor, bt.lba. Lobner An old man . eyara. Crayfllh An old woman . mangoor, M011quito . kocmpin.

A baby . gallaroo. Fly - . yilna.

Buake- - moonda. A Whiteman - yerby.

The Blaoka- . yalgaburra. Children - . ooranga.

A Blaokfellow Head - • paragna, parryn.

A Black woman • wooroona. Eye • timmari.

N018 - • gooni. Ear . . muga.

UPPER FLINDERS, HUGBBNDEN, ETC. 463

No. 129.-U.PPD FLnmDB, H11aJD1NDo, AND DUT'l'ON R.Ivm-c:onti11u«l.

Mouth- • dt-hawa. Teeth - · nugala. Hair of the head- wooroo. :Beard - • nunga.. Thunder - pimanoo. 01'111111 - - yakoo. Tongue • koobnya. Stomach · koogingara. Breuta • yammoon. Thigh . . yangara. Foot · · tiima. Bone • · koongoona. Blood · · yirgoora. Skin • • magoora. Fa.t - t.oodda. Bowell · padanna. Excrement -War-spear· Reed-spear. Wommera or throwing-•tiok

BhieldTomahawk -Canoe-Bun -Moon-Star -Light· Dark Cold • Heat Day .

Night-Fire . Water-Smoke Ground Wind-Rain •

God Ghoeta

. koonna. -moorga. - kaygooma.

koonbinna.

- koolmurri. • kooga.

. karrL . t.agara, kagara. . tigalnagoo. • waa.

- oonno. • wirra, weda. . wanginna.

• nambimbidoo. • boom. • kauimoo. . tooka.

- koondi. • parooga.

- kammoo, wooralba.

Boomera.ngHill . WoodSt.one • Camp-Yea No I. You Bark

Good. Bad • Sweet -Food -Hungry Thinty Eat -Sleep -Drink. Walk -See

- kulga. - undoothala. . boorri. • yanandoro.

• yae.

- nowa. . yo. • ioo.

· mindaua, YOO•

arna. . ta.rrili, dtharil. . &i-i-goo.

• minna, purga. • ka.ramulberri. • karrap. • yooga. . wilgida. . yoogangaoo. . bbonaoo. . tillilma.

Sit · yinda. Yeaterday - -kageam. To-day • waabedunga. To-morrow• · waanga. Where are the ninaya napoo. BlackaT

I don't know Plenty

Big Little -Dead .

By-and-by·

• nawadi.

·)'angamara,

pooroga. . walbagna. . wabigoo. . oola, cunga.

Come on • bwayi.

Milk • · koorna. Eaglehawk •

Wild turkey · pragam.

Wife - · nadunda.


No. 130.-THE WATERSHED AND UPPER PORTIO~

OF THE CAPE RIVER.

FoB the :following account of the Mnngerra tribe, which inhabits the watershed and upper portion of the Cape River, I am indebted to the Commissioner of Police in Queensland, and to Inspector M. Armstrong. The extent of country belonging to the tribe is said to be about 300 sqnare miles; and its numbers are-70 men, 30 women, 30 boys, and 20 girls, in all 150 souls. When their country was first occupied by the Whites in 1860, their numbers were estimated at 350. The decrease is attributed to the diseases always introduced by the Whites, and to influenza, skin disease, want of food, and probably to the atrocities of the Black Police, which a.re not mentioned, however. My informant says that this tribe wear no clothes; that the height of the men is about five feet seven inches, and that of the women four feet eleven inches ; and that few live to be over forty yea.rs of age. That the stature, strength, and duration of life amongst the Blacks of N orthem Queensland are less than in the southern portion of the continent; I find to be the opinion of several of my correspondents, Mr. Armstrong amongst them.

For ornaments, the Mungerra. tribe wear a bone through the septum of the nose, a. mussel-shell on the forehead, and a necklace of small reeds cut into short lengths. On occasions of corroborees, deaths, and fights, the men smear their persons with the usual grease and red ochre or pipeclay, according to circumstances. Their implements are baskets, knives which resemble chisels in shape, and stone

WATERSHED AND PORTION OF CAPE Rn'ER. 465

. tomahawks_gronnd to an edge. They have also nets for the ·capture of kangaroo, emu, and fish. Their weapons are jagged war-spears thrown with the hand, and reed-spears thrown with the worn.mere.; also boomerangs of both sorts, and the inevitable nulla-nnlla or club, which last is the only weapon they decorate with carving. Their meat they cook on the coals; ovens are not found amongst them. No traces of small-pox have been observed.

My informant remarks that this tribe are cannibals to a limited degree, and when sorely pinched by hunger have been known to kill and eat some of their female children. They have no objection to tell their names. Marriages are made both in and out of the tribe. The males are allowed to get wives at from seventeen to twenty years of age if they are able, and the females become wives at eleven to fourteen years of age, and have been known to have children at twelve years. · About one-fifth of the men who have wives have more than one. Children belong to the tribe of the father. In youth, the males and females have their skins ornamented with scars .. When the period of adolescence is past, a front tooth is knocked out of the upper jaw of the males and the lower jaw of the females. Circumcision and other rites of the sort are not practised in this tribe, but on occasions of mourning they cut and gash themselves in various places. They have a great fear of a Supernatural Being, and also of the dead. They make young men on the occasion of their corroborees. Their dead are buried, but not at any great depth, and the friends of the deceased paint portions of their bodies with pipe-clay on such occasions. Disagreements are settled by pitched battles, single combats, or arbitration. " I have known," says Mr. Armstrong, "a message to be sent qver one hundred miles on a stick about four inches long, notched all over with diamond-shaped marks. The stick was about one inch in circumference."

So far as has been observed, no government exist.s in the tribe. The names of the neighbouring tribes are Bulla, Tnmbulla, Mungubra, Qneebinbirra, and Mungabirm.

VOL. II. ZG

466 THE AUSTR.ALIAN RACE:

No. 130-WATERSHED AND UPPER PORTION OF CAPE RIVER.

Kangaroo - tiJwn. Hand - - mobrey. Opoumn 2Blacb Tame dog 3Blacka Wild dog -Emu - goberri.

One - - woogra. -Black duck- - kotubra. Two - - boolli.

Wood duck- - barooma. Three-

Pelican - bilbungra. Four - - goodberri. laughing jackaaa obbirrl. Fat.her - marena. Nativecompanion tarrooroo.

Mother - younga. White cockat.oo · - ohikerl. . Silt.er-Elder - omula. Crow - - wawteringa. Swan - "

younger - kathna.

Egg - - thando. Brot.her-Elder -mugenna. Track of a foot - tri. Yomiger t.ombua.

" Fish - • kooyoo. A young man - ulora. Lobeter An old man - nathua. Crayfish

An old woman - babina. Moequito - - kogunnfa. Fly - - nunga.

A baby - galaroo,

Snake- - thrana. A Whiteman

The Black.II - meanna. Childreu - arna.

A Blaokfellow Head - yabjnga.

A Black woman - ungoo. Eye - - dilli N011e - - ungne. F.ar . - mungna.

WATERSHED AND _PORTION OF CAPE RIVER. 467

No. 130-WATEBSHED AND UPPER PORTION OJ' CAPB RIVBRcontinued.

Mouth - tooga. Teeth· - era. Hair of the head • yolli. :Beard • • nunda. Thunder 01'1188. Tongue Stomach Breaat.a Thigh Foot · Bone -Blood· Skin -Fat • Bowela Excrement• War-spear -Reed-spear .

Wommera -Shield TomahawkCanoe Sun · Moon• Star . Light· Dark· Cold -Heat -Day -Night· Fire .

Water Smoke Ground

Wind-. Rain .

God -Ghost.a

. gnrru. - yago. - kaae. - koona. . thungoo

· mogo. . thinna •.

• gunguna. . ugra. - mokra. • tommi . thunga. . goonna. . bilgi. • warda • thoomulla.

- gullmerri. - koocha,

- winganna. - kokkra. · buttu. . unnu.

• wida.

• thowri. - unnu. . waberri. • bree.

- bmmo. - dungunna.

- gunay. . parretta. - kammo •

. yarri.

Boomerang -Hill . Wood-Stone -Camp-Yee No I You

Bark Good.

Bad

Sweet-

Food · Hungry ThirBty

Eat .

Bleep · Drink· Walk -Bee Bit

Yesterday • To-day

To-morrow•

Where are the Blacb?

I don't know

Plenty Big

Little· Dead.

By-and-by·

Come on Milk .

F.aglehawk -Wild turkey Wife

2. G:2.

• gulga.

- mungna. • thoola. . pathilla. • yamba. • yalgurna. · nowa. - iu . • wolaga.

- kob. · tharibra. - kicha. . tharibra. . mooa. . kamunga.

- kurena. - maionuna. - olkitta. . mangena. . tooa. • parrari.

- endana. • kalkura. . nakka.

kurra. murra T

- natu. . yanunga.

- baabirra. • kokoro •

• woligi. . guragura.

• thourakabona.

- nommunna. • umbilla.

. wouna.


No. 131.-NATAL DOWNS STATION, CAPE RIVER.

Br F. M. TolD'IION, EBQ., AND WIIoLLUI CHATJ'IKLD, JUN., E9Q.

OF the language of the Pegullohrra tribe, which is called Eneby, I have received two vocabularies, one from Mr. F. M. Tompson, Inspector of Police, and the other from Mr. Wm. Chatfield, jun., of Natal Downs Station. This latter gentleman, who has taken much kindly-interest in my inquiries, has also furnished me with such information as has enabled me to g1ve the following account of the tribe.

In country watered by the Cape River, and measuring about one hundred miles square (i.e., ten thousand square miles, or six million four hundred thousand acres), dwell six 6urra, or tribes, who speak, with small dialectic differences,

· what they call the Eneby language. The n&mes of these tribes a.re:- ·

1. Yukkaburra, suppoeed to be the original ,t.ock. 2. Pegulloburra. 3. Wokkulburra (i.e., Eel people). 4. Mungooburra. 6. Mungullaburra (Spinifex people). 6. Goondoolooburra (Emu people).

Ea.ch of these tribes is subdivided into four classes. Every class ha.s its representative bird, animal, or reptile ( commonly called totem or crest), and, says Mr. Chatfield, every member of the tribe, male or female, has imprinted on his ·or her person on arriving at puberty a mark 10/tich identifies the class to 10hich he or she belongs. This statement, I think, requires confirmation before it can be accepted. The following are the names of the classes in the Y ukkaburra tribe, with their crests or totems, of which some have two:-

Utheroo Multheroo Yunga.roo Goorgilla

Crest-Emu or ~t snake. Crellt--Igua.ua. Crest--Opouum. Crest----Scrub turkey.

NATAL DOWNS STATIQN, CAPE RIVER. 469

"These class-names are· given in the masculine gender; when applied to women, each has a feminine termination or equivalent.

Many words in the Eneby vocabulary are commonly met with as far as Broad Sound. In the vocabulary of these tribes are also words prevalent on the Upper Flinders. The word mun.kine, young n,oman, is found on the Norman River, on Spear Creek, at Cleveland Bay, at Townsville, and other places. Amongst the Additional Words will be found 6omar = beat, which is met with on the Burnett and also in Western Australia. but slightly altered.

The territory of the Pegulloburra., Mr. Oha.tfield informs me, was first occupied as a station in 1863, but the tribe was not what is technically called let in until 1868. Generally, after the first occupation of a tract of country by a settler, from three to ten years elapse before the tribe or tribes to which the land has belonged from time immemorial is let in, that is, is allowed to come to the homestead, or seek for food within a radius of five or ten miles of it. During this period the squatter's party and the tribe live in a state of warfare; · the former shooting down a savage now and then when opportunity offers, and calling in the aid of the Bl~k·Police from time to time to avenge in a wholesale way the killing or frightening of stock off the run by the tribe. Acting on the well-known feature of aboriginal ethics, that every male stranger is an enemy, who must, if possible, be slain, the Queensland Government has largely availed itself of its

• aboriginal population for the purpose of punishing aboriginal agressions. The stereotyped proceedings which follow the taking. up of a run may be described in this way, and if I mention them, it is only on the chance that further publicity -for they a.re well known-may possibly contribute to the adoption of more humane-measures.

When the settler then locates his stock on a piece of country hitherto in the sole possession of a. tribe, the roots, grass-seeds, and g!l,file on which the people habitually live quickly fail. Then come hunger and also anger, for amongst ·

410 THE AUS'JB.ALIAN RACE:

themselves the hunting or gathering of food by a tribe· on land which does not belong to it . is always considered a caaus belli by the rightful proprietors; just as in our case to take or destroy a neighbour's sheep or cabbages is a punishable act. Th~n some cattle are speared, or frightened oiF the run by the mere presence of the Blacks in search of food. In either of these events the Blacks are attacked and some of them shot down. In revenge, a shepherd or stockman is speared. Recourse is then had to the Government; half-a-dozen or more young Blacks in some part of the colony remote from the scene of the outrage are enlisted, mounted, armed, liberally supplied with ball cartridges, and despatched to the spot under the charge ofa. Sub-inspector of Police. Hot for blood, the Black troopers a.re la.id on the trail of the tribe ; then follow the careful tracking, the surprise, the shooting at a distance safe from spears, the deaths of many of the males, the capture of the women, who know that if they abstain from flight they will be spa.red; the gratified lust of the savage, and the Sub-inspector's report that the tribe has been "dispersed," for Bllch is the official term used to convey the occurren~ of these proceedings. When the tribe has gone

· through several repetitions of this experience, and the chief' part of its young men been butchered, the women, the remnant of the men, and such children as the Black troopers have not troubled themselves to shoot, are l,et in, or allowed to come to the settler's homestead, and the war is at an end. Finally, a shameful disease is introduced, and finishes what ·· the rifle began. The Pegulloburra were not let in until 1868, having in the interim, Mr. Chatfield says, "been murdered by Whites and Native Police wherever seen." When they were let in, there were only 125 able-bodied men left, the numbers of the women a.nd children being considerably greater. Measles also ravaged the tribe, so that the Pelgnlloburra at the time · of Mr. Chatfield's '!fJ'iting reckoned only thirty men, fifty women, and some few children, for infanticide has become general amongst them.

NATAL DOWNS STATION, CAPE RIVER. 471

Amongst the whole of the six burra; or tribes, there still remained, however, in 1880 at least 200 men, and a. much larger number of women.

A good many of this tribe, both men and women, lived, a.s far as my informa.nt could judge, to be fifty or sixty years of age. Some of them have opossum-rugs, with which they cover themselves a.t night, but none 1l8e any covering during the day, and, a.s usual in the north, a.11 sleep surrounded by several small fires. Their principa.l ornaments are sea_ shells, worn in the hair a.nd round the neck, which they obtain by barter from the Kokleburra or Wokkulburra tribes, which occasionally visit the sea-coast. At corroborees they also wear waist-belts made of opossumfur, chaplets of the teeth of wild dogs or kangaroo, and also plumes of feathers. Of course they smea.r the person with grease whenever they can get it, for this is -a custom common· to th~ whole of the Australia.n tribes ; besides, they paint. themselves at corroborees with red ochre and pipe-clay, and rob the skin with charcoal when in mourning.

Of nets they have several descriptions, manufactured from the ba.rk of the Kurmjong-tree; kangaroo nets, wallaby nets, and :fishing nets. Fish-hooks are unknown. They have also vessels of wood and bags of bark in which they carry water. The ha.gs in which they convey their few belongings when on the march are made of grass; and what little sewing they do is with the common bone awl, the needle being unknown. Their knives are of fl.int, chipped and nevei: ground to an edge. Their chisel consists of a. handle of wood, about six inches long, which is split at one end, bas a flake of flint or volcanic glass inserted in the_ split, and is then tied and covered with gnm or beeswax. Sometimes the fl.int is merely fa.stened to the end of the stick with gum or wax, without a split. Their tomahawks are of diorite, first chipped and then ground sharp at the edge, with handles of vines, split and bent once round the stone, and secured where they meet with a seizing of twine, wax being thickly laid on to prevent Blipping. Throughout the continent, as far a.s is known,·

•

472 THE AUSTRALIA.N RACE:

there is always a difficulty in uniting the heads of tomahawks and chisels ·with their handles, which is partly met by the use of wax or gum. Mr. Chatfield thinks that tomahawk-heads which are picked up underground are merely nnfinished articles, and not tools of an earlier date, as some

• have supposed. He adds-" There is a large quarry thirty miles from this with thousands of unfinished fl.awed tomahawks lying about, as is also the case in many of the camps for miles around. May not many of the unpolished stone hatchets of the so-called Pa.lmolithic period consist of rejected articles such a.s these ? In Fignier's Primitfre Man, page 154, figure 108, there is a drawing of a rubber for making tomahawks a.nd bone needles, a.nd did I not know where the stone represented was found, I should have thought it came from this run. Before we introduced iron tools, every camp

'had a stone of this kind." A curious implement of this tribe is the emu-call, a hollow piece of wood about two feet long and three inches in diameter, partially closed with wax at the small end. By blowing through this they make a sort of bellowing sound, sufficiently like the emu's voice to attract the bird at night within spear range or. inside of kangaroo nets which have been set for the purpose. This call is not very common. Amongst their belongings are also head-bands made of strong cobwebs, and others of spun opossum fur, and waist bands of the last named material ; also small fringes worn round their middles by the women on festive occasions.

Hence the love of ornamental covering exists, whilst the · first claims of decency are nearly, but not entirely, disregarded. That there survives~ ~ven amongst people who have never worn any covering, an occasional shame of nakedness, I have noticed myself; and one of my Barcoo correspondents, speaking of a tribe with which he is acquainted, remarks the same thing. Men and women seem never entirely to forget their nakedness.

Of the weapons of the tribe, one is the boomerang which • returns when thrown. Mr. Chatfield describes it as flat on

NATAL ·DOWNS STATION, CAPE RIVER. 473

one side and convex on the other, as usual. On the convex side is carved° a. diamond-shaped pattern or one of parallel zig-zag lines, after the usual style of the aboriginal artist. Their spears a.re light ones of grass-tree ( or, perhaps, partly of grass-tree, as in the South), thrown with the wommera, and heavy wooden ones thrown by hand. Some of both kinds are barbed. In some cases the barbs are cut out of the solid, -and in others made· of a piece of ha.rd wood, or of a flint, or a fish-bone, or a porcupine quill, neatly la.shed to the point, Spears which a.re not barbed a.re covered with the gu:tn of the gidya.h-tree, which is supposed to aggravate the wound, a. circumstance · which reminds us of the poisoned arrows of some savages.

Mr. Chatfield adds, as worthy of remark, that the tribes of the N ogoa. and Dawson, though they sometimes meet the Cape River tribes at Peak Downs, never use the wommera., though they have plenty of grass-trees to make light spears of; and do not barb their spears, which remark he also extends to the Wide Bay, Brisbane, and Burnett tribes. Any one who has had what I may call a general experience of the race, however, must have noticed that, th!:mgh an intense family likeness in customs prevails throughout, most tribes have some peculiarities to which they cling with much pertinacity. Another weapon of these tribes is a wooden sword, about three feet six inches in length, which much resembles a boomerang in shape, and is wielded with both hands. They have also clubs of many varieties, each ·of which, as usual, has a. distinct name. They have likewise shields. Their weapons are always colored.

The food of these tribes is very various. Amongst other articles they have emu, kangaroo, wallaby, opo98ums, snakes, and birds; in fact, all living things found in their country. But each season of the year has its particular article of food .. At one time there is the nut of a cycas, which is prepared by first steeping in water, then roasting, ~nd finally grinding like wheat, and cooki1;1g like our dampers. At another season there is the root of a water-lily, and also its seed,

-~

474: THE AUSTRALIAN RA.Cit:

which is ground, and looks something like rice. Wild honey is likewise obtained in considerable quantities. In winter they have a sort of yam, and so on. As usual, there are many restrictions connected with food. · Emu and eels, for instance, are eaten only by full-blown warriors. Eggs are prohibited to young men and young women. Much of the food is cooked by means of heated stones in extemporized ovens. The more permanent ovens, ot ash-heaps of the South, are not found in the Pegnlloburra country. No marks of small-pox exist in these tribes. Oannibalism is of undoubted but of rare occurrence. For instance, should a fat man fall from a tree and break his neck, he is eaten.

Marriages are regulated within the tribe by classes, men exchanging their daughters and sisters for females of the proper classes, who become their wives. Women are also exchanged with other tribes, and sometimes acquired by capture. When the country-was first settled by us, many of the men were in possession of two wives, whilst some had six, and the majority none. ·

Female children become wives at seven and mothers at twelve yea.rs of age. Widows, if not too old, go to brothers of their defunct husbands, or in default a.re seized upon by some strong man. The women rear ( or used to do) a.bout tJiree children ea.ch, which belong to the tribe of the father, bnt to the class of the mother. Infanticide has much increased since the coming of the Whites; prior to that only such children were destroyed as their mothers were unable to carry with them on the march.

The principal diseases a.re those usually introduced by the Whites .and consumption, and of late years the low fever from which the Whites in those parts suffer, which

• used to be but little known amongst the tribe in their wild state.

These Cape River tribes, like perhaps all others, scar their persons. The operation is performed with a flint, and the wound filled with feathers or down. Men scar their


backs and shoulders in this way; .the women are scarred slightly between the breasts and across the stomach. Scare are made genemlly on the left thigh both of the men and women, continues Mr. Chatfield, but occasionally on the right, for t"6 purpose of denoting tke particular class to 'IDhich tkey belong; but as such a practice would conflict with

_ the custom prevalent throughout the continent, as far as known, which is to make these marks far ornament alone, the statement cannot be received without further evidence. The tribe does not circumcise, nor does that rite obtain at any place, says my informant, within one hundred and fifty miles of their country. A front tooth need always to be knocked out, but, like other native customs, this one has been going out of vogue since the coming of the Whites.

Mr. Chatfield informs me that the Cape River tribes, of which we are speaking, have a vivid belief in a future life. When a Blackfellow dies whose actions during life have been what they .hold to be good, he is said to ascend to Boorala (i.e., to the Creator, literally good'), where he lives much as he did on earth, lees the usual terrestrial discomforts. The Milky Way, which is called Tugar (i.e., smoke), is said · to be the smoke proceeding from celestial grass; set fire to by departed women, who by this signal direct the ghosts of the deceased (as they did their husbands of ~ld to their bush camp) to the eternal camp-fires of the tribe. It is strange that the Eucla people, so far away, should also regard the Milky Way as- connected with themselves, as well as the Narrinyeri tribe:- To the man who has led a bad life, death is thought to be simple annihilation. Goin, the evil spirit, is said to be an old man, with claws like an eagle and feet like an alligator, who occasionally, in the dark, tears people to pieces. They much fear the ghosts of their departed kinsfolk, and, if they think one is near, will sometimes rush at night from their camps in the wildest dismay, each to hide where best he can.

• See Taplin'a Folldnre, p. 39.


In sandstone caves, which are numerous in their country, the Pegnlloburra make drawings of emu and kangaroo, and also imprints of their hands daubed with red. These latter are found on the almost inaccessible faces of the white sandstone cliffs. On the Cape River, these red hands are called beera, a word which Mr. Chatfield correctly says mean·s hand on the Burnett, 500 miles south. About these red hands he could never get any information, but circumstances which he-mentions led him at last to conjecture tli.at they are connected with some superstitions custom or belief. This, however, I think, needs confirmation, and I fancy my informant was mistaken; for we know that to made imprints of their feet on sand or muddy ground is common to the Black!!, little and big, everywhere; and also to imprint their greasy hands on any object which will receive the impression. I have_ often noticed that the sight of such impressions gives them plea.sure, and I look on the practice as an early stage of that love of art which is inherent in man. By pictures and images the Australian is greatly attracted.

The Pegullobnrra are a tallish people, with straight hair generally, and some few curly heads incline to be woolly. The practice of ma.king young men by secret ceremonies is in vogue. When a man dies, his heart, bowels, liver, &c., are ta.ken out and buried in the ground. The corpse is buried separately. After three or four weeks it is disinterred, and any flesh which may be left cleaned off the bones. The skull and bones are then generally broken and tied up in ti-tree bark. Over these for a few nights there is much lamenting. The parcel of bones is then placed on a platform made in.a tree, where it remains .for three months or so. After that, the female relatives of the deceased, if he have any, carry the bones about thus tied up until tired of the encumbrance, or until they have ceased to cherish the memory of the deceased. The bodies of boys, women, and girls are sometimes buried and sometimes burnt. But little ceremony and one good cry take place. Immediately after a death, the camp is shifted for fear· of ghosts.

NATAL DOWNS STATION, CAPE RIVER. 4 77

The causes of war are the murder ·of stragglers, the stealing of women, but, above all, the belief in deaths from incantations. When both sides are tired of killing stragglers, and have had enough of we.r, the fighting-men hold a council, and choose two or three to meet the other side. The matter is then arranged, and the weaker party give some nets and women to make matters up.

The practice of sending a notched stick with ·a messenger to another tribe ie in nee. Mr. Chatfield expre~eee himself as having a fancy that there are some faint traces of freemasonry amongst the tribe. He has not seen or heard of any Albinos. Witchcraft is practised. Old men pretend to extract crystals from the· bodies of the sick by sucking.

Amongst the Pegulloburra. there ie a vague tradition that their country OD,.ce belonged to another tribe whom their ancestor conquered. Many of the names of places in their territory are those given by the former occupants, and have meanings ; as moonya-moonya = hats; molomina = crO'IDa'-p"la.ce; kurgiringa = Hamks'-place, and eo on. In counting, the fingers and sometimes the toes are· need to represent numbers. Mr. Chatfield gives the following Additional Words :-

ADDITIONAL Woll.D8.

Kangaroo net - boojoroo, boo- A stick . tula.r. garoo. Flowers - munga.

Wallaby net • wyang. Lily root . • coomy • Fish net· - mabbe. Lily seed • pundy, pundoo. Net wom on fore • ·tarwoo. Cabbage-tree . ungun.

head Bottle-tree • binge. Net bags made of widgee Mulga-tree • boona.roo.

gral!8 Gidyah-tree - coobarool. Men's waist-belt moogoob&.. Y&11111- • monilla., cuthia..

Fringe wom as an womby. Cye&11 nut - deweel. apron by the Rook kangaroo - kargool. woinen Fore11t walla.by - tomb&.

Spinifex - mungull&. Rook wallaby - gooniooloo.

Tree . - boboro. Kangaroo-rat - wier.

Leaves . di-i Flying squirrel - mungoroo.


An»mo11A.L WoJUllt---'ilttlffl,

Buahrat • mabbaroo. Diamond make - moongilly.

Rabbit-rat - • tubberoo. Water llllllk~ • ammoondoro

J:i'1ying fox - - goondL Black-head make goyogoro.

Porcupine - babbera. Deaf adder • MUDJlUJD.

:&ndiooot • ugulla. Black llllllke • coobree. Iguana • tukldn. Black bream - weaner. Alligat.or (longtukkinA. Eel -wakul.

igaalla) Dew-fish • docmgooloo. DeworJewllzard bunpra. Fresh-water coqerree. Lioe . . - kooleen. turtle Wooden wat.er egara. Throat • booa.

veaael Chen • tocmga.

Bone needlel or pegooroo. Atma. . peipr.

awla Lower part of leg yungera.

Flakee of filnt -- tarine (i.e., KD88 IIDd elbow - magin. sharp). The liver . - yarkery. _

Emu-oall • boothera. Togo • ninbago.

Flint knife• . kunga. To sing - mombo. Chisel . tango, tangoroo. To hear • wallooga, Opouum-rug • ooomby. nuggalee.

A apea.rb&rb • minke. To hunt • yungundfana.

Grus-tree spear • oulp. To mnell • ninde go

Sword • qu.inlmm. nuggalee.

Nulla-nullaorclub mirroo, To flog . wmntnera.

dim.my-dim.my, To beat (to excel) boomall.

bullen-bullen. To come baok - yandogoingalle.

Honey - carp&, To bite - currabWT&,

Three ■ortll of carpa, wothul, To pretend· . ugatharingo.

wild bees gooira. To tie up - ondiga.no.

Pigeon • marmaJa. To cry - bury Common hawk • peiga. To cooee • congul.

Sparrow-hawk • kurgine. To wipe • cmgo. Qua!) - burrandooL To lose - umbully.

Scrub turkey - cooooobeen (i.t., To laugh • yie.

eggs). To hide . niroo.

Bat . • moonya-moonya. To dream . pidgoring. Oh dear! . yukkii I To kill . goondaty. Feathers . boona. Scrub • muthar. Snake in general - moonda. Plains - burgu.lla. Carpet llllllke • carbool. Oharcoal . • mether, Greenmake(tree) wamnn. Aahee _. booan.

Brown make - yabbeya._ Perspiration -culgara.


ADDITIOIU.L W O~W.

White- - bumbera. There or here - ulle. Black - • ooorebila. Where ? • undee? Red - - nameroo. A long way • yurgo, Green • boorba. Near • - yatban. Grey - - bingara. Fight • - uthulla. Sand • - 9Ulba. I have bad enough bmmer uthulla. A 11&11dy creek - culbara. to eat; literally, A native hut - bulgunna. atomaoh-ti'ght Salt-water or aea- oommo cungal, Tired · · dilnurra.

ooogera, A large pen,on - ballongo, A young womaa • munkine. A wild penon - bungineme. A maid - oolbo. Long . - goorgan. Uncle - • mamy. Short - - wapitu. Aunt - - tabina. Quick - - wokker. Ma.le oouain - kUDg\lu, To break - ooongelee. Female oouain - kunguna. To tumble down • ooongeringo. Husband • • goongul. Be gone - munga-munga. God, alao good • boorila. Go on - - umbaga. Evil apirit • · goee, goin. New - yagilla. A bad man - · murre goee. Old - ooolbaroo. Ghoet · · yungal. Stop - mungoindee. The Milky Wa7 • tugar (lit. smoke). Sharp . . tarrine. The Southern goondooloo (lit. What ia your numbera bider ? Croes emu). · name ?

Pleiadee • munkine (lit. a What l,i 7our annyburra bider! young woman). tribe?

Mine • - iohu. Sunaet - kie burn. Yours• Come here •

Putdown -

- uno; - ullumbago. . etar.

Sunriae Noon • Lightnbig

• kie wedera. - kie kungat. . betmallen.

NAKBS OJ' MEN. NA.JIBS OJ' Fnuus. Yungadoo. Woolinu. Moogathoo. Bbigwee. Toomble. Nunguree. Moimoorga. Bubalinga. Moo:rgan. Inda.Unga. Tandeaingo. Emar. Indambigo. Pbiohallu. Bullamiago. ·Toonombbiga. Bibinothe. Milga. Goonbody. Nooky.

These namea are B&id to have no meaning.


No. 131.-CAPE RIVER.

BY F. M. TOKPSON, EsQ •

. Kangaroo · hoora. Ha.nd- · bu-4-Opouum . thung-er-oo. 2 Blacks Tame dog - noota.. 3 Blacks Wild dog

One Emu · gun-du-la.. . .

Black duok- • ooo-bid-dy. Two · buller.

Wood duck- - now-wow. Three. - goolburra. Pelica.n • bool-loo. Four • moorga. Laughing ja.ckau ka-koo-burrr..

Father - yabbo. Native oompa.nion gool-du-ra.

Mother . yung-er. White-oockatoo - dick-a-ey.

Crow - • wuth-a.. Siater-Elder • goothoona.

Swan - - (none). " Younger •

Egg . - wun-bulla.. Broth!)I'-Elder • cu-tha.n.

Track of a foot • wun-da. " Younger

Fiah . ooo-e-yu. A young man • cowla...

Lobster - (none inland). An old ma.n - brin-gul-lo. Cra.yfia\1 - (unknown). An old woman • boor-rung-un. Moequito . oooa.

A baby • gundoo . Fly . nin.

A White man . coo-in. Snake- - moon-da, The Blacks- - murry. Children - cul-burroo.

A Bla.ckfellow Head· • cuth-a.

A Black woman - noolba.. Eye • thilly.

N011e . . nindy. Ear • wulloo.

NAT.AL DOWNS STATION, CAPE RIVER. 481

No. 131.:....CAPi: Rivo---continw.· Mouth

Teeth -• thar. Boo~ •

- e-ar. Hill -

Bah- of the head - boo-e-line.

Beard - - ren-ga. Th11Dder

Grass -Tongue St.omach Breuta Thigh Foot -Bone -mood-Skin -Fat -Bowela Excrement -War-epear · Reed-epear • Wommera or throwing-stick

- moo-ral-1&.

- bookun. - thulli. • b11Dn&. - am-moon. - thur-ra. - tbin-na. - bul-bun. • coo-ma. - bit-ty. - thum-my. - f1lDg-er-um. - goon&. - cul-ga. - coo-be-roo.

thoo-mull.&.

Shield - - cool-merry. Tomahawk - - baJgo. Canoe - - koo-ga. S11D - - cur-ray. Moon - - bul-1&--no.

WoodStone -Camp. Yea -

No

I You -&rk Good Bad

Sweet -


F.at Sleep -

Drink -

Walk -

See Sit Yeaterd&y •

To-day

- thoo-1&. - hurray. • yam-ha. • ya.

• cur-n. • i-ar. . yin-da.

- bul-gun. - thur-ril.

- muc-coo-ra. - goon-gil-win .

; m11D-dar-uri. • CllD·gllD-00.

- eu-ka. - bun-jul - oo-ka. - brung-gul - thoo-&.

- nutli-ull.&. - in da.

- coom-bool-boong-a

- ad-gill.&. Star · - - buth-oo. To-morrow - - we-dar-roo. Light - - hllD-ney. Dark - coo-ra. Cold - we-d&; Beat · wul-lee-ry. Day - &d-ge-1.&. Night-· - goo-rung-a. Fire - - bur-ree. Water - com-mo. Smoke - thoog-er. Gro11Dd - nanny. Wind - - ebur. Rain - • tha-cow. God -Ghosts

VOL Il,

Where are the murry-un-da ?

Blacb? I don't know Plenty

Big

Little -

Dead -By-and by -Come on Milk .

F.agleha.wk -Wild turkey Wife

2B

- und&-wir&. - coor-11D-by.

- boonga. - wab-b&-roo. . goon-ga.

- thuc-co. • COW-&.

482 THB AUSTRALIAN RA.CE:

No. 131.--CAPE B.IVEB.

Br WK, 0Ju.TJDLJ>, J'IJ'lf,

Kaaproo . - OOl'L Hand . mulla.. Opouum. - -tunproo. 2Blacb Tame dog - wuntl, moora. SBlacb Wild dog . • wunti. Emu · goondooloo.

One . -wigln . . Black duck· • ooobani. Two - • bullaroo.

Wood duck- • wigu.e. Three- • goolburra.

Pelican • booloon. Foarormore · moorga. L&ughlng jacka.u go-goberrl. Father . yaboo. N &tive companion kooltheroo.

Mother • yungun&, White cook&too - teroon or

deegoon. Sister-Elder • koothoona.

Crow - • wath11n. .. Younger· Swan· · (none). Brother-Elder • cuthun. Egg . · kooooobeen. Younger wabo. Track of a foot - diner.

,, A young man • cowl&.

Fiah . • goyo. Lobster • (none). An old man • boorgam.

Crayfiah • cunder. An old woman • boorgam.

M0114uito • boothun. "A baby Fly . nein. A Whiteman • maero. Snake• • moonda.

Children • cundoo, wongora. -TheBlacb- • murri. A Blacldellow - murri. Head - - kutha:

A Black woman • wongo, munkilie. Eye . • dille.

Noee . • ninde. Ear - . walloo.


No. 131.-CAPE R.Ivn-conmitud.

Mouth- • mai. Teeth • ear. Hair of the head - kuthy. Beard. Thunder Gl'UII. Tongue · •

Stomach • Breast.a Thigh-Foot -Bone • Blood·

Skin • Fat • Bowela Excrement•

War-apear • Reed-spear.

• unga 07' yarra.ng. . pulbine. • booJ'g&ll, mooloo. - tarrine. • bunner. • ammoona. • yungra.

- diner. • bulbun. • kooma, goor. • peetee. • tommi.

• goonna.

• moorga.

Wommera or tumulla. throwing-atiok

Shield - - koolmurray. Tomahawk • • polgo.

Canoe· Sun • Moon-

· ku.rri, Ide. • bullanoo, kug·

gera. . buthi.

• wera.

- Ide. . quongolu.

. hurry. . kommo, ammoo, . tugar, . nannee. • eba.ra.

Boomerang•

Hill -Wood Stone· Camp. Yea No I You

Bark Good.

Bad -Sweet

Food -Hungry

Thinty Eat • Sleep •

Drink

Walk· See

Sit

Yea~rday • To-day

To-morrow·

Where are t.he Blacbt 0

I don't know Plenty Big •

Little• Dead •

By-and-by •

Comeon •

Milk - -Eagleha.wk

Star • Light -

Dark • Cole! Heat • Day • N'ight. Fire • Water SmokeGround Wind· Rain • God • Ghoat.e

• yoongaloo. . boorala. • youngal,

Wild turkey

Wife • aui

• wongul

· byee. • tular. • byee. - yaambaa. - yie, yee. • kurra. - ia. - inda. • goga.

. boorala.

- wotoru.

. murga, munda.

• congono. - commo boomul.

• bungul. • umber&.

• boomul.

• denergo.

. naggalee.

- binda.

• werowa. murri undee T

• inuggalu kurra.

- moorga.

· bullongo.

• wapltu. -goonga.

. winglalla.

. ammoona.

~ coorathulla, oooraga

- burkum. • pigoona.

484 THE AUBTRALIAN RA.CB:

No. 132.-RA. VENSWOOD, UPPER BURDEKIN.

Br W. H. KDT, EaQ.

Kangaroo - - . woora. Ope.um - meerambera. Tame dog - nsoora. Wild dog Emu · - - goondooloo. Black duck -Wood duck Pelican • booloongurra. laughing jacba kookooburra. Native oompuion White oocbtoo • thiokene. Crow -~-. Egg • • WIIDDlUITL

Track of a foot • Fish • • Wen&.

Lobeter Crayfish Moaquito Fly Snake-The Blacks -

- cahbooL

A Blackfellow -A Black woman -NON - - mam.boo.

Hand·

2Blacb -

3 Blacb -

One -

Two -Three

Four -

Father

Mother

Slater-Elder

., Yomiger -

Broth81'-Elder -

.. AyoungDIIID

An old man-

An old woman -

A baby - gulmburra.

A Whiteman •

Children -

Head -Eye -

Ear -

- katha. - tillie.

- walloo.

- -- -------------------- ----

RAVENSWOOD, UPPER BURDEKJN. 485

No. 132.-&vmrswoo», UPHR BUBDmwr--conmwed.

Mouth Teeth - - yarra. Hair of the head Beard.

Thunder

GralB -Tongue

Stomach

Breuta Thigh-

Foot -Bone -BJood . Skin -Fat Bowels

Excrement • w ar-epea,r . Reed-spear .

Wommera or throwing-stick

Shield· Tomahawk -Canoe Sun :Moon.

· Star • Light -Dark Cold Heat Day -Night

Fire -Water Smoke Ground

Wind -Ra.in -God -Ghoets

. tallL • banna.

. ngurgo. • teera.

. gooma.

- koonna. . buggurra.

• goolmurri.

- kurrie. . kuggnrra. - woora.

- booree.

- kurra. . - mooloo. - eburra. - kamo.

Boomerang - - boonool.

Hill -Wood

Stone -Camp.

- wongal.

- burrie.

Yea

No

I You

Bark Good Bad

Sweet -

Food·

Hungry ThirBty

Eat Sleep -Drink.

Walk .

See

Sit

Yesterday

To-day To-morrow -Where are the Blacks?

I don't know

Plenty ·Big

Little • Dead .

- bunjull

By-and-by - bandurra. Come on - thoona gongall

Milk -Eaglehawk •

Wild turkey

Wife -

488 THB A.UBTRALIAN RA.CB:

No. 133.-MOUNT BLACK.

OF the manners and Cll8toms of the Orib&-Kulba tribe I received a short account in 1881 from the Government of Queensland. In it, however, there· is nothing worthy of note, except that the sole survivors of the tribe were two men and five women, and that no marks of small-pox existed amongst them. Accompanying the account of the tribe were also two vocabularies, which agree so well that I have only inserted one of them. The following Additional Words were also given:-Girll - • marb'lll'II, Huaband - - koorangle.

. Frog - - pugariD. Neck . . manno. ()pollum-cloak - kumbi.

We • They.

He, aha

When, where

. tuma.

. noola.

. IIDda..

No. 133.-:MOUNT BLACK. Kanguoo . • yoori. Hand - -m"IIIT&. Opouum . . kathurra. 2Blacb . • poolari ngoomba. Tame dog - kowla. S Blacks .. - koolkurra Wild dog • kowla(?) ngoomba. Emu - - koondoolo. One . . anga. Black duck- . y&lll&l'OO.

Two • poolari . Wood duck- . tipia.

.

Pelican - bulloon. Three - - koolkurra.

laughing jackaaa kowragurra. Four - - toorko.

Nativeoompanion nogorabel Father - aboo. White cookatoo • tingari. :Mother . ammi.

Crow - - wokkun, wog- Siat.er--Elder - yungoian, auta.

Swan. gan. ... Younger - amberoian.

Brother-Elder - mukltldoo. Egg - • kotoo. Youuger talboo • Track of a foot - pakula. .. Fiah ~ -·koio. A young man • tipukkal.

Lobster - reri-rerl, moltln. An old man - orabarbL

Crayfish • tara.rukau . An old woman • koolaloo.

M011quito • kaik&.. . A baby - moolooramo. Fly . -nenga. A Whiteman • mikkolo • Snake- • tumbal.

Children The Blacks - - ngooinba-kora.

. A Blaokfellow - ngoomba. Head - - btta. A Blaok woman - mwigan. Eye - • teile. NOH • - ko, koo. Ear • arlo.

MOUNT BLACK. 487

No. 133.-Mo111CT Bua~

Mouth • tu, taw. Teeth · · yerra.. Hair of the head • tlngo t.ego. Beard • • talba. Thunder • pulb&rrl, pal-

o-. Tongue Stomach Breuta Thigh-Foot · Bone Blood· Skin · Fat Bowels Excrement• w &r·llp8&t •

Reed-lp8&r·

Wommera or throwiDg-1tiok

bun •. • wombo, kolko. • tallavy. - banna, rolgo. • ooko, kao. . tara. • tfnna. - pipo. • kooma. • ngoorokal. • toocha. · koonna, pooloo. • koonna. • kalka. • pat r, tooka•

bun. pangila.

Shield• • koobathal. Tomahawk• - ngoolan. • Canoe • • oolkooroo. Bun · ; · oomba, ooba. Moon • • pulanoo. Star • • yoko. Light • • patchun, kar•

Dark -Cold · Heat • Day . Night· Fire . Water Smoke Ground Wind• Rain . God • Gholtll

ganni. • tillingono. . win.-wira. • kanjara. - uba, kurrangun. . ngona. . pori. · kamoo, kam. • tooka. • na.nni.

• kindo. • ukun, yukan.

BoomerangHill . WoodStone • Camp. Yea No I• You

Bark Good -

Bad -Sweet-

Food · Hungry

Thimy Eat .

Sleep ·

Drink·Walk · See

Sit

Yeaterday -To-day

• wODg&l. • aboro, palkara. • toolani. • dalkara. • yamba. . yi, oroka. . kara. . ngaia.

. ind&. • bila.

• pumbarra. . arngo.

-kauga. . mad&, munda.

• ol'ang.

- poomal. • mutai:J.yo.

• ookako.

• pitanyo. • makanyo.

• nakanyo.

• tamanyo.

• orokolongrega. • nila.

To-morrow • • ngarlara. Where are the undi ngoomba? Blaob?

I don't know

Planty

Big

Little -

Dead • By-and-by·

. Come on Milk •

Eaglehawk

Wild turkey Wife •

• audeaton,

• koora.

• yoongo.

• aboodjirro, aburoo •

• koongal, oolala.

· karrka. • arrimni • · koodrarr. • korethalla.

. perro, preko.

488 THE AUSTB.ALUN RACE:

No. 134.-LOWER BURDEKIN.

BY E. CuNNINOJliJI, EsQ., AND F. J. GoBT01', EsQ.

1n addition to the two voe&bulariee imerted of the Lower Burdekin languages, I have received a third from W. Carr Boyd, Eaq., which so muoh l'lllembles that of Mr. E. Cunningham, that I have not thought it neceuary to give it. ·

~ - hoora. Hand - - mobirra. Ope.um - moonganna. 2 Blacks Tamedog • oogier. 3 Blacks Wild dog

One - - wv:mina. Emu - - kowwerra. Black duck- - yammooroo. Two - - blareena.

Wood duck- - mumboogooba, Three- - kudjua.

Pelican • boloona. Four - - kulburra: Laughing jaokau kowurgurra. Father - kiya.

· Native companion braroogan. Mother - younga. White cockatoo • digooL Sister-Elder - kootha. Crow - - wyaguna.

Younger -Swan - - woergerella. " Egg - - wyoorda. Brother-Elder . wabooa.

Traok of a foot - dooigooburra. " Younger

Fish - - weenburra. A young man • karrebella.

Lobster - koongooya. An old man- - boomgermunna. Crayfiah - goombarroo. An old woman • boingergunna. :MOBquito - kowearoo. A baby - mullererammoo. Fly - karoovella.

A Whiteman Snake - • oongullaba.

- yooarroo.

The Blacks - - murre. Children - erroomunna.

A Blaokfellow Head - - kurria.

A Black woman - wurrungooa. Eye . - mudjura.

Noae - urrooa. Ear - - awbilla.

LOWER BURDEKIN. 489

Mouth - da. Teeth - irra. Hair of the head- gunnarri.

Beard - - thungier. Thunder - degoroo.

Grua - - wudthoor. Tongue - thullamia. Stomach - - bunboona. Breast.a Thigh -Foot -Bone -

Blood -Skin -Fat Bowels

Excrement -War-spear · Reed-apear .

• woorga.

• toomburra. • dingooburra.

- bulbanna. • gwiburri. . yoolanna. -towia. . gurroona. • goonna.

- nirremoo. - wollaburra.

Wommera or throwing-atick

birrana.

Shield - goolmurri. TomahawkCanoe-Sun -Moon -Star -Light -

Dark • Cold -Heat Day

Night· Fire • WaterSmoke

Ground

Wind -Ra.in -God •

Ghost.a

. bu1gooa. - · kobbetheba. . burgorri. . bowarri.

- bunjoldi. • burgungubba.

- wooroowobba.

- didoora. - towarroo. - woorabunda.

- wooroonga. • wygunna.

- kowa.ra,

- toogar. - nannier. • quioona.

- yoogana.

Boomerang

Hill -Wood

·stone. Camp.

Yee No I You

Bark Good •

Bad -Sweet

Food -

Hungry

Thirsty Eat Sleep -Drink.

Walk -

See

Sit

Yeeterday

To-day

- doola.

-~ • yaamba. . yea.

- kurra.

. iyooa.

. yindooa.

- bulgan.

- kooyooa. - kowa.ngubba.

. igango.

. nangoora.

- dthmiginna. . igango.

- boogoora.

- bithungo.

. kunnaigo.

. timmi.

. thunnango.

- yambowerroe. . nil1a.

To-morrow • - burgenda.

Where are the ondia murre ?

Blacb? I don't know

Plenty Big Little.

Dead· By-an~-by -Come on Milk .

Eaglehawk -Wild turkey Wife

- kurra mira. . qniarilla.

- . wa-baw-au-

boona. • waulgoona.

-.thagoo. -.kowa.

400 TD A.UBT&ALUlll' RA.CJ::

No. 13'.-LOWBB. BURDEKIN.

Kangaroo • wootha. Hand. • :mulbroo. Opoamn • goong, 2Blacka Tame dog · minde. 3 Blacks Wild dog One -Emu - • goondaloo. Two - booL -Black duck- - buggininalli. Three. .Jt&. Wood duck- - detto. Pelican - booloon.

Four -Laughing jaokaaa kookaburra. Father - yaba, yabo.

Native companion bubenmullL Mother - yanga.

White cockatoo - bugina. Sister-Elder

Crow - - wethergun. .. Yomiger Swan: Brother-Elder Egg - - werroo. Younger Track of a foot " Fiah - . - kooia.

A young man -~ Lobster - goonaway. An old man - banganau..

Crayfiah Anoldwomu. -balnagun. M0111quito - dee. A baby Fly A Whiteman Snake· • wormbaloo.

Children The Blaoka • A Blaoldellow - Head - • k&bbon.

A Black woman · gungan. Eye r - deburrL

NON - - - woodroo. Ear . . wobbilla.

LOWER BORDEKJN,

No. 13'.-Lowu BmmUDi----cm&tinutd.

Mouth • yawirra. Boomerang ·

Teeth · · woonung, Hill • Hair of the head Wood .

Beard - • thungl. Stone -Thunder - digoro. Camp . Gr&IB • • quwytho. ·y 811

Tmigue No Stomach - • borlo. I

Breaatl • wuggwma. You Thigh - - toombur. Bark Foot . • bulliger. Good _ Bone • Blood -Skin -Fat BoweLI · Excrement -War-spear -Reed-spear . Wommera, or throwing-stick

- moondtha. • uline.

- koonoo, goomo. - kullinga. • goollll&,

- woomburro.

Shield - • gooldinare. Tomahawk - - nubanin. Canoe - - bettel-bettel. Sun • brtri. Moon -Star Light .

Dark • Cold Heat Day Night -Fire • WaterSmoke Ground Wind -Rain • God .

Ghoete

• tor, bangala.

• moonoo. · detto.

• woormooga. . booninin. • thoolanoo.

• numera - queeyon, - broothL

Bad •

Sweet

Food · Hungry

Thinty Eat . Sleep -

Drink -

Walk -See

Sit

Yeaterday -

To-day

To-morrow -

Where are the Blacb!

I don't .know

Plenty

Big

Little -Dead .

By-and-by -

Come on Milk .

Eaglehawk • Wilk turkey

Wife •

. dulla.

- burtheroo. • yam.ha.

• umba.

- bteb.

• boogoo.

- bbbil

- boogooroo.

• bitthana.

• thimmi

• th'IUW'&.

• Dilla.

- burringa.

. wiarra.

• wabungam

- wolgoon.

491


No. 135.-BURDEKIN RIVER-VARIO US TRIBES.

BY TJU un J. RilL Soo'1"1'.

THB following vocabulary was one of many kindly forwarded to me by P. R. Gordon, Esq., Chief Inspector of Stock, Brisbane. It was drawn up, I am informed, by the la~ J. Hall Scott, who collected the words indiecrimina~ly from the eleven following tribes:-Perenbba, Euronbba, Walmundi, Benda.lgubber, Cuma.rinia, Culbaingella., Cobblebobber, Ca.rtoolounger, Toolkemburra, Oa.rbineyinburra., and Tinguljuller:-

Apple-tree - - towrowbilla. Ant-hill.a - culnba oummo. Alligator - tukunion. Ant-eater - burbeera. Angry - oolie-coogillie

crier. Arm - - mulla. Alive - - toomberee.

Blacldellow - murrey,- mureer. ,, (old) - moorabuun.

Beat - - coonda, coolunga, balltunna.

Belonging to me - iju, igoar.

" Bea.da.

Blanket

,,you - innoo, innoor. - cambourra,mierie,

coulgurra. - oombey, ma.rbal

eoo7arra,urunna. Belly - - boulow, bunna-

bunna. Boomerang - - W"IIJlgulla,naugal.

A.

B.

Aahee -Ante -Anthill, Mt.

Abbot, Mt.-

All of you .

Armpit

Altogether -

By-and-by

- cnlboo.

-turinnia.

- yannuounda.

- parkungga.

- uva.

- oarbunna.

- norogul.

- kulkerpurtoo coombooloo.

Breast - amoona. Brother - cooloona, cutha. Breath - adthou. Break - - coondinga. Bloodwood-tree - cumbuburra. Big, large - bonugunna. Boy - - walburra. Box-tree . bilgurra. Blood - - coongar,

queberry, ooonoonurra, cooma.

Blight Break -Bell

Bite Blow -:Bed -Black -Brigalow Ba.ndicoot Blow out (11.)Bellow (cattle)

Beef -BruahBlackfellow-

Young. -Middle-aged

Buttenly Bone

Back -Boil •

Barkofir-

Cat.ch. Creek. Come here -Cattle

Cow • Calf •

Camp-

Calabaah Cry . Cough Chop .

Cut -

BURDEKIN RIVER.

)3.

493

. boogulla.

- ooolmunga. - coolalinga, troun-

gurra. • pa"1mga.

- boonbunga.

- coona. - oooroolbilla. - bunnooroo. - oujella. . ougarimbunga.

- noongoona. • tunjeera. • neekalinga.

• cowalla. . margurra. • DOOlumbria. . bulbuna. - oungoulea. • tingillener.

- cooraroo, balkun.

. munna.

. peroo.

• COWL

C.

- boomOO&lea, too- · moobra.

- ginneenna. - mioheninedibmer - youmba, koucar,

yumba.rlo. . igurra. . parreena. - carlunnia. - oulunna, bal-

goungo, webulla,

balbunga. - naidoo,nunga,

patterninda

By younelf - yuingya. Bird's nest - - yaoko. Belonging to him noungow.

Boat - - bullera. Burnt feed - - boodarra.

,, oountry - boorboona. Bathe - - nanballinger. Behind • coora.

Beech, Mt. - • talmaringga. Burdeldn River--

At Leichardt camelinigga. dist.

Above Mt. Dal- cunberubba. rymple

At Jarvisfield - mal-ma.I. Bowen (Port) • coondandrabia. Both together • eveller. Black bream (fish) woojamunna • Barrowinnudi bidjangubber .

(fish) Between Bread-fruit Brand

• mannor. • oundee, dewal - toomberringa,

Coral-tree • nurga. Cockatoo (white) tekurray. Curlew - peyounga. Chin . - unga. Cork-tree - - wadthon. Coming to you • indimga, ogod,

,, this way yarndoo.

Crow - - wattarna. Come on - • nooree. Cockatoo (black) carundy.

er, out • oungoonoo •

Cooee • • coongoona, CUD•

Cloae -Cloud· Centipede -Clay (white)

gully. • beeree. • yungulla.

- toongur. . muggera.

4N TBB AU8TBALIAX RA.CB: . C.

Clay (red) . • boonb&. ~pe SWion • tingkenmgga, ~p . . halgoa-balp. migurra.

Cheek- • Dllllmr. ComiDg up(-18) derabee.

C'Alf of leg • Junprra. ~bbap-tne • bogga, bogga.

Cold . ..... Crane (gipatic) - timgaransr.

C&peUpatan • budgenmga. ,, (alale-Gol • whooper. ored)

Countrf (b- t.oolaba. Charooal . -miu.. bered) Chiae1 • lioonggoowongo.

Country (plain) . bargulla,pla. Cloudy weather - ooongooror, unaJ.. Crooked . • bango,oungmma. bingga. Cover up . • oum'haJlfurr. Came off -iuguariugo.

D.

Dalrymple, Kt. . boomarulla. Dig . -bagulla. Dog . • Olll'IIDprUDg • Done• . wya,auuoo. Dlreotly • tarkay,tago. Deaf adder - • wineudie.

Dray • . rcnrrer. Dilly-bag . • widgee.

Dead - -walgooDoo. Dream .• pickhere.

Dead tree • wall&. Drive • • cullanmgL

Drop - • buuguup. Down- - boolooroo. Dive - - moougariugla. Door . • dilli.

Day (oue) . - warbiujella. Dark • . culbroo.

" (two) - • boolarinjella. Dry . • wall&.

" (three or oooburanjella. Don't.go away • yulia.

more) Deep • . mourga.

" (great many) oulberaujella. Duok • • ooobeeree.

B.

Eye • dll1L Empty - DIIIT&DDA, cu1gur. Emu . - coondooloo. Exclamation I • yacki I cowit.ohi I Ear • walloo.

Eel Eat

. . woggurry • . -euganp.

Ea • OUDDOO. . Eyebrowl - deem..

F.

ll'mllhed . - wya, umoo • Fat (hard) • • '11mmier, gong. Fire . • booree, Feathen . - boolburrie •

wyguuuia. Fiuger-ualla • pekar.

Foot, foot-traoka- diuua. Fire-arms . - currabia, mirka, Flab . - cooyou • margin. Fat (110ft) . • oarmooaa. FiahiJls•hook - miukey •

BURD:EKIN RIVER. 495

l'iga (bJaok)

Fallen timber (dead)

• yooinbooroo.

ooonburra.

Fly - • neena. Fros (water) • cocmgannia

,, ( tree) • • puttiroo. . Footat.epeup tre. nlndoo. Flame - · - - b&rginla.

Forget - walloogolania. Frightened • - edenmga, cu]gl,

Father

boonoordungamer.

• ya.boon&, ldyar, Fowl • - cooobmea. Flank • . perinnfa.

Fenoe • • mirooloo, warn. Foot (cattle) • moolderanla.

0!'1111 (ahort) - coomoona. Gin (young) - lll&l'gunmun,

wymaringun. Girl • - cumbriella. GrB11-tree - . - boongurra. Ground • . - nannie. Gr111111 (long) • cudjerra. Go OD • • waggia. Give • - wooninga. Grey hair • - boolboona, binp. Game of all kinds urie-urie. Going away - yagunga, yanoo,

Hand. Bat . Ha.Ir •

Head·

ooondoef, cannea.r.

. mulla. • werkie-werlde. • oorie.

- cutdd. Honeysuckle-tree munbo. Homet.is - omburroo,

boorgurrie. Hean · · tekoona.

F • Forehead - - yundee. Freeh • • yagilgar.

Flood • • onmna. . Fill • - trikkunna.

G.

H.

Female - wurngoo. Flnt, front. . walga.

Fight - - coonducld. ll'lowerl - boolboona. Flour • • boorilla. Fiahing net - mubbe.

Fly - - coolmallinga. Fork (lltfok, tree)- milloo. Find. . tingurra.

Fruit (in andal-: werbinburra. wood)

Fruit (like cocoa-barboora. nut)

Great many • culbu.rra,

margin&. Grub (of cedar- tubburrie,

tree) Gate • - dllli. Gregory'• Range- duarungga. Grow • . tager. Goose (wild) • - ougoorel]er. Glua (bottle) - boodooloo;

,, (to aorape boodooloongo. with)

Good • • goodjilea.

GhOBt- . quinganga.

,. country • armo11J18111DOuya.

Homa- - tekoo • Hole (in ground)- nooloona-una. Bide (cattle) - beelbarra. Hot (BUD) • • ejela. Hear • - imbunga. Hold • • murma. Howl - wonggorra. Husband • - bulgin.

498 TBB AUSTRAI.Ul{ RACE:

B.

Heat al - - c:mijanidoo. Hat - - bu1gmma.

Heel - - monmga. Handbn:hief (er pengaoo. any In of doth)

How -7 · · lllllling-bnuie. Holiday - .• eangalla. Hand (right) . toolmallapDger. 8°' - . tamhoora.

H-..,,.. -ingmn. Hole - -'bat&ee.

Hair (abort) - Didi. H.n..tc- - • barbleburra. Hawk (:ea-id) • beju.

.. (Eagle) . 000-V· Honey- -mrba. Hen - - nalalba, nala. Henitia - . ya]arry.

I, J. Iron . Ironbult-tree .Jump. lnaide-1,-. I doo't know l•y .

Kill .

. minke,.

. eambooroo. -wongplinga. • oa1oanga.

~ iu (aye you). . li:urr.-. . nmigo.

. belganorr, parchenna.

Kanguoo • • oog.

.. (female)- ball.mma. Knife - - me.

Leg . -lloongulla.

large . - boungmma. Lily -1 . 001lllda-counda

Like this • • yemmar. Lily -1 (reed) - talma. Lr.ugh. • yattee. Laughing jacba cowergarra. Leichardt tree - oubattee.

Lr.ydown · Longway off Long time ago

Lightning -Little•

Lend • Uver •

. wegoonuuga. -cowwarry. - moree-moree-

bouden. - oarmeeno. • warbidgeroo

aberoo. • murrumbiuger, - :,achoorie.

K.

L.

Jew-fiah - buyoora. lnkermum, Kt. - ebee-ober.

Jarviafield • - mal-mal.

Itch -

lbia •

Iguana

- ekeer.

- inigalduller.

• takkunnia.

Kangaroo-rat - taldon.

Know - - imber. Kirknil Creek - werbeellnda. .Knife (tio work or nuuga, patter-cut with) munda.

Letgo Lookout -Long •

Loee, lolt Luud(tne) .

• eduuga. -eleeriilna. - uroolow. • ountarroo. • wougoo,

cummurrey . ,, (lleepiug)• ,nllundulla, bun-

gurra. Light (not heavy) bunbennia. Leichardt Downa euermo. Leavea- - brenner.

1r, (Da)rym- toonginde.

Lizard (Jew) • bfnarra. Louae - - ooolena. Lily root.a • t.ourka.

Leave it • wandonga.

BURDEKIN RIVER. 497

Me • - in, igo. ,. (belonging t.o) iju, igoer-. ,, (belonging to innoo, innoor. you)

Mother Mangroves -Mountain Mucles

- younger. . epeter, • pam,e.

· cammia, cudgegurrl.

:Marbles (yam) . kiye. Moon - • karkurra. Mouth• • tanga. Moutaehe - • mooney. Moret.on Bay uh- tooroolburra,

tooroom.

Mend • • pattilla. M011quito • • pekhma, tee, cun-

nadra. Mud - tabburra,

N-.r · - bearee. Nulla-nulla (or dbnl-dfmi.

olub)

No - kurra. NODllenllll, lie - kutella,coonabia. Noee • mumboo. Native companion boowunia. Night • • nooroO. New • - yagil-oomo,

Orange-tree One • Opo.um.

Old (not new) Over there -Orange-tree-

VOL. U.

yagil-goo.

bingelima · wagin, weerber. - moongunna,

moongun. • moretella. • onee. • u1areenia.

M.

N.

o.

ZI

MOUDt Elliott · bungolunga.

Morning • - nooroobunda.

Mother-in-law • waminder.

Male • - bommer.

Mine -Melllldyou

Melon-

• oringa.

· allee. • bumbarmbo.

Marble grounda-

Jarviafield - tamboungga.

W oodat.ook - coonarunga. Molonglo Creek • booburymunda. Middle of the day cungulls. Make a fire• • ijounga boor•

Make a light :Moon (new)

,. (full)

JJ (Betting)

ingga. • ljounga barJbma. . nulla. - bowwa.rrydulla.

· tarkunga.

Native robin - dlokadeera, dick-

angoura.

Neok • - munno.

Net (fishing) • mobbee.

,, (kangaroo) - woogooroo.

Never.• • mooreeroo.

Knife to work or nunga patter-

out with nunda.

Outeide Oak-tree

• wandaranga. . turoo.

Opening in a hut, dilli. door, window, &o.

Over, t.op • warna. Open • ouranga.

.....

498 THE A.U8TRALI.Alll' RA.CB:

.P.

Plenty- . oulbarra, mar- Putin . tukunna..

gine. ., down . • edunga, Pint pot or my townjoul'Da, Pig-weed . enena.

waterv-1 dowlinga. Puah, ~- - anoonga. Policeman - . poolerymen. Prmldown- • oringa. Poplar-gum - ooomoobella. Pomout · • oulgm, cu.lgur-Parrot . bera.

umbunger. Pigeon • yubburra.

Put on - tachumbanger. Plum-tree - tebooroo,

oulubba. ~tly • tago.

Pandmu-tree . peokey. Paunch • ooona.

Pick up · mllDDug&. Play . - cutting,..

PeliOll,ll' . booloongoon. JI in the water- narballingar.

PiQll,llfnnyor baby boogella. Pheuuat (innmp) bulboo.

Pinch - - nimbunga. Pull . . youlberringo.

Q. Quick . woggfnggo, ilga pekilly, eUmla.

R.

Raw . • ooongar, que- Rlde • ooroo. berry. Elbe • meeree.

Road • . yelga. Rub • eurounga.

Ruah of water • 01ll'IUID&. Rump- - mourgon, moula.

Rain . . targan.

Ruatygu - - karkadalla. Rat (white tail) . tooroo.

Ramrod - pekoona. R9undbaok, Mt. - deeryanga.

Red fig - talloobooroo, Rope • - mirijouroo.

River gum - • OurUDD&. Rainbow . • toolgurra.

Run - - wagga, delum- Red outle - • oa.ngurra, cul-burra. jerra.

Red cloth - toolooberry. Rat · - tlbbooroo.

8.

Swelling - bogulla. Swim - . wyeinnp. Sun - cunjue. Stink - - bouoar. Shean . bilgoora. Station, Mount · ooolnungda. Swallow - bundalla. Sit down • dunna. Steal . owviinga, Shirt - - mullaberry. Skin - - oooraroo. Sleep • • oumburra.

BURDBJUN B.IVBB.

s.

499

8mg • . fey, bl1ree.

Sara (IID&ll) • boongjouelbee. Spear (fighting) • milranna.

,. (cattle) • wya.uinedoo. " t.o (11.) • munggunga.

Sword (wooden) • ooobooroo. Snake (brown) • oooleeree,

tt.lmoona. Sandalwood s-Smoke Stump Sore . Sheep· Shade

Stand-

• ,ranger&. duree.

. t.ookar. • tt1Dga.

• woodee, neemo. . wonp. • oudarree. • boodeera. · bmrambury. • dundeinga,

dunderee. Sharpen • euroringa.

: String · oooburra. Blt(croa-legged) • ooombirra. Blip rai1e • merriloo. Sullr.y • • d!Riney •.. Shut - • oumbunga,

Band · · oulburra. Stone • wargia. Sharpening· · eginder. Spill • · oulgummda. Sorab (river) • monta. Snair.a (water) • ooomoomaller-

Smile· Sweat Snalr.e (tree)

Soorpion Biolr.

Sea

Shoot·

oawbella. • noot.oonga. • WUDyerrer.

• ooombella.

• oooligee-cooligee.

.· bunjeira trfn . gindoo.

• abin-abin. • dimmi, nayulla. • mulr.a.

Spit • ounja. Spider(red rump) t.oolah barginia. Snalr.e (whip) • moonda. Salt-pa1111 • • edinda.

Shouting in camp oungarra. Sleepy- • oumbargo.

· Slow • . mundooru. Side (this) • • eninburroo.

., (the other) • quaimlarro.

Stamp · oringo. Stop • • ooonjung. Ship, boat . bullera. StnJght • turjerra. Shoulder • oarbilla-billa.

St.olr.e11 Range · ooolumbria. Strathalbyn Sta- beeandee. tion

Strathbogie Sta- t.ool-kenunga. tion

Sali.ebury Plaine worrul-burral. Station

Scratch Shrimp Skin . Slat.er Steepb&Dk. Son-in-law • Soft • Snake trail .

S11D.Bhine · Short

• elr.eemballinger. • battee-battee.

• oooraroo. • ooothanna. • wandiaeia. • t.owungully. . boonarnnga. • booroona. . burga.rry. • oouloooroo.

Spider'• web • ourrer. Stan (large) • ourarra.

Spotted (cattle) • oumoonamoonoo.

Son • • woolboora.

St.op or eit down yulia. -here Sitting down or yularry.

camping over there

Squirrel (flying) oundebooL·

THE AUSTRALIAN RA.CB:

Take -

Thinty

• m'IUIII&,

wanjumber. • warrabinia.

Turkey (IICl'Ub) • wmuloora. Tattoo (or IIC&I') - mumboo11&. Two - • boolarroo,

Talk, WI

Tomahawk• Thigh Tail(horae) Turkey (plain)

Tea-tree Throw

,. away Tickle Tree •

Tired Tie Thunder • Think

boolarry. - wadger,

kut.claell, yemmully.

· balgon, o~. . turra. . werkie.

worka. - konkar. . ::,abbunga.

• • ::,abbmiga. • meebanbunga. • t.oola. . oumbargo. - moolbinga. - bulbunna. - pitch6r6.

T.

u.

Three •

Turtle Tonoiae

Teeth· Thigh joint

Take olf

Turnover •

,. round

Take away

Tear ·

- koorburra.

• dewyer. • bungoora.

. era.

• weelera.

• orang&, int&.

- wyelimbunger.

. aundinga.

. hattee.

Tongue - tunbelainea. To-morrow • • delioo11&. Top - · WUD&.

Tail . . t.oongul, bounger. Thick (applied t.o mubbabilla. milk. blood, water, &o.)

Tomahawk (to balgoungoo out or ohop with) oulW1D&.

Two together • &llUD&. Thill one • ::,ouloannoo. The other one . wadgeraboddoo.

Underatand Untie, undo Up

• Imber. I Under • oa.rer or ourmiga. Uncle . pindee.

- bummnia .

• culna •

Wax of wild beN ooomurra. Wind • gwarrie. Where- • wand&,

omidee, winyar.

Wood • t.oola. Wife . • tekoonee. Whiteman· - micoolo,

bullimana. Whlakera --Walk· • tonar.

w. Whip • - meyouroo. Wake up - oandarinnea. White - karkarigie . Whirlwind • • boolboorooroo.

Wallaby • - t.oobbella. ,. (rock) - oungoulon.

Whiatle • oorbeela. White cedar-tree mirkambilla. Where are you oundaroogo ! going?

Where ia it! • ontagii?

BUBDBIUN

w- - tamboora. Window - dillL Woodetock Sta- youngoomurra.

tion Woodho1111e Sta- ooolnungda.

tion

Yard (for cattle) miloola, wana. You· • indoo, indoor. Y• .. - yv. Y am(yellow flower) moonllla

,. -(convolvalua) bungulti. ,, (Ill kinda) m'IIJlda.

You and me • allee.

Don't go • yulia. Son-in-law - torooungully-Both together • eveller, OTIJr there • • onee. To point a piece bunbanya. of wood

w.

Y.

RIVEB, 501

Wet - ginger.

Wat.er - cummo,narburra,

oaw&rra. We . alleena.

Waddy • meroo.

Y enerday • • mulomigee, Yam (mountain)• malboon.

Young bird ncmsoora. (chicken)

Yam - dnidurra,

Here lt la -Pour out •

Here · Nogood Small

Lazy -

. youlany. • culguranbuyer. . mlllalla. . muggera.

- mubbooroo. • ky&lingga.

END OF VOLUME U:

Melbourne: Joas F-. Oovernmen, Printer.

•

THE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. SANTA CRUZ

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The Australian Race - Workers Bush Telegraph

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