Some organizations concerned with animal traction research ...

DISCUSSION PAPER

Report No,: ARU 33

SOME ORGANIZATIONS CONCERNED WITH ANIMAL TRAC:ION1ESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA

by

Paul Starkey

Research UnitAgriculture and Rural Development Department

Operational Policy StaffWorld Bank

April 1985

The views presented here are those of the authcr(s), and they should not

be interprered as reflecting those of the World 3ank,

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The authcr is a consultant of the WorldBank. However, the World Bank does not accept responsibility for theviews expressed herein which are those of the authors and should notbe attributed to the World Bank or to its affiliated organizations.The findings, interpretations, and conclusions are the results ofresearch supported in part by the Bank; they do not necessarilyrepresent official policy of the Bank. The designations employed andthe presentation of material in this document are solely for theconvenience of the reader and do not imply the expression of any opinionwhatscever on the part of the World Bank or its affiliates concerningthe legal status of any country, territory, area or of its authorities,or concerning the delimitation of its boundaries, or national affiliation.

IiM t - -_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Agricultural Research UnitAgriculture and Rural Development Department

World Bank

SOME ORGANIZATIONS CONCERNED WITH ANIMAL TRACTION

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA

by

Paul Starkey

Specialist in Animal Traction

April 1985

This is a working document published informally by theWorld Bank. The author is a consultant to the WorldBank. However the World Bank does not accept anyresponsibility for the views expressed herein, whichare those of the author and should not be attributed tothe World Bank or its affiliated organizations. Thefindings interpretations and conclusions are the resultof research supported, in part, by the World Bank; theydo not necessarily represent official policy of theBank. The World Bank accepts no responsibility forerrors. The designations employed and the presentationof material in this document are solely for theconvenience of the reader and do not imply theexpression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of theWorld Bank or its affiliates concerning the legalstatus of any country, territory, city, area or of itsauthorities, or concerning the delimitation of itsboundaries, or national affiliation.

This document has been prepared in consultation withHans P. Binswanger, Chief of the Agricultural ResearchUnit of the World Bank's Agricultural and RuralDevelopment Department. The author, Paul H. Starkey, isa Consultant in Animal Traction. His address is:2 Wychwood Crescent, Earley, Reading RG6 2RA, U.K.

TABLE OF CONTENTSPage

1. INTRODUCTION 2

2. SELECTED INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AND RESEARCH CENTRES2.1 Introduction 52.2 CGIAR 52.3 United Nations Organizations and

Specialized Agencies 82.4 Further International Organizations 12

3. SELECTED ORGANIZATIONS IN SOME AFRICAN COUNTRIES3.1 Introduction 143.2 Botswana 153.3 Burkina Faso 163.4 Ethiopia 173.5 Ivory Coast 183.6 Kenya 193.7 Senegal 213.8 Sierra Leone 233.9 Tanzania 243.10 Togo 253.11 Zaire 263.12 Further addresses of organizations in Africa 28

4. SELECTED ORGANIZATIONS IN SOME DEVELOPED COUNTRIES4.1 Introduction 324.2 France 324.3 Federal Republic of Germany 354.4 United Kingdom 364.5 United States of America 394.6 Further contacts in developed countries. 40

1

SOME ORGANIZATIONS CONCERNED WITH ANIMAL TRACTIONRESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA

By Paul Starkey

1. INTRODUCTION

This annotated listing has been prepared in the belief thatimproved information exchange relating to animal traction isvital. Indeed the search for, and evaluation of, existingexperience is probably the most cost-effective means ofidentifying appropriate methods of improving the utilization ofanimal traction in Sub-Saharan Africa. In most countries inAfrica, there are research stations, agricultural projects andnon-governmental organizations (NGOs) that are actively engagedin some aspects of draught animal research, development, trainingand extension. At present, information exchange and liaisonbetween such programmes within the same country is generallypoor, and information exchange between animal traction workers indifferent countries is very rare. However with improved liaison,there would be less unnecessary replication of research, fewerrepetitions of mistakes, and with the chance to build on theexperience of others, overall progress would be much faster.

There already exists much useful published and unpublishedexperience relating to animal traction in Africa. Some of it hasbeen gained from successful experiences, and some from lessonslearned when programmes wasted time and resources through failureto understand the local farming systems. For example, on-station and single-component research studies have recommendedcertain animal breeds, nutritional supplements or implements thathave been inappropriate to the agronomic, ecological, social andeconomic conditions of the surrounding villages. There have alsobeen many examples of agricultural development projects promotingequipment and techniques that have been too complicated or tooexpensive, of programmes using unadapted breeds or species and ofprojects recommending unprofitable cropping systems andunsuitable credit packages. Some very valuable evaluations ofsuch errors have been published as case histories, and severalreferences to these can be found in this listing. However it isdisappointing to note that other research workers and developmentprojects are often unaware of these salutary lessons, and thatsimilar misjudgements are still being made. In other cases,research is being carried out meticulously, and in fullunderstanding of the farming system. Nevertheless, if similarresearch has already been undertaken nearby, several years may bespent on the equivalent of re-discovering the wheel. Thus ifanimal traction experience could be better shared and publicized,progress in this field could be much quicker, and limited

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resources could be more efficiently employed.

The objective of this annotated listing, therefore, is to provideresearch workers and agricultural development projects with someinitial contacts and information sources relating to animaltraction in Sub-Saharan Africa. By contacting appropriateorganizations, a great deal of documentation and expertise may bemade available. This list contains about 125 addresses and 100references to publications. However as each address and documentshould lead to further contacts and additional references, themultiplying potential of each contact is very great. Thus ifpersonnel involved in animal traction in Sub-Saharan Africa wereto contact even a small number of organizations listed here, thepotential for improved information exchange would be immense.

The listing is selective, and does not claim to be acomprehensive directory. It gives names and addresses of threecategories of organization - international agencies and researchcentres, organizations within African countries and institutionsin developed countries. All organizations listed have someinterest in the development of animal traction in Sub-SaharanAfrica - in some cases there is a strong direct involvement,while in other cases there is an indirect association. There arealso many other organizations in Africa and elsewhere that couldwell have been included, and in fact, many of these can indeed betraced through the listed organizations.

In addition to names and addresses, some noteworthy publicationsin English (E) or French (F) have been listed, and an attempt hasbeen made to briefly describe the organizations, or highlighttheir areas of specialization or the services they may provide.However it must be stressed that the brief descriptions must notbe considered as definitive summaries of the work or services ofthe various organizations, and that they are merely a guide topossible areas of interest.

It may be noted that about sixty per cent of the addresses listedbelow are in Africa, and the rest are mainly in developedcountries. This ratio is not considered disproportionate in viewof the realities of present draught animal research and extensionin Africa. A very high proportion of all work in the field isfunded directly or indirectly by international, bilateral or NGOaid agencies. Thus such agencies and their associatedinstitutions, even if not based in Africa, have a great deal ofexperience relating to animal traction which may be ofconsiderable benefit to national draught animal programmes inAfrica. In general such agencies outside Africa are easilycontacted, and have the interest and resources to respond torequests for information. However there is a distinct tendency,and even a danger, for individuals and projects within Africa, tolook outside Africa for advice, when frequently more relevantinformation is actually available elsewhere, within the sameAfrican country or in a neighbouring state. Thus people working

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with animal traction in a particular African country or subregion are specifically advised to search out other addresses andcontacts, and not use only the addresses listed here. It isextremely likely that the most appropriate sources of informationand expertise will be found within the particular African countryand sub-region. Five suggested methods of tracing such contactswithin any given country are given in Section 3.1, introducingthe list of organizations in African countries.

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2. SELECTED INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AND RESEARCH CENTRES

2.1 INTRODUCTION

The international organizations listed in this section aregenerally orientated to information dissemination in theirparticular areas of specialization. Correspondence can be inEnglish, French or Spanish. In African countries where outgoingmail is unreliable it is possible that the local UNDP office willforward unsealed official correspondence with the UN agencies,the CGIAR institutions and the World Bank through its pouchsystem. In general, requests for information can pass directlyto the relevant organization, while requests for technicalassistance or project support may have to pass through theofficial government channels.

2.2 CONSULTATIVE GROUP ON INTERNATIONAL AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH

(CGIAR)

2.2.1 CGIAR Secretariat1818 H Street NW, Washington DC 20433, USATelex:440098 WORLD BANK Phone: (202)334-8028

The CGIAR is an informal association of gc-ernments,internationaland regional organizations and private foundations dedicated tosupporting a system of agricultural research centres andprogrammes around the world. The central secretariat is based inthe headquarters of the World Bank, and publishes a newslettergiving highlights of the research of the thirteen institutionswhich each specialize in particular agricultural activities,crops, ecological zones and farming systems. Several of thecentres have work relating to animal traction. Details of theinstitutes can be obtained from the Secretariat or from thecentres themselves. Three CGIAR centres that are indirectlyinvolved in research related to animal traction in Sub-SaharanAfrica are:

International Centre for Agricultur-kl Research in theDry Areas (ICARDA)P. 0. Box 5466, Aleppo, Syria.

ICARDA is involved in farming systems research involving animaltraction in North Africa.

International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA)P. 0. Box 5320, Ibadan, Nigeria

IITA is involved in farming systems research in the humid tropicsand cooperates with the ILCA programmes in Nigeria.

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International.Laboratory for Research on Animal Diseases(ILRAD)P. 0. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya.

ILRAD carries out research on animal diseases and cooperates withILCA in the trypanotolerant network which will involve collectionof data on trypanotolerant draught cattle from 1986.

2.2.2 Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maiz y Trigo(CIMMYT)Londres 40, Mexico 6, D.F, Mexico

CIMMYT Eastern and Southern Africa Economics ProgrammeP. 0. Box 1473, Mbabane, Swaziland.

CIMMYT is a CGIAR international research centre based in Mexico,with emphasis on maize and wheat. Its Economics programme hasincluded studies on use of animal traction and the feeding ofdraught animals in eastern and southern Africa. Possibilitiesexist for information provision, training and technical advicerelating to research on use of animal traction for maize andwheat production.

Publications include:

CIMMYT,1983, Report of a networkshop on draught animal power andanimal feeding in eastern and southern Africa, held atEzulwini, Swaziland October 4-6, 1983 93 pp(E).

2.2.3 International Crops Research Centre for the Semi-AridTropics (ICRISAT)Patchancheru P.0, Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India.Telex: 0152-203 Phone: Hyderabad 224016

ICRISATBP 1165, Ougadougou, Burkina Faso

ICRISAT is a CGAIR international research centre based in India.The farming systems research programme in India includesevaluation of animal drawn wheeled toolbars. The economicsprogramme involves several studies relating to animal traction insemi-arid Africa. General information on animal traction insemi-arid tropics is available from ICRISAT headquarters, andeconomic studies relating to West Africa from the ICRISAT,Burkina Faso. Possibilities exist for training and technicaladvice relating to animal traction research programmes in thesemi-arid areas of Africa.

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Matlon P.J., 1983, The technical potential for increased foodproduction in the West African Semi-Arid Tropics,49pp(E/F)

McIntire, J., 1983, Two aspects of farming in SAT Upper Volta;animal traction and mixed cropping 48pp (E/F)

2.2.4 International Livestock Centre for Africa (ILCA)P. 0. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, EthiopiaTelex: 21207 ILCA Phone: 183215

ILCA Humid Zone ProgrammeP. 0. Box 5320, Ibadan, NigeriaTelex 31417 Phone: 413440

ILCA Subhumid Zone ProgrammeP. 0. Box 2248, Kaduna, NigeriaTelex: 71384

ILCA Arid and Semi Arid Zones ProgrammeP. 0. Box 60, Bamako, MaliTelex: 459 Phone: 222177

ILCA Kenya Rangelands ProgrammeILCA Livestock Productivity and Trypanotolerance GroupP. 0. Box 46847, Nairobi, KenyaTelex 22040 Phone: 592066

ILCA is the international research centre for African livestockdevelopment, with a definite interest in the dev-lopment ofanimal traction. ILCA s research on animal traction has mainlybeen carried out in the context of the Ethiopian HighlandsProgramme (Addis Ababa), and some in the context of the Arid andSemi-Arid Programme (Bamako) and Kenya Rangelands Programme(Nairobi). The Ethiopian animal traction research programme hasincluded detailed nut.-itional studies, socio-economic studies,equipment evaluation and assessing the use of single oxen andcrossbred cows for work. The comprehensive information serviceis located at Addis Ababa and includes computer searches (E/F) onAGRIS/CAB databases, selected dissemination service givingdetails of new accessions to databases (E/F), and provision ofphotocopies of key documents (E/F). ILCA documentation hasaccess to non-published reports from 19 African countries throughthe ILCA/IDRC microfiche project. ILCA can provide trainingfacilities relating to research studies and can give advice onresearch programmes. ILCA is interested in broadening its ownanimal traction research programme and in the establishment of anAfrican draught animal power network for information exchange.

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ILCA, 1981, Animal Traction in Sub-Saharan Africa. ILCA Bulletin14, l8pp (E/F)

Goe, M.R and Hailu, M, 1983, Animal Traction, A selectedbibliography, 42pp (E/F)

Gryseels, G.,et al., 1984, The use of single oxen for cropcultivation in Ethiopia, ILCA Bulletin 18, pp20-25 (E/F)

ILCA Newsletter, quarterly, giving research highlights (E/F)

2.3 UNITED NATIONS ORGANIZ;TIONS AND SPECIALIZED AGENCIES

2.3.1 Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100, Rome, ItalyTelex: 610181 FAO I Phone: Rome 57971

Also represented in African Countries, either by an FAOrepresentative or through the UNDP Office.

FAO is the major UN agency concerned with agriculturaldevelopment that sponsors numerous agricultural research,development, extension and training projects in Africa, includingmany related to animal traction. Expertise concerning animaltraction encompasses its use for crop production, transport,forestry and as a power source, and includes aspects ofequipment, nutrition, health, agronomy, and social and economicfactors as well as extension, training and publicity.Comprehensive project formulation, funding, technical support andconsultancy services are available subject to appropriateprotocol and funding availability. A large range of publicationsis available (E/F) which can be purchased in local currencythrough FAO/UNDP office or official FAO bookseller. LocalFAO/UNDP offices may well have small documentation centrescontaining selected FAO publications, catalogues and details ofother FAO services. Literature search facilities can be providedthrough AGRIS database (E/F). FAO has plans to include a draughtanimal newsletter in its quarterly journal World Animal Review'.The Animal Production Service of the Animal Production and HealthDivision of FAO is particularly interested in the formation ofregional/sub-regional networks for information exchange relatingto research, training and development aspects of draught animalpower.

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FAO, undated, Animal traction (130 frame filmstrip) (E/F)

FAO/CEEMAT, 1972, The employment of draught animals inagriculture, 249 pp E/F -

FAO, 1977, Farming with animal power. Better Farming Series No14, 57pp (E/F)

FAO, 1982, Report of the FAO expert consultation on theappropriate use of animal energy in agriculture inAfrica and Asia 43pp (E/F)

FAO, 1983, Animal traction in Upper Volta, booklet and 187 framefilmstrip (E/F). Series also contains booklets (E/F)and film strips on:Carts for draught animals (78 frames)Type, Selection and Training (93 frames)Housing, feeding, hygiene, treatment and disease

(93 frames)Implements: Plough, Hoe, Ridger, Blacksmith's work

FAO,1984, Animal energy in Agriculture in Africa and Asia. FAOAnimal Production and Health Paper 42, 143pp (E/F)

Hopfen, H.J., 1981, Farm Implements for arid and tropicalregions (2nd Edition) 159pp (E/F)

Also several journals including World Animal Review'.

2.3.2. International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)Via de Seraficio 107, 00142, Rome, ItalyTelex: 614160 IFAD RM I

UN agency for funding major agricultural projects generallyaimed at improving food production in the poorer countries.Although animal traction may be included in the projects, asthese are generally administered in conjunction with otheragencies, notably World Bank and FAO, it is generally moreappropriate to obtain technical information from these supportingagencies.

2.3.3 International Labour Organization (ILO)CH 1211, Geneva 22, SwitzerlandTelex: 22271 Phone: 99-61-11

Also represented in Africa Countries directly or throughUNDP representative.

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ILO is a UN agency .with particular interest in developing

technologies, such as animal traction, which generate employment

and improve working conditions. It has carried out several

studies relating to animal traction and also to the use of animal

transport for civil engineering works. ILO has the capability to

provide relevant documentation, training, advisory and

consultancy services.


ILO, 1983, Appropriate farm equipment technology for the small

scale traditional sector (Regional Project on Farm Tool

and Equipment Technology, Basic Needs and Employment

ILO/FIN/78/RAF,/2) Synthesis Report (279pp,E), Botswana

(102pp,E),Kenya, (74pp,E), Tanzania (123pp,E), Sudan

(64pp,E), Zambia (106pp,E), Tools and Equipment Manual

for Labour Intensive Farming (lllpp,E).

2.3.4 United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)

One UN Plaza, New York, NY10U17, USATelex: 125980 Phone: (212) 906 5000

Also represented in African Countries

UNDP is a UN organization which funds a wide range of development

programmes, often in conjunction with other UN agencies and the

World Bank. UNDP has supported several animal traction

programmes in Africa. UNDP itself, or in conjunction with other

UN agencies, has the capacity to provide consultancy services

related to the development of draught animal programmes. Its

documentation centre and computer searches are primarily for

support of UNDP projects, and most evaluation documents relating

to the animal traction programmes are designed for internal

circulation.

2.3.5 United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural

Organization (UNESCO)7 place de Fontenoy, 75700, ParisTelex: 204461 Paris Phone: (1) 568 10.00

Also represented in African Countries either directly or

through UNDP office.

UNESCO is the UN agency concerned with education, science and

the dissemination of information. While not generally directly

involved in animal traction research and extension, there is an

interface of interest concerning the development of draught

animal power, particularly in relation to educational

institutions and communications. Consultancy and support

services may be available relating to these aspects of the

development of animal traction.

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2.3.6 United Nations Environment ProgrammeP. 0. Box 30552, Nairobi, KenyaTelex: 22068 Phone: 333930

Also represented in Africa through UNDP Office.

UNEP is a UN organization that is intended to act as a catalystto support, complement, and accelerate appropriate action relatedto the environment. Renewable sources of energy and appropriatetechnologies are within its scope. Thus UNEP supports variousprogrammes indirectly related to, animal traction. For example itco-financed the FAO/ILCA trypanotolerant livestock study, and itco-finances the ENDA Environment Training Programme (B.P. 3370,Dakar, Senegal). ENDA produces the journal African Environment(E/F) which may include articles or supplements relating toanimal traction. In conjunction with other specialized UNagencies, UNEP has the capability and contacts to providedocumentation and consultancy services relating to the use ofanimal power for conservation and as a renewable source ofenergy.

2.3.7 United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO)Vienna International Centre, P.O. Box 300,A-1400, Vienna, Austria.Telex: 135612 Phone: 26310

Also represented in African countries directly orthrough the UNDP Office.

UNIDO is the UN agency with particular interest in developinglocal industries, including the manufacture of animal tractionequipment at factory, workshop and village blacksmith level. Ithas the capability and contacts to provide documentation,advisory, consultancy, training and project support servicesrelating to the local manufacture of draught animal equipment inAfrica. In Southern Africa, UNIDO is interested in theestablishment of a network within the nine SADACC countries toimprove liaison relating to the manufacture of agriculturalimplements, including draught animal equipment.

2.3.8 The World Bank1818 H Street NW, Washington D.C. 20433, USATelex: 248423 WORLDBANK Phone: (202) 477 1234

Also represented in African Countries directly orthrough UNDP office.

The World Bank group of UN agencies provides loans for many largescale development projects, of which some agricultural programmeshave animal traction elements. The Research Unit of theAgriculture and Rural Development Department has a particular

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interest in appraising .the potential for draught animal power in

Sub-Saharan Africa. Comprehensive documentation, advisory and

consultancy services may be available to projects funded or

administered in conjunction with the World Bank, and where

appropriate loan agreements are operational, this may be extended

to other projects.


Binswanger, H.P., 1984, Agricultural Mechanization, a comparative

historical perspective. World Bank Staff Working Paper

673, 80pp (E/F).

Binswanger, H.P. and Pingali, P.L., 1984, The evolution of

farming systems and agricultural technology in Sub-

Saharan Africa. World Bank Discussion Paper ARU 23 44pp

(E/F).

Pingali, P.L., Bigot, Y and Binswanger, H.P.1985, Agricultural

mechanization and the evolution of farming systems in

Sub-Saharan Africa (in press, E/F).

2.4 FURTHER INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

2.4.1 Commonwealth SecretariatMalborough House, Pall Mall, London SWlY 5HX, UK.

Telex: 27678 G Phone: 01-839 3411

The Commonwealth Secretariat acts as a multilateral development

agency and is based on cooperation between Commonwealth

countries. The Food Production and Rural Development Division is

interested in the development of sub-regional appropriate

technology networks in Africa, involving both Commonwealth and

non-Commonwealth countries. It has been responsible for

initiating and funding sub-regional meetings, inter-country

visits and training programmes related to appropriate technology,

including aspects of animal traction. It is capable of providing

certain documentation, advisory and consultancy services, and

funding for appropriate training and inter-country visits.


Umoh, J.E. and Starkey, P.H. 1985 The use of animal draught

power in three West African countries (in press, E).

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2.4.2 Commission of the European Communities (EEC)200, rue de la Loi, B-1049, Brussels, BelgiumTelex: 21877 COMEU B Phone: (02) 235 11 11

Also represented through EEC Delegations in Africancountries.

The European Development Fund (EDF) administered by the EECCommission finances many large agricultural projects in Africathat have animal traction components. It also funds certainresearch programmes, community-based microprojects and trainingawards. Its expertise in animal traction includes contacts withmany consultancy firms in Europe. It's bimonthly publicationIThe Courier' (E/F) sometimes includes articles relating toanimal traction.

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3. SELECTED ORGANIZATIONS IN SOME AFRICAN COUNTRIES

3.1 INTRODUCTION

In almost all countries in Africa there are people working onanimal traction, in aspects of research, development, extension,training, monitoring and evaluation or equipment production anddistribution. It is strongly recommended that individuals ororganizations working in the field of animal traction makeefforts to contact their colleagues working in the same country,and preferably also those in neighbouring countries. In thefollowing sections some addresses are given, but these are notcomprehensive, and so they should be used merely as a start tomore detailed enquiries. In order that further useful contactsbe made there are five major avenues of enquiry, which can befollowed by postal communication, telephone calls or directpersonal visits.

Firstly, it is suggested that the relevant government departmentsbe contacted. These may be in the Ministry of Rural Developmentor the Ministry of Agriculture, and they may include thelivestock and veterinary departments, agricultural researchinstitutes, agricultural projects and extension services.Government departments responsible for local industrialdevelopment (plough production, local artisanal training) andcredit provision may also be useful contacts.

Secondly there may well be research activities an animal tractiontaking place in universities, agricultural colleges and othereducational establishments, and contacts may be made byapproaching these.

Thirdly aid agencies will almost certainly be supporting someanimal traction activities, and enquiries at the offices of themultilateral and bilateral aid agencies are likely to yielduseful information and contacts. The major UN multilateral aidagencies mentioned in Section 2 (FAO, UNDP, UNIDO, ILO) willgenerally have their own offices in the capital city or berepresented at the UNDP office. The World Bank is represented insome countries, and elsewhere information may be availablethrough the UNDP office. In most African countries there is anEEC delegation. Bilateral aid agencies are generally representedthrough their diplomatic missions, and where they have separateoffices, the diplomatic missions will almost certainly be able topass on appropriate enquiries. In Sub-Saharan Africa, the majorbilateral donors supporting animal traction projects are U.S.A.,U.K., France, Federal Republic of Germany, Italy, Switzerland,Canada, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Belgium, The Netherlands, andChina. The appropriate aid secretaries/attaches/ advisors in thediplomatic missions may also be able to give details of nongovernmental organizations funding animal traction projects.

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Fourthly, much work on animal traction is supported by non

governmental organizations including religious missions, and NGO

donor agencies such as Oxfam, Euro Action Accord, ActionAid and

Plan International. Enquiries at religious foundations, NGO

donors or NGO volunteer agencies, such as AFVP, COOPIBO, CUSO and

VSO are likely to yield further useful contacts.

Finally, enquiries with commercial engineering and trading

organizations are likely to lead to information on equipment

supply relating to animal traction.

3.2 BOTSWANA

3.2.1 Animal traction status

The majority of farmers in Botswana use animal traction, 75%

using teams of 4-8 draught cattle and 7% using teams of 6-8

donkeys. The large teams are used almost entirely for ploughing

for food grain production, although the use of donkey carts and

ox-carts is increasing, Approximately 350,000 draught cattle are

used for work and there are an estimated 140,000 donkeys in the

country.

3.2.2 Ministry of Agriculture (MOA)

Private Mail Bag 003, Gaborone, Botswana

Arable Lands Development Program (ALDEP)

Private bag 003, Gaborone, Botswana

Integrated Farming Pilot Project (IFPP)

P. 0. Box 69, Lobatse, Botswana

Sebele Agricultural Research Station

Private Bag 0033, Gaborone, Botswana

MOA is a broadbased agricultural ministry, responsible for

research, development and extension relating to crops and

livestock. Extension activities include ALDEP, which has

emphasis on developing the draught power of small farmers, and

which has specific monitoring and evaluation functions, and IFPP

which has an active farming systems/animal traction research

programme involving socio-economic studies. Research activities

are centred at Sebele, and includes the Animal Production

Research Unit, with work on the nutrition of draught animals and

the Farm Machinery Development Unit, with work on developing

animal drawn ploughs, seeders and combined plough/seeders. As

draught animal power is so widely used in Botswana, most

activities of the Ministry of Agriculture involve some aspects

of animal traction. The various research and development

programmes have been well documented and provide some useful

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case-history studies. Research and extension personnel are well

orientated towards information dissemination and liaison.


EFSA1P, 1977-1984, Evaluation of Farming Systems and AgriculturalImplements Project. Reports 1-7.

Farrington, T. and Riches, C.R., 1984, Draught power in BotswanaI & II, Bulletin of Agricultural Research in Botswana,2, 53-77.

Litschauer, J. G. and Matswe, S, 1983,The 1982 ALDEP Program,

Baseline Data and Evaluation.

3.3 BURKINA FASO

3.3.1 Animal traction status.

About 140,000 draught animals are employed in the country, and

their use, which is increasing, presently accounts for 10 -15% of

the total area of crop cultivation. The main draught animals are

oxen (82,000 zebus, taurines and crossbreds) followed by donkeys

(57,000) which are favoured for transport operations. Small

numbers of horses (3,000) and camels are used in the north of the

country. Draught animals are used for the production of staple

foods, maize, sorghum and millet and in the south-west for cotton

cultivation. The main implements used are 109,000 ploughs,

ridgers, triangular cultivators and 39,000 carts.

3.3.2 Ministere du Developpement Rural (MDR)

Ougadougou, Burkina Faso.

Service National de Vulgarisation Agricole (SNVA)BP 7028, Ougadougou, Burkina Faso

Centre National d'Equipement Agricole (CNEA)

BP 7240, Ougadougou, Burkina Faso

Fonds de Developpement Rural (FDR)

BP 1950, Ougadougou, Burkina Faso

MDR is a National government Ministry, directly and indirectly

responsible for many aspects of developing animal traction in the

country. The Direction des Services Agricoles is responsible for

the extension and research services of the Ministry. A national

draught animal development programme, supported by FAO, produced

some useful extension materials which are distributed nationally

by SNVA and internationally by FAO. CNEA is responsible to the

Ministry for developing and manufacturing draught animal

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equipment (known by the name ARCOMA), and has several workshopsin different parts of the country. Under the auspices of the

Ministry, rural development organizations and projects indifferent parts of the country are expanding the use of animaltraction, with locally orientated research, development,monitoring and evaluation activities. FDR, under the technicaldirection of the Ministry, has been funding research relating tothe use of .nimal traction in conjunction with erosion controltechniques and the use of natural manures. The Ministry alsoworks closely with the ICRISAT Burkina Faso Economics Programme,and with several NGOs including Oxfam and EuroAction Accord.While the Ministry is primarily concerned with national agricul-tural development programmes, it is also interested inregional/sub-regional information exchange.


Animal Traction in Upper Volta (series of booklets and filmstrips) published by FAO (E/F)

Barratt, V. et al., 1982, Animal traction in Eastern Upper Volta,Michigan State University Development Paper 4, 118pp.(E/F)

CCrE, 1983, Etude sur 1'etat actuel de l'utilisation de latraction animale. Caisse Centrale de CooperationEconomique, BP 529, Ougadougou. (F).

FDR, 1981-1983. Several Mimeographed reports relating to animaltraction and contour ploughing (F).

3.4. ETHIOPIA


The use of draught oxen has been traditional in Ethiopianagriculture for centuries. In the highlands over 90% of farmersuse animal traction, and about 6 million Ethiopian Zebu animalsare employed for ploughing with the traditional long-beam ard.Donkeys, mules and horses are widely used as pack animals.

3.4.2. Institute of Agricultural Research (IAR)P. 0. Box 2003, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

IAR is the national agricultural research organization. Its boardincludes the main users of research including the Ministry ofAgriculture, whose Farm Implement Division is involved in thedesign, production and testing of draught animal implements, andthe Relief and Rehabitation Commission, which uses animaltraction in its refugee resettlement programmes. Given the very

17

widespread use of draught animals, animal traction research has

not been considered a major priority, and studies have been

concentrating on systems of improving operational efficiency,

rather than to increase utilization. Recent research has

involved evaluating crossbred animals, testing mouldboard ploughs

and other metal implements, and identifying the credit needs of

farmers. IAR has been cooperating with ILCA, in the highlands

research programme involving animal traction.


ILCA publications on animal traction in Ethiopia (E/F) and

mimeographed research reports of IAR in Aramaic, with

some English translations.

3.5 IVORY COAST

3.5.1 Animal tract-on status

About 30,000 draught oxen, mainly N'Dama tau"rines are used in the

north of the country. Mainly used for ploughing and weeding for

cotton production, but also used for the cultivation of

groundnuts, maize and rice.

3.5.2 Ministere de l'Agriculture (MA)

Abidjan, Ivory Coast

Centre Ivoirien du Machinisme Agricole (CIMA)

Route de Beoumi, BP.1193, Bouake, Ivory Coast

Centre d'Elevage Idessa (CE-Idessa)BP 1152, Bouake, Ivory Coast

MA is a national government ministry responsible for agricultural

development and agricultural research. CIMA is carrying out

research on equipment and economic studies on animal traction.

CE-Idessa is undertaking research on draught animal selection and

nutrition. As the research programmes are relatively new, and

animal traction is expanding from a low base, the Ministry is

interested in relevant information exchange with other animal

traction programmes.


Bigot, Y. 1981, La culture attelee et ses limites dans

1'evolution des systems de production en zone de

savannes de Cote d'Ivoire, Machinisme Agricole Tropical,84,44-52 (F).

18

Monnier, J., 1982, Prelimineres propositions concernant lespossibilities de developpement de la culture attelee enregion de savanne du Nord, 92 pp (F).

3.5.3 Companie Ivoirienne pour le Developpement Textiles (CIDT)Abidjan, Ivory Coast

CIDT is a commercial company with emphasis in cotton productionand manufacture. It carries out research, development, extensionand credit programmes on animal traction, based on rotationsinvolving cotton production. CIDT has been mai.ly responsible forthe rapid increase in the use of draught animals in the north ofIvory Coast, and its experience of private sector animaltraction extension programmes may be of value to similar ventureselsewhere in West Africa.


Kesse, D, 1984, Rapport Annuel 1983-1984, Direction CultureAttelee, CIDT (F).

3.6. KENYA


About 700,000 work oxen are employed, and small numbers ofdonkeys and camels. Overall about 12% of farmers use animaltraction, but this includes some areas of 80% usage and otherswith no animal traction. Draught animals are used mainly forploughing for the cultivation of maize. The use of animaltraction in Kenya is being promoted though a very wide range ofprogrammes sponsored by the government, multilateral andbilateral aid donors and NGOs.

3.6.2. Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development(MALD)Kilimo House, Cathedral Road, P.O. Box 30028, Nairobi,Kenya

Rural Technology Development Unit (RTDU)P. 0. Box 470, Nakuru, Kenya

National Dryland Farming Research Station,Katumani (NDFRS)Ministry of Agriculture, P.O. Box 340, Machakos, Kenya

MALD is a national governmental ministry responsible forcoordinating extension programmes and some agricultural researchactivities. Chief of the Land Development Division (LDD) ischairman of the rational appropriate technology committee. RTDUis responsible to the LDD for the development and testing of

19

draught animal equipment. Equipment under development includes alightweight plough, a multipurpose toolbar, a long-beam ox-plough, and cart axles with wooden bearings and sawdust-filledtyres. NDFRS is carrying out farming systems research on animaltraction, and has carried out on-station breed evaluation,supplemental feeding trials and model-farm economic studies,using draught animals.


RTDU, 1980-1984, Small farm mechanization programme, mimeograph2dequipment evaluation reports and photocopies oftechnical drawings, including light-weight plough,Bukuru toolframe, long beam plough and wheel and axleunit (E).

Rukandema, M, Marua, J.K., and Audi, P.O. 1981. The farmingsystem of lowland Machakos District Kenya., NDFRS. 38pp(mimeo, E)

Tessema, S, and Emojong, E.E., 1984 Feeding of draught oxen forimproved and more efficient power. In: Dryland FarmingResearch, the Kenya Experience. E. Africa J. Agric. andF. 4, 400-407 (E)

3.6.3 Department of Agricultural Engineering (DAE)University of NairobiKabete Campus, P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi, Kenya

DAE is a university department which is undertaking an AnimalDraft Power Development Project, investigating harnesses andcollars for use with donkeys and single oxen. It is also workingon donkey carts and the development and testing of ploughs,weeders and ridgers for inter-row cultivation. DAE cooperateswith NDFRS in on-station trials relating to draught animals. Thedepartment has been closely involved in the appropriatetechnology network activities of the Commonwealth Secretariat,and is interested in further information exchangerelating toappropriate mechanization and animal traction.


Muchiri, G, Thomas, O.B, and Mutebwa, A.B., 1981, AgriculturalMechanization Policy for Kenya, (mimeo, E.)

3.6.4 ActionAid, KenyaP.O. Box 42814, Nairobi, Kenya.

ActionAid is an NGO aid donor sponsoring several small animaltraction projects with equipment development, crop trials andsocio-economic research components. While not specializing in

20

animal traction, ActionAid has close contacts with many NGOdraught animal programmes, and by being the secretariat of theKenya NGO Forum has useful links with many of the donorssupporting animal traction programmes in Kenya.


Bonner, R. and Culshaw, M, 1983, Oxcart Project, Athi: 4pp,(E)

Annual reports, which include animal traction activities.

3.7 SENEGAL


About 20% of the farmers in Senegal make use of about 500,000draught animals, including horses, donkeys, zebu oxen, taurineoxen and crossbreds. The use of equines for rural and urbantransport is widespread. A large number of farming operationsare undertaken with draught animals including ploughing,harrowing, ridging, seeding, weeding, groundnut lifting andtransport. An exceptionally large number of animal-drawn seedplanters are employed (190,000). Animal traction is used for thecultivation of groundnuts, cotton and food grains, includingmaize, sorghum, millet and rice.

3.7.2 Ministere du Developpement Rural (MDR)Dakar, Senegal.

SODEVABP 3234, Dakar, Senegal.

MDR is a national government ministry directly and indirectlyresponsible for many practical aspects of developing animaltraction in Senegal. It is technically responsible for manymultilaterally funded organizations (Societes) charged withagricultural development in specific regions (e.g. SODEVA in SineSaloum) or in connection with specific commodities (eg. SODEFITEfor cotton production). Many of the development organizationshave major draught animal components, often involving trials,testing, development work, training and extension. While theactivities of the Ministry and its Societes are directed at localproblem solving, several departments and Societies haveexpressed interest in information exchange relating to animaltraction.


Locally circulated annual reports which may include aspects ofanimal traction (F).

21

3.7.3 Ministere des Etudes Superieures et de la RechercheScientifique (MESRS)Dakar, Senegal.

ISRA Centre National pour la RechercheAgronomique de Bambey (CNRA)Bambey, Senegal.

ISRA Secteur Centre SudBP 199, Kaolack, Senegal.

MESRS is the national government ministry of higher education andresearch. Its Institut Senegalais pour la Recherche Agronomique(ISRA) is responsible for several centres including CNRA, Bambey,which is carrying out research on animal traction equipment, andISRA Kaolack which is working on draught animal husbandry andnutrition. The CNRA, Bambey no longer places research emphasison the breeding of draught animals.

Publications include

Hamon. R, 1971, Creation, amelioration et performance d'unerace de bovine de trait au CNRA de Bambey. In: Colloquesur 1'Elevage, Ndjamena, Tchad 8-13 Dec 1969.IEVMT,Maisons Alfort, France pp 503-514 (F).

Harvard, M, 1985, Principales caracteristiques et contraints degestion du parc de materiels de culture attelee auSenegal. In: Machinisme Agricole Tropical 91 (inpress,F).

3.7.4 SISMARBP 3214, Dakar, Senegal.

SISMAR (Societe Industrielle Sahelienne de Mechaniques, deMateriels Agricoles et de Representations) was formed after theeconomic collapse of the company SISCOMA, and is a commercialcompany manufacturing, on a large scale, a broad range of animaltraction equipment. It has a large capacity to increase itsproduction if market demand is shown. Its main animal tractionequipment ranges were designed by Jean Nolle, but it isdiversifying into new designs and into other agriculturalequipment. The company wishes to expand its operations in WestAfrica through increased sales, consultancy operations andcommercial cooperation with other equipment manufacturers.


Illustrated catalogues (E/F.)

22

3.8 SIERRA LEONE


Increasing from a very low base. About 500 N.Dama taurinesare used primarily for ploughing for swamp rice production.

3.8.2 Sierra Leone Work Oxen Project (SLWOP)PrivaQe Mail Bag 766, Freetown, Sierra Leone.

SLWOP is a national animal traction research and developmentprogramme, coordinating draught animal extension programmes inseveral multilateral, bilateral and NGO financed ruraldevelopment projects. SLWOP has a multidisciplinary researchteam comprising staff of the Ministry of Agriculture and NaturalResources and Njala University College, supported by British andFrench technical cooperation personnel. Research interestsinclude socio-economic studies, traditional animal health andhusbandry practices, animal health surveys, on-farm row-cultivation trials of rice and groundnuts and equipmentdevelopment. The project manufactures a multipurpose toolbar.The project is very interested in regional liaison on all aspectsof animal traction research, training and extension. It hasinitiated liaison and information exchanges with severalcountries in West Africa, including neighbouring Guinea andLiberia.


Allagnat, P. and Koroma B., 1984 Socio-economic survey of the useof ox-traction in the Mabole Valley, Bombali District,119pp (mimeo, E).

Allagnat, P., 1985 Introduction de la culture attelee etevolution des systems d'exploitations dans la valleeMabole (Sierra Leone) Machinisme Agricole Tropicale 91(In press ,F)

Starkey, P.H., 1981 Farming with work oxen in Sierra Leone,88pp (E).

Starkey, P.H., 1982 N'Dama Cattle as draught animals in SierraLeone. World Animal Review 42, 19-26 (E/F).

Starkey, P.H. and Kanu B.H., 1985 Animal Traction in SierraLeone. In: Proceedings of Networkshop on AnimalTraction, Kara, Togo, March 1985, FSSP, University ofFlorida (In press, E/F).

23

3.9 TANZANIA


The use of animal traction is growing in Tanzania. At presentabout 600,000 draught oxen and 180,000 ploughs are used tocultivate about 10-20% of the area farmed each year. Oxen aremainly used in pairs or in teams of 4-6 animals for thecultivation of staple food grains. The use of equipment otherthan ploughs, including harrows, ridgers, weeders and carts ismuch lower, but increasing. Donkeys are used to a limited extentas pack animals and to pull carts.

3.9.2 Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development (MALD)P. O.Box 9192, Dar-es Sal.aam, Tanzania

Tanzania Agricultural Research Organization (TARO)P. 0. Box 9192, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania

Tanzania Livestock Research Organization (TALIRO)P. 0. Box 9192, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania

Uyole Agricultural Centre (UAC)P. 0. Box 400, Mbeya, Tanzania

Iringa Agricultural Development ProjectP. 0. Box 766, Iringa, Tanzania

MALD is the national governmentalministry responsible foragricultural research and extension. The Mechanization Sectionof the Ministry headquarters has an Oxenization Officer. TARO,TALIRO and UAC have limited animal traction research components.The Iringa ADP has a major oxenization component, involvingextension, training, monitoring and evaluation activities. Thereis a growing interest within the Ministry and its associatedinstitutions in more active research and development programmesrelating to draught animal power.


Mimeographed departmental reports (E).

3.9.3 Ministry of Industries (MOI)P. 0. Box 9503, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Centre for Agricultural Mechanization and RuralTechnology (CAMARTEC)P. 0. Box 766, Arusha, Tanzania

Small Industries Development Organization (SIDO)P. 0. Box 2476, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

24

Ubango Farm Implements (UFI)P. 0. Box 20126, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Zana Za Kilimo (ZZK)P. 0. Box 1186, Mbeya, Tanzania

MOI is the governmental Ministry of Industries responsible formany parastatal organizations concerned with development ofanimal traction in Tanzania. CAMARTEC is charged with carryingout research, develooment, evaluation and testing activitiesrelated to agricultural mechanization and animal traction.It isalso intended that it will be involved in liaison and informationexchanged within Tanzania and with neighbouring countries. BothSIDO and CAMARTEC have undertaken implement design work relatingto animal traction, some of which has been carried out in liaisonwith the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development andfarmers. UFI is the largest agricultural implement factory inTanzania, producing over 12,000 ploughs per year. The ZZKimplement factory produces smaller numbers of ploughs, usingdesigns supplied by SIDO/CAMARTEC. As until recently theMinistry and its various parastatals have been undertaking muchox-equipment design and development work in relative isolation,there exists much scope for its participation in national andinternational information exchange.


Publicity leaflets and annual reports of CAMARTEC, SIDO, UFI andZZK and photocopies of equipment designs produced bySIDO/CAMARTEC (E).

3.10 TOGO


Expanding from a very low base to the present level of about5,000 draught cattle, taurines, 7ebus and crossbreds. Animaltraction mainly used for ploughing for staple food grains, maize,sorghum, millet, and cotton and groundnut cultivation. The useof ox carts and inter-row cultivators is increasing.

3.10.2 Ministere du Developpement Rural (MDR)Lome, Togo.

Comite Consultatif National pour 1'Orientation desProgrammes de Culture Attelee (COCA)Ministere des Developpement Rural, Lome, Togo

Projet de Promotion de la Traction Animale (PROPTA)BP 82, Atakpame, Togo

25

Projet Culture Attelee (PCA)BP 3, Kara, Tbgo

Unite de Production de Materiel Agricole (UPROMA)BP Kara, Togo.

MDR is the National government Ministry responsible foragricultural development activities, many of which have draughtanimal components. All the various projects with animal tractionactivities, as well as UPROMA and the Caisse Nationale de CreditAgricole (CNCA) liaise through COCA which comprisesrepresentatives of relevant government departments,development organizations and aid donors. PROPTA is the nationaldraught animal programme, which is supported by the USAIDassisted PLA. Animal traction research interests include animalhealth, socio economic surveys, monitoring and evaluation, croprotations for improved dry season nutrition and the breeding ofdraught taurine cattle on special ranches. UPROMA establishedwith assistance from UNIDO/UNDP produces draught animalimplements and carts at a central workshop, and distributes kitsto subsidiary regional workshops for assembly. The variousanimal traction projects in Togo are generating experience indeveloping a coordinated national draught animal programme underrelatively difficult environmental and socio-economic conditions.PROPTA and PCA are particularly interested in sub-regionalinformation exchange, and PCA hosted a FSSP-funded sub-regionalworkshop on animal traction in March 1985.


Apetofia, K., 1982, Apercu sur la traction animale en TogoIn: Karbe, E., and Freitas E.K. (Editors)Trypanotolerance, Research and Implementation, GTZ,Eschborn, Fed. Rep. Germany pp 231 -237 (F).

Apetofia, K., 1984,Les animaux de trait dans les regions atrypanosomiasis. In: Animal energy in agriculture inAfrica and Asia, FAO Animal Production and Health Paper42, pp 124-127 (F).

3.11 ZAIRE


Expanding from a very low level (less than 1,000 draught animals)in several areas of the country. Taurine draught oxen are used in

the west and centre, zebus in the north east and zebus andAfricanders in the south east. Draught animals used mainly forploughing for staple food crops, but use of ox carts is increas-ing, including their use on commercial plantations and ranches.

26

3.11.2 Department du I'Agriculture, de Developpement Rural etde l'Environment (DADRE)BP 1000, Kinshasa 7, Zaire

Project Mais Kasai Oriental (PMKO)BP 3085 Mbujimayi, Zaire.

Integrated Rural Development Project, Luala Valley, Bas

ZaireBP 1000, Kinshasa 1, Zaire.

DADRE is the government department responsible for agriculturalextension and many agricultural development projects, some ofwhich are promoting animal traction. These include the WorldBank sponsored PMKO, the Italian supported Luala Project in Bas

Zaire, and an FAO/ICARA II sponsored project in Haut Zaire. The

interest of the Department of Agriculture in the development of

information exchange was illustrated by the convening of anational seminar on animal traction, in Bunia, Haut-Zaire inNovember 1984.


Seminaire sur la culture attelee 5-12 November 1984. Resumes des

presentations (mimeo, F).

3.11.3 OxfamBP 10362, Kinshasa 1, Zaire

Projet RuralBP 1144, Mbujimayi, Zaire

Projet NkataM.C. Massuika, BP. 70, Kananga, Zaire

Oxfam is a British-based NGO aid agency which is supporting

several small animal traction projects in Zaire. Projets Rural

and Nkata both have developed expertise on the small scale

introduction of animal traction in areas unfamiliar with cattle

husbandry. In particular they have promoted the village level

production of equipment, including wooden-beamed plough and

wooden oxcarts.


Starkey, P.H. (1984) The use of draught animal power in the Kasai

Occidental and Kasai Oriental regions of Zaire. 41 pp

(mimeo E/F).

Kuimina, I., and Janssens, P, 1983, Projet pour la propagation de

la traction bovine au Diocese de Luiza, Rapport des

Activites, Projet Nkata 15pp (mimeo, F).

27

3.12 FURTHER IDDRESSES OF ORGANIZATIONS IN AFRICA

3.12.1 Benin

Faculte des Sciences AgronomiquesUniversity National de BeninBP 526 Cotonou, Benin.

University department with research interest in animal traction

3.12.2 Cameroun

Societe des Forges Tropicales (TROPIC)BP 706, Douala, Cameroun

Manufacturer of ox-drawn equipment of Jean Nolle range.

3.12.3 The Gambia

Yundum Experimental StationYundum, The Gambia.

Governmental research station undertaking work on animal traction

Mixed Farming ProjectP. 0. Box 2595, Banjul, The Gambia

Farming systems research project involving animal traction.

3.12.4 Ghana

Ghanaian-German Agricultural Development Project

P. 0. Box 9698, Uobolla International Airport, Accra,Ghana.

Ministry of Agriculture development project involving animal

traction research, development and equipment manufacture.

3.12.5 Guinea

Centre de Documentation Universitaire Scientifique etTechnique (CEDUST)BP 1003, Conakry, Guinea

Documentation centre which organized national seminar on animaltraction in October 1984, papers of which are available (Mimeo,F).

28

3.12.6 Liberia

Central Agricultural Research Institute, SuakokoP.O. Box 3929, Monrovia, Liberia.

Ministry of Agriculture research station undertaking smallresearch project on using N'Dama cattle for animal traction.

3.12.7 Madagascar

Service de Machinisme AgricoleBP 1061 Antananarivo 101, Madagascar

Government agricaltural engineering service working with animaltraction.

3.12.8 Malawi

Ministry of AgricultureP.O. Box 30048, Lilongwe 3, Malawi

Government Ministry carrying out research, extension and trainingan animal traction, including use of draught oxen for forestryoperations.

3.12.9 Mali

Societe Malienne d'Etudes et de Construction desMateriels Agricoles (SMECMA).BP 1707 Bamako, Mali.

Manufacturer of animal traction equipment.

Projet de Developpement Rural du Mali-Sud CMDTBP 120, Bamako, Mali.

Large scale development project using animal traction for cottonand maize production.

3.12.10 Niger

Ministere du Developpement luralNiamey, Niger.

Government Ministry responsible for rural development projects,several of which have animal traction components.

29

Atelier Cooperatif Regional de fabrication de MaterielAgricole (ACREMA)Union Nigerienne de Credit et de Cooperation; Niamey,Niger

Network of workshops producing animal traction equipment.

3.12.11 Nigeria

National Animal Production Research InstituteAhmadu Bello University, Shika, P.M.B. 1096, Zaria,Nigeria

National Institute undertaking research on animal traction.

Bauchi State Agricultural Development ProgrammeMinistry of Agriculture and Produce Inspection,PMB 0266, Bauchi, Bauchi State, Nigeria.

Large rural development project with animal traction component.

Mayo Ine Project, Upper Benue River Basin DevelopmentAuthorityP. 0. Box 755, Yola, Gongola State, Nigeria

Large rural development project with animal traction component.

3.12.12 South Africa

Centre for Scientific and Technical Information (CSTI)CSIR, P. 0. Box 395, 001 Pretoria, South Africa

CSTI is establishing an Appropriate Technology InformationCentre, with information collection and dissemination andnational/international liaison functions relating to appropriatetechnologies including animal traction.

Centre for Appropriate Technology, University of PortElizabethP. 0. Box 1600, Port Elizabeth 6000, South Africa.

University centre interested in information exchange relating toappropriate technology, including animal traction.

30

3.12.13 Zambia

Ministry of Agriculture and Water DevelopmentP. 0. Box 30613, Lusaka, Zambia.

Government Ministry undertaking research, development andextension in animal traction.

University of Zambia, Department of AgriculturalEngineeringP. 0. Box 2379, Lusaka, Zambia.

University department with research interest in animal traction.

3.12.14 ZIMBABWE

Institute of Agricultural EngineeringDepartment of Conservation and Extension, Harare,Zimbabwe.

Government institute with research interest in animal traction.


Howard, C.R., 1979, The Draft Ox, Management and uses: ZimbabweAgric. J. 77, 19-34.

31

4. SOME ORGANIZATIONS'IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES

4.1 INTRODUCTION

The organizations in this section all have a direct or indirectinterest in the development of animal traction and informationexchange. Very many have published relevant reports, and theywill often send single copies free of charge to appropriateprojects or research workers in developing countries. Whateverthe official language of the country, the majority oforganizations are happy to receive enquiries in English or French.However not all find it easy to repLyin the non-officiallanguage, and so, if writing to a francophone organizationinEnglish, it may speed up the reply if it is stated that theresponse can be in French. Similarly most anglophoneorganizations will reply more quickly if they can reply inEnglish. In addition to the supply of documents, manyorganizations can provide technical advice, and many can arrangeconsultancy, training and other services. In some cases, allservices will be free of charge to the recipient organization,but in other cases the recipient may be expected to pay for thesupply of documents, and for any consultancy services. As manyof the organizations listed here are either donors, or areclosely associated with aid agencies, they may themselves be ableto identify appropriate funds to meet the costs of the servicesrequested. Organizations with limited resources in developingcountries should therefore not allow fear of costs to discouragethem from making enquiries to any of the institutions in thislist, although it may avoid misunderstandings, if the lack ofthe means to pay for services is stated from the outset.

4.2. SOME ORGANIZATIONS IN FRANCE

4.2.1 Centre de Cooperation Internationale en RechercheAgronomique pour le Developpement (CIRAD)42 rue Scheffer, 75116 Paris, FranceTelex: 620871INFRANCA Phone: (1) 704-32-15

Institut pour la Formation Agronomique et Rurale enRegions Chaudes (IRARC)BP 5035, 34032 Montpellier Cedex, FrancePhone: (67) 63.91.70

Institut de Recherches Agronomiques Tropicales et desCultures Vivrieres (IRAT)100 rue de 1'Universite, 75007, Paris, FranceTelex:200399 Phone: (1) 550.32.10

32

CIRAD has evolved from GERDAT (Groupement d'Etudes et deRecherches pour le Developpement de lAgronomie Tropicale) andcoordinates the work of ten French centres and institutesinvolved in agricultural development. CIRAD provides a centraldocumentation, information, training and technical advisoryservice, in conjunction with its associated institutions.Information relating to animal traction can be obtained eitherdirectly through CIRAD or through its various research andtraining centres. IRAT has been involved in animal tractionresearch in Africa for many years. IFARC specializes in trainingservices. Two other institutes, CEEMAT and IEMVT, are listedseparately.

4.2.2 Centre d'Etudes et dExperimentation du MachinismeAgricole Tropical (CEEMAT)Parc de Tourvoie, 92160 Anthony, FranceTelex: CEEMAT 201296F Phone: (1) 668.61.02

CEEMAT is an agricultural engineering research and traininginstitute sponsored by the French government through CIRAD(GERDAT). CEEMAT has been closely associated with thedevelopment of animal traction in Francophone Africa,particularly in relation to the design and -production of draughtanimal implements. As a major agricultural engineering centre,CEEMAT has, through its own staff and its contacts, considerableexpertise relating to animal traction. While it is nowincreasingly involved in motorized mechanization, and the numbersof its staff specifically involved in draught animal research hasdeclined in recent years, its continued interest in the subjectwas illustrated by it s one-day seminar on animal traction heldin March 1985. CEEMAT can provide documentation, training,advisory and consultancy services relating to animal traction.


CEEMAT, 1974, Aide memoire du moniteur de culture attelee (2ndedition, 2 vols, 147 pp, 48pp, F.)

Herblot, G., 1985 (Editor),Compte rendu de la journee d'etude surla culture avec traction animale. In: MachinismeAgricole Tropical. 91 (in press, F.).

Zebro, D. and le Moigne, M, 1981, Problems pose par lamechanisation dans les pays membres de CILSS (447pp,F).

4.2.3 Institut dElevage et de Medecine Veterinaire des PaysTropicaux (IEVMT)10 rue Pierre-Curie, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France.Telex: UPIEX 220429 Phone: (1) 368.88.73

33

IEVMT is a veterinary and animal production institution financedby the French government, and part of the CIRAD (GERDAT) group.While not directly specializing in animal traction, IEVMT hasundertaken studies relating to draught animals in severalfrancophone African countries. It also has much experiencerelating to animal production, nutrition and health and researchand extension programmes in developing countries. IEVMT has thecapability to provide comprehensive documentation, advisory,training and consultancy services in its subject areas.


IEVMT,1980, Bibliographies: Traction animale et culture atteleeen Afrique (Mimeo, 9pp, F).

4.2.4 Groupe de Recherche et dEchanges Technologiques (GRET)30 rue de Charonne, 75011, Paris, FranceTelex: 212890GRET F Phone: (1) 338.60.60.

GRET is a centre for information exchange relating to researchand development in appropriate technologies,including animaltraction. GRET has a very large number of network contacts,including governmental and NGO development organizations inFrance and Europe and in Francophone and some anglophonecountries in the developed and developing worlds. It operates aformal information dissemination service through the productionof technical pamphlets relating, among other things, toanimal traction cultivation equipment, animal powered water pumpsand profiles of other appropriate technology organizations, inmany parts of the world. GRET therefore has both experience ofits own on animal traction, and through its network of contactshas indirect access to a great deal of expertise on draughtanimal power. GRET can provide information and advice, mainly inthe French language, and it can use its contacts to facilitatethe provision of appropriate consultancy and technicalcooperation services (E/F).


Fiches techniques - pompes a traction animale (T325,492,682).(F)- Equipement et traction agricoles(T10,290-291,292,376,441,655) (F).Fiches repertoire - Presentation dorganismes (RI 1-60,F)Bibliographies, Traction animale RIII 20/54 (F).

4,.2.5 Groupe de Recherche et de Realisations pour leDeveloppement Rural dans la Tiers Monde (GRDR)60 rue du Fg Poissonniere, 75010, Paris, France.Phone: (1) 824-40-09

34

GRDR is an NGO working in development research and training inFrance and in several African countries.' Research activitiesinclude the development of animal powered water pumps, of whichit has prototypes at its training farm in France, and in someSahel countries. Training activities include the training ofFrench or foreign nationals departing for village based work inAfrica. GRDR can itself supply certain information, trainingand advisory sefvices, and it has contacts with several otherFrench NGOs working with animal traction, animal power pumps andappropriate technologies.


Jay, G., 1984 Criteres de reussite pour une operation de cultureattelee dans une region., Paper presented at AnimalTraction Seminar , CEDUST, Conakry, Guinea 15-24 October1984, and summarized in Machinisme Agricole Tropical 91,October 1985 (F).

4.3 SOME ORGANIZATIONS IN THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY

4.3.1 Deutsche Gesellshaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ)D - 6236 Eschborn 1, Postfach 5180Dag Hammarskjold - Weg 1, Federal Republic of GermanyTelex: 4153 -0 GTZ D Phone (061 96) 401-01

GTZ is an official bilateral aid agency which is supporting anmaltraction research, development and extension in manycountries.The GTZ supported GATE (German Appropriate Technology Exchange)has a particular interest in the development of animal poweredpumps and gears, and is cooperating with ITDG, UK in thecompilation of a catalogue of agricultural tools, includinganimal traction equipment. The GTZ publication on animaltraction in Africa includes some general information, casestudies, references and addresses. Through its own staff andthrough private consultancy firms, GTZ has access to considerableexpertise relating to animal traction research and development inAfrica, and it can provide a wide range of services, includinginformation provision, advice, training, consultancy, technicalcooperation and project support.


Mutzinger, P., 1982 (Editor). Animal Traction in Africa 490pp(E/F)

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4.4 SOME ORGANIZATIONS IN THE UNITED KINGDOM

4.4.1 Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine (CTVM)Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian,EH25 9RG, Scotland, UKTelex: 727442 UNIVED G Phone: 031-445 2001

CTVM is a centre of Edinburgh University with a strong researchinterest in animal traction. Research has concentrated ondraught animal nutrition and on quantifying physiologicalparameters associated with the work of draught cattle and buffaloon specially designed treadmills. It has contacts with draughtanimal research programmes in several parts of the world. Theinterest of CTVM in animal traction is illustrated by itsproduction and circulation of 'Draught Animal News'. CTVM cansupply certain documentation, advisory, training and consultancyservices relating to animal traction, and students studying forMSc. degrees in Tropical Animal Production can undertake projectsrelating to draught animal power.


Draught Animal News, CTVM Newsletter published twice yearly (E/F)

Lawrence, P.R. and Mathers, J.C. (1985) The work output andnutritional requirements of draught animals, CTVM (inpress E).

Mathers, J.C. 1984, Nutrition of draught animals: In AnimalEnergy in Agriculture in Africa and Asia - FAO AnimalProduction and Health paper 42, pp 60-65 (E)

Smith, A.J. 1984, The integration of draught animals intoagricultural systems. In: Animal Energy in Agriculturein Africa and Asia. FAO Animal Production and HealthPaper 42, pp 1-7 (E).

4.4.2 Intermediate Technology Development Group (ITDG)9 King Street, London WC2E 8HN, UKTelex: Westcom G268312 (Attention INTECH) Phone: 01-836 9434

Intermediate Technology Publications9 King Street, London WC2E 8HN, UK.

Intermediate Technology TransportHome Farm, Ardington, Oxon, OX12 8PN, UKTelex: 837984 KNFLFE G Phone: 0235 833753

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Intermediate Technology Industrial Services (ITIS)Intermediate Technology Development TechniquesMyson House, Railway Terrace, Rugby CV21 3HT, UK.Telex: 317466 ITDG G Phone: 0788 70126

ITDG is a non-governmental organization specializing inappropriate technology. It has several associated companiesincluding IT Publications, IT Transport and ITIS. All haveresearch and development interest in animal traction in Africa.IT Transport is developing an animal drawn cart research anddevelopment project in cooperation with organizations in severalAfrican countries. IT Publications publishes books pamphlets andtechnical drawings relating to animal traction and also sellsvarious reports and technical publications relating to draughtanimal power. ITDG has good contacts with a wide range of NGOsand organizations involved in animal traction, and in associationwith these contacts it can provide a wide range of documentation,advisory and consultancy services.


Barwell., I., and Ayre, M., 1982, The harnessing of draughtanimals. IT Publications (E).

Boyd , J, 1985 . Tools for Agriculture, 3rd Edition, ITPublications/GATE, 173pp (E)

Complete Technical Drawings and Agricultural Dimensional Drawings(various) on a wide range of ploughs, seeders, weeders,ox carts, etc. designed for production in developingcountries (E).

AppropriateTechnology - Quarterly journal with some articles onanimal traction.

4.4.3 National Institute of Agricultural Engineering (NIAE)Wrest Park, Silsoe, Bedford, MK45 4HS, UK.Telex: 825808 Phone: 0525 60000

NIAE is a major agricultural engineering research centre, withits Overseas Division funded by ODA, the official bilateral aidagency. Its research interest includes animal tractioi,particularly the development of wheeled toolbars. It has beeninvolved in several animal traction projects in Africancountries. It has the capability to provide documentation,advisory, training and consultancy services relating to thedesign, testing and production of draught animal equipment.

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Matthews, M.D.P. and Pullen P.W.M, 1975, Cultivation trials withox-drawn implements using N Dama Cattle in The Gambia,NIAE, 62pp (E)

Matthews, M.D.P. and Pullen D.W.M., 1976, Cultivation and Ox-Drawn Implements NIAE/Dept. Agriculture, The Gambia,42pp(E)

Matthews, M.D.P.and Kemp., D.C., 1985, Techniques proposes pourla mesure precise des performances des boeufs de traitau travail. Machinisme Agricole Tropicale 91 (inpress, F)

Willcocks, T, 1969, Animal Drawn Toolbar, NIAE, l6pp (E)

4.4.4 University of East Anglia (UEA), School of DevelopmentStudiesNorwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.Telex: 995801 GLOTLX-G for ODG Phone: 0603 56161

UEA School of Development Studies has a research interest inanimal traction, and has developed a toolbar and harness fordraught Hereford cattle in UK. It provides training at agraduate and post-graduate level that can be orientated towardsanimaltraction. UEA can provide documentation and consultancyservices relating to draught animals.


Barton, D., Jeanrenaud J.P. and Gibbon D., 1982. An animal drawntool carrier for small farm systems. UEA School ofDevelopment Studies Paper 110, 20pp (Mimeo, E)

Barton, D., Jeanrenaud, J.P. and Gibbon, D. 1983. The trainingand management ofdraught oxen. UEA School ofDevelopment Studies Paper 126, 26pp (Mimeo, E)

Bartlett, J. and Gibbon, D. 1984. Animal draught technology, anannotated bibliography, UEA School of DevelopmentStudies, 76pp (Mimeo, E).

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4.5 Some Organizations in United States of America

4.5.1 Farming Systems Support Project (FSSP)3028 McCarty Hall, University of FloridaGainesville, Florida FL32611, USATelex: 568757 CENTROP Phone: (904) 392-1854

FSSP is a USAID funded programme to provide technical support toprojects in which farming systems research and extension is anintegral part. It aims to assist with technical cooperation,short-term training, networking, synthesis of existing experienceand documentation. In March 1985, in Togo, it sponsored a sub-regional farming systems networkshop on animal traction, whichestablished a West African Committee to organize one or twofollow-up seminars relating to animal traction in 1986/87. FSSPis particularly interested in animal traction as an importantlink between animal-orientated and crop-orientatedresearch/extension/production. Through its networkingactivities, it has many contacts in USA, Africa and elsewhere,with specialization in animal traction. It may be able toprovide a wide range of technical back-up services includingdocumentation, training and consultancy services to appropriate,projects undertaking animal traction research/extension in anintegrated farming-system context.


FSSP Newsletter. Published quarterly and including a directoryof projects involved in farming systems research, someof which are involved in animal traction studies. (E/F)

Litche, J., Oxley, J., Poats, S., Russo, S., and Starkey, P.H.(Editors), 1985, Networkshop on Animal Traction held atKara, Togo, March 1985. (in press, E/F).

4.5.2 Michigan State University (MSU)Department of Agricultural Economics7 Agricultural Hall, East Lansing,Michigan 48824-1039, USA

MSU has had a research interest in animal traction in Sub-SaharanAfrica, and has produced some useful case histories andevaluations. Through its own staff and various contacts it canprovide certain documentation, advisory and consultancy services.


Barratt, V., Gregory L., Wilcock, D., Baker, D. and Crawford, E.,1982. Animal traction in Eastern Upper Volta, atechnical, economic and institutional analysis.118pp (E/F).

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Sargent, M.W., Lichte, J.A., Matlon, P.J. and Bloom R., 1981,Assessment 'of Animal Traction in Francophone WestAfrica 101pp (E/F).

4.5.3 Volunteers in Technical Assistance (VITA)3706 Rhode Island Avenue, Mount Rainier, Maryland 20822,USA Phone: (301) 277-7000

VITA is an NGO with particular interest in disseminatingtechnical information on appropriate technologies, includinganimal traction. VITA has a large range of documents relating todraught animals and animal drawn implements, and many contacts inUSA and throughout the world. VITA can supply documents,technical advice and consultancy services, and can put people incontact with appropriate specialists in animal traction in manycountries.

Publications include:-

Various appropriate technology technical bulletins and manuals(E/F)

Information dissemination services (photocopies of wide range ofanimal traction publications including equipment,techniques, training) (E/F)

Vita Newsletter

4.6 Further Contacts in Developed Countries

4.6.1 Australian Centre for International AgriculturalResearch (ACIAR)GPO Box 1571, Canberra A.C.T. 2601 Australia.

ACIAR is a government funded research Centre with an interest inanimal traction in Africa and Asia. Following a workshop onanimal traction in.Queensland in July 1985, ACIAR is developing adraught animal research programme in cooperation with researchcentres in Asia and Africa. Publications include: Proceedings ofWorkshop on Draught Animal Power, 1985.

4.6.2 Bureau pour le Developpement de la Production Agricole(BDPA)202 rue de la Croix Nivert, 757 38 Paris, France

BDPA is an agricultural development organization, which has adocumentation centre and consultancy services, and animaltraction is included in its broad range of experience.

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4.6.3 Centre for Development Research (CDR)Ny Kongersgade 9, DK-1472, Copenhagen K, Denmark

CDR is a research centre which carries out mainly social andeconomic studies in developing countries. It has published theuseful case-history:

Kjaerby, F., 1983, Problems and Contradictions in theDevelopment of Ox Cultivation in Tanzania. ResearchReport 66. 163pp (E)

4.6.4 Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA)200 Promenade du Portage, Hull, Quebec, Canada.

CIDA is the Canadian bilateral assistance organization, withinformation, advisory and consultancy capabilities, and manyappropriate contacts in Canada and elsewhere in the world.

4.6.5 Cornell University, Department of Animal ScienceFrank B Morrison Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853-4801, USA

Cornell University has a particular research interest in thenutrition of draught animals, and it has the capacity to providedocumentation, advisory training and consultancy services. Itspublications include:

Goe, M.R., and McDowell, R.E., 1980, Animal Traction, Guidelinesfor Utilization. Cornell International AgricultureMimeograph 81, 84pp (E).

Goe, M.R. 1983, Current status of research on animal traction.World Animal Review 45, 2-17, (E/F).

4.6.6 Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA)Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Asia tisk Plads 2, 1448,Copenhagen K, Denmark..

DANIDA is the official Danish bilateral assistance organizationwhich has funded various animal-traction-related activities inAfrica. DANIDA has information, advisory and consultancycapabilities.

4.6.7 Fonds d'Aide et de Cooperation (FAC)20 rue Monsieur, 75007, Paris, France.

FAC is the official French bilateral organization which hasfunded many development activities concerned with animal tractionin Sub-Saharan Africa. FAC has information, advisory andconsultancy capabilities, and contacts with many French

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institutions, universities, consultancy firms, equipmentmanufacturers and NGOs with interests in animal traction.

4.6.8 Heifer Project InternationalP. 0. Box 808, Little Rock, Arkansas 72203, USA

Heifer Project is an NGO concerned with livestock development.Among its interests is animal traction and it can supplydocumentation and appropriate project support, particularly tosmall NGOs in developing countries. It publishes a newsletterIExchange', which among other things contains details of animaltraction documents available from Heifer.

4.6.9 International Agricultural Development Service (IADS)1611 North Kent Street, Arlington,Virginia, 22209, USA

IADS is a non-governmental organization designed to assist inagricultural research and development in developing countries.IADS provides a wide range of information, advisory andconsultancy services.

4.6.10 International Development Research Centre (IDRC)P. 0. Box 8500, Ottawa, KlG 3H9, Canada

IDRC is a funding organization promoting research in developingcountries, and is particularly interested in the establishment ofinformaltion exchange networks and in making documentationaccessible. While animal traction is not a field ofspecialization of IDRC, it has many contacts in Sub-SaharanAfrica, and it can assist draught animal research programmesindirectly through access to the various databases, documentationand information dissemination services being established withIDRC funding, for example those of ILCA, Addis Ababa and SACCAR,Sebele Research Centre, Private Bag 0033, Gaborone, Botswana.

4.6.11 Kansas State University (KSU)Division of Continuing Education, Wareham BuildingManhattan, Kansas 66506, USA

KSU is one of the United States Universities with a researchinterest in farming systems. The proceedings of the annualFarming Systems Research Symposia contain several papers relatingto the animal traction in Sub-Saharan Africa.

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4.6.12 Norwegian Agency for International Development (NORAD)Boks 8142, Oslo - Dep Oslo 1, Norway

NORAD is the Norwegian bilateral aid agency that has financedseveral animal-traction-related activities in Sub-SaharanAfrica. NORAD has the capabilities to provide variousinformation, advisory and consultancy services.

4.6.13 Overseas Development Administration (ODA)Eland House, Stag Place, London SWlE 5DH, U.K.

ODA is the official British bilateral aid agency, that hassupported many animal traction research, development andextension projects in Sub-Saharan Africa and elsewhere in theworld. ODA has contacts with many research and traininginstitutions, universities, NGOs and consultancy firms in UK,that have expertise in draught animal power. ODA, in conjunctionwith these contacts, can provide documentation, advisory,consultancy and project support services relating to animaltraction. Publications include the useful case history:

Mettrick, H. 1978, Oxenization in The Gambia, ODA London,67 pp(E).

4.6.14 Peace Corps, Information Collection and Exchange806 Connecticut NW., Washington DC 20525, USA

Peace Corps is a major volunteer programme, involved in manyanimal traction activities in Sub-Saharan Africa. Peace Corpshas contacts with many draught animal programmes and can supplyvarious technical support services. It has published the manual:

Watson, P.E., 1981, Animal Traction 242pp (E).

4.6.15 Swiss Development Cooperation (DDA)Eigerstrasse 73, 3003, Berne, Switzerland

DDA is the Swiss bilateral and agency that has financed severalanimal traction related activities in Africa. It has contactswith other Swiss organizations and consultancy firms, and incooperation with these it can provide information, advisory andconsultancy services relating to animal traction.

4.6.16 Swedish International Development Authority (SIDA)S-10525 Stockholm, Sweden

SIDA is the official Swedish aid agency that has supportedseveral activities relating to the development of animal tractionand the production of animal drawn implements in Africa. It has

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contacts with other Swedish organizations with interests indraught animal power, and can provide various information,training, advisory and consultancy services.

4.6.17 Tillers Small Farm ProgramKalamazoo Nature Reserve, 7000 N Westnedge Ave,kalamazoo, Michigan 49007, USA.

Tillers is a NuO interested in animal traction and blacksmithtechnologies, based both on the historical experience of smallfarms in USA and on new projects in developing countries. Itpublishes 'Tillers Report' (E) quarterly, and through its networkof contacts can provide various information provision andconsultancy services.

4.6.18 United States Agency for International Development(USAID)Washington DC 20523, USA

USAID is a major bilateral aid agency that funds numerousprojects with animal traction components. Most projects arecontracted out to universities and consultancy firms based in theUnited States for implementation. USAID, together with itsassociated universities, NGOs and consultancy firms, has thecapability to provide a wide range of services, includingdocumentation, training, project formulation and support. USAIDhas directly or indirectly funded many valuable publicationsrelating to animal traction, including those cited under FSSP,MSU and KSU. USAID Bureau of Program and Policy Coordination hasproduced discussion papers relating to animal traction including:Lewis, J., 1979, The status of the ox-drawn plow in Dukolomba.

4.6.18 World Neighbors5116 N Portland Avenue, Oklahoma City,Oklahoma 73112, USA.

World Neighbors is an NGO with many contacts with individuals andorganizations in the United States and in developing countries.Animal traction is one of its interests and it has published someuseful basic extension/training materials based on Africanexperience. These include: "In Action: Animal Power", 8pp (E/F.)and "Farming with Bullocks", 40 frame filmstrip with commentary(E/F). World Neighbors can supply various documentationservices, and in conjunction with associated organizations, maybe able to provide further project support services.

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AGR/Research Li

Reotort No.: ARU IAgricultural Mechaniiation: A Comparative 'Historical Perspective

by Hans P. Binswanger, October 30, 1982.

Re2ort ',o.: ARUT 2The Acquisition of Information and the Adoption of New Technology

by G ershon Feder and Roger Slade, September 1982.

Reoort No.: ARTJ 3Selecting Contact Farmers3 for Agricultural Extension: The Training and.Visit System in Haryana, Indiaby Gershon Feder and Roger Slade, August 1982.

Revort No.: ARU 4The Impact of Attitudes Toward Risk on Agricultural Decisions in Rural

India.by Fans P. Binswanger, Dayanatha Jha, T. Balaramaiah and Donald A. SillersMay 1982.

Rea-oor t No.-: .RU 5Behavioral and Material Determinants of Production Relations in Agricuitureby Hans P. Binswanger and Yark R. RosenzT;eig, June 1982, Revised 10/3/33.

Recort No.: ARUJ 6The Demand for Food and Foodgrain Quality 1,n India

by Hans P. Sinswanger, Jai_-e B. Quizon and Curushri Swamy, November 1982.

Renort No.: ARU 7Policy Implications of Research on Energy intake and Activity Levels withReference to the Debate of the Energ-y Adequacy of Existing Diets iDevelopment Countriesby Shlomo Reuclinger, Mfay 1983.

Reoort No. : iUZU 8More Effective Aid to the orlds Poor and Hungr: A Fresh Look at

United States Public Law 480, Title I! Food Aidby Shloco Reutlinger, June 1983.

Rejort No.: RFactor Gains and Losses in the Indian Semi-Arid Tropics:A Didactic Approach to 'Modeling the Agricultural Sectorby Jaime B. Quizon and Hans P. 3inswanger, Sepcember IL983, Revised Xay 1984.

Renort No0.: ARU 10The Distribution of Income in India's 1;orthern Wheat Regionby Jaime B. Quizon, Hans P. Binswanger and Devendra Gupta, Auausz 1993.Revised June L984.

Renort No.: AIRU 11?opulation Density, Farming intensity, Patterns of Labor-Use and Mechanizationby Prabhu L. Pingali and Hans P. Binswanger, September 1983.

ReDort No.: A.RT1 12The Nutritional Impact of Food Aild: Criteria for the Selection of'Cost-Effective Foodsby Shlomo Reutlinger and judit Katona-Apte, September 1983.

Discussion ?apers (Conc'd.)

Reoort No,: ARU 13

Project Food Aid and Equitable Growth: Income-Tr:ansfec Efficiency First!by Shloma Reutlinger, August 1983.

Report No.: ARU 14Nutritional Empact of Agricultural Projects: A Conceptual Framework for

odifying the Design and Implementation of Projectsby Shlomo Reutlinger, August 2, 1983.

Report No.: ARU 15Patterns of Agicultural Protection by Hans P. Binswanger and Pasquale L.

Scandizzo, November 15, 1983.

Report No.: ARU 16Factor Costs, Zncome and Supply Shares in Indian Agriculture

by Ranjan Pal and Jaime Quizon, December 1983.

Report No.: ARU 173ehaviocal and Material Determinants of Production Relations in Land Abundant

Tropical Agricultureby Hans P. 3inswanger and John Mctntire, January 1984.

Report No.: ARU 18The Relation Between Farm Size and Farm ?roductivicy: The Role of FamilyLabor, Supervision and Credit Conscraints*

by Gershon Feder, December L983.

Reporc No.: ARL; 19A Comparative Analysis )f Some Aspects of the Training and Visit System of

Agricultural Extension ILndiaby Gershon Feder and Roger Slade, February 1984.

Report No.: ARU 20Distributional Consequences of Alternative Food Policies in Indiaby Hans P. Binswanger and Jaime B. Quizon, August 31, 1984.

Report No.: ARU 21Income Distribution in India: The Impact of Policies and Growth in the AgriculturalSector, by Jaime B. Quizon and Hans P. Binswanger, November 1984.

Report No.: ARU 22Population Density and Agricultural Intensification: A Study of the Evolution ofTechnologies in Tropical Agriculture, by Prabhu L. Pingali and Hans P. Binswanger,October.17, 1984.

Report No.: ARU 23The Evolution of Farmining Systems and Agricultural Technology in Sub-Saharan Africa,by Hans P. Binswanger and Prabhu L. Pingali, October 1984.

Report No.: ARU 24

Report No.: ARU 25The Training and Visit Extension System: An Analysis of Operations andEffects, by G. Feder, R.H. Slade and A.K. Sundaram, November 1984.

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ARU 26The Role of Public Policy in the Diffusion of New Agricultural Technology,

by Gershon Feder and Roger Slade, October 1984.

Report No.: ARU 27Fertilizer Subsidies: A Review of Policy Issues with Special Emphasis

on Western Africa, by Haim Shalit and Hans P. Binswanger, November 1984.

Report No.: ARU 28From Land-Abundance to Land-Scarcity: The Effects of Population Growth

on Production Relations in Agrarian Economies, by Mark R. Rosenzweig,Hans P. Binawanger, and John McIntire, November 1984.

Report No.: ARU 29The Impact of Rural Electrification and Infrastructure on Agricultural

Changes in India, 1966-1980, by Douglas F. Barnes and Hans P. Binswanger,December 1984.

Report No.: ARU 30Public Tractor Hire and Equipment Hire Schemes in Developing Countries

(with Special Emphasis on Africa). A study prepared by the OverseasDivision, National Institute of Agricultural Engineering (OD/NIAE), byP.J. Seager and R.S. Fieldson, November 1984.

Report No.: ARU 31Evaluating Research System Performance and Targeting Research in Land

Abundant Areas of Sub-Saharan Africa, by Hans P. Binswanger, January 1985.

Report No.: ARU 32On the Provision of Extension Services in Third World Agriculture, by

Alastair J. Fischer (Consultant), January 1985.

Report No.: ARU 33An Economic Appraisal of Withdrawing Fertilizer Subsidies in India, by

Jaime B. Quizon, April 1985.

Report No.: ARU 34The Impact of Agricultural Extension: A Case Study of the Training and VisitMethod (T&V) in Haryana, India, Gershon Feder, Lawrence J. Lau andRoger H. Slade, March 1985.

Report No.: ARU 35Managing Water Managers: Deterring Expropriation, or, Equity as a Control

Mechanism, by Robert Wade, April 1985.

Report No.: ARU 36Common Property Resource Management in South Indian Villages, by Robert

Wade, April 1985.

Report No.: ARU 37On the Sociology of Irrigation: How do we know the Truth about Canal Performance?

by Robert Wade, May 1985

Report No.: ARU 38Some Organizations concerned with Animal Traction Research and Development inSub-Saharan Africa, by Paul Starkey, April 1985.

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