Spoken English E-Book

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Do You Know?The most glamorous word Glamour is Closely associated by Origin withthat very Unglamorous Word

GRAMMARScottish gramarye occult Learnig

SingleSource for Both : grammar and

grammarye orglamour

Lingua : Language(tongue)

Language sPhonemes Syllable Words

(The Smallestsound Units)

♦ Grammar

♦ Gramarye

♦ Glamourgrammatica terkne (greek) - the art of letters

Gramary

e (Scottis

h)

Gramaire (Old French)

grammatica (Latin)

Grammar - a letter of the alphabet

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Vowels 5

44

22Sounds

Consonants21

20

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1. Good morning !2. Good afternoon!3. Good evening!4. Good night!5. Good day !6. Wish you a good day7. Wish you a good afternoon!8. Wish you a good evening!9. Wish you a good night!10. Wish you a good day!11. Wish you a good morning!12. Wish you a good afternoon!13. Wish you a good night!14. Wish you a good day!15. Have a good morning16. Have a good afternoon.17. Have a good evening.18. Enjoy a good night.19. Enjoy a good day.20. Sweet dream!21 I wish you sweet dreams.22. Have/Enjoy sweet dreams.23. Good bye/ Bye!24 I say a good bye to you.25 Let me leave you.26 Ta-ta! to you.27 I say a ta - ta to you.28 Let me leave you.29 Cheerio!30 I say a cheerio to you.31 Let me leave you.

GREETINGS

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32 Many happy returns of the day/your birthday!33 I wish you many happy returns of the day / your birthday.34 Enjoy many happy returns of the day/ your birthday.35 Wish you a comfortable and safe journey!36 I wish you a comfortble and safe journey!37 Enjoy a comfortable and safe journey.38 Happy married life!39 Wish you a grand succes in your examinations!40 Wish you a grand victory!41 Wish you a good eating!42 Wish you a great prosprity in your newly built house!43 Wish you happy times abroad!44 Wish you a record yield!45 Wish you grand promotions in future!46 Wish you a joyous picinic!47 Wish you a nice outcome in the business conference!48. Wish you get over your troubles!49. Wish you a speedy recovery from illness!50. May you prosper in life!51. I pray to God that you may prosper in life.52. Let God bless you that you may prosper in life53. God give you courage and strength to over come the

sudden shock in your father's death!54. I pray to God that He may give you courage and strength

to over come the sudden shock in your father's death.55. Let God give you courage and strength to overcome the

sudden shock in your father's death.56. May his soul rest in peace!57. I pray to God that He may bless your child with a good

education

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58. Let God help his soul rest in peace.59. God bless your child with a good education!60. I Pray to God that He may bless your child with a good

education.61. Let God bless your child with a good education.62. May you get along cheerfully!63. I wish that you may get along cheerfully.64. Get along cheerfully.

The Set A words are just words. The Set B words areone word sentences

set A Set B

1. Come 1. Come.2. Go 2. Go.3. Eat 3. Eat.4. Drink 4. Drink.5. Sit 5. Sit.6. Stand 6. Stand7. Sleep 7. Sleep.8. Play 8. Play.9. Dance 9. Dance.10. Sing 10. Sing.11. Write 11. Write.12. Read 12. Read.

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Two word Sentences :

'Please' is used in spoken English to express ' politeness'.

Set A Set B1. Please come. 1. Come Please.2. Please go. 2. Go Please.3. Please eat. 3. Eat Please.4. Please drink 4. Drink Please.5. Please sit 5. Sit please.6. Please stand 6. Stand please.7. Please sleep. 7. Sleep please.8. Please play. 8. Play please.9. Please dance. 9. Dance please.10. Please sing. 10. Sing please.11. Please write. 11. Write please.12. Please read. 12. Read please.

Three Word Sentencesset A Set B1.Please come here. 1. Come here please.2.Please go at once. 2. Go at once please.3.Please eat your food. 3. Eat your food please.4.Please drink a cup of tea. 4. Drink a cup of tea please.5.Please sit down. 5. sit down please.6.Please Stand up. 6.Stand up pleas.7.Please sleeep on your bed 7.Sleep on your bed please.8.Please play in the field. 8.Play in the field please.9.Please dance well. 9.Dance well please.10.Please sing a song. 10.Sing a song please.11.Please write a letter. 11.Write a letter please.12.Please read the story for me.12.Read the story for me please.

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Eg. [Examples]1. John! come here.2. Indu, eat your food.3. Children! read well.4. Students, be quiet.5. Balu! sing a song.6. Roja, dance now.

MORE IMPERATIVE SENTENCES :1. Sir, please explain the lesson.2. Do or die.3. Get into the hell after your death.4. Go to your grandfather.5. Make money with nothing.6. Krishna, recite this poem for me.7. Venu! help me tomorrow.8. Lalitha! solve this problem.9. Friends, listen to me.10. Rank well in the examinations.

Imperative Sentences Classified :

1. Commandsi. Get out.ii. Shut upiii. Quit my room.iv. Sit Down.v. Go straight.

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2. Orders :

i. Go and get me water.ii. Shoot the enemy.iii. Bring my bycle at once.iv. Stand in a line.v. Keep quiet.

3. Requests

i. Please sing a song.ii. Kindly allow her in.iii. Please get seated.iv. Please listen to me.v. Kindly shut the door.

4. Pleadings

i Advise me Mr. Lawyer.ii. Help me get acquitted.iii. Allow me to plead please.iv. Render Service to the poor.v. Help the needy.

5. Suggestions

i Read well.ii. Work hard.iii. Marry only once.iv. Be regular.v. Do not postpone your work.

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Am / is / are01. I am I’m S"£∞

02 we are we’re qÜ«∞~ü

03. you are you’re Ü≥∂~ü

04. they are they’re Õ~ü

05. he is he’s Ç‘Ï*ò

06. she is she’s +‘*ò

07 it is it’s W\òû

Have :

01. I have I’ve S"£

02. we have we’ve g"£

03 you have you’ve Ü« "£

04. they have they’ve Õ"£

05. he has he’s Ç‘Ï*ò

06. she has she’s +‘*ò

07. it has it’s W\òû

01. I had / would I'd S_£

02. We had / would we'd g_£

03. You had / would you'd Ü« _£

04. They had / would They'd Õ_£

05. He had / would He'd Ç‘Ï_£

06. She had / would She'd +‘_£

07. it had / would It'd S\_£

Contractions

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Will :01. I will I’ll SÖò

02. we will we’ll gÖò

03. you will you’ll Ü«¸Öò

04. they will they’ll ÕÖò

05. he will he’ll Ç‘ÏÖò

06. she will she’ll +‘Öò

07. It will It’ll W\˜Öò

Negative :

01. I am not I,m not S"£∞ <å\ò

02. we are not we aren’t =ÙÜü∞ P~°<£ì

03. he is not heisn’t Ç≤Ï D[O\ò

04. I was not I wasn’t S "å[O\ò

05. they were not they weren’t Õ =~°<£ì

06. I have not I haven’t S ¿ÇÏ"≥O\ò

07. he has not he hasn’t Ç≤Ï ¿ÇÏ[O\ò

08. I had not I hadn’t S ¿ÇÏ_»<£ì

09. I do not I don’t S _À<£ì

10. he does not he doesn’t Ç‘Ï _»[<£ì

11. I did not I didn’t S _ç_çO\ò

12. I will not I won’t S "ÀO\ò

13. I shall not I shan’t S ëê<£ì

14. I would not I wouldn’t S L_»O\ò

15. I should not I shouldn’t S +¨µ_»O\ò

16. I must not I mustn’t S =∞ãO\ò

17. I could not I couldn’t S ‰õΩ_»O\ò

18. I cannot I can’t S HÍ<£ì

Note : can not Jx q_»nÜ«∞‰õÄ_» Œ∞ cannot Jx HõÅÑ≤ "å_®e.

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<Õ#∞ fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï#∞.<Õ#∞ fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï<å<Õ#∞ fã¨∞HÀ#∞<Õ#∞ fã∞HÀ<å

"Õ∞=Ú fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï=Ú"Õ∞=Ú fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï=∂ ?"Õ∞=Ú fã∞HÀ=Ú"Õ∞=Ú fã¨∞HÀ=∂ ?

g∞~°∞ fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï~°∞g∞~°∞ fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï~å ?g∞~°∞ fã¨∞HÀ~°∞g∞~°∞ fã¨∞HÀ~å ?

"å~°∞ fã∞‰õΩO\Ï~°∞"å~°∞ fã∞‰õΩO\Ï~å ?"å~°∞ fã∞HÀ~°∞."å~°∞ fã∞HÀ~å ?

J «_»∞ fã∞‰õΩO\Ï_»∞.J «_»∞ fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï_® ?J «_»∞ fã∞HÀ_»∞.J «_»∞ fã∞HÀ_® ?

P"≥∞ fã∞‰õΩO@∞Ok.P"≥∞ fã¨∞‰õΩO@∞O^• ?P"≥∞ fã∞HÀ Œ∞.P"≥∞ fã¨∞HÀ^• ?

Active Voice Simple Present tense1. I take.2. Do I take ?3. I don’t take.4. Don’t I take ?

5. We take.6. Do we take ?7. We don’t take.8. Don’t we take ?

9. You take.10. Do you take ?11. You don’t take.12. Don’t you take ?

13. They take.14. Do they take ?15. They don’t take.16. Don’t they take ?

17. He takes.18. Does he take ?19. He doesn’t take.20. Doesn’t he take ?

21. She takes.22. Does she take ?23. She doesn’t take.24. Doesn’t she take ?

TENSES

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Jk fã∞‰õΩO@∞Ok.Jk fã∞‰õΩO@∞O^• ?Jk fã∞HÀ Œ∞.Jk fã∞HÀ^• ?

~å=Ú_»∞ fã∞‰õΩO\Ï_»∞~å=Ú_»∞ fã∞‰õΩO\Ï_® ?~å=Ú_»∞ fã∞HÀ_»∞.~å=Ú_»∞ fã∞HÀ_® ?

25. It takes.26. Does it take ?27. It doesn’t take.28. Doesn’t it take ?29. Rama takes.30. Does Rama take ?31. Rama doesn’t take.32. Doesn’t Rama take ?

1. I am taking.2. Am I taking ?3. I am not taking.4. Am I not taking ?

5. We are taking.6. Are we taking ?7. We are not taking.8. Are we not taking ?

9. You are taking.10. Are you taking ?11. You are not taking.12. Are you not taking ?

13. They are taking.14. Are they taking ?15. They are not taking.16. Are they not taking ?

<Õ#∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ L<åfl#∞.<Õ#∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ L<åfl<å ?<Õ#∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞@ ÖË Œ∞.<Õ#∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞@ ÖË • ?

"Õ∞=Ú fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ L<åfl=Ú."Õ∞=Ú fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ L<åfl=∂ ?"Õ∞=Ú fã∞H˘O@∂ ÖË=Ú."Õ∞=Ú fã¨∞H˘O@∂ ÖË=∂ ?

g∞~°∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ L<åfl~°∞.g∞~°∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ L<åfl~å ?g∞~°∞ fã∞H˘O@∂ ÖË~°∞.g∞~°∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ ÖË~å ?

"å~°∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ L<åfl~°∞."å~°∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ L<åfl~å ?"å~°∞ fã∞H˘O@∂ ÖË~°∞."å~°∞ fã∞H˘O@∂ ÖË~å ?

Active voice present continuous tense

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17. He is taking.18. Is he taking ?19. He is not taking.20. Is he not taking ?

21. She is taking.22. Is she taking ?23. She is not taking.24. Is she not taking ?

25. It is taking.26. Is it taking ?27. It is not taking.28. Is it not taking ?

29. Rama is taking.30. Is Rama taking ?31. Rama is not taking.32. Is Rama not taking ?

J «#∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ L<åfl_»∞.J «#∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ L<åfl_® ?J «#∞ fã∞H˘O@∂ ÖË_»∞.J «#∞ fã∞H˘O@∂ ÖË_® ?

P"≥∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ L#flk.P"≥∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ L#fl^• ?P"≥∞ fã∞H˘O@∂ ÖË Œ∞.P"≥∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ ÖË • ?

Jk fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ L#flk.Jk fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ L#fl^• ?Jk fã∞H˘O@∂ ÖË Œ∞.Jk fã∞H˘O@∂ ÖË • ?

~å=Ú_»∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ L<åfl_»∞.~å=Ú_»∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ L<åfl_® ?~å=Ú_»∞ fã∞H˘O@∂ ÖË_»∞.~å=Ú_»∞ fã∞H˘O@∂ ÖË_® ?

1. I have taken.2. Have I taken ?3. I have not taken.4. Have I not taken ?

5. We have taken.6. Have we taken ?7. We have not taken.8. Have we not taken ?

<Õ#∞ (WÑC_Õ) fã∞‰õΩ<åfl#∞.<Õ#∞ (WÑ¨C_Õ) fã¨∞‰õΩ<åfl<å ?<Õ#∞ (WÑC_Õ) fã∞HÀÖË Œ∞.<Õ#∞ (WÑC_Õ) fã∞HÀÖË • ?

"Õ∞=Ú (WÑC_Õ) fã∞‰õΩ<åfl=Ú."Õ∞=Ú (WÑ¨C_Õ) fã¨∞‰õΩ<åfl=∂ ?"Õ∞=Ú (WÑC_Õ) fã∞HÀÖË Œ∞."Õ∞=Ú (WÑC_Õ) fã∞H˘ÖË • ?

Active voice Present perfect tense

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9. You have taken.10. Have you taken ?11. You have not taken.12. Have you not taken ?

13. They have taken.14. Have they taken ?15. They have not taken ?16. Have they not taken.

17. He has taken.18. Has he taken ?19. He has not taken.20. Has he not taken ?

21. She has taken.22. Has she taken ?23. She has not taken.24. Has she not taken ?

25. It has taken.26. Has it taken ?27. It has not taken.28. Has it not taken ?

29. Rama has taken.30. Has Rama taken ?31. Rama has not taken.32. Has Rama not taken ?

g∞~°∞ (WÑC_Õ) fã∞‰õΩ<åfl~°∞.g∞~°∞ (WÑ¨C_Õ) fã¨∞‰õΩ<åfl~å ?g∞~°∞ (WÑC_Õ) fã∞HÀÖË Œ∞.g∞~°∞ (WÑC_Õ) fã∞HÀÖË • ?

"å~°∞ (WÑC_Õ) fã∞‰õΩ<åfl~°∞."å~°∞ (WÑC_Õ) fã∞‰õΩ<åfl~å ?"å~°∞ (WÑC_Õ) fã∞HÀÖË Œ∞."å~°∞ (WÑC_Õ) fã∞HÀÖË • ?

J «#∞ (WÑC_Õ) fã∞‰õΩ<åfl_»∞.J «#∞ (WÑC_Õ) fã∞‰õΩ<åfl_® ?J «#∞ (WÑC_Õ) fã∞HÀÖË Œ∞.J «#∞ (WÑC_Õ) fã∞HÀÖË • ?

P"≥∞ (WÑC_Õ) fã∞‰õΩ#flk.P"≥∞ (WÑ¨C_Õ) fã¨∞‰õΩ#fl^• ?P"≥∞ (WÑC_Õ) fã∞HÀÖË Œ∞.P"≥∞ (WÑC_Õ) fã∞HÀÖË • ?

Jk (WÑC_Õ) fã∞‰õΩ#flk.Jk (WÑC_Õ) fã∞‰õΩ#fl^• ?Jk (WÑC_Õ) fã∞HÀÖË Œ∞.Jk (WÑC_Õ) fã∞HÀÖË • ?

~å=Ú_»∞ (WÑC_Õ) fã∞‰õΩ<åfl_»∞.~å=Ú_»∞ (WÑC_Õ) fã∞‰õΩ<åfl_® ?~å=Ú_»∞ (WÑC_Õ) fã∞HÀÖË Œ∞.~å=Ú_»∞ (WÑC_Õ) fã∞HÀÖË • ?

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1. I have been taking.2. Have I been taking ?3. I have not been taking.4. Have I not been taking ?

5. We have been taking.6. Have we been taking ?7. We have not been taking.8. Have we not been taking ?

9. You have been taking.10. Have you been taking ?11. You have not been taking.12. Have you not been taking ?

13. They have been taking.14. Have they been taking ?15. They have not been taking.16. Have they not been taking

17. He has been taking.18. Has he been taking ?19. He has not been taking.20. Has he not been taking ?

21. She has been taking.22. Has she been taking ?23. She has not been taking.24. Has she not been taking ?

<Õ#∞ ZÑ¨Ê\˜#∞OKÀ fã¨∞H˘O@∞<åfl#∞.

<Õ#∞ ZÑ¨Ê\˜#∞OKÀ fã¨∞H˘O@∞<åfl<å?

<Õ#∞ ZÑ¨Ê\˜#∞OKÀ fã¨∞H˘#∞@ ÖË Œ∞.

<Õ#∞ ZÑ¨Ê\˜#∞OKÀ fã¨∞H˘#∞@ ÖË •?

"Õ∞=Ú ZÑ¨Ê\˜#∞OKÀ fã¨∞H˘O@∞<åfl=Ú.

"Õ∞=Ú ZÑ¨Ê\˜#∞OKÀ fã¨∞H˘O@∞<åfl=∂?

"Õ∞=Ú ZÑ¨Ê\˜#∞OKÀ fã¨∞H˘#∞@ ÖË Œ∞.

"Õ∞=Ú ZÑ¨Ê\˜#∞OKÀ fã¨∞H˘#∞@ ÖË •?

g∞~°∞ ZÑ¨Ê\˜#∞OKÀ fã¨∞H˘O@∞<åfl~°∞.

g∞~°∞ ZÑ¨Ê\˜#∞OKÀ fã¨∞H˘O@∞<åfl~å?

g∞~°∞ ZÑ¨Ê\˜#∞OKÀ fã¨∞H˘#∞@ ÖË Œ∞.

g∞~°∞ ZÑ¨Ê\˜#∞OKÀ fã¨∞H˘#∞@ ÖË •?

"å~°∞ ZÑ¨Ê\˜#∞OKÀ fã¨∞H˘O@∞<åfl~°∞.

"å~°∞ ZÑ¨Ê\˜#∞OKÀ fã¨∞H˘O@∞<åfl~å?

"å~°∞ ZÑ¨Ê\˜#∞OKÀ fã¨∞H˘#∞@ ÖË Œ∞.

"å~°∞ ZÑ¨Ê\˜#∞OKÀ fã¨∞H˘#∞@ ÖË •?

J`«#∞ ZÑ¨Ê\˜#∞OKÀ fã¨∞H˘O@∞<åfl_»∞.

J`«#∞ ZÑ¨Ê\˜#∞OKÀ fã¨∞H˘O@∞<åfl_®?

J «#∞ ZÑ¨Ê\˜#∞OKÀ fã¨∞H˘#∞@ÖË Œ∞.

J «#∞ ZÑ¨Ê\˜#∞OKÀ fã¨∞H˘#∞@ÖË •?

P"≥∞ ZÑ¨Ê\˜#∞OKÀ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∞#flk.

P"≥∞ ZÑ¨Ê\˜#∞OKÀ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∞#fl^•?

P"≥∞ ZÑ¨Ê\˜#∞OKÀ fã¨∞H˘#∞@ÖË Œ∞.

P"≥∞ ZÑ¨Ê\˜#∞OKÀ fã¨∞H˘#∞@ÖË • ?

Active voice Present perfect continuous tense

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J «_»∞ fã∞H˘<≥#∞.J «_»∞ fã¨∞H˘<≥<å ?J «_»∞ fã∞HÀÖË Œ∞.J «_»∞ fã∞HÀÖË • ?

P"≥∞ fã∞H˘<≥#∞.P"≥∞ fã¨∞H˘<≥<å ?P"≥∞ fã∞HÀÖË Œ∞.P"≥∞ fã¨∞HÀÖË • ?

Jk fã∞H˘<≥#∞.Jk fã∞H˘<≥<å ?Jk fã∞H˘ÖË Œ∞.Jk fã∞HÀÖË • ?

~å=Ú_»∞ fã∞H˘<≥#∞.~å=Ú_»∞ fã∞H˘<≥<å ?~å=Ú_»∞ fã∞HÀÖË Œ∞.~å=Ú_»∞ fã∞HÀÖË • ?

17. He took18. Did he take19. He didn’t take20. Didn’t he take

21. She took22. Did she take23. She didn’t take24. Didn’t she take

25. It took26. Did it take27. It didn’t take28. Didn’t it take

29. Rama took30. Did Rama take31. Rama didn’t take32. Didn’t Rama take ?

1. I was taking2. Was I taking3. I wasn’t taking4. Wasn’t I taking

5. We were taking6. Were we taking7. We weren’t taking8. Weren’t we taking

<Õ#∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO\˜x.<Õ#∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO\˜<å ?<Õ#∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË Œ∞.<Õ#∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË • ?

"Õ∞=Ú fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO\q∞."Õ∞=Ú fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO\˜=∂ ?"Õ∞=Ú fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË Œ∞."Õ∞=Ú fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË • ?

Past continuous tense Active voice

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9. You were taking10. Were you taking11. You weren’t taking12. Weren’t you taking

13. They were taking14. Were they taking15. They weren’t taking16. Weren’t they taking

17. He was taking18. Was he taking19. He wasn’t taking20. Wasn’t he taking

21. She was taking22. Was she taking23. She wasn’t taking24. Wasn’t she taking

25. It was taking26. Was it taking27. I wasn’t taking28. Wasn’t it taking

29. Rama was taking30. Was Rama taking31. Rama wasn’t taking32. Wasn’t Rama taking

g∞~°∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO\˜i.g∞~°∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO\˜~å ?g∞~°∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË Œ∞.g∞~°∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË • ?

"å~°∞ fã∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_çi."å~°∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_ç~å ?"å~°∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË Œ∞."å~°∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË • ?

J «#∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_≥#∞.J «#∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_≥<å ?J «#∞ fã∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË Œ∞.J «#∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË • ?

P"≥∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_≥#∞.P"≥∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_≥<å ?P"≥∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË Œ∞.P"≥∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË • ?

Jk fã∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_≥#∞.Jk fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_≥<å ?Jk fã∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË Œ∞.Jk fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË • ?

~å=Ú_»∞ fã∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_≥#∞.~å=Ú_»∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_≥<å ?~å=Ú_»∞ fã∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË Œ∞.~å=Ú_»∞ fã∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË • ?

17

<Õ#∞ (JÑC_Õ) fã∞H˘O\x.<Õ#∞ (JÑ¨C_Õ) fã¨∞‰õΩO\˜<å ?<Õ#∞ (JÑC_Õ) fã∞H˘#ÖË Œ∞.<Õ#∞ (JÑC_Õ) fã∞H˘#ÖË • ?"Õ∞=Ú (JÑC_Õ) fã∞H˘O\q∞."Õ∞=Ú (JÑC_Õ) fã∞H˘O\=∂"Õ∞=Ú (JÑC_Õ) fã∞H˘#ÖË Œ∞."Õ∞=Ú (JÑC_Õ) fã∞H˘#ÖË • ?h=Ù (JÑC_Õ) fã∞H˘O\q.h=Ù (JÑC_Õ) fã∞H˘O\"å ?h=Ù (JÑC_Õ) fã∞H˘#ÖË Œ∞.h=Ù (JÑC_Õ) fã∞H˘#ÖË • ?J «#∞ (JÑC_Õ) fã∞H˘<≥#∞.J «#∞ (JÑC_Õ) fã∞H˘<≥<å ?J «#∞ (JÑC_Õ) fã∞H˘#ÖË Œ∞.J «#∞ (JÑC_Õ) fã∞H˘#ÖË • ?P"≥∞ (JÑ¨C_Õ) fã¨∞H˘<≥#∞P"≥∞ (JÑ¨C_Õ) fã¨∞H˘<≥<å ?P"≥∞ (JÑC_Õ) fã∞H˘#ÖË Œ∞.P"≥∞ (JÑC_Õ) fã∞H˘#ÖË • ?

Jk (JÑC_Õ) fã∞H˘<≥#∞Jk (JÑC_Õ) fã∞H˘<≥<å ?Jk (JÑC_Õ) fã∞H˘#ÖË Œ∞.Jk (JÑC_Õ) fã∞H˘#ÖË • ?

1. I had taken2. Had I taken3. I hadn’t taken4. Hadn’t I taken ?5. We had taken6. Had we taken ?7. We hadn’t taken8. Hadn’t we taken9. You had taken10. Had you taken11. You hadn’t taken12. Hadn’t you taken13. He had taken14. Had he taken15. He hadn’t taken16. Hadn’t he taken17. She had taken18. Had she taken19. She hadn’t taken20. Hadn’t she taken

21. It had taken22. Had It taken23. It hadn’t taken24. Hadn’t it taken

Past perfect tense Active voice

18

25. They had taken26. Had they taken27. They hadn’t taken28. Hadn’t they taken

29. Rama had taken30. Had Rama taken31. Rama hadn’t taken32. Hadn’t Rama taken

"å~°∞ (JÑC_Õ) fã∞H˘xi."å~°∞ (JÑC_Õ) fã∞H˘x~å ?"å~°∞ (JÑC_Õ) fã∞HÀÖË Œ∞."å~°∞ (JÑC_Õ) fã∞HÀÖË • ?

~å=Ú_»∞ (JÑC_Õ) fã∞H˘<≥#∞.~å=Ú_»∞ (JÑC_Õ) fã∞H˘<≥<å ?~å=Ú_»∞ (JÑC_Õ) fã∞HÀÖË Œ∞.~å=Ú_»∞ (JÑC_Õ) fã∞HÀÖË • ?

1. I had been taking for two years

2. Had I been taking for two years

3. I hadn’t been taking for two years

4. Had’nt I been taking for two years

5.We had been taking for two years

6.Had we been taking for two years

7.We hadn’t been taking for two years

8.Hadn’t we been taking for two years

Past perfect continuous tense Active voice

<Õ#∞ Ô~O_»∞ãO= «û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_çfã∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO\x.<Õ#∞ Ô~O_»∞ãO= «û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_çfã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO\˜<å ?<Õ#∞ Ô~O_»∞ãO= «û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_çfã∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË Œ∞.<Õ#∞ Ô~O_»∞ãO= «û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_çfã∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË • ?

"Õ∞=Ú Ô~O_»∞ãO= «û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_çfã∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO\q∞."Õ∞=Ú Ô~O_»∞ãO= «û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_çfã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO\˜=∂ ?"Õ∞=Ú Ô~O_»∞ãO= «û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_ç fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË Œ∞.

"Õ∞=Ú Ô~O_»∞ãO= «û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_çfã∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË • ?

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9. You had been taking for two years

10. Had you been taking for two years

11. You hadn’t been taking for two years

12. Hadn’t you been taking for two years

13. They had been taking for two years

14. Had they been taking for two years

15. They hadn’t been taking for two years

16. Hadn’t they been taking for two years

21. She had been taking for two years

22. Had she been taking for two years

023.She hadn’t been taking for two years

24. Hadn’t she been taking for two years

g∞~°∞ Ô~O_»∞ãÖ=`«û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_ç

fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO\˜i.

g∞~°∞ Ô~O_»∞ãÖ=`«û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_ç

fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO\˜~å ?

g∞~°∞ Ô~O_»∞ãÖ=`«û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_ç

fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË Œ∞.

g∞~°∞ Ô~O_»∞ãÖ=`«û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_ç

fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË • ?

"å~°∞ Ô~O_»∞ãÖ=`«û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_ç

fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_çi.

"å~°∞ Ô~O_»∞ãÖ=`«û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_ç

fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_ç~å ?

"å~°∞ Ô~O_»∞ãÖ=`«û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_ç


"å~°∞ Ô~O_»∞ãÖ=`«û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_ç

fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË • ?

P"≥∞ Ô~O_»∞ãÖ=`«û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_ç

fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_≥#∞.

P"≥∞ Ô~O_»∞ãÖ=`«û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_ç

fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_≥<å ?

P"≥∞ Ô~O_»∞ãÖ=`«û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_ç


P"≥∞ Ô~O_»∞ãÖ=`«û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_ç

fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË • ?

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25.It had been taking for two years

26.Had it been taking for two years

27.It hadn’t been taking for two years

28.Hadn’t it been taking for two years

29.Rama had been taking for two years

30.Had Rama been taking for two years

31.Rama hadn’t been taking for two years

32.Hadn’t Rama been taking for two years

Jk Ô~O_»∞ãÖ= «û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_ç

fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_≥#∞.


fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_≥<å ?




fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË • ?

~å=Ú_»∞ Ô~O_»∞ãÖ= «û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_ç

fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_≥#∞.

~å=Ú_»∞ Ô~O_»∞ãÖ= «û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_ç

fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_≥<å ?

~å=Ú_»∞ Ô~O_»∞ãÖ= «û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_ç


~å=Ú_»∞ Ô~O_»∞ãÖ= «û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_ç

fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË • ?

Active voice Simple future tense

1 I will take2. Will I take ?3. I won’t take4. Won’t I take?

<Õ#∞ fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï#∞.<Õ#∞ fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï<å ?<Õ#∞ fã∞HÀ#∞.<Õ#∞ fã¨∞HÀ<å ?

21

5. We will take6. Will we take?7. We won’t take8. Won’t we take?9. They will take10. Will they take11. They won’t take12. Won’t they take

13. You will take14. Will you take15. You won’t take16. Won’t you take

17 He will take18. Will he take?19. He won’t take20. Won’t he take ?

21. She will take22. Will she take ?23. She won’t take24. Won’t she take

25. It will take26. Will it take27. It won’t take28. Won’t it take

"Õ∞=Ú fã∞‰õΩO\Ï=Ú."Õ∞=Ú fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï=∂ ?"Õ∞=Ú fã∞HÀ=Ú."Õ∞=Ú fã¨∞HÀ=∂ ?

"å~°∞ fã∞‰õΩO\Ï~°∞."å~°∞ fã∞‰õΩO\Ï~å ?"å~°∞ fã∞HÀ~°∞."å~°∞ fã∞HÀ~å ?

g∞~°∞ fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï~°∞.g∞~°∞ fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï~å ?g∞~°∞ fã¨∞HÀ~°∞ ?g∞~°∞ fã¨∞HÀ~å ?

J «#∞ fã∞‰õΩO\Ï_»∞.J «#∞ fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï_® ?J «#∞ fã∞HÀ_»∞.J «#∞ fã∞HÀ_® ?

P"≥∞ fã∞‰õΩO@∞Ok.P"≥∞ fã¨∞‰õΩO@∞O^• ?P"≥∞ fã∞HÀ Œ∞.P"≥∞ fã¨∞HÀ^• ?

Jk fã∞‰õΩO@∞Ok.Jk fã∞‰õΩO@∞O^• ?Jk fã∞HÀ Œ∞.Jk fã∞HÀ^• ?

Active voice Simple future tense

22

29. Rama will take30. Will Rama take31. Rama won't take32. Won't Rama take

~å=Ú_»∞ fã∞‰õΩO\Ï_»∞.~å=Ú_»∞ fã∞‰õΩO\Ï_® ?~å=Ú_»∞ fã∞HÀ_»∞~å=Ú_»∞ fã∞HÀ_® ?

1. I will be taking2. Will I be taking3. I won’t be taking4. Won’t I be taking

5. We will be taking6. Will we be taking7. We won’t be taking8. Won’t we be taking

9. You will be taking10. Will you be taking11. You won’t be taking12. Won’t you be taking

13. They will be taking14. Will they be taking15. They won’t be taking16. Won’t they be taking

17. He will be taking18. Will he be taking19. He won’t be taking20. Won’t he be taking

<Õ#∞ fã∞H˘O@∂ LO\Ï#∞.<Õ#∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ LO\Ï<å ?<Õ#∞ fã∞H˘O@∂ LO_»#∞.<Õ#∞ fã∞H˘O@∂ LO_»<å ?

"Õ∞=Ú fã∞H˘O@∂ LO\Ï=Ú"Õ∞=Ú fã¨∞H˘O@∂ LO\Ï=∂ ?"Õ∞=Ú fã∞H˘O@∂ LO_»=Ú."Õ∞=Ú fã∞H˘O@∂ LO_»=∂ ?

g∞~°∞ fã∞H˘O@∂ LO\Ï~°∞.g∞~°∞ fã∞H˘O@∂ LO\Ï~å ?g∞~°∞ fã∞H˘O@∂ LO_»~°∞.g∞~°∞ fã∞H˘O@∂ LO_»~å ?

"å~°∞ fã∞H˘O@∂ LO\Ï~°∞"å~°∞ fã∞H˘O@∂ LO\Ï~å ?"å~°∞ fã∞H˘O@∂ LO_»~°∞."å~°∞ fã∞H˘O@∂ LO_»~å ?

J «#∞ fã∞H˘O@∂ LO\Ï_»∞.J «#∞ fã∞H˘O@∂ LO\Ï_® ?J «#∞ fã∞H˘O@∂ LO_»_»∞.J «#∞ fã∞H˘O@∂ LO_»_® ?

Active voice Future continuous tense

23

21. She will be taking22. Will she be taking23. She won’t be taking24. Won’t she be taking

25. It will be taking26. Will it be taking27. It won’t be taking28. Won’t it be taking

29. Rama will be taking30. Will Rama be taking31. Rama won’t be taking32. Won’t Rama be taking

P"≥∞ fã∞H˘O@∂ LO@∞Ok.P"≥∞ fã∞H˘O@∂ LO@∞O^• ?P"≥∞ fã∞H˘O@∂ LO_» Œ∞.P"≥∞ fã∞H˘O@∂ LO_» • ?

Jk fã∞H˘O@∂ LO@∞Ok.Jk fã∞H˘O@∂ LO@∞O^• ?Jk fã∞H˘O@∂ LO_» Œ∞.Jk fã∞H˘O@∂ LO_» • ?

~å=Ú_»∞ fã∞H˘O@∂ LO\Ï_»∞.~å=Ú_»∞ fã∞H˘O@∂ LO\Ï_® ?~å=Ú_»∞ fã∞H˘O@∂ LO_»_»∞.~å=Ú_»∞ fã∞H˘O@∂ LO_»_® ?

1. I will have taken2. Will I have taken3. I won’t have taken4. Won’t I have taken

5. We will have taken6. Will we have taken7. We won’t have taken8. Won’t we have taken

9. You will have taken10. Will you have taken11. You won’t have taken

<Õ#∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO\Ï#∞<Õ#∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO\Ï<å ?<Õ#∞ fã∞H˘x LO_»#∞.<Õ#∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO_»<å ?

"Õ∞=Ú fã∞H˘x LO\Ï=Ú."Õ∞=Ú fã¨∞H˘x LO\Ï=∂ ?"Õ∞=Ú fã∞H˘x LO_»=Ú."Õ∞=Ú fã¨∞H˘x LO_»=∂ ?

g∞~°∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO\Ï~°∞.g∞~°∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO\Ï~å ?g∞~°∞ fã∞H˘x LO_»~°∞.

Active voice Future perfect tense

24

12. Won’t you have taken13. They will have taken14. Will they have taken15. They won’t have taken16. Won’t they have taken

17. He will have taken18. Will he have taken19. He won’t have taken20. Won’t he have taken

21. She will have taken22. Will she have taken23. She won’t have taken24. Won’t she have taken

25. It will have taken26. Will it have taken27. It won’t have taken28. Won’t it have taken

29. Rama will have taken30. Will Rama have taken31. Rama won't have taken32. Won't Rama have taken

g∞~°∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO_»~å ?"å~°∞ fã∞H˘x LO\Ï~°∞."å~°∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO\Ï~å ?"å~°∞ fã∞H˘x LO_»~°∞."å~°∞ fã∞H˘x LO_»~å ?

J «#∞ fã∞H˘x LO\Ï_»∞.J «#∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO\Ï_® ?J «#∞ fã∞H˘x LO_»_»∞.J «#∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO_»_® ?

P"≥∞ fã∞H˘x LO@∞Ok.P"≥∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO@∞O^• ?P"≥∞ fã∞H˘x LO_» Œ∞.P"≥∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO_» • ?

Jk fã∞H˘x LO@∞Ok.Jk fã∞H˘x LO@∞O^• ?Jk fã∞H˘x LO_» Œ∞.Jk fã∞H˘x LO_» • ?

~å=Ú_»∞ fã∞H˘x LO\Ï_»∞.~å=Ú_»∞ fã∞H˘x LO\Ï_® ?~å=Ú_»∞ fã∞H˘x LO_»_»∞.~å=Ú_»∞ fã∞H˘x LO_»_® ?

25

1. I will have taken2. Will I have taken3. I won’t have taken4. Won’t I have taken

5. We will have taken6. Will we have taken7. We won’t have taken8. Won’t we have taken

9. You will have taken10. Will you have taken11. You won’t have taken12. Won’t you have taken

13. They will have taken14. Will they have taken15. They won’t have taken16. Won’t they have taken

17. He will have taken18. Will he have taken19. He won’t have taken20. Won’t he have taken

21. She will have taken22. Will she have taken23. She won’t have taken

<Õ#∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO\Ï#∞<Õ#∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO\Ï<å ?<Õ#∞ fã∞H˘x LO_»#∞.<Õ#∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO_»<å ?

"Õ∞=Ú fã∞H˘x LO\Ï=Ú."Õ∞=Ú fã¨∞H˘x LO\Ï=∂ ?"Õ∞=Ú fã∞H˘x LO_»=Ú."Õ∞=Ú fã¨∞H˘x LO_»=∂ ?

g∞~°∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO\Ï~°∞.g∞~°∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO\Ï~å ?g∞~°∞ fã∞H˘x LO_»~°∞.g∞~°∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO_»~å ?

"å~°∞ fã∞H˘x LO\Ï~°∞."å~°∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO\Ï~å ?"å~°∞ fã∞H˘x LO_»~°∞."å~°∞ fã∞H˘x LO_»~å ?

J «#∞ fã∞H˘x LO\Ï_»∞.J «#∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO\Ï_® ?J «#∞ fã∞H˘x LO_»_»∞.J «#∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO_»_® ?

P"≥∞ fã∞H˘x LO@∞Ok.P"≥∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO@∞O^• ?P"≥∞ fã∞H˘x LO_» Œ∞.

Active voice Future perfect tense

26

24. Won’t she have taken

25. It will have taken26. Will it have taken27. It won’t have taken28. Won’t it have taken

29. Rama will have taken30. Will Rama have taken31. Rama won't have taken32. Won't Rama have taken

P"≥∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO_» • ?

Jk fã∞H˘x LO@∞Ok.Jk fã∞H˘x LO@∞O^• ?Jk fã∞H˘x LO_» Œ∞.Jk fã∞H˘x LO_» • ?

~å=Ú_»∞ fã∞H˘x LO\Ï_»∞.~å=Ú_»∞ fã∞H˘x LO\Ï_® ?~å=Ú_»∞ fã∞H˘x LO_»_»∞.~å=Ú_»∞ fã∞H˘x LO_»_® ?

27

1. I am told.2. We are told.3. You are told.4. He is told.5. They are told.6. She is told.7. It is told.8. Rama is told.

9. I am being told.10. We are being told.11. You are being told.12. They are being told.13. He is being told.14. She is being told.15. It is being told.16. Rama is being told.

17. I have been told.18. We have been told.19. You have been told.20. They have been told.21. He has been told.22. She has been told.23. It has been told.24. Rama has been told.

<Õ#∞ K≥Ñ¨Ê|_çux."Õ∞=Ú K≥Ñ¨Ê|_çuq∞.g∞~°∞ K≥Ñ¨Ê|_çui.J «#∞ K≥ÑÊ|_ç<å_»∞."å~°∞ K≥Ñ¨Ê|_®¤~°∞.P"≥∞ K≥Ñ¨Ê|_çOk.Wk K≥Ñ¨Ê|_çOk.~å=Ú_»∞ K≥Ñ¨Ê|_ç<å_»∞.

<Õ#∞ K≥Ñ¨Ê|_»∞K«∂ =Ù<åfl#∞"Õ∞=Ú K≥Ñ¨Ê|_»∞K«∂ =Ù<åfl=Úg∞~°∞ K≥Ñ¨Ê|_»∞K«∂ =Ù<åfl~°∞"å~°∞ K≥Ñ¨Ê|_»∞K«∂ =Ù<åfl~°∞J «#∞ K≥Ñ¨Ê|_»∞K«∂ =Ù<åfl_»∞P"≥∞ K≥Ñ¨Ê|_»∞K«∂ =Ù#flkWk K≥Ñ¨Ê|_»∞K«∂ =Ù#flk~å=Ú_»∞ K≥Ñ¨Ê|_»∞K«∂ =Ù<åfl_»∞.

<Õ#∞ (WÑ¨C_Õ) K≥Ñ¨Ê|_çux."Õ∞=Ú (WÑ¨C_Õ) K≥Ñ¨Ê|_çuq∞.g∞~°∞ (WÑ¨C_Õ) K≥Ñ¨Ê|_çui."å~°∞ (WÑ¨C_Õ) K≥Ñ¨Ê|_çi.J «#∞ (WÑ¨C_Õ) K≥Ñ¨Ê|_ç<å_»∞.P"≥∞ (WÑ¨C_Õ) K≥Ñ¨Ê|_çOk.Wk (WÑ¨C_Õ) K≥Ñ¨Ê|_çOk.~å=Ú_»∞ (WÑ¨C_Õ) K≥Ñ¨Ê|_ç<å_»∞.

PASSIVE VOICESimple Present tense

Present Continuous tense

Present Perfect tense

28

Passive VoicePAST TENSE

SIMPLE PAST TENSE :

1. I was told. 1. <Õ#∞ K≥Ñ¨Ê|_çux.2. We were told. 2. "Õ∞=Ú K≥Ñ¨Ê|_çuq∞.3. You were told. 3. g∞~°∞ K≥Ñ¨Ê|_çui.4. They were told. 4. "å~°∞ K≥Ñ¨Ê|_çui.5. He was told. 5. J «#∞ K≥Ñ¨Ê|_≥#∞.6. She was told. 6. P"≥∞ K≥Ñ¨Ê|_≥#∞.7. It was told. 7. Jk K≥Ñ¨Ê|_≥#∞.8. Rama was told. 8. ~å=Ú_»∞ K≥Ñ¨Ê|_≥#∞.

PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

9. I was being told. 9. <Õ#∞ K≥Ñ¨Ê|_»∞K«∂ LO\˜x.10. We were being told. 10."Õ∞=Ú K≥Ñ¨Ê|_»∞K«∂ LO\˜q∞.11. You were being told. 11.g∞~°∞ K≥Ñ¨Ê|_»∞K«∂ LO\˜i.12. They were being told. 12."å~°∞ K≥Ñ¨Ê|_»∞K«∂ LO\˜i.13. He was being told. 13.J «#∞ K≥Ñ¨Ê|_»∞K«∂ LO_≥#∞.14. She was being told. 14.P"≥∞ K≥Ñ¨Ê|_»∞K«∂ LO_≥#∞.15. It was being told. 15.Jk K≥Ñ¨Ê|_»∞K«∂ LO_≥#∞.16. Rama was being told. 16.~å=Ú_»∞ K≥Ñ¨Ê|_»∞K«∂ LO_≥#∞.PAST PERFECT TENSE

17.I had been told. 17.<Õ#∞ (JÑ¨C_Õ) K≥Ñ¨Ê|_çux.

18. We had been told. 18 "Õ∞=Ú (JÑ¨C_Õ) K≥Ñ¨Ê|_çuq∞.

19. You had been told. 19.g∞~°∞ JÑ¨C_Õ K≥Ñ¨Ê|_çui.

29

20. They had been told. 20. "å~°∞ JÑ¨C_Õ K≥Ñ¨Ê|_çi..21. He had been told. 21. J «#∞ (JÑ¨C_Õ) K≥Ñ¨Ê|_≥#∞.22. She had been told. 22. P"≥∞ (JÑ¨C_Õ) K≥Ñ¨Ê|_≥#∞.23. It had been told. 23. Jk (JÑ¨C_Õ) K≥Ñ¨Ê|_≥#∞.24. Rama had been told. 24. ~å=Ú_»∞ (JÑ¨C_Õ) K≥Ñ¨Ê|_≥#∞.

SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE :

1. I will be told.2. We will be told.3. You will be told.4. They will be told.5. He will be told.6. She will be told.7. It will be told.8. Rama will be told.FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

9. I will have been told.10. We will have been told.11. You will have been told.12. They will have been told.13. He will have been told.14. She will have been told.15. It will have been told.16. Rama will have been told.

Passive VoiceFUTURE TENSE

1. <Õ#∞ K≥Ñ¨Ê|_» å#∞.2. "Õ∞=Ú K≥Ñ¨Ê|_» å=Ú.3. g∞~°∞ K≥Ñ¨Ê|_»`å~°∞.4. "å~°∞ K≥Ñ¨Ê|_»`å~°∞.5. J «#∞ K≥Ñ¨Ê|_» å_»∞.6. P"≥∞ K≥Ñ¨Ê|_»∞ «∞Ok.7. Jk K≥Ñ¨Ê|_»∞ «∞Ok.8. ~å=Ú_»∞ K≥Ñ¨Ê|_» å_»∞.

<Õ#∞ (JÑ¨C_»∞) K≥Ñ¨Ê|_ç=ÙO\Ï#∞.

"Õ∞=Ú(JÑ¨C_»∞) K≥Ñ¨Ê|_ç=ÙO\Ï=Ú.

g∞~°∞ (JÑ¨C_»∞) K≥Ñ¨Ê|_ç=ÙO\Ï~°∞.

"å~°∞ (JÑ¨C_»∞) K≥Ñ¨Ê|_ç=ÙO\Ï~°∞.

J «#∞ (JÑ¨C_»∞) K≥Ñ¨Ê|_ç=ÙO\Ï_»∞.

P"≥∞ (JÑ¨C_»∞) K≥Ñ¨Ê|_ç=ÙO@∞Ok.

Jk (JÑ¨C_»∞) K≥Ñ¨Ê|_ç=ÙO@∞Ok.

~å=Ú_»∞ (JÑ¨C_»∞) K≥Ñ¨Ê|_ç=ÙO\Ï_»∞.

30

Active Voice Present Tense

don't come.

IWeYouTheyBoys

Heshe

ItRama

doesn't come.

I am not coming.weYouTheyBoys

are not coming.

Heshe

ItRama

is not coming.

has not come.

IWeYouTheyBoys

IWeYouTheyBoys

have not come.

Heshe

ItRama

have not been coming.

Heshe

ItRama

has not been coming.

come.

IWeYouTheyBoys

Heshe

ItRama

comes.

I am coming.WeYouTheyBoys

are coming.

Heshe

ItRama

is com-ing.

has come.

IWeYouTheyBoys

IWeYouTheyBoys

havecome.

Heshe

ItRama

have been coming.

Heshe

ItRama

has been coming.

(+) (-)

31

Active VoicePresent Tense

Hasheshe

itRama

beencoming?

Am I coming?

Doesheshe

itRama

DoI

wetheyboys

Is

heshe

itRama

Areweyoutheyboys

Have

Iweyoutheyboys

Hasheshe

itRama

come?

Iweyoutheyboys

beencoming?

Have

come?

come?

coming?

coming?

come?

Hasn'theshe

itRama

beencoming?

Am not I coming?

Doesn't

heshe

itRama

Don't

Iwetheyboys

Isn't

heshe

itRama

Are not

weyoutheyboys

Haven't

Iweyoutheyboys

Hasn't

heshe

itRama

come?

Iweyoutheyboys

beencoming?Haven't

come?

come?

coming?

coming?

come?

Interrogative sentence Negative Interrogative sentence

32

PAST TENSE

came.

IWeYouTheyBoys

(+) Sub Verb

came.HeSheIt

Rama

was coming.I

were coming.

WeYouTheyBoys

was coming.

HeSheIt

Rama

didn’t come.

(-)Sub verb

didn’t come.

IWeYouTheyBoys

HeSheIt

Rama

was not coming.I

were not coming.

was not coming.

WeYouTheyBoys

HeSheIt

Rama

33

had come.

IWeYouTheyBoys

had come.

HeSheIt

Rama

had been coming.

IWeYouTheyBoys

had been coming.HeSheIt

Rama

had not come.

had not come.

had not been coming.

IWeYouTheyBoys

HeSheIt

Rama

IWeYouTheyBoys

had not been coming.HeSheIt

Rama

34

PAST TENSE

Interrogative sentences

come ?

IWetheyboys

Didn’t

come ?

Iwetheyboys

Didn’t

NegativeInterrogative sentences

coming ?IWasn’t

coming ?

weyoutheyboys

Weren’t

coming ?Wasn’thesheit

Rama

come ?

Iwe

TheyBoys

Did

come ?

hesheit

Rama

Did

coming ?IWas

coming ?

weyoutheyboys

Were

coming ?

hesheit

Rama

Was

35

come ?

Iweyoutheyboys

Had

come ?

hesheit

Rama

Had

beencoming ?

Iweyoutheyboys

Had

beencoming ?

Hadhesheit

Rama

coming ?

Iweyoutheyboys

Hadn’t

come ?

hesheit

Rama

Had not

been coming ?Had not

Iweyoutheyboys

been coming ?Had not

hesheit

Rama

36

FUTURE TENSE

will come.

IWeYouTheyBoys

(+)Sub verb

will come.

HeSheIt

Rama

will be coming. will not be coming.WeYouTheyBoys

will not be coming.HeSheIt

Rama

will not have come.

IWeYouTheyBoys

will not be coming.will be coming.I

WeYouTheyBoys

will be coming.

HeSheIt

Rama

will have come.

IWeYouTheyBoys

won’t come.

(-)Sub verb

IWeYouTheyBoys

won’t come.

HeSheIt

Rama

I

37

FUTURE TENSE

come ?

Iweyoutheyboys

Interrogative sentences

Will

come ?

hesheIt

Rama

Will

come ?IWill

will have been coming.

IWeYouTheyBoys

will have beencoming.

HeSheIt

Rama

will not have beeen coming.

IWeYouTheyBoys

will not have been coming.

HeSheIt

Rama

come ?

Iweyoutheyboys

Won’t

NegativeInterrogative sentences

come ?

hesheIt

RamaWon’t

come ?IWon’t

38

be coming ?

weyoutheyboys

Will

be coming ?

hesheIt

Rama

Will

be coming ?

Iweyoutheyboys

Will

have come ?hesheIt

Rama

Will

have been coming ?

Iweyoutheyboys

Will

have been coming ?

hesheIt

Rama

Will

be coming ?

weyoutheyboys

Won’t

be coming ?

hesheIt

Rama

Won’t

have been coming?Won’thesheIt

Rama

be coming ?

Iweyoutheyboys

Won’t

have come ?Won’t

hesheIt

Rama

have been coming?Won’t

Iweyoutheyboys

39

is told.

HeSheIt

Rama

Positive sentences (+)Passive Voice Present tense

is not told.

HeSheIt

Rama

Negative sentences (-)

are not told.

WeYouTheyBoys

am not told.I

is not being told.

HeSheIt

Rama

are not being told.

WeYouTheyBoys

am not being told.I

are told.

WeYouTheyBoys

am told.I

is being told.

HeSheIt

Rama

are being told.

WeYouTheyBoys

am being told.I

40

has been told.

HeSheIt

Rama

have been told.I

have been told.

WeYouTheyBoys

has not been told.

have not been told.I

have not been told.

HeSheIt

Rama

WeYouTheyBoys

41

Am I told?

Is

heshe

itRama

told?

Are

weyoutheyboys

told?

Am I being told?

Is

heshe

itRama

being told?

Are

weyoutheyboys

being told?

Have I been told?

Hasheshe

itRama

been told?

Have

weyoutheyboys

been told?

Am not I told?

heshe

itRama

told?

Aren't

weyoutheyboys

told?

I being told?

heshe

itRama

being told?

weyoutheyboys

being told?

Haven't I been told?

Hasn'theshe

itRama

been told?

Haven't

weyoutheyboys

been told?

Isn't

Am not

Is not

Aren't

42

PAST TENSE(+) (-)

were not being told.

WeYouTheyBoys

were being told.

WeYouTheyBoys

was not being told.

HeSheIt

Rama

was being told.

HeSheIt

Rama

was not being told.Iwas being told.I

WeYouTheyBoys

WeYouTheyBoys

were not told.were told.

WeYouTheyBoys

WeYouTheyBoys

was told.I wasn’t told.I

wasn’t told.

HeSheIt

Rama

was told.

HeSheIt

Rama

43

had been told.I

had been told.

HeSheIt

Rama

had been told.

WeYouTheyBoys

had not been told.I

had not been told.

HeSheIt

Rama

had not been told.

WeYouTheyBoys

44

Interrogative Sentence Negative Interrogative Sentence

Was I told?

Was

heshe

itRama

told?

Were

weyoutheyboys

told?

Was I being told?

Was

heshe

itRama

being told?

Were

weyoutheyboys

being told?

Had I been told?

Hadheshe

itRama

been told?

Had

weyoutheyboys

been told?

Wasn't I told?

heshe

itRama

told?

Weren't

weyoutheyboys

told?

I being told?

heshe

itRama

being told?

weyoutheyboys

being told?

Hadn't I been told?

Hadn'theshe

itRama

been told?

Hadn't

weyoutheyboys

been told?

Wasn't

Wasn't

Wasn't

Weren't

PAST TENSE

45

FUTURE TENSE(+)

will not be told.I

will not be told.

HeSheIt

Rama

will not be told.

WeYouTheyBoys

WeYouTheyBoys

will not have been told.I

(-)

will not have been told.

HeSheIt

Rama

will not have been told.

WeYouTheyBoys

will be told.I

will be told.

HeSheIt

Rama

will be told.

WeYouTheyBoys

WeYouTheyBoys

will have been told.I

will have been told.

WeYouTheyBoys

will have been told.

HeSheIt

Rama

46

Active voicePast, Present & Future tenses (Shortcuts)

came / was coming / had come/ had been coming (past)

comes/ is coming / has come/ has been coming (present)

will come / will be coming / will have come/ will have been

coming (future)

1. HeSheItRama

2. Did /didn’t (past)Does / Doesn’t come ?Has / hasn’tWill / won’t (Future)

HeSheIt

Rama

3. Had /hadn’t (past)Has / hasn’t (present) been coming ?

HeSheIt

Rama

(Present)

4. Will / won’t have been coming ?HeSheIt

Rama

came / were coming / had come / had been coming (past come / are coming / have come / have been coming (present) will come / will be coming / will have come / will have been

coming (future)

WeYouTheyBoys

5

6. Did / didn’t / had / hadn’t (past)Do / don’t / have / haven’t (present) come ?Will / won’t (future)

WeYouTheyBoys

7. Will / won’t have come ?

WeYouTheyBoys

47

8. Were / weren’t (present) comingAre / Aren’t

WeYouTheyBoys

9. Had / hadn’t been coming ?Have / haven’t

10. came / was coming / had / come / had been coming (past)came / are coming / have come / have been coming (present)will come / will be coming / will have come / will have been

coming (future)

WeYouTheyBoys

I

11. Had / hadn’t / did / didn’t (past) come ?Have / haven’t / do / don’t (present) come ?Will / won’t (future) have come ?Will / won’t have come ?

12. Was / wasn’t (past) coming ?Am / Amn’t (present) coming ?Will / won’t (futre) be coming ?

13. Had / Had n’t (past) been coming ?Have / Haven’t (present) have been coming ?Will / won’t (future)

I

II

48

PASSIVE VOICEPresent Past & Future Tenses

(Short cuts)

am told. (present)was told. (past)will be told. (future)

I

am being told. (pre)was being told. (past)I

have been told. (pre)had been told. (past)will have been told.(f)

I

is told. (present)was told. (past)will be told.(future)

HeSheIt

Rama

<Õ#∞K≥ÑÊ|_çux.

K≥Ñ¨Ê|_çLO\˜x.

K≥Ñ¨Ê|_çLO\Ï#∞.

<Õ#∞K≥Ñ¨Ê|_»∞K«∂L<åfl#∞.

K≥Ñ¨Ê|_»∞K«∂LO\˜x.

<Õ#∞(WÑ¨C_Õ) K≥Ñ¨Ê|_çLO@x.(JÑ¨C_Õ) K≥Ñ¨Ê|_çux.(JÑ¨C_»∞)K≥Ñ¨Ê|_çLO\Ï#∞.

J «_»∞P"≥∞Jk

~å=Ú_»∞

K≥Ñ¨Ê|_çL<åfl_»∞/L#flk.

K≥Ñ¨Ê|_çLO_≥#∞/LO_ç#k.

K≥Ñ¨Ê|_çLO\Ï_»∞/

LO@∞Ok.

49

is being told. (pre)was being told. (past)

has been told. (pre)had been told. (past)will have been told.(f)

HeSheIt

Rama

are told. (present)were told. (past)will be told. (future)

WeYouTheyBoys

are being told. (pre)were being told.(past)

have been told. (pre)had been told. (past)will have been told.(f)

WeYouTheyBoys

WeYouTheyBoys

"Õ∞=Úg∞~°∞"å~°∞

ÉÏÅ∞~°∞

K≥ÑÊ|_çÜ«Ú<åfl=Ú/L<åfl~°∞.

K≥ÑÊ|_çuq∞/K≥ÑÊ|_çi.

K≥ÑÊ|_çÜ«ÚO\Ï=Ú/LO\Ï~°∞.

"Õ∞=Úg∞~°∞"å~°∞

ÉÏÅ∞~°∞

K≥ÑÊ|_»∞K«∂L<åfl=Ú/L<åfl~°∞.

K≥ÑÊ|_»∞K«∂LO\q∞/LO_çi.

"Õ∞=Úg∞~°∞"å~°∞

ÉÏÅ∞~°∞

(WÑC_Õ) K≥ÑÊ|_çuq∞/|_çi.(JÑC_Õ) K≥ÑÊ|_çuq∞/

|_çui.(JÑC_»∞)K≥ÑÊ|_çLO\Ï=Ú/

LO\Ï~°∞.

J «_»∞P"≥∞Jk

~å=Ú_»∞

K≥ÑÊ|_»∞K«∂L<åfl_»∞/L#flk.K≥ÑÊ|_»∞K«∂LO_≥#∞/

LO_ç#k.

J «_»∞P"≥∞Jk

~å=Ú_»∞

(WÑC_Õ)K≥ÑÊ|_≥#∞/K≥ÑÊ|_ç#k.

(JÑC_Õ)K≥ÑÊ|_≥#∞/K≥ÑÊ|_ç#k.(JÑC_»∞)K≥ÑÊ|_çÜ«ÚO\Ï_»∞/

LO@∞Ok.

50

SENTENCESCan you cope with the work?Late that night.He had enough.Over there.Ofcourse, not.Far beyond you.I wish you would be quite.Wouldn't you stay a little longer?If you helped me we could finish the jobquickly.Would you mind opening the window?She would be about fifty now, I supposeHe would not answer anyquestions.The engine would not start.The wound would not heal.I would prefer stay to at home.I would rather you stayed at home.If he were to hear of your marrige hewould be surprised.If you were to start earlytomorrow morning,you would be at your destinationby evening.When would you like me tocome?She squints in the left Eye.He means well.We had better stay here.Am I to blame?I said that I should come.We said that we should go.I said that he would climb.She said that she would cook.He said that they would fall.I said that he would play well.They said that he could not pass.He said that she could not sing.I said that they could eat well.He said that the train might come late.They said that she might not

prepare a curry.

WhatWhat do you say?What language do you speak?What is your bed room?What is your dinner time?What are you playing?What are you doing?What is the type of concert generally?What do you buy?What is the rent?What games do you play?What is the price of the pickle?What will you eat?What is your weekly entertainment?What instrumental music?What is its price?What is your rate for the whole day?What do you want?What did you say?What was it all about?What is sweeter than honey?What are those marks on your coat?What are you? - I am a doctor.What is he? - He is an engineer.What is this?What other gamed do you play?What's it that he?What books have you read?What is that?What is he doing?What is the time now?Whate will all the neighbours say?What is that book?What did he say?What is that on your coat?What are you? What is he?

What book did you give me?

WhichWhich is your favourite game?Which book are you reading?Which way shall we go?

51

Which is he? ( nominative)Which do you prefer? ( Accusative)Which is the house?Which do you prefer, tea or coffee?Which is the book you gave me?Which do you prefer?Which of the questions do you answer?Which of the boys did this?I read Ramayana, Which I like much?I read Sanskrit dramas, Which are good?Veda is the earliest book, Which

contains all knowledge.

WhoThis is my sister who is sick.Who cleaned the house?I meet Rama Who just returnedfrom Kurnool.This is my friend , who comesfirst in the class.Who is he? ( = What is his nameand family?)He is Mr. K.P. Roy.Who conducts the concert?Who are you?Who am I?Who is he?Who is she?Who are they?Who are there?Who gave you that knife?Whose is this book?Who is there?Who is speaking?

WhomWhom did you see?Whom do you want?To Whom were you speaking?Of whom do you speak?

Whom do you believe?

Sita is my elder sister, whom I respect.Srikrishna is a rich man whose

charities amount to a lakh.Whose is this umbrella?Whom did you see?This is the person of whom Itold you.

Whom did you call?

WhereWhere do you live? Where arethey going?Where are you going? Where

are they playing?

Where is the post office?Where do you play foot ball?Where is the key for this door?where did you buy this table ?Where are you staying?Where is the laundry?Where is the market?

Where is the vegetable market?

Where is the light?

Where is the mosquito net?

WhenWhen are you leaving forBombay?When I shall return isuncertain.When did you buy this book?When do you take your lunch?When did she return?When will you ring?When did you buy it?When do you take your break fast?When do you repair the tap?

WhoseWhose is that car?Whose car is that?The Mahabharata is an epic, whose

52

poetry is great, Whose is this book?

WhyWhy are you not playing?Why did you get angry?Why did this happen?Why did I get pain?Why don't you consult an eyespecialist?Why do you throw it away?Why did you do it?I know the reason why he did it?Why, it is surely Ram!This is not the time to go into the why

and the wherefore of it.

Why he left is a mystery.

Why don't you sell it?

HowHow many times do you eat daily?How much does he take forconsultation?How far is your office from the station?How he could assist his friendwas hischief concern.How do you go to the office?How big is it?How did he perform ?How do you sell theseoranges?Whether we can start

AllAdjective : All men are mortal. It was

all profit and no loss.Adverb : He was all one when I saw him.Pronoun : All spoke in his favour.

Noun : He lost his all in speculation.

Any :Adjective : Are there any witnesses present?Pronoun : Does any of you know anything about it?

Adverb : Is that any better?

AsAdverb : We walked as fast as we could.Conjunction : As he was poor I helped him.

Relat.Pron. : She likes the same colour as I do.

BeforeAdverb : I have seen you before.Preposition : He came before the appointed time.Conjunction : He went away before I came.

BetterAdjective : I think yours is a better plan.

53

Adverb : I know better.Noun : Give place to your betters.Verb : The boxes with which he provided me

bettered the sample- Froude.

BothAdjective : You cannot have it both ways.Pronoun : Both of them are dead.Conjunction : Both the cashier and the accountant are

Hindus.

ButAdverb : It is but ( = only) right to admit out

faults.

Preposition : None but (= except) the brave deserves

the fair.Conjunction : We tried hard, but did not succeed.Relat.Pron : There is no one but likes him (= who does

not like him)DownAdverb : Down went the " Royal George."Prepostion : The fire engine came rushing down the

hill.Adjective : The porter was killed by the down train.

AboutAdverb : They wandered about in sheepskins and

goat skins.Prepostion : There is something pleasing about him.AboveAdverb : The heavens are above.Preposition : The moral law is above the civil.Adjective : Analyse the above sentence.Noun : Our blessings come from above.AfterAdverb : They arrived soon after.Prpositon : He takes after his father.Adjective : After ages shall sing his glory.Conjunction : We went away after they had left.

OneAdjective : One day I met him in the street.Pronoun : The little ones cried for joy.

54

Noun : One would think he was mad.

OnlyAdjective : It was his only chance.Adverb : He was only foolish.Conjunction : Take what I have, only ( = but) let me go.

OverAdverb : Read it over carefully.Noun : In one over he took three wickets.Prepositon : At thirty a change came over him.

RightVerb : That is a fault that will right itself.Adjective : He is the right man for the position.Noun : I ask it as a right.Adverb : Serves him right! He stood right in my

way.

RoundAdjective : A square peg in a round hole.Non : The evening was a round of pleasures.Adverb : He came round to their belief.Preposition : The earth revolves round the sun.Verb : We shall round the cape in safety.

SincePrepositon : Since that day I have not seen him.Conjunction : Since there's no help, come, let us kiss

and part.Adverb : I have not seen him since.

SoAdverb : I am so sorry.Conjunction : He was poor, so they helped him.

SomeAdjective : We must find some way out of it.Pronoun : Some say one thing and others another.Adverb : Some thirty chiefs were present.

StillVerb : With his name the mothers still their

babes.

55

Adjective : Still waters run deep.Noun : Her sobs could be heard in the still of

night.Adverb : He is still in business.LittleAdjective : There is little danger in going there.Noun : Man wants but little here below.Adverb : He eats very little.MoreAdjective : We want more men like him.Pronoun : More of us die in bed than out of it.Adverb : You should talk less and work more.MuchAdjective : There is much sense in what he says.Pronoun : Much of it is true.Adverb : He boasts too much.NearAdverb : Draw near and listen.Propositon : His house is near the temple.Adjective : He is a near relation.Verb : The time nears.NeedsNoun : My needs are few.Verb : It needs to be done with care.Adverb : He needs must come.NeitherConjunction : Give me neither proverty nor riches.Adjective : Neither accusation is true.Pronoun : It is difficult to negotiate where neither

will trust.Next.Adjective : I shall see you next Monday.Adverb : What next ?NoAdjective : It is no joke.Adverb : He is no more.Noun : I will not take no.OnceAdverb : I was young once.Conjunction : Once he hesitates we have him.Noun : Please help me for once.EitherAdjective : Either bat is good enoughPronoun : Ask either of them.

56

Conjunction : He must either work or starve.

ElseAdjective : I have something else for you.Adverb : Shall we look anywhere else?Conjunction : Make haste, else you will miss the train.Enough :Adjective : There is time enough and to spare.Adverb : You know well enough what I mean.Noun : I have had enough of this.EvenAdjective : The chances are even.Verb : Let us even the groundAdverb : Does he even suspect the danger?ExceptVerb : If we except Hari all are to be blamed.Prepositon : All the brethren were in Egypt except

Benjamin.Conjunction : I will not let thee go except (= unless)

thou bless me .ForPreposition : I can shift for myselfConjuction : Give thanks unto the Lord; for he is good.LessAdjective : You are paying less attention to your

studies than you used to do.Adverb : The soil of Kathiawad is less fertile than

that of Gujerat.Noun : He wants fifty rupees for that watch. He

won't be satisfied with less.LikeAdjective : They are men of like build and stature.Prepositon: Do not talk like that.Adverb : Like as a father pitieth his own children.Noun : We shall not see his like againVerb : Children like sweets.SuchAdjective : Don't be in such a hurry.Pronoun : Such was not my intention.ThatDemonst. Adjective : What is that noise?Demonst. Pronoun. : That is what I want.Adverb : I have done that much only.Relative Pronoun : The evil that men do lives after them.Conjunction : He lives that he may eat.

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TheDef.Article : The cat loves comfort.Adverb : The wiser he is, the better.TillPrepostion : Never put off till-to-morrow what you can

do to-dayConjunction : Do not start till I give the word.UpAdverb : Prices are up.Prepositon : Let us go up the hillAdjective : The next up train will leave here at 12-30Noun : They had their ups and downs of fortune.WellNoun : Let well alone.Adjective : I hope you are now well.Adverb : Well begun is half done.Interjection : Well, who would have thought it?WhatInter. Adjective : What evidence have you?Interjection: What! you don't mean to say so?Adverb : What does he want?RelativeP-Noun : Give me what you can. What happened

then, I do not know.Adverb : What by fie and what by sword, the

whole country was laid waste.WhileNoun : Sit down and rest a whileVerb : They while away their evenings with

books and games.Conjunction : While a great poet, he is a greater

novelist.

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GRAMMAR"åHõº=ÚÅ∞ "åx J~°ú=Ú – (x~å‡=Ú J#QÍ structure ) q è•#=Ú#∞

|\ì <åÅ∞æ q èŒ=ÚÅ∞

1. Assertive sentences = q+Ü«∞ ã∂K«Hõ=ÚÖ·# "åHõº=ÚÅ∞

2. Interrogative sentences = „Ñâ◊fl~°∂ÑHõ=ÚÖ·# "åHõº=ÚÅ∞

e.g : What is your name ?

3. Imperative sentences = q Œº~°úHõ "åHõº=ÚÅ∞. Wq P[, „áê~°ú#

~°∂Ñ¨=ÚÖ·# "åHõº=ÚÅ∞

e.g: Sit here ( order )

Please give me your pen ( Request)

Don't go there ( Advice or suggestion )

4. Exclamatory sentences = Pâ◊Û~åº~°úHõ=ÚÅ∞

e.g: What a nice boy you are !

How interesting this novel is ! (Wonder)

Alas! he is ruined

5. Optative sentences

„áê~°÷#, HÀiHõ

e.g. : May God bless you.

Wish you all the best

PARTS OF SPEECH ÉèÏëê qÉèÏQÆ=ÚÅ∞1. Noun : <å=∞"åK«Hõ=Ú ( ¿Ñ~°¡#∞ ≥Å∞Ê#k)

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e.g : Krishna Devaraya was a Very great king

2. Pronoun : ã¨~°fi<å=∞=Ú ( <å=∞"åK«HÍxH˜ | Œ∞Å∞QÍ "å_Õk)

e.g : He etc.,

3. Verb : „H˜Ü«∞, ( Hõ~°ÎÜ≥∞Hõ Ñ¨xx ≥Å∞Ê#k

e.g : Rama wrote a letter

4. Adverb : „H˜Ü«∂ qâı+¨=Ú

e.g : He wrote it quickly

5. Adjective : qâı+=Ú ( QÆ∞=Ú#∞ ≥Å∞Ê#k)

e.g: ÃÑ· "åHõº=ÚÖ’x great J<Õ Ñ¨ Œ=Ú

6. Conjunction : ã=ÚK«ÛùÜ«∞=Ú (XHõ Ñ Œ=Ú#∞ =∞iÜ≥∞Hõ

Ñ Œ=Ú`ÀQÍx, XHõ "åHõº=Ú#∞ =∞iÜ≥∞Hõ "åHõº=Ú`ÀQÍx KÕ~°∞Û

Ñ¨^Œ=Ú

e.g: Rama and Lakshmana followed Viswamitra

7. Interjection : Pâ◊Û~åº~°úHõ=Ú

e.g : Alas ( JÜ≥∂º – ã¨O`åÑ¨=Ú)

Oh ( FÇ¨ÏŸ – Pâ◊Û~°º=Ú )

8. Preposition : <å=∞"åK«Hõ=Ú#‰õΩ W «~° =ã∞Î=Ù`À QÆÅ

ã¨O|O èŒ=Ú#∞ ≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù qÉèíHÎ „Ñ¨ «ºÜ«∞=Ú =O\˜ Ñ¨ Œ=Ú

e.g: The pen is in the box

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I. KINDS OF NOUN

( <å=∞"åK«Hõ=ÚÖÖ’x ~°Hõ=ÚÅ∞ )

1. Proper Noun : XHõ =∞x+≤Ü≥∞Hõ „Ñ¨ ÕºHõ"≥∞ÿ# ¿Ñ~°∞ ÖËHõ XHõ

„Ñ¨ Õâ◊=Ú Ü≥∞Hõ ¿Ñ~°∞ =∞iÜ«Ú XHõ =ã¨∞Î=Ù ¿Ñ~°∞ ≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù#k.

Ex : Rama, Krishna, Hyderabad , Chair

2. Common Noun : XˆH ~°Hõ=Ú#‰õΩ K≥Ok# =º‰õΩÎÅ Ü≥∞Hõ ÖËHõ

=ã¨∞Î=ÙÅ‰õΩ QÆÅ ™ê è•~°"≥∞ÿ# ¿Ñ~°∞.

e.g : boy, girl, village , river etc.,

3. Collective Nouns : H˘O « ãOYºÖ’ =º‰õΩÎÅ#∞QÍx, =ã∞Î=ÙÅ‰õΩ

QÍx ã¨=¸Ç¨Ï=ÚQÍ K≥¿ÑÊ <å=∞"åK«Hõ=ÚÅ∞

e.g : Crowd team, block herd , army, family, nation etc.,

4. Material Nouns : Ñ^•~°ú <å=∞"åK«Hõ=ÚÅ∞

e.g: Iron, Clay, Rice etc.,

5. Abstract Nouns : QÆ∞ qâı+¨º=ÚÅ∞ PHÍ~°=Ú, ÖËHõ

WO„kÜ«∞=ÚÅ KÕ « ≥eã≤H˘#∞@‰õΩ gÅ∞HÍx ÉèÏ"åÅ¿Ñ~°∞¡

e.g: 1. QÆ∞ ãO|O èŒ=ÚÅ∞ – Goodness, Darkness,

2. K«~°º ãO|O èŒ=ÚÅ∞ – Laughter, theft

3. J=™ê÷ ãO|O èŒ=ÚÅ∞ – Boyhood, Youth

4. Hõà◊Å∞, âß„ãÎ=ÚÅ∞ "≥Ú ŒÖ·# "å\˜ ¿Ñ~°∞¡ #∞O_ç

– Grammar, music,

Abstract Nouns ™ê è•~°=ÚQÍ =¸_»∞ q èŒ=ÚÅ∞QÍ

~°∂á⁄O Œ∞K«∞#flq. Jq ó

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1. qâı+=ÚÅ #∞O_ç Kindness, honesty

2. „HÜ«∞Å #∞O_ç = Obedience ( obey) growth ( grow)

3. ™ê è•~° <å=∞"åK«Hõ=ÚÅ #∞O_ç House of senators

= áêÅ‰õΩÅ ã¨Éèí

Library of books „QÆO è•ÅÜ«∞=Ú etc.,

NOUN- GENDER <å=∞"åK«Hõ=Ú – eOQÆ=Ú1. Masculine Gender = =∞QÆ „áê∞Å#∞ QÆ∞iOz K≥¿ÑÊ

<å=∞"åK«Hõ=Ú

B. H˘xfl =ã¨∞Î=ÙÅ∞ Ju|Å=O «=ÚÅ∞, Ç≤ÏO™êÜ«Ú «=ÚÅ∞

JQÆ∞#ÑÙÊ_»∞ "å\x Masculine Gender QÍ ÑiQÆO «∞~°∞.

e.g: Sun, winter, summer, time

2. Feminine Gender = P_»∞ „áê∞Å#∞ QÆ∞iOz K≥¿ÑÊ

<å=∞"åK«Hõ=Ú

C. H˘xfl =ã¨∞Î=ÙÅ∞ Juã¨∞O Œ~°=ÚÅ∞, ™ê èŒ∞=ÙÅ∞

J~Ú#ÑÙÊ_»∞ Feminine Gender QÍ ÑiQÆO «∞~°∞.

e.g: The Moon, The earth, Hope, Spring justice , ship

3. Common Gender = =∞QÆ, P_» Ô~O_çO\˜x QÆ∂iÛ K≥¿ÑÊ

<å=∞"åK«Hõ=Ú

e.g: Parent, Servant, thief, Relative, student

4. Neuter Gender = =∞QÆ HÍHõ P_»∞ HÍHõ ÕxH© K≥O Œx

<å=∞"åK«Hõ=Ú (an animate objects)

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e.g: Book, Room, Pen , Tree

A. Collective Nouns r= HÀ\x QÆ∞iOz K≥ÑÙÊK«∞#fl#∞ Neuter

gender – QÍ K≥Ñ¨ÙÊ@ PKå~°=Ú.

e.g: A flock of sheep

A body of ministers

NOUN - NUMBER – <å=∞"åK«Hõ=Ú =K«#=Ú1. Singular Number : Boy, Bench, baby

2. Plural Number : Boys, benches, babies

A. H˘xfl Singular Ñ Œ=ÚÅ‰õΩ Plural ~°∂Ñ=Ú‰õÄ_® JkÜÕ∞

=K«∞Û#∞.

e.g. : Sheep, Deer, Cool

B. ãÖMÏº "åK«Hõ Ñ¨ Œ=ÚÅ∞ UHõ Ñ¨ Œ=ÚQÍ#∞#flÑ¨ÙÊ_»∞ "å\˜x

|Ç¨ï=K«# ~°∂Ñ¨=Ú ‰õÄ_® JkÜÕ∞. J~Ú Õ Wq ãÖYºÅ

«~°∞"å « LÑ¨Ü≥∂yOÑ¨ |_»=Öˇ#∞.

e.g. : pair [ « – [ «Å∞

Dozen, Score, Gross, Hundred, Thousand

C. H˘xfl Ñ¨ Œ=ÚÅ∞ x «º|Ç¨ï=K«#=ÚÅ∞.

(i) H˘xfl ÑïHõ~°=∞ÅÚ ó

e.g. : Bellows, Scissors, Tongs, Pincers, Spectacles

(ii) H˘xfl Œ∞ã∞ÎÅ∞

e.g. : Trousers, Drawers, Breeches

(iii) H˘xfl ~ÀQÆ=ÚÅ∞

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e.g. : Measles, Mumps

(iv) H˘xfl P@Å∞

e.g..: Billiards

(v) =∞iH˘xfl ~Ú «~° <å=∞"åK«Hõ=∞ÅÚ ó

e.g. : Animals, Thanks, Proceeds, Tidings, Chattles,

Environs, Nuptials, Obsequies, Assets.

(vi) H˘xfl |Ç¨ï=K«# ~°∂Ñ¨=ÚÖ’x Ñ¨ Œ=ÚÅ∞

UHõ=K«#=ÚÅ∞QÍ LÑ¨Ü≥∂yOK«|_»∞K«∞#flq.

e.g. : Alms, Piches, Eaves

(vii) q^•ºq+¨Ü«∞=ÚÅ∞ |Ç¨ï=K«#=ÚÅ∞QÍ =ÙO_ç UHõ

=K«#=ÚQÍ LÑ¨Ü≥∂QÆ Ñ¨_»∞K«∞#flq.

e.g. : Mathematics, Physics, Machanics, Politics,

(viii) Means J#∞ Ñ¨ Œ=Ú UHõ=K«#=ÚQÍ#∞,

|Ç¨ï=K«#=ÚQÍ#∞, Ô~O_»∞ q èŒ=ÚÅ∞QÍ LÑ¨Ü≥∂yOÑ¨

|_»∞#∞. J~Ú Õ Wealth (Sâ◊fi~°º=Ú) J#∞ J~°ú=Ú#

|Ç¨ï=K«#"Õ∞.

(ix) H˘xfl Collective Nouns singular =Ö HõxÊOz##∞

|Ç¨ï=K«#=ÚÅ∞

e.g.: Poultry, Cattle, County, People, Peoples.

(x) Abstract Nouns H plural ÖË Œ∞. "åxx plural QÍ

LÑÜ≥∂yOK«∞#ÑÙÊ_»q ™ê è•~° <å=∞"åK«Hõ=ÚÅQÆ∞K«∞

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H˘O « J~°úÉèË Œ=Ú#∞ á⁄O Œ∞#∞.

No Physical existence; only feeling

e.g.: Kindness = ŒÜ«∞

Kindnesses = ŒÜ«∞ QÆÅ Ñ#∞Å∞

(xi) Material Nouns, plural Ö’ "Õ~°∞ J~°ú=Ú#∞ á⁄O Œ∞#∞.

e.g. : Coppers = ~åy`À KÕÜ«∞|_ç# <åˇ=ÚÅ∞

Irons = W#∞=Ú`À KÕÜ«∞|_ç# ã¨OÔHà◊√¡

Tins = «QÆ~°=Ú`À KÕÜ«∞|_ç# _»ÉÏƒÅ∞

Woods = J_»=ÙÅ∞ ( H˘Ü«∞º ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞ ã÷Å=ÚÅ∞)

Bronzes = HõOK«∞`À KÕÜ«∞|_ç# q„QÆÇÏ=ÚÅ∞

NOUN - CASE – <å=∞"åK«Hõ=Ú – qÉèíHÎPOQÆ¡=Ú# qÉèí‰õΩÎÅ∞ (CASES)<åÅ∞æ HõÅ=Ù

1. Nominative Case = „Ñ äŒ=∂ qÉèíHÎ

e.g : Krishna Killed Kamsa

2. Objective Case = kfifÜ«∂ qÉèíHÎ

e.g : Krishna Killed Kamsa

3. Nominative of address = ãOÉ’ èŒ<å „Ñ äŒ=∂ qÉèíHÎ

e.g: Rama, Come here

4. possessive Case = +¨+‘ª qÉèíHÎ

e.g: Rama's house

Possessive Case U~°Ê_»∞ q èŒ=ÚÅ∞

a) <å=∞ "åK«Hõ=Ú UHõ=K«#"≥∞ÿÜ«Ú#flÑ¨ÙÊ_»∞ z=~° 's'

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HõÅ∞Ñ¨Ù@ =Å#

e.g : Boy's Pencil

b) Wk=~°H 's' LKåÛ~° Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ L#flÑÙÊ_»∞ 's' =∞iÜ«Ú

<å=∞"åK«Hõ=Ú |Ç¨ï=K«#"≥∞ÿ##∞ =∞~°Å 's' HõÅÑ¨~°∞.

z=~° ( ' ) QÆ∞~°Î =∂„ «=Ú KÕ~°∞Û Œ∞~°∞.

e.g : Darkness' Symbol

For Justice' sake

Boys' High School

c) <å=∞"åK«Hõ=ÚÅ∞ |Çï=K«#"≥∞ÿ •x z=~° 's' ÖË#ÑÙÊ_»∞

's' HõÅ∞Ñ¨Ù^Œ∞~°∞.

e.g: Children's Hospital; Men's Hostel

d) <å=∞ "åK«Hõ=Ú |Ç¨ïÑ¨ ŒÜ«ÚHõÎ ã¨=∂ã¨"≥∞ÿ#Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∞ ~¸

QÆ∞~°∞Î PYi Ñ¨ Œ=Ú#‰õΩ *Ë~°Û=Öˇ#∞.

e.g: The Nizam of Hyderabad's Palace

e) Ô~O_»∞ <å=∞"åK«Hõ=ÚÅ∞ XHõ •x`À WOH˘Hõ\ L#flÑC_»∞

Ô~O_»= •xH˜ D QÆ∞~°∞Î KÕ~°∞Û Œ∞~°∞.

Dhoni (the capain of Indian cricket team.)

f) Ô~O_»∞ <å=∞"åK«Hõ=ÚÅ∞ ã¨=ÚK«ÛùÜ«∞=Ú •fi~å

ã¨xflÇ≤Ï «=Ú *ËÜ«∞|_ç#Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∞ Ô~O_»= •xH˜ ~¸ QÆ∞~°∞Î

KÕ~°∞Û Œ∞~°∞.

e.g : Sastry & Shah's office

g) nxx r=HÀ\˜ ã¨O Œ~°ƒù=ÚQÍ LÑ¨Ü≥∂yOÑ¨ =Öˇ<Õ HÍx

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[_» =ã¨∞Î=ÙÅ q+¨Ü«∞=Ú# ‰õÄ_» Œ∞.

e.g : Horse's tail

Tables leg Jx HÍ Œ∞, Leg of the table Jx K≥ÑÊ=Ö#∞.

h) J~Ú Õ [_» =ã¨∞Î=ÙÅ∞ =¸sÎÉèÏ==ÚÅ∞QÍ #∞#flÑ¨ÙÊ_»∞

LÑ¨Ü≥∂yOÑ¨ =K«∞Û#∞.

e.g : Death's call

Fortune's smile

i) HÍÅ=Ú, Œ∂~°=Ú, ÉèÏ~°=Ú ≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù <å=∞"åK«Hõ=ÚÅ

q+¨Ü«∞=ÚÖ’ LÑ¨Ü≥∂yOK«∞@ HõÅ Œ∞.

e.g : Day's wages

Week's holiday

A foot's length

A pound's weight

Mile's race

j) ÉèÏ+¨Ö’ H˘xfl #∞_ç HÍ~°=ÚÅO Œ∞ U~°Ê_ç#q.

e.g: Finger's ends, Mercy's sake,

Heart's content, write's end

Boat's crew

k) Possessive case «~°∞"å « ™ê è•~°=ÚQÍ house,

school, shop, cathedral "≥Ú ŒÅQÆ∞ Ñ Œ=ÚÅ∞

Ö’Ñ≤OK«∞#∞.

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When something is mentioned earlier it need not be

repeated and an apostrophe is enough.

e.g : He is at the Vivekananda's (College ) In which

college is he working

I purchased the book at Aruna's ( Shop)

Today I am dining at my aunt's ( house)

THE PRONOUN -ITS KINDS –

ã¨~°fi<å=∞=Ú – •x ~°Hõ=ÚÅ∞

Pronouns ( ã¨~°fi<å=∞=ÚÅ∞ ) ˘q∞‡k q èŒ=ÚÅ∞

1. Personal Pronouns = =∂#=ÙÅ#∞ QÆ∞iOz LÑÜ≥∂yO|_»∞

ã~°fi<å=∞=ÚÅ∞

e.g: I, We, thou, you, he, she, it , they

2. Possessive Pronouns =

e.g : mine, ours, thine, yours, his, hers, its, theirs

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3. Reflexive pronouns = Hõ~°Î KÕã≤# HÍ~°º=Ú =∞~°Å Hõ~°ÎH

uiy =K«∞Û#q.

( Compound personal pronouns)

e.g: You will hurt yourself.

myself, ourselves, thyself, yourself, yourselves,

himself, herself, themselves

4. Emphatic ( Emphasizing ) Pronouns ó XHõÑÙÊ_»∞ q+Ü«∞=Ú#∞

<˘H¯ K≥ÑÙÊ@‰õΩ myself, yourself Jx K≥ÑÊ|_»∞#∞.

e.g : I my self did it.

5. Demonstrative Pronouns = "åHõº=ÚÖ’ J~°÷x~°∂Ñ‰õΩ

Ñ¶ÖÏ<å Jx K≥Ñ¨ÙÊ#q.

e.g: This, these, that, those, such

6. Indefinite pronouns = =º‰õΩÎÅ‰õΩ, =ã∞Î=ÙÅ‰õΩ Ñ¶ÖÏ<å Jx

K≥Ñ¨Ê‰õΩO_» ™ê è•~°=ÚQÍ ≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù#q.

e.g: Any, Anyone, Anybody, Anything, some,

someone, somebody,

None-noone - nobody

All - one, many, few, others, they, Every one,

Every body

7. Distriputive pronouns = J<ÕHõ =∞Ok ( =ã∞Î=ÙÅ )Ö’

XHÀ¯Hõ xQÍ (XH˘¯Hõ \˜ QÍ fã≤H˘x#@∞¡ K≥Ñ¨ÙÊ#q)

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e.g: Each, Either, Neither

8. Relative Pronouns = XH "åHõº=ÚÖ’ =ÚO Œ∞ L#fl

<å=∞"åK«Hõ=Ú`À ã¨O|O èŒ=Ú Hõey Ü«ÚO_»∞#q.

e.g: Who, what, which, whose, whom, that, as,

9. Interrogative pronouns ó „Ñâßfl~°úHõ=ÚÅ∞

e.g: Who, what, which, whose, whom

PERSONAL PRONOUNS : =∂#=ÙÅ‰õΩ K≥Ok# ã¨~°fi<å=∞=ÚÅ∞ ó

(=ºHÎQÆ «) D PRONOUNS =¸_»∞ PERSONS QÍ Ü«Ú#flq.

1. First person = (L «Î=∞ Ñ¨Ù~°∞+¨=Ú) =∂\Ï¡_»∞ "åxH˜

K≥O Œ∞#∞.

e.g : I, we

2. Second person = ( =∞ èŒº=∞ Ñ¨Ù~°∞+¨=Ú ) Z Œ∞@ "åiH˜

K≥O Œ∞#k.

e.g: Thou, you

3. Third person = ( „Ñ¨ äŒ=∞ Ñ¨Ù~°∞+¨=Ú) Z=ix QÆ∞iOz =∂\Ï¡_»∞ K«∞O\˜"≥∂ "åix ≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù

ã¨~°fi<å=∞=Ú.

e.g : He, She, Thy

a) D Pronoun H number, gender, case LO_»∞#∞.

b) Noun - singular number J~Ú Õ pronoun ‰õÄ_®

singular QÍ LO_®e. ÖËHõ Noun plural number

J~Ú Õ pronoun ‰õÄ_® plural QÍ LO_®e.

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c) Nouns U genders Ö’ =¿ãÎ pronoun ‰õÄ_® J Õ

genders Ö’ =™êÎ~Ú.

d) "They" ãO Œ~åƒù#∞ ™ê~°=ÚQÍ Jxfl genders Ö’

"å_»=K«∞Û#∞.

e) Pronouns ‰õΩ Nominative case, possessive

case, objective case ÅÖ’ =¸_»∞ aè#fl"≥∞ÿ#

~°∂Ñ¨=ÚÅ∞ HõÅ=Ù.

f) Personal pronouns Ü≥∞Hõ possessive case ~°∂Ñ=ÚÖ·#

my, our, they, your, her their J#∞ "å\x possessive

Adjectives Jx K≥ÑÙÊ Œ∞~°∞.

g) "It" pronoun D „HOk ãO Œ~°ƒù=ÚÅÖ’ LÑÜ≥∂yO «∞~°∞

1. [_» =ã¨∞Î=ÙÅ‰õΩ

e.g : This is your pencil. Take it way.

2. [O «∞=ÙÅ q+¨Ü«∞=Ú# eOQÆÉË èŒ=Ú K≥Ñ¨Ê ŒÅz#Ñ¨Ù_»∞

e.g : Rama has a dog. He likes it.

3. z#fl a_»¤Å q+Ü«∞=Ú# eOQÆ ÉèË Œ=Ú ÖË Œx K≥ÑÊ ŒÅz#ÑÙÊ_»∞

e.g: See that child. It's crying

4. =ÚO Œ∞QÍ K≥Ñ¨Ê|_ç# q+¨Ü«∞=Ú#∞ =∞~°Å K≥Ñ¨C#Ñ¨Ù_»∞

e.g: He is speaking lies; and he knows it.

5. "åãÎqHõ"≥∞ÿ# subject «~°∞"å « =K«∞Û K«∞O_»QÍ =ÚO Œ∞QÍ

„HÜ«∞ = ŒÌ å`å¯eHõ subject QÍ LO_ç#ÑÙÊ_»∞ Introductory

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subject (it, there)

e.g: It's easy to climb that tree ( to climb

that tree's easy)

6. «~°∞"å « =K«∞Û Noun QÍx pronoun #∞ QÍx <˘H˜

K≥Ñ¨Ê=Åã≤#Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∞

e.g: It Ravana was who started the war.

7. Impersonal Verb = „HÜ«∞‰õΩ =ÚO Œ∞ =K«∞Û Indefinite

pronoun Wk Nominative case Ö’ =ÙO_»∞#∞.

e.g : It rains.

8. HÍÅ ã¨∂K«Hõ=ÚQÍ LÑ¨Ü≥∂yOÑ¨ =K«∞Û#∞ .

e.g: It's six 0' clock.; It's Summer.

INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS :1. Nominative case pronoun 'Who'

2. Possessive case pronoun ' Whose'

3. Objective case pronoun 'whom'

4. „Ñ¨ã¨∞Î «=Ú whom ‰õΩ | Œ∞Å∞QÍ who ‰<Õ "å_»K«∞<åfl~°∞.

5. 'who' J#∞#k =∂#=ÙÅ q+¨Ü«∞=Ú#O Õ LÑ¨Ü≥∂yOÑ¨Öˇ#∞.

e.g : Who is speaking?

6. 'Which' J#∞#k =∂#=ÙÅ q+¨Ü«∞=Ú#, [_» =ã¨∞Î=ÙÅ

q+¨Ü«∞=Ú# Ô~O\˜Ü«∞O Œ∞#∞ LÑ¨Ü≥∂yO «∞~°∞.

7. 'What' J#∞#k

eg : What do you want? / What is wanted by you ?

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RELATIVE PRONOUNS1. Relative pronouns = Noun À ãO|O èŒ x~°∂Ñ‰õΩ

LÑ¨Ü≥∂yOz#Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∞ ã¨O|O è•~°ÌHõ ã¨~°fi<å=∞=ÚÅQÆ∞ K«∞#flq.

Jq Who, whom, whose, which, that

2. Ô~O_»∞ z#fl "åHõº=ÚÅ#∞ D Relative pronoun •fi~å HõÅÑ

=K«∞Û#∞.

3. 'whose' =∞#∞+¨µºÅ q+¨Ü«∞=∞O Õ HÍHõ, [_» Ñ¨ •~°ú=ÚÅ#∞

QÆ∂iÛ K≥Ñ¨ÙÊ#Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∞ ‰õÄ_® LÑ¨Ü≥∂yOÑ¨=K«∞Û#∞.

e.g : She is a railway passenger, whose box is stolen.

4. 'What' [_»=ã¨∞Î=ÙÅˆH K≥O Œ∞#∞.

5. 'That' =∞#∞+¨µºÅ#∞ QÆ∂iÛ K≥Ñ¨ÙÊ#Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∞, [_» Ñ¨ •~°ú=ÚÅ#∞

QÆ∂iÛ K≥Ñ¨ÙÊ#Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∞ Ô~O_»∞ ã¨O Œ~°ƒù=ÚÅÖ’ "å_»=K«∞Û#∞.

6. H˘xfl ãO Œ~åƒùÅÖ’ 'that' Relative pronoun 'who' 'what' J#∞

Interrogative pronouns «~åfi « LÑÜ≥∂yOÑ|_»∞#∞.

e.g : What's it that he told you?

7. 'that' J#∞ Relative pronoun superlative degree Ö’

qâı+¨=ÚÅ∞ L#flÑ¨ÙÊ_»∞ LÑ¨Ü≥∂yOK«∞@ ã¨=Úz «=Ú

e.g : The wisest man that even lived made mistakes

WHõ _» 'who' Hõ<åfl 'that' LÑÜ≥∂yOK«∞@ "Õ∞Å∞

8. Some, any, none, nothing, the only J#∞ Ñ Œ=ÚÅ «~åfi « '

'that' Ñ Œ=Ú LÑÜ≥∂yOÑ|_»∞#∞.

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9. My, our, your, his, her, its, their J#∞ D possessive case

pronouns noun «~åfi « noun =K«∞Û#∞.

e.g : This is my book

10. mine, ours, yours, his, hers, their J#∞ D possessive

case pronouns «~°∞"å « noun ~å Œ∞.

e.g : This book is mine

11. Pronouns Ö’ KåÖÏ Ñ Œ=ÚÅ∞ Adjectives QÍ ‰õÄ_®LáÈÜ«∞yOÑ|_»∞K«∞#flq

VERBS( „H˜Ü«∞Å∞)Blow = gK«∞ Blew = gK≥#∞ Blown

Bear = "≥∂Ü«Ú Bore = "≥∂Ãã#∞ Born/ borne

Buy = H˘#∞ Bought= H˘<≥#∞ Bought

Bring = ≥K«∞Û Brought= ≥K≥Û#∞ Brought

Begin = „áê~°OaèOK«∞ Began = „áê~°OaèOK≥#∞ Begun

Burn = HÍÅ∞Ê Burnt = HÍÖˇÛ#∞ Burnt

Build = Hõ@∞ì Built = Hõ>ì#∞ Built

Dig = „`«=Ùfi Dug = „ «"≥fi#∞ Dug

Do = KÕÜ«Ú Did = KÕÃã#∞ Done

Drink = „`åQÆ∞ Drank = „`åÔQ#∞ Drunk

Draw = ÖÏQÆ∞ Drew = ÖÏÔQ#∞ Drawn

Drive = `ÀÅ∞ Drove = `ÀÖ#∞ Driven

Fight = áÈ\Ï¡_»∞ Fought = áÈ\Ï¡_≥#∞ Fought

Find = Hõ#∞Q˘#∞ Found = Hõ#∞Q˘<≥#∞ Found

Feel = `å‰õΩ Felt = `åÔH#∞ Felt

Feed = áÈ+≤OK«∞ Fed = áÈ+≤OK≥#∞ Fed

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Fly = ZQÆ∞~°∞ Flew = ZyÔ~#∞ Flown

Fall = Ñ_»∞ Fell = Ñ_≥#∞ Fallen

Lose = áÈQ˘@∞ìH˘#∞ Lost = áÈQ˘@∞ìH˘<≥#∞ Lost

Leave = q_çzÃÑ@∞ì Left = q_çzÃÑ>ì#∞ Left

Run = Ñ~°∞ÔQ@∞ì Ran = Ñ~°∞ÔQ>ì#∞ Run

Ride = ™êfisKÕÜ«Ú Rode = ™êfisKÕÃã#∞ Ridden

Ring = "≥∂yOK«∞ Rang = "≥∂yOK≥#∞ Rung

Read = K« Œ∞=Ù Read = K«k"≥#∞ Read

Keep = LOK«∞ Kept = LOK≥#∞ Kept

Know = ≥eã≤H˘#∞ Knew = ≥eã≤H˘<≥#∞ Known

Eat = u#∞ Ate = u<≥#∞ Eaten

Creep = „áê‰õΩ Crept = „áêÔH#∞ Crept

Bind = x~°ƒOkèOK«∞ Bound = x~°ƒOkèOK≥#∞ Bound

Bleed = <≥ «∞Î~°∞HÍ~°∞ Bled = <≥ «∞Î~°∞HÍÔ~#∞ Bled

Bid = P*ÏÑ≤OK«∞ Bade = P*Ï˝Ñ≤OK≥#∞ Bidden

Beat = H˘@∞ì Beat = H˘>ì#∞ Beaten

Bite = H˘~°∞‰õΩ Bit = H˘iÔH#∞ Bitten

Bread = Hõ#∞ Bred = Hõ<≥#∞ Bred

Dream = HõÅHõ#∞ Dreamt = HõÅHõ<≥#∞ Dreamt

Dwell = x=ã≤OK«∞ Dwelt = x=ã≤OK≥#∞ Dwelt

See = K«∂K«∞ Saw = K«∂K≥#∞ Seen

Speak = =∂\Ï¡_»∞ Spoke = =∂\Ï¡_≥#∞ Spoken

Spend = Y~°∞ÛKÕÜ«Ú Spent = Y~°∞ÛKÕÃã#∞ Spent

Sell = J=Ú‡ Sold = J"≥∞‡#∞ Sold

Sit = ‰õÄ~˘Û#∞ Sat = ‰õÄ~˘Û<≥#∞ Sat

Sink = =Ú#∞QÆ∞ Sank = =ÚxÔQ#∞ Sunk

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Sing = áê_»∞ Sang = áê_≥#∞ Sung

Shake = Hõ ŒÅ∞Û Shook = Hõ ŒÖÛ#∞ Shaken

Spring = Œ∂‰õΩ Sprang = Œ∂ÔH#∞ Sprung

Steal = ^˘OyeOK«∞ Stole = ^˘OyeOK≥#∞ Stolen

Sting = ‰õΩ@∞ì Stung = ‰õΩ>ì#∞ Stung

Strike = H˘@∞ì Struck = H˘>ì#∞ Struck

Send = Ñ¨OÑ¨Ù Sent = Ñ¨OÃÑ#∞ Sent

Sleep = x„kOK«∞ Slept = x„kOK≥#∞ Slept

Smel = "åã#K«∂K«∞ Smelt = "åã¨# K«∂K≥#∞ Smelt

Spell = =~°‚„Hõ=∞=ÚK≥ÑÙÊ Spelt = =~°‚„Hõ=∞=Ú K≥ÃÑÊ#∞ Spelt

Sweep = «∞_»∞K«∞ Swept = «∞_çK≥#∞ Swept

Take = fã≤H˘#∞ Took = fã≤H˘<≥#∞ Taken

Tear = zOK«∞ Tore = zOK≥#∞ Torn

Throw = qã~°∞ Threw = qã≤Ô~#∞ Thrown

Teach = É’kèOK«∞ Taught = É’kèOK≥#∞ Taught

Think = PÖ’zOK«∞ Thought= PÖ’zOK≥#∞ Thought

Win = ÔQÅ∞K«∞ Won = ÔQeK≥#∞ Won

Weave = <ÕÜ«Ú Wove = <ÕÃã#∞ Woven

Wear = èŒiOK«∞ Wore = èŒiOK≥#∞ Worn

Write = „"åÜ«Ú Wrote = „"åÃã#∞ Written

Tell = K≥Ñ¨ÙÊ Told = K≥ÃÑÊ#∞ Told

Say = K≥Ñ¨ÙÊ Said = K≥ÃÑÊ#∞ Said

Seek = "≥ Œ‰õΩ Sought = "≥ ŒÔH#∞ Sought

Shrink = =Ú_»∞K«∞‰õΩxáÈ=Ù Shrank = =Ú_»∞K«∞‰õΩáÈÜ≥∞#∞ Shrunk

Slay = K«OÑ¨Ù Slew = K«OÃÑ#∞ Slain

Spin = ^•~°=ÚfÜ«Ú Spun = ^•~°=ÚfÃã#∞ Spun

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Sling = qã~°∞ Slung = qÃãÔ~#∞ Slung

Smite = H˘@∞ì Smote = H˘>ì#∞ Smitten

Stick = JuHOK«∞ Stuck = JuH˜OK≥#∞ Stuck

Swear = „Ñ=∂=ÚKÕÜ«Ú Swore = „Ñ=∂=Ú KÕÃã#∞ Sworn

Stride = Œ∂~°=ÚQÆ J_»∞QÆ∞Å∞ Strode = Œ∂~°=ÚQÍ J_»∞QÆ∞Å∞"ÕÜ«ÚK«∂ #_»K«∞ "Õã≤ #_»K≥#∞ Stridden

Swim = D Œ∞ Swam = D ≥#∞ Swum

Strive = QÆ\ìQÆ „ÑÜ«∞uflOK«∞ Strove / Strived =QÆ\ìQÆ „ÑÜ«∞uflOK≥#∞Striven/ Strived

Swing = TQÆ∞ Swung = TÔQ#∞ Swung

Sew = ‰õΩ@∞ì Sewed = ‰õΩ>ì#∞ Sewn

Become = JQÆ∞ Became = JÜ≥∞º#∞ Become

Beseech = „|u=∂Å∞H˘#∞ Besought = „|u=∂Å∞H˘<≥#∞ Besought

Beget = Hõ#∞ Begot = Hõ<≥#∞ Begotten

Behold = K«∂K«∞ Beheld = K«∂K≥#∞ Beheld

Deal = =~°ÎHõ=Ú KÕÜ«Ú Dealt = =~°ÎHõ=Ú KÕÃã#∞ Dealt

Fling = qã~°∞ Flung = qãÔ~#∞ Flung

Forbid = = ŒÌ#∞ Forbode= = ŒÌ<≥#∞ Forbidden

Forbear = ã¨Ç≤ÏOK«∞ Forbore= ã¨Ç≤ÏOK≥#∞ Forborne

Forsake = q_çzÃÑ@∞ì Forsoke = q_çzÃÑ>ì#∞ Forsaken

Forget = =∞~°záÈ=Ù Forgot = =∞~°záÈÜ≥∞#∞ Forgotten

Hang = „"ÕÖÏ_»∞ Hung/ hanged = "ÕÖÏ_≥#∞ Hung/hanged (When death is casused by

hanging)

Hold = Ñ@∞ìH˘#∞ Held = Ñ@∞ìH˘<≥#∞ held

Hide = ^•QÆ∞H˘#∞ Hid = ^•QÆ∞H˘<≥#∞ Hidden

Kneel = "≥∂HÍà◊§ÃÑ· =OQÆ∞ Knelt = "≥∂HÍà◊¡ÃÑ· =OÔQ#∞ Knelt

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Overcome = JkèQÆq∞OK«∞ Overcame= JkèQÆq∞OK≥#∞ Overcome

Rend = pÅ∞Û Rent = pÖÛ#∞ Rent

Understand= J~°ú=ÚKÕã≤H˘#∞ Understood=J~°ú=Ú KÕã≤H˘<≥#∞Understood

Mean = J~°ú=∞QÆ∞ Meant = J~°ú=∞Ü≥∞º#∞ Meant

Lead = ^•iK«∂Ñ¨Ù Led = ^•iK«∂ÃÑ#∞ Led

Stand = xÅ∞K«∞ Stood = xÅK≥#∞ Stood

Love = „¿Ñq∞OK«∞ Loved = „¿Ñq∞OK≥#∞ Loved

Like = W+ìÑ_»∞ Liked = W+ìÑ_≥#∞ Liked

Laugh = #=Ùfi Laughed=#"≥fi#∞ Laughed

Live = x=ã≤OK«∞ Lived = x=ã≤OK≥#∞ Lived

Link = =Ú_çÃÑ@∞ì Linked = =Ú_çÃÑ>ì#∞ Linked

Load = |~°∞=Ù"ÕÜ«Ú Loaded= |~°∞=Ù"ÕÃã#∞ Loaded

Fill = xOÑ¨Ù Filled = xOÃÑ#∞ Filled

Fail = `«Ñ¨ÙÊ Failed = «ÃÑÊ#∞ Failed

Fear = |Ü«∞Ñ_»∞ Feared = |Ü«∞Ñ_≥#∞ Feared

Fire = HÍÅ∞Û Fired = HÍÖˇÛ#∞ Fired

Free = q_çÑ≤OK«∞ Fred = q_çÑ≤OK≥#∞ Freed

Found = ™ê÷Ñ≤OK«∞ Founded = ™ê÷Ñ≤OK≥#∞ Founded

Guess = TÇ≤ÏOK«∞ Guessed = TÇ≤ÏOK≥#∞ Guessed

Gift = |Ç˙HõiOK«∞ Gifted = |Ç¨ HõiOK≥#∞ Gifted

Gain = ÖÏÉèí=Úá⁄O Œ∞ Gained = ÖÏÉèí=Ú á⁄O ≥#∞ Gained

Jump = Œ∂‰õΩ Jumped= Œ∂ÔH#∞ Jumped

Judege = f~°∞ÊK≥Ñ¨ÙÊ Judged = f~°∞ÊK≥ÃÑÊ#∞ Judged

Move = Hõ ŒÅ∞ Moved = Hõ ŒÖ#∞ Moved

Merge = HõÅã≤áÈ=Ù Merged= Hõeã≤áÈÜ≥∞#∞ Merged

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Miss = «Ñ≤ÊáÈ=Ù Missed = «Ñ≤ÊáÈÜ≥∞#∞ Missed

Melt = Hõ~°∞QÆ∞ Melted = HõiÔQ#∞ Melted

Mow = HÀÜ«Ú Mowed = HÀÃã#∞ Mowed

Manage = #_çÑ≤OK«∞ Managed = #_çÑ≤OK≥#∞ Managed

Mend = ÉÏQÆ∞KÕÜ«Ú Mended = ÉÏQÆ∞KÕÃã#∞ Mended

Mind = Ñ¨\ìOK«∞H˘#∞ Minded = Ñ¨\ìOK«∞H˘<≥#∞ Minded

Mint = <å=ÚÅ#∞ Minted = <å=ÚÅ#∞=Ú„ Œ"ÕÜ«Ú =Ú„ Œ"ÕÃã#∞ Minted

Call = Ñ≤ÅK«∞ Called = Ñ≤ÅK≥#∞ Called

Care = ÅHõ∆º=ÚKÕÜ«Ú Cared = ÅHõ∆º=ÚKÕÃã#∞ Cared

Curse = â◊Ñ≤OK«∞ Cursed = â◊Ñ≤OK≥#∞ Cursed

Consult = ã¨ÅÇ¨fã¨∞H˘#∞ Consulted= ãÅÇfã≤H˘<≥#∞ Consulted

Cane = É «Î=Ú`À H˘@∞ì Caned = É ≥Î=Ú`À H˘>ì#∞ Caned

Crush = #Å∞QÆ H˘@∞ì Crushed = #Å∞QÆH˘@ì|_≥#∞ Crushed

Chide = u@∞ì Chided = u>ì#∞ Chided

Clothe = |@ìÅ∞"Õã≤H˘#∞ Clothed = |@ìÅ∞ "Õã≤H˘<≥#∞ Clothed

Cease = xÅ∞Ñ¨Ù Ceased= xÅ∞Ñ¨Ù KÕÃã#∞ Ceased

Content = «$Ñ≤ÎK≥O^Œ∞ Contented= «$Ñ≤ÎK≥O ≥#∞ Contented

Contribute = K«O •WK«∞Û Contributed=K«O • WK≥Û#∞ Contributed

Convince= XÑ≤ÊOK«∞ Convinced= XÑ≤ÊOK≥#∞ Convinced

Crown = Ñ\Ïìaè¿+Hõ=Ú Crowned = Ñ\Ïìaè¿+Hõ=ÚKÕÜ«Ú KÕÃã#∞ Crowned

Credit = [=∞Hõ@∞ì Credited = [=∞Hõ>ì#∞ Credited

Converse = =∂@ÖÏ_»∞ Conversed= =∂\Ï¡_≥#∞ Conversed

Converge = XHõKÀ@‰õÄ_»∞ Converged= XHõKÀ@‰õÄ_≥#∞ Converged

Consecrate= Ñq„ «=ÚKÕÜ«Ú Consecrated =Ñq„ «=Ú KÕÃã#∞ Consecrated

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Consist = ‰õÄ_çLO_»∞ Consisted= ‰õÄ_çLO_≥#∞ Consisted

Congratulate=Jaè#OkOK«∞ Congratulated=Jaè#OkOK≥#∞ Congratulated

Connive = K«∂ã≤K«∂_»#@∞¡O_»∞ Connived = K«∂ã≤K«∂_»#@∞¡O_≥#∞ Connived

Comprise= HõeyÜ«ÚO_»∞ Comprised= HõeyÜ«ÚO_≥#∞ Comprised

Compromise= ~årÑ_»∞ Compromised=~årÑ_≥#∞ Compromised

Deliver = JO ŒKÕÜ«Ú Delivered=JO^ŒKÕÃã#∞ Delivered

Delay = PÅãº=ÚKÕÜ«Ú Delayed= PÅãºO KÕÃã#∞ Delayed

Decide = x~°‚~ÚOK«∞ Decided = x~°‚~ÚOK≥#∞ Decided

Discuss = K«iÛOK«∞ Discussed=K«iÛOK≥#∞ Discussed

Dress = èŒiOK«∞ Dressed= èŒiOK≥#∞ Dressed

Doubt = J#∞=∂xOK«∞ Doubted= J#∞=∂xOK≥#∞ Doubted

Design = HõÅÊ#KÕÜ«Ú Designed=HõÅÊ# KÕÃã#∞ Designed

Desert = q_»z"ÕÜ«Ú Deserted=q_çzÃÑ>ˇì#∞ Deserted

Deprive = ÖË‰õΩO_»KÕÜ«Ú Deprived=ÖË‰õΩO_®KÕÃã#∞ Deprived

Devote = qxÜ≥∂yOK«∞ Devoted=qxÜ≥∂yOK≥#∞ Devoted

Derive = á⁄O Œ∞@ Derived= á⁄O ≥#∞ Derived

Determine= xâ◊Û~ÚOK«∞ Determined=xâ◊Û~ÚOK≥#∞ Determined

Describe = =i‚OK«∞ Described= =i‚OK≥#∞ Described

Disappoint = x~åâ◊K≥O Œ∞ Dissappointed=x~åâ◊K≥O ≥#∞ Disappointed

Differ = ÉË èŒ=ÚK«∂Ñ¨Ù Differed= ÉË èŒ=ÚK«∂ÃÑ#∞ Differed

Drench = «_çÜ«Ú Drenched=`«_çÃã#∞ Drenched

Deviate = =∂~°æ=Ú#∞O_ç Deviated = =∂~°æ=Ú#∞O_ç«ÑÙÊ «ÃÑÊ#∞ Deviated

Disgrace = J==∂xOK«∞ Disgraced= J==∂xOK≥#∞ Disgraced

Foil = ÉèíOQÆ=Ú KÕÜ«Ú Foiled = ÉèíOQÆ=ÚKÕÃã#∞ Foiled

Inform = ≥eÜ«∞KÕÜ«Ú Informed = ≥eÜ«∞KÕÃã#∞ Informed

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Invite = PÇfixOK«∞ Invited = PÇfixOK≥#∞ Invited

Invent = HõÅÊ#KÕÜ«Ú Invented = HõÅÊ#KÕÃã#∞ Invented

Interfere = *’eH áÈ=Ù Interfered = *’eHáÈÜ≥∞#∞ Interfered

Injure = QÍÜ«∞Ñ~°K«∞ Injured = QÍÜ«∞Ñ~°K≥#∞ Injured

Inhabit = x=ã≤OK«∞ Inhabited= x=ã≤OK≥#∞ Inhabited

Ignore = Ñ\ìOK«∞H˘#‰õΩO_»∞ Ignored = Ñ\ìOK«∞H˘#‰õΩO_≥#∞Ignored

Inherit = "å~°ã «fi=Ú=Å# Inherited = "å~°ã «fi=Ú=Å#á⁄O Œ∞ á⁄O ≥#∞ Inherited

Irritate = HÀÑ=Ú ÑÙ\ìOK«∞ Irritated = HÀÑ=Ú ÑÙ\ìOK≥#∞ Irritated

imitate = J#∞HõiOK«∞ imitated= J#∞HõiOK≥#∞ imitated

Intimate = ≥eÜ«∞KÕÜ«Ú intimated = ≥eÜ«∞*ËÃã#∞ Intimated

Inquire = qKåiOK«∞ Inquired= qKåiOK≥#∞ Inquired

Induce = „¿Ñˆ~Ñ≤OK«∞ Induced= „¿Ñˆ~Ñ≤OK≥#∞ Induced

Inspire = „¿Ñ~°HõÅ∞QÆ*ËÜ«Ú Inspired = „¿Ñ~° HõÅ∞QÆKÕÃã#∞ Inspired

Implicate = z‰õΩ¯Ö’ ÃÑ@∞ì Implicated= z‰õΩ¯Ö’ ÃÑ>ì#∞ Implicated

Impose = qkèOK«∞ Imposed = qkèOK≥#∞ Imposed

Incline = "≥∂QÆ∞æK«∂ÑÙ, "åÅ∞ Inclined = "≥∂QÆ∞æK«∂ÃÑ#∞ Inclined

Indulge = ã¨O`«$Ñ≤ÎÑ¨~°K«∞ Indulged = ãO «$Ñ≤Î Ñ~°K≥#∞ Indulged

Intrude = K˘K«∞ÛH˘#∞áÈ=Ù Intruded = K˘K«∞ÛH˘x"≥à‹§#∞ Intruded

Involve = HõeÊOK«∞H˘#∞ Involved = HõeÊOK«∞H˘<≥#∞ Involved

Invade = ŒO_≥ «∞Î Invaded= ŒO_≥ ≥Î#∞ Invaded

Intend = L ÕÌtOK«∞ Intended = L ÕÌtOK≥#∞ Intended

Instruct = LÑ ÕtOK«∞ Instructed= LÑ ÕtOK≥#∞ Instructed

Insure = cè=∂ KÕÜ«Ú Insured= cè=∂ KÕÃã#∞ Insured

Interrupt = J_»¤yOK«∞ Interrupted= J_»¤yOK≥#∞ Interrupted

Issue = |Ü«∞@‰õΩ =K«∞Û Issued = |Ü«∞@‰õΩ =K≥Û#∞ Issued

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Promise = "åQÍÌ#=Ú KÕÜ«Ú Promised = "åQÍÌ#=Ú KÕÃã#∞ Promised

Pay = K≥e¡OK«∞ Paid = K≥e¡OK≥#∞ Paid

Prove = x~°∂Ñ≤OK«∞ Proved = x~°∂Ñ≤OK≥#∞ Proved

Pain = ÉÏ èŒHõeyOK«∞ Pained = ÉÏ èŒHõeyOK≥#∞ Pained

Perish = <åâ◊#=∞QÆ∞ Perished = <åâ◊#=∞Ü≥∞º#∞ Perished

Prepare = «Ü«∂~°∞KÕÜ«Ú Prepared = «Ü«∂~°∞KÕÃã#∞ Prepared

Pretend = #\˜OK«∞ Pretended= #\OK≥#∞ Pretended

Prevent = PÑ¨ÙKÕÜ«Ú Prevented = PÑÙKÕÃã#∞ Prevented

Promote = =$kúKÕÜ«Ú Promoted = =$kúKÕÃã#∞ Promoted

Pawn = `åHõ@∞ìÃÑ@∞ì Pawned= `åHõ@∞ìÃÑ>ì#∞ Pawned

Pledge = `åHõ@∞ìÃÑ@∞ì Pledged= `åHõ@∞ìÃÑ>ì#∞ Pledged

Produce = L «ÊuÎKÕÜ«Ú Produced = L «ÊuÎKÕÃã#∞ Produced

Push = ÔQO@∞ Pushed= QÆO>#∞ Pushed

Prohibit = x¿+kèOK«∞ Prohibited= x¿+kèOK≥#∞ Prohibted

Preserve= *Ï„QÆ «ÎÃÑ@∞ì Preserved = *Ï„QÆ «ÎÃÑ>ì#∞ Preserved

Reduce = «yæOK«∞ Reduced= «yæOK≥#∞ Reduced

Regret = qKåiOK«∞ Regretted = qKåiOK≥#∞ Regretted

Respect = Q“~°qOK«∞ Respected = Q“~°qOK≥#∞ Respected

Reverse = «Å„HO Œ∞KÕÜ«Ú Reversed = «Å„HO Œ∞KÕÃã#∞ Reversed

Revert = "≥#∞Hõ‰õΩ „uÑ¨ÙÊ Reverted = "≥#∞Hõ‰õΩ „uÑÊ|_≥#∞Reverted

Review = uiy Ñ¨sH∆OK«∞ Reviewed = uiy ÑiH∆OK≥#∞ Reviewed

Resolve = xâ◊Û~ÚOK«∞ Resolved = xâ◊Û~ÚOK≥#∞ Resolved

Repose = LOK«∞ Reposed = LOK≥#∞ Reposed

Restrict = x|O èŒ#Ö’ LOK«∞ Restricted= x|O èŒ#Ö’ LOK≥#∞Restricted

Restrain = J_»¤yOK«∞ Restrained= J_»¤yOK≥#∞ Restrained

Refer = =∞iÜ≥ÚHõ Jaè„áêÜ«∞ Referred = =∞iÜ≥∞Hõ=Ú#‰õΩ ÑOÑÙ Jaè„áêÜ«∞=Ú#‰õΩ Ñ¨OÃÑ#∞ Reffered

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Regard = Q“~°qOK«∞ Regarded = Q“~°qOK≥#∞ Regarded

Relate = ãO|OkèOK«∞ Related= ã¨O|OkèOK≥#∞ Related

Believe = #=Ú‡ Believed = #"≥∞‡#∞ Believed

Kill = K«OÑ¨Ù Killed = K«OÃÑ#∞ Killed

Kick = «#∞fl Kicked = «<≥fl#∞ Kicked

Need = J=ã~°=Ú HõÅ∞QÆ∞ Needed = J=ã~°=Ú HõeÔQ#∞ Needed

Note = *Ï˝Ñ¨HÍ~°ú=Ú Noted = *Ï˝Ñ¨HÍ~°ú=Ú„"åã≤H˘#∞ „"åã≤H˘<≥#∞ Noted

Erode = fã≤"ÕÜ«Ú Eroded = ux"ÕÃã#∞ Eroded

Boycot = "≥e"ÕÜ«Ú Boycotted = "≥e"ÕÃã#∞ Boycotted

Add = HõÅ∞Ñ¨Ù Added = HõeÃÑ#∞ Added

Advise = ãÅÇxK«∞Û Advised= ã¨ÅÇ¨xK≥Û#∞ Advised

Accuse = xO •~ÀÑKÕÜ«Ú Accused = xO •~ÀÑ KÕÃã#∞ Accused

Agree = XÑ¨ÙÊH˘#∞ Agreed = XÑ¨ÙÊH˘<≥#∞ Agreed

Accept = ã=∞‡uOK«∞ Accepted= ã=∞‡uOK≥#∞ Accepted

Absent = Ç¨[~°∞HÍHõáÈ=Ù Absented= Ç[~°∞HÍHõáÈÜ≥∞#∞ Absented

Adopt = Œ «Î « KÕã≤H˘#∞ Adopted = Œ «Î « KÕã∞H˘<≥#∞ Adopted

Adjust = ã¨iÃÑ@∞ìH˘#∞ Adjusted = ãiÃÑ@∞ìH˘<≥#∞ Adjuste

Apply = Œ~°MÏã∞ÎÃÑ@∞ì Applied = Œ~°MÏã∞ÎÃÑ>ì#∞ Applied

Appoint = xÜ≥∂yOK«∞ Appointed= xÜ≥∂yOK≥#∞ Appointed

Attain = KÕ~°∞ Attained= KÕÔ~#∞ Attained

Attend = Ç[~°QÆ∞ Attended = Ç[~°Ü≥∞º#∞ Attended

Attach = KÕ~°∞Û Attached = KÕÔ~Û#∞ Attached

Allow = ã=∞‡uOK«∞ Allowed= ã¨=∞‡uOK≥#∞ Allowed

Amuse = q<À Œ=Ú Amused = q<À Œ=ÚHõÅ∞QÆKÕÜ«Ú HõÅ∞QÆKÕÃã#∞ Amused

Accomplish= ™êkèOK«∞ Accomplished=™êkèOK≥#∞

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Accomplish= ™êkèOK«∞ Accomplished=™êkèOK≥#∞ Accomplished

Bury = áêuÃÑ@∞ì Buried = áêuÃÑ>ì#∞ Buried

Base = P è•~°=ÚKÕÜ«Ú Based = P è•~°=ÚKÕÃã#∞ Based

Encourage = „áÈ «ûÇÏq∞K«∞Û Encouraged=„áÈ`åûÇÏq∞K≥Û#∞encouraged

Envelop = HõÑ≤Ê"ÕÜ«Ú Enveloped= HõÑ≤Ê"ÕÃã#∞Enveloped

Escape = «Ñ≤ÊOK«∞H˘#∞ Escaped = «Ñ≤ÊOK«∞H˘<≥#∞ Escaped

Exclude = q∞#Ç¨~ÚOÑ¨Ù Excluded = q∞#Ç¨~ÚOÑ¨ÙKÕÃã#∞ Excluded

Exempt = q∞#Ç~ÚOÑÙKÕÜ«Ú Exempted = q∞#Ç¨~ÚOÑ¨Ù KÕÃã#∞ Exempted

Experience= J#∞Éèí∂uK≥O Œ∞ Experienced=J#∞Éèí∂uK≥O ≥#∞ Experienced

Enlarge= ÃÑOK«∞ Enlarged = ÃÑOK≥#∞ Enlarged

Engage = Ñ¨xÃÑ@∞ìH˘#∞ Engaged = ÑxÃÑ@∞ìH˘<≥#∞ Engaged

Embrace = H“QÆeOK«∞H˘#∞ Embraced= H“QÆeOK«∞H˘<≥#∞ Embraced

Encroach = Ju„Hõq∞OK«∞áÈ=Ù Encroached=Ju„Hõq∞OzáÈÜ≥∞#∞ Encroached

Employ = L^ÀºQÆq∞K«∞Û Employed = L ÀºQÆq∞K≥Û#∞ Employed

Enjoy = ã∞dOK«∞ Enjoyed= ã∞dOK≥#∞ Enjoyed

Express = =ºHõÎ=ÚKÕÜ«Ú Expressed= =ºHõÎ=ÚKÕÃã#∞ Expressed

Expose = |Ü«∞@ÃÑ@∞ì Exposed= |Ü«∞@ÃÑ>ì#∞ Exposed

Emerge = |Ü«∞@‰õΩ=K«∞Û Emerged=|Ü«∞@‰õΩ =K≥Û#∞ Emerged

Exhaust= «~°QÆH˘@∞ì Exhausted = `«~°QÆ H˘>ˇì#∞ Exhausted

Heap = áÈQÆ∞ÃÑ@∞ì Heaped = áÈQÆ∞ÃÑ>ì#∞ Heaped

Hint = ã∂zOK«∞ Hinted = ã¨∂zOK≥#∞ Hinted

Hurry = `˘O Œ~°Ñ_»∞ Hurried = `˘O Œ~°Ñ_≥#∞ Hurried

Heal = =∂#∞ Healed = =∂<≥#∞ Healed

Lick = <å‰õΩ Likced = <åÔH#∞ Licked

Lash = H˘~°_» ÀH˘@∞ì Lashed = H˘~°_®`ÀH˘>ì#∞ Lashed

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Marry = ÃÑo¡KÕã¨∞H˘#∞ Married= ÃÑo§KÕã¨∞H˘<≥#∞ Married

Occupy = P„Hõq∞OK«∞ Occupied = P„Hõq∞OK≥#∞ Occupied

Occur = ãOÉèíqOK«∞ Occured= ã¨OÉèíqOK≥#∞ Occured

Obey = t~°™ê=Ç≤ÏOK«∞ Obeyed = t~°™ê=Ç≤ÏOK≥#∞ Obeyed

Ostruct = J_»∞¤ÃÑ@∞ì Obstructed=J_»∞¤ÃÑ>ì#∞ Obstructed

Offend = HÀÑ=Ú HõeyOK«∞ Offended = HÀÑ=Ú HõeyOK≥#∞ Offended

Object = ‰õÄ_» Œ#∞ Objected = ‰õÄ_» Œ<≥#∞ Objected

Oblige = x~°ƒùOkOK«∞ Obliged= x~°ƒùkOK≥#∞ Obliged

Prolong = á⁄_çyOK«∞ Porlonged = á⁄_çyOK≥#∞ Prolonged

Prompt = „¿Ñˆ~Ñ≤OK«∞ Prompted = „¿Ñ~Ñ≤OK≥#∞ Prompted

Queue = =~°∞ãÖ’ xÅ|_»∞ Queued = =~°∞ãÖ’ xÅ|_≥#∞ Queued

Quicken = K«∞~°∞‰õΩ Œ#=Ú#∞ÑÙ\ìOK«∞ Quickened=K«∞~°∞‰õΩ Œ#=Ú#∞ ÑÙ\ìOK≥#∞Quickened

Renounce = Ñi «ºlOK«∞ Renounced= Ñi «ºlOK≥#∞ Renounced

Rent = J ≥Ì‰õΩ WK«∞Û Rented = J ≥Ì‰õΩ WK≥Û#∞ Rented

Study = K« Œ∞=Ù Studied= K«k"≥#∞ Studied

Show = K«∂Ñ¨Ù Showed= K«∂K≥#∞ Showed

Swell = L|∞ƒ Swelled= LÉƒ#∞ Swelled

Satisfy = `«$Ñ≤ÎÑ¨~°K«∞ Satisfied = «$Ñ≤ÎÑ~°K≥#∞ Satisfied

Seal = =Ú„^Œ"ÕÜ«Ú Sealed = =Ú„^Œ"ÕÃã#∞ Sealed

Seize = |ÖÏ`å¯~°=ÚQÍ Seized = |ÖÏ`å¯~°=ÚQÍÖÏH˘¯#∞ ÖÏH˘¯<≥#∞ Seized

Secure = ãOáêkOK«∞@Ö’« Secured = ãOáêkOK«∞@Ö’Hõ$ «Hõ$ «∞º_»QÆ∞ Hõ$ «Hõ$ «∞º_»Ü≥∞º#∞ Secured

Supply = ã¨~°Ñ¶~åKÕÜ«Ú Supplied = ã~°Ñ¶~åKÕÃã#∞ Supplied

Start = |Ü«∞Å∞ Õ~°∞ Started= |Ü«∞Å∞ ÕÔ~#∞ Started

Starve = PHõe`ÀLO_»∞ Starved= PHõe`ÀLO_≥#∞ Starved

Slow = <≥=∞‡kKÕÜ«Ú Slowed = <≥=∞‡kKÕÃã#∞ Slowed

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Sum = ãOH∆Ñ=Ú KÕÜ«Ú Summed = ã¨OˆH ∆Ñ¨=ÚKÕÃã#∞ Summed

Sip = ÃÑ Œ=ÙÅ À Ñ‘Å∞Û Sipped = ÃÑ Œ=ÙÅ À Ñ‘ÖÛ#∞ Sipped

Surrender = ÖÁOyáÈ=Ù Surrendered=ÖÁOyáÈÜ≥∞#∞ Surrendered

Supervise = ÃÑ·#qKå~°KÕÜ«Ú Supervised= ÃÑ·#qKå~° KÕÃã#∞ Supervised

Specify = Ñ¶ÖÏ<å JxK≥Ñ¨ÙÊ Specified=Ñ¶ÖÏ<å JxK≥ÃÑÊ#∞ Specified

Supplement= ÑiÑÓiÎH˘~°‰õΩ KÕ~°∞Û Supplemented=ÑiÑÓiÎH˘~°‰õΩ KÕÔ~Û#∞ Supplemented

Train = tHõ∆ WK«∞Û Trained = tHõ∆ WK≥Û#∞ Trained

Try = „ÑÜ«∞uflOK«∞ Tried = „Ñ¨~ÚuflOK≥#∞ Traied

Testify = ™êHõ∆ºq∞K«∞Û Testified= ™êHõ∆ºq∞K≥Û#∞ Testified

Unite = HõeÜ«Ú United = HõeÃã#∞ United

Want = HÀ~°∞ Wanted= HÀÔ~#∞ Wanted

Warn = ÃÇÏK«ÛiOK«∞ Warned= ÃÇÏK«ÛiOK≥#∞ Warned

Worry = HõOQÍ~°∞Ñ_»∞ Worried= HõOQÍ~°∞Ñ¨_≥#∞ Worried

Wish = "åOzèOK«∞ Wished= "åOzèOK≥#∞ Wished

Greet = Jaè#O Œ#Å∞ ≥Å∞Ê Greeted = Jaè#O Œ#Å∞ ≥ÖÊ#∞ Greeted

e.g : This book is mine

11. Pronouns Ö’ KåÖÏ Ñ Œ=ÚÅ∞ Adjectives QÍ ‰õÄ_®

LáÈÜ«∞yOÑ|_»∞K«∞#flq

THE VERB – – – – – „H˜Ü«∞„H˜Ü«∞„H˜Ü«∞„H˜Ü«∞„H˜Ü«∞ „H˜Ü«∞ÅÖ’ ã¨Hõ~°‡Hõ=Ú ( Transitive) JHõ~°‡Hõ=Ú

(Intransitive) Åx L#flq

1. ãHõ~°‡Hõ=ÚÅ#QÍ ( Transitive) Hõ~°‡Ñ Œ=Ú ( object) HõÅq.

e.g: (example gratia for example) Rama Kicked the ball

2. JHõ~°‡Hõ=Ú ( Intransitive ) Å#QÍ Hõ~°‡Ñ Œ=Ú ( object) ÖËq.

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Active VoiceS.NO. Tense No. Sub Verb Obj

1. Simple Singular Sita sings a song.

Present Plural They Sell Radios.

2. Present S Anil is driving a car.

Coonti P We are plays.Staging

3. Present S She has Known the fact.

Perfect P many have them. students helped

4. Simple S Keats wrote this Poem.

past P They built manyhouses.

5. Past S Kiran Was A newCont drawing Picture.

P Some Were dance.girls Practising

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PASSIVE VOICE

Sub Agent Be Form Verb (PP) Prep Obj Agent

A song is Sung by Sita

Radios. Are Sold by them

A car is being driven by Anil

Plays are being Staged by us.

The fact has been Known to her.

They have been helped by Manystudents.

The Poem Was Written by Keats.

Many houses Were built by them.

A New picture Was being drawn by Kiran.

Dance Was being Practised - -

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S.No. Tense No sub Verb Obj

06. Past S Raman had won The title.Perfect

P They had thedefeated English.

07. Simple S She will note the points.Future

P We will (Shall) a seminararrange

08. Future S She will have her projectPerfect Completed report.

P They will have thefulfilled conditions.

09. Can/ * we can do it.May

* They may win the Match.

10. Imperative * Do it immediately.

* Please remove the Shoes.

11. Wh, Q's S Who wrote this poem?

P Where did you my glasses?keep

12. Yes / No S Do you Know her? Q'S

P Have you returned the books?

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Sub Agent Be Form Verb (PP) Prep Obj Agent

The title had been won by Ramana.

The english had been defeated by them.

The Points Will be noted by her.

A Seminar will be arranged by us.

Her Project Will have Completed by her.report been

The will have fulfilled by them.Conditions been

It Can be done by us.

The may Won by them.match be

Let it be done immediately.

You are requested to remove the shoes.

By whom was this Poem written?

Where Were my glasses kept (by you)?

Is she Known to you?

Have the books been returned (by you)?

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THE VERB – „H˜Ü«∞

„HÜ«∞ÅÖ’ ãHõ~°‡Hõ=Ú ( Transitive) JHõ~°‡Hõ=Ú (Intransitive) Åx

L#flq

1. ãHõ~°‡Hõ=ÚÅ#QÍ ( Transitive) Hõ~°‡Ñ Œ=Ú ( object) HõÅq.

e.g: (example gratia for example) Rama Kicked the ball

2. JHõ~°‡Hõ=Ú ( Intransitive ) Å#QÍ Hõ~°‡Ñ Œ=Ú ( object) ÖËq.

e.g: The Moon shines

3. Rama gave him pencil WHõ _» pencil J#∞#k Direct object,

him J#∞#k Indirect object

4. Ô~O_»∞ objects fã∞H˘x „HÜ«∞ Ñ Œ=ÚÅ∞ = Ask, bring, give,

bend, offer, promise, send, show, teach, tell.

5. gxÖ’ ™ê=∂#º=ÚQÍ "≥Ú Œ@ =K«∞Û#k =º‰õΩÎÅ‰õΩ, q∞QÆ åq

=ã¨∞Î=ÙÅ‰õΩ K≥Ok#qQÍ #∞O_»∞#∞.

6. KåÅ „HÜ«∞Å∞ Transitive QÍ#∞, Intransitive QÍ#∞ ‰õÄ_®

LÑÜ≥∂QÆÑ_»∞#∞.

7. H˘xfl „HÜ«∞ÖÑÙÊ_»∞#∞ Come, go, fall, die, sleep, lie, =O\q

- objects #∞ fã≤H˘#=Ù. Wq ZÅ¡Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∞ Intransitive QÍ<Õ

LO_»∞#∞.

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8. =∞iH˘xfl Intransitive verbs «=∞`À prepositions fã≤H˘x

Transitive verbs QÍ =∂~°∞#∞.

e.g : Look at this picture

9. H˘xfl „H˜Ü«∂ Ñ¨ Œ=ÚÅÖ’ XH˘¯Hõ ™êi Hõ~°ÎÜ«Ú, Hõ~°‡Ü«Ú,XHõ\˜QÍ<Õ Ü«ÚO_»∞#∞.

e.g : The man killed himself

VERB WITH COMPLEMENTSÑ¨Ó~°Hõ Ñ¨ Œ=ÚÅ∞ QÆÅ „H˜Ü«∞Å∞

1. Subjecitve complements = Look, Seem, appear,

e.g: Rama seems happy

He is a boy ;

He is lazy

Wq Intransitive verb «~°∞"å « =K«∞Û#∞

2. Objective Complements =

e.g: Boys chose Rama their leader

His parents named him Rama

The magistrate found him guilty

3. D Ô~O_»∞ ~°Hõ=ÚÅ Complements #∞ fã≤H˘#∞ „H˜Ü«∞Å‰õΩ

Verbs of Incomplete predication Jx¿Ñ~°∞

VERB- TENSE

Indefinit Continuous Perfect Perfect - Continuous

Present I love am loving I have I have been loving

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loved

Past I loved I was loving I had loved I had been loving

Future I shall love I shall be I shall have I shall have been

loving loved loving

PRESENT INDEFINITE

1. JxtÛ «"≥∞ÿ# ÉÏ"åÅ#∞ D „HOk q èŒ=ÚQÍ „ÑHõ\OK«=K«∞Û#∞

2. ã¨~°fiHÍb# ã¨ «º=ÚÅ∞. J#QÍ Jxfl HÍÅ=ÚÅO Œ∞#∞

[~°∞QÆ∞K«∞#fl Ñ#∞Å∞.

e.g : The snow falls in winter

3. â◊HÎ ™ê=∞~°÷º=ÚÅ∞, JÅ"å@∞¡, PKå~°=ÚÅ∞

e.g : The cat kills rats , He goes to bed early

4. „Ñã∞Î « ã≤÷u ó every day, regularly, daily, always,

e.g: He is a boy

He is an engineer

5. JÑÙÊ_»ÑÙÊ_»∞ [~°∞QÆ∞ Ñ#∞Å∞ ó Ex : We play foot ball on

every sunday

6. P[Å∞– „áê~°ú#Å∞ Ex : Post this letter

7. XHõ „QÆO äŒ=Ú#∞ QÍx, ~°K«~Ú «#∞QÍx L ŒÇ¨ÏiOK«∞#Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∞

e.g : The Bible says

8. QÆ_»z# ãOÑ¶∞@#Å∞ Hõ#∞Å‰õΩ QÆ\ì#@∞¡QÍ =i‚Oz K≥ÑÙÊ#ÑÙÊ_»∞

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=ÚYº=ÚQÍ Hõ äŒÅÖ’, <å@Hõ=ÚÅÖ’

( Historical present)

e.g : Now, the devils enter

9. Éèíq+¨º Œ~°ú=Ú#∞ ã¨∂zOK«∞@‰õΩ

e.g : tomorrow my father leaves for Bombay

II PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE ( Real present tense)

1. D „H˜Ü«∞KÕ „Ñ¨ã¨∞Î «=Ú [~°∞QÆ∞K«∞#fl Ñ¨xx QÆ∂iÛ K≥Ñ¨ÙÊ@[~°∞QÆ∞#∞.

Now, always, at presente.g : I am loving

2. ã¨g∞Ñ¨ Éèíq+¨º «∞ÎÖ’ [~°∞QÆÉ’=Ù Ñ¨xx QÆ∂_® Wkã¨∂zOK«∞#∞.e.g : This week, I am leaving for Bombay

3. Continuous tense Ö’ D „HOk "å\xLÑÜ≥∂yOÑ~å Œ∞. look, see and listen are used weak interjectionse.g. : Listen, someone is crying.have, hear, notice, recognize, smell, taste, believe, know,remember, recollect, forget, want, wish, forgive, refuse,love, care, belong possess, matter.

III PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

already, yet, Just, recently

e.g : I have loved

1. ˆH=Å=Ú WÑ¨ÙÊ_Õ K« ŒqÜ«ÚO_»#Hõ ~° ÖË Œ∞ ã¨q∂Ñ¨ Éèí∂ «HÍÅ=ÚÖ’[iy# Ñ¨x

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e.g = I have read the Bible

e.g= I have done my home work

3. I have passed my B.A., Jx# B.A, áêãQÆ∞@KÕ

HõÅ∞æÑ¶Åq∞OHõ#∞ h=#∞ÉèíqOK«∞ K«∞<åfl=x J~°÷=Ú.

4. H=Å=Ú 1950 Ö’ áêÃã· Ü«Ú<åfl#∞. Jx K≥ÑÊ=Ö##fl I passed

B.A., in 1950 Jx K≥Ñ¨Ê=Öˇ#∞.

5 H˘O «HÍÅ=ÚQÍ „Ñ¨ã¨∞Î « Hõ∆=Ú =~°‰õΩ [~°∞QÆ∞ XHõ Ñ¨xx QÆ∂iÛ

K≥Ñ¨Ê#∞.

e.g : I have lived in Delhi for 10 years

6. WÑ¨Ê\˜ =~°‰õΩ _èçb¡Ö’ L<åfl#∞. HÍx D Hõ∆=ÚÖ’ ÖË#∞ Jx

K≥ÑÙÊ@‰õΩ –I have lived in Delhi.

7. D Hõ∆=Ú ~ÚÑ¨ÙÊ_Õ Ñ¨ÓiÎÜ≥ÿ∞# ã¨OÑ¶∞@#Å#∞ QÆ∂iÛ‰õÄ_»K≥Ñ¨ÙÊ#∞.

e.g: I have just written a letter.

8. XHõ KÀÑx ÑÓiÎ HÍ‰õΩ#fl#∞ H˘O « HÍÅ=Ú #∞O_ç „Ñã∞Î « Hõ∆=Ú

=~°‰õΩ [~°∞QÆ∞K«∞#fl Ñ¨xx QÆ∂iÛ QÆ∂_® K≥Ñ¨ÙÊ#∞.

e.g : It has rained all this week

9. XHõ Ñx xifi~å=∞=ÚQÍ [~°∞QÆ ‰õΩ#fl#∞ JÑÙÊ_»ÑÙÊ_»∞ [iy##∞

D tense "å_» =K«∞Û#∞

e.g: I have met my friend twice this week.I have

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not taken a holiday this year.

10. He has been to London = J «#∞ ÅO_»<£ áÈ~Ú =zÛ<å_»∞Hõ#∞Hõ JK«Û@ q+¨Ü«∞=ÚÅ#∞ QÆ∂iÛ K≥Ñ¨ÊQÆÅ_»∞.

11. He has gone to London = J «#∞ ÅO_»<£ áÈ~Ú<å_»∞.

WÑÙÊ_»Hõ _» L<åfl_»∞.

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

1. ZÑ¨ÙÊ_À Éèí∂ «HÍÅ=ÚÖ’ „áê~°OaèOÑ¨|_ç# XHõ Ñ¨x „Ñ¨ã¨∞Î «

Hõ∆=Ú =~°‰õΩ [~°∞QÆ∞K«∞#flKÀ D tense LÑ¨Ü≥∂yOÑ¨=Öˇ#∞.

Jk ZÑ¨ÙÊ_»∞ „áê~°OÉèí"≥∞ÿ#^À K≥Ñ¨Ê=Öˇ##fl Since yesterday

Jx since 1960 Jx, =∞iÜ«Ú WO «HÍÅ=ÚQÍ [~°∞QÆ∞K«∞#fl Œx

K≥ÑÊ=Ö##fl for 10 years' for 10 minutes Jx K≥ÑÊ=Ö#∞.

e.g. : He has been working here since 1980.

2. XH˘Hõ ™êi P Ñ¨x x~°O «~°=ÚQÍ [~°∞QÆ‰õΩ#fl#∞ D tense #∞

"å_»=K«∞Û#∞

e.g : I have been reading the book all the day

V PAST INDEFINITE

1. QÆuOz# XHÍ<˘Hõ ã¨OÑ¶∞@###∞ QÆ∂iÛ –

e.g: I saw him yesterday

2. QÆ « HÍÅ=ÚÖ’x XHõ âßâ◊fi « ã≤÷ux QÆ∂iÛ –

e.g : The city was on the banks of the river

3. XHõ ÅHõ∆=Ú#∞, Ñ¨ Œúux – JÅ"å@∞#∞ QÆ∂iÛ

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e.g : He became a sanyasin

4. QÆ « HÍÅ=ÚÖ’ JÑ¨ÙÊ_»Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∞ [~°∞QÆ∞K«∞O_ç# Ñ¨x ó

e.g : He took a holiday every week

VI. PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

1. Wk Ñ¨x ZÑ¨ÙÊ_»∞ „áê~°OÉèí"≥∞ÿ#kQÍx, ZO «HÍÅ=ÚQÍ

[~°∞QÆ∞K«∞#flk HÍx K≥Ñ¨Ê Œ∞. U^À XHõ L ÕÌtOz# Hõ∆=∞O Œ∞=∂„ «q∞k [~°∞QÆ∞K«∞#fl@∞¡QÍ D Tense K≥Ñ¨ÙÊ#∞.

e.g: When I was buying a pen, my friend came to

some shop

2. UHõ HÍÅ=∞O Œ∞ [~°∞QÆ∞K«∞#fl Ô~O_»∞ ãÖÑ¶∞@#Å#∞ QÆ∂iÛ

K≥Ñ¨ÙÊ#∞.

e.g : I was sleeping while my friend was reading

3. QÆ « HÍÅ=Ú#O Œ∞ «~°K«∞QÍ ãÖÉèíqOK«∞K«∞O_ç# Ñ¨#∞Å∞

(repeated actions)

e.g : She was leaving the house early every day and

meeting her boy friend

VII. PAST PERFECT TENSE

1. Éèí∂ «HÍÅ=ÚÖ’x XHõ ã¨=∞Ü«∞=Ú#∞ L ÕÌtOK«∞#∞. Ô~O_»∞#∞L ÕÌtOz# Hõ∆=Ú#‰õΩ Ñ¨ÓiÎÜ≥ÿ∞# ãÖÑ¶∞@#Å#∞ QÆ∂iÛ

K≥Ñ¨ÙÊ#∞. Hõ#∞Hõ D tense LÑ¨Ü≥∂yOz#Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∞ P L ÕÌtOK«∞

ã¨=∞Ü«∞"Õ∞^À xˆ~ÌtOÑ¨ =Öˇ#∞.

e.g : When two past actions are to be mentioned in one sentence, the

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earlier action should be in past perfect tense and the later in simple

past tense, provided there is time gap between the two, actions. This is

identified by using "when", 'before' or 'after' or 'as'.

2. Ô~O_»∞ ã¨OÑ¶∞@#Å‰õΩ áÈÅÛ‰õΩO_®, XˆH XHõ ã¨OÑ¶∞@#‰õΩ D

tense Ö’ K≥Ñ¨Ê~å Œ∞

e.g: I had written a letter to my friend J#~å Œ∞

VIII. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

1. Past tense Ö’ L ÕÌtOz# XHõ Hõ∆=Ú#‰õΩ Ñ¨Ó~°fi=ÚH˘O «HÍÅ=ÚQÍ XHõ Ñx [~°∞QÆ∞K«∞#flKÀ P [~°∞QÆ∞K«∞O_ç# Ñxx

D tense À ã¨∂zOÑ¨=Öˇ#∞.

e.g : I had been reading for two hours before you

came to my house yesterday.

IX. FUTURE INDEFINITE TENSE1. Éèíq+¨º «∞ÎÖ’ [~°QÆÉ’=Ù Ñ¨xx ≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù#∞

2. Wk I person Ö’ shall , II, III persons Ö’ will #∞ „QÆÇ≤ÏOK«∞#∞

e.g : I shall go to Bombay

He will go to Bombay

3. J@∞¡QÍHõ 'will' Ñ¨ Œ=Ú#∞ I, we Hõ~°ÎÅ`À LÑ¨Ü≥∂yOz# XHõ

"åQÍÌ#=Ú#∞QÍx, xtÛ`åaè„áêÜ«∞=Ú#∞QÍx "≥Å¡_çOK«∞#∞.

e.g : I will help you at all costs U Ñiã≤÷uÖ’<≥·##∞

h‰õΩ ã¨Ç¨Ü«∞=Ú KÕÃã Œ#∞.

4. J Õ q èŒ=ÚQÍ You, he she, it, they Hõ~°ÎÅ∞QÍ #∞#flÑÙÊ_»∞ Shall

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LÑ¨Ü≥∂yOz#, XHõ XuÎ_çx QÍx, P[˝#∞ QÍx "≥Å¡_çOK«∞#∞.

e.g: You shall stay here till I come back <Õ#∞ uiy

=K«∞Û#O «=~°‰õΩ WK«Û@ LO_»=Ö#∞. They shall

never, never be slaves "å~°∞ Z#fl\Hx

ÉÏxã¨Å∞QÍ LO_»É’~°∞ – XHõ xtÛ`åaè„áêÜ«∞=Ú.

HÍx D ~ÀAÅÖ’ WOw¡+µ"å~°∞ shall HõO>Ë will

<Õ Jxfl ã¨O Œ~°ƒù=ÚÅÖ’ "å_»∞K«∞<åfl~°∞

5. Éèíq+º «∂ûK«##∞ 'going to' #∞ LÑÜ≥∂yOz KÕÜ«∞=K«∞Û#∞

(Continuous tense Ö’ LáÈÜ«∞yOK« ‰õÄ_»x „HÜ«∞Å q+Ü«∞=Ú

«ÑÊ)

e.g : He will climb the tree ( Future ) J#∞@Hõ<åfl

He is going to climb the tree J#∞@ "Õ∞Å∞.

6. 'going to' Ö’ H˘O « xtÛ « «Îfi=Ú ‰õÄ_® èŒfixOK«∞#∞

e.g : It is going to rain Jx# PHÍâ◊=Ú "Õ∞Ñ¶∂=$ «"≥∞ÿÜ«ÚO_»∞@ <Õ#∞ K«∂K«∞K«∞<åfl#∞ Jx

èŒfixOK«∞#∞.

X FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE

1. L ÕÌtOz# ã=∞Ü«∞=Ú# XHõ Ñx [~°∞QÆ∞ «∂ L#fl@∞¡ K≥ÑÙÊ#∞.J#QÍ Œ∂~°"≥∞ÿ# aè=+¨º Œ~°ú=Ú#∞ ã¨∂zOz#∞.

e.g : Next year I shall be doing M.A., Next week

we shall be showing a Tamil Picture

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2. „Ñ¨âßfl~°úHõ "åHõº=ÚÖ’ Wk H=Å=Ú Éèíq+¨º «∞Î<Õ ã¨∂zOK«∞#∞.

e.g : Will you be visiting him agian ? "åxx uiy

K«∂_»É’=Ù K«∞<åfl"å?

3. Are you going to visit him? Jx# Z Œ∞\"åx Jaè„áêÜ«∞=Ú#∞

QÆ∂iÛ J_ç#@∞¡ èŒfix. HÍx 'will you visit him ?' ( please)

Jx# J «xx uiy K«∂_»∞=Ú Jx „áê~°ú##∞ (request)

≥eÜ«∞*ËÜ«∞#∞.

XI FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

1. Éèíq+º`å¯Å=ÚÖ’ L ÕÌtOz# XHõ ã=∞Ü«∞=Ú#‰õΩ x~ÌtOz#Ñ¨x Ñ¨ÓiÎJQÆ∞#∞ Jx K≥Ñ¨ÙÊ#∞.

e.g : I shall have read the book by the end of the

week. D "å~åO «=Ú#‰õΩ D Ñ¨ÙãÎHõ=Ú K«kq

=ÙO Œ∞#∞. – J#QÍ •xÖ’ ã¨OQÆ «∞Å∞ JÑ¨Ê\˜H˜

<å‰õΩ ≥eÜ«∞QÆÅ=Ù.

2. «ÅO «∞#∞ (think), TÇ≤ÏO «∞#∞ ( I suppose ) J#∞ J~°ú=ÚÖ’‰õÄ_® nxx „Ñ¨Ü≥∂yOK«∞@ HõÅ Œ∞.W@∞=O\˜ „Ñ¨Ü≥∂QÆ=ÚÅ∞ =ÚYº=ÚQÍ LÑ¨<åºã¨=ÚÅÖ’,

K«~°ÛÅÖ’ HõxÊOK«∞#∞.

e.g : " You will have noticed from the speech how

urgent the matter really is"

XII. FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

1. Wk H˘O «HÍÅ=ÚQÍ [~°∞QÆ∞K«∞#fl Ñ¨xx ≥eÜ«∞*ËÜ«Ú#∞.

e.g : By December I shal have been working here

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for 20 years ( _çâ◊O|~°∞ <å\˜H˜ <Õ#∞ WK«Û@ 20

ã¨OIIÅ∞QÍ Ñ¨xKÕÜ«ÚK«∞#fl@∞¡ JQÆ∞#∞ ). <Õ#∞WK«Û@<Õ Ñ¨x KÕÜ«∞=K«∞Û#∞ J#∞ ÉèÏ==Ú

èŒfixOK«∞#∞).

VERB - AGREEMENT WITH THE SUBJECT (Concord)

„H˜Ü«∞ – Hõ~°Î À UH©ÉèÏ==Ú

1. „HÜ«∞‰õΩ ‰õÄ_® First, second, third persons HõÅ=Ù.

e.g: 1.I walk

2. Thou walketh (In poetry)

3. He walks

2. Verb ã~°fi<å=∞=Ú ( pronoun) ãOMÏº"åK«Hõ=Ú ( Number)

HõÅ=Ù

e.g: 1. He walks

2. They walk

3. Ô~O_»∞QÍx JO «HõO>Ë Z‰õΩ¯=QÍx UHõ=K«# Hõ~°ÎÅ∞ ( subjects)

and J#∞ Ñ Œ=ÚÅ∞KÕ « HõÅ∞Ñ|_ç#ÑÙÊ_»∞ Verb #∞ plural

Ö’<Õ fã≤H˘#∞#∞.

e.g : Rama and Krishna are brothers

Rama, krishna and Gopal are young boys

4. Ô~O_»∞ Singular Nouns XH =ºHÎx QÆ∞iOzQÍx, XH =ã∞Î=Ù#∞

QÆ∞iOzQÍx K≥ÑÙÊ#ÑÙÊ_»∞ verb =∂„ «=Ú singular Ö’<Õ

LO_»∞#∞.

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e.g : By the death of Gandhiji, a great - Prophet

and Patriot was lost to India

5. Ô~O_»∞ subjects XˆH ÉèÏ==Ú#∞ ≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù#Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∞ verb Ñ¨ Œ=Ú

singular Ö’ LO_»∞#∞.

e.g : The long and the short of it is this

6. Subject Ñ¨ Œ=Ú «~°∞"å « each ÖËHõ every J#∞ Ñ¨ Œ=Ú

=zÛ#ÑÙÊ_»∞ verb Ñ Œ=Ú singular Ö’ LO_»=Ö#∞.

e.g: Every man, Woman and Child was present

7. UHõ =K«#=ÚÖ’ #∞#fl subject Ñ Œ=ÚÅ∞ or, nor, either...or,

neither ...nor J#∞ Ñ Œ=ÚÅKÕ « ãOkèOÑ|_ç#ÑÙÊ_»∞ verb

Ñ Œ=Ú singular Ö’ LO_»=Ö#∞.

e.g : Neither food nor water was given to the

prisoner.

8. J~Ú Õ or, nor J#∞ Ñ¨ Œ=ÚÅ∞KÕ « ã¨OkèOÑ¨|_ç# subjects

qaè#fl numbers ‰õΩ K≥Ok#"≥· Õ verb Ñ Œ=Ú plural Ö’

LO_»=Öˇ#∞.

e.g : Rama or his friends have done this.

9. =∞iÜ«Ú or, nor J#∞ Ñ¨ Œ=ÚÅKÕ « ã¨OkèOÑ¨|_ç# subjects,

qaè#fl 'persons' ‰õΩ K≥Ok#ÑÙÊ_»∞ verb •xH ŒQÆæ~°Ö’ subject

Ü≥∞Hõ persons À UH©ÉèíqOK«∞#∞.

e.g : Either he or I am correct.

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VERBS : STRONG AND WEAK

( „H˜Ü«∞Å∞ ó |Å"≥∞ÿ#q, |ÅÇ‘Ï#"≥∞ÿ#q)

1. „HÜ«∞ Ü≥∞Hõ =ÚYº"≥∞ÿ# HÍÅ~°∂Ñ=ÚÅ∞ present tense, Past

tense, J#∞#q. D =¸_»∞ ã¨fi~°∂Ñ¨=ÚÅ#∞O_çW «~° ~°∂Ñ¨=ÚÅ∞ ™êkèOÑ¨=K«∞Û#∞. JO Œ∞KÕ « D =¸_»∞

~°∂Ñ¨=ÚÅ∞ =ÚYº"≥∞ÿ#q.

2. ÕeHõQÍ present tense #∞O_ç past tense U~°Ê_Õ „HÜ«∞Å#∞

(verbs) weak verbs JO Œ∞~°∞. Wq present tense #‰õΩ ed

x, ÖËHõ -'d' x ÖËHõ z=i JHõ∆~°=Ú ˘ÅyOz 't' HõÅ∞Ñ¨Ù@=Å#

past tense U~°Ê_»∞#∞.

e.g : Present tense Past tense

Talk Talked

Believe Believed

Spend Spent

3. H˘xfl Verbs "å\ Ü≥∞Hõ present tense ~°∂Ñ=Ú#O Œ∞#fl vowel

#∞ =∂~°∞ÊKÕã≤H˘x past tense ~°∂Ñ¨=Ú#∞ KÕ‰õÄ~°∞ÛH˘#flq.

e.g : Present tense Past tense

Know Knew

Come Came

Speak Spoke

Write Wrote

4. POQÆ¡ÉèÏ+Ö’ Weak verbs ãOYº Z‰õΩ¯= strong verbs ãOYº

`«‰õΩ¯=

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5. Weak verbs QÆ∞iÎOK«∞@‰õΩ H˘xfl ã¨∂K«#Å∞ –

i) Verb Ü≥∞Hõ present tense ~°∂Ñ¨=Ú# z=~° 'd' QÍx 't'

QÍx ÖËHõ past tense ~°∂Ñ=Ú =zÛ#ÑÙÊ_»k week verb.

e.g : Believe BelievedBurn BurntSell Sold

ii) H˘xfl Verbs "å\˜ Ü≥∞Hõ present tense ~°∂Ñ¨=Ú# 'd'LO_»QÍ •xx 't' QÍ =∂~°∞ÛH˘x past tense ~°∂Ñ¨=Úá⁄O Œ∞#∞.

e.g: Bend BentBuild Built

Lend Lent

iii) H˘xfl Verbs "å\˜Ü≥∞Hõ present tense ~°∂Ñ¨=Ú z=~°

'd' QÍx 't' Hõey Ü«ÚO_ç "å\ =ÚO Œ∞#fl n~°…ãfi~°=Ú „ÇÏãfi=Ú

KÕÜ«Ú@KÕ past tense ~°∂Ñ¨=Ú á⁄O Œ∞#∞.

Ex : Bleed ( n~°…ãfi~°=Ú) bled ( „Ç¨Ïã¨fiã¨fi~°=Ú)

breed bred

shoot shot

meet met

lead led

feed fed

iv) H˘xfl Verbs Ü≥∞Hõ present tense ~°∂Ñ¨=Ú z=~° 't' QÍx 'd'

QÍx Ü«ÚO_ç# past tense Ö’ ‰õÄ_® J Õ ~°∂Ñ¨=Ú

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HõeyÜ«ÚO_»#∞.

e.g : Cost, Hit, Hurt, Let, Put, Pid, set, shed, shut,

split, Thrust, spread

6. H˘xfl Ñ¨ Œ=ÚÅ‰õΩ past participle ~°∂Ñ¨=ÚÅ∞ Ô~O_Õã≤ HõÅ=Ù.

Ô~O_»= ≥·# bounden, drunken, gotten, hidden, sunken =O\

Ñ Œ=ÚÅ∞ adjectives QÍ =∂„ «"Õ∞ LÑÜ≥∂yOÑ|_»∞K«∞#flq.

Ex : bounden duty, drunken man, ill gotten wealth,

hidden treasure, sunken man

7. H˘xfl „H˜Ü«∞Å‰õΩ strong ~°∂Ñ¨=Ú weak ~°∂Ñ¨=Ú Ô~O_»∞#∂

HõÅ=Ù.

Ex : Present tense Past tense Past participle

Awake Awoke ( Awaked) Awoke ( Awaked)

Crow Crew ( crowed) Crowed

Thrive Throve (Thrived) Thriven ( Thrived)

Light Lit ( Lighted) Lit ( Lighted)

Wake Woke (waked) Woke ( Waked)

8. H˘xfl Weak verbs Å‰õΩ present tense ~°∂Ñ=Ú# z=~° ÇÏÅ∞¡

kfiQÆ∞©Hõ$ «"≥∞ÿ ed KÕ~°∞ÛH˘x Past tense past participle JQÆ∞#∞.

e.g: Present tense Past tense Past participle

Bar Barred Barred

Bar Barred Barred

Blur Blurred Blurred

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Mar Marred Marred

Tar Tarred Tarred

Bat Batted Batted

VERB ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE„H˜Ü«∞ ó Hõ~°Îi, Hõ~°‡˜ „Ñ¨Ü≥∂QÆ=ÚÅ∞

1. ã¨Hõ~°‡ "åHõº=ÚÅ#∞ Hõ~°Î (subject) „Ñ¨ è•#=ÚQÍ KÕã≤QÍx ÖËHõ

Hõ~°‡ ( object) „Ñ è•#=ÚQÍ KÕã≤QÍx K≥ÑÊ=K«∞Û#∞. "å@x Hõ~°Îi

„ÑÜ≥∂QÆ=ÚÅ∞ ( Active voice) Hõ~°‡ „ÑÜ≥∂QÆ=ÚÅ∞ ( Passive

voice) Jx JO Œ∞~°∞.

e.g : Arjuna killed Karna ( Active Voice)

Karna was killed by Arjuna ( Passive voice)

2. Active Voice ( Hõ~°Îi „Ñ¨Ü≥∂QÆ=Ú ) nxÜ«∞O Œ∞ Hõ~°Î

UkKÕÜ«ÚK«∞#fl^À •xˆH „áê è•#ºq∞=fi|_ç#k.3. passive Voice ( Hõ~°‡˜ „Ñ¨Ü≥∂QÆ=Ú ) nxÜ«∞O Œ∞ Hõ~°‡

( object ) Õxx á⁄O Œ∞K«∞#fl^À K≥ÑÊ|_»∞K«∞#flk. D "åHõº=Ú#object Ju =ÚYº=ÚQÍ #∞O_»∞#∞.

4. Voice J#QÍ subject U"≥∞ÿ<å KÕã≤#^À ÖËHõ •xH"≥∞ÿ# [iy#^À≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù#\ì „H˜Ü«∂Ñ¨ Œ ã¨fi~°∂Ñ¨=Ú

5. Active voice Ö’ L#fl XHõ "åHõº=Ú# Ô~O_»∞ objects (Directobject, Indirect Object) passive voiceL#flÑÙÊ_»∞ Ö’xH

=∂~°∞ÊÑ¨ÙÊ_»∞ U^À XHõ object #∞ „Ñ¨ è•#=Ú KÕã≤ Ô~O_»= ^•xx J>Ë¡

LOK«=K«∞Û#∞. J@∞¡ xÅ∞= LO_ç# object ‰õΩ Retained object

Jx ¿Ñ~°∞ HõÅ Œ∞. passive verb «~°∞"å « LO_»∞#∞.

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e.g : Active Voice Passive Voice

1. Indira refused 1. Admittance was refused to

Narayana admittance Narayana by Indira

IDO DO

2. Desika teaches us 1. English is taught to us by Dsika

English IDO 2. We are taught English by

DO Desika

6. H˘xfl ã¨O Œ~°ƒù=ÚÅÖ’ subject Z=fi~À K≥Ñ¨Ê=Åã≤#

J=ã¨~°=ÚO_» Œ∞. J\ì ã¨=∞Ü«∞=ÚÅO Œ∞ passive voice

LÑÜ≥∂yOÑ|_»∞#∞.

e.g : Bombay was bombed.

Pakistani ship was wrecked.

That temple was built long ago

7. H˘xfl ãO Œ~°ƒù=ÚÅÖ’ Verb passive voice =Ö LO_ç##∞ Jk

passive voice HÍ Œ∞.

e.g : The glass is broken

Rama is gone ( Rama has gone)

8. H˘xfl Transitive verbs Ü≥∞Hõ Active voice ~°∂Ñ=Ú #O Œ∞#fl#∞

"å\x passive voice Ö’ =Ö LÑÜ≥∂yO «∞~°∞.

e.g : Rose smells sweet ( is sweet when it's smelt)

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Mango tastes fine ( is fine when tasted)

Ramayana reads well ( affects the reader well

when read)

VERB - MOOD

„H˜Ü«∂Ñ¨ Œ=Ú – su

1. Verb „Ñ¨Ü≥∂[#=Ú XHõ "åãÎqHõ «#∞ K≥Ñ¨ÙÊ@ ÖËHõ XHõ „Ñ¨â◊fl#∞"ÕÜ«Ú@ ÖËHõ P[˝#∞ ~ÚK«∞Û@ ÖËHõ XHõ TÇ¨ÉèÏ==Ú#∞

"≥e|∞K«∞Û@. W@∞=O\˜ „H˜Ü«∂ Ñ¨ Œ=Ú (verb)#‰õΩ

<åÅ∞æs «∞Å∞#flq. Jq

1. Indicative mood 2. Imperative mood

3. Subjunctive mood 4. Infinitive mood

1. Indicative mood = Hõ#|~°K≥_»∞ su

a) D q èŒ=Ú, XHõ "åãÎqHõ «#∞ ≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù@‰õΩ

LÑÜ≥∂yO «∞~°∞.

e.g : Sita goes to college daily

b) XHõ „Ñ¨â◊fl#∞ "ÕÜ«Ú@‰õΩ ‰õÄ_® LÑ¨Ü≥∂yO «∞~°∞.

e.g : Have you met him?

c) XHõ TÇ¨QÆ « ÉèÏ==Ú#∞ ≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù@‰õΩ ‰õÄ_®

LÑÜ≥∂yO «∞~°∞

e.g : If it rains , I shall not leave home

How beautiful the night is !

2.Imperative mood = q Œº~°úHõsu

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a) nxx XHõ P[˝#∞ K≥Ñ¨ÙÊ@‰õΩ LÑ¨Ü≥∂yO «∞~°∞

(Command)

e.g : Go there. Bring it here. wait here

b) XHõ „áÈ`åûÇ¨Ï=Ú ( ÃÇÏK«ÛiHõ) ≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù@‰õΩLÑÜ≥∂yO «∞~°∞

e.g : Take care of your purse Get ready Try to

catch the train

c) XHõ =∞#q ÖËHõ „áê~°ú# ≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù@‰õΩ LÑ¨Ü≥∂yO «∞~°∞.

e.g : Have kindness for us

Give us our daily bread

3. Subjunctive mood : ÉèË •~°úHõ „ÑÜ≥∂QÆ=Ú

a) XHõ HÀiHõ#∞ ( desire or wish) ≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù@‰õΩ

LÑÜ≥∂yO «∞~°∞

e.g : God be with you ; God save the king

WHõ _» 'be' , ' save' J#∞ Ñ¨ Œ=ÚÅ∞

HÀiHõ#∞ ≥~ÚÜ«∞*ËÜ«ÚK«∞#flq May God

be with you, May God save you Jx

‰õÄ_® K≥Ñ¨Ê=K«∞Û#∞

b) XHõ „Ñ¨Ü≥∂[#=Ú#∞ JiúOz „Ñ¨Ü≥∂yO «∞~°∞

e.g : Take care, that nothing be lost.

Judge not, lest you be Judged.

c) "åãÎqHõ «‰õΩ q~°∞ Œú=ÚQÍ L#fl ÉèÏ=#QÍx, +¨~° «∞QÍx

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K≥Ñ¨ÙÊ@‰õΩ LÑ¨Ü≥∂yOK«∞@ HõÅ Œ∞

e.g: 1. If I were the Indian President,

I would invite the moon to dinner.

2. If I were the king of Tartary, my

throne should be of beaten gold WHõ _» 'were' J#∞#k past tense HÍ Œ∞.XHõ Jã¨OÉèí="≥∞ÿ# ã≤÷ux K≥Ñ¨ÙÊ#∞. XHõ TÇ¨Ö’Hõ=Ú ^•xH˜ „Ñ¨Éèí∞=QÆ∞@

=∞éÜ≥∞Hõ qz„ «"≥∞ÿ# TÇ)(Tartary )

THE INFINITIVE( „H˜Ü«∂ è• «∞~°∂Ñ¨=Ú)

1. „H˜Ü«∂ Ñ¨ Œ=Ú#‰õΩ c[=Ú =O\˜k è• «∞~°∂Ñ¨=Ú

2. I like mangoes J<Õ KÀ@ like J<Õ verb subject Ü≥∞Hõ Number

KÕ « case KÕ « | Œú"≥∞ÿ Ü«Ú#flk. JO Œ∞KÕ « nxx | Œú"≥∞ÿ#,

Ñiq∞ «"≥∞ÿ# verb- 'finite verb'

3. Indicative mood Ö’#∞ subjunctive mood Ö’#∞ Imperative

mood Ö’#∞ L#fl verbs JxflÜ«Ú "finite verbs".

4. J~Ú Õ 'I like to eat mangoes' J<Õ "åHõº=ÚÖ’ 'to eat' J<Õ

„H˜Ü«∞ H=ÅO eat J#∞ Ñ¨ Œ=ÚÜ≥∞Hõ J~°ú ÉèÏ=ã¨∞Êù~°=Ú

KÕÜ«∞K«∞#fl Õ QÍx •xH˜ subject ÖË Œ∞.

nxH˜ subject Ü≥∞Hõ number, case =O\˜ |O èŒ#=ÚÖË Œ∞.JO Œ∞KÕ « nxx |O èŒ#=ÚÖËx „HÜ«∞ JO Œ∞~°∞. WkÜÕ∞ è• «∞

~°∂Ñ=Ú . Infinitive ≥Å∞QÆ∞Ö’x ÉèÏ"å~°úHõ=Ú =O\k.

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XHõ „H˜Ü«∞ Ü≥∞Hõ Present tense ~°∂Ñ¨=Ú#‰õΩ =ÚO Œ∞ 'to'

(in finite sign) Hõeã≤#ÑÙÊ_»∞ Jk U~°Ê_»∞#∞. Jxfl

„H˜Ü«∂Ñ¨ Œ=ÚÅH© q è•#=Ú =iÎOK«∞#∞.

i) "åHõº=Ú# Noun #‰õΩ | Œ∞Å∞ subject QÍ LO_»∞#∞.

e.g : To love is divine

ii) Noun #‰õΩ | Œ∞Å∞ object QÍ LO_»∞#∞

e.g: I love to write

iii) H˘xfl ã¨O Œ~°ƒù=ÚÅÖ’ subject QÍ LO@∂, å#∞

=∞iÜ≥∞Hõ object #∞ ‰õÄ_® fã≤H˘#∞#∞.

e.g: To respect your teacher is your duty.

iv) H˘xfl ã¨O Œ~°ƒ=ÚÅÖ’ object QÍ LO@∂ =∞iÜ≥∞Hõ

object #∞ ‰õÄ_® fã≤H˘#∞#∞.

e.g: Prasad refused to obey instructions.

v) „H˜Ü«∂[#º qâı+¨=ÚQÍ „H˜Ü«∞#∞ QÆ∂iÛ K≥Ñ¨ÙÊ@‰õΩ

e.g: We eat to live; We go to paly

vi) qâı+¨=Ú#∞ qÑ¨ÙbHõiOK«∞@‰õΩ „H˜Ü«∂[#ºqâı+¨=ÚQÍ

e.g : He was eager to know

Quick to grasp

Easy to forget

Beautiful to look

Nice to see

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vii) qâı+¨=Ú=Öˇ <å=∞"åK«Hõ=Ú =i‚OK«∞@‰õΩ

e.g: This is a house to let

'To Let' WK«Û@ <å=∞"åK«Hõ"≥∞ÿ# house #∞ QÆ∂iÛ

K≥ÑÙÊK«∞#flk. a place to visit, a picture to see, debts

to clear.

viii) H˘xfl ã=∞Ü«∞=ÚÅO Œ∞ 'to' J#∞ preposition ÖË‰õΩO_®

LÑÜ≥∂yOÑ|_»∞@ HõÅ Œ∞. ( bid, let, make, need,

dare, see, near ) J#∞ „H˜Ü«∂Ñ¨ Œ=ÚÅ «~°∞"å «)

e.g : Bid him go - "åxx á⁄=∞‡x K≥ÑÙÊ=Ú Let him

stand -"åxx xÅ∞ÛO_»h

ix) =∞iÜ«Ú 'to' ÖË‰õΩO_® Plain infinitive #∞ shall, will, do, did,

should, would, may and might J#∞ „HÜ«∞Å «~°∞"å «

LÑÜ≥∂yOK«=K«∞Û#∞.

e.g : I will play

You shall go

x) J>Ë¡ 'to' ÖË‰õΩO_® had better, had rather, would rather, sooner

than, rather than,J#∞ Ñ Œ=ÚÅ «~åfi « LÑÜ≥∂yOÑ=K«∞Û#∞.

e.g : You had better tell him

xi) Infinitive LÑÜ≥∂QÆ=Ú Noun „ÑÜ≥∂[#=ÚÅ‰õΩ Ñiq∞ «"≥∞ÿ

Ü«Ú#flÑÙÊ_»∞ nxx simple infinitive JO Œ∞~°∞.

xii) J@∞¡QÍHõ Wk qâı+¨=ÚQÍ QÍx, „H˜Ü«∂[#º qâı+¨=ÚQÍ

QÍx LÑÜ≥∂yOÑ|_ç# nxx Gerundial ÖËHõ Qualifying

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Infinitive JxK≥ÑÙÊ Œ∞~°∞.

xiii) =∞iÜ«Ú Infinitive #‰õΩ Tense LO_»=K«∞Û#∞ PÜ«∂

ã¨=∞Ü«∞=ÚÅÖ’ •x ~°∂Ñ¨=ÚÅ∞

Active VoicePresnet : to lovePresent continuous : to be lovingPerfect :to have been

loved (nx<Õ Perfect InfinitiveJO Œ∞~°∞)

Passive VoicePresent : to be lovedPerfect : to have been loved

xiv) To + verb HõÅã≤ infinitive J#|_»∞#∞ D 'to' ‰õΩ verb ‰õΩ

=∞ èŒº =∞é˜Ü≥∞Hõ Ñ¨ Œ=Ú „H˜Ü«∂ qâı+¨=Ú (adverb) =zÛ#

~°∂Ñ=Ú#∞ split infinitive JO Œ∞~°∞.

e.g : To understand J#∞#k infinitive

TO PARTICIPLE Jã¨=∂Ñ¨Hõ „H˜Ü«∞

1. Participle J#∞#k „HÜ«∞‰õΩ#fl |Çï ~°∂Ñ=ÚÅO^˘Hõ\.

2. Hearing the noice, the boy came out WHõ _» 'Hearing the

noice' J#∞ •xx participle phrase Jã=∂ÑHõ „HÜ«∂ÑÓ~°fiHõ

Ñ¨ Œã¨=∂ã¨=Ú Jx JO Œ∞~°∞.

3. Present participle continuous tense Ö’ =K«∞Û#∞

e.g : They are playing now. (ing is called present participle)

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4. Verb past participle ‰õÄ_® LO_»∞#∞. Go, went, gone Ö’

gone =O\q H=ÅO adjective QÍ LÑÜ≥∂yOz#ÑÙÊ_»∞ "å\x

participle adjectives JO Œ∞~°∞.

e.g : Glittering Gold ornaments.

Running waters

Worried look

Loosing game

5. Wq adjectives =Ö degrees of comparisons ‰õÄ_®

HõeæÜ«ÚO_»∞#∞

e.g : Glittering - more glittering - most glittering

Worried - more worried - most worried

6. Active Passive

Present participle = loving. being loved.

Perfect participle = having loved . having been loved.

Past participle = had loved had been loved.

PAST PARTICIPLE1. Participle Ñ Œ=Ú noun #∞ QÍx pronoun #∞ QÍx

qualify KÕÜ«Ú@‰õΩ LÑÜ≥∂yOz#ÑÙÊ_»∞

i) QÆ∞Ï~ÀÑ=ÚQÍ LÑÜ≥∂yOK«=K«∞Û#∞

( attributively )

e.g : A Rolling stone - Present participle

A lost opportunity - past participle

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ii) PMÏº «=ÚQÍ LÑÜ≥∂yOK«=K«∞Û#∞ ( Predicatively)

e.g : Rama kept me waiting ( Present )

Krishna looked tired ( Past)

iii) XHõ Noun QÍx Pronoun QÍx =ÚO Œ∞QÍ #∞O_ç

absolutely ( H=Å=ÚQÍ) LÑÜ≥∂yOÑ|_»=K«∞Û#∞.

e.g : Krishna having arrived,

Arjuna was freed from anxiety

iv) Present, Past Participles Ô~O_»∞#∞ Noun QÆ∂iÛ K≥ÑÙÊK«∞

Adjective èŒ~°‡=Ú x~°fiiÎOK«∞K«∞#flq.

e.g : I saw him crossing the road

Gerund (Verbal Noun)

v) Infinitive completed action #∞ =i‚OK«QÍ, participle

Ñ¨x [~°∞QÆ∞K«∞#fl ã≤÷ux QÆ∂iÛ K≥Ñ¨ÙÊ#∞. Hõ#∞Hõ crossing

J#QÍ while crossing Jx to cross J#QÍ ÑÓiÎQÍ

^•@∞@ Jx J~°ú=Ú. crossing "å_ç#ÑÙÊ_»∞ J «_»∞^•@∞K«∞#fl ã≤÷uÖ’ XHõ Hõ∆=Ú# J «x "ÕÑ¨ÙK«∂zu#x

J~°ú=Ú. to cross (infinitive )"å_ç#ÑÙÊ_»∞ J «#∞ ÑÓiÎQÍ

^•@∞#O «=~°‰õΩ K«∂K«∞K«∞O\˜#x J~°ú=Ú.

vi) J>Ë¡ participle ™ê=∂#º=ÚQÍ [~°∞QÆ∞#ÑÙÊ_»∞

„Ñ¨Ü≥∂yOz# infinitive #∞ „Ñ ÕºHõ q+Ü«∞=Ú#∞

K≥Ñ¨ÙÊ#Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∞ "å_»=Öˇ#∞.

e.g : I prefer reading books to seeing

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pictures ( always)

vii) 'H˘xfl ã¨O Œ~°ƒù=ÚÅÖ’ =ÚYº=ÚQÍ for' #∞

LÑÜ≥∂yOK«∞#ÑÙÊ_»∞ infinitive Ñx ÑÓiÎHÍHõ ÑÓ~°fi"Õ∞

Jx J~°ú=Ú K≥Ñ¨ÙÊ#∞.

e.g : I paid him to translate the book into Tamil

viii) particple Ñ¨x Ñ¨ÓiÎÜ≥ÿ∞# «~°∞"å « Jx K≥Ñ¨ÙÊ#∞

e.g : I paid him for translating the book into

Tamil

THE GERUND1. „H˜Ü«∂ Ñ¨ Œ=Ú Ü≥∞Hõ ~°∂Ñ¨=∞O^˘Hõ\˜ Wk.

2. Participle adjective QÍ „Ñ=iÎOÑQÍ, Gerund <å=∞ "åK«Hõ=ÚQÍ

Ñ¨xKÕÜ«Ú#∞. JO Œ∞KÕ « nxx Verb-noun JO Œ∞~°∞.

3. HÍ=Ù# Gerund J#QÍ 'ing' À JO «=∞QÆ∞ „H˜Ü«∂~°∂Ñ¨=ÚÃÑ·

Noun Ü≥∞Hõ Verb Ü≥∞Hõ â◊HÎ HõeyÜ«Ú#fl Ñ¨ Œ=Ú

e.g : Reading is a good habit. ( D "åHõº=Ú

Reading J#∞ Gerund, subject QÍ LO_ç

<å=∞"åK«Hõ=Ú Ñ¨x KÕÜ«ÚK«∞#flk.

4. Teach me swimming D "åHõº=ÚÖ’ Swimming J#∞ gerund,

object QÍ LO_ç Noun Ñ¨x KÕÜ«ÚK«∞#flk

5. Gerund Ñ¨ Œ=Ú H˘xfl ~Ú «~° Ñ¨ Œ=ÚÅ#∞ ã¨=∞‰õÄ~°∞ÛH˘x

ã=∂ã"≥∞ÿ Compound gerund Jx Ñ≤Å∞=|_»∞K«∞#flk.

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e.g : He was charged of having stolen the money

TRANSITIVE VERB GERUND (FUNCTIONS LIKE TO

NOUN ) #‰õΩ L#fl ~°∂Ñ=ÚÅ∞Active Passive

Present loving being loved

Perfect having loved having been loved

GERUND LÑÜ≥∂QÆ=ÚÅ∞

1. XHõ „H˜Ü«∞‰õΩ subject QÍ

e.g : Reading is a good habit

2. XHõ transitive verb ‰õΩ object QÍ

e.g: Children like playing in mud

3. XHõ Preposition ‰õΩ object QÍ

e.g: I am tired of walking

He is fond of running

4. XHõ „HÜ«∞‰õΩ Complement QÍ

e.g: Seeing is believing

Swimming is exercising

5. H=Å=Ú ( absolutely)

e.g: Hunting animals being his aversion

We did not hunt any animals.

6. Do you like us coming in ?

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Do you like our coming in?

Raman's coming in

7. Gerund KÕÜ«Ú Ñ¨#∞ÅÖ’ XHõ <å=∞"åK«Hõ=Ú KÕÜ«Ú

Ñ¨xÜ≥ÿ∞##∞ <å=∞"åK«Hõ=Ú#‰õΩ =Öˇ nxÜ«∞O Œ∞ article

LO_» Œ∞.

e.g: Hunting Lions was his hobby. D "åHõº=ÚÖ’

hunting „HÜ«∞=Ö ‰õÄ_® ÑxKÕã≤ 'Lions'

Ñ¨^Œ=Ú#∞ object QÍ fã≤H˘#∞K«∞#flk.

8. H=Å=Ú noun =Ö ÑxKÕÜ«ÚK«∞#fl gerund Å#∞ verbal nouns

JO Œ∞~°∞. gx=ÚO Œ∞ definite article J~Ú# 'The' ‰õÄ_®

LO_»∞#∞.

9. H˘xfl ãO Œ~°ƒù=ÚÅÖ’ Gerund Infinitive D Ô~O\H

~°∂Ñ¨™ê=∞º=Ú ÖË‰õΩ#fl#∞ J~°ú™ê=∞º=Ú#fl@∞¡ HõxÑ≤OK«∞#∞.

J\ì KÀ@ nxx LÑ¨Ü≥∂yOÑ¨=Öˇ##fl – Gerund ™ê=∂#º

èŒ~°‡=Ú#∞ ÕÌtOÑQÍ (general case) Infinitive XHÍ<˘Hõ „Ñ ÕºHõ

ãO Œ~°ƒù=Ú# ( particular case) LÑÜ≥∂yOÑÖ#∞.

e.g: I hate telling lies ( General case)

I hate to tell you lies ( particular case)

AUXILIARY VERBSã¨Ç¨Ü«∞Hõ „H˜Ü«∞Å∞

1. I have pen ( I possess a pen)

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D "åHõº=ÚÖ’ have J#∞ verb #‰õΩ J~°ú=Ú ã¨OÑ¨Ó~°‚"≥∞ÿ#k.

W\ì verb #∞ verb with full meaning ÖËHõ principal verb

JO Œ∞~°∞.

2. I have lost my pen

D "åHõº=Ú# have J#∞ verb, =∞iÜ≥∞Hõ verb J~Ú# 'lost'

Ü≥∞Hõ J~°ú=Ú ÑÓiÎ JQÆ∞@‰õΩ À_»Ê_ç#k. HÍ=Ù# nxx auxiliary

verb (ã¨Ç¨Ü«∞Hõ „H˜Ü«∞) JO Œ∞~°∞.

3. ã¨Ç¨Ü«∞Hõ „H˜Ü«∞Å∞

Primary auxiliary

1. Have, has, had,

2. Do, does, did

3. Be, ( am , is, are, was, were, been, being)

Model auxiliary -

4. Shall - futurity

5. will - futurity

6. can-ability 7.may-Probability

8. ought to 9. used ot

10. need 11. dare

Primry auxiliaries are only used as principle verbs.They are used

to identify the Mood, Tense and voice of the Principal verbs.

4. 'to have' Ü≥∞Hõ ~°∂Ñ¨=ÚÖË, has, had, have, 'to do' Ü≥∞Hõ

~°∂Ñ¨=ÚÖË do, does, did; to be Ü≥∞Hõ ~°∂Ñ¨=ÚÖË is, are,

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am, was, were Auxiliary verbs QÍ LÑÜ≥∂yOÑ|_»∞@‰õΩ

L^•ÇÏ~°=ÚÅ∞

Have : I have taken my breakfast

Be : I am loved : He was loved.

I am writing. He was writing

Do : Do you say so? I do not say so.

Shall : I shall come tonight

Will : She will go next saturday

Should: He said that I should go.

Would : If he were here, I would tell him.

5. D Auxiliary verbs H =∞iÜ≥ÚHõ ¿Ñé∞ helping verbs. Wq

=ÚYº=ÚQÍ

1. Negative sentences #∞ ~°∂á⁄OkOK«∞@‰õΩ

2. Interrogative sentences #∞ ~°∂á⁄OkOK«∞@‰õΩ

3. Tenses #∞ =ÚYº=ÚQÍ continuous, perfect, perfect

continuous tenses #∞ ~°∂á⁄OkOK«∞@‰õΩ

4. „Ñ¨â◊flÅ‰õΩ „Ç¨Ïã¨fi~°∂Ñ¨=ÚÖ’ ["å|∞Å∞ K≥Ñ¨ÙÊ@‰õΩ#∞

LÑÜ≥∂yOK«∞#∞

1. Negative sentences : =ºu~HÍ~°úHõ "åHõº=ÚÅ∞

e.g : The weather is not fine

I do not like playing foot-ball

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Negative forms U~°Ê_»∞@‰õΩ =K«∞Û ãÇÜ«∞Hõ „HÜ«∞Å∞ – "å\ ~°∂Ñ=ÚÅ∞

™ê^è•~° ~°∂Ñ¨=Ú =ºuˆ~HÍ~°úHõ=Ú „Ç¨Ïã¨fi~°∂Ñ¨=Ú

Affirmative Negative Short form

1. Be :

I am I am not I'm not

We are We are not we aren't

You are you are not you aren't

They are They are not They aren't

He is He is not He isn't

She is She is not She isn't

It is It is not It isn't

2. Have : nxx Ô~O_»~°ú=ÚÅÖ’ „QÆÇ≤ÏO «∞=Ú

1. Permanent Possession ( âßâ◊fi «=ÚQÍ HõeyÜ«ÚO_»∞@

J#∞ J~°ú=ÚÖ’)

e.g : I have two brothers

2. Temporary possession ( å`å¯eHõ=ÚQÍ

HõeyÜ«ÚO_»∞@ J#∞ J~°ú=ÚÖ’)

e.g : Just a minute ago, I had my tea

Temporary e.g : I do not have my break fast before Nine' O' clock.

habitual : He does not have- He doesn't have, We do not have

- We don't have

I can I can not I can't

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I may I may not I mayn't

I must I must not I mustn't

I shall I shall not I shan't

I will I will not I won't

Shan't shouldn't

Won't wouldn't

must /should ( had to)

II „Ñ¨âßfl~°úHõ "åHõº=ÚÅ∞

e.g : Is the weather fine?

1. „Ñ¨â◊fl ~°∂Ñ¨=ÚÖ’ =ºuˆ~HÍ~°úHõ=ÚÅ∞O_»=K«∞Û#∞.

e.g: Is not the weather fine?

Affirmative Interrogative Negative Question1. Be :

I am ..... Am I......? Amn't I ......?We are...... Are we ....? Aren't We.....?

ÖËHõAren't

He's...... Is he........? Is not he......?ÖËHõIsn't

2. Have a) âßâ◊fi`å~°ú=Ú

I have ...... Have I.......? Haven't I......?

He has...... Has he ......? Hasn't he......?

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b) å`å¯eHõ JÅ"å@∞¡ =ÔQ·~å.

We have..... Do we have.....? Don't we have .....?

He has..... Does he have ....? Doesn't he have ....?

3. q∞ye# Auxiliary Verbs

I can..... Can I.....? Can't I........?

I may..... May I.....? Mayn't I.....?

I must...... must I.....? mustn't I.....?

I shall.... shall I.....? shan't I .....?

I will..... will I.....? won't I.....?

4. H˘xfl „Ñâ◊flÅ∞, Short form responses

Question Response

Affirmative Negative1. Are you fond of fish ? Yes, I am , I am not2 .Do you like sweets ? Yes, I do No. I don't3. Will you come tomorrow? Yes, I will No. I won't4. Can you speak English? Yes , I can No . I can't5. Can I go? ( permission) Yes, I am You must not6 .May I come in ? Yes, You may No. You may not7. Must I meet him today itself Yes, You must No. You must not

No. You need not

(¿ãfiK«Ûù)

8. Need she come tomorrow? ( I am afraid) No, she need not

(W\˜ìKÀ@ noJ#∞ ["å|∞ L^ÕÌ She must.

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tOÑ¨|_»∞#∞

9. Have I got to meet her today? Yes you have got to 1. No, You haven't got to

( ¿ãfiK«Ûù)

2. No, you are not to

( qkè)

10. Do I have to get up at 6.30 Yes, You have to,

every day ( Habitual) No, you don'tneed to

5.Statement Agree Disagree1.The weather is fine today Yes, it is No, it is not2.They played well Yes, they did No, they didn't3.They are playing well Yes, they are No, they are not4.He gets up very early Yes, he does No he doesn't5.I know Tamil Yes, you do No, you don't6.They must go now Yes, they must. No, they need not7.He does not like dogs Yes, he does not But he does.8.You can't eat it all Yes you can No I can't

9. Apples are dear Yes, they are No, They aren't

6. ADDITIONS TO REMARKS

( „Ñ¨ «∞ºÑ¨áê Œ#Å∞)

Statement Addition

1. Apples are dear. Apples are dear

Oranges are also dear. So are oranges

2. James watt was an inventor James watt was an inventor

Edison was also an inventor So was Edison

3. She knows Tamil She knows Tamil

Her husband also knows So does her husband

4. She knows Tamil She knows Tamil

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Her children also know So do her children

5. She wrote poetry She wrote poetry

He also wrote poetry so did he

6. I can do it I can do it

You can also do it so can you

7. He hasn't any time He hasn't any time

I have no time too Nor have I

8. You did not pay him You did not pay him

I too did not pay him Nor did I

7. QUESTION TAGS

1. Question tags Ô~O_»∞ q èŒ=ÚÅ∞

1. Positive statement #‰õΩ negative tag

2. Negative statement #‰õΩ positive tag.

1. Positive statement #‰õΩ negative tag.

e.g: 1. He has come back, hasn't he?

2. He came yesterday, didn't he?

3. I didn't hurt you, Did I ?

4. Stop that noise, will you?

( WHõ _» imperative sentence Ö’x f„= «#∞ «yæOz

H˘OK≥=Ú '=∞~åº Œ— #∞ ã¨∂zOK«∞@ Hõ#∞Hõ " Negative

tag " ~å Œ∞. HÍx had, better, rather =zÛ#ÑÙ_»∞ negative

tag =K«∞Û#∞.)

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TAG QUESTIONS To provide an extra force to a statement, tag questions are oftenattached. We come across them in conversation and in informallettersThe tag is an incomplete question.Generally, the tag pattern is………….Auxiliary / Model + n’t + Pronoun (sub) followed by a question mark.Auxiliary /Model + Pronoun (sub) followed by a quark.A Positive statement takes Negative TagA negative statement takes Positive Tag.Made for each – Other :01. Positive statements hug negative tags :

E.g. She signs well, doesn’t she?*(in the absence of an auxiliary verb,. ‘ do’ does the action)

02. Negative statements join hands with positive tags;E.g. Sheela does not work hard, does she?

03. When half-negatives or depreciative words – little, few,hardly scarcely used in a statement, it is considered negativeand goes with a positive tag.E.g. He seldom does his work, does he?

04. “ A few” and a little are used in positive sense and get withnegative tags.E.g. A few students attended the class, didn’t they?

05. Only as adverb, tags with both the statements- Positive andNegativeE.g. There are only ten students , aren’t there?

06. If a personal pronoun is used as the subject, it is to be retainedin the tag; if a noun is used as subject, ‘he’, ‘she’, ‘it’ or‘they’ is used in the tags.E.g. The boy is blind , isn’t he?

Shilpa has a car, hasn’t She?

07. if the indefinite pronoun ‘ one’ is used as the subject , itshould be retained in the tag :E.g. One should be sincere in one’s work, shouldn’tone?

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08. When have is used with a sense of possession ‘do’, does,or ‘did’ is used in the tag (a negative tag)Eg. He has lunch at noon. Doesn’t he?

09. For Proposals - positive tag is used.Eg. Let’s have a little break, shall we?

10. Imperative verbs tug with positive tags.E.g. Come early will you ?

11. if the verb is a compound tense, auxiliary alone is used.12. if the auxiliary is a compound form. The first word of it is

used.13. Therefore for this purpose can, may, ought and ‘ need’ are

treated as auxiliary verbs.E.g. He has finished the work. Hasn’t he?

His car is being repaired , isn’t it?

14. if ‘ it/There is used as the introductory subject, it is to beretained in the tag.E.g. Three is a cozy house isn’t there?

15. Statements expressing impatience take the tag - can’t you?E.g. Use your intelligent, can’t you?

16. Anyone, everyone and someone are singular, but take tagsin plural.E.g. Every body can’t become rich, can they?

17. None of followed by plural noun takes plural tag.E.g. None of the students passed. did they?

18. When the speaker is not included in the list of the latecomers, you can use ‘they’ instead of ‘we’E.g. Some of us were detained , weren’t they?

19. In imaginary conditions …………..E.g. I shouldn’t be surprised if he married her, would you?

20. When something , anything, everything or nothing is used asthe subject ‘it’ is used in the tag.E.g. Nothing is new here, is it?

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DEFECTIVE VERBSÖ’Ñ=Ú#fl „HÜ«∞Å∞

Definition : H˘xfl „H˜Ü«∞Å∞ Jxfl tenses Ö’#∞ moods Ö’#∞

LÑÜ≥∂yOK«∞@‰õΩ gÅ∞ÖË Œ∞. J\ì verbs #∞ defective verbs

JO Œ∞~°∞. Wq shall, will, may, can, must, ought, dare,

need, quoth J#∞#q. g\H present participle, past

participle ~°∂Ñ=ÚÅ∞ ÖË=Ù.

I. Uses of 'Shall'

a) I shall be much obliged

b) Thou shall not stealII. Uses of 'will'

1. It will be a long time before I come here again2. Any one will tell you the address if you ask

III. Uses of 'may'1. Probability ≥Å∞ÑÙ#ÑÙ_»∞

It may be trueHe may be right

You may miss the train

2. Permission ≥eÜ«∞ *ËÜ«Ú#ÑÙ_»∞ ( J#∞=∞u)

May I come in ?

You may go

3. HÀiHõ#∞ ≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù#Ñ¨Ù_»∞

May you live long!

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May you be blessed !

4. XHõ „Ñ¨Ü≥∂[#=Ú#∞ ≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù#Ñ¨Ù_»∞

We eat that we may live

He runs that he may catch the bus.

IV. Uses of 'might'

1. I might not come again

2. Might I live to see my great grand child

V. Uses of 'can' :

a. â◊HÎ ™ê=∞~°Ìº=ÚÅ#∞ ≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù@‰õΩ 'can'LÑ¨Ü≥∂yOÑ¨|_»∞#∞.

I can write ( I am able to write )

I can lift that box

b. J#∞=∞ux ≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù@‰õΩ ‰õÄ_® 'can' LÑ¨Ü≥∂yO «∞~°∞.

You can go ( yo are permitted to go)

VI. Uses of 'could'

Even as a boy he could sing well.

Rama tried to catch the bus but he could not

VII. Uses of ' must'

1. P=â◊ºHõ « ÖËHõ ÉÏ èŒº « ≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù@

We must obey the laws.

Meena must sing

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2. èŒ$_è» ã¨OHõÅÊ=Ú#∞ ≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù@‰õΩ

I must have my way at this meeting.

3. q Œ∞HõÎ èŒ~°‡=Ú#∞ ≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù@‰õΩ

A magistrate must be upright

4. XHõ "åãÎqHõ «Ü«∞O Œ∞ xâ◊ÛÜ«∞"≥∞ÿ# qâßfiã¨=Ú#∞ ≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù@‰õΩ

Somebody must have removed the fish plates

5. Jx "å~°º"≥∞ÿ# ã≤÷ux K≥Ñ¨ÙÊ@‰õΩ

All living beings must die

VIII. Uses of 'ought' - obligation

He ought to love his brothers.

You ought to read properly

IX. Uses of 'dare'

He dare not come this way

He dare not enter this building

X. Uses of 'need'

She need not go

Need he sing now?

XI. Uses of the word ' quoth'

Quoth I

I see quoth he

( ™ê è•~°=ÚQÍ WÑ¨ÙÊ_ô Ñ¨ Œ=Ú Ñ¨ Œº=ÚÅO Œ∞ =∂„ «"Õ∞

LÑÜ≥∂yOÑ|_»∞K«∞#flk).

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THE ADJECTIVE1) Attributively QÆ∞Ï «‡Hõ=Ú

e.g: The brave boy was praised.

2) Predicatively QÆ∞Ï «‡Hõ=Ú

e.g : Rama is afraid of his teacher

He is quite well

KINDS OF ADJECTIVES ( qâı+¨ Ñ¨ Œ=ÚÅÖ’ ~°Hõ=ÚÅ∞)Adjectives U_»∞ q èŒ=ÚÅ∞ ó

1. Adjectives of Quality : QÆ∞qâı+=ÚÅ∞

e.g : Guntur is a large town

D „HOk "å\x Proper adjectives Jx H˘O « =∞Ok JO Œ∞~°∞.

HÍx Wq ‰õÄ_® Adjectives of Quality ≥QÆ‰õΩ K≥Ok#"Õ.

e.g: Indian tea, Frech wines, Turkish tobacco, Chinese

dish

2. Adjectives of Quantity : Ñi=∂=Ú#∞ ≥Å∞ÑÙ qâı+=ÚÅ∞

e.g : He has enough money

3. Adjectives of numbers : ãOMÏº"åK«Hõ qâı+=ÚÅ∞

( Numerical adjectives) ordinals, There are five boys

e.g : Saturday is the seventh (cardinals) day of the week

4. Demonstrative adjectives : x~°∂Ñ KÕÜ«Ú qâı+=ÚÅ∞

e.g : This book is the best on the subject

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That boy, those boys, these roses, such a hurry

5. Interrogative adjectives = „Ñâßfl~°úHõ=ÚÖ·# qâı+=ÚÅ∞

e.g : Whose pen is this? Which way do you take?

6. Emphasizing adjectives = <˘H¯ K≥ÑÙÊ qâı+=ÚÅ∞

e.g: Mind your own business

This is the very word you said before

7. Exclamatory adjectives = Pâ◊Û~åº~°úHõ"≥∞ÿ# qâı+=ÚÅ∞

e.g : What a pity !, What a piece of art !

What a curse !

NUMERICAL ADJECTIVES – ãOMÏº"åK«Hõqâı+¨=ÚÅ∞

D ~°Hõ=ÚÖ·# qâı+¨=ÚÅ∞ =¸_»∞ q èŒ=ÚÅ∞ ó

1. Definite numerical Adjectives = ãiQÍ ãOYº#∞ ≥Å∞ÑÙ

ã¨OMÏº qâı+¨=ÚÅ∞

Ex : i) Cardinals = One, two, three

ii) Ordinals = First, Second, third

2. Indefinite Numerical adjectives = Wq ãiQÍ ãOYº#∞

`≥Å∞Ñ¨=Ù

Ex : All, no, many, few, some, any, certain, several , sundry

3. Distributive numerical Adjectives = D qâı+=ÚÅ∞ XHõ

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ã¨OYºÖ’ „Ñ¨u^•xx QÆ∞iOz K≥Ñ¨ÙÊ#∞

e.g : Every, either, neither, each

COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES –qâı+=ÚÅ «~° «=∞=ÚÅ∞

1. Positive degree = ™ê è•~° ã≤÷u

e.g : Rama's shirt is white ~å=Úx K˘HÍ¯ ≥Å¡QÍ#∞#flk

2. Comparative degree = JkèHõ «~° Œâ◊

e.g : Krishna's shirt is whiter than Rama's Hõ$+µ‚x K˘HÍ¯

~å=Úx K˘HÍ¯ HõO>Ë ≥Å¡QÍ #∞#flk.

3. Superlative degree = JkèHõ «=∞"≥∞ÿ# Œâ◊

e.g: Gopal's shirt is the whitest of all QÀáêÅ∞x K˘HÍ¯

JO ŒiK˘HÍ¯ÅÖ’ q∞H˜ e ≥Å¡xk

a) Ô~O_»∞ QÍx JO «Hõ#fl Z‰õΩ¯= QÍx ã≤Å|∞Å∞ QÆÅ H˘xfl

Adjectives positive degree #∞O_ç

Comparitive degree QÍ =∂~°∞Ê K≥O Œ∞#ÑÙÊ_»∞ 'more'J#∞

Adverb Ñ¨^Œ=Ú#∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞#∞.

Superlative degree QÍ =∂~°∞Ê K≥O Œ∞#ÑÙÊ_»∞ most J#∞

adverb Ñ¨ Œ=Ú#∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞#∞

Positive Comparative Superlative

e.g : Splendid More splendid Most splendid

b) Latin ÉèÏ+¨#∞O_ç POQÆ¡ ÉèÏ+¨Ö’xH˜ =zÛ# H˘xfl

Adjectives, Comparitive degree ~°∂Ñ=ÚÖ’

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#∞O_»∞#∞. Jq

e.g : Interior, Exterior, Ulterior, ( D 5

#∞ "å_»∞HõÖ’ Positive degree Ö’x

Adjectives =Ö LÑÜ≥∂yOÑ |_»∞K«∞#flq.

g\˜x 'than' À LÑ¨Ü≥∂yOK«~å Œ∞."å\˜ À 'to'

LÑÜ≥∂yOK«=Ö#∞.

e.g: Ulterior motive. Exterior wall minor

Amendments.

c) Inferior, Superior, Prior, Anterior, Posterior, Senior,

Junior, ( D 7 #∞ Comparitive degree Ö’

LÑÜ≥∂yOÑ|_»∞K«∞#flq Ex : I am senior to him)

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adjectives ( qâı+¨=ÚÅ∞)

Fruitful = Ñ¶¨Å=O`«"≥∞ÿ#Purposeful = „Ñ¨Ü≥∂[#"≥∞ÿ#Luckless = J Œ$+ì=Ú ÖËxSenseless = *Ï˝#=ÚÖËxWomanly = „ã‘Î=O\˜Manly = Ñ¨Ù~°∞+¨µx=O\˜Golden = É O Q Í ~ ° = ÚÖÏO\˜Silken = Ñ¨@∞ì=O\˜Good = =∞OzBad = K≥_»∞Long = á⁄_»"≥·#Short = á⁄\ìWide = "≥_»Å∞ÊThick = Œà◊ã¨iThin = Ñ¨Å∞K«xThat = JkThis = WkMuch = Z‰õΩ¯=Little = `«‰õΩ¯=Many = KåÅWhich = UkWhat = Uq∞\

Whose = Z=iÜ≥ÚHõ¯Lucky = J Œ$+ª=Ú HõÅCheap = K«=ÙÔH·#Costly = Ys^≥·#Strong = |Å"≥∞ÿ#Weak = |ÅÇ‘Ï#"≥∞ÿ#Tall = á⁄_»"≥·#New = „H˘ «ÎOld = áê «Clever = ≥e"≥·#Foolish = ≥eq «‰õΩ¯=Great = Q˘ÑÊSmall = z#flBrave = è≥·~°º"≥∞ÿ#Timid = Ñ≤iH˜Beautiful = JO Œ"≥∞ÿ#Ugly = qHÍ~°"≥∞ÿ#Fine = ÉÏQÆ∞#flHeavy = |~°∞"≥·#Light = ÕeÔH·#Difficult = Hõiî#"≥∞ÿ#Easy = ÕeÔH·#Hot = "Õ_çCold = K«Å¡x

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Happy = ãÖ`À+¨Hõ~°"≥∞ÿ#

Sad = qKå~°Hõ~°"≥∞ÿ#

Round = QÆ∞O„_»xCurved = =OHõ~°Straight = u#flxUpper = ÃÑ·#Lower = „HÕ^ŒInner = Ö’ÑëOuter = "≥Å∞ÑeSuperior = „âı+¨ª"≥∞ÿ#Inferior = `«‰õΩ¯"≥·#Senior = ÃÑ ŒÌ J~Ú#Junior = Ñ≤#fl J~Ú#Boyish = Ñ≤Å¡ «#=Ú QÆÅCareful = *Ï„QÆ «Î QÆÅCheerful = LÖÏ¡ã¨=Ú QÆÅCourageous = è≥·~°º=Ú QÆÅColonial = =Åã¨‰õΩ

ãÖ|OkèOz#Dangerous = JáêÜ«∞=Ú QÆÅDirty = =ÚiH˜Ü≥ÿ∞#Earthly = Éèí∂ ( WÇ¨Ï)

ãÖ|O èŒ"≥∞ÿ#Envious = â◊ «$ «fi=ÚQÆÅ

Faithful = qâßfiã¨=Ú QÆÅFamous = H©iÎQÆÅFoolish = ≥eqÖËxFlowery = Ñ¨Ù+¨Ê=ÚÅ∞QÆÅ,

ã¨∞O Œ~°"≥∞ÿ#Glorious = „ÑMÏºuQÆÅVirtuous = huQÆÅVicious = K≥_»∞|∞kúQÆÅVainglorious = Ju QÆifiÜ≥ÿ∞#Valuable = qÅ∞=QÆÅWorthy = Ü≥∂QÆº «QÆÅZealous = Ñ@∞ì ŒÅ QÆÅCeaseless = =ÚyÜ«∞#\ìDecisive = xâ◊ÛÜ«∞"≥∞ÿ#Eatable = u# Œy#Indicative = K«∂ÃÑ_»∞Lovable = „¿Ñq∞OÑ¨ «y#Movable = Hõ ŒeOK« Œy#Relative = ãÖ|O èŒ=Ú QÆÅTalkative = =∂\Ï_»∞

ã¨fiÉèÏ==Ú QÆÅWakeful = "Õ∞ÖÁ¯xÜ«ÚO_»∞Wavy = ÔH~°@=Ú=O\˜Lengthy = á⁄_»"≥·#Changeable = =∂~°∞ÊK≥O ŒQÆÅManageable = #_»∞ÑQÆÅ

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Courageous = è≥·~°º=Ú QÆÅLoaded = |~°∞=Ù "ÕÜ«∞|_ç#Gifted = „Ñ¨[˝HõÅVilainous = Œ∞~å‡~°æ"≥∞ÿ#Laughable = Ç¨™êºã¨Ê^Œ"≥∞ÿ#Movable = Hõ ŒÖ_çCheerless = P#O Œ=Ú ÖËxTireless = JÅã¨@ÖËxBiggish = ÃÑ ŒÌ ≥·#Smallish = z#fl ≥·#Twofold = Ô~O_»∞Ô~>ÿ¡#Fivefold = S Œ∞Ô~>ÿ¡#Adjective Phrases

A crown made of goldA cloak of purple colourAn elephant with a white skin.

A track through the jungle.A boywith blue eyesA villge without any inhabitants.A page with no writing on it.The day of greatest length.The flag of SpainA load of great weight.

Tragic-TragicalWhole- WholesomeThree- ThreefoldBlack- BlackishWhite- WhitishSick - SicklyA golden crownA purple cloakA white elephantA jungle trackA blue-eyed boyA deserted villageA blank pageThe longest day.The Spanish flag.

A heavy load.

ADJECTIVESPositive Degree Comparitive Degree Superlative Degree

Short = á⁄\ì Shorter Shortest

Long = á⁄_»=Ù Longer Longest

Strong = |Å=ÚQÆÅ Stronger Strongest

Quick = `˘O Œ~° Quicker Quickest

Hot = "Õ_ç Hotter Hottest

Tall = á⁄_»=Ù Taller Tallest

Young = z#fl Younger Youngest

Old = ÃÑ Œ Older Oldest

Thick = Œ@ì=Ú Thicker Thickest

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New = H˘ «Î Newer Newest

Great = Q˘ÑÊ Greater Greatest

Noble = Q˘ÑÊ Nobler Noblest

Brave = è≥·~°º=ÚQÆÅ Braver Bravest

Able = ã=∞~°ú «QÆÅ Abler Ablest

Wise = ≥eqQÆÅ Wiser Wisest

Large = ÃÑ ŒÌ Larger Largest

Fine = ÉÏQÆ∞#fl Finer Finest

Pale = áêeáÈ~Ú# Paler Palest

Heavy = |~°∞"≥·# Heavier Heaviest

Merry = Ç¨ïëê~°∞QÍ Merrier Merriest

Bulky = ÃÑ ŒÌkQÍ Bulkier Bulkiest

Easy = ã¨∞à◊√=ÙQÍ Easier Easiest

Happy = ã¨O`À+¨=ÚQÍ Happier Happiest

Witty = #=ÙfiÑ¨Ù\˜ìOK«∞ Wittier Wittiest

Big = ÃÑ ŒÌ Bigger Biggest

Sad = qKå~°Hõ~°"≥∞ÿ# Sadder Saddest

Red = Z~°∞Ñ¨Ù Redder Reddest

Good = =∞Oz Better Best

Bad = K≥_»∞ Worse Worst

Well = =∞Oz Better Best

Many = KåÖÏ More Most

Much = Z‰õΩ¯= More Most

Old = =Úã¨e Elder Eldest

Out = |Ü«∞@ Utter utmost

Out = |Ü«∞@ Outer utmost

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Late = PÅã¨º=ÚQÍ Later Latest

Late = «~°∞"å « Latter Lost

Little = `«‰õΩ¯= Less Least

ill = K≥_»¤ Worst Worst

Far = Œ∂~°=ÚQÆ Farther Farthest

Fore = =ÚO Œ∞ Former First or Foremost

Beautiful = JO Œ"≥∞#ÿ More beautiful Mostbeautiful

Learned = áêO_ç`«º=Ú More learned Most learned

QÆÅGifted = „Ñ[QÆÅ More gifted Most gifted

Benefited = ÖÏÉèí=Úá⁄Ok More benefited Mostbenefited

Courageous= è≥·~°º=ÚQÆÅ More courageous Most coura-geous

Difficult = zÔH·¯# More difficult Most difficult

Proper = ã¨iÜ≥ÿ∞# More proper Most proper

Near = ŒQÆæ~°QÆ Nearer Nearest

Clear = ãÊ+ì=ÚQÆ Clearer Clearest

Hard = Hõ+ì=ÚQÆ Harder Hardest

Loud = aQÆæ~°QÆ Louder Loudest

Fast = `˘O Œ~°QÆ Faster Fastest

Little = H˘OK≥=Ú Less Least

Well = ÉÏQÆ∞QÆ Better Best

Lovely = JO Œ=ÚQÆ More Lovely/ Most lovely/ Lovelier Loveliest

Clearly = ãÊ+ì=ÚQÆ More clearly Most clearly

Carefully = *Ï„QÆ «ÎQÆ More carefully Most carefully

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ADVERB( „H˜Ü«∂ qâı+¨=Ú)

Definition : XHõ verb#∞ QÍx, adjective QÍx ÖËHõ =∞iÜ≥ÚHõ adverb

q=iOz ÖËHõ =i‚OK«∞ Ñ Œ=Ú#‰õΩ adverb Jx ¿Ñ~°∞. Wk ˘q∞flk q èŒ=ÚÅ∞.

i) Adverbs of Time = D adverbs HÍÅ=Ú#∞ ≥Å∞ÑÙ#∞

e.g: Now = Present tense

today

Already

before = Past tense

lately

Yesterday

Tomorrow, not yet

here after, hence forth

hence forward, immediately = Future tense

by and by, instantly

presently, straightly

Oft, Often, often times

weekly, yearly, when

even, again, soon = Adverbs of time

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something, seldom

( indefinite)

daily, monthly, always

Then never

2. Adverbs of number : ãOMÏºÑÓ~°fiHõ „HÜ«∂qâı+=ÚÅ∞ Ex

: Once, Twice, three times

3. Adverbs of place : ™ê÷#=Ú#∞ ≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù „H˜Ü«∂ qâı+¨=ÚÅ∞

e.g : Here, There, Where, Here in, whither, Hither,

Elsewhere, Anywhere,

Somewhere, Nowhere, Whence, Thence, Thither,

Upward, Downward, Forward, Backward.

4. Adverbs of manner : q è•#=Ú#∞ ≥Å∞Ñ#q

e.g: Wisely, Justly, Quickly, Foolishly, Unjustly, Slowly.

5. Adverbs of degree or quantity : Ñiq∞u ≥Å∞ÑÙ „HÜ«∂

qâı+¨=ÚÅ∞

e.g : Much, Enough, Little , Sufficiently, Abundantly,

Almost, ( Adverbs of quantity)

6. Adverbs of Affirmation and Negation ã≤÷~°Ñ~°K≥_»∞ =∞iÜ«Ú

ÖË Œ#∞ÉèÏ==Ú ã¨∂zOK«∞ „H˜Ü«∂ qâı+¨=ÚÅ∞

e.g: Adverbs of affirmation :

Verily, Truly, undoubtedly, yes, surely, indeed, doubtlesly,

certainly, really

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Adverbs of negation :

Nay, No, Not, Not at all, By no means

7. Adverbs of reason : ¿ÇÏ «∞x~°∂Ñ¨ „H˜Ü«∂ qâı+¨=Ú

e.g : 1. Sita therefore left the house

2. Rama is hence unable to agree with Bharata

8. Interrogative adverbs : „Ñâ◊flÅ∞ "ÕÜ«Ú@‰õΩ LÑÜ≥∂yOK«∞

„H˜Ü«∂ qâı+¨=Ú

e.g : How, wherefore, ( U HÍ~°=Ú KÕ « ) why, whether

9. Relative adverbs : ãO|O èŒ „HÜ«∂ qâı+=ÚÅ∞

e.g : This is the reason why he left the house.

Tell me the time when the Golkonda Express arrives.

1. ™ê=∂#º=ÚQÍ Adverbs U Ñ¨ Œ=Ú#∞ QÆ∂iÛ K≥Ñ¨ÙÊ<À P

Ñ Œ=Ú#‰õΩ ãg∞Ñ=Ú# LO_»=Ö#∞. Jk Adjectives #∞

QÍx, =∞iÜ≥ÚHõ adverb #∞ QÍx modify KÕÜ«ÚK«∞#fl

Ñ¨Hõ∆=Ú# ^•xH˜ =ÚO Õ LO_»=Öˇ#∞.

e.g : He leads a very simple life

(adverbs) (Adjective)

The house is indeed beautifully designed

(adverbs) (adverb)

HÍx enough J#∞ adverb =∂„ «=Ú "≥#∞Hõ =K«∞Û#∞

e.g : It is not big enough

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2. „HÜ«∞#∞ QÆ∂iÛ K≥ÑÙÊ#ÑÙ_»∞, Jk Intransitive verb J~Ú#,

^•x "≥O@<Õ J#∞ã¨iOz Ü«ÚO_»=Öˇ#∞.

e.g: He likes quietly

3. „HÜ«∂ Ñ Œ=Ú ãÇÜ«∞ „HÜ«∞Å`À ( auxiliary verbs)‰õÄ_çÜ«Ú#flÑ¨ÙÊ_»∞ ã¨Ç¨Ü«∞ „H˜Ü«∞‰õΩJã¨Å∞ „H˜Ü«∞‰õΩ =∞ èŒº

=K«∞Û#∞.

e.g : He has roughly failed

4. H˘xfl ã¨=∞Ü«∞=ÚÅÖ’ adverb "åHõº=Ú# =ÚO Õ =K«∞Û#∞

e.g : Once there lived a king

Here is the boy I told you of

( ~åÉ’=Ù Hõ~°Î‰õΩ =∂~°æx~Ìâ◊=Ú KÕã≤#k. Hõ#∞Hõ<Õ WÖÏO\ "å\x

preparatory adverbs JO Œ∞~°∞)

5. Exclamatory "åHõº=ÚÅÖ’ ‰õÄ_® "åHõº

„áê~°OÉèí=Ú# =K«∞Û#∞

e.g. How nice you are !

6. Nominative absolute ÖËHõ adverbial subject #O Œ∞ =K«∞Û#∞

e.g : While I was walking in the garden, a bee stung me.

7. D „HOk Intransitive verbs «~°∞"å « =zÛ# nouns JxflÜ«Ú

PÜ«∂ „H˜Ü«∞Å objects QÍ HõxÑ≤OK«∞K«∞#flq. x[=Ú#‰õΩ

Jq objects HÍ=Ù. Adverbs QÍ "å_»|_ç# nouns

e.g : I go my way

A bid in hand is worth two in the bush

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He waited an hour

He walked a mile

8. ã¨Ç¨Ï[=ÚQÍ Noun =ÚO Œ∞ =zÛ#@¡~Ú Õ Adjective J Õ

verb =ÚO Œ∞ =zÛ#@¡~Ú Õ Adverb

e.g: It was a long journey

( Adjective)

Long live the king !

( Adverb)

9. Rather, just as soon, just as well.

i) just as well LÑÜ≥∂yOz# – •x=Å# <åHq∞

JÉèíºO «~°=Ú ÖË Œ∞ Jx J~°ú=Ú

Ex : I might just as well said it today.

ii) Just as soon – LÑ¨Ü≥∂yOz# – hˆHq∞ JÉèíºO «~°=Ú ÖËHõ

áÈ~Ú# Jx J~°ú=Ú

Ex : I would just as soon send it today

iii) rather "å_ç#, <å Jaè„áêÜ«∞=∞_çy# J@∞¡ KÕÜ«Ú@

<åH˜+ì=Ú Jx J~°ú=Ú

Ex : I would rather send it today

9. Fairly = ÑiÑÓ~°‚ « "ÕÑÙ‰õΩ "≥ÚQÆ∞æ K«∂ÑÙ#∞. =∞iÜ«Ú positive

meaning #∞ K≥ÑÙÊ#∞.

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Ex : I am fairly good in Mathematics

10. rather = =ºu~Hõ=ÚQÍ K≥ÑÙÊ#∞. J#QÍ negative meaning

ã¨∂zOK«∞#∞.

e.g: I am rather weak in English

11. enough

enough #∞ positive sentence Ö’ "å_»=Ö#∞

e.g : I am tired enough to go to bed at once.

12. Too nxx negative sentense Ö’ "å_»=Ö#∞.

e.g : The water is too hot . (not heat)

COMPARISON OF ADVERBS1. XHõ ã≤Å|ÚÖò (Syllable) L#fl Ñ Œ=ÚÅ#∞ 'er'

HõÅ∞ÑÙ@ =Å# comparitive degree =K«∞Û#∞.

'est' HõÅ∞ÑÙ@ =Å# superlative degree =K«∞Û#∞.

e.g : Positive Comparative Superlative

Fast Faster Fastest

The horse runs fast

The train runs faster

The motor car runs fastest

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2. z=~° 'ly' JHõ∆~°=Ú`À JO «=∞QÆ∞ Adverb Ñ¨ Œ=ÚÅ‰õΩ more

HõeÑ≤ comparative degree ~°∂Ñ¨=Ú#∞ most HõeÑ≤

superlative degree ~°∂Ñ¨=Ú#∞ ™êkèOÑ¨=Öˇ#∞.

e.g : Swiflty more swiftly most swiftly

3. H˘xfl adverbs Ü≥ÚHõ comparative degree ~°∂Ñ=Ú

superlative degree Ü≥ÚHõ¯ ~°∂Ñ¨=Ú =„HõÑ¨^Œ úuQÍ

U~°Ê_»∞#∞.

Positive Comparative

Superlative

Badly Worse Worst

Well Better Best

(now, then, where, there once J#∞"å\H «~° «=∞

~°∂Ñ¨=ÚÅ∞O_»=Ù. )

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adverbs ( „H˜Ü«∂ qâı+¨=ÚÅ∞)

now = WÑÙÊ_»∞to day = D~ÀAalready = Wk=~°Hbefore = =ÚO Œ∞QÍlately = PÅã¨º=ÚQÍyesterday = x#flAdverbs of Future

tomorrow = ˆ~Ñ¨Ùnot yet = WOHõ#∞~åÖË Œ∞here after = WHõ#∞O_çhence forth = WHõg∞ Œhence forward= W@∞ÃÑ·#immediately = "≥O@<Õby and by = "≥O@"≥O@<Õinstantly = «Hõ∆"Õ∞presently = WÑÙÊ_»∞straightly = <Õ~°∞QÍAdverbs of time( Indefinite)

Often = ÑÅ∞=∂~°∞¡Often times = J<ÕHõ

Ñ¨~åºÜ«∞=Úweekly = „Ñ¨u"å~°=Úyearly = ãO= «û~°=Ú#‰õΩwhen = ZÑÙÊ_»∞ever = ZÅ¡"Õà◊Ö

again = =∞~°ÖTwice = Ô~O_»∞=∂~°∞¡Here = WHõ _»There = JHõ _»Where = ZHõ _»Elsewhere = "Õ~°∞ã÷Å=∞O Œ∞Anywhere = ZHõ _≥·##∞Some where = ZHõ _À

XHõ KÀ@Thence = JÑ¨Ê\˜ #∞O_çThrice = =Ú=∂‡~°∞Here in = WO Œ∞Ö’#∞Whither = ZHõ _»‰õΩHither = WHõ _»‰õΩThither = JHõ _»‰õΩUpward = ÃÑ·H˜Downward = „H˜O Œ‰õΩForward = =ÚO Œ∞‰õΩBackward = "≥#∞Hõ‰õΩQuickly = `˘O Œ~°QÆSlowly = <≥=∞‡kQÍLate = PÅã¨º=ÚQÍVery = Z‰õΩ¯=So = JO «, P„Ñ¨HÍ~°O

Hõ#∞Hõ

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Quite = ÉÁuÎQÆ, Ñ¨ÓiÎQÆToo = ‰õÄ_», JuAlso = =∞iÜ«Ú#∞Very = q∞H˜ e, KåÖ,

JkèHõ=ÚQÆJust = ãiQÆ, ã∞=∂~°∞QÆScarcely = KåeKåÅ‰õΩO_»Barely = ãiQÆHardly = KåbKåÅHõAlways = ZÅ¡ÑÙÊ_»∞#∞verily = x[=ÚQÆtruly = ã¨`«º=ÚQÍundoubtedly = ã¨O^ÕÇ¨Ï

~°Ç≤Ï «=ÚQÆdoubtlessly = xã¨ûOâ◊Ü«∞=ÚQÆcertainly = xâ◊ÛÜ«∞=ÚQÆNay = ÖË Œ∞No = HÍ Œ∞Not = ÖË Œ∞Yes = J=Ù#∞surely = xâ◊ÛÜ«∞=ÚQÆindeed = ~°∂_èçQÆreally = x[=ÚQÍNot at all = Uq èŒ=ÚQÆ#∞

HÍ Œ∞By no means = UHÍ~°=Ú

=Å¡#∞ HÍ Œ∞

Now = WÑÙÊ_»∞Then = JÑÙÊ_»∞Fully,

completely = Ñ¨ÓiÎQÆEnough = Kåe#O «Certainly = «Ñ¨Ê‰õΩO_»Therefore = ÖË Œ∞, HÍ Œ∞Hence = HÍ|\ìHerewith = WO Œ∞`ÀHereby = WO Œ∞

=¸Å=ÚQÆHereafter = WHõg∞ Œ@Therein = JO Œ∞Ö’Thence = JHõ _»#∞O_çThenceforth = JÑ¨Ê\˜#∞O_çWhereabouts = Uã¨÷Å=Ú#Whence = ZHõ _» #∞O_çEvenly = ã¨=∞=ÚQÍTherefore = P Ñ≤=∞‡@/

Hõ#∞HõThereby = JO Œ∞=Å#Thereof = ^•xÜ≥ÚHõThereto = JHõ _»‰õΩWhereabouts = ZKÀÛ@Whereabouts = U ã÷Å=Ú#Where in = UKÀ@∞Ö’Thenceforth = JÑ¨Ê\˜#∞O_ç

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Hereabout = D „áêO «OÖ’Herein = WO Œ∞Ö’Hereof = WO Œ∞#∞OzTherein = JO Œ∞Ö’Therefore = Hõ#∞HõThereon = JO Œ∞ÃÑ·#Thereupon = JO Œ∞g∞ ŒWhere at = ZK«Û@Whereby = ^•x=Å#Thenceforward= JHõ¯_»#∞O_çHereafter = WHõg∞ Œ@Hereon = WO Œ∞g∞ ŒHereto = WO Œ∞‰õΩSimple = x~å_»O|~°=ÚQÆDouble = Ô~O_»∞Ample = «y#O «/

q™êÎ~°=ÚQÆAmicable = [QÆ_»=ÚÖËxAmenable = Ö’|_çMeek = ™ê èŒ∞=ÙQÆWeak = h~°ã¨=ÚQÆClear = ãÊ+ì=ÚQÆWise = ≥eqQÆMuch = q™êÎ~°=ÚQÆLittle = H˘OK≥=ÚQÆSufficiently = Kåe#O «Enough = Kåe#O «

Abundantly = qâı+¨=ÚQÆAlmost = ã∞=∂~°∞QÆWisely = q"ÕHõ=ÚQÍJustly = <åºÜ«∞=ÚQÍQuickly = j„Ñ¶¨∞=ÚQÍFoolishly = =¸_è» «fi=ÚQÍUnjustly = J<åºÜ«∞=ÚQÍSlowly = x^•#=ÚQÍaccurately =How =Where fore =why =whether =carefully =conveniently =plainly =properly =simply =truthfully =badly =clearly =dangerously =pleasantly =quietly =strangely =urgently =beautifully =closely =easily =politely =richly =swiftly =widely =brightly =clumsily =perfectly =poorly =roughly =

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thickly =wonderfully =

Adverbs describing the

feelings of personangrily =calmly =gratefully =happily =anxiously =cheerfully =happily =proudly =bitterly =eagerly =hopefully =sadly =boldly =gladly =miserably =sincerely =

Adverbs indicating thecircumstances

alone =duly =naturally =personally =artificially =indirectly =officially =

publicly =bodily =jointly =openly =secretly =directly =legally =part-time =specially =Adverbs of degreealmost =together =fairly =just =amazingly =dearly =fully =largely =awfully =deeply =greatly =nearly =badly =entirely =half =rather =Happily =Steadily =Angrily =Wavily =

comparison of adverbsPositive Comparitive Superlative

Fast Faster FastestLong Longer LongestHard Harder HardestSoon Sooner SoonestNear Nearer NearestLoud Louder LoudestSwiftly More swiftly Most swiftlySkilfully More skillfully Most skilfullyFaithfully More faithfully Most faithfully

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Carefully More carefully Most carefullyWisely More wisely Most wiselyQuickly More quickly Most quicklyBravely More bravely Most bravely

Splendid = âß¡Ñ¶∞hÜ«∞"≥∞ÿ# More splendid Most splendid

Difficult = Hõ+ì"≥∞ÿ# More difficult Most difficult

Beautiful = JO Œ"≥∞ÿ# More beautiful Most beautiful

Courageous = è≥·~°º=O «∞_≥·# Morecourageous Most courageous

Industrious = Hõ$+≤=O «∞_≥·# More industrious Most industrious

Proper = «y# More proper Most proper

Learned = qA_≥·# More learned Most learned

Comfortable = ã∞Y=O «∞_≥·# More comfortable Most comfortable

Expensive = Ys ≥·# More expensive Most expensive

Experienced = J#∞Éèí==ÚHõÅ More experienced Most experienced

Useful = LÑÜ≥∂QÆHõ~°"≥∞ÿ More useful Most useful

Balanced = ãg∞Hõ$ «"≥∞ÿ# More balanced Most balanced

Fore = =ÚO Œ∞K≥ÑÊ|_ç# Former Foremost, First

Nigh = ŒQÆæ~°QÍ#∞#fl Nigher Nighest, Next

Much, Many = Z‰õΩ¯"≥·# More Most

Little Less, = ãfiÅÊ"≥∞ÿ# Lesser Least

Old = =Ü«∞ã∞ûHõÅ Older, elder Oldest, eldest

Good, well = =∞Oz Better Best

Bad, evil, ill = K≥_»¤Worse Worst

Late = PÅãº"≥∞ÿ# Later,Latter Latest, Last

Far= Œ∂~°=ÚQÆ L#fl Farther, further Farthest further most

Bold = è≥·~°º=ÚHõÅ Bolder Boldest

Clever = ≥eqQÆÅ Cleverer Cleverest

Great = Q˘ÑÊ Greater Greatest

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Cheap = KÒHõÜ≥ÿ∞# Cheaper Cheapest

Dull = =∞O ŒH˘_çÜ≥ÿ∞# Duller Dullest

Fair = JO Œ"≥∞ÿ# Fairer Fairest

Hard = Hõ+ì"≥∞ÿ# Harder Hardest

Kind = ŒÜ«∞QÆÅ Kinder Kindest

Long = á⁄_»"≥·# Longer Longest

Mean = hK«"≥∞ÿ# Meaner Meanest

Old = =ÚãeÜ≥ÿ∞# Older Oldest

Poor = c ŒÜ≥ÿ∞# Poorer Poorest

Quick = "ÕQÆ"≥∞ÿ# Quicker Quickest

Small = z#fl ≥·# Smaller Smallest

Tall = á⁄_»"≥·# Taller Tallest

Young = =Ü«∞ã∞ûÖ’#∞#fl Younger Youngest

Happy = P#O ŒHõ~°"≥∞ÿ# Happier Happiest

Easy = ã∞ÅÉèí"≥∞ÿ# Easier Easiest

Heavy = |~°∞"≥·# Heavier Heaviest

Merry = ãO À+Hõ~°"≥∞ÿ# Merrier Merriest

Wealthy = èŒ#=O «"≥∞ÿ# Wealthier Wealthiest

Dry = ZO_ç# Drier Driest

Pretty = JO Œ"≥∞ÿ# Prettier Prettiest

Lazy = ™È=∞iÜ≥ÿ∞# Lazier Laziest

Healthy = P~ÀQÆºHõ~°"≥∞ÿ# Healthier Healthiest

Sorry = qKå~°Hõ~°"≥∞ÿ# Sorrier Sorriest

Mighty = |Å=O «∞_≥·# Mightier Mightiest

Ugly = JO ŒqÇ‘Ï#"≥∞ÿ# Uglier Ugliest

Red = Z„~°x Redder Reddest

Big = ÃÑ ŒÌ ≥·# Bigger Biggest

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Thin = ã#flx Thinner Thinnest

Sad = qKå~°Hõ~°"≥∞ÿ# Sadder Saddest

Mad = Ñ≤zÛÜ≥ÿ∞# Madder Maddest

Hot = "Õ_çÜ≥ÿ∞# Hotter Hottest

Fat = |Åã≤# Fatter Fattest

Wet = «_çã≤# Wetter Wettest

Health = P~ÀQÆº=Ú Healthy = P~ÀQÆº=O «"≥∞ÿ#Hope = Pâ◊ Hopeful = PâßÑÓ~°fiHõ"≥∞ÿ#Industry = áê@∞ Industrious = áê@∞Ñ_≥_»∞Injury = Çx Injurious = ÇxHõ~°"≥∞ÿ#Illusion = „Éèí=∞ Illusory „Éèí=∞ÑÙ\ìOK≥_»∞Joy = ãO À+=Ú Joyful, ãO À+Hõ~°"≥∞ÿ#

oyous ãO À+=Ú À xO_ç#Juice = ~°ã=Ú Juicy ~°ã=Ú=ÖLaugh = #=Ùfi Laughable #=ÙfiÑÙ\ìOK≥_»∞Man = ÑÙ~°∞+µ_»∞ Manly áœ~°∞+=ÚQÆÅMonkey = HÀu Monkeyish HÀu=Ö

KåÑÅº=ÚQÆÅNoise = ãO Œ_ç Noisy ã Œ∞ÌKÕÃã_»∞Outrage = Ò~°#º=Ú Outrageous èÒ~°#º"≥∞ÿ#Order = =~°∞ã„Hõ=∞=Ú Orderly „Hõ=∞"≥∞ÿ#Office = HõKÕi Official JkèHÍiHõ"≥∞ÿ#Pardon = Hõ∆=∂Ñ Pardonable Hõ∆q∞OÑ Œy#Peace = âßOu Peaceful âßOuÜ«Ú «"≥∞ÿ#Pity = ŒÜ«∞, HõxHõ~°=Ú Pitiable HõxHõiOÑ Œy#Play = P@, „H©_» Playful P@ÖÏ_≥_»∞Rebel = u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@∞ •~°∞ Rebellious u~°QÆ|_»∞ ãfiÉèÏ==Ú QÆÅ

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Rigour = Hõiî# «fi=Ú Rigorous Hõiî#"≥∞ÿ#/ f„="≥∞ÿ#Regret = qKå~°=Ú Regrettable qKå~°Hõ~°"≥∞ÿ#Sense = ≥eq Sensible ≥eqQÆÅSensual = WO„kÜ«∞ "åOKè«QÆÅ Sensitive ã∞xfl «"≥∞ÿ#Shame = ã≤QÆ∞æ, J==∂#=Ú Shameful J==∂#Hõ~°"≥∞ÿ#Sin = áêÑ=Ú Sinful áêÑHõ~°"≥∞ÿ#Storm = «∞á¶ê#∞ Stormy «∞á¶ê#∞ =K«∞Û#@∞ìO_»∞Season = |∞∞ «∞=Ù Seasonal |∞Ú «∞ãO|O èŒ"≥∞ÿ#Thrift = á⁄ Œ∞ÑÙ Thrifty á⁄ Œ∞ÑÙQÍTrouble = ÉÏ èŒ Troubleous ˘O Œ~°ÃÑ@∞ì

Troublesome ÉÏ è•Hõ~°"≥∞ÿ#Trick = l «∞Î Trickish l «∞ÎÅ=∂iÜ≥ÿ∞#Theology = "Õ •O «âß„ãÎ=Ú Theological "Õ •O «âß„ãÎãO|O èŒ"≥∞ÿ#Ubiquity = ã~°fi"åºÑ≤ «=Ú Ubiquitous ã~°fi"åºÑ≤Ü≥ÿ∞#Venture = ™êÇÏã=Ú Venturesome ãÇÏã=ÚQÆÅ

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PREPOSITIONS

qÉèíHõÎº~°úHõ"≥∞ÿ# J=ºÜ«∞ Ñ¨ Œ=ÚÅ∞Definiton : XHõ "åHõº=Ú# XHõ Noun ‰õΩ QÍx Pronoun ‰õΩ QÍx "Õ~˘Hõ

Ñ¨ Œ=Ú`À QÆÅ ã¨O|O èŒ=Ú#∞ ≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù@‰õΩ LÑÜ≥∂yOK«∞

Ñ Œ=Ú preposition ( placed before)

1. XH˘¯Hõ Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∞ XHõ preposition #‰õΩ Ô~O_»∞QÍx JO «HõO>Ë

Z‰õΩ¯=QÍx objects LO_»=K«∞Û#∞

e.g : The mail track runs over hill and plain

2. ™ê è•~°=ÚQÍ preposition •x object #‰õΩ =ÚO Œ∞QÍ

LO_»∞#∞. HÍx H˘xfl ã¨=∞Ü«∂ÅÖ’ «~°∞"å « ‰õÄ_® =K«∞Û#∞

e.g : Here is the book you asked for.

3. Relative pronoun Ñ Œ=Ú object QÍ =zÛ#ÑÙÊ_»∞ ÖËHõ

Ö’Ñ≤Oz#Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∞ preposition «Ñ¨ÊHõ z=~°=K«∞Û#∞.

e.g : That is the girl whom I spoke of

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4. Interrogative pronoun Ñ Œ=Ú object QÍ L#flÑÙÊ_»∞ ‰õÄ_®

«~°K«∞QÆ preposition z=~° =K«∞Û#∞

e.g : What are you looking at ?

5. <˘H˜ K≥Ñ¨ÙÊ@‰õΩQÍ#∞ XH˘¯Hõ Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∞ Object =ÚO Œ∞ K≥Ñ¨ÙÊ@

HõÅ Œ∞.

e.g : He is known all the world over.

6. For, from, in, on J#∞ preposition Ñ Œ=ÚÅ∞ Nouns of place

or time =ÚO Œ∞Ö’Ñ≤OK«∞ K«∞O_»∞#∞.

e.g : We did it (in) last week

Wait (for) a minute

There are 4 kinds of prepositions

1. Simple prepositions : ã∞ÅÉèí"≥∞ÿ#q

e.g : at, for, with, under, near, through.

by, to, in, up, out, down, of, over, from,

off, till

2. Compound prepositions ã=∂ã Ñ Œ"≥∞ÿ#q. ™ê è•~°=ÚQÍ

noun #‰õΩ QÍx Adjective ‰õΩ QÍx Adverb #‰õΩ QÍx ( a-as,

or be - by) ÖËHõ b HõÅ∞ÑÙ@ =Å# compound preposition U~°Ê_»∞#∞

e.g : About, among, above, amongst below, beneath

across, along amidst, below, beside,

beyond, outside, beyond, within.

3. Phrase Prepositions : H˘xfl Ñ Œ=ÚÅ∞ ã=Ú^•Ü«∞=Ú Hõeã≤

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Preposition KÕÜ«ÚÑx KÕÜ«ÚK«∞#flÑÙÊ_»∞ P Ñ Œ

ã=Ú^•Ü«∞=Ú#∞ Phrase preposition JO Œ∞~°∞.

e.g: According to, beacuse of, by virtue of,

In accordance with, by dint of, by way of, in

addition to,

4. Participle prepositions : H˘#fl Verbs Ü≥ÚHõ present participle

~°∂Ñ=ÚÅ∞ prepositionsQÍ LÑÜ≥∂yOÑ |_»∞K«∞#flq.

e.g: Baring, during, notwithstanding, concerning,

pending, respecting, considering, re

garding, touching

H˘xfl Ñ Œ=ÚÅ∞ adverbs QÍ#∞ prepositions QÍ#∞ ‰õÄ_®

ÑÙÜ≥∂QÆ Ñ_»∞K«∞#flq

e.g : Adverb QÍ Preposition QÍ

He runs about Tell me about kalidasa

He has since done it I have not taken water since

yesterday

Take this over to the Railway Rama ruled over India

station

HÍx away, back, out, back ward (s) down ward (s) forward (s)

=∂„ «=Ú adverb QÍ LÑÜ≥∂yOÑ|_»∞#∞. Preposition <å=∞

"åK«Hõ=Ú`À, pronoun À ã¨xflÇ≤Ï « ã¨O|O èŒ=Ú Hõey Ü«ÚO_»∞#∞.

RELATIONS EXPRESSED BY PREPOSITIONS

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qÉèíHõÎº~°úHõ Ñ¨ Œ=ÚÅ∞ ≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù ãÖ|O èŒ=ÚÅ∞

1. ã÷Å=Ú#‰õΩ ãÖ|OkèOz PREPOSITIONS

e.g : Within the house

tour round the world

lean against a wall

left for Bombay

2. HÍÅ=Ú#‰õΩ ãO|OkèOz#q (Time)

e.g : towards evening

since yesterday

3. Agency, Instrumentality ( HÍ~°=ÚQÍ #∞#fl ™ê èŒ#=ÚQÍ

#∞#fl ãÖ|O èŒ=Ú)

e.g: sell goods at auction

cut it with a knife

4. Manner : q è•#=Ú#‰õΩ ãÖ|OkèOz#q

e.g: Fought with courage

worked with care

falling by inches

5. Cause, Reason, Purpose = (HÍ~°=Ú, ¿ÇÏ «∞=Ù,

„Ñ¨Ü≥∂[#=ÚÅ‰õΩ ãÖ|OkèOz#q)

e.g : Worked for the good of all

good place for a picnic

died of cancer

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suffers from pain

6. Possession : ( HõeyÜ«ÚO_»∞#@∞ì ãO|O èŒ=Ú)

e.g: the temple of srinathji

the girl with black eyes

7. Measure, standard, Rate, Value ( Ñi=∂=Ú, „ÑÜ«∂=Ú,

èŒ~°, qÅ∞=Å‰õΩ ã¨O|OkèOz#q)

e.g : Interest at twelve percent

House by the tower clock

cloth is sold by the metre

he lost the race by a metre

8. Contrast, concession : ( =º`åºã¨=Ú, «yæOÑ¨Ù =O\˜

ãO|O èŒ=ÚÅ∞)

e.g : After every effort, he faild

For one vacancy a thousand applications

9. Inference, notice, source or origin :

( TÇ¨, (J#∞=∂#=Ú) ÉèÏ=ÅHõ∆º=Ú, =¸Å=Ú "≥Ú ŒÅQÆ∞

ãO|O èŒ=ÚÅ∞)

e.g : He came here with gratitude

Heat emanates from the sea

This is a quotation from Ramayana

skill comes from practice

H˘xfl =ÚMÏºOâ◊=ÚÅ∞

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1. But : D Ñ Œ=Ú Prepostion QÍ LÑÜ≥∂yOz#ÑÙÊ_»∞ except

(q∞#Ç¨~ÚOÑ¨Ù) Jx J~°ú=Ú

e.g : None but the brave deserves victory

2. H˘xfl ãÖ Œ~°ƒù=ÚÅÖ’ 'a' JHõ∆~°=Ú 'on' J#∞ preposition

| Œ∞Å∞ LÑÜ≥∂yO «∞~°∞

e.g : Harvesting cooly at two rupees per day

3. 'In' ÃÑ ŒÌ Õâ◊=Ú, ÃÑ ŒÌ #QÆ~°=ÚÅ ãÖ Œ~°ƒù=Ú#

LÑÜ≥∂yO «∞~°∞.

e.g: He is in Europe

Rama living in Hyderabad

4. 'at' z#fl #QÆ~°=ÚÅ, „QÍ=∞=ÚÅ ãO Œ~°ƒù=Ú# LÑÜ≥∂yO «∞~°∞.

e.g : Krishna lives at Kamalapuram

5. 'in' 'at' on J#∞ K«Å#=Ú ÖËx "å\˜ ãÖ Œ~°ƒù=Ú#

LÑÜ≥∂yO «∞~°∞

e.g: He is in bed

Rama is at the top of the class

Rama sat in a chair

6. 'to' 'into' upon, J#∞#q K«Å#=Ú#fl "å\˜ ãÖ Œ~°ƒù=Ú#

LÑÜ≥∂yO «∞~°∞

e.g: He ran to the playground

He jumped into the sea

The dog sprang upon the gate

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7. till J#∞#k HÍÅ=Ú#∞ ã∂zOK«∞@‰õΩ

e.g : I waited till seven O0 clock.

8. 'to' J#∞#k ã÷Å=Ú ãÖ Œ~°ƒù=Ú# LÑ¨Ü≥∂yO «∞~°∞

e.g : I walked to the park

9. 'with' J#∞#k ™ê èŒ#=Ú#‰õΩ by J#∞#k „ÑüxkèH˜

LÑÜ≥∂yO «∞~°∞

e.g : Two birds with one shot killed by a soldier

10. 'since' J#∞ Ñ¨ Œ=Ú Noun ‰õΩ Noun phrase ‰õΩ =ÚO Œ∞O_ç

HÍÅ=Ú#∞ ã∂zOK«∞@‰õΩ LÑÜ≥∂yOÑ|_»∞#∞. •x=ÚO^˘Hõ

verb Ü≥ÚHõ present perfect tense ~°∂Ñ=ÚO_»∞#∞.

e.g : I have taken nothing since morning

He has been in the hospital since Ist March

11. 'From' J#∞ Ñ¨ Œ=Ú ‰õÄ_® HÍÅ=Ú ã¨∂zOK«∞@ÔH·

LÑÜ≥∂yOÑ|_»∞#∞. J~Ú Õ •x "≥O@ Jxfl Tenses Ö’ L#fl

verbs ~å=K«∞Û#∞.

e.g : I worked at it from Ist February to 10th March.

My son will be at the University from tomorrow

12. H˘O «HÍÅ Ñïq∞ux K«∂Ñ¨Ù 'Noun' =ÚO Œ∞

'in'LÑ¨Ü≥∂yOz#Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∞ 'at the end of' z=~° Jx J~°ú=Ú.

'within' LÑÜ≥∂yOz##ÑÙÊ_»∞ P HÍÅÑiq∞u =ÚyÜ«Ú Ö’QÍ

Jx J~°ú=Ú

e.g : I will come back in an hour

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Complete it within an hour

13. 'Between' J#∞ Ñ Œ=Ú Ô~O_»∞ =ã∞Î=ÙÅ =∞ èŒº W ŒÌ~°∞ =º‰õΩÎÅ

=∞ èŒº LáÈÜ«∞yO «~°∞~°∞.

e.g : The two brothers shared the patrimony between

themselves

14. 'Among' J#∞ Ñ¨ Œ=Ú Ô~O_»∞HõO>Ë Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ #∞#flÑ¨ÙÊ_»∞

LÑÜ≥∂yO «∞~°∞.

e.g: Yadavas quarrelled among themselves

15. 'Beside' J#QÍ at ( or by) the side of Jx J~°ú=Ú

e.g : Beside the road stones he lay

16. 'Besides' J#QÍ in addition to Jx J~°ú=Ú

e.g : Besides his family, he has other dependants.

VERBAL PREPOSITIONSAssociate with = ã¨O|O^è Œ=Ú

HõeyÜ«ÚO_»∞

Angry with /at = HÀÑ=Ú=K«∞ÛBear with = ãÇ≤ÏOK«∞Clash with = Z Œ∞~˘ #∞Condole with = qKå~°=Ú

=ºHõÎ=ÚKÕÜ«ÚComply with = JOwHõiOK«∞Correspond

with = L`«Î~°„Ñ¨`«∞º`«Î~°=ÚÅ∞

„"åÜ«Ú

Credit with = [=∞Hõ@∞ìAgree with/to = ãiÑ_»∞@, JOwHõiOK«∞Dispense with = J=ã~°=ÚÖË‰õΩO_»KÕÜ«ÚFill in = xOÑÙGrapple on/with= ÃÑ#∞QÆ∞ÖÏ_»∞Meddle with = HõÅ∞QÆKÕã∞H˘#∞Part from/ with = q_»zÃÑ@∞ìQuarrel with = ≥|ƒÖÏ_»∞

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Side by = "≥·ÑÙ LO_»∞Sympathise with= ™ê#∞Éèí∂u K«∂ÑÙEntrust with = Ñx JÑÊK≥ÑÙÊFamiliar with/ among= ÉÏQÍ ≥eã≤LO_»∞Alight from = kQÆ∞Debar from = PÑÙ KÕÜ«ÚDerive from = á⁄O Œ∞Distinguish

from = Õ_® ≥eã≤H˘#∞Differ from = "Õ~°∞ Jaè„áêÜ«∞=ÚO_»∞Deviate from = =∞~°Å∞Elicit from = ÖÏQÆ∞Emerge from = |Ü«∞\H=K«∞ÛEscape from = «Ñ≤ÊOK«∞H˘#∞Comply with = JOwHõiOK«∞Exclude from = «Ñ≤ÊOK«∞Preserve from = HÍáê_»∞Protect from = ~°H∆OK«∞H˘#∞Prohibit from = x¿+kèOK«∞Recover from = uiy á⁄O Œ∞@Adapt to = ãiÑ_»∞#@∞¡ KÕÜ«ÚAdhere to = = ŒÅ‰õΩO_®Allot to = qÉèÏyOz WK«∞ÛAppologise to/ for = Hõ∆=∂~°ÊHÀ~°∞Appoint to = xÜ«∞q∞OK«∞Aspire to = Pâ◊HõeyÜ«ÚO_»∞Assent to = J#∞=∞uOK«∞

Contribute to = q~åà◊q∞K«∞ÛAttain to = KÕ~°∞Attend to/ on = *Ï„QÆ «ÎQÆ KÕÜ«ÚAttempt to = „ÑÜ«∞uflOK«∞Attribute to = P~ÀÑ≤OK«∞Belong to = ™⁄ «∞ÎJQÆ∞Conduce to = ÀÇÏ Œ=ÚKÕÜ«ÚConform to = = ŒÅ‰õΩO_»∞Compare to/ with = áÈÅ∞ÛConsent to = XÑÙÊH˘#∞Lead to = •ifÜ«ÚListen to = q#∞Object to = J_»∞¤ÃÑ@∞ìOccur to = =K«∞ÛPrefer to = ZOK«∞H˘#∞Pretened to = #\OK«∞Revert to = uiy=K«∞ÛRefer to = =∞iÜ≥∞Hõ Jaè„áêÜ«∞=Ú#‰õΩ

ÑOÑÙ

Stoop to = hKåxH kQÆ*Ï~°∞Submit to/ with = JkèHÍ~°=Ú „HO ŒLO_»∞Succumb to = ÖÁOyáÈ=ÙSurrender to = ÖÁOyáÈ=ÙTestifyt to = ™êHõ∆ºq∞K«∞ÛYield to = ÖÁOyáÈ=ÙCanvass for = „ÑKå~°=Ú KÕÜ«Ú

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Atone for = ÑiÇ~°=Ú K≥e¡OK«∞Care for = „â◊ Œúfã∞H˘#∞Clamour for = QÀÅKÕÜ«ÚFeel for = «_»∞=ÚH˘#∞Hope for = PtOK«∞Mourn for = qKåiOK«∞Pine for = «Ñ≤OK«∞Start for/ With = |Ü«∞Å∞ Õ~°∞Sue for = •"åKÕÜ«ÚWish for = HÀiHõ HõeyÜ«ÚO_»∞Yearn for = HÀ~°∞H˘#∞Approve of = J#∞=∞uOK«∞Acquit of / from = q_»∞ ŒÅKÕÜ«ÚBeware of = *Ï„QÆ «ÎQÍ LO_»∞Boast of = Q˘ÑÊQÍ K≥ÑÙÊComplain of = Ñ¶≤~åº Œ∞ KÕÜ«ÚDespair of = Pâ◊= ŒÅ∞Die of/ for = K«xáÈ=ÙDispose off = Jq∞‡"ÕÜ«ÚDivert of / from = Œ$+≤ì =∞~°eOK«∞Dream of = HõÅÅ∞ Hõ#∞Repent of / from= ÑâßÛ`åÎÑÑ_»∞Taste of = ~°∞zDabble in / with = KÕ~Ú Œ∂~°∞ÛDelight in = P#OkOK«∞Employ in = ÑxKÕÜ«ÚEnlist in = #"≥∂ ŒQÆ∞

Excel in / From = W «~°∞Å#∞ JkèQÆq∞OK«∞Fail in = «ÑÙÊGlory in = QÆifiOK«∞Indulge in = KÕÜ«Ú@Ü«∞O Œ∞O_»∞Involve in = z‰õΩ¯H˘#∞Persist on = Ñ@∞ì ŒÅQÆ KÕÜ«ÚComment on = "åºMÏºxOK«∞Deliberate on = x~°‚Ü«∞=ÚH˘~°‰õΩ

=∂\Ï¡_»∞Depend on = P è•~°Ñ_»∞Determine on = x~°‚~ÚOK«∞H˘#∞Encroach on = P„Hõq∞OK«∞Enlarge on = Z‰õΩ¯= „"åÜ«Ú ÖËHõ

K≥ÑÙÊImpose on = qkèOK«∞Insist on = <˘H¯K≥ÑÙÊSubsist on = „| «∞‰õΩSmile at = J~Ú+ì «#∞ K«∂ÑÙStay at/ in = LO_»∞Look at / into/upon /down= K«∂K«∞Noun Preposition

Affection for = Jaè=∂#=ÚAppetite for = «$+‚Ambition for = Pâ◊Anxiety for = P «$ «Apology for = Hõ∆=∂~°ÊAptitude for = Jaè~°∞z

164

Blame for = xOkOK«∞@Candidate for = JÉèíºiúQÆ LO_»∞Capacity for = ã=∞~°ú «Compassion for= ŒÜ«∞Compensation

for = #+ìÑiÇ~°=ÚContempt for = JãÇÏº=ÚCraving for = Z‰õΩ¯= HÀiHõDesire for = HÀiHõFitness for = «yÜ«ÚO_»∞Fondness for = Z‰õΩ¯= W+ì=ÚLeisure for = fiHõ ã=∞Ü«∞=ÚLiking for = W+ì=ÚMatch for = ã=∞LrMotive for = L ÕÌâ◊º=ÚNeed for = J=ã~°=ÚOpportunity for = J=HÍâ◊=ÚPassion for = HÀiHõ( |Å"≥∞ÿ#)Partiality for = ÑHõ∆áê «=ÚPity for = ŒÜ«∞Relish for = ~°∞zReputation for = „Ñã≤kúSurety for = Çg∞Assurance of = #=∞‡Hõ=ÚCharge of / with= xO ŒDistrust of = JÑ#=∞‡Hõ=ÚDoubt of = J#∞=∂#=Ú

Experience of = J#∞Éèí==ÚFailure of = ÉèíOQÆ=ÚObservance of = áê\OK«∞Proof of = ™êHõ∆º=ÚResult of = Ñ¶e «=ÚWant of = ÖËHõáÈ=ÙAccess to = JO Œ∞ÉÏ@∞Allegiance to = Q“~°==ÚAlternative to = =∞~˘Hõ\Antidote to = q~°∞QÆ∞_»∞Approach to = ŒQÆæ~°‰õΩ KÕ~°∞Assent to = JOwHÍ~°=ÚAttachment to = ãO|O èŒ=ÚAttention to = „â◊ ŒúConcession to = ã=∞‡uDisgrace to = J==∂#=ÚDislike to = J~Ú+ì=ÚEncouragement

to = „áÈ åûÇÏ=ÚException to = JÉèíºO «~°=Ú HõeyOK«∞Incentive to = „áÈ åûÇÏq∞K«∞Û#kIndifference to = Ñ\ìOK«∞H˘#‰õΩO_»Invitation to = PÇfi#=ÚKey to = åà◊=ÚK≥qLimit to = Ñiq∞uObedience to = q èÕÜ«∞ «

165

Objection to = JÉèíºO «~°=ÚOpposition to = =ºu~Hõ «Preface to = =ÚO Œ∞=∂@Reference to = =∞iÜ≥ÚHõx PÖ’K«#‰õΩ

ÑOÑÙSubmission to = ÖÁOyáÈ=ÙSupplement to = KÕ~°Û|_ç#kAcceptable to = JOwHÍ~°=ÚQÆ LO_»∞Accustomed to = JÅ"å@∞Ñ_ç LO_»∞Addicted to = JÅ"å@∞Ñ_ç LO_»∞Adequate to = ãiáÈ=ÙAdjecent to = „ÑHõ #Affectionate to = Jaè=∂#=Ú

HõeyÜ«ÚO_»∞Akin to = áÈeÜ«ÚO_»∞Alien to = Ñ~å~Ú"å_»∞ ÖËHõ

Ñ~å~ÚkQÆ LO_»∞Alive to = ≥eã≤H˘x Ü«ÚO_»∞Amenable to = Ö’|_çTemptation to = „¿Ñ~°Acquaintance

with = ÑiK«Ü«∞=ÚAlliance with = ãO|O èŒ=ÚBargain with = ÉË~°=∂_»∞Intercourse with= J<Àº#º ãOÑ~° =ÚDeliverance from= q=ÚHÎEscape from = «Ñ≤ÊOK«∞H˘#∞

Exemption from= q∞#Ç~ÚOÑÙInference from = TÇConcern about = zO «Impression on = Jaè„áêÜ«∞=ÚAuthority on = JkèHÍ~°=ÚExposure of = QÆ∞iKÕÜ«Ú ÖËHõ =Úã∞QÆ∞

˘ÅyOK«∞Erosion of = H˘@∞ìH˘xáÈ=ÙApplicable to = =iÎOK«∞@Appropriate to = «yÜ«ÚO_»∞Beneficial to = ÖÏÉèí •Ü«∞Hõ=ÚCommon to = ™ê=∂#º=ÚQÆComparable to = áÈeHõ HõeyÜ«ÚO_»∞Condemmed to = tHõ∆ qkèOK«∞Conducive to = ÉÏQÆ∞ KÕÜ«Ú#kCongenial to = ã=∞=∞QÆ∞#kContrary to = =ºu~Hõ=ÚQÆCreditable to = âß¡Ñ¶∞"≥∞ÿ#kQÆDeaf to = x=ã≤OK«∞H˘#‰õΩO_»∞Detrimental to = K≥_»∞ KÕÜ«Ú#kQÆDevoted to = ã=∞iÊOÑ|_ç#Entitled to = ÇÏ‰õΩ¯HõeyÜ«ÚO_»∞Equal to = ã=∂#=ÚQÆEssential to = J=ã~°=ÚQÆFaithful to = #=∞‡Hõ=ÚQÆExposed to = Z_»q∞K«∞ÛFatal to = „Ñ=∂ Œ=Ú

166

Hostile to = =ºu~Hõ=ÚImpertinent to = ãiÜ≥ÿ∞# Q“~°==Ú

K«∂ÑHõáÈ=ÙIncidental to = =K«∞ÛInclined to = W+ìÑ_»∞, "≥ÚQÆ∞æIndebted to = JÑÙÊÑ_ç Ü«ÚO_»∞Indifferent to = Ñ\ìOK«∞H˘#‰õΩO_»∞Indispensable to= J=ã~°=ÚQÆIndulgent to = W+ì„ÑHÍ~°O «$Ñ≤Î, Ñ~°K«∞Insensible to = Ñ\ìOK«∞H˘#‰õΩO_»Irrelevant to = JãO Œ~°ƒù"≥∞ÿ#Favourabel to = J#∞‰õÄÅ=ÚQÆImmaterial to = J#=ã~°=ÚImpervious to = KÀ\©Ü«∞‰õΩO_»Able to = â◊HÎ HõeyÜ«ÚO_»∞Limited to = Ñiq∞u HõeyÜ«ÚO_»∞Lost to = áÈ=Ù@Loyal to = qâßfiã=ÚQÆNatural to = ãÇÏ[=ÚNecessary to = J=ã~°=ÚObedient to = q èÕÜ«∞ «QÆObliged to = | Œ∞Ì_»∞QÆOffensive to = HÀÑ=Ú HõeyOK«∞Opposite to = Z Œ∞~°∞QÆPainful to = ÉÏ èŒQÆPartial to = ÑHõ∆áê «=ÚQÆPeculiar to = qz„ «"≥∞ÿ#

Prejudicial to = „Ñu‰õÄÅ"≥∞ÿ#Profitable to = ÖÏÉèí •Ü«∞Hõ=ÚProne to = W+ì=ÚQÆÅReduced to = «yæOK«∞Related to = ãO|OkèOzResponsible to = ÉèÏ èŒº « HõeyRestricted to = x|O èŒ#Ö’ #∞OK«∞Sensitive to = <˘K«∞ÛH˘#∞Suited to = ãiÑ_»∞True to = ãiQÆAbsorbed in = b#=∞QÆ∞Accomplished in= <Õ~°ÊiAccurate in = ãiÜ≥ÿ∞#Backward in = "≥#∞HõÑ_ç LO_»∞Defective in = ãiQÆ ÖËHõáÈ=ÙDeficient in = Ö’@∞ HõeyExperienced in = J#∞Éèí==Ú HõÅDeligent in = Ñ@∞ì ŒÅ HõÅEnveloped in = HõÑÊ|_çHonest in = x*Ï~ÚfQÆInterested in = W+ì=Ú HõÅInvolved in = z‰õΩ¯H˘xÜ«ÚO_»∞Proficient in = áêO_ç «º=Ú HõÅAfflicted with = ÉÏ èŒ HõeyBeset with = K«@ì|_çBusy with = fiHõ ÖËHõ

167

Contented with = «$Ñ≤Î Ñ_»∞Conversant with= ÉÏQÍ ≥eÜ«ÚDisgusted with = qãÚQÆ∞ K≥O Œ∞Endowed with = HõeyÜ«Ú#flGifted with = HõeyÜ«Ú#flInfatuated with = "≥∂ÇÏ=Ú HõeyInfected with = ™ÈHInfested with = Ñ‘_çOK«∞Inspired with = „¿Ñ~° HõeyOK«∞Intimate with = ãxflÇ≤Ï «=ÚQÆPopular with / among = "≥∞ÑÙÊ á⁄OkSatisfied with = «$Ñ≤Î HõeyAccused of = <Õ~å~ÀÑ KÕÜ«∞|_»∞Acquitted of = x~ÀÌ+≤QÆ q_»∞ ŒÅ

KÕÜ«∞|_»∞Afraid of = ÉèíÜ«∞=Ú HõeyAssured of = Çq∞ DÜ«∞|_çConfident of = #=∞‡Hõ=Ú HõeyConscious of = ≥eã≤ LO_»∞Convinced of = #q∞‡OK«∞Deprived of / from = ÖË‰õΩO_» KÕÜ«ÚDesirous of = HÀiHõ HõeyDevoid of = ÖË‰õΩO_»Diffident of = #=∞‡Hõ=Ú ÖËHõEnvious of / to = Jã∂Ü«∞ HõeyFond of = „Ñ‘u HõeyGuilty of = À+≤Ü≥ÿ∞

Ignorant of = ≥eÜ«∞‰õΩO_» LO_»∞Informed of = ≥eÜ«∞KÕÜ«ÚNegligent of = x~°¡Hõ∆º=ÚQÆProud of = QÆ~°fi=Ú ÀSick of = JãÇÏº=Ú HõeySure of = xâ◊ÛÜ«∞=Ú KÕã∞H˘#∞Suspicious of = J#∞=∂#=Ú HõeyTolerant of = ãÇ≤ÏOK«∞Anxious for = J„ «∞ «Conspicuous for/ of= ãÊ+ì=ÚQÆ Hõ#|_»∞Destined for = xÜ«∞q∞OK«∞Eager for = ˘O Œ~°QÆEligible for = J~°› « HõeyFit for = ãiÑ_çGrateful for = Hõ$ «[ « HõeyPrepared for / to = ã≤ ŒúÑ_çProper for = ãiÜ≥ÿ∞#Qualified for = J~°› « HõeySorry for = qKåiOK«∞Towards = "≥·ÑÙ#, k‰õΩ¯#‰õΩ

QÆ∞iOz, Z_»Å, JO Œ∞ ~°=∂~°q∞, ŒQÆæ~°

Till, untill = =~°‰õΩBetween = #_»∞=∞, =∞ èŒºBetwixt = #_»∞=∞, =∞ èŒºNear = ŒQÆæ~°Down = „HO Œ

168

Over = ÃÑ·#Out = |Ü«∞@‰õΩOff = ÖË‰õΩO_», q_çz,

Œ∂~°=Ú#∞O_çUnder = „HO Œ, J_»∞QÆ∞#, «‰õΩ¯=Above = g∞ Œ, ÃÑ·#Across = J_»¤=ÚQÍ, XHõ

„ÑHõ #∞O_ç=∞iÜ≥∞Hõ„ÑHõ ‰õΩ

Around = K«∞@∞ì#∞Beneath = kQÆ∞=, J_»∞QÆ∞#Beside = „ÑHõ #Beyond = P=ÅUnderneath = „HO ŒAlong = "≥O@In case of = Pq èŒOQÍ J~Ú#Despite = J~Ú##∞because of =along with =by means of =in search of =for the sake of =in case of =dispite =in comparisonto =in place of =owing to =in compliancewith =in reference =with a view to =

in course of =in regard to =with an eye to =in favour of =inspite of =with reference to =in front of =instead of =with regard to =in lieu of =in the event of =in order to =on account of =

On = ÃÑ·#, g∞ ŒUpon = ÃÑ·HIn = Ö’ÑÅ, JO Œ∞Into = Ö’ÑÅ‰õΩOf = 1. KÕ «<£, KÕ<£, À_»<£

2. À<£, J<≥_»∞, #∞O_ç 3. =Å#, QÆ∞iOz,

Ü≥ÚHõFor = H˘~°‰õΩ, ÔH·, xq∞ «Î=Ú

QÆ∞iOz, HÀã=Ú,=Å#, =Å¡, KÕ «, #∞O_ç,H, ‰õΩ =~°‰õΩ, ÑHõ∆=Ú

At = = ŒÌ, JO Œ∞, "≥·ÑÙ,K˘ÑÙÊ#

With = KÕ «, À, À_»Within = Ö’ÑÅ, ÇÏ Œ∞ÌÖ’ÑÅWithout = |Ü«∞@, ÖË‰õΩO_®

169

TO = ‰õΩ, H, = ŒÌ‰õΩ, ÀBy = =Å#, KÕ «, QÆ∞O_®,

•fi~å, ŒQÆæ~°, K˘ÑÙÊ#

From = #∞O_ç, #∞Oz, = ŒÌ#∞O_çKÕ «, HÍ~°=Ú#, =Å#

After = «~°∞"å «, "≥#∞Hõ, Ñ≤=∞‡@Among = Ö’, =∞ èŒºAmongst = =∞ èŒºAmidst = =∞ èŒºBefore = =ÚO Œ~°, Z Œ∞@About = QÆ∞iOz,

K«∞@∞ì„ÑHõ Å, ŒQÆæ~°Besides = JO Õ HÍ‰õΩO_®Phrse PrepositonsGroups of words used with theforce of a single prepositionaccording toagreeably to

along withaway fromby dint ofby means ofby reason ofby virtue ofby way ofComformably tofor the sake ofin accordance within addition to(on) behalf ofin case ofin comparison toin compliance within consequence ofin course ofin favour ofin front ofin lieu ofin order toin place ofin reference toin regard toin spite ofinstead ofon account ofowing towith a view to

170

RELATIONS EXPRESSED BY PREPOSITIONSWithin the house Tour a round the worldLean against a wall Left for Bombay

Towards evening Within a monthSince yesterday At an early date

Sell goods at auction Send it by postCut it with a kinfe Stunned by a blow

Fought with courage Worked with careFalling by inches With flying colours

Worked for the good of all Good place for a picnicDied of cancer Suffers from pain

The temple of Srinathji The girl with black eyes.

Interest at twelve percent House by the tower clockCloth is sold by the metre He lost the race by a metre

After every effort, he failedFor one vacancy a thousand applicationsFor all his wisdom, he is vainglorious.With all his weakness, as he is a fine fellow.

Sorry for / about something that one has doneI'm sorry for / about breaking your window.

Sorry for a person

I feel really sorry for her children.

Speak to; speak with ( especially US)

Could I speak to/ with your father for a moment?

Suffer from

My wife is suffering from hepatitis

Surprised at /by

Everybody was surprised at/ by the weather.

take part in (NOT)

I dont want to take part in any more conferences.

171

think of / about (NOT)

I'm thinking of studying medicine.

I've also thought about studying dentistry.

the thought of (NOT)

I hate the thought of going back to work.

throw...at (aggressive) stop throwing stones at the cars

throw .....to ( in a game) If you get the ball, throw it to me

translate into (NOT)

Could you translate this into (Greek for me?)

trip over

He tripped over the cat and fell downstairs.

typical of (NOT)

The wine's typical of the region.

wrong with

What's wrong with Rahool today?

accuse of

accuse somebody of something (NOT)

She accused me of poisoning her dog.

afraid of (NOT)

Are you afraid of spiders?

agree with a person, opinion or policy

I entirely agree with you.

He left the firm because he didn't agree with their sales policy.

agree about a subject of discussion

We agree about most things.

agree on a matter for decision

Let's try to agree on a date.

agree to a suggestion

I'll agree to your suggestion if you lower the price.

172

angry with ( sometimes at) a person for doing something.

I'm angry with her for lying to me.

angry about ( sometimes at) something

What are you so angry about?

anxious about (= worried about)

I'm getting anxious about money.

anxious for ( = eager to have)

We're all anxious for an end to this misunderstanding.

anxious + infinitive (= eager, wanting)

She's anxious to find a better job.

apologise to somebody for something.

I think we should apologise to the Shiva.

I must apologise for disturbing you.

arrive at or in (NOT)

What time do we arrive at Cardiff?

When did you arrive in England?

bad at (NOT)

I'm not bad at tennis.

believe a person or something that is said(=accept as truthful /

true (no preposition)

Don't believe her.

I don't believe a word she says.

believe in God, Father Christmas etc (= believe that .... exists; trust)

I half believe in life after death.

If you believe me I can do anything.

belong in / on/ etc (= go, fit, have its place in/on/etc)

belong to ( = be a member of)

I belong to a local athletics club.

blue with cold, red with anger etc.

173

My hands were blue with cold when I got home frightened of or by

get in (to) and out of a car, taxi or small boat

When I got into my car, I found the radio had been stolen.

get on (to) and off a train, plane, bus, ship, (motor) bike or horse

We'll be getting off the train in ten minutes.

good at ( NOT)

Are you any good at tennis?

(the) idea of...ing ( NOT...)

I don't like the idea of getting married yet. ill with

The boss has been ill with flu this week.

impressed with/by

I'm very impressed with/by your work.

increase in activity, output etc (NOT)

I'd like to see a big increase in productivity.

independent of or sometimes from; independence from

She got a job so that she could be independent of her parents

When did India get its independence from Britain? insist on (NOT)

George's father insisted on paying.

Interest/ interested in ( NOT)

Do you have interest in social work?

Not many people are interested in grammar. kind to (NOT)

People have always been very kind to me.

(a) lack of

Lack of time prevented me from writing.

(to) lack (no preposition)

Your mother lacks tact.

(to) be lacking in

she is lacking in tact.

laugh at

174

I hate being laughed at.

laugh about

We'll laugh about this one day.

listen to

If you don't listen to people they won't listen to you.

look at (= 'point one's eyes at')

Stop looking at me like that.

look after ( = take care of)

Thanks for looking after me when I was ill.

look for (= try to find)

Can you help me look for my keys?

marriage to ; get / be married to (NOT)

Her marriage to Philip didn't last very long.

How long have you been married to Sheila?

marry somebody ( no preposition)

She married her childhood sweetheart.

near (to) :

nice to (NOT)

You weren't very nice to me last night.

operate on a patient

They operated on her yesterday evening.

pay for something that is bought ( NOT)

Excuse me, sir. You haven't paid for your drink.

pleased with somebody.

The boss is very pleased with you.

pleased with/about/at something.

I wasn't very pleased with/about/at my exam results.

polite to ( NOT)

175

Try to be polite to Uncle Richard for once.

prevent ... from...ing ( NOT)

The noise from downstairs prevented me from sleeping.

proof of (NOT)

I want proof of your love. Lend me some money.

reason for (NOT)

Nobody knows the reason for the accident.

remind of

She reminds me of a girl I was at school with.

responsible/ responsibility for

Who's responsible for the shopping this week?

rude to (NOT)

Peggy was petty rude to my family last weekend.

run into (=meet)

I ran into Philip at Victoria Station this morning.

search ( without preposition) (= look through; look everywhere in/on)

They searched everybody's luggage

They searched the man in front of me from head to foot.

search for ( =look for)

The customs were searching for drugs at the airport.

shocked at/by

I was terribly shocked at/by the news of Peter's accident.

shout at (aggressive)

If you don't stop shouting at me I'll come and hit you.

shout to (=call to)

Mary shouted to us to come in and swim.

smile at

If you smile at me like that I'll give you anything you want.

sorry about something that has happened

176

I'am sorry about your exam results.

enter into an agreement, a discussion etc.

We've just entered into an agreement with Carsons Ltd.

enter a place (no preposition)

When I entered the room everybody stopped talking.

example of (NOT)

Sherry is an example of a fortified wine.

explain something to somebody (NOT)

Could you explain this rule to me?

clever at ( NOT)

I'm not very clever at cooking.

congratulate / congratulations on something (US also for)

I must congratulate you on your exam results.

Congratualtions on your new job!

congratulate/ congratulations on/ for doing something.

He congratulated the team on/ for having won all their games.

crash into (NOT USUALLY )

I wasn't concentrating, and I crashed into the car in front.

depend/ dependent on(NOT or)

We may play football-it depends on the weather.

He doesn't want to be dependent on his parents.

But: independent of

details of (NOT USUALLY)

Write now for details of our special offer.

die of or from

More people died of flu in 1919 than were killed in the First World War

A week after the accident he died from his injuries.

difficulty with something , (in) doing something (NOT)

I'm having difficulty with my travel arrangements.

177

You won't have much difficulty (in) getting to know people in Italy.

disappointed with somebody

disappointed with/ at / about something

You must be pretty disappointed with/at/about your exam results.(a) discussion about something.

We had a long discussion about politics.

(to) discuss something (no preposition)

We'd better discuss your travel plans.divide into (NOT)

The book is divided into three parts.

dream of ( =think of, imagine)

I often dreamed of being famous when I was younger.dream about/of (while asleep)

What does it mean if you dream about/ of mountains?

dress(ed) in ( NOT)

Who's the woman dressed in green?drive into (NOT)

Chintu drove into a tree again yesterday.

THE CONJUNCTIONãOÜ≥∂QÆÑ Œ=Ú

Definition : Ô~O_»∞ Ñ¨ Œ=ÚÅ#∞QÍx, Ô~O_»∞ Ñ¨ Œã¨=¸Ç¨Ï=ÚÅ#∞ QÍx,

Ô~O_»∞ "åHõº=ÚÅ#∞ QÍx HõÅ∞Ñ¨Ù Ñ¨ Œ=Ú CONJUNCTION

ã¨OÜ≥∂QÆ Ñ¨ Œ=Ú Jx Ñ≤Å∞=|_»∞#∞.

e.g :God made the forest and man made the park

His body is small but his heart is big

Three and three make six

1. Correlative conjuntions : J<Àº#º ãO|O èŒ=ÚQÆÅ ãOÜ≥∂QÆ

Ñ¨ Œ=ÚÅ∞. Wq [O@Å∞QÍ #∞O_»∞#∞.

178

e.g : Either .... or, Neither ... nor,

Both .... and, Though .... yet,

Whether.....or, not only... but also

1. Learn either French or German

2. The fruit is neither sweet nor good looking

3. I like both cricket and hockey

5. I do not care whether you come or go

or

7. I like not only cricket but also hockey.

2. Compound Conjunctions : Ñ Œã=Ú^•Ü«∞=ÚÅ ãOÜ≥∂QÆ Ñ Œ=ÚÅ∞

e.g : In order that as though

On condition that in as much as

even if, as well as

so that, as soon as

Provided that, as if

Conjunctions =ÚYº=ÚQÍ Ô~O_»∞ ~°Hõ=ÚÅ∞

1. Co-ordinate conjunctions

2. Subordinative conjunctions

1. Co-ordinate conjunctions : ã=∂<åkèHõ~° ãOÜ≥∂QÆÑ Œ=ÚÅ∞ Wq

Ô~O_»∞ ã¨=∂# ™ê÷~ÚQÆÅ "åHõºÉèÏQÆ=ÚÅ#∞ HõÅ∞Ñ¨Ù#∞. D ~°HõÑ¨Ù

conjunctions Ö’ =ÚYº"≥∞ÿ#q and, but, or, not, also, either or,

neither nor, gx`À HõÅ∞Ñ|_ç# "åHõº ÉèÏQÆ=ÚÅ#∞ main clause

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JO Œ∞~°∞. D co-ordinate conjunctions Ö’ <åÅ∞QÆ∞ qÉèË Œ=ÚÅ∞#flq.

a. Cumulative „áÈÔQ·# ÖËHõ ã=ÚK«ÛÜ«∂~°úHõ ãOÜ≥∂QÆ Ñ Œ=ÚÅ∞.

Wq Ô~O_»∞ "åHõº=ÚÅ#∞ ( main clauses) HõÅ∞ÑÙ#∞. Jq and,

also.

b. Adversative : =ºuˆ~HÍ~°ú=ÚÖ·#q. Wq Ô~O_»∞ „Ñ¨Hõ@#Å‰õΩ

=º`åºã¨=Ú ÖËHõ =ºuˆ~Hõ « „Ñ¨ Œi≈OK«∞#∞.

e.g : but, still, yet

c. Alternative : QÆ «ºO «~° ãOÜ≥∂QÆ Ñ Œ=ÚÅ∞. Wq Ô

~O_çO\˜=ÚO^˘Hõ ^•xx „QÆÇ≤ÏOK«∞@‰õΩ J=HÍâ◊=Ú K«∂Ñ¨Ù#∞

e.g : either......or, neither ... nor

d. Illative : J~åúÑuÎ ãOÜ≥∂QÆ Ñ Œ=ÚÅ∞. Wq XHõ TÇÏ#∞

J#∞=∂#=Ú#∞ ÖËHõ J~å÷Ñ¨uÎx K≥Ñ¨ÙÊ#∞.

e.g : therfore

2. Sub-ordinative conjunctions : ãÇÜ«∂~°úHõ ãOÜ≥∂QÆ Ñ Œ=ÚÅ∞XHõ "åHõº ÉèÏQÆ=Ú J~°ú ã¨OÑ¨ÓiÎ H˘~°‰õΩ "Õ~˘Hõ "åHõº ÉèÏQÆ=ÚÃÑ·

P è•~°Ñ_»∞ K«∞O_»QÍ D Ô~O\x ãOÜ≥∂QÆ Ñ~°K«∞ conjunction

#∞ subordinative conjunction JO Œ∞~°∞. nx «~°∞"å « =K«∞Û

"åHõº ÉèÏQÆ=Ú#∞subordinative clause JO Œ∞~°∞.

=ÚYº"≥∞ÿ# subordinative conjunctions after, because, if,

that, though, although, till, before, unless, as, when, where,

while, else.

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Wq 8 ~°Hõ=ÚÅ∞

i. HÍÅ=Ú#‰õΩ ãO|OkèOz#q (Time)

e.g before, after, till, since, when, while, as soon as.

ii. HÍ~°=Ú, ¿ÇÏ «∞=ÙÅ‰õΩ ãÖ|OkèOz#q

( Cause, reason)

e.g: because, since, as

iii. „Ñ¨Ü≥∂[# (purpose) ãÖ|O èŒ"≥∞ÿ#q

e.g : that, inorder that, so that, incase

iv. Ñ¶e «=Ú (Request or consequence)#‰õΩ

ãÖ|OkèOz#q

e.g: so that, that

v. +~° «∞ (condition )#‰õΩ ãO|OkèOz#q

e.g : if, unless

vi. B^•~°º`å ÉèÏ==Ú ( concession)#‰õΩ ãO|OkèOz#q

e.g : I will not receive him though he comes

vii. áÈÅ∞Û@ ( comparison)‰õΩ ãO|OkèOz#q

e.g : than

viii. ã÷Å xˆ~Ìâ◊=Ú (place)#‰õΩ ãÖ|OkèOz#q

Ex : where, wherever

Note : H˘xfl Ñ Œ=ÚÅ∞ conjunctions QÍ#∞ prepositions QÍ#∞

‰õÄ_® LÑÜ≥∂QÆÑ_»∞#∞. Jq

Till, since, For, After, But, Before.

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SOME CONJUNCTIONS AND THEIRUSES

H˘xfl ã¨OÜ≥∂QÆ Ñ¨ Œ=ÚÅ∞ – "å\˜ LÑ¨Ü≥∂QÆ=ÚÅ∞1. 'since' Ô~O_»∞ J~°ú=ÚÅÖ’ LÑÜ≥∂yOÑ|_»∞#∞

a. HÍÅ=Ú#‰õΩ K≥Ok#k. XHÍ<˘Hõ ã¨=∞Ü«∞=Ú#∞O_ç J#∞

J~°ú=Ú#

e.g : Much water has flown under the bridge

since we crossed it

b. HÍ~°ºHÍ~° ã¨O|O èŒ=Ú# LÑ¨Ü≥∂yOÑ¨|_»∞#∞.

e.g: Since you wish it, it will be done

2. 'Or' 4 q èŒ=ÚÅ∞QÆ LÑ¨Ü≥∂yOÑ¨|_»∞#∞.

a. ÖËHõ – J#∞ J~°ú=Ú#. XHõ\ [~°QÆ Œx Ô~O_»=k [~°∞QÆ∞#xK≥Ñ¨ÙÊ@‰õΩ

Do or die

Work or starve

ÖËHõ – J#∞ J~°ú=Ú# J=HÍâ◊=ÚÅ∞ XHõ\˜ HõO>Ë Z‰õΩ¯=

‰õÄ_® LO_»=K«∞Û#∞

e.g : He may go to England or America or

Germany for higher studies

c. 'Otherwise' (J@∞¡ HÍHõáÈ~Ú#, ÖË‰õΩ#fl "Õ~°∞ q èŒ=ÚQÍ)

J#∞ J~°ú=Ú#∞ ≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù@‰õΩ–

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e.g : Please walk quickly or darkness will

overtake us.

d. 'and' =∞iÜ«Ú J#∞ Ñ¨ Œ=Ú#‰õΩ ã¨=∂<å~°ú=Ú

≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù@‰õΩ–

e.g : Our school team is not wanting in skill or in

practice

3. 'If' J#∞ conjunction 5 q èŒ=ÚÅ∞QÍ LÑÜ≥∂yOÑ|_»∞#∞–

a. 'on condition that' J#∞ J~°ú=Ú#∞ ≥Å∞ÑÙ@‰õΩ–

e.g : If Rama is there, I shall see him

b. XHõ q+¨Ü«∞=Ú#∞ JOwHõ~°iOK«∞@‰õΩ ≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù@‰õΩ

e.g : If I am blunt, I am without malice.

c. 'Whether' J#∞ J~°ú=Ú#∞ ≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù@‰õΩ

e.g : I asked him if he would lend me money.

d. 'Whenever' J#∞ J~°ú=Ú#∞ ≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù@‰õΩ

e.g : If I feel doubtful, I will ask you

e. e.g : If only I knew !

4. 'That' J#∞ conjunction =¸_»∞ q èŒ=ÚÅ∞QÍ

LÑÜ≥∂yOÑ|_»∞#∞.

a. XHõ HÍ~°=Ú, ¿ÇÏ «∞=Ù ≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù@‰õΩ

e.g : He was angry that he was exposed

( that = because)

b. XHõ „ÑÜ≥∂[#=Ú ≥Å∞ÑÙ@‰õΩ, JÑÙÊ_»k 'in order that'

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J~°ú=Ú HõeyÜ«ÚO_»∞#∞.

e.g : We saw that we may reap.

c. (Effect, result, conquence)

e.g : I am so exhausted that I can not move a yard

5. 'while' conjunction #∞ =¸_»∞ q èŒ=ÚÅ∞QÍ LÑÜ≥∂yO «∞~°∞

a. 'during the time that', ÖËHõ 'as long as' J#∞ J~°ú=Ú#

e.g : While the day lasts, hope lingers

b. 'at the same time that' J#∞ J~°ú=Ú#

e.g : While they quarrelled, they helped each

other.

c. 'where as ' J#∞ J~°ú=Ú#

e.g : While it is true of Hyderabad, its not true of

other Andhra towns.

6. 'only' J#∞ conjunction #∞ 'except that' ÖËHõ 'but' ÖËHõ 'were

it not' J#∞ J~°ú=ÚÅÖ’ LÑ¨Ü≥∂yO «∞~°∞.

e.g: A good singer, only he falters little.

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Conjunctions

( ã¨=ÚK«ÛùÜ«∞=ÚÅ∞)And = =∞iÜ«ÚBut = HÍxEither-or =

WkHÍx–JkHÍxNeither-nor =

WkHÍ Œ∞–JkHÍ Œ∞Not only-but also =

W ÕHÍHõ–Jk‰õÄ_®#∞Even if = J~Ú#Ñ¨Ê\˜H˜Eventhough = J~Ú##∞As well as = ‰õÄ_»As yet = WOHõ#∞As far as = =~°‰õΩEven then = JÑ¨Ê\˜H˜xBefore = =ÚO Œ∞After = "≥#∞HõTill = JÑ¨Ê\˜ =~°‰õΩHip, hip hurrah = [Ü«∞ [Ü«∂

~å==ÚÅ∞

THE INTERJECTIONPâ◊Û~åº~°úHõ Ñ Œ=Ú

Definition : JHõ™ê‡ «∞ÎQÍ Hõey# z «Î =$uÎx, ~åQÆ=Ú#∞, =∞<À„ ÕHõ=Ú#∞,

P"Õâ◊=Ú#∞ ≥ÅÑ¨Ù@‰õΩ LÑ¨Ü≥∂yOK≥_»∞ Ñ¨ Œ=ÚÅ#∞

Interjection Jx Ñ≤Å∞ «~°∞.

e.g : Alas, he passed away !

so thatprovided that

as thoughin as much asas well asas soon asas if

Time =before,still,since, after, untilCause = because,since asPurpose = that, lestResult = so-thatCondition = if, unlessConcession = though,

though-yet,althoughComparison = thanboth- andwhether - orThough - yet

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Hello ! Who is there ?

Ah! Has she gone?

Oh! I was much afraid

Hush ! Be silent

Hurrah! India has won the test series.

ÃÑ· "åHõº=ÚÅO Œ∞ Interjection Ñ Œ=ÚÅ‰õΩ"åHõº=ÚÖ’x ~Ú «~° Ñ¨ Œ=Ú`À <≥\ì ã¨O|O èŒ=Ú#∞

ÖË Œ∞. Interjection Ñ Œ=ÚÅ∞ J<ÕHõ q èŒ=ÚÖ·#

z «Î=$ «∞ÎÅ#∞ ≥Å∞Ñ¨=K«∞Û#∞.

a. ãO`À+=Ú (Joy) ≥Å∞Ñ¨=K«∞Û#∞

e.g : Hurrah! (JÉÏƒ)

b. Œ∞óY=Ú (Grief) ≥Å∞Ñ=K«∞Û#∞

e.g : Alas ! ( JHõ\Ï ! Hõ@ Hõ@!)

c. Pâ◊Û~°º=Ú (Surprise)#∞ ≥Å∞Ñ=K«∞Û#∞.

e.g: ha! oh! ( Ç¨! Ç¨ÏŸ! B~å! JÇ¨Ç¨!)

d. ã=∞‡u, P"≥∂ Œ=Ú, JOwHÍ~°=Ú (Approval)

≥Å∞Ñ=K«∞Û#∞

e.g: Brave ( Éèím, ÃãÇ¨ÏÉèÏãπ)

e. HÀÑ=Ú(Anger)

e.g: Avaunt ( pè, áÈ!)

f. H˘xfl Ñ¨ Œ=ÚÅ∞ ã¨q∞+≤ìQÍ ã¨=∂ã¨"≥∞ÿ, ã¨=Ú^•Ü«∞"≥∞ÿ,

'Interjection ' QÍ „ÑÜ≥∂yOÑ|_»=K«∞Û#∞.

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Ex : Good gracious !

For shame!

Well done!

Ah, me!

Ñ Œã=Ú^•Ü«∞=ÚÅ∞ 'Interjection ' QÍLÑ¨Ü≥∂yOÑ¨|_ç#Ü≥∞_»Å P ã¨=Ú^•Ü«∞=Ú z=~°

‰õÄ_® Pâ◊Û~åº~°úHõ zÇ¨Ïfl=Ú#∞OK«=Öˇ#∞.

COLLECTIONS( ã¨O„QÆÇ¨Ï=ÚÅ∞)1. A swarm of bees or flies, or

ants.2. A shower of rain, arrows.3. A series of events4. A caravan of merchants, pilgrims,

travellers.5. An army of soldiers.6. A band of musicians.7. A bunch of grapes, plan tains.8. A class of students, of persons.9. A cloud of locusts.10. A code of laws.11. A company of soldiers, merchants.12. A series of lectures.13. A fleet of ships.14. A group of figures, men.15. A hive of bees.16. A league of states, nations.17. A library of books.18. A sheat of cork.19. A shoal of fish.20. A train of wagons, carriages.21. A troop or squadron of horses.22. A suit of clothes.23. A regiment of soldiers.

24. A bunch of flowers, bouquet ( Boo-kai).

25. A bundle of sticks / hay26. A chain of mountains/ events.27. A Clump or grove of trees.28. A collection of relics.29. A cluster or galaxy of stars,

islands.30. A flock of geese or sheep.31. A flight of steps or birds.32. A fall of snow or rain.33. A flight or swarm of locusts, birds,

steps.34. A gang of thieves or robbers, pris-

oners, convicts, workmen.35. A gang of labourers.38. A heap of stones or sand.39. A herd of cattle or swine, deer or

sheep.40. A litter of puppies, pigs.41. A pair of shoes.42. A pack of wolves or hounds, cards.43. A range of hills or mountains.44. A stack of corn or wood or arms.

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Youngone's of Animals( offspring)

( [O «∞=ÙÅ Ñ≤Å¡Å∞ )1. Cat - Kitten

2. Dog - Puppy

3. Donkey - filly or foal

4. Eagle - Eaglet

5. Goat - Kid

6. Hen - Chicken, chick

7. Horse - Colt(M), Filly(F)/foal

8. Lion

9. Tiger

10. Wolf

11. Sheep - Lamb

12. Swan - Gnat.

13. Duck - Duckling

14. Frog - Tadpole

- Cub

Cries of Animals

( [O «∞=ÙÅ J~°∞ÑÙÅ∞)1. Asses- bray2. Bulls- bellow3. Bees- hum, Buzz4. Birds - chirp. sing, twitter5. Cows- moo6. Camels grunt7. Cocks- crow8. Crows- caw9. Cats- mew, purr10. Dogs- bark, whine, yelp,

growl, howl11. Elephants- trumpet12. Flies- hum, buzz13. Fox- yelp, bark14. Frogs- croak15. Goats- bleat16. Horses- neigh, snost,

whinning

17. Jackals- howl18. Lambs- bleat19. Lions- roar20. Mice- sqeak21. Monkeys- chatter, gibber22. Nightingales- warble, sing23. Owls- hoot, shriek,

screech, scream24. Parrots- talk25. Sparrows- chirp, twitter26. Serpents- hiss27. Sheep- bleat28. Swans- cry29. Thrushes- whistle30. Tigers- growl, roar31. Turkeys- gabble32. Vultures- scream33. wolves - howl, yell.

188

NUMBERS & FRACTIONS

( ã¨OYºÅ∞ =∞iÜ«Ú aè#fl=ÚÅ∞)

One XHõ\ I 1

Two Ô~O_»∞ II 2

Three =¸_»∞ III 3

Four <åÅ∞QÆ∞ IV 4

Five S Œ∞ V 5

Six P~°∞ VI 6

Seven U_»∞ VII 7

Eight Zxq∞k VIII 8

Nine `˘q∞‡k IX 9

Ten Ñk x 10

Eleven Ñ ŒH˘O_»∞ XI 11

Twelve Ñ<≥flO_»∞ XII 12

189

Thirteen Ñ Œ=¸_»∞ XIII 13

Fourteen Ñ Œ<åÅ∞æ XIV 14

Fifteen Ñk<≥· Œ∞ XV 15

Sixteen Ñ Œ∞<å~°∞ XVI 16

Seventeen Ñ Œ∞<Õ_»∞ XVII 17

Eighteen Ñ Œ∞<≥xq∞k XVIII 18

Nineteen ÑO_˘q∞‡k XIX 19

Twenty W~°∞=k XX 20

Twenty one W~°"≥· XHõ\ XXI 21

Twenty two W~°"≥· Ô~O_»∞ XXII 22

Twnety three W~°"≥· =¸_»∞ XXIII 23

Twenty four W~°"≥· <åÅ∞QÆ∞ XXIV 24

Twenty five W~°"≥· S^Œ∞ XXV 25

Twenty six W~°"≥· P~°∞ XXVI 26

Twenty seven W~°"≥· U_»∞ XXVII 27

Twenty eight W~°"≥· Zxq∞k XXVIII 28

Twenty nine W~°ÃÑ· ˘q∞‡k XXIX 29

Thirty =ÚÃÑ·Ê XXX 30

Thirty one =ÚÃÑ·Ê XHõ\ XXXI 31

Forty #ÅÉè· XL 40

Fifty Ü«∂Éèˇ· L 50

Sixty J~°"≥· LX 60

Seventy _≥Éè·ƒù LXX 70

Eighty Z#Éèˇ· LXXX 80

Ninety `˘OÉèˇ· XC 90

Ninety one `˘OÉè·XHõ\ XCI 91

Ninety two `˘OÉè· Ô~O_»∞ XCII 92

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Ninety three `˘OÉèˇ·=¸_»∞ XCIII 93

Ninety four `˘OÉèˇ· <åÅ∞QÆ∞ XCIV 94

Ninety five `˘OÉè· S Œ∞ XCV 95

Ninety six `˘OÉè· P~°∞ XCVI 96

Ninety seven `˘OÉè· U_» XCVII 97

Ninety eight `˘OÉè· Zxq∞k XCVIII 98

Ninety nine `˘OÉèˇ· ˘q∞‡k XCIX 99

Hundred #∂~°∞ C 100

Hundred one #∂@ XHõ\˜ CI 101

Hundred and ten #∂@Ñ¨k CX 110

Hundred and fifty #∂@Ü«∂Éèˇ· CL 150

Two hundred Ô~O_»∞=O ŒÅ∞ CC 200

Three hundred =¸_»∞ =O ŒÅ∞ CCC 300

Four hundred <åÅ∞QÆ∞ =O ŒÅ∞ CD 400

Five hundred S Œ∞ =O ŒÅ∞ D 500

Six hundred P~°∞ =O ŒÅ∞ DC 600

Seven hundred U_»∞ =O ŒÅ∞ DCC 700

Eight hundred Zxq∞k =O ŒÅ∞ DCCC 800

Nine hundred `˘q∞‡k =O ŒÅ∞ CM 900

Thousand "Õ~Ú M 1000Thousand and

one hundred "Õ~Úxfl XHõ #∂~°∞ MC 1100Thousand two

hundred "Õ~Úxfl Ô~O_»∞ #∂~°∞¡ MCC 1200

Ten thousand Ñ¨k"ÕÅ∞ 10,000

Ninety thousand `˘OÉè·"ÕÅ∞ 90,000

Lakh ÅHõ∆ 1,00,000

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Cipher = ã¨∞#flNaught = ã¨∞#flZero = ã¨∞#flEven number = ãï ãÖYºOdd numbe = ÉËã≤ ãÖYºFirst = XHõ@=Second = Ô~O_»=Third = =¸_»=Fourth = <åÅ∞QÆ=Fifth = J~Ú Œ=Sixth = P~°=Seventh = U_»=Eighth = Zxq∞ Œ=Ninth = ˘q∞‡^Œ=Tenth = Ñ¨ Œ=Eleventh = Ñ¨ ŒH˘O_»=Twentieth = W~°∞= Œ=Double = Ô~O_çO «Å∞Treble = =¸_çO «Å∞Four fold = <åÅ∞QÆ∞ Ô~@∞¡Five fold = J~Ú Œ∞ Ô~@∞¡Nine fold = `˘q∞‡k Ô~@∞¡Ten fold = Ñ¨k Ô~@∞¡

116 = XHõ\˜Ö’ Ñ¨ ŒÇ¨~°=

ÉèÏQÆ=Ú

1316 = Ñ Œ=¸_»∞

Ñ¨ ŒÇ¨~°= ÉèÏQÍÅ∞

18 = XHõ\˜Ö’ Zxq∞ Œ=

ÉèÏQÆ=Ú

58 = Zxq∞kO@

J~Ú Œ∞ ÉèÏQÍÅ∞

14 = áêuHõ, HÍÅ∞

ÉèÏQÆ=Ú, ÉèÏQÆ=Ú,áê=Ù(áêuHõ)

1 14 = XHõ\ÕÉÏ=Ù,

XHõ\ÕHÍÅ∞,

2 14 = Ô~O_»∞OÉÏ=Ù,

Ô~O_»∞OÉÏuHõ

Million Ñ¨k ÅHõ∆Å∞ 10,00,000

Crore HÀ\˜ 100, 00 000

192

Once = XHõ™êiTwice = Ô~O_»∞ ™ê~°∞¡Thrice = =¸_»∞ ™ê~°∞¡Four times = <åÅ∞QÆ∞ ™ê~°∞¡Five times = J~Ú Œ∞ ™ê~°∞¡Nine times = `˘q∞‡k ™ê~°∞¡Ten times = Ñ¨k™ê~°∞¡Ninety times = `˘OÉè·™ê~°∞¡Hundredtimes= =O Œ™ê~°∞¡Dozen = Ñ¨<≥flO_»∞Gross = Ñ¨<≥flO_»∞ _»[#∞¡

Score = W~°∞=k

10 14 = Ñ¨kOÉÏ=Ù,

Ñ¨kOÉÏuHõ, Ñ¨kOHÍÅ∞

12 = J~°, ã¨QÆ=Ú

1 12 = XHõ\˜#fl~°

2 12 = Ô~O_»∞#fl~°

3 12 = =¸_»∞#fl~°

5 12 = J~Ú Œ∞#fl~°

34 = =ÚáêÊuHõ,

=ÚHÍ¯Å∞,

=ÚáêÊ=Ù

1 34 = XHõ\˜ =ÚHÍ¯Å∞

3 34 = =¸_»∞ =ÚHÍ¯Å∞

193

Three quarters of a ton is too much.3.6 kilometres is about 2 miles.nought, zero, nil etc

The figure 0 is usually called nought in British English, andzero in American English, When we say numbers one figure at atime, 0 is often called oh ( like the letter O).

My account number is four one three oh six.In measurements of temperature, 0 is called zero in both British andAmerican English. Zero is followed by a plural noun.

Zero degrees Celsius is thirty-two degrees Fahrenheit.Zero scores in team games are called nil (American zero or nothing).In tennis and similar games, the word love is used ( originally fromFrench) l'oeuf, meaning 'the egg' - the figure 0 is egg-shaped).

And the score at half-time is : Scotland three, England nil.Forty - love; Andrews to serve.

Telephone numbersWe say each figure separately, pausing after groups of three

or four ( not two).When the same figure comes twice, British people usually say double.3074922 three oh seven, four nine double two( US three zero seven, four nine two two)Roman numbers

Roman numbers (I, II, III, IV etc) are not common in modernEnglish, but they are still used in a few cases- for example the namesof kings and queens, page numbers in the introductions to somebooks, the numbers of paragraphs in some documents, the numbersof questions in some examinations, the figures on some clock faces,and occasionally the names of centuries.

It was built in the time of Henry V.For details. see Introduction page ix.Do question(vi) or question (vii), but not both.a fine XVIII Century English walnut chest of drawers.1 i 10 x 41 xl2 ii 11 xi 45 xlv3 iii 12 xii 50 L4 iv 13 xiii 60 Lx5 v 14 xiv 90 xc6 vi 19 xix 100 C7 vii 20 xx 500 D8 viii 21 xxi 1000 M9 ix 30 xxx 1995 MCMXCV

194

Cardinal and ordinal numbers : books,chapters etc.,

the fourth book- Book Fourthe third act - Act ThreeMozart's thirty-ninth symphony - Symphony No.39, by Mozartthe third day of the course - Timetable for Day Threehowever, the names of kings and queens are said with ordinalnumbers.Henry VIII: Henry the Eighth ( Not Henry Eight)Louis XIV : Louis the FourteenthElizabeth II : Elizabeth the second

CenturiesThe period from 1701-1800 is called the 18th century ( not

the 17th); 1801-1900 is the 19th century etc.,

FloorsThe ground floor of a British house is the first floor of an

American house ; the British first floor is the American second floor,etc.,

and; punctuationIn British English we always use "and" before the tens in a

number.In American English, 'and' can be dropped.310 three hundred and ten ( US also three hundred ten)5,642 five thousand, six hundred and forty-twoIn measurements containing two different units, and is possiblebefore the smaller, but is usually left out.

two hours ( and ) ten minutestwo metres ( and ) thirty centimetres.

3,127( Not 3.127) 5.466,243We do not always use commas in four figure numbers and they arenot used in dates.4.126 or 4126the year 1648Spaces are also possible in British English.There are 1,000(OR 1000 millimetres in a metre.)

'a' and 'one'We can say a hundred or one hundred, a thousand or one

thousand a millionor one million. One is more formal.I want to live for a hundred years ( Not ... Pay Mr J Baron one thousand

195

pounds on a cheque)317/509 three hundred and seventeen over five hundred and nine0.375 nought point three seven five ( US zero point three)4.7 four point seven

Singular and plural with fractions anddecimals

One and a half hours1.3 millimetresI have been waiting for an hour and a halfThree quarters of a ton0.1625 cm nought point one six two five of a centimetrenought point one six two five centimetres

Measurementa five - litre can a pound notea six -pound chicken, a three-mile walk, a five-day course,a two -person tent, ten two-hour lessonsa pint muga two thirds shareNote the use of the 's structure before worth.a pound's worth of walnutsthree dollars' worth of popcorna day's journey, three hours' journey twenty minutes' delaya three hours (') journey ( = a journey of three hours)a three-hour journey, a twenty -minute delaythe evening news, a sunday paperyesterday's news, last sunday's match

man womanfather motherman-servant maid-servantuncle auntwizard witchgrandfahter grandmotherdrake ducklandlord landladyduke duchessmaster mistressearl countessfox vixen

emperor empressgentleman ladymonk nungod goddessnegro negressking queenpoet poetesshero heroineprince princesspriest priestess

Masculine gender & Femine gender

( Ñ¨ÙOeOQÆ =∞iÜ«Ú „ã‘ÎeOQÆ Ñ¨ •Å∞ )

196

grandson grand daughterfather-in-law mother-in lawwaiter waitresssir madamwasher-man washer-womanhe-goat she-goatlad lasssportsman sportswomandrone beeactor actressbridegroom bridecout countessdairy man dairy-maidtiger tigresstraitor traitressheir heiressinstructor intructressmilk-man milk-maidshephered shepheredessstep-son step-daughtermaster mistresshost hostessPeer PeeressBachelor maidPoet poetess

spinsterPriest priestessBoy girlProphet prophetessBrother siterBuck doeSteward stewardessBull ( or OX) cowViscount viscountessBullock heiferCock henBenefactor benefactressColt fillyConductor conductressDog bitchEnchanter enchantressDrake duckFounder foundressHunter huntress

Gander gooseHart roeNegro negressHorse mareAbbot abbessHusband wifeEmperor empressLord ladyMarquis m a r c h i o n e s sFox VixenPreceptor preceptressSongster songstressTempter temptressSeamaster seamstressTiger tigressNephew nieceWaiter waitressRam eweSir madamMurderer murderessSon daughterSorcerer sorceressStag hindBull-calf cow-calfUncle auntCock-sparrow hen-sparrowWizard witchHe-goat she-goatAuthor authoressHe-bear she-bearBaron baronessJack-ass jenny-assGiant giantessman-servant maid-servantLand-lord land-ladyGreat-uncle great-auntLion lionessManager manageressMilk-man milk-maidMayor mayoressPea-cock pea-henPatron patronessWasher-man Washer-womanAdministrator administratrix

197

Executor executrixTestator testatrixCzar czarinaSultan sultanaSignor signora

Valcano = Jyfl Ñ¨~°fi «=ÚValcanoes = Jyfl Ñ~°fi «=ÚÅ∞Echo = „Ñ¨u èŒfixEchoes = „Ñu èŒfi#∞Å∞Piano = XHõ ã¨Ow «

"å^Œºqâı+¨=ÚPianos = "å Œº=ÚÅ∞Dynamo = _≥·#"≥∂Dynamos = _≥·#"≥∂Å∞Bamboo = "≥ Œ∞~°∞Bamboos = "≥ Œ∞~°∞ Hõ„~°Å∞Canto = J è•ºÜ«∞=ÚCantos = J è•ºÜ«∞=ÚÅ∞Momento = ã¨‡$u zÇ¨Ïfl=ÚPlural Form

Momentos = ã¨‡$u zÇ¨Ïfl =ÚÅ∞Baby = a_»¤Babies = a_»¤Å∞Army = ¿ã#

Singluar & Plural forms( UHõ=K«# =∞iÜ«Ú |Ç¨ï=K«# ~°∂áêÅ∞)

Armies = ¿ã#Å∞Lady = Q“~°=hÜ«∞"≥∞ÿ# „ã‘ÎLadies = Q“~°=hÜ«∞"≥∞ÿ#

„ã‘ÎÅ∞Story = Hõ äŒStories = Hõ äŒÅ∞City = #QÆ~°=ÚCities = #QÆ~°=ÚÅ∞Pony = á⁄\ì QÆ∞„~°=ÚPonies = á⁄\ì QÆ∞„~°=ÚÅ∞Fly = DQÆFlies = DQÆÅ∞Body = â◊s~°=ÚBodies = â◊s~°=ÚÅ∞Country = ^Õâ◊=ÚCountries = Õâ◊=ÚÅ∞Boy = Ñ≤Å¡"å_»∞Boys = Ñ≤Å¡"åO_»∞¡

198

Guy = #∂#∂QÆ∞g∞™êÅ"å_»∞,"≥∂‰õΩ

Guys = Ñº‰õΩÎÅ∞–"≥∂‰õΩÅ∞Toy = ÉÁ=∞‡Toys = ÉÁ=∞‡Å∞Ray = H˜~°=ÚRays = H˜~°=ÚÅ∞Day = k#=ÚDays = k#=ÚÅ∞Monkey = HÀuMonkeys = HÀ «∞Å∞Thief = ^˘OQÆThieves = ^˘OQÆÅ∞Leaf = P‰õΩLeaves = P‰õΩÅ∞Life = rq «=ÚLives = rq «=ÚÅ∞Loaf = ~˘>ˇì=ÚHõ¯Loaves = ~˘>ì=ÚHõ Å∞Wife = ÉèÏ~°ºWives = ÉèÏ~°ºÅ∞Knife = HõuÎKnives = Hõ «∞ÎÅ∞Wolf = `À_ÕÅ∞

Wolves = `À_Õà◊√¡Shelf = J~°Shelves = J~°Å∞Chief = =ÚY∞º_»∞Chiefs = =ÚY∞ºÅ∞Roof = ÃÑ· HõÑ¨ÙÊRoofs = ÃÑ· ‰HõÑ¨ÙÊÅ∞Gulf = ã¨=Ú„^ŒâßYGulfs = ã¨=Ú„^ŒâßYÅ∞Proof = ™êHõ∆º=ÚProofs = ™êHõ∆º=ÚÅ∞Strife = HõÖ’¡Å=ÚStrifes = HõÖ’¡Å=ÚÅ∞Man = =∞x+≤Men = =∞x+¨µºÅ∞Goose = ÉÏ «∞Geese = ÉÏ «∞Å∞Woman = „ã‘ÎWomen = „ã‘ÎÅ∞Mouse = z>ìÅ∞HõMice = z>ˇìÅ∞HõÅ∞Foot = áê Œ=Ú, J_»∞QÆ∞Feet = áê Œ=ÚÅ∞,

J_»∞QÆ∞Å∞

199

Tooth = Ñ#∞flTeeth = Ñ#∞flÅ∞Louse = ¿Ñ#∞Lice = ¿ÑÅ∞Oasis = Z_®iÖ’ [Å

„áêO`«=ÚOases = Z_®iÖ’ [Å

„áêO`«=ÚÅ∞Crisis = QÆO_»=ÚCrises = QÆO_»=ÚÅ∞Ox = Z Œ∞ÌOxen = Z Œ∞ÌÅ∞Child = a_»¤Children = a_»¤Å∞Brother = ™È Œ~°∞_»∞Brothren,

Brothers = ™È Œ~°∞Å∞Son = H˘_»∞‰õΩSons = H˘_»∞‰õΩÅ∞Daughter = ‰õÄ «~°∞Daughters = ‰õÄ «∞à◊√§Cook = =O@"å_»∞Cooks = =O@"åà◊√§Priest = ÑÙ~ÀÇ≤Ï «∞_»∞Priests = ÑÙ~ÀÇ≤Ï «∞Å∞Stick = Hõ„~°Sticks = Hõ„~°Å∞

Seal = =Ú„^ŒSeals = =Ú„ ŒÅ∞Stamp = «áêÅaà◊§tamps = «áêÅaà◊§Å∞Bag = ã¨OzBags = ãOK«∞Å∞Kiss = =Ú Œ∞ÌKisses = =Ú Œ∞ÌÅ∞Ass = QÍ_ç ŒAsses = QÍ_ç ŒÅ∞Wish = HÀiHõWishes = HÀiHõÅ∞Beach = ã=Ú„ ŒÑÙ X_»∞¤Beaches = ã=Ú„ ŒÑÙ\Á_»∞¤Å∞Box = ÃÑ>ìBoxes = ÃÑ>ìÅ∞Watch = QÆ_çÜ«∂~°=ÚWatches = QÆ_çÜ«∂~°=ÚÅ∞Brush = ‰õΩOK≥Brushes = ‰õΩOK≥Å∞Calves = Œ∂_»Å∞Knife = HõuÎKnives = Hõ «∞ÎÅ∞Wolf = `À_ÕÅ∞Wolves = `À_Õà◊√¡Shelf = J~°Shelves = J~°Å∞Chief = =ÚY∞º_»∞Chiefs = =ÚY∞ºÅ∞

200

Roof = ÃÑ· HõÑ¨ÙÊRoofs = ÃÑ· ‰HõÑ¨ÙÊÅ∞Gulf = ã¨=Ú„^ŒâßYGulfs = ã¨=Ú„^ŒâßYÅ∞

Singular Number

UHõ=K«#=ÚGirl = P_»Ñ≤Å¡Cow = P=ÙBird = Ñ¨H∆Star = #Hõ∆„`«=ÚHouse = WÅ∞¡Book = Ñ¨Ùã¨ÎHõ=ÚClass = «~°QÆuBush = á⁄ ŒBranch = âßYMatch = JyæÑÙÅ¡Dish = Éè’[# Ñ¨ •~°ú=Ú

Buffalo = Q ≥Hero = <åÜ«∞‰õΩ_»∞Potato = |OQÍà◊ Œ∞OÑMango = =∂q∞_çÑO_»∞Negro = h„QÀ(*Ïu)Leaf = P‰õΩ

Plural Number

|Ç¨ï=K«#=ÚGirls = P_»Ñ≤Å¡Å∞Cows = P=ÙÅ∞Birds = Ñ‰õ∆ΩÅ∞Stars = #Hõ∆„`«=ÚÅ∞Houses = WO_»∞¡Books = Ñ¨Ùã¨ÎHõ=ÚÅ∞Classes = «~°QÆ «∞Å∞Bushes = á⁄ ŒÅ∞Branches = âßYÅ∞Matches = JyæÑÙÅ¡Å∞Dishes = Éè’[#

Ñ¨ •~°ú=ÚÅ∞Buffaloes = Q ≥Å∞Heroes = <åÜ«∞‰õΩÅ∞Potatoes = |OQÍà◊ Œ∞OÑÅ∞Mangoes = =∂q∞_çÑO_»∞¡Negroes = h„QÀÅ∞Leaves = P‰õΩÅ∞

201

Calf = Œ∂_»Life = rq «=ÚKnife = HõuÎRoof = WO\˜HõÑ¨ÙÊHoof = y@ìDwarf = =∞~°∞QÆ∞ASafe = ÃÑ>ˇìCity = #QÆ~°=ÚStory = Hõ äŒArmy = Ãã·#º=ÚLady = ÃÑ ŒÌ WO\˜ „ã‘ÎBaby = áêÑ¨Man = =∞x+≤Woman = „ã‘ÎFather-in-law = =∂=∞QÍ~°∞Mother-in-law= J «ÎQÍ~°∞Step-son = ã¨=u H˘_»∞‰õΩStep-mother = ã¨=u «e¡Maid-servant = P_»

¿ã=‰õΩ~åÅ∞Commander-

in-chief = Ãã·<åºkèHÍiLooker-on = K«∂K«∞"å_»∞Basis = P è•~°=ÚAnalysis = qÉèí[#

Calves = Œ∂_»Å∞Lives = rq`åÅ∞Knives = Hõ «∞ÎÅ∞Roofs = WO\˜ HõÑ¨ÙÊÅ∞Hoofs = y@ìÅ∞Dwarfs = =∞~°∞QÆ∞AÅ∞Safes = ÃÑ>ìÅ∞Cities = #QÆ~°=ÚÅ∞Stories = Hõ äŒÅ∞Armies = Ãã·#º=ÚLadies = ÃÑkÌO\˜ „ã‘ÎÅ∞babies = áêÑÅ∞Men = =∞#∞+µÅ∞Women = „ã‘ÎÅ∞Fathers-in-law= =∂=∞QÍ~°∞¡Mothers-in-law= J «ÎQÍ~°∞¡Step-sons = ã¨=u H˘_»∞‰õΩÅ∞Step-mothers= ã¨=u «Å∞¡Å∞Maid-servants= P_» ¿ã=‰õΩ~åà◊√§

Commanders

-in-chief = Ãã·<åºkèHÍ~°∞Å∞Lookers-on = K«∂K«∞"å~°∞Bases = P è•~°=ÚÅ∞Analyses = qÉèí[#Å∞

202

Criterion = ÅHõ∆=ÚCrisis = QÆO_»=ÚPhenomenon = ã¨Ç¨Ï[=ÚQÆ

[~°∞QÆ∞#qHypothesis = TÇ≤ÏOz#kAxis = JHõ∆=ÚMadam = J=∂‡Index = Ñ¨\˜ìErratum = JK«∞ÛÖ’ ÖËHõ

„"å «Ö’ «Ñ¨ÙÊRadium = "åºã¨=ÚBrother = «=Ú‡_»∞Cloth = QÆ∞_»¤Moral = hu

Custom = PKå~°=Ú

Spectacle = ^Œ$â◊º=Ú

Pain = ÉÏ èŒAir = QÍe

Iron = W#∞=ÚForce = |Å=ÚAdvice = ã¨ÅÇ¨

Criteria = ÅHõ∆=ÚÅ∞Crises = QÆO_»=ÚÅ∞Phenomena = ã¨Ç¨Ï[=ÚQÆ

[~°∞QÆ∞#qHyptheses = TÇ≤ÏOz#qAxes = JHõ∆=ÚÅ∞Medames = J=∞‡Å∞Indices = Ñ\©ìÅ∞Errata = JK«∞ÛÖ’ ÖËHõ

„"å «Ö’ «Ñ¨ÙÊÅ∞Radii = "åºã¨=ÚÅ∞Brothers = «=Ú‡à◊√§Cloths = QÆ∞_»¤Å∞Morals = h «∞Å∞,

#_»=_çHõCustoms = PKå~°=ÚÅ∞,

kQÆ∞=∞uSpectacles = Œ$âßºÅ∞,

Hõà◊§*’_»∞Pains = ÉÏ èŒÅ∞, „â◊=∞Airs = ≥zÛÃÑ@∞ì‰õΩ#fl

f~°∞Irons = â◊$OYÖÏÅ∞Forces = |ÅQÆ=ÚÅ∞Advices = ã¨=∂Kå~°=Ú

203

Singular & PluralSheep = Q˘„Ô~Deer = lOHõÅ∞Cod = «ÅQÆ_»– «ÅQÆ_»Å∞

(QÆO_»∞g∞#∞ –QÆO_»∞g∞#∞Å∞)

Trout = ≥Å¡KÕÑ¨– ≥Å¡KÕÑÅ∞

Swine = ÑOk – ÑO Œ∞Å∞Fish = KÕÑ¨–KÕÑ¨Å∞Fruit = ÑO_»∞–ÑO_»∞¡Fishes = J#QÍ

|Ç¨ï~°Hõ"≥∞ÿ#KÕÑÅ∞

Salmon = XHõ ~°HõÑ¨Ù KÕÑ¨,KÕÑÅ∞

Pair = [ «–[ «Å∞( Two pair)

Singular Plural

Colour = ColoursCustom = CustomsEffect = EffectsManner = MannersMoral = MoralsNumber = NumbersPain = PainsPremise = PremisesQuarter = Quarters

Spectacle = SpectaclesLetter = LettersGround = Groundsresult = results

propertymethod = mthods

correctbehaviour

a moral lesson = morallessonsconduct

a quantity = quantitiesverses

suffering = sufferingscare,exertion

proposition = propositionsbuildings

fourth part = fourth partslodgings

a sight = sightseye-glasses

letter of the

alphabet = letters of

the alphabet

epistle = epistles,

literature

Earth = enclosed

land

attached to

house

reason = reasons,

dregs.

204

Singular Plural

Brother brothers, sons of the same parent.

brothren, members of a society or a

Cloth Cloths, kinds or pieces of cloth, community.

clothes, garments.

Die dies, stamps for coining.

dice, small cubes used in games.

Fish fishes, taken separately.

fish, collectively.

Genius geniuses, persons of great talent.

genii, spirits.

Index indexes, tables of contents to books.

indices, signs used in algebra.

Penny pennies, number of coins.

pence, amount in value

Some words in their singular form and plural formconvey different meanings as singulars and plurals.

205

Advice = counselAir = atmosphere

Good = benefit, well-beingCompass = extent,

range

Respect = regardPhysic = medicine

Light = 1. radiance2. a lamp

People = 1. nation2. men andwomen

Powder = 1. dust2. a dose ofmedicine infine grainslike dust.

Practice = 1. habit2. exercise ofa profession

Advices = informationAirs = affected

mannersGoods = merchandise

Compasses = an instrumentfor drawing circles

Respects = complimentsPhysics = natural

scienceLitghts = lamps

Peoples = nations

Powders = doses ofmedicine

Practices = habits

Singular Plural

Commander- = Commanders

in-chief -in-chiefCoat-of-mail = coats-of-mailSon-in-law = sons-in-lawDaughter- = daughters-in-law in-lawStep-son = step sonsStep-daughter = step-

daughtersMaid-servant = maid-

servantsman-servant = men-servantsPasser-by = passers-byLooker-on = Lookers-on

Singular Plural

Man-of-war = men-of-warChurch = churchescrash = crashesbus = busesbox = boxesbuzz = buzzesbarracks = barrackscrossroads = crossroadsheadquarters = headquartersmeans = meansseries = seriesspecies = speciesworks(=factory)= worksPotato = potatoestomato = tomatoes

206

child = childrenfoot = feetgoose = geeselouse = liceman = menmouse = miceox = oxenpenny = penceperson = peopletooth = teethwoman = womencalf = calveself = elveshalf = halvesknife = knivesleaf = leaveslife = livesloaf = loavesself = selvessheaf = sheavesshelf = shelvesthief = thieveswife = wiveswolf = wolves

commnado = commandosconcerto = concertosEskimo = Eskimoskilo = kiloslogo = logosphoto = photospiano = pianossolo = solossoprano = sopranosbuffalo = buffalo(e)smosquito = mosquito(e)stornado = tornado(e)svolcano = volcano(e)s

From Latin :Erratum - errata; index - indices;radius - radii; formula - formulae ( or formulas);memorandum - memoranda; terminus - terminal ( or terminuses);

From Greek :Axis - axes; crisis - crises;basis - bases; analysis - analyses;parenthesis - parentheses; hypothesis - hypotheses;phenomenon - phenomena; criterion - criteria.

From Italian :Bandit - banditti ( or bandits)

From French :Madame ( madam) - mesdames; monsieur - messieurs.

From Hebrew :Cherub - cherubim ( or cherubs); seraph - seraphim ( or

seraphs).

207

COMPARISONS( áÈeHõÅ∞ )

1. As blind as a bat = QÆaƒÅ=Ú=Öˇ „QÆ∞_ç¤QÍ2. As blithe as a bee = Õ<≥\©QÆ=Öˇ P#O Œ=ÚQÍ3. As bold as a lion = ã≤OÇ¨Ï=Ú=Öˇ è≥·~°º=ÚQÍ4. As brittle as glass = QÍA=Öˇ "≥à◊√#∞5. As busy as a bee = Õ<≥\©QÆ =Öˇ Ñ¨x`À6. As clear as crystal = ã¨Ê\˜Hõ=Ú=Öˇ ã¨fiK«Ûù=ÚQÍ7. As clear as day = Ñ¨QÆ\˜ Ñ¨Ó@=Öˇ ã¨Ê+ì=ÚQÍ8. As cool as a cucumber = ^Àã¨HÍÜ«∞=Öˇ h~°∞ HÍ~°∞K«∞9. As cunning as a fox = #Hõ =Öˇ l «∞ÎÅ=∂i10. As dry as a bone = Jã≤÷=Öˇ xs˚==ÚQÍ11. As fair as a rose = QÆ∞ÖÏa=Öˇ JO Œ"≥∞ÿ#12. As fat as a pig = Ñ¨Ok=Öˇ „H˘qfi_#13. As fierce as a tiger = Ñ¨Ùe=Öˇ ÉèíÜ«∞OHõ~°"≥∞ÿ#14. As firm as a rock/stone = tÅ=Öˇ Hõiî#=ÚQÍ15. As fresh as a rose = QÆ∞ÖÏa=Ö ã≤flQÆú=ÚQÍ16. As gay as a lark = Éèí~° •fi[ Ñ¨H∆=Öˇ P#O Œ=ÚQÍ17. As gentle as a lamb = Q˘„Ô~Ñ≤Å¡=Öˇ "≥∞ «ÎQÍ18. As hard as a stone = tÅ=Öˇ Hõiî#=ÚQÍ19. As heavy as lead = ã‘ã¨=Ú=Öˇ ÉèÏ~°"≥∞ÿ#20. As light as feather = DHõ=Öˇ ÕeHõÜ≥ÿ∞#

208

1. As black as coal.2. As clear as day or sky or

crystal.3. As cold as ice or marble.4. As cunning as a fox.5. As dark as a pitch6. As free as a bird.7. As gentle as a lamb.8. As quick as lightning or

thought.9. As silent or pale as death

or a grave.10. As stupid as a donkey.11. As sweet as honey.12. As white as snow.13. As changeable as the

weather cock.14. As deaf as a post.

15. As dry as dust.16. As drunk as a lord.17. As dumb as a statue.18. As gay as a lark.19. As gaudy as a butterfly.20. As greedy as wolf or a dog21. As green as grass.22. As happy as a king.23. As harmless as a dove.24. As light as air.25. As loud as thunder.26. As obstinate as a mule.27. As playful as a kitten.28. As proud as a peacock.29. As sharp as a razor.30. As silly as a sheep.31. As soft as butter.32. As white as snow.33. As wise as solomon.

21. As loud as thunder = L~°∞=Ú=Ö aQÆæ~°QÍ22. As pale as death = =∞$`«∞º=Ù=Öˇ q=~°‚"≥∞ÿ#23. As poor as "Lazarus" = ÖÏ[~°ãπ =O\˜ Œi„ Œ∞_»∞

(A church mouse)

24. As proud as peacock = <≥=∞e=Öˇ QÆ~°fi=ÚQÍ25. As red as blood = <≥ «∞Î~°∞=Öˇ Z„~°x26. As sharp as needle = ã¨∂k=Öˇ "å_çÜ≥ÿ∞#27. As silent as the grave = ã¨=∂kè=Öˇ xâ◊≈|Ì=ÚQÍ28. As smooth as velvet = "≥Åfi@∞=Öˇ "≥∞ «Î<≥·#29. As soft as butter = "≥#fl=Öˇ =∞$^Œ∞"≥·#30. As stupid as a donkey = QÍ_ç Œ =Öˇ Jq"ÕH˜31. As swift as an arrow = ÉÏ=Ú =Öˇ "å_çQÍ

209

Era = Ü«ÚQÆ=ÚBright fortnight = â◊√Hõ¡ Ñ¨Hõ∆=Údark fortnight = Hõ$+¨‚ Ñ¨Hõ∆=ÚMid day = =∞ è•ºÇÏfl=ÚMeteorology = "å`å=~° âß„ãÎ=Úproximo = ŒQÆæ~°Ultimo = QÆ_»z#Sennight = "å~°=Ú, ãÑÎ~å„ «=ÚInclementwheather = «∞á¶ê#∞`À ‰õÄ_ç#

"å`å=~°=ÚBorrower = JÑÙÊfã∞H˘#∞"å_»∞Consignee = ã~°‰õΩ ≥Ñ≤ÊOK«∞H˘#∞"å_»∞Consigner = ã~°‰õΩ ÑOÑÙ"å_»∞Consignment = ÑOÑ|_ç# ã~°‰õΩCreditor = JÑ≤ÊK«∞Û"å_»∞Debit = Y~°∞ÛDebtor = JÑÙÊÑÙK«∞ÛH˘#fl"å_»∞Deed = Ñ„ «=Ú/ÑxEarnest Money = |Ü«∞<åÃÑ·Hõ=ÚFair = ãO «/JO Œ"≥∞ÿ#Fair price = ãiÜ≥ÿ∞# èŒ~°Hand loan = KÕ| Œ∞Å∞Insolvent = k"åÖÏ fã≤#"å_»∞Liabilities = DÜ«∞=Åã≤# "≥Ú «Î=ÚLender = JÑ≤ÊK«∞Û"å_»∞Merchandise = J=Ú‡@‰õΩ#fl( ã~°‰õΩÅ∞)Mortgager = `åHõ@∞ì ÃÑ@∞ì"å_»∞Purchaser = H˘#∞"å_»∞Vendee = H˘#∞"å_»∞Vendor = J=Ú‡"å_»∞Accusation = <Õ~°=Ú "≥∂ÑÙ@, <Õ~°=Ú,

xO ŒAccused = xOk «∞_»∞, <Õ~°ã∞ú_»∞Amnesty = Hõ∆q∞OK«∞@Bailiff = Jg∞<åColumn = =~°∞ãPsalm = „áê~°ú<åw «=ÚQuern = u~°∞QÆeRag = zOÑ≤i QÆ∞_»¤Muse = zO «#, è•º#=ÚRuse = «O„ «=Ú, l «∞ÎShandy = ãO «Islet = z#flnq

Thermos = "Õ_çq∞ ã‘™êWretch = èÒ~åƒùQÆ∞º_»∞Wield = x~°fiÇ≤ÏOK«∞Sire = «O„_çAn Ode = XHõ Ñ Œº=ÚChurning staff = Hõ=fi=ÚForge = H˘eq∞Gouge = =OHõ~° HõuÎ(QÀ~°∞ HõuÎ)Mallet = H˘Ü«∞ºã∞uÎAcridity = HÍ~°=ÚAcrimony = áÈ\Ï¡_»∞ QÆ∞=ÚEcstasy = ãO`Àëêuâ◊Ü«∞=ÚLoathing = qHÍ~° QÆ∞=ÚPoignancy = QÍ_è»"≥∞ÿ#, Œ∞YHõ~°"≥∞ÿ#Relish = W+ìÑ_»∞Rapture = P#O Œ áê~°=â◊º=ÚSurfeit = "≥Hõ ã=Ú, "≥QÆ@∞Sultry = K≥=∞@ áÈÜ«ÚTicklishness = K«Hõ eyO «Syringe = Ñ≤K«HÍiShuttle = <å_≥Wheststone = ™ê#~å~ÚLaughter = #=ÙfiTheft = ^˘OQÆ «#=ÚBoyhood = ÉÏÅº=ÚYouth = Ü«∞ø=#OHouse ofSenators = áêÅ‰õΩÅ ãÉèíLibrary = „QÆO è•ÅÜ«∞=ÚSwarm of ants = p=∞ÅÉÏ~°∞Bunch offlowers = ÑÓÅQÆ∞uÎAbyss = JQÍ èŒ=ÚBrooke = ÃãÅÜÕ∞~°∞Cramming = =Ö¡"ÕÜ«Ú@Muse = ã~°ãfiu, HÍ=º Õ= «Betal garden = «=∞Åáê‰õΩ À@Barn = QÍ ≥Bran = «=Ù_»∞Carter = |O_ç"å_»∞Chaff = á⁄@∞ìFallow land = |O[~°∞ Éèí∂q∞Grove = `ÀÑÙHedge = HõOK≥By = „Ñ¨Hõ , =Å#

Part - IIVocabulary

210

Dame = QÆ$Ç≤ÏEase = ã∞Y=ÚGale = ÃÑ#∞QÍeKeen = f„=aèÖÏ+≤Vale = Ö’Ü«∞Wick = =uÎYore = ÑÓ~°fiHÍÅ=∞O Œ∞Fir = Õ=^•~°∞ =$Hõ∆=ÚVim = |Å=Ú, â◊HÎVine = „^•Hõ∆Å «Gorgon = ‰õΩ~°∂Ñ≤Obscene = JãÉèíº"≥∞ÿ#Unique = ™ê\ÖËx(Fox/wolf)-yelp = "≥Ú~°∞QÆ∞Chance = Ñ¶∞@#Chum = „áê¿ãflÇ≤Ï «∞_»∞Chaise = Ô~O_»∞ K«„Hõ=ÚÅ QÆ∞„~°ÑÙ

|O_çKnit = JÅ∞¡Jasper = ã∂~°ºHÍO «=∞Jar = JÑãfi~°=Ú, *Ï_çHymn = =∞O„ « áê~î°=ÚPoultry = HÀà◊√¡ =ÔQ·~åCattle = Ñ¨â◊√=ÙÅ∞Gentry = ÃÑ ŒÌ=∞#+µºÅ∞People = [#∞Å∞Peoples = *Ï «∞Å∞Commander-in-Chief = ¿ã<åkèÑuSon-in-law = JÅ∞¡_»∞Daughter-in-law = HÀ_»Å∞Maid Servant = ¿ã=‰õΩ~åÅ∞Step-daughter = ã=u ‰õÄ «∞~°∞Step-son = ã=u ‰õÄ=∂~°∞_»∞Brother-in-law = ÉÏ=Passer by = „ÑHõ QÍ "≥à◊√¡"å_»∞Looker -on = K«∂K«∞"å_»∞Advice = ãÅÇAir = QÍeGood = H∆=∞=Ú, =∞Oz «#=ÚRespect = =∞~åº ŒIron = W#∞=ÚForce = |Å=Ú, â◊HÎKindness = ŒÜ«∞Kindnessess = ŒÜ«∞QÆÅ Ñ#∞Å∞Coppers = ~åy`À KÕÜ«∞|_ç#

<å=ÚÅ∞

Irons = W#∞=Ú`À KÕÜ«∞|_ç#ãOÔHà◊√¡

Tins = «QÆ~°=Ú`À KÕÜ«∞|_ç#_»ÉÏƒÅ∞

Woods = J~°º=ÚÅ∞Bronzes = HõOK«∞`À KÕÜ«∞|_ç#

q„QÆÇÏ=ÚÅ∞Airs = Hõ$„u=∞ P~åƒù@=ÚGoods = "åºáê~° =ã∞Î=ÙÅ∞Compasses = XHõ LÑHõ~°=ÚRespects = Jaè#O Œ#Å∞Physcis = Éè∫uHõ âß„ã¨Î=ÚIrons = ãOÔHà◊√§Forces = ¿ã#Å∞Gross = 12 _»[#∞¡Hundred = #∂~°∞Thousand = "≥~ÚºBellows = uuÎScissors = Hõ ≥Î~°Tongs = Ñ@HÍ~°∞Pincers = Ñ@HÍ~°∞, „âß==ÚSpectacles = ã∞Ö’K«#=ÚÅ∞Trousers = ÖÏQÆ∞Drawers = ÖÏQÆ∞ (Ö’Ñ¨Å

èŒiOK«∞#k)Breeches = +~å~ÚMeasles = P@Å=∞‡Mumps = QÆ= Œaà◊§Å∞Billiards = P@Annals = (K«i„ «) ÑÙ@Å∞Thanks = Hõ$ «[ «Å∞P roceeds = „HõÜ«∞ èŒ#OTidings = "å~°ÎÅ∞Environs = K«∞@∞ì„ÑHõ Å∞Nuptials = â’Éèí#=ÚObsequies = JO «º„HÜ«∞Å∞Assets = Pã≤ÎChattels = ã≤÷~åã≤÷Alms = ^•#=ÚRiches = Sâ◊fi~°º=ÚEaves = K«∂~°∞New = "å~°ÎInnings = „HÔH\ò P@Ö’ XHõ

ÉèÏQÆ=ÚRector = ÑÙ~ÀÇ≤Ï «∞_»∞Religion = =∞ «=ÚResurrection = ÑÙ#s=#=ÚSelf control = P «‡ x„QÆÇÏ=Ú

211

Synod = =∞ «q+Ü«∞Hõ ãÉèíTenet = ã≤ •úO «=ÚTransmigration = â◊s~åO «~° „áêÑ≤Î, ÑÙ#~°#‡Trinity = „u=¸iÎTroth = #=∞‡Hõ=Ú, qâßfiã=ÚUnderworld = #~°Hõ=ÚVicar = („ÔH·ãÎ=) QÆ∞~°∞=ÙVictim = |eÑâ◊√=ÙVision = (k=º) Œ$+≤ªVisitation = ≥·=Ñ¶∞@#Votary = Láêã‰õΩ_»∞, Éèí‰õΩÎ_»∞Vulcan = Jyfl Õ=Ù_»∞Sanctuary = ÑÙº™ê÷#=Ú, QÆ∞_çÖ’

≥·=Ñ‘~î°=ÚSanctum = =¸Å =∞O@Ñ=ÚSanctorum = QÆ~°ƒùQÆ$ÇÏ=ÚSect = =∞`åO «~ƒù Œ=ÚSermon = èŒ~À‡Ñ Õâ◊=Ú, =∞ «É’ èŒSacrilege = Õ=`å Œ∂+=ÚSacrilegist = ≥·=„^ÀÇ≤ÏSanctification = „áêÜ«∞tÛù «Î=ÚSanctity = áêÑ# «fi «, Ñq„ « «Seer = n~°… Œi≈Pastime = q<À Œ=ÚQÍ HÍÅ=Ú

QÆ_»∞ÑÙ P@Ball room = <å@ºâßÅBall room dance= <å@ºâßÅÖ’

q∞ èŒ∞##$ «º=ÚBallet dance = *Ï#Ñ Œ #$ «º=ÚCock fight = HÀ_çÑO ≥=ÚMarbles = QÀeHÍÜ«∞Å∞Music party = ãOw « HõKÕÛiPuppet show = (`ÀÅ∞) ÉÁ=∞‡ÖÏ@Swing = TÜ≥∞Å, TÜ«∞Å TÑÙAbsolution = áêÑq"≥∂K«#=ÚAltar = ≥·ÑÑ‘~î°=Ú, ÑÓ*ÏÑ‘~î°=ÚApostle = =∞`ÀÑ Õâ◊‰õΩ_»∞Atonement = „áêÜ«∞tÛ «Î=ÚCreed = =∞ «=ÚEclat = ã∞ÎuEcstasy = Ñ~°=â◊ «, Ñ~°=∂

#O Œ=ÚEffigy = „Ñu=∞, ÉÁ=∞‡Eternal Bliss = âßâ◊fi`å#O Œ=ÚEulogy = ™ÈÎ„ «=ÚGospel = =∞ «É’ èŒGenus = *Ïu, =~°æ=Ú, QÀ„ «=ÚHeretic = J#º=∞ «=Ú"å_»∞

Homage = ÑÓ[, ¿ã=Immolation = P «‡|eIncense = èŒ∂Ñ=ÚInferno = #~°Hõ=Ú, J èÀÅHõ=ÚKnell = QÆO@Libation = «~°Ê=ÚNum skull = =¸_è»∞_»∞Omnipresent = ã~åfiO «~åºq∞Omniscient = ã~°fiA_»∞, ã~°fi™êH∆Orison = „áê~°ú#, q#flÑ=ÚPropitiation = âßOu, „áêÜ«∞tÛù «Î=ÚPropitious = „Ñã#fl"≥∞ÿ#, Hõ$ÑQÆÅProteus = [Å Õ= «, =~°∞_»∞Quietness = =∞ø#=ÚRealization = ≥Å∞ã∞H˘#∞@Avani Avittam = „âß= ÑÓi‚=∞Mattupongal = Hõ#∞=∞ÑO_»∞QÆ, Ñâ◊√=ÙÅ

ÑO_»∞QÆAscension day = P~ÀÇÏ k#=ÚAsh wednesday = |∂_ç Œ |∞ èŒ"å~°=ÚAdvent = PQÆ=∞# k#=ÚAssumption day= «ÅOÑÙ k#=ÚAll Saints day = =∞ÇÏhÜ«ÚÅ k#=ÚAll Souls day = P «‡ k#=ÚChristmas = „Hãì=∞ã∞ ÑO_»∞QÆCorpus christ = „H˜ã¨∞Î k#=ÚWild Indigo = "≥OÑePrickles = =ÚO_»∞¡Aerialroots = T_»Å∞Banian drops = =∞é]T_»Å∞Budding = "≥ÚQÆæ ˘_»∞QÆ∞Bulbs = z#fl "≥ÚQÆæÅ∞Collar = „=∂#∞ "≥Ú ŒÅ∞Horticulture = L^•º#Hõ$+≤Kernel = è•#ºÑÙyO[, H˘|ƒiLegume = kfi Œà◊ c[=ÚRootshoot = =¸ÖÏO‰õΩ~°=ÚSapling = z#fl"≥ÚHõShoot = Ô~=∞‡Tillering = Ñ≤ÅHõ ˘_»∞QÆ∞@Abyss = JQÍ èŒ=ÚBillow = á⁄~°∞¡, JÅBrink = F~°, JOK«∞Blast = ÃÑ ŒÌQÍeCliff = éÏuQÆ∞@ìCliff = Ñ~°fi « ã=¸ÇÏ=ÚGravel = QÆ∞ÅHõIsle = nq

212

Inundation = "≥Å∞¡=Zephyr = Ñ≤Å¡QÍeRivulet = z#fl #kWarmth = "≥K«Û Œ#=ÚConfession = <Õ~°=Ú KÕã≤#@∞¡

JOwHÍ~°=ÚDefendant = „Ñu"åkGuillotine = <Õ~°ã∞÷x «Å#~°‰õΩ

QÆO„_»Q˘_»¤eHomicide = #~°ÇÏ «ºJudiciary = <åºÜ«∞ãÉèí ãO|O èŒ"≥∞ÿ#Judicature = <åºÜ«∞ãÉèíJurist = èŒ~°‡âß„ãÎ ÑO_ç «∞_»∞Juris prudence = èŒ~°‡âß„ãÎ=ÚJuvenile court = ÉÏÅ<Õ~°ã∞÷Å qKåiOK«∞

<åºÜ«∞ãÉèíParole = "åQÆÌ «Î=Ú, Y~å~°∞Pillory = ŒO_»<åK«„Hõ=ÚPlaintiff = "åkPunitive = tâ◊√ãO|O èŒ"≥∞ÿ#Punic = qâßfiãÑ¶∂ «∞Hõ"≥∞ÿ#Penitentiary = K≥~°™êÅProxy = | Œ∞Å∞, „Ñuxkè

Doe = P_»ÖË_ç, P_»∞‰õΩO ÕÅ∞Lit = "≥eyOK«∞Bale = |™êÎ, =¸@Ajar = ãQÆ=Ú ≥~°zÜ«Ú#flBalm = LÑâ◊=∞#HÍiBang = H˘@∞ì, ÉÏ Œ∞

Verdict = <åºÜ«∞=ÚBastion = HÀ@ |∞~°∞AInterregnum = ~åAÖËx HÍÅ=ÚMandate = âßã¨#=ÚNobleman = ~å[=Oâ◊ã∞Î_»∞Perjury = Jã «º „Ñ=∂=Ú

KÕÜ«Ú@Repeal = ~° Œ∞ÌSentinel = á¶ê~å"å_»∞Sceptre = ~å[ ŒO_»=ÚSovereign = ™ê„=∂@∞ìSedition = Õâ◊„^ÀÇÏ=ÚTreason = ~å[„^ÀÇÏ=ÚUsurper = J„Hõ=∞=ÚQÍ ~å[º=∞

ÑÇÏiOz#"å_»∞

213

SYNONYMS ( Ñ¨~åºÜ«∞Ñ¨ •Å∞)Able = Capable, cleverAccept = to take, to receive.Advise = to inform, to give an opinion.Appea = to come before,to .Attend = wait upon,

accompany, PresentAttack = assail, assault.Bear = carry,support,

produce.Begin = commence, start.Behave = conduct, treat.Belong = Manner, Own, PossessBless = consecrate, make

happy.Calm = quiet, SilentCare = anxiety, pains, heed,

chargeCarry = convey, transport,capture = Chance, opportunity,

risk, fortune.Chief = Head or principal

person.importantClean = pure, neat, tidyConcern = interest, affair.Confer = admit,own,

acknowledgeDeny = reject, disownDecay = rot, decomposeDefend = protect, support, help

Depend. live on, relyon.

Devote = set apart, worshipLiving = active, vigorous,

livelihood.Lose = waste, forfeit.maintain = support, defend,

continue.Menace = threat, danger.

Misery = distress, misfortune.Naked = unclothed, bare.Novice = beginner, fresh,an

inexperiencedperson.

Obstinate = stubborn,disobedient,unyielding.

Offensive = disgusting, annoying.Passage = entrance, exit, journey.Perfect = Pure, complete.Pious = religious, devout.Praise = tribute, applause, benefit.Promote = advance, raise.Quality = attribute, kindRare = scarce, uncommon.Ruin = overthrow, downfall.Separate = divide, disconnect.Splendid = magnificent, famous,

brilliant.Struggle = labour, contest.Vast = spacious, boundless space,

sea.Wreck = destruction, ruins of a shipDupe = deceive, cheatEasy = comfortable, not difficult,

moderateEnough = sufficient, adequate.Effort = endeavour, attempt,

struggle.End = limit, death.Engage = order, hire, attract, occupy.Excite = rouse up. stimulate.Expose = disclose, ridicule.Extent = size, reach, compassFaint = swoon, spiritless.Fair = beautiful, handsome,

spotless, just.

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Fatal = destructive, ruinous, deadly.Favour = esteem, kindness, goodwill.Finish = complete, kill, polish.Fit = adapt, adjust, benefit.Forecast = predict, foresight.Fortune = chance, fate, wealth.Gain = advantage. profit.Gather = assempble. collect, pluck.Gentry = the upper class of society.Grandeur = greatness, splendour.Guilt = sin, criminality.

Handsome = pleasing, graceful, ampleHatred = foshtility, contempt.Haughty = arrogant, proud.Hide = conceal. disguise, animal

skin.Homage = deference, reverence.Image = statute, bust.Imagination=idea, fancy, invention.Inferior = subordinate, secondary.Justice = impartiality, judge.Knock = blow, rap, stroke.Lag = stay behind, last.

ANTONYMS

Ancient x ModernArrival x DepartureAllow x DisallowAudible x InaudibleAttack x DefendBravery x CowardiceBlunt x SharpBright x DullCertain x uncertainRough x SmoothShort x LongStrange x FamiliarSuperior x InferiorSuspect x TrustSwallow x VomitSympathy x ApathySynonym x AntonymThick x ThinTight x LooseTop x BottomUgly x Beautiful,

PleasingWide x NarrowWrong x RightCare x Neglect/Care

lessConfess x DenyCorrect x IncorrectDeep x Shallow

Decrease x IncreaseEncourage x DiscourageFresh x Stale,False x Truth, factFull x EmptyGather x ScatterGuilty x InnocentHope x DespairHigh x LowHonest x Dishonestheaven x HellHappiness x MiseryHate x LoveImport x ExportInclude x ExcludeJunior x SeniorJust x UnjustLose x GainLegal x IllegalMaximum x MinimumMerit x DemeritMiser x SpendthriftMeek x ProudNatural x ArtificialPerfect x ImperfectPeace x WarPunish x RewardPublic x PrivateAccept x RejectAcquit x Convict

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Affirm x DenyAgree xDiffer/disagreeAncestor x DescendantAttract x RepelBelief x DoubtBold x TimidCarnal x SpiritualCheap x CostlyCheerful x GloomyClean x DirtyCompulsory x OptionalCreate x DestroyDawn x DuskCreditor x DebtorAdmire x RidiculeDefence x OffenceDemocracy x AutocracyGaint x DwarfForeign x NativeExclude x IncludeHomogeneous x HeterogeneousHurt x HealInsert x ExtractKnowledge x IgnoranceLead x FollowMajor x MinorNegative x PositiveOrthodo x Heterdox

Praise x DetractTrue x FalseClear x VagueSubjective x ObjectiveStraight x CrookedRight x WrongGain x LossFamous x ObscureExpand x ContractExternal x InternalImaginary x RealKind x CruelMany x FewNatural x artificialPromote x DemotePublic x PrivateWise x FoolishVictory x DefeatSmile x FrownAdvance x Recede

SYNONYMS AND THEIR MEANINGSAcquaintance : Is from occassional intercourse.Familiarity : From persons being frequently

together.Intimacy : Result of close associationAnger : A feeling of keen displeasure.Indignation : Outburst of anger.Resentment : Anger roused by insult or injury.Wrath : Expression of a feeling caused by

provocation.Scoff : Implies the use of insolent mockery.1. Slow : Wider term denoting a want of rapid

motion of inertness of intellect.Dilatory : Denotes a proneness to delay the

performance of what we know must

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be done.Tardy : Denotes the habit of being behind

hand.2. Appear : Has a reference to a thing being

presented to our view.Seem : Appear to be.

3. Trial : Testing one's powersAttempt : Always directed to some definite and

specific objectEndeavour : Continual attemptEffort : Straining to carry out an attemptExertion : (Stronger word) put forth united

effortStruggle : To make great efforts

4. Mistake : Taking of one thing for another.Error : Departure or deviation from what

which is right or correct.Blunder : Make gross mistake.

5. Misfortune : Simply luck , Mischances of Mishaps :Misfotunes of trivial nature.

Disaster : Sudden, unforessen very sorrowfulevent.

Calamity : Caused by natural causes like fire,flood and so on.

6. Communicate : Pass on informationImpart : Giving to others a part of what we

had held as our own.Reveal : To make known something hidden or

concealed.Unravel : Make clear ( some mystery or

profound secret)7. Think : Using or exercising the mind to form

opinionsMeditate : Think about the means to achieveContemplate : When the means are at hand and the

decision is really made.Cogitate : Think deeplyIntend : Decision to act when an opportunity

comesReflect : Think on. Go back in thought.

8. Courage : Firmness of spirit to meet dangerwithout fear.

Bravery : Daring courage which has the rewardin view

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Evident : Seen forcibly and leaves no doubt onthe mind

Obvious : Must be seen by everyone Manifest : Evident in a high degree16. Memory : Denotes the power by which one

produces parts of impressions.Rememberance : Exercise of the memory power.Recollection : An effort to bring back something to

the memoryReminiscence : Intermediate between

rememberance and recollection.17. Dirty : Covered with dirt

Nasty : Denotes disgustFilthy and foul. : Imply that a thing is filled or covered

with offensive matter.18. Labour : Strenuous exertion

Toil : Severity of labour which is painfulDrudgery : Mean, degrading work, to drag on

19. Silent : Has reference to the act.Taciturn : Has reference to the habit (Reserve)

20. Skill : Ability to do something wellDexterity : Refers to habitual ease of execution.Adroitness : Skill which implies a general felicity

of movement21. Enemity : Is open

Rancour : Deep seated and malignant22. Consider : View or contemplate with a fixed

thoughtPonder : Contemplate with a view to some

practical resultMuse : Simply think upon continuously with

no definite object23. Incongruous : When they are not suited to one

anotherInconsistent : When they are opposed to each

otherIncompatible : When they cannot co-exist.

24. Gaze : Look fixedlyGape : Look fixedly with feelings of ignorant

wonder.Stare : Look with the fixedness of insolence

See : Use the power of sight , look25. Feeling : May be of the body or the mind

Emotion : Of the mind

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Agitation : Disturbance may be bodily or mental

26. Confuse : Mix up in the mind. Perplexed : When feelings and judgement are

confused. Puzzle : When faculties are confused. Embarrass : Denotes some bar which impedes

the power of thought , speech or themind.

27. Disposition : Governing purpose of the mind. Inclination : Bent of mind. Tendency : Strong determination or proclivity

towards some particular mode ofaction

28. Irritate : Denotes an excitment of quick andslightly angry feeling.

Provoke : Implies the awakening of some openexpression of decided anger.

Exasperate : Denotes a provoking of anger in itsunchecked exercise.

29. Jest : In order to make others laugh. Joke : to please himself.30. Sneer : Sneer implies to cast contempt

indirectly. Jeer : (Stronger word than sneer) denotes

severe sarcastic reflections.Mock : Make fun of in a Contemptuous

way.

Foreign words ( q Õj Ñ¨ •Å∞)Ad hoc = „Ñ ÕºHõ „ÑÜ≥∂[#=Ú

H˘~°‰õΩ

Ad finem = z=~°‰õΩ

Ad infinitum = J#O « «fi=Ú‰õΩ

Ad interim = D =∞ èŒº=~°‰õΩ

Ad libitum = hW+ì=Ú =zÛ#@∞¡

Ad rem = „ÑÜ≥∂[#=Ú#‰õΩ

Ad valorem = qÅ∞=#∞ |\ì

A fortior Agent= QÆ\ì HÍ~°O`À

Provocateur = «ÑÙÊ •i Ñ\ìOK«_®xH

xÜ≥∂yOÑ|_ç#"å_»∞

Anno christi = „H©ã∞Î ãO= «û~°=ÚÖ’

219

Anno domini = =∂ „ÑÉèí∞=Ù

ãO= «û~°=ÚÖ’Annus mirabilis

= qO «Å ãO= «û~°=Ú

Tete-a-tete = =ÚMÏ=Úd ( Z Œ∞~°QÍ)

Au revoir = ÃãÅ=Ù fã∞H˘O\Ï#∞

Bonafides = =∞Oz #=∞‡Hõ=Ú

Bona fide = =∞Oz #=∞‡Hõ=Ú À

Bon voyage = ã∞Y=∞QÆ∞

„ÑÜ«∂=Ú#‰õΩ

De jure = ÇÏ‰õΩ¯ QÆÅDivide et

impera = q_»nã≤ ÑiáêeOK«∞

De facto = x[=ÚQÆ

En route = =∞ èŒº=∂~°æ=Ú#

Humanum = «ÑÙÊKÕÜ«Ú@

=∂#= ÅHõ∆O

In re = P q+Ü«∞OÖ’

Inter alia = q∞ye# q+Ü«∞=ÚÅÖ’

Ipso facto = JO Œ∞=Å#

Mala fide = "≥∂ã=Ú À

Modus operandi= KÕ¿ã ÖËHõ x_ç¿Ñ q è•#O

Modus vivendi = x=ã≤OKÕ q è•#O

Prima facie = K«∂_»QÍ<Õ

Pre re nata = J «º=ã~° Ñiã≤÷u

H˘~°‰õΩ

Pro tempore = „Ñã∞Î «=Ú#‰õΩAide = HelperAlias = Variation in nameAlma Mater = Gracious motherAnte Meridium = Before Mid DayDetenu = PrisonerEn masse = In a bodyEtcetera = And the restEntourage = RetinueErrata = ErrorsExit = The way to go outEx-officio = By virtue of one's officeEx-parte = One sidedExtempore = Without previous

preparationImpasse = Dead lockIn camera = In secretIncognito = In disguiseIn toto = EntirelyLingua franca = A common languageLocus standi = A place for standingPost mortem = Medical examination

after death

Par excellence= By way of special

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ENGLISH PREFIXES

(Prefixes & Suffixes =ÚO Œ∞, «~°∞"å~Ú KÕ~°∞ÊÅ∞)A. (Without) abroad, ashore, asleep, a moral (no morals)A. ( out, from) arise, alight.Be. ( by) beside.For. forbear, forgive.Fore ( before) foretell, forego.In(in) income, inland, inside.Mis(wrong) mislead, mistake, misdeed.Over ( above , beyond) overthrow, overdo, overtake.To(this) today, tonight, tomorrow.Un(not)unkind, unlike, untrue, untie, undo.Under (below) undergo, underground, understand.With(against, back) withdraw, withhold, withstand.

LATIN PREFIXESAb. Abuse, abstract.Ad. ( to) adjoin, announce, appoint.Bene ( well) benefitBis ( twice) bisect.Co ( with) co-operative, Co-ordinate, Co-existenceDe ( down) descent, dethrone.Dis ( apart) disjoin, discontinue.In ( in, into, not) invade, illegal.Non ( not) nonsense.Post ( after) Postscript, Postpone.Pre (before ) Prefix, prevent, predict.Pro (for) pronounce, Promotion.Re ( back, again) refund , review, reopen, return.Sub ( under ) Subordinate, subversion,Trans ( across) transmit, tresspass.Vice ( in the place of ) vice president.

ENGLISH SUFFIXESI. Of Nouns

-er; -or, -yer, painter, baker, sailor-ter; - daughter,-dom; freedom, kingdom, wisdom,-hood; boyhood, childhood, manhood.-ness; goodness, kindness, darkness-red; hatred.

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-ship; hardship, friendship-th; growth, health, wealth

II. Forming Diminutives-el; le, satchel-en; kitten, kitchen,-ling; darling-ock; bullock.

III. Of Adjectives-ed; gifted, learned-en; golden, wooden-ful; helpful, fruitful-less; (without) fearless, hopeless-ly (like); manly, bravely-some; quarrrelsome.-y; healthy; needy, dirty

IV. Of Verbs-en; weaken, strengthen-er; chatter, flutter

V. Of Adverbs-ly( like); boldly, widely-long; headlong-ward; upward, backward,-way (s); anyway, always-wise; likewise, otherwise

LATIN SUFFIXES-ain, an, on; chieftain.-ar, er; scholar, engineer-ate, ee, y; advocate,-age, marriage, leakage.-ion; union, opinion.-ment; judgement, improvement.-ty; cruelty, civility.-y; misery, victory-ary, ry; library, treasury.-al; legal, fatal.-ary; contrary, ordinary.-fy; purify, simplify, certify.-ish; publish, punish.

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SIMILAR WORDS DISTINGUISHED( ™ê~°∂Ñ¨º Ñ¨ Œ=ÚÅ q=~°)

Advice. ( Noun) He gave me good advice.Advise ( verb) I advised him to work hard.Altar. Place flowers on the altar.Alter. This scheme can't be altered.Bales How many bales of cotton do you need?Bail. He was released on bail.Berth. He got his berth reserved.Birth. What is your date of birth?Bear. I saw a white bear in the Zoo.Bare Don't walk bare-footed.Break. Who broke this slate?Brake The brakes of my bicycle are loose.Canvas. Have canvas shoes for exercise.Convass. He convasses for votes.Check He checked the account.Cheque. Issue me a cheque book.Canon. Follow the canon of church.Cannon. Our army silenced their cannons.Cast Cast these old ideas away.Caste. He belongs to an upper/ forward caste.Cost. This book cost me fifty rupees.Dear. Bittu is my dear friend.Deer. Deer roam about freely in the Zoo.Disease. He suffers from a dangerous disease.Decease. His deceased father left no property.Desert. Don't desert him in difficulty.

We enjoyed dissert after dinner.Diary. Note down these points in your diary.Dairy. we get milk from a dairy.Fair. There is no fair price shop here.Fare. There is no rise in the bus fareFarmer. The farmers till the land.Former Suman and mOhan are two brothers. The

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former is very gentlebut the latter is a loafer

Foul we can't stand this foul smell.Fowl. Fowls can be seen in the forest.Gate We received Martin at the gate.Gait. Anjali's gait is graceful.Hail. It hailed after rain.hale. You look hale and hearty.Heel. The thief took to his heels.Heal. His wounds were healed.Industrious. My friend is very industrious.Industrial Ghaziabad is an industrial city.Knotty. It is a knotty problem.Naughty. Avinash is very naughty boy.Lesson. Learn a lesson from your past mistakes.Lessen. This medicine will lessen your pain.Lose. He lost his purse.Loose Try to buy a loose shirt.Mail. Send this letter by mail.Male. No male member is allowed here.Popular Pt. Nehru was popular with the people.Populous. Bombay is a populous city.Principal. My friend Sh. V.S. Sharma is an efficient Vice

Principal.Principle. Follow some principles in life.Pray Pray to God daily.Prey. Lion is a beast of prey.Peace. Manali is a very peaceful place.Piece. Have a piece of cake.Quite. You are in time.Quiet. Sit quiet in the class.Rein Hold the reins tightly.Reign. He did a great service during his reign.Rain. It rained heavily last night.Stationery There is no stationery shop here.Stationary. The sun is stationary.Sole. He is the sole male member in his family.Soul. Dayananda was a great soul.Story. They write story booksStorey Our building has three storeys.Throne. When did Ranjit Singh sit on the throne?Thrown. He was thrown out of the room.Team. Our team won the match.Teem. This pond teems with fish.Waste. If you waste your time, you will repent.

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Waist. He wears a belt round his waist.Week. She is leaving next week.Weak. A thin person is not always weak.Weather. What a pleasant weather!Whether. Tell me whether you are coming tomorrow.Affect Having an influence or effect onEffectChildish. Immature.Childlike Innocent.Adopt To take into one's family as a relation.Adapt Make (set) suitable for new need, etc.Adept Skillful. He is adept in painting.Counsel AdviceCouncil AssemblyOpposite ContraryApposite SuitableBeside By the side ofBesides Moreover / in addition toArtificial Not naturalArtful CunningBeneficial KindBeneficial UsefulCannon PrincipleContinuous UnceasingContinual FrequentForego Go beforeForgo Do withoutLay Transitive lay, laid.Lie [Intransitive lie, lay, lain] [Be at rest]Conform Comply withConfirm Agree definitely toLuxuriant Growing abundantlyLuxurious Supplied with luxuriesContagious Spreading by touchInfectious Spreading by bacteriaIngenious CleverIngenuous FrankJudicious PrudentJudicial LegalOfficious Too eager to use authority etc.Official Of authorityPopulous Thickly populatedPopular Liked by the people generallyVerbal Relating to wordsVerbose Wordy

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Momentary Lasting for a moment.Momentous Very importantFelicitate CongratulateFacilitate Make easyImminent Likely to come or happen soonImmanent Inherent, PresentAntics Queer or peculiar behaviourAntiques ReliceAllude Refer toElude AvoidBail The security given for the releaseBale Packed bundle of goods for transportCensor Examine and cut outCensure Criticise unfavourablyComplacent Self-satisfied.Complaisant ObligingCompliment Expression of admirationComplement That which makes something complete.Diseased Suffering from a diseaseDeceased Recently deadDifference The state of being unlikeDeference RespectDiscard Throw outDiscord DisagreementDiscrete Individually distinctDiscreet CarefulLean Having less than the usual proportion of fatLien Legal claim till the owner has repaid a loanor debtImmigrate Come as a settler into another countryEmigrate Go away from one's own country to anotherto settle thereExtant Still in existenceExtent Area.

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NEWS PAPER HEADLINES("å~åÎÑ¨„uHõÖ’¡x =ÚYºji¬HõÅ∞)(North East West South Past And Present Events

Blast explosion ; criticise violentyBLAST AT PALACEPM BLASTS EC

Blaze fireSIX DIE IN HOTEL BLAZE

Block stop, delayTORIES BLOCK TEACHERS' PAY DEAL

Blow bad news; discouragement; unfortunate happeningSMITH ILL : BLOW TO WORLD CUP HOPES

Bolster give support/ encouragement toEXPORT FIGURES BOLSTER CITY CONFIDENCE

Bond political/ business associationINDIA CUTS TRADE BONDS WITH PAKISTAN

Boom big increase; prosperous periodSPENDING BOOM OVER, SAYS MINISTER

Boost Encourage(ment); to increase; an increaseGOVERNMENT PLAN TO BOOST EXPORTS

BR British RailBR CLAIMS 50% OF TRAINS ON TIME

Brink edge (of disaster)WORLD ON BRINK OF WAR

Call (for) demand/ appeal (for)CALL FOR STRIKE TALKS

Campaign Organised effort to achieve social or political resultMP LAUNCHES CAMPAIGN FOR PRISON REFORM

Cash moneyMORE CASH NEEDED FOR SCHOOLS

Charge accusation ( by police)THREE MEN HELD ON BOMB CHARGE (blast)

Chop abolition, closure300 BANK BRANCHES FACE CHOP

City London's financial institutionsNEW TRADE FIGURES PLEASE CITY

Claim (make) a statement that something is true ( especiallywhen there may be disagreement); pay claimdemand for higher wages.SCIENTIST CLAIMS CANCER BREAK THROUGH

report)

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RACISM CLAIM IN NAVYTEACHERS' PAY CLAIM REJECTED

Clamp-down on deal firmly with (usually something illegal)POLICE TO CLAMP DOWN ON SPEEDING

Clash=quarrel. fight (noun or verb)STUDENTS CLASH WITH POLICE

Clear find innocentDOCTOR CLEARED OF DRUGS CHARGE

Commons the House of Commons ( in Parliament)MINISTERS IN COMMONS CLASH OVER HOUSING

Con swindleTEENAGERS CON WIDOW OUT OF LIFE SAVINGS

Crackdown firm application of the lawGOVERNMENT PROMISES CRACKDOWN ON DRUGSDEALERS

Crash financial failureBANK CRASH THREATENS TO BRING DOWNGOVERNMENT

Curb restrict; restrictionNEW PRICE CURBS

Cut reduce; reductionBRITAIN CUTS OVERSEAS AIDNEW HEALTH SERVICE CUTS

Cutback reduction (usually financial)TEACHERS SLAM SCHOOL CUTBACKS

Dash (make) quick journey)PM IN DASH TO BLAST HOSPITAL

Deadlock disagreement that cannot be solvedDEADLOCK IN PEACE TALKS

Deal agreement, bargainTEACHERS REJECT NEW PAY DEAL

Demo demonstration30 ARRESTED IN ANTI-TAX DEMO

Dole unemployment payDOLE QUEUES LENGTHEN

Drama dramatic event; tense situationPRINCE IN AIRPORT DRAMA

Drive united effortDRIVE TO SAVE WATER

Drop give up, get rid of; fall (noun)GOVERNMENT TO DROP CHILD LABOUR PLANBIG DROP IN INDUSTRIAL INVESTMENT

Due expected to arriveQUEEN DUE IN BERLIN TODAY

EC The European Community

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EC TRADE MINISTERS TO MEETEdge move gradually

WORLD EDGES TOWARDS WAREnvoy ambassador

FRENCH ENVOY DISAPPEARSFace be threatened by

HOSPITALS FACE MORE CUTSSTRIKERS FACE SACK

Feud long-lasting quarrel or disputeFAMILY FEUD EXPLODES INTO VIOLENCE: SIX HELD

Find something that is foundBEACH FIND MAY BE BONES OF UNKNOWNDINOSAURS

Firm determined not to changePM FIRM ON TAX LEVELS

Flak heavy criticismGOVERNMENT FACES FLAK OVER VAT

Flare begin violentlyRIOTS FLARE IN UDSTER

Foil prevent somebody from succeedingTWELVE-YEAR-OLD FOILS BANK RAIDERS

Fraud swindle, deceitJAIL FOR TICKET FRAUD MEN

Freeze keep (ing) prices etc at their present level; block (ing) a bankaccount

MINISTER WANTS TWO-YEAR PAY FREEZEDRUG PROFITS FROZEN

Gag censor(ship), prevent (ion) from speakingAFRICAN PRESIDENT ACTS TO GAG PRESS

Gaol older British spelling for jailGems jewels

L 2M GEMS STOLENGo resign; be lost, disappear

PM TO GO?4,000 JOBS TO GO IN NORTH

Go for be sold forPICASSO DRAWING GOES FOR £5M

Go-ahead : approvalSCOTTISH ROAD PLAN GETS GO-AHEAD

Grab - take violentlyGERMANS GRAB SHARES IN BRITISH COMPANIES

Grip - control; hold tightlyREBELS TIGHTEN GRIP ON SOUTHCOLD WAVE GRIPS COUNTRY

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Gun down shootTERRORISTS GUN DOWN PRIEST

Hail welcome, praisePM HAILS PEACE PLAN

Halt - stopCAR PLANT TO HALT PRODUCTION

Haul - amount stolen in robbery, or seized by police or customsTRAIN ROBBERY : BIG GOLD HAULRECORD DRUGS HAUL AT AIRPORT

Head lead - leaderPM TO HEAD TRADE MISSIONCOMMONWEALTH HEADS TO MEET IN OTTAWA

Head - for move towardsECONOMY HEADING FOR DISASTER, EXPERTS WARN

Hike - (US) rise in costs, prices etc.INTEREST HIKE WILL HIT BUSINESS

Hit affect badlySnow storms hit Transport

Hit out at attack (with words)PM HITS OUT AT CRITICS

Hitch - problem that causes delayLAST-MINUTE HITCH DELAYS SATELLITE LAUNCH

Hold - arrest; keep under arrestPOLICE HOLD TERROR SUSPECTMAN HELD AFTER STATION BLAST

in(the)red - in debt; making a financial lossBRITISH STEEL IN RED

IRA Irish Republican ArmyIRA LEADER MAKES STATEMENT

Jail prisonJAIL FOR PEACE MARCHERS

Jobless - unemployed (people)THREE MILLION JOBLESS BY APRIL?

Key - important, vitalKEY WITNESS VANISHES.

Lash - criticise violentlyBISHOP LASHES TV SEX AND VIOLENCE

Launch - send (satellite etc) into space; begin (campaign etc)l put(new product ) on market

SPACE TELESCOPE LAUNCH DELAYEDENVIRONMENT MINISTER LAUNCHES CAMPAIGN FORCLEANER BEACHESBRITISH FIRM LAUNCHES THROW-AWAY CHAIRS.

Lead - clue (in police enquiry)

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NEW LEAD IN PHONE BOX MURDER CASELeak - unofficial publication of secret informaion

PM FURIOUS OVER TAX PLAN LEAKSLeap - Jump / Increase

LEAP IN IMPORTSLife - imprisonment 'for life'

LIFE FOR AXE MURDERERLink - connection, contact

NEW TRADE LINKS WITH PERULoom - threaten to happen

VAT ON FOOD: NEW ROW LOOMSLords the house of Lords (in Parliament)

LORDS VOTE ON DOG REGISTRATIONMar - spoil

CROWD VIOLENCE MARS CUP FINALMercy - intended to save lives

DOCTOR IN MERCY DASH TO EVERESTMission - delegatiion ( official group sent to conference etc)

SHOTS FIRED AT UN MISSIONMob - angry crowd; organised crime/ Mafia (US)

MOBS RAMPAGE THROUGH CITY STREETSMOB LEADERS HELD

Move - step towards a particular result (often political)MOVE TO BOOST TRADE LINKS WITH JAPAN

MP - Member of ParliamentMP DENIES DRUGS CHARGE

Nail - force somebody to admit the truthMP NAILS MINISTER ON PIT CLOSURE PLANS

Net - win, caputureTWO SISTERS NET £3M IN POOLS WIN

Odds - chances, probabilityJONES RE-ELECTED AGAINST THE ODDS

On - about, on the subject of, concerningNEW MOVE ON PENSIONS

Opt - (for) chooseWALES OPTS FOR INDEPENDENCE

Oust - drive out, replaceMODERATES OUSTED IN UNION ELECTIONS

Out - to intending toSCOTS NATONALISTS OUT TO CAPTURE MASS VOTE

Over - about, on the subject of , because ofROW OVER AID CUTS

Pact - agreementDEFENCE PACT RUNS INTO TROUBLE

231

Pay - wagesTRANSPORT PAY TALKS BREAK DOWN

PC - police constablePC SHOT IN BANK RAID

Peak - high pointBANK LENDING HITS NEW PEAK

Peer - lord; Member of the House of LordsPEERS REJECT GOVERNMENT WAGE-FREEZE PLAN

Peg - hold (prices etc) at present levelBANKS PEG INTEREST RATES

Peril - dangerFLOOD PERIL IN THAMES VALLEY

Pit - coal mineTHREAT OF MORE PIT CLOSURES

Plant - factorySTEEL PLANT BLAZE

Plea - call for helpBIG RESPONSE TO PLEA FOR FLOOD AID

Pledge - promiseGOVERNMENT GIVES PLEDGE ON JOBLESS

PM - Prime MinisterEGG THROWN AT PM

Poll - election; public opinion surveyTORIES AHEAD IN POLLS

Pools - football pools; a form of gambling in which people guessthe results of football matches

SISTERS SHARE BIG POOLS WINPremier shortend form of Prime Minister

GREEK PREMIER TO VISIT UKPress - the newspapers

BID TO GAG PRESS OVER DEFENCE SPENDINGPress - (for) urge, encourage, ask for urgently

MINISTER PRESSED TO ACT ON HOUSINGOPPOSITION PRESS FOR ENQUIRY ON AIR CRASHES

Probe - investigation; investigateCALL FOR STUDENT DRUGS PROBEPOLICE PROBE RACING SCANDAL

Pull out - withdraw; pull-out withdrawalUS PULLS OUT OF ARMS TALKSCHURCH CALLS FOR BRITISH PULL-OUT FROM ULSTER

Push - (for) ask for, encourageSCHOOLS PUSH FOR MORE CASH

Quake - earthquakeHOUSES DAMAGED IN WELSH QUAKE

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Quit - resign, leaveCHURCH LEADER QUITSMINISTER TO QUIT GOVERNMENT

Quiz - question (verb)POLICE QUIZ MILLIONAIRE SUPERMARKET BOSS

Raid - enter and search; attack (noun and verb), rob, robberyPOLICE RAID DUCHESS'S FLATBIG GEMS RAID

Rampage - riotFOOTBALL FANS RAMPAGE THROUGH SEASIDE TOWNS

Rap - criticiseDOCTORS RAP NEW MINISTRY PLANS

Record - bigger than ever beforeRECORD LOSS BY INSURANCE FIRM

Riddle - mysteryMISSING ENVOY RIDDLE : WOMAN HELD

Rift - division, disagreementLABOUR RIFT OVER DEFENCE POLICY

Rock - shock, shakeBANK SEX SCANDAL ROCKS CITYIRELAND ROCKED BY QUAKE

Row - noisy disagreement, quarrelNEW ROW OVER PENSION CUTS

Rule out - reject the possibility ofPM RULES OUT AUTUMN ELECTION

Sack - dismiss(al) from jobSTRIKING POSTMEN FACE SACK

Saga long - running news storyNEW REVELATIONS IN BANK SEX SAGA

Scare - public alarm, alarming rumourTYPHOID SCARE IN SOUTHWEST

Scrap - throw out (as useless)GOVERNMENT SCRAPS NEW ROAD PLANS

Seek - look forPOLICE SEEK WITNESS TO KILLING

Top - (adj) senior, most importantTOP BANKER KIDNAPPED

Top - (Verb) exceedIMPORTS TOP LAST YEAR'S FIGURES

Tory - ConservativeVICTORY FOR TORY MODERATES

Trio - three peopleJAILBREAK TRIO RECAPTURED

Troops - soldiersMORE TROOPS FOR BORDER AREA

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UK - The United Kingdom ( of Great Britain and Northern Ireland)EC CRITICISES UK JAIL CONDITIONS

Ulster - Northern IrelandPM IN SECRET TRIP TO ULSTER

UN - The United NationsUN IN RED: CANNOT BALANCE BUDGET

Urge - encourageGOVERNMENT URGED TO ACT ON POLLUTION

US - The United States of AmericaUS URGED TO PULL OUT OF ARMS DEAL

VAT - Value added taxNEXT, VAT ON BABYFOOD?

Vow - promiseEXILED PRESIDENT VOWS TO RETURN

Walk out - leave in protestCAR WORKERS WALK OUT OVER WAGE FREEZE

Wed - marryBISHOP TO WED ACTRESS.

WORD - SUBSTITUTION( UHõÑ¨ Œ~°∂Ñ¨ "åHõº=ÚÅ∞)

Word Substitution : 'One Word for Many'

One who does not believe in the existence of God ... atheistOne who rules with absolute power ... autocrat.One who is out to destroy all government ... anarchist.One who eats only vegetable food ... vegetarian.One who feeds on human flesh ... cannibal.One who works with another in the same office etc. ... colleague.One who believes that all things are fixed by fate ... fatalist.One learned in many languages ... polyglot.One new to any kind of business ... novice.One who loves and serves mankind ... philanthropist.

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One who is always doubting ... sceptic.One who sneers at or shows contempt for human nature ... cynic.One who looks at the bright side of things ... optimist.One who looks at the dark side of things ... pessimist.One who totally abstains from intoxicating drinks ... teetotaller.Being all of one mind ... unanimousPersons living in the same period ... contemporaries.Compulsory military service ... conscription.Medicine to counteract the effects of a poison ... antidote.A person unable to pay his debts . .. insolvent.A citizen of the world ... cosmopolitan.A speech made without previous preparation .... extempore.One's first speech in public ... maiden speech.A person residing in a country of which he is not a citizen`.... alien (emigrant)A paper written by hand ... manuscriptA remedy for all diseases ... panacea (Seea)Talking to oneself ... soliloquy.A temporary cessation of war ... truce.A period of ten years ... decade.An office without any work but with high pay ... sinecure.A language which is no longer spoken ... dead language.The life story of a person written by himself ... autobiography.The giving of office to one's relations ... nepotism.Words inscribed on a tomb ... epitaph.That which does not apply to the matter in hand ... irrelevant.That which will last for a long time ... durable.That which cannot be repaired ... irrepairable.That which cannot be overcome ... insurmountable.That which cannot be conquered ... invincible.That which cannot be wounded ... invulnerable.That which cannot be solved or dissolved ... insoluble.That which cannot be described. ... indescribable.That which cannot be managed ... unwieldy.That which cannot be avoide ... unavoidable.That which cannot be revoked ... irrevocable.That which is not likely to happen ... improbable.That which cannot be explained ... inexplicable.That which cannot be seen ... invisible.That which cannot be heard ... inaudible.That which cannot be corrected ... incorrigible.That which is easily broken ... brittle.That which easily catches fire ... inflammable,

... combustible.That which can be seen through ... transparent.That which cannot be seen through ... opaque.

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Of unknown name or authority ... anonymousExpression having more than one ... ambiguouspossible meaningFit to be eaten ... edible.Too ready to believe anything ... credulous.Given to finding fault ... consorious.Fit to be chosen ... eligible.Belonging to the Middle Ages ... medieval.No longer in use ... obsolete.Working merely for money ... mercenary.Happening at one and the same time ... simultaneous.Done of one's own free will ... voluntaryOne filled with excessive and mistaken enthusiasm ... fanaticOne who is indifferent to pleasure or pain ... stoic.Government by a royal ruler or king ... monarchy.Government by a single person exercising absoluteand even irresponsible power ... dictatorshipGovernment by a small exclusive class ... oligarchy.Government by the nobles ... aristocracy.Government by officials ... bureaucracy.Government by the wealthy ... plutocracy.Government by the people ... democracy.The science of plants or vegetable life ... botanyThe science of life ... biology.The science of structure of the body ... anatomyThe science of the human soul or mind ... psychology.The science of reasoning ... logicTHe science of animal ... zoologyThe study of the in fluence of theheavenly bodies on human ... astrologyMarriage of one wife or husband only ... monogamy.The act of having two wives or husbands at the same time ... bigamy.The custom of having more than onewife or husband at a time ... polygamy.The custom by which one woman has morethan one husband at a time ... polyandry.The killing or murder of oneself ... suicide.The killing or murder of a human being ... homicide.The killing or murder of an infant ... infanticide.The killing or murder of a king ... regicide.A disease which prevails among a greatnumber of people at the same time ... an epidemicA disease peculiar to a district or country ... an endemic.A place where bees are kept ... an apiaryA place where birds are kept ... an aviary

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A store-house for grain .. granary.A place where fish are kept ... aquariumA place to which choronically sick goes in order to get back their health ... sanatorium.A place where the dead are buried ... cemetery.A place where the dead are burnt ... crematoriumA place where a number of wild animals iskept in cases for show ... managerie.A ground laid out for the landing anddeparture of aircraft ... aerodrome.A house of residence for students ... hostel.An animal having two legs ... bipedAn animal having four legs ... quadruped.Animals which cannot be tamed ... wild.Animals living in water. ... aquatic.Animals which live partly on land and partly in water. ... amphibian.An animal that chews the cud .. ruminant/to thinkAn animal that gnaws (e.g.a rat) ... rodent.That which cannot be believed. ... incredible.That which cannot be read ... illegibleThat which cannot be put into practice. ... impracticable.That whcih cannot be imitated. ... inimitable.He is a person engages in sport purely for pleasure. ... amature.He is a person who sees little or no good in anything ... cynicHe is one who hates women. ... misogynist.He is a person who wilfully destroys worksof art, spoilsm the beauty of nature, etc. ... VandalHe is a person who collects postage-stamps ... Philatelist.He has many interesting occupations for his free time. ... Hobbies.This is a statement which seems to saysomething opposite to the truth. ... Paradox.This is a statement which is obviously true. ... Platitude.He is a doctor who treats mental illness. ... Psychiatrist.He is a person who dishonestly claims tohave knowledge and skill ... QuackHe is a person who is between 90 and 100 years old. ... Nonagenerian : between 80-89).......... OctogenarianShe is suffering from mental disordermarketed by fixed delusions ... ParanoiaThis painting is the only one of its sort or kind. ... UniqueYesterday she gave birth to five children ... Quintuplets.It is the 25th anniversary of the university. ... Silver-JubileeNo person can claim that he is completely

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free from the possibility of being in error. ... InfallibleThe wars and lost when there is gradual andunnoticed occupation of land by small groups ... Infiltration.He is a frivolous person too fond of gossip. ... Flibeergibbet.They are trying to ease tension between nations ... detente.This boy is head over years. ... PrecociousHe is a partner in crime ... accompliceThis ancient monument is somethingattributed to a wrong period of time. ... achronism Indulge in a round-about way of expression. ... Circumlocution.He is well-versed in any art. ... Connoisseur.There is agreement of opinion amongdifferent groups on the conduct of election. ... Consensus.There is a situation which brings action to astandstill on the bonus issue ... DeadlockHe is a person who champions the claims ofwomen for equal rights ... Feminist.He is a person who lives for pleasure. ... Hedonest.He suffers from seeing things whichare not actually present ... HallucinationHe is a person who believes in the completeabolition of war and who refuses to fight. ... Pacifist.He is a person who suffers from nervous disorder. ... NeuroticSetting fire to public property. ... arson.Schedule of travel. ... Itineray.Not easy to control ... Intractable.Present everywhere ... Ubiquitous.

-THE END-

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