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Rethinking U rban Inclusion

Spaces, Mobilizations, Interventions

Nancy Duxbury, Editor

Co-editors: Gonçalo Canto Moniz Gianluca Sgueo

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Proprie dade e Edição/Prope rty and Edition

Centro de Estudos Sociais/Centre for Social Studies

Laboratório Associado/Associate Laboratory

Universidade de Coimbra/University of Coimbra

www.ces .uc.pt

Colégio de S. Jerónimo, Apartado 3087

3000-995 Coimbra - Portugal

E-mail: cescontexto@ces.uc.pt

Tel: +351 239 855573 Fax: +351 239 855589

Comissão Editorial/E dito rial Board

Coordenação Geral/General Coordination: Sílvia Portugal

Coordenação Debates/Debates Collection Coordination: Ana Raquel Matos

ISSN 2192-908X

© Centro de Estudos Sociais, Universidade de Coimbra, 2013

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Te rrito ry Image ry: A P lanning Tool for See king Spatial Justice

Armina Pilav,1 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Venice, Italy arminapilav@gmail.com

Abst rac t: The aim of this paper is to explore collective imageries2 of the Sarajevo citizens after the territorial division of Bosnia and Herzegovina into two entities, a split that also bifurcated the capital city. The creators of the document responsible for this division the Dayton Peace Agreement3 in 1995 were using the map scale of 1:600,000. The result of this political act is an inter-entity boundary line (IEBL) that cuts through Sarajevo, passing through houses, lands, dwelltwo. As a case study of spatial division and (in)justice, I will take Olympic Mountain

known as the lungs of the city. It was connected with the city by the cable railway that was destroyed during the war. Today it is subject of collective memories, politician campaigns, film scenarios, individual extreme sport activities, art projects, utopian voyages into the future, and more. My examination of this specific site contributes to the discussion on how people imagine this space in relation to how dual governance effects its political organization; and if territory imagery can contribute to the discussion and planning of this or any other contested space and if it can be a just space.

Ke ywords : contested space, territory imagery, just space, re-emerging territory, imagery scenarios

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1 student in Urbanism in Doctorate school of IUAV in Venice. The

conflict. It includes the territory in transition as a concept that contains rural and urban, social and cultural, physical and of

working on different architectural/artistic projects

Association for Culture and Art, both from Sarajevo. 2 the materials or general processes of the imaginationevents, objects and spaces. Definition from http://www.thefreedictionary.com/imagery [accessed 15.05.2012]. 3 Various sources (21.11.95 to 20.11.05), The History of Dayton Accord, December 12, 2005. http://www.setimes.com/ cocoon/setimes/xhtml/en_GB/dayton/setimes/special/dayton/history/feature-01. The Dayton peace agreement was the initiative launched by the United States in the Autumn of 1995. Proximity negotiations between the warring parties, represented by then Serbian President Slobodan Milosevic, Croatian President Franjo Tudjman, and Bosnian President Alija Izetbegovic, opened at the Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in Dayton, Ohio on 1 November 1995. The document was formally signed by the three Balkan presidents on 14 December 1995 in Paris.

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Introduction to contemporary Sara jevo The whole world was looking at Sarajevo during the XIV Winter Olympic Games in 1984 and when the Bosnian war started in 1992. In spatial terms, these two events radically

imageries about the city. Sarajevo was always presented as a place where east and west meet due to its Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian roots, an intersection that is still visible within the

was held up as the representation of the Yugoslavian dream of brotherhood and unity; multi-

2000: 27). Today, Sarajevo is dual city, culturally and administratively divided as a consequence of the Dayton Peace Agreement. I assume that contemporary Sarajevo is the meeting of two different cultural and administrative territories that contain several real and imagined cities: Ottoman, Austro-Hungarian, Olympic, Socialist, Post-war, multicultural, physically fragmented, contested, build- it-yourself, and others. Sarajevo as a collection of

mply in addition to the previous image, but it redefines the whole, reordering the shape and continuously modifying the vision that we have

again and again. In this o

(Phillips,

study, this article examines how people imagine this space in relation to how dual governance effects its political organization; and if territory imagery can contribute to the discussion about this or any other contested space and if it can be a just space. Finally, the article asks if

-emerging territory, a notion that might help us recognize and discover new imagery elements that are contesting this contested space.

mountain in the c ity

part of the nat Jahorina-is the closest mountain to Sarajevo. It hosts beautiful forests, mountain flowers, medicinal herbs, wild fruit, mushrooms, and several water streams. Its relief is rich in various contours: steep slopes, narrow valleys, sharp ridges, flatlands, and plains. The highest peak is 1,629 m above sea level. The average altitude of Sarajevo 1920, people began skiing on its slopes, and in the following years ski jumps and a ski lift

y to the city, a bobsled and luge track was built there for the XIV Winter Olympic Games, held

c and ideal description of

descriptions of the mountain. From the city center there are different roads that can bring us to the mountain by car, and the approximate distance from the city is 10 km. In 1992, at the

heart of the mountain in a 12-car created an urban void that in the past had represented a memorable voyage (Figure 1).

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Photograph from Monography of

From different places on the mountain, the whole city could be seen clearly, as if placed

for the Serbian besieging forces. In 1996, when war ended in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the mountain was almost completely contaminated with mines, especially the slopes oriented toward the city. De-mining was completed by the end of 2008, when, as written in local daily magazines,

Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Republic of Srpska, between Sarajevo and East Sarajevo. In

a contested territory, but there are documents such as the above-mentioned peace agreement and different maps that confirm its contestations.

Figure 2. Pol i tical map of Bosnia and He rzegovina (2002). Source : http://www.vmapas.com/Europa/Bosnia-

Erzegovina/Mappa_Pol i tica_Bosnia-Erzegovina_2002. jpg/maps-i t.html .

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complex Olympic past, recent war, post-war environmental risk caused by mines, destroyed infrastructure used as perfect scenography for alternative art and extreme sports ( Dani/Days, weekly magazine, 2008), film scenarios, political campaigns, dual administration, and so on. If this territory is represented by the different contestation elements, can it be a just space?

influence its future in terms of spatial justice? Metaphorically these elements created and still can create different relations and interactions, but it is difficult to believe that it will become a just space.

contested or re-eme rging te rritory

important the city or the mountain was difficult for me to decide. I chose the notion territory, which I found appropriate to put them in physical and invis ible relation. Besides checking different theories, in the process of understanding the terms territory and contested, I also relied on research, analysis, and the juxtaposition of elements from the official planning documents, interviews of the citizens, first-person narratives about the city, literature about

According to Gaffikin and Morrissey (2011: 3), there are two main forms of urban contested space:

One is where dispute and antagonism relate to issues of plural ism, and concern rivalries about imbalances in power, welfare and status among distinctive social groups. The other kind is about sovereignty, where are similar p luralist disputes equity, rights, and social entitlement, but these are interwoven with an ethno-nationalist conflict about the legitimacy of the state itself.

re-emerging, or a combination of this two; or, if finally it is a re-emerging territory that is contesting the contested territory. André Corboz started his text The Land as a Palimsest

definitions of the notion, and

human processes. We could consider the same for the notion territory. In 2012, land and territory are still in fashion and often go together with the word contested because even today,

extraction mining), they establish a kind of developmental or planning relatio n with it, and the

territory is often related to its real physical existence, especially in the ongoing or past war

(Yovel, 2010: 21). In the case of ongoing war and post-war areas, territory is usually something to conquer and to confirterritory is a given area of land under the jurisdiction of the state, or an organized division of a

-Jones and Almendinger, 2006

contains real and imagery contestation elements that could generate new and different

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physical or invisible territories. The map that could demonstrate its division between Sarajevo and East Sarajevo is one of the real contestation elements, which is an official representation of its administrative status (Figure 3).

Thirdspace (which) too can be described as a creative recombination and extension, one that builds on a Firstspace

e

first explanation -1996) when territorial conflicts

occurred. On the mountain were tanks, mortars, aircraft cannons and other small arms, so that the mountain in the city was turned against the city and its citizens. However, the post-war

-Sarajevo relationship was part of another contestation process that I will try to analyze in the following sections.

Figure 3: De tai l from the map of S araje vo te rri tory.

The pink l ine is the Inte r Enti ty Boundary Line be twe e n S araje vo and East S araje vo. Map from the S pati al Plan of the C anton of S araje vo for the Pe riod 2003-2023:

http://zpr.ks.gov.ba/si tes/zpr.ks.gov.ba/fi les/pp/Prostorni_plan/PRO S T O RN I_PLAN . jpg

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Politics in between assisting and contesting the processes of Sarajevo territory

contestations Politically and administratively, the Dayton Peace Agreement started the construction of a new Bosnia and Herzegovina based on ethnic divisions. The creators of the peace accord that the divided Bosnia into two entities were using a map scale of 1:600,000: This document defines our constitutional and social identity. A daydreamed division of a Bosnian-Herzegovinian world and Bosnian-Herzegovinian country into two approximate parts, which previously did not exist as a political and geographical expressions of Bosnian-Herzegovinian history, then as a map, defines our present and our future ( . The International community that is still present in our territory followed the implementation of the Dayton Peace Agreement.4

in the Republic of Srpska, while TrebeBosnia and Herzegovina. In the description of the mountain represented in the documents prepared separately by the respective planning institutions and the East Old Town Municipality (one of the municipalities of East Sarajevo), the signees agree on its political-administrative division, natural beauty, geographical position, Olympic past, and its future tourism potential. In Spat ia l Plan of the Canton of Sarajevo for the Period 2003 2023 (Institute for Planning of Development of the Sarajevo Canton, 2006: 34-38), chapter 2.8.1,

Landscapes. In the future, this planning document is going to deal only with the part o f the mountain, which belongs to the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The spatial plan for

East Old Town Municipality there is text that indicates that onlbelonging to East Sarajevo is considered an important tourism resource. Even if in these documents there are some general descriptions of the mountain as well as projections of the future, by visiting the mountain today, it is clear

image. The mountain is covered in garbage and populated by destroyed sport facilities (Figure 4). There are ideas for their creative re-use and re-design; however, the symbolic distance between the Mountain and the city, due to the last war and collective memories associated with that space, creates an urban void.

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!4 Office of the High Representative (OHR) is an ad hoc international institution responsible for overseeing implementation of civilian aspects of the accord ending the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina http://www.ohr.int/ohr-info/gen-info/ default.asp?content_id=38519 [accessed 20.05.2012]. The role of SFOR (Operation Joint Guard / Operation Joint Forge) was to stabilize the peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina. This operation was brought to a successful end on 2 December 2005, when

-on EUFOR was launched. Source: http://www.nato.int/sfor/ [accessed 25.05.2012].

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Figure 4. O ne of the i l legal garbage dumps on

On the lower political levels, since 2008 there are examples of collaborations between the

two municipalities of the Old Town (from Sarajevo) and the East Old Town (from East Sarajevo). Their projects are related to the cleaning, revitalisation, and maintenance of the infrastructures, such as street illumination projects for the mountain villages, water supply, and roads that are connecting the neighborhoods positioned on the lower parts of the mountain and some roads on the mountain itself. The official documents about the

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kinds of projects related to the improvement of the infrastructures. All other projects and plans for tourism development, cultural exchanges, education, and so on are not under their jurisdiction.5 In 2008, the city of Sarajevo started activities related to the reconstruction of the cable car that used to connect the city and the mountain. This project was presented very often in local media, and so many politicians were talking about it. The Sarajevo Cable Car, a

an urban fairy tale. Although it had never been profitable it covered only around 40% of its costs it is the subject of unsustainable projects, which envisioned 1,000 passengers per hour, instead of the 400 it used to transport. Today, different tourist maps of Sarajevo are sold that contain a graphic sign for the cable car, so many tourists naturally go to the Bistrik neighborhood6 that the cable car will launch by the end of 2013. In January 2011, an initiative started to

Development Agency (SERDA) and developed by the Institute of Economics Sarajevo. The study was presented in May 2012 and the main focus was on environment protection and identification of the potentials for tourism and eco-tourism development. The other recommendation was to develop a brand for the special picnic place located near the cable

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!5 Information about collaboration between two municipalities of Old Town from Sarajevo and East Old Town from East Sarajevo are from the interview with the actual mayor of the Municipality Old Town of Sarajevo Mr. Ibrahim Hadzibajri28.05.2012. 6 Bistrik is one of the neighborhoods of Sarajevo.

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of Sarajevo http://www.serda.ba/default.asp). In chapter 2.2.2,

presented in different planning documents, starting from the General Urban Plan of the C ity of Sarajevo from 1963 until today in the Spat ial P lan of the Canton of Sarajevo for the Period

2003 2023. In this analysis only one sentence mentions that the mountain is divided by the Inter-Entity Boundary Line (IEBL) created by the Dayton Peace Agreement. I observe that, considering the complexity of the administration of d ivided territories, it would be interesting and necessary to start the analysis of the mountain from its present political, planned and administrative status. By comparing the initiatives of low political levels and the high political levels related to the mountain, it is easy to conclude that collaboration between two

restricted. In different statements shared in the media, the reason given for such municipal collaboration is to improve tourism. But, if we compare the declared aims of these municipalities and the actual situation on the mountain itself, the result would be a planning paradox. And it is important to note that the infrastructures of most of the pre-war buildings are destroyed and dangerous (see Figure 4). An overview of the official documents prepared by the planning institutions and of the activities organized by the two municipalities can

is a contested territory. There are so many official activities organized by municipal planning institutions related to the physical and infrastructural connection between the mountain and Sarajevo. Their engagement is ambiguous, without a clear agenda, and aimed at planning a politically and administratively divided territory. There are no activities by any of the above-mentioned institutions that are promoting or organizing events where citizens from both municipalities could be involved. These initiatives perhaps could help the policymakers to realize what was,

independent from which side of the mountain they live.

Searching for territory imageries

I assume that imagination is a progressive condition that creates individual or collective imageries about certain spaces or events. Imageries are created by all citizens, from popular culture through books, music, film, local media-mostly daily magazines, TV program, radio, certain artistic projects, and so on. Imageries can be represented with visible or abstract forms. I argue that in the post-war areas imageries can help the process of re-appropriating the

re found in a few articles from

Os lobodjenje/Liberat ion

Os lobodjenje/Liberat ion

Start Extreme Sports, Dani/DaysSlobodna Bosna, weekly magazine, 2011), and so on. Each of

description of a certain event or project for the future that is actually planned for that day or week. These events usually fall into two categories: highly political statements or, to the contrary, independent activities performed by citizens as an alternative solution for the re-use

Extreme Dani/Days, weekly magazine, 2008), when Red Bull

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organized an international competition for inline skaters on the bobsled track originally built for the XIV Winter Olympic Games (Figure 5).

Figure 5. Exce rpt from the we e k ly magaz ine D ani -Man i utrka skate r/S pide r-Man and

In the same period an international graffiti art festival, Balkan Express, was organized,

and artists were using the walls of the bobsled to create an open-air graffiti gallery. Today, the bobsled continues to be used by individuals for different extreme sports and as a site for

imageries about this sport facility that were never considered in the planning processes, but which certainly could contribute to the planning processes for future uses. Another interesting

Astrology and Physics in ex-Yugoslavia and abroad. Its existence, from the beginnings of the they had a strong will to create

a place from which they could study the sky above Sarajevo and look at the moon. In 1992, the Observatory was completely destroyed; all its equipment was burned or taken away, including the books from the library, telescopes, and the glass panels that represented

s Observatory, is not sure what happened to the books and equipment. 7 for the weekly magazine Start

In the past, in our name we had the University Astronomy Association, linked to any kind of political stream or territory, so we changed our prev ious name simply to Orion Astronomy Association. (Sta rt, 2008: 60).

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!7 the Observatory and local media analysis, daily and weekly journal on 13.05.2012.

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This simple, almost invisible act of name changing is a very interesting position that the

that are not interested at all in reconstructing the Observatory buildings (Figure 6).

Figure 6. Destroye d obse rvatory bui ldings. Photograph by Zoran K .

not only carried out because of some daily directive, or verification of certain physical and philosophical views. Our image of the world is deeply dependent on our understanding of cosmic events. (Sta rt, 2008: 60).

property the IEBL passes. The post-war owner of the place, independent of the administrative status of the mountain hut property, renovated the building with the help of his friends and relatives. As it was reported in Startspending their time in this place. It is posspassed through the property. The building itself represents past and present (Figure 7). On its facades the old walls are still visible, as they were kept during the renovation, probably for economic reasons.

Symbolically, this mountain hut is an interesting example of the imagery elements included in a contested territory, the methods of its reconstruction, and its use by the visitors and tourists that are contesting it. These examples of independent, ind ividual engagement

administrative power. Maybe these examples can contribute to the general discussion of what ferent imaginaries and engagements

possible to plan a just space, or to convert an (in)just space into a just one?

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Figure 7. Re novate d mountain hut

Justice, planning, contesting, imagining

These four words justice, planning, contesting, and imagining can be used in relation to our living space. Our living space, by its nature, should be a just space. My utopic position is that we should all be citizens of any city and territory in the world, living and attempting to create a space that is going to be a just space. Are we searching for social justice inside

human right, that of the right to the

both political and creative, imagining is progressive and open, and it is contesting an already contested space. Justice supposes and could be a relational element of these three terms. In the introduction to The Urbanizat ion of Injust ice

anic,

social justice is the bedrock of any democratic society within which citizens can actively

has a contesting nature; instead its beginning is more utopian that could help better exploration of the topic of social and spatial justice and urbanism. Making a small collage of the words from the titles of the articles 8 Politics, Urban Space, Liberalism, Environment, Identity, Tensions, The Revanchist City, Street Sensibility, Negotiation, Articulating, Difference, Justice/Just Us, Margin/Alia,

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!8 Besides the editors, articles in this book were written by Susan Fainstein, Ira Katznelson, David Harvey, Doreen Massey, Neil Smith, Michael Keith, Marshall Berman, Edward Soja, and Sharon Zukin.

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-vi) we could identify the processes of eventual urbanization of injustice. Creation of a just space would be an exercise of our right to the is a right to change ourselves by changing the city. It is, moreover, a common rather than an individual right since this transformation inevitably depends upon the exercise of a collective

261). In the Sarajevo-

to place in the existing context my exploration of the relations between justice and planning, the possible results could be gained only through an unlimited number of contestation processes. Finally, my utopian position could be upgraded, where just space is the imagery space.

Conc lusion

When we consider different concepts and theories on justice and urbanism, it is still difficult to place them on a real location. I argue that the Sarajevo-contested but practically re-emerging territory remains open for further analysis and different uses than the actual political agenda would have us believe. The often-quoted plans and

politically and administratively divided, polluted by garbage, full of bad memories and ruins, all within incredible nature. In the analysis of the present state of the mountain there are no reports that reveal on-the-ground reporting on the location before beginning to write their plans for the future. I

to release you from any responsibility for the actual spatial conditions of the mountain. This tactic contributes to the creation of a kind of closed, or finished, system, without addressing real problems and requests for better space. This approach leaves you without any kind of project for the future. How come the territorial planning exercised by the state institutions are

imagining about the certain city space was almost always part of the popular culture, visual art, music scene, and so on, an exercise done by citizens rather than by institutions representing and planning for their needs. Instead, citizens with their activities have created

reconstruction of the mountain hut. For them, the actual maps do not represent their territory. The same can be said for the changing of the name of the University Astronomy Association to the Orion Astronomy Association. These examples reveal thoughts for different futures and differerelational, unfinished and always becoming, is a prerequisite for history to be open and thus a

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the mountain. Their imageries about this space contest it, give to it new significances and opportunities, and also create new, re-eme

9 that could open up communication between official creators of the city, the territory and those who live in it.

Acknowle dge me nt

Molly Kleiman edited the paper.

Armina Pilav Santa Croce 997, 30135 Venice, Italy.

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