Talking animals in parables: a contradictio in terminis? -Presentation

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Moab and Midian And the LORD said [to Moses, saying]: Avenge the children of Israel of the Midianites (Num 31:12). [...] Of the Midianites. See, the Moabites were the beginning of the maFer, as it is said: The eldest of Moab and the eldest of Midian went [... to Bileam] (Num 22:7). Since their days they never made peace with one another, and when they came to fight Israel, they made peace with one another and fought with Israel. A parable. To what is the ma2er similar? To two shepherds that were with the herd, and they competed with one another. A caFle thief came to take a lamb from the herd, and one of them was fighPng against him. His companion said: If I [don’t] go and support him now, he will kill him, and he will come aSer me and kill me. They made peace between them and fought with the thief. So Moab and Midian. Since their days they never made peace with one another, as is said: who smote Midian in the field of Moab (Gen. 36:35). But when they came to fight with Israel, they made peace with one another and fought with Israel. 1

Transcript of Talking animals in parables: a contradictio in terminis? -Presentation

Moab  and  Midian  And  the  LORD  said  [to  Moses,  saying]:  Avenge  the  children  of  Israel  of  the  Midianites  (Num  31:1-­‐2).  [...]  Of  the  Midianites.  See,  the  Moabites  were  the  beginning  of  the  maFer,  as  it  is  said:  The  eldest  of  Moab  and  the  eldest  of  Midian  went    [...  to  Bileam]  (Num  22:7).  Since  their  days  they  never  made  peace  with  one  another,  and  when  they  came  to  fight  Israel,  they  made  peace  with  one  another  and  fought  with  Israel.    A  parable.   To  what   is   the  ma2er   similar?  To   two   shepherds  that  were  with  the  herd,  and  they  competed  with  one  another.  A    caFle  thief  came  to  take  a  lamb  from  the  herd,  and  one  of  them  was  fighPng  against  him.  His  companion  said:  If  I  [don’t]  go   and   support   him   now,   he   will   kill   him,   and   he   will   come  aSer   me   and   kill   me.   They   made   peace   between   them   and  fought  with  the  thief.  So  Moab  and  Midian.  Since  their  days  they  never  made  peace  with  one  another,  as  is  said:    who  smote  Midian  in  the  field  of  Moab   (Gen.   36:35).   But  when   they   came   to  fight  with   Israel,  they  made  peace  with  one  another  and  fought  with  Israel.  

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Parable  by  NT  and  rabbinic  scholars  NT  •  Type  of  comparison  (Simile,  

parable,  exemplary  story  etc.)  •  FicPonality  •  Realism  •  Topic,  theme  •  Original/oral  form  •  Rhetorical  funcPon  

–  Message  –  Effect  

 

rabbinic  •  Formal  characterisPcs  

–  Introductory  formulae  –  2  stages:  mashal/nimshal  

•  HermeneuPc  funcPon  –  embedding  in  midrash  –  InterpretaPon  of  base  text  

•  Rhetorical  effect  –  EducaPonal,  polemical,  

ethical,  consolaPon…  

Yet  most  agree  that  NT  parables  and  rabbinic  meshalim  can  be  compared  2  

Example  definiPon:  Zimmerman  “Eine  Parabel  ist  ein  kurzer  narraPver  (1)  fikPonaler  (2)  Text,  der  in  der  erzählten  Welt  auf  die  bekannte  Realität  (3)  bezogen  ist,  aber  durch  implizite  oder  explizite  Transfersignale  zu  erkennen  gibt,  dass  die  Bedeutung  des  Erzählten  vom  Wortlaut  des  Textes  zu  unterscheiden  ist  (4  ).  In  seiner  Appellstruktur  (5)  fordert  er  einen  Leser  bzw.  eine  Leserin  auf,  einen  metaphorisch  en  Bedeutungstransfer  zu  vollziehen,  der  durch  Ko  -­‐  und  KontexPnformaPonen  (6)  gelenkt  wird.”        R.  Zimmerman,  ‘Parabeln—sonst  nicht.  GaFungsbesPmmung  jenseits  der  KlassifikaPon  in  „Bildwort“,  „Gleichnis“,  „Parabel“  und  „Beispielerzahlung”  in  R.  Zimmermann,  Kern,  G.,  (eds.),  Hermeneu@k  der  Gleichnisse  Jesu:  Methodische  Neuansätze  zum  Verstehen  urchristlicher  Parabeltexte.  WissenschaSliche  Untersuchungen  zum  Neuen  Testament,  231  (Tübingen:  Mohr  Siebeck,  2009),  383-­‐419    

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Issues  

•  ComparaPve  parable  research  iniPated  by  NT  scholars  

•  Different  (religious)  agenda’s  •  Nature  of  corpora  is  very  different  –   rabbinic  is  much  larger;  more  parables  –   Different  purpose/genres  

•  Chronological  discrepancy  – 1st  cent  CE  vs.  3rd-­‐10th  cent.  CE  

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What  happens  when  NT  definiPons  are  applied  to  a  rabbinic  parable?  

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3  disPncPons  by    Jülicher  

Jülicher  1.  Parable  vs.  allegory    2.  Division  within  ‘Parables’  

1.  Similitudes  (Gleichnisse)  2.  Parables  3.  Exemplary  Stories  

(Beispielerzählungen)  

3.  Parables  and  Fables    (related)  

Recep=on  (NT)  1.  Flusser,  Boucher  a.o.:  false  

opposiPon  2.  Zimmerman:  “Parabeln-­‐

sonst  nichts!”  

3.    Zimmerman  a.o.:  talking  animals  and  plants  =  not  realisPc  !  no  parable  

 

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Rabbinic  studies:  mashal  and  fable  

−  Parable,  fable,  proverb  =   משל       – Talking  plants  and  animals  in  meshalim  – Bar  Kappara  recited  300  fox  fables  during  each  course  dinner  party  (LevRab  28:2)  – Many  studies  in  fact  deal  with  fables,  not  parables  (because  of  term (משל   – “mashalized”  fables    

 

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R.  Akiba  says:  With  all  thy  soul  (Deut.  6:7):  even  if  He  takes  away  thy  soul.  Our  Rabbis   taught:  Once   the  wicked  Government     issued  a  decree   forbidding  the  Jews  to  study  and  pracPce  the  Torah.  Pappus  b.  Judah  came  and  found  R.  Akiba   publicly   bringing   gatherings   together   and   occupying   himself   with   the  Torah.  He  said  to  him:  Akiba,  are  you  not  afraid  of  the  Government?  He  replied:  I  will  explain  to  you  with  a  parable.  A  fox  was  once  walking  alongside  of  a  river,  and  he  saw  fishes  going  in  swarms  from  one  place  to  another.  He  said  to  them:  ‘From  what  are  you  fleeing?’  They  replied:  ‘From  the  nets  cast  for  us  by  men’.  He  said  to  them:  ‘Would  you  like  to  come  up  on  to  the  dry  land  so  that  you  and  I   can   live   together   in   the   way   that  my   ancestors   lived   with   your   ancestors?’  They  replied:  ‘Art  thou  the  one  that  they  call  the  cleverest  of  animals?  Thou  art  not   clever   but   foolish.   If   we   are   afraid   in   the   element   in  which  we   live,   how  much  more  in  the  element  in  which  we  would  die!’  So  it  is  with  us.  If  such  is  our  condiPon  when  we  sit  and  study  the  Torah,  of  which  it  is  wriFen,  For  that  is  thy  life  and  the  length  of  thy  days,  (Deut  30:20)  if  we  go  and  neglect   it  how  much  worse  off  we  shall  be!      […]  He   said   to   them:  All  my  days   I  have  been   troubled  by   this   verse,   'with  all   thy  soul',  [which  I  interpret,]  'even  if  He  takes  thy  soul'.  I  said:  When  shall  I  have  the  opportunity  of   fulfilling  this?  Now  that   I  have  the  opportunity  shall   I  not  fulfill  it?  –  BT  Ber.  61b   8  

And  the  LORD  said  [to  Moses,  saying]:  Avenge  the  children  of  Israel  of  the  Midianites  (Num  31:1-­‐2).  [...]  Of  the  Midianites.  See,  the  Moabites  were  the  beginning  of  the  maFer,  as  it  is  said:  The  eldest  of  Moab  and  the  eldest  of  Midian  went    [...  to  Bileam]  (Num  22:7).  Since  their  days  they  never  made  peace  with  one  another,  and  when  they  came  to  fight  Israel,  they  made  peace  with  one  another  and  fought  with  Israel.    A  parable.  To  what  is  the  ma2er  similar?  To  two  dogs  that  were  with  the  herd,  and  they  competed  with  one  another.  A  wolf  came  to  take  a  lamb  from  the  herd,  and  one  of  them  was  fighPng  against  him.  His  companion  said:  “If  I  [don’t]  go  and  support  him  no,  he  will  kill  him,  and  he  will  come  aSer  me  and  kill  me.”  They  made  peace  between  them  and  fought  with  the  wolf.    So  Moab  and  Midian.  Since  their  days  they  never  made  peace  with  one  another,  as  is  said:    who  smote  Midian  in  the  field  of  Moab  (Gen.  36:35).  But  when  they  came  to  fight  with  Israel,  they  made  peace  with  one  another  and  fought  with  Israel.    -­‐-­‐  Sifre  Numbers  157  

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Not  a  parable?  

No  fables!  10  

 Consensus?  

(1)  A  parable  contains  a  comparison  between  two  situaPons  

(2)  one  of  these  is  the  ‘base’  situaPon  that  will  be  explained  by  the  other  

(3)  the  second  situaPon  is  the  one  with  which  the  ‘base’  situaPon  is  compared  

(4)  The  second  situaPon  is  chosen  for  its  capacity  to  shed  light  on  the  ‘base  situaPon’  

(5)  The  second  situaPon  is  presented  in  the  form  of  a  short  ficPonal  narraPve.    

Ad  (2):  can  be  a  biblical  verse  ;  something  related  in  a  biblical  text;  a  conflict    in  real  life;  a  vision  of  a  future  or  beFer  life,  etc.  Ad  (4)  :  can  be  realisPc  or  unrealisPc  (talking  dog)  

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Selected  Bibliography  •  A.  Jülicher,  Die  Gleichnisreden  Jesu  (I  &  II)  (Darmstadt:  WissenschaSliche  BuchgesellschaS),  

19632  •  D.  Flusser,  Die  rabbinischen  Gleichnisse  und  der  Gleichniserzähler  Jesu,  1.  Teil,  Das  Wesen  der  

Gleichnisse,  Bern,  Peter  Lang,  1981.  •  A.  Goldberg,  "Das  SchriSauslegende  Gleichnis  im  Midrasch,  in  A.  Goldberg,  Rabbinische  Texte  

als  Gegenstand  der  Auslegung.  Gesammelte  Studien  II,  ed.  Margarete  Schlüter    and  Peter  Schäfer,  Tübingen,  1999,  134-­‐198  (originally  Frankfurter  Judais@sche  Beiträge  9  (1981)  1-­‐90  

•   M.  I.  Boucher,  The  Mysterious  Parable.  A  Literary  Study  (CBQ  Monograph  Series  6),  Washington  1977;  M.I.  Boucher,  The  Parables  (  New  Testament  message  ;  vol.  7),  Wilmington,  Del.:  Glazier,  1981  

•   D.  Boyarin,  Intertextuality  and  the  Reading  of  Midrash,  Bloomington,  Indiana,  1990,  esp.  p.  80-­‐92,  and  105-­‐116  

•  D.  Stern,  Parables  in  Midrash:  Narra@ve  and  Exegesis  in  Rabbinic  literature  (Cambridge:  Harvard  University  Press),  1991  

•  Y.  Frankel  ,  “Ch.  11:  hamashal”  in  his  Darkhe  ha-­‐aggadah  vehamidrash,  Jerusalem,  1996,  323-­‐393  

•   R.  Zimmerman  a.o.  (ed.),  Compendium  der  Gleichnisse  Jesu,  Gütersloh,  2007  •  A.  Samely,  “The  mashal  as  model  or  analogy  for  a  biblical  event”  and  “The  mashal  as  form  

with  a  hermeneuPc  funcPon”  in  his  Forms  of  Rabbinic  Literature  and  Thought.  An  Introduc@on,  Oxford  Univeristy  Press,  2007,  188-­‐192  

•  R.  Zimmermann,  Kern,  G.,  (eds.),  Hermeneu@k  der  Gleichnisse  Jesu:  Methodische  Neuansätze  zum  Verstehen  urchristlicher  Parabeltexte.  WissenschaSliche  Untersuchungen  zum  Neuen  Testament,  231  (Tübingen:  Mohr  Siebeck,  2009)  

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