Shona auxiliaries: rí, vá; ngà and tìTP

Shona auxiliaries: ri, va, nga, an.......

NJLC, Volume 3: Number 2, December 2009

Shona auxiliaries: rí, vá; ngà and tìTP

Calisto Mudzingwa and Mario ChávezPeón, University of British Columbia

Abstract

The goal of this study is to identify, describe and analyze the morphosyntactic

properties of Shona auxiliaries, rí, vá, nga and tì. T"#%!"#*i(2$-&"*?F]UG>.*&(*#$-!6*explores these auxiliaries in detail. The following research question was addressed:

What accounts for the cluster of morphosyntactic properties exhibited by the Shona

auxiliaries, rí, vá, nga and tìl*a"*'23-"*$,'$*$,"#"*'-=%0%'2%"#*:'00*%&$(*$8(*10'##"#E*$,"*B#/"1$-'0*'-=%0%'2%"#.*$,"*J2(32"##%9"*rí and Inceptive vá; the Tensed auxiliaries: ngà and tì. rí and vá pattern together in that they: (i) occur with a Subject Marker ?[@>V*?%%>*!(*&($*(11-2*8%$,*$"&#"*;'2S%&3V*?%%%>*$'S"*'&*%&4&%$%9'0*1(;/0";"&$)*ngà and tì on the other hand, pattern together in that they: (i) permit multiple occurrence (:* [@#V* ?%%>* 1(e(11-2* 8%$,* (9"2$* $"&#"*;'2S%&3V* ?%%%>* 1(e(11-2* 8%$,* $,"*B#/"1$-'0*B-=%0%'2%"#V ?%9>*$'S"*+J*1(;/0";"&$#)*a"*/2(/(#"*$,'$*$,"*'-=%0%'2%"#.*rí, vá, nga and tì*'2"*:-&1$%(&'0*,"'!#V*B#/"1$-'0*'-=%0%'2%"#*'2"*%&$2(!-1"!*-&!"2*$,"*:-&1$%(&'0*head Aspect, and the Tensed auxiliaries under Aux. Every auxiliary cooccurs with a [@)*+,"*!%#$2%5-$%(&*(:*$,"*[@*2"P"1$#*$,'$E*

?%>**[@*%#*/2"#"&$*%:*$,"*9"25'0*:(2;*%#*4&%$")

?%%>**B*4&%$"*9"25'0*:(2;*%#*'*+J*J,'#".*'&!*"'1,*+J*/,'#"*%#*'##(1%'$"!*8%$,*(&"*[@)*

The study contributes to a deeper understanding of Shona auxiliaries and to the

recalcitrant issue of multiple subject marking in Bantu, as well as to language

typology.

1. Introduction

The goal of this study is to identify, describe and analyze the morphosyntactic

/2(/"2$%"#*(:*[,(&'*'-=%0%'2%"#E*J2(32"##%9"*rí, and Inceptive vá; T"&#"!*'-=%0%'2%"#V*ngà and subordinative tì+J F44iJ+)*T"#%!"#*i(2$-&"*?F]WW.*F]UG>.*$(*$,"*5"#$*(:*(-2*knowledge, there is no study that explores these auxiliaries in detail.

We argue that these auxiliary elements fall into two classes, according to distributional

12%$"2%')*b&*$,"*(&"*,'&!.*$,"*'#/"1$-'0*'-=%0%'2%"#*?'-="#>.*$,"*J2(32"##%9"*rí and Inceptive váB

Bpattern together in that they:

(i) occur with a Subject Marker.

(ii) do not occur with tense marking.

?%%%>**%&$2(!-1"*'*fJ*1(;/0";"&$*%&*$,"*:(2;*(:*'&*%&4&%$%9")

This is illustrated in examples (1) and (2) for progressive ri and inceptive vá, where

==" TPPT"%+"D*04("4&,+"/*"/)C',"E*.+FGC:&+"8H9)C&'+6"8*0I4C."J044+534C',6"K0''C:"L4CM0:"NC'.F.*'6"M*:"9*22+'/.6".0II+./&*'."C/"C44"/)+"(&MM+:+'/"./CI+."*M"9*2&'I"0O"D&/)"/)&."OCO+:<"%+"D*04("C4.*"4&,+"/*"+P/+'("*0:"I:C/&/0(+"/*"G&,+"QC::&+"M*:"&'.&I)/M04"(&.90..&*'.<"144"2&./C,+.":+2C&'"*0:"":+.O*'.&3&4&/5<

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8"* #""* $,"* N#3* #-5d"1$*;'2S"2 a, the absence of overt tense marking and the /2"#"&1"*(:*$,"*%&4&%$%9"*/2"4= ku on the main verb famba H8'0SI)

(1) àrí kúfámbá

* N#3PROG.AUX INFwalkfv

* H[c,"*%#*8'0S%&3I

(2) àvá kúfámbá

* N#3e AUX INFwalkfv

* H[c,"*%#*'5(-$*$(*8'0SI

On the other hand, the Tensed auxes ngà and subordinative tì pattern together in that they:

(i) permit multiple occurrence of Subject Markers.

(ii) cooccur with overt tense marking.

* ?%%%>** 1(e(11-2*8%$,*$,"*B#/"1$-'0*'-="#*J2(32"##%9"*rí and Inceptive váB.

* ?%9>** $'S"*'*+J*1(;/0";"&$)

+,%#*%#*%00-#$2'$"!*%&*"=';/0"#*?N>*'&!*?G>*5"0(8.*8,"2"*%&*"'1,*"=';/0"*$,"2"*'2"*$8(*(9"2$*[@#)* O&*"=';/0"*?N>* $,"2"* %#*'*[@*$,'$* %&$2(!-1"#*$,"*$"&#"!*'-=*nga and the other which introduces the aspectual auxiliary ri)*[%;%0'206.* %&*?G>*(&"*[@*introduces the tensed auxiliary ti and the other introduces the auxiliary ri. Related to double subject marking is the fact that the auxiliaries nga and ti can cooccur with $,"*'#/"1$-'0*'-=%0%'2%"#)*O&*5($,*"=';/0"#*?N>*'&!*?G>.*$,"*'-="#*nga and ti occur with the overt tense marker ka)*Q(&#%!"2*"=';/0"#*?N>*'&!*?G>.

?N> àkàngà àrí kúfámbá

* N#3ePASTAUX** * N#3PROG.AUX INFwalkfv

* H[c,"* 8'#* 8'0S%&3I

(G) àkàti àrí kúfámbá àkàóná nyóká

* N#3eRPAUX*N#3AUX INF8'0Se:9*N#3e RPseefv cl9.snake

Ha,"&*#c,"*8'#*8'0S%&3.*#c,"*#'8*'*#&'S"I

1.1. Research Question

What accounts for the cluster of morphosyntactic properties exhibited by Shona

'-=%0%'2%"#l*

@(2"*#/"1%41'006E

(i) What accounts for the cluster of morphosyntactic properties exhibited by the

B#/"1$-'0*'-=%0%'2%"#*?J2(32"##%9"*rí and Inceptive vá)

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(ii) What accounts for the cluster of morphosyntactic properties exhibited by

the Tensed auxiliaries (ngà and tì)

2. The Proposal

We propose that all Shona auxiliaries have the status of functional heads:

?%>** B#/"1$-'0*'-=%0%'2%"#*?J2(32"##%9"*rí and Inceptive vá) are introduced under the functional head Aspect

(ii) Tensed auxes (ngà and subordinative tì) are introduced under the

functional head Aux.

B#*:(2*$,"*[-5d"1$*@'2S"2*?[@>.*%$#*!%#$2%5-$%(&*2"P"1$#*$,"*:(00(8%&3*1(&#$2'%&$*(&*4&%$"&"##E*

?W>* i%&%$"&"##*Q(&#$2'%&$*(&*[-5d"1$*@'2S"2E

?%>** O&*[,(&'.*'*[-5d"1$*@'2S"2*%#*/2"#"&$*%:*$,"*9"25'0*:(2;*%#*4&%$")

(ii) A verbal form is a main verb or an auxiliary verb.

?%%%>** B*4&%$"*9"25'0*:(2;*%#*'*+J*J,'#".*'&!*"'1,*+J*/,'#"*%#*'##(1%'$"!*8%$,**(&"* [-5d"1$* @'2S"2)* O:* $,"2"* '2"* $8(* +J* J,'#"#.* $,"2"* '2"* $8(* [-5d"1$*Markers.

A single syntactic representation can account for the auxiliaries.

3. Auxiliaries are not main verbs.

T":(2"*$2"'$%&3*%&*!"$'%0*$,"*$8(*#-510'##"#*(:*[,(&'*'-=%0%'2%"#.*8"*42#$*"#$'50%#,*$,"*ways in which auxiliaries differ from main verbs. The analysis of Shona auxiliaries

as functional heads predicts that they will differ from main verbs, and they do so

with respect to:

(i) prosody

(ii) morphology

(iii) syntax

(iv) semantics

We consider each of these properties in turn.

3.1 Prosody

3.1.1 Main Verb Prosody

The main verb roots in Shona, like in other Bantu languages almost invariably end

-/*8%$,*'*1(&#(&'&$*?[8',%0%.*T'$%5(*'&!*g($$0'&!*F]]DV*Q%5";5'.*76;'&*F]]WV*^-6%'.*@'20(*CDDW>)*+,"*[,(&'*9"25*2(($#*'2"*(:*$,"*:(00(8%&3*/2(#(!%1*#,'/"V*Q.*

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QfQ.*QfQfQ)*B*4&'0*(2*$,";"*9(8"0 a is always added to satisfy the phonotactics of the language, since Shona does not allow closed syllables. This suggests that

;'%&*9"25#*%&*[,(&'*'2"*5%;(2/,";%1V*$,"6*'2"*;'!"*-/*(:*$,"*9"25*2(($*'&!*$,"*4&'0*9(8"0) Q(&#%!"2*$,"*"=';/0"#*%&*?M>.*5"3%&&%&3*8%$,*9"25*2(($#*(:*$,"*/2(#(!%1*shape C.

?M>** ?'>** /á

giveFV

* * H3%9"I

* ?5>** #&J3Já

arrest FV

* * H'22"#$I

* ?!>* 92&J3Jà

* * 1(-&$c2"'!eFV

* * H1(-&$c2"'!I

3.1.2. Auxiliary Prosody

Unlike main verbs, auxiliaries are CV, and monomorphemic. Consider the examples

%&*?L'e:>)

?L>** ?'>* 2******

PROG. AUX

(b) vá

INCEPAUX

* ?1>* *&J3Jà

(d) tì

3.2. Morphology

The morphology of both the main verbs and the auxiliaries support the claims that

the main verbs are bimorphemic and auxiliaries are monomorphemic. First, let us

look at the morphology of the main verbs.

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3.2.1. Main verb Morphology

O&*;'%&*9"25#.*%$*%#*/"2;%##%50"*$(*%&#"2$*'*#-:4='0*"=$"&#%(&?#>*5"$8""&*$,"*9"25*2(($*'&!*$,"*4&'0*9(8"0)*B#*'&*%00-#$2'$%(&.*1(&#%!"2*"=';/0"#*%&*?U>*%&*8,%1,*$,"*/'##%9"*;(2/,";"*cw/ 8,%1,*,'#*$,"*'00(;(2/,*ce%8ec*%#*-#"!)

?U>** ?'>** àrí kùpíwá

* N#3ePROG.AUX INFgivePASSIVEFV

* [c,"*%#*5"%&3*3%9"&

(b) àchàtì àsúngíwá, à chàgàrà øpàsí

* N#3eFUTAUX**N#3arrestPASSIVEFV 3sgFUTsitFV 10FLe!(8&

a,"&*#c,"*8%00*5"*'22"#$"!*#c,"*8%00*#%$*!(8&)

(c) àchàngà àvákùvèrèngìwà

* N#3eFUTPROG.AUX**N#3AUXINFcountPASSIVEFV

* [c,"*8%00*5"*%&*$,"*/2(1"##*(:*5"%&3*1(-&$"!c*[c,"*8%00*5"*'5(-$*$(*5"*1(-&$"!)

3.2.2 Auxiliary Morphology

_&0%S"*;'%&*9"25#.*&(*#-:4='0*"=$"&#%(&#*1'&*5"*%&#"2$"!*5"$8""&*$,"*1(&#(&'&$*and vowel. The examples in (9) illustrate that the passive morpheme cannot be

inserted between the consonant (C) and vowel (V) that make up the auxiliary.

?]>*?'>* *àríwí kùpá

* N#3ePROG.AUXPASSIVEFV INFgiveFV

?1>** àchàngìwà àvákùsúngá

* N#3eFUTPROG.AUXPASSIVEFV*N#3ePROG.AUXINFarrestFV

?!>** e1,e$ewà àsúngá àchàgàrà øpàsí

* N#3eFUTPROG.AUXPASSIVEFV**N#3e'22"#$eFV 3SGFUT#%$e10FLe!(8&

3.3 Syntax

This section illustrates how the syntax of the main verbs and that of the auxiliaries

differ. First, we provide the syntax of the main verbs.

3.3.1 Main verb Syntax

The main verbs can occur in imperatives. In these constructions, it is not permissible

$(* ,'9"* '* [-5d"1$*@'2S"2)* J2"!%1$'506.* $,%#*;"'&#* $,'$* $,"* 9"25#* '2"* &(&e4&%$")*Consider the following examples in (10).

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(10) (a) pá

giveFV

give!

(b) súngá

arrest FV

arrest!

(c) vèrèngà

count FV

count!

3.3.2 Auxiliary Syntax

Unlike the main verbs, auxiliaries cannot occur in imperatives. This means that

auxiliaries only occur %&*4&%$"*1(&#$2-1$%(&#V* $,"6*'08'6#*2"R-%2"*'*[@)*Q(&#%!"2*the example in (11).

*?FF>** ?'>* *2

* ?5>** vá

* ?1>** &3

* ?!>** $

3.4 Semantics

^'#$06.*$,"*;'%&*9"25#*'&!*$,"*'-=%0%'2%"#*!%::"2*%&*$,"%2*#";'&$%1#)*a"*42#$*0((S*'$*the semantics of the main verbs.

3.4.1 Main verb Semantics

f"25#* '2"* 1(&$"&$* 8(2!#)* +,"6* 1'&* $'S"* <J* 1(;/0";"&$#* '&!* 1'&* '##%3&*theta roles. These semantic characteristics of main verbs are well illustrated in

32';;'$%1'0%K'$%(&* #$-!%"#*8,%1,* %00-#$2'$"* $,'$* (&"* (:* $,"* !"4&%&3* /2(1"##"#* (:*auxiliation is semantic loss: a gradual process in which main verbs gradually function like auxiliaries through the loss of semantic content of the verb. This has

5""&*'##%3&"!*!%::"2"&$*0'5"0#V*#";'&$%1*0(##*?7"%&"*F]]N.*X-$"9'*CDDF>V*#";'&$%1*50"'1,%&3*?B&!"2#(&*CDDM>V*#";'&$%1*!"/0"$%(&*?^",;'&*F]UC>)Consider the examples in (12) which indicate that main verbs of different phonological

#,'/"#*1'&*'##%3&*$,";'$%1*2(0"#*'&!*1'&*$'S"*<J#)*

(12) (a) Akàpá mbàvhá

* * N#3e3%9"eFV cl9thief

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* [c,"*3'9"*$,"*$,%":)

(b) Akàsúngá mbàvhá

* N#3eRParrestFV cl9thief

* [c,"*'22"#$"!*$,"*$,%":)

(d) Akàvèrèngà mbàvhá

* N#3eRPcountFV cl9thief

* [c,"*1(-&$"!*$,"*$,%"9"#)

3.4.2 Auxiliary Semantics

_&0%S"* $,"* ;'%&* 9"25#.* '-=%0%'2%"#* '2"* :-&1$%(&* 8(2!#* '&!* 1'&&($* $'S"* <J*1(;/0";"&$#)*+,"6*1'&&($*'##%3&*$,"$'*2(0"#*5"1'-#"*$,"6*'2"*#";'&$%1'006*H0%3,$I*(Kuteva 2001).

Q(&#%!"2*$,"*"=';/0"#*%&*?FN>)

?FN>** ?'>** àrí mbàvhá

* * N#3ePROG. AUX cl9thief

* * ?5>* àvá mbàvhá

* * N#3INCEPAUX cl9.thief

* ?1>* àkàngà mbàvhá

* * N#3eRPAUXcl9thief.

* ?!>* àkàtì mbàvhá

** * N#3eRPAUX cl9thief

By way of summary, we provide Table 1 below showing the differences between

main verbs and auxiliaries.

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Table 1. Auxiliaries are not main verbs.

(a)

SM

(b)

T

(c)

Phonology

J2(#(!%1 Shape

(d)

morphology

(extensions)

(e)

Semantics<J*Complement

Main Verbs J J v)Qy J J

Aspectual Auxes vá J x CV x x

rí J x CV x x

ngà J J CV x x

tì J J CV x x

4. Shona has two classes of auxiliaries

This section explores in detail the distributional differences amongst the two classes

(:* '-=%0%'2%"#E* B#/"1$-'0* '-="#* ?J2(32"##%9"* rí, Inceptive vá) and the Tensed auxiliaries (ngà and subordinative tì).

4.1. Aspectual Auxiliaries

g"1'00*$,'$*2"3'2!%&3*$,"*!%#$2%5-$%(&*(:*$,"*B#/"1$-'0*'-=%0%'2%"#.*$,"*J2(32"##%9"*rí and the Inceptive vá, we mentioned that they:

(i) occur with a Subject Marker

(ii) do not occur with tense marking

?%%%>** %&$2(!-1"*'*fJ*1(;/0";"&$*%&*$,"*:(2;*(:*'&*%&4&%$%9"

Q(&#%!"2*$,"*"=';/0"#*%&*?FG>*8,%1,*%00-#$2'$"*$,"*!%#$2%5-$%(&*(:*$,"*/2(32"##%9"*rí. In ?FG'>.*rí (11-2#*8%$,*'*[-5d"1$*@'2S"2*'&!*%#*;'2S%&3*$,"*/2(32"##%9"*?%;/"2:"1$%9">V*%&!%1'$%&3*$,'$*$,"*'1$%9%$6*%#*#$%00*%&1(;/0"$"*'$*$,"*$%;"*(:*-$$"2'&1")*k=';/0"*?FG5>.*establishes that rí*1'&&($*(11-2*8%$,(-$*'*[-5d"1$*@'2S"2)*?FG1>*%00-#$2'$"#*$,'$*$,"*progressive rí cannot occur with an overt tense marker (remote past –kaV*!%#$'&$*future –chaeV*,'5%$-'0*/'#$*i; habitual no). Despite the lack of an overt tense marker, #"&$"&1"#*8%$,*$,"*J2(32"##%9" rí have a present tense reading. Finally, example ?FG!>*%00-#$2'$"#*$,'$*rí 1'&*$'S"*%&4&%$%9'0*1(;/0";"&$V*8,"2"'#*?FG"*A*:>*%00-#$2'$"*$,'$* %$* 1'&&($* $'S"*'*4&%$"*1(;/0";"&$* ?'#*!"4&"!*56* $,"*'5%0%$6* $(*(11-2*8%$,*'*subject marker).

229



?FG>*?'>* àrí kùdyá

* NSG PROG.AUX INFeatFV

* [c,"*%#*"'$%&3)

?5>* rí kùdyá

PROG.AUX.AUX INFeatFV

?1>* àkà/chà/ì/nòvá kùdyá

NSGTENSEPROG.AUX INF eatFV

(d) àrí [BINFVPB

kùdyá]

* NSG PROG.AUX INF eatFV

* [c,"*%#*"'$%&3)

?">* àrí [BTPB àrí kù dyá]

* NSG PROG.AUX*****NSG PROG.AUX INF eatFV

(f) àrí [BTP Bàdyá]

* NSG PROG.AUX NSGeatFV

+,"*"=';/0"#* %&* ?FW>* %00-#$2'$"* $,"*!%#$2%5-$%(&*(:* $,"* O&1"/$%9"*váB.B In ?FW'>.*vá

(11-2#* 8%$,* '* [-5d"1$* @'2S"2* '&!* %#* ;'2S%&3* $,"* %&1"/$%9"V* %&!%1'$%&3* $,'$* $,"*'1$%9%$6*%#*'5(-$*$(*5"3%&*(2*,'#*d-#$*5"3'&*'$*$,"*$%;"*(:*-$$"2'&1")*k=';/0"*?FW5>*demonstrates that vá 1'&&($*(11-2*8%$,(-$*'*[-5d"1$*@'2S"2)*?FW1>*#,(8#*$,'$*$,"*Inceptive vá cannot occur with an overt tense marker (remote past –kaV* !%#$'&$*future –chaeV*,'5%$-'0*/'#$*i; habitual no). Despite the lack of an overt tense marker, the sentence with the Inceptive vá*,'#*'*/2"#"&$*$"&#"*2"'!%&3)*^'#$06.*"=';/0"*?FW*e & f) establishes that vá*1'&&($*$'S"*+J*1(;/0";"&$#*5-$*%&4&%$%9'0*1(;/0";"&$#*?FW'>)

?FW>*?'>*àvá [BINFVPB

kùdyá ]

3SG–INCEP.AUX INFeatFV

* [c,"*%#*d-#$*%&*$,"*/2(1"##*(:*"'$%&3c*[c,"*%#*'5(-$*$(*"'$)

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?5>** 9*************Se!6e*

INCEP.AUX INFeatFV

?1>* àkà/chà/ì/nòvá kùdyá

* NSG–TENSEINCEP.AUX INFeatFV

(e) *àvá [BTPB à rí kùdyá]

3SG INCEP.AUX*******NSGPROG.AUX INF eatFV

(f) *àvá [BTPB àdyá]

* NSG INCEP.AUX**NSG eatFV

G)F)F* B&'06#%#*(:*B#/"1$-'0*B-=%0%'2%"#)

A single syntactic structure given in Figure 1 accounts for the distributional properties

(:*B#/"1$-'0*'-=%0%'2%"#)*+,"*#"&$"&1"#*%&*?FW>*,'9"*$,"*#$2-1$-2"*%&*i%3-2"*F)

?FM>*?'>** àrí [BINFPB kùdyá chingwa]

3SG–PROGR.AUX INFeatFV CL7bread

She is eating bread

(b) àvá [BINFVPB

kùdyá chingwa]

3SG–INCEP.AUX INFeatFV CL7bread

She has just started eating bread.

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Figure 1. Aspectual Auxiliaries

+J***********************************************

SMBcopyB

T’

a

*************************************+****************B#/J****************************************************************************************

ø

SMBcopyB

******B#/JI****************************************

S aS

******************************************************B#/*********O&:J****************************************

********************************************************2%c9'*****************************************************

SMBcopyB

**O&:9JI***************************************************

Sa

***********************************************************************O&:********fJ********************************************

ku

SMB B*******fI****************************************

S a

**************************************************************************************f**************<J*******************************************************************************************************************

R FV NP

dy a

******************************************************************************************************Y****************************

mushonga

232



g"'!%&3*$,%#*$2""*:2(;*5($$(;*-/.*$,"*9"25*2(($*?g>*;"23"#*8%$,*$,"*4&'0*9(8"0*?if>.*$(*:(2;*f*?$,"*9"25*#$";>)*f*;"23"#*8%$,*$,"*<J.*$(*:(2;*fI)*fI*;"23"#*8%$,*$,"*[@*$(*:(2;*'*fJ)*+,"*fJ*;"23"#*8%$,*$,"* INF (ku) to form the INFP’. The INFP’ merges with the copy of the SM to form INFJ)*+,"*INFJ*;"23"#*8%$,*$,"*B#/"1$-'0*;'2S"2*to have the ASPP’. The ASPP’ merges with the SM copy to form an ASPP. The ASPP

;"23"#*8%$,*+*$(*:(2;*'*+I)*+,%#*%&*$-2&*;"23"#*8%$,*'*[@*1(/6*$(*,'9"*'*+J*/,'#")*O&*'11(2!'&1"*8%$,*$,"*i%&%$"&"##*Q(&#$2'%&$*(&*[-5d"1$*@'2S"2*?W>.*(&06*$,"*[@*associated with Tense is pronounced, all other SMs are deleted.

+,-#.*$,"*!"0"$%(&*(:*$,"*[@*%#*/2"!%1$'50")*O$*%#*(&06*2"$'%&"!*8,"&*$,"2"*%#*'*+J*J,'#")*[%&1"*$,"2"*%#*(&06*(&"*+J*J,'#".*$,"2"*%#*'0#(*'*#%&30"*(9"2$*[-5d"1$*@'2S"2)*

4.2. Tensed Auxiliaries: nga and tì

We mentioned that the Tensed auxes ngà and subordinative ti pattern together in that they:

(i) permit multiple occurrence of Subject Marker

(ii) cooccur with overt tense marking

(iii) cooccur with the aspectual auxes progressive ri and inceptive váB1

?%9>** $'S"#*'*+J*1(;/0";"&$)

+,"*"=';/0"#*%&*?FL>*!";(&#$2'$"*$,"*!%#$2%5-$%(&*(:*$,"*+"&#"!*'-=%0%'2%"#*ngà and tì. ?FL'>*#,(8#*$,'$*ngà and tì*(11-2*8%$,*!(-50"*[-5d"1$*@'2S%&3)*k=';/0"*?FL5*A*1>*establishes thatB Bngà and tì 1'&&($*(11-2*8%$,*'*#%&30"*[-5d"1$*@'2S"2)*B#*:(2*?FL!>*it demonstrates that ngà and tì obligatorily require an overt tense marker (remote past kaeV*!%#$'&$*:-$-2"*chaeV*,'5%$-'0*/'#$*ieV*,'5%$-'0*eno).*i%&'006.*"=';/0"#*?FL*"*A*:>*#,(8*$,'$*$,"*+"&#"!*'-="#*1'&*$'S"*+J*1(;/0";"&$#)*+,"6*1'&*1(e(11-2*8%$,*B#/"1$-'0*'-=%0%'2%"#.*9%K)*J2(32"##%9"*rí and Inceptive váB.

?FL>*?'>* àe1,e&3c$|*àvá kùdyá mùshòngá

3SGFUTAUX*NSGINCEP.AUX INFeatFV*10Ne;"!%1%&"e

I will be taking medicine.

When I will be taking medicine…….

* ?5>* àe1,e&3c$|*9**Se!6e*;e#,&3

3SGFUTAUX INCEP.AUX INFeatFV*10Ne;"!%1%&"e

* ?1>* àe1,e&3c$|*9***Se!6e*;e#,&3

3SGFUTAUX INCEP.AUX INFeatFV*10Ne;"!%1%&"

* ?!>* àe&3c$|*àvá kùdyá mùshòngá

* * NSGAUX 3SGAUX INFeatFV*10Ne;"!%1%&"

233



(">* e1,e&3c$|*[BTPBàrí kùdyá]

NSG FUTAUX**N#3ePROG.AUX INFeatFV

* * [c,"*8%00*5"*$'S%&3*;"!%1%&"

* * a,"&*#c,"*8%00*5"*$'S%&3*;"!%1%&"v)

(f) àchà&3c$| [BTPB àdyá mùshòngá]

NSGFUTAUX*NSGeatFV 10Ne;"!%1%&"

* * [c,"*8%00*,'9"*$'S"&*;"!%1%&")

* * a,"&*#c,"*,'9"*"'$"&v

4.2.1. Analysis of Tensed Auxiliaries

The tensed auxiliaries, ngà and subordinative tì share the following characteristics. They: (i) allow for the stacking of auxiliaries in that they cooccur with Aspectual

auxiliaries (ii) can cooccur with main verbs (ii) allow double subject marking (iii)

'00(8*(&"*+J*$(*5"*1(&$'%&"!*%&*'&($,"2)*+,"#"*1,'2'1$"2%#$%1#*'2"*#,(8&*%&*i%3-2"*2 below.

Figure 2. Characteristics of tensed auxiliaries.

TP2

SMBcopyB

****+I****************

a

T AuxP

cha

SMBcopyB

S S SaS A-=JI****************************************

Aux TP1

234



nga/ tì

SMBcopyB

T’

a

T X

ø

g"'!%&3*$,"*$2""*:2(;*5($$(;*-/.*s.*8,%1,*1(-0!*"%$,"2*5"*'*;'%&*9"25*1(&$'%&"!*8%$,*'&*O&4&%$%9'0*J,2'#"*(2*'&*B#/"1$-'0*'-=%0%'26*J,2'#".*;"23"#*8%$,*+*$(*:(2;*+I)*+I*%&*$-2&*;"23"#*8%$,*[@*1(/6*$(*:(2;*+JF)*+JF*;"23"#*8%$,*B-=*$(*:(2;*B-=JI)*B-=JI*;"23"#*8%$,*[@*1(/6* $(* :(2;*B-=J)*B-=J*;"23"#*8%$,*+* $(* :(2;*+I*8,%1,*4&'006*;"23"#*8%$,*[@*1(/6*$(*:(2;*+JC)*

+,"*[@#*&($* '##(1%'$"!*8%$,*+J#*'2"* !"0"$"!* %&* '11(2!'&1"*8%$,* $,"* 4&%$"&"##*constraint.

The full analysis of tensed auxes can be represented using two syntactic structures.

B0$,(-3,*$,"*$"&#"!*'-=%0%'2%"#* $'S"*+J#*'#*1(;/0";"&$#.* $,"* %&$"2&'0*#$2-1$-2"#*(:*$,"#"*+J*1(;/0";"&$#*!%::"2*!"/"&!%&3*(&*$,"*9'0-"*(:*s*?i%3-2"*C>)*+,"*9'0-"*(:*s*1(-0!*"%$,"2*5"*'&*B#/"1$-'0*J,2'#"*(2*'&*O&4&%$%9'0*J,2'#"*1(&$'%&%&3*'*;'%&*9"25)*+,"* #"&$"&1"#* %&* ?FU'*A*5>*8,%1,*,'9"* $,"* #$2-1$-2"* %&*i%3-2"*N*,'9"*'&*O&4&%$%9'0*J,2'#"*1(&$'%&%&3*'*;'%&*9"25*%&*+JC*'&!*$,"*"=';/0"#*%&*F]?'*A*5>*,'9"*'&*B#/"1$-'0*'-=%0%'26*1(&$'%&"!*%&*+JC*'2"*#,(8&*%&*i%3-2"*G)

?FU>*?'>** àkàngà àkadyá mùshòngá

3SGFUTAUX*NSGRPeatFV*10Ne;"!%1%&"

* * [c,"*8%00*,'9"*$'S"&*;"!%1%&"

(b) àchà tì àdyá mùshòngá…

3SGFUTAUX*NSGeatFV*10Ne;"!%1%&"

* * a,"&*[c,"*8%00*,'9"*$'S"&*;"!%1%&"v

(19) (a) àkàngà àvá kùdyá mùshòngá

3SGFUTAUX*NSGINCEP.AUX INFeatFV*10Ne;"!%1%&")

* * [c,"*8%00*5"*$'S%&3*;"!%1%&")

(b) àkàtì àvá kùdyá mùshòngá

3SGFUTAUX*NSGINCEP.AUX INFeatFV*10Ne;"!%1%&"e

* * a,"&*#c,"*8%00*5"*$'S%&3*;"!%1%&"…….

235



Figure 3. Tensed Auxiliaries: Main verbs in TP2

TP2

SMBcopyB T’

T AuxP

SmBcopyB AuxP’

SaS

******************************************************$%**************+JF****************************************************

SMBcopyB

***********+I******************************************************

a

*********************************************************************+************fJ********************************************

ka

SM

Sa[*************fI****************************************

******************************************************************************************************<J*************************************************************************************************************************

V

*****************************YJ*************

******************************************************************************g*************i*******Y***************************************************************************************** dy a

mushonga

236



g"'!%&3*$,%#*$2""*5($$(;*-/.*$,"*2(($*;"23"#*8%$,*$,"*4&'0*9(8"0.*$(*,'9"*'*f.*8,%1,*%&*$-2&*;"23"#*8%$,*$,"*<J.*$(*,'9"*'*fI)*+,"*fI*;"23"#*8%$,*'*[@)*+,"*fJ*;"23"#*8%$,*$,"*+"&#"*;'2S"2*$(*:(2;*'*+I)*+,"*+I*;"23"#*8%$,*$,"*[@*1(/6*$(*:(2;*'*+JF)**+,"*'-=%0%'26*;"23"#*8%$,*$,"*+JF*$(*:(2;*B-=JI*8,%1,*%&*$-2&*;"23"#*8%$,*[@*1(/6*$(*:(2;*B-=J)*B-=J*;"23"#*8%$,*+*$(*:(2;*+I)*i%&'006.*+I*;"23"#*8%$,*[@*1(/6*$(*:(2;*+JC)*O&*0%&"*8%$,*$,"*i%&%$"&"##*Q(&#$2'%&$*'00*($,"2*[@*'2"*!"0"$"!*8%$,*$,"*exception of the two SMs associated with Tense.

Figure 4. Tensed Auxiliaries: Aspectual in TP1

TP2

SMBcopyB

*****+I****************

a

T AUXP

cha

SMBcopyB

S S SaS A-=JI**

*B-=*********+JF*********

nga/ tì

SMBcopyB

T’

a

T ASPP

ø

SMBcopyB

ASPP’

S a

Asp INFP

********************************************************2%c9'*****************************************************

SMBcopyB

SaS INFP’

237



INF ****fJ********************************************

ku

*****fI**************************

SSMSBS SB

S a

******************************************************************************f**************<J********************************************************************************************************************

YJ

R FV

*****************************************************************************e!6e****'***********Y

mushonga

The tree should be read from bottom up, and as follows: the verb root merges with

$,"*if.*$(*,'9"*f)*f*;"23"#*8%$,*$,"*<J*?1(;/0";"&$>.*$(*:(2;*fI)*fI*;"23"#*8%$,*$,"*[@*$(*:(2;*'*fJ)*+,"*fJ*;"23"#*8%$,*$,"*INF*?%&4&%$%9">*$(*:(2;*$,"*INFP’. The INFP’ merges with the Aspectual marker to have the ASPP’. The ASPP’ merges with the

SM copy to form an ASPP. The ASPP*;"23"#*8%$,*+*$(*:(2;*'*+I)*+,%#*%&*$-2&*;"23"#*8%$,*'*[@*1(/6*$(*,'9"*'*+J*J,'#")*+JF*%&*$-2&*;"23"#*8%$,*$,"*B-=*$(*:(2;*B-=JI.*8,%1,*%&*$-2&*;"23"#*8%$,*'*[@*$(*:(2;*B-=J)*+,"*B-=J*;"23"#*8%$,*+*$(*:(2;*'*+I)*+I*;"23"#*8%$,*[@*1(/6*$(*:(2;*+JC)*O&*'11(2!'&1"*8%$,*$,"*i%&%$"&"##*Q(&#$2'%&$*(&*[-5d"1$*@'2S"2*?W>.*(&06*$,"*[@#*'##(1%'$"!*8%$,*9"25#*'2"*/2(&(-&1"!*'00*($,"2*[@#*'2"*!"0"$"!)*O&*'11(2!'&1"*8%$,*$,%#*1(&#$2'%&$.*$8(*+J*J,'#"#.*$2'&#0'$"*%&$(*two overt SM markers.

Our analysis accounts for the data in which the SM of the subordinate clause and

that of the tensed auxiliary ti agrees in both number and person. In our analysis, the SM that introduces the auxiliary ti is a copy of the subject marker of the subordinate 10'-#".*+JF)*+,%#* %#* %00-#$2'$"!*(&1"*'3'%&.* %&* $,"*"=';/0"*5"0(8)*+,"*[@#* $,'$*agree are in bold.

*?FU>*?'>* nTTP2B akati [B

TP1B apinda [B

CPB vakagara]]]

** * N#3eRPe'-=**N#3)/'#$e3"$*%&e:9**C/0e/'#$eRPsitdownfv

* * a,"&*#c,"*"&$"2"!*$,"6*#'$*!(8&)

(b) [BTP2Bvakati [B

TP1Bvapinda [B

CPBakagara]]]

2plRPe'-=**C/0e3"$*%&e:9**N#3e/'#$eRPsitfv

when they entered he sat down.

238



The analysis fails to account for some data involving the auxiliary tì. These are data where the Subject Markers that introduces ti, '&!*(:*+JC*'2"*!%::"2"&$)*+,"*[@*(:*+JC*'32""#*8%$,* $,"*[@*(:* $,"*;'$2%=*10'-#")*Q(&#%!"2* $,"*"=';/0"#* %&*CF)*+,"*SMs that agree are in bold.

(21) (a) [BTP2B akati [B

TP1B vapinda [B

CPB akagara]]]

** * N#3eRPe'-=*N/0e/'#$e3"$*%&e:9**N#3e2/e#%$e:9

* * 8,"&*$,"6*"&$"2"!*#c,"*#'$*!(8&)

(b) [BTP2Bvakati [B

TP1Bapinda [B

CPB vakagara]]]

* * N/0eRPe'-=*N#3)/'#$e3"$*%&e:9**N/0eRPsitfv

* * 8,"&*$,"6*"&$"2"!*#c,"*#'$*!(8&)

Below is a tree that illustrates how our analysis fails to account for the data in 20

(a & b).

Figure 5. Tensed Auxiliaries: Aspectual auxes in TP1.

TP2

SMBcopyB

****+I****************

a

T AuxP

cha

SMBcopyB

S S SaS A-=JI**

*B-=***************+JF*********

nga/ tì

SM T’

va

T ASPP

ø

239



SMBcopyB

ASPP’

S a

Asp INFP

*2%c9'*****************************************************

SMBcopyB

SaS INFP’

INF ****fJ********************************************

ku

********************************************************************************************fI**************************

SSMSBS SB

S a

************************************************************************************f**************<J********************************************************************************************************************

YJ

R FV

**************************************************************************e!6e**********e'*********Y

mushonga

The tree should be read from bottom up, and as follows: the verb root merges with

$,"*if.*$(*,'9"*f)*f*;"23"#*8%$,*$,"*<J*?1(;/0";"&$>.*$(*:(2;*fI)*fI*;"23"#*8%$,*$,"*[@*$(*:(2;*'*fJ)*+,"*fJ*;"23"#*8%$,*$,"*INF*?%&4&%$%9">*$(*:(2;*$,"*INFP’. The INFP’ merges with the Aspectual marker to have the ASPP’. The ASPP’ merges with the

SM copy to form an ASPP. The ASPP*;"23"#*8%$,*+*$(*:(2;*'*+I)*+I*B11(2!%&3*$(*(-2*'&'06#%#.*+I*#,(-0!*;"23"*8%$,*'*[@*1(/6*$(*,'9"*'*+J*J,'#")*+,"*[@*'9'%0'50"*%#*not a copy, and our analysis fails to account for such data.

240



4.2.3. Summary

+(* 2"1'/.* +,"*B#/"1$-'0* '-=%0%'2%"#* ?J2(32"##%9"* rí and the Inceptive vá ) and the Tensed Auxiliaries (ngà & the surbodinative tì ) differ with regards to Subject Marking, Tense Marking, whether the auxiliaries encode Aspect or not, and the type

of complement that they take. As a summary, we provide Table 2, showing how the

auxiliaries behave with regards to these distributional properties.

Table 2. Differences amongst Auxiliaries

(a)

SM

(b)

T

(c)

Aspect

(d)

Qb@J^k@kY+

single double

overt not

overt Y(&ei%&%$"?INFP) Finite

?+J>

Aspectual

Auxes

rí ! x x ! ! ! x

vá ! x x ! ! ! x

Tensed

Auxes

ngà x ! ! x x x !

tì x ! ! x x x !

5. Consequences of Analysis

The discussion and analysis of Shona auxiliaries would not be comprehensive

without an analysis of the main verbs and negation. The analysis of the main verbs

highlights the differences between main verbs and auxiliaries discussed in Section

C)*Y"3'$%(&*%&*[,(&'*;(#$06* %&9(09"#*'&*'-=%0%'26.*'&!*'*!%#1-##%(&*'&!*'&'06#%#*of negation sheds more light to the distributional properties of auxiliaries. First, we

'&'06K"*$,"*;'%&*9"25#*%&*$,"*':42;'$%9".*:(00(8"!*56*'&*'&'06#%#*(:*$,"%2*&"3'$%(&.*'&!*4&'006.* $,"*&"3'$%(&*(:*5($,*$,"*B#/"1$-'0*?J2(32"##%9"*rí & Inceptive và and Tensed auxiliaries (ngà and subordinative tì).

5.1. Main verbs

The distributional properties for the main verbs are that they:

?%>** 1'&*5"*4&%$"*'&!*&(&e4&%$"*?%;/"2'$%9"#>)

?%%>** (11-2*8%$,*[@*8,"&*4&%$")

(ii) occur with tense marking.

?%%%>** $'S"#*<J*1(;/0";"&$)

241



The structure that accounts for these distributional properties is 3%9"&*%&*i%3-2"*M*below, and example (12a) repeated here as 19(a) is shown in the tree:

(19) (a) Akàpá*****Ye;59,

* * N#3e3%9"eFV cl9thief

* * [c,"*3'9"*$,"*$,%":)

+,"*:(00(8%&3*#$2-1$-2"*'11(-&$#*:(2*$,"*;'%&*9"25#*%&*':42;'$%9"*#"&$"&1"#)

Figure 5. The Main Verbs

*****************************************************************************+J*****************************************************

SMBcopyB

**********+I******************************************************

a

*****************************************************************************+************fJ********************************************

ka

SM

Sa[***************fI*********************************************************

**********************************************************************************************************<J*************************************************************************************************************************

V

*********************************YJ*************

*****************************************************************************************g***************i*******Y

p a

mbavha

g"'!%&3*$,%#*$2""*5($$(;*-/.*$,"*2(($*;"23"#*8%$,*$,"*4&'0*9(8"0.*$(*,'9"*'*f.*8,%1,*%&*$-2&*;"23"#*8%$,*$,"*<J.*$(*,'9"*'*fI)*+,"*fI*;"23"#*8%$,*'*[@)*+,"*fJ*;"23"#*8%$,*$,"*+"&#"*;'2S"2*$(*:(2;*'*+I)*+,"*+I*4&'006*;"23"#*8%$,*$,"*[@*1(/6*$(*:(2;*'*+J)*O&*,'2;(&6*8%$,*$,"*i%&%$"&"##*1(&#$2'%&$*(&*[-5d"1$*@'2S"2*?W>.*(&06*$,"*[@*associated with a verb is pronounced and the other one is deleted.

242



Compared with the auxiliaries, the main verbs have less structure. They have one

Functional head, T, whereas the Aspectual auxes have two, namely, aspectual

marker and a zero tense marker. On the other hand, the Tensed auxes have more

functional heads, viz. Aspectual marker, Tense marker and an Auxiliary.

Conclusion

Shona, auxiliaries fall into two classes: The Aspectual auxiliaries comprising the

J2(32"##%9"*rí, and Inceptive vá and the Tensed Auxiliaries ngà and subordinative tì)*B* 1(;;(&* :"'$-2"* #,'2"!* 56* $,"* '-=%0%'26* %#* 4&%$"&"##V* $,"* 2"R-%2";"&$* (:* '*[@)*7(8"9"2.*$,"*B#/"1$-'0*'-=%0%'2%"#*'00(8*#%&30"*[-5d"1$*@'2S%&3*8,"2"'#*$,"*tensed auxiliaries obligatorily require double Subject Marking. The fact that Tensed

auxiliaries ngà and subordinative tì allows double Subject marking has to do with $,"* :'1$* $,'$* $,"6* $'S"*+J*1(;/0";"&$#)* O&*[,(&'.*"9"26*+J*J,'#"* 2"R-%2"#*'&*overt Subject Marker. Likewise, the fact that the Aspectual auxiliaries only allow for

'*#%&30"*[-5d"1$*@'2S%&3*%#*1(&#%#$"&$*8%$,*$,"*(5#"29'$%(&*$,'$*$,"6*$'S"*O&4&%$%9'0*1(;/0";"&$#*'&!*(&06*,'9"*'*#%&30"*+J*J,'#")*

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Shona auxiliaries: rí, vá; ngà and tìTP

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