2nd Symposium of the Transport and

Tourism Special Interest Group

(CAUTHE)

15-17 April 2015

Symposium Programme

and Abstract Book

Edited by

Michael Lück, Gui Lohmann and David T. Duval

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Contents Table of Contents ............................................................................................................... 4 Welcome from the Symposium Chair ................................................................................ 5 Conference Programme ..................................................................................................... 6 Important Contact & Emergency Numbers ....................................................................... 8 Campus Map ....................................................................................................................... 8 Presentation Abstracts

Keynote Address: Tourism and public transport: issues and questions C. Michael Hall .................................................................................................................. 9 Luxury in the air: the market orientation of small business aviation airlines in Cannes Girish Prayang & Christelle Chamot ............................................................................... 10 Market access and Canadian aeropolitics: imbalance or fair and equal opportunity? David T. Duval ................................................................................................................. 12 Air transportation linkage in the Pacific Semisi Taumoepeau........................................................................................................ 13 Airlines, alliances and frequent flyer programmes - obtaining status and reaping the benefits Michael Lück & Sven Gross ............................................................................................. 14 Financing add-on airport infrastructure development: an Australian perspective Gui Lohmann & Jakob Trischler ...................................................................................... 15 Places or non-places – who cares? Erwin Losekoot ............................................................................................................... 16 Tourism and walkability C. Michael Hall & Yael Raman ........................................................................................ 17 GPS-tracking in Germany – a new method for the analysis of tourist behaviour Sven Gross & Michael Lück ............................................................................................. 18 Cruise infrastructure development: a social network approach Wendy London ................................................................................................................ 20 Attitude is everything Ken McKenzie ................................................................................................................. 21

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Kia Ora

On behalf of the School of Hospitality & Tourism at AUT University, I would like to welcome

you to Auckland and Aotearoa New Zealand. We are delighted to host the 2nd CAUTHE

Transport & Tourism Special Interest Group Symposium!

I am confident that the speakers/presenters will spark the necessary discussion about

transport, related to tourism planning, development and operations. The technical field trip

will take you to experience a special form of tourism transport in the City of Sails.

There are a number of people that I must acknowledge for their support for this

symposium! Gui Lohmann and David Duval are the founders of the SIG, and their support

for this 2nd symposium has been tireless and outstanding! Linda O’Neill (Head of School and

Deputy Dean) provided generous funding and support! A big thank you to Michael Hall for

his inspiring keynote address. John Kelly and his team at Four Seasons (AUT) made sure we

didn’t have to worry about food and drinks - thank you. We have received valuable

sponsorship, monetary or in kind, from CAUTHE, the School of Hospitality and Tourism

(AUT), Ashgate Publishing and Auckland Adventure Duck – your support made this

symposium possible, and is greatly appreciated!

And last, but most certainly not least, thank you to all delegates from far away and from

Auckland – without you this symposium wouldn’t have happened!

I am very much looking forward to meeting you during the symposium!

Michael Lück Chair and co-organiser

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Wednesday, 15 April 2015

17:30-18:30

Registration and Welcome Drinks Four Seasons, WH Building

Thursday, 16 April 2015

9:45-

10:00 Welcome Four Seasons Lounge (WH Building)

10:00-10:25

Morning Tea Four Seasons Lounge (WH Building)

10:25 Move to WG 801-802 10:30-11:30

Keynote Address: Michael Hall

University of Canterbury

Tourism and public transport: Issues and questions

11:30-12:00

Girish Prayang & Christelle Chamot

University of Canterbury and Cello Aviation

Luxury in the air: the market orientation of small business aviation airlines in Cannes

12:00-12:30

David Duval University of Winnipeg

Market access and Canadian aeropolitics: impablance or fair and equal opportunity?

12:30-14:00

Lunch Four Seasons Lounge

14:00-14:30

Semisi Taumoepeau

Auckland Institute of Studies

Air transportation linkage in the Pacific

14:30-15:00

Michael Lück & Sven Gross

AUT University & HS Harz

Airlines, alliances and frequent flyer programmes - obtaining status and reaping the benefits

15:00-15:30

Gui Lohmann & Jakob Trischler

Griffith University Financing add-on airport infrastructure development: an Australian perspective

15:30-16:00

Afternoon Tea Four Seasons Lounge

16:00-16:30

Erwin Losekoot AUT University Places or non-places - who cares?

16:30-17:00

Michael Hall & Yael Ram

University of Canterbury and Ashkelon College

Tourism and walkability

17:00-17:30

Sven Gross & Michael Lück

HS Harz & AUT University

GPS-tracking in Germany - a new method for the analysis of tourist behaviour

19:30 Dinner Vivace, Level 1, 50 High Street, CBD

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Friday, 17 April 2015

9:00-9:30 Wendy London Griffith University

Cruise infrastructure development: a social network approach

9:30-10:00 Ken McKenzie Transport for NSW Attitude is everything 10:00-10:30

Morning Tea including Best Paper Award, Four Seasons

10:30-11:00

P12 (?) Reserve

12:00-13:00

Technical Trip (leaving AUT at 11:30am)

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Important Contact and Emergency Numbers

Number

Michael Lück – Symposium Chair +64(0)21 243 1916

Campus Security Ext. 9997

Emergency (Fire/Police/Ambulance)

111 or

*555 (from cell

phone)

AUT City Campus

WG = sessions WH = welcome, morning and afternoon tea, lunch

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Keynote Address Tourism and Public Transport: Issues and Questions

C. Michael Hall Department of Management, Marketing and Entrepreneurship, University of Canterbury,

Christchurch, New Zealand michael.hall@canterbury.ac.nz

Abstract

The connection between public transport and tourism has received surprisingly little

coverage in the relevant literatures. In some ways this is somewhat surprising given the

potential for tourist to contribute to public transport revenues as well as sustainable

mobility in general as well as issues such as destination satisfaction and destination

management. Understanding tourists’ use of public transport is therefore of considerable

potential importance.

Building on recent studies (Le-Klähn & Hall, 2014; Le-Klähn et al., 2014) this presentation

provides an overview of research in public transport and tourism. The review identifies main

topics and issues including how public transport is used for tourism purposes in different

context and with reference to different modes of public transport. The paper also identifies

potential areas for future research. The review indicates that there are differences in the

level of public transport use by visitors between rural and urban destinations. Perhaps not

surprisingly public transport is often not favoured by visitors in remote areas, although the

situation is more promising in urban destinations. However, the overall potential of public

transport as an alternative mode for travelling is unclear, given tourist motivations and

behaviours, and provision of visitor-oriented public transport services.

Keywords: public transport management, urban tourism, destination management, rural

tourism, sustainable mobility, social marketing

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Luxury in the Air: The Market Orientation of Small Business Aviation Airlines in Cannes

Girish Prayag* and Christelle Chamot$

*Department of Management, Marketing and Entrepreneurship, University of Canterbury girish.prayag@canterbury.ac.nz

$Sales and Marketing Executive (Europe), Cello Aviation

Abstract

Market orientation (MO) generally refers to the implementation of the marketing concept in

organizations (Mason and Harris, 2006). Existing studies on MO focus on the applicability of

the concept to large firms (Blankson et al., 2006) in developed economies (Shoham et al.,

2005). The relevance of the concept to small and medium enterprises (SMEs) is well

established (Appiah-Adu, 1998; Armario et al., 2008; Raju et al., 2011) with a general

consensus that MO in small firms is distinct from that in larger organizations (Coviello et al.,

2000). Surprisingly, research on the MO of airlines, whether large or small, is limited

(Martin-Consuegra and Esteban, 2007) and theoretical perspectives on the concept remains

under-researched (Blankson and Cheng, 2005). This study explores the applicability of MO in

the context of small private airlines in Cannes, France, with a focus on the business aviation

sector. Six in-depth interviews with owners/managers of luxury private airlines and related

services in the business aviation sector were conducted at the Cannes-Mandelieu airport in

France. Initially, Braun and Clarke’s (2006) thematic analysis was conducted to identify main

themes in the data, followed by causal mapping analysis (Hulbert, 2003; Woodside, 2005).

The latter is particularly useful when investigating groups where coherent and coordinated

behaviours and actions are critical (Goodier et al., 2010). A “map” or series of related maps

is then constructed by connecting specific ideas/objects, decisions and interactions of

people with a symbol for the type of relationship observed (Woodside, 2005). Hence, the

findings attempt to identify causal relationships between business decisions and MO.

Theoretical and managerial implications are formulated based on these findings.

Keywords: Market orientation, business aviation, luxury, relationship quality

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Reference List

Armario, J.M., Ruiz, D.M., and Armario, E.M. (2008), “Market orientation and internationalization in small-medium enterprises.” Journal of Small Business Management, Vol.46 No.4, pp.485-511.

Appiah-Adu, K. (1998), “Market orientation and performance: empirical tests in a transition economy”, Journal of Strategic Marketing, Vol.6, pp.25-45.

Blankson, C., and Cheng, J.M.S. (2005), “Have small businesses adopted the market orientation concept? The case of small businesses in Michigan”, Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, Vol.20 No.6, pp.317-330.

Blankson, C., Motwani, J.G., and Levenburg, N.M. (2006), “Understanding the patterns of market orientation among small businesses”, Marketing Intelligence & Planning, Vol.24 No.6, pp.572-590.

Braun, V., and Clarke, V. (2006), “Using thematic analysis in psychology”, Qualitative Research in Psychology, Vol. 3 No.2, pp.77-101.

Coviello, N.E., Brodie, R.J., and Munro, H.J. (2000), “An investigation of marketing practice by firm size”, Journal of Business Venturing, Vol.15, pp.523-545.

Goodier, C., Austin, S., Soetanto, R., and Dainty, A. (2010), “Causal mapping and scenario building with multiple organisations”, Futures, Vol. 42 No. 3, pp. 219-229.

Hulbert, J.J. (2003), “Organizational analysis and information system design: a road revisited”, Journal of Business &Industrial Marketing, Vol. 18 No. 6/7, pp. 509-513.

Martin-Consuegra, D. and Esteban, A. (2007), “Market orientation and business performance: An empirical investigation in the airline industry”, Journal of Air Transport Management, Vol.13, 383-386.

Mason, K.J., and Harris, L.C. (2006), “Market orientation emphases: an exploration of macro, meso and micro drivers”, Marketing Intelligence & Planning, Vol.24 No.6, pp.552-571.

Raju, P.S., Lonial, S.C., and Crum, M.D. (2011), “Market orientation in the context of SMEs: A conceptual framework”, Journal of Business Research, Vol.64, pp.1320-1326.

Shoham, A., Rose, G.M., and Kropp, F. (2005). Market orientation and performance: a meta-analysis”, Marketing Intelligence & Planning, Vol.23 No.5, pp.435-454.

Woodside, A.G. (2005), "Opening up decision making: making sense of entrepreneur and reseller business-to-business strategies." Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, Vol. 20 No. 7, pp. 347-354.

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Market Access and Canadian Aeropolitics: Imbalance or Fair and Equal

Opportunity?

David T. Duval

Faculty of Business and Economics, University of Winnipeg University of Manitoba Transport Institute

david@dtduval.com

Abstract

The Canada Transportation Act is currently undergoing intensive review by the Government

of Canada. The Act is significant as it sets out Canada's National Transportation Policy, as

well as specific regulatory requirements (including, variably, licensing, rates, operations and

tariffs) as they relate to air and rail services. The Act was last reviewed in 2001, but there

have been substantial and significant changes in the transport environment both within and

external to Canada. There are complex aeropolitical and economic issues that warrant

careful consideration of any adjustments to Canada's official Transportation Policy.

The purpose of this paper is to assess Canada's approach to a key issue that some argue

remains largely unspecified in the formal Transportation Policy, namely the contentious

issue of (unbalanced) market access by foreign designated international airlines. Unlike the

United States, where the doctrine of rebus sic stantibus has been proposed by large

American airlines against, for instance, the existing 2002 open skies agreement with the

United Arab Emirates, the Canadian market debate rests reasonably firmly within the notion

of fair and equal opportunity, and is thus difficult to unpack sufficiently to arrive at a

suitable and justifiable policy outcome that relaxes certain existing bilateral arrangements. I

argue that Canada should look to the recent Australian White Paper on International Air

Policy and New Zealand's recent policy review of international air services for guidance, but

not necessarily duplication. While the concern is the apparent protectionist approach to Air

Canada's routes, I suggest that a wider litmus test is the net benefit for Canada is needed,

which itself introduces problems of geography and regional economic development.

Keywords: aeropolitics, Canada, bilateral, open skies, policy

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Air Transportation Linkage in the Pacific

Semisi Taumoepeau Auckland Institute of Studies, Auckland, New Zealand

semisit@ais.ac.nz

Abstract

Possibilities for economic growth in the Pacific region are limited because they are small in

size and population, geographically isolated, lack natural resources, and their domestic

markets alone do not justify frequent air traffic. As a consequence, airlines cannot make

economies of scale and operate with low load factors, making airline operations even more

economically unsustainable. Problems are compounded because in developed countries,

the source of most Pacific tourists, airport charges are high, as are costs of fuel, spare parts,

and replacement aircraft, whether leased or purchased. In view of such constraints, their

options are limited. Partnerships with regional airlines are one possibility, while another is

to operate their own national airline, either alone or bilaterally with other partners, which

may have nationalistic appeal but inevitably raises financial problems. At the management

level, governments are often unable to define airline objectives or exert adequate financial

control and yet will be committed to heavy financial outlay for aircraft and on-going

government operational subsidies. Another option for government is to deregulate,

increase the competition (which will then affect the viability of their own airlines) and

encourage low cost carriers (LCCs) to enter the market.

This paper is an attempt to analyse some viable options and monitor air transport linkages

in the region.

Keywords: Economic growth, sustainability, tourism, linkages and trends

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Airlines, Alliances and Frequent Flyer Programmes – Obtaining Status and Reaping the Benefits

Michael Lück* & Sven Gross$ *School of Hospitality & Tourism, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand

mlueck@aut.ac.nz $Department of Business Studies, Harz University of Applied Sciences, Wernigerode,

Germany sgross@hs-harz.de

Abstract

Since the 1990s, most airlines have offered some sort of frequent flyer programme.

Programme members are able to collect miles on flights and on offers of partners (e.g.

hotels, car rentals, retail, insurances), and redeem these for flights, upgrades and products

of their partners. In addition, depending on their status with the airline, frequent flyers may

enjoy additional benefits, such as extra luggage allowance, premium check-in, pre-boarding,

and lounge access. For member airlines of the three dominant global alliances (Star Alliance,

oneworld, SkyTeam), most of these benefits can also be enjoyed on other airlines of the

same alliance. However, with increasing financial pressure, as well as bilateral partnerships

with non-alliance airlines, anecdotal evidence (for example, on the world’s largest aviation

related online discussion forums, such as flyer talk and airliners.net) indicates that airlines

have made it more difficult to reach status levels, while at the same time reduced the

benefits for their frequent flyers. This presentation presents preliminary results of a content

analysis of selected member airlines of the three global airline alliances, and illustrates how

they compare in terms of various status levels, the requirements to reach these levels, and

the associated benefits with those levels, both for the individual member airline, and for the

alliance.

Keywords: Airline alliances, frequent flyer programmes, loyalty

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Financing Add-on Airport Infrastructure Development: An Australian Perspective

Gui Lohmann and Jakob Trischler Griffith Aviation, Griffith University, Australia

g.lohmann@griffith.edu.au

Abstract

Australia is heavily reliant on air transport owing to the long distances between population

centres, the absence of alternatives for overseas travel, and the poor ground transport

modes in the remoter regions (Productivity Commission 2011). The Bureau of Infrastructure,

Transport and Regional Economics (BITRE 2010) has forecast that by 2029-30, passenger

movements will have doubled from their 2008-09 level, and that the three major airports

including Brisbane, Melbourne and Sydney will each need to accommodate at least 50

million passengers per year. These forecasts suggest that significant investments in

infrastructure and facilities at the major Australian airports will be required over the next

two decades.

This research examines the challenges of financing add-on airport infrastructure

development in Australia. Examining the Australian experience is quite advantageous

considering the country is one of the earliest examples of a large airport privatization

process which can shed some light on the challenges of expanding and improving existing

airport infrastructure.

Through the use of semi-structure interviews with a number of key airport stakeholders, the

paper advances the discussion on financing airport infrastructure development in the

country, examining what are the challenges and willingness-to-pay for the expansion

of airport infrastructure.

Keywords: Airport, infrastructure development, willingness to pay, airport financing

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Airports: Places or Non-places - who cares?

Erwin Losekoot

School of Hospitality & Tourism, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand erwin.losekoot@aut.ac.nz

Abstract

There is considerable literature on the concept of placelessness (Relph, 1976) and ‘non-

place’ (Augé, 1995). Much of this comes from the geography literature, but the developing

area of ‘mobilities’ (Sheller & Urry, 2006; Urry, 2002) opens this discussion to include those

working in tourism and hospitality. Many examples (e.g. Merriman, 2004) use transport

hubs such as airports, train stations and motorway service stations as research sites, yet

some locations appear to have been very successful in creating an identity where there was

little before (Lohmann, Albers, Koch & Pavlovich, 2009). This study gathered qualitative data

from 120 airport customers of Auckland International Airport in New Zealand. The paper will

consider whether those people expressed the feeling that airports are liminal spaces

(Turner, 1969) which become ‘non-places’ as a result of being ‘spaces in transition’. Using

Auckland Airport as a case study it considers what airport customers feel is important in

terms of giving a location an identity, and what this particular airport is doing to meet those

needs.

Keywords: Airport, customer experience, non-place, placelessness, transport

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Tourism and Walkability

C. Michael Hall* and Yael Ram$

*Department of Management, Marketing and Entrepreneurship, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand

michael.hall@canterbury.ac.nz $Ashkelon College, Israel

Abstract

Walking is one of the most widely use, but perhaps most underappreciated forms of non-

motorised transport. Walkability is defined as the extent to which the environment supports

and encourages walking, by providing for pedestrian comfort and safety, connecting people

with varied destinations within a reasonable amount of time and effort, and offering

interest in walking journeys through a network. Although walkability, which usually focuses

on the urban environment, has become of growing interest in transport, urban design and

public health research there is surprisingly little formal research in the tourism field, with

the exception of studies on hiking, pilgrimage and mobility. The purpose of the presentation

is to discuss the relevance of the concept to the tourism field and its relationship to notions

such as consumer habitat, third spaces, urban design legibility and sense of place. Various

measure of walkability are explored and their relevance to tourists discussed. The

presentation notes the significance of the concept for tourism mobility and thus

expenditure within destinations as well as its potential contribution to satisfaction and

understanding of place. Various means by which destinations can enhance walkability are

also noted.

Keywords: Walking, walkability, public health, public transport, urban design, non-

motorised transport

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GPS-Tracking in Germany – A New Method for the Analysis of Tourist Behaviour

Sven Gross* and Michael Lück$

*Department of Business Studies, Harz University of Applied Sciences, Wernigerode, Germany

sgross@hs-harz.de $School of Hospitality & Tourism, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand

mlueck@aut.ac.nz Abstract

This paper reports on a study analysing the mobility behaviour and the needs of tourists.

The first aim is to provide an overview of the most important methods to analyse tourism

mobility. As it is difficult to classify all of them, the most known shall be presented and

discussed (e.g., direct observation, time-space-budgets, mental maps, volunteered

geographic information, using GSM-data of mobile network operators, camera-based

systems, GPS-tracking).

This presentation focuses on a methodology and software developed by the Harz University

of Applied Sciences in Germany. GPS receivers are considered to be accurate and reliable,

which is the reason why the authors have decided to record and evaluate the mobility

behaviour with the help of GPS-technology. Nevertheless, these GPS-data do not address

the question of which needs and motives are directly related to the routes already travelled.

Therefore, immediately after returning the GPS-logger, the respondents were invited for a

face-to-face interview. This structured interview allows establishing different connections

between the path data and the personal data (e.g., motives, needs, travel data, personal

experiences). The real innovation on this methodology is that the GPS-data are directly read

out on mobile tablet-computer and combined with a face-to-face questioning by using the

tablet (“Asus Eee Pad Transformer”). In this context, an innovative application was

developed, which combines the survey via touch screen with the digital connection of the

Columbus devices and thus the visualisation of the GPS-tracks on a map. This can be

considered innovative as some components (e.g. rest times) can be directly integrated into

the analysis. The visitor can thus be asked precise questions about certain waypoints, route

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sections or points of interest. In addition, the App possesses statistical analysis modules,

allows export of the survey results (GPS-tracks inclusive) into the statistical programme

SPSS, and can be fully used offline. A detailed analysis of all results in SPSS is undertaken

after the interviews. Furthermore, by using a geographic information system (ESRI ArcGIS

10) an extensive examination of the GPS-tracks of all visitors can be achieved.

Another important emphasis is to present first experiences and results of different studies

using GPS-tracking in the Harz mountains in Germany. The aims of the second study are to

measure the mobility behaviour of hikers (tourists and inhabitants) in the Harz mountains,

to identify gaps in the hiking trail network, and to give recommendations for future hiking

projects in the Harz region. The examination takes place at a staged hiking trail and a natural

trail (not staged) to evaluate the differences between both. The purpose is to find out,

which components influence the attractiveness of a hiking trail – natural elements (e.g.,

scenic view of a rolling landscape) or staged elements (structured experience-zone).

Furthermore, suggestions for improving the design of hiking trails (e.g. signage) shall be

given.

Keywords: Mobility analysis, GPS tracking, tourist mobility behaviour, PoI-survey, Android

application, geographic information systems, GIS

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Cruise infrastructure development: a social network approach

Wendy R London

Griffith Institute for Tourism, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia wendy.london@griffithuni.edu.au

Abstract

The number of ships and cruise ports worldwide continues to grow, thereby requiring more

cruise infrastructure. However, despite this growth, there appears to be little research or

analysis relating to how stakeholders collaborate within social networks to shape proposals

for cruise infrastructure. This growth places pressure on existing ports compelling

redevelopment of existing cruise infrastructure, leading to the often speculative and

contested development of new cruise terminals. This presentation outlines the approach

being taken to explore (a) how social networks influence proposals for cruise infrastructure

development; and (b) the power relationships within these networks. This research is

viewed to be useful to communities who wish to avoid, mitigate or at least explain some of

the risks they confront in developing cruise infrastructure. The case of cruise development

in New Zealand was selected, with a specific focus on Auckland. This study site was in large

part selected because governance is relatively strong, the relevant network is modest in

size, and there are existing relationships between the author and key network members. It

is hoped that this research will (a) open the potential for collaborative approaches to be

adopted to better shape and promote cruise infrastructure development; and (b) provide

opportunities for further work to identify the risks present in cruise infrastructure

development proposals and more broadly, understand the political and social processes of

large transport infrastructure projects.

Keywords: Cruise tourism, cruise infrastructure development, stakeholder analysis social

network analysis

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Attitude is Everything

Ken McKenzie Manager Safety Competence, Transport Projects Division, Transport for NSW, Australia

ken.mckenzie@transport.nsw.gov.au

Abstract

Introduction

Rail Safety Laws in Australia since 2011 (NSW since 2008) compel Accredited Rail Transport

Operators to comply with and demonstrate robust competency management systems by

Regulation, for all employees and contractors engaged in rail safety work.

Lessons Learnt

In 2009/10 the NSW Transport Construction Authority (TCA) developed a process of

competency assessment in line with how industry defined competency. A traditional “Skills

Based” approach was the first process implemented and soon proved neither practical nor

results driven. Many months were lost to the point that compliance became time critical.

Assessing Competence for the Purposes of Satisfying the Law

Traditional “Skills Based” assessments conforming to the Australian Qualifications

Framework (AQF) could not validate competencies to satisfying the Law, qualifications and

experience do not by themselves demonstrate competence to undertake a task. A “Risk

Based” assessment system was designed to deliver a reliable assessment process by which

individual’s are certified as competent for specified periods of time in specific tasks aligned

to safety and risk management. The process also delivers a means of identifying skills gaps.

Assessments, Systems & Leadership

Ken McKenzie was engaged as Manager Safety Competence, together with a Registered

Training Organisation to work with TCA and challenged to design and deploy a robust

compliant competency management system to satisfy the Law and Accreditation

requirements. The process has expanded to encompassing contractor and supply partner

compliance.

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Conclusion – Stretching for Excellence

Transport Projects a “project delivery business” within Transport for NSW (formerly TCA) is

recognised as the industry benchmark for rail safety worker competency compliance, so far

as project engineering safety assurance. The process has been tested and acknowledged as

robust, fair, ethical, sustainable and defendable.

Keywords: Competence, Assessment, Attitude, measurable risk

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