Shared Face and Face Enhancing Behaviour in Social Media: Commenting on the Spanish Goalkeeper’s...

-./,+/*#!0&1/2,!3!6/%1&,7&/P!

-./,+/*#!0&1/2,!

!"#$%&'(#)%!!"#$%!&'X!"#$"%&"'!!"#$%&'()*&+*,'-&$.*/"0&$!!

!"##$%&'%()"%)&*$)+,-%'.*!

!"#$%&&'&(!!"#$%&!"'(")'*#*+$!4C"1%6&-"2%&"*6&-"2%IS*C"*2.*/&>%C"L.'01&.*&4'2."$&<%6."&

-./,+/*#!0&1/2,:!@7#.&1!=#<&!#*1!=#<&XC*7#*</*O!0&7#Y/'5.!/*!@'</#%!8&1/#:!)'PP&*+/*O!'*!+7&!@N#*/,7!4'#%?&&N&.Z,!"&#.,!'*!J'5"5$&!

?5.-321+.#35!&%

D*!+7&!Y/1&'!N%#+('.P!J'5"5$&_!M&!<#*!'$,&.Y&!#!7/O7!(.&m5&*<Q!'(!N',/+/Y&!(#<&X.&%#+&1!,N&&<7!#<+,!%/?&!+7&!('%%'M/*O_!1.#M*!(.'P!+7&! 1/,<5,,/'*! kJ'5"5$&! KWSW$l! +'! #! <%/N! kJ'5"5$&! KWSW#l! '(!@N#*/,7! *#+/'*#%! O'#%?&&N&.! ;?&.! )#,/%%#,! M7'! 5*&hN&<+&1%Q!,+#.+&1!<.Q/*O!/*!+7&!(/*#%!P#+<7!'(!+7&!>'.%1!)5N!KWSW_!M7&*!7/,!+&#PP#+&!F*1.x,!;*/&,+#!,<'.&1!+7&!1&</,/Y&!O'#%:!

<#,////%%#,,,,,,,,,!&.&,,,!5*/<'q!%'!Y#%&,!1&P#<///#1'''q5*!$&,/+'q!K#1%*6"%*,0G0*6'N&&

>7#+!/,!,+./?/*O!#$'5+!+7/,!<'PP&*+!/,!+7#+!/+!/,!1/.&<+%Q!#11.&,,&1!#+!)#,/%%#,:!M&!(/*1!7/,!*#P&_!#!Y&.$!/*!+7&!,&<'*1!N&.,'*!#*1!#*!#((&<+/Y&! O.&&+/*O! ('.P5%#! 3! /*! ,7'.+_! #! 1/.&<+! #11.&,,\! @+/%%_! +7&!<'PP&*+!,&&P,!+'!$&!#11.&,,&1!/*+'!*'M7&.&\!@'</#%!8&1/#!5,&.,!#.&!Y&.Q!%/?&%Q!#M#.&!'(!+7&!(#<+!+7#+!)#,/%%#,!/,!*'+!N#.+/</N#+/*O!/*!+7/,!1/,<5,,/'*\!6#.1%Q!#*Q!'(!+7&!5,&.,!M/%%!&hN&<+!#!.&#<+/'*!(.'P!+7&!O'#%?&&N&.\!>7#+!,&*,&!1'&,!/+!P#?&!+7&*!+'!&*7#*<&!+7&!(#<&!'(!,'P&$'1Q!M7'!1'&,!*'+!&Y&*!+#?&!*'+/<&!'(!/+i!

=1.,+.*"&>%6.?,&

136!

E&,&#.<7!'*!N'%/+&*&,,!7#,_!/*!+7&!N#,+!(&M!Q&#.,_!('<5,&1!'*!/PN'X%/+&! ,N&&<7! #<+,! #*1! #,N&<+,! ,5<7! #,! N.','1Q! #*1! ,&m5&*+/#%/+Q\!B',/+/Y&! N'%/+&*&,,! #*1! (#<&X&*7#*</*O! #<+,! 7#Y&! $&&*! +7&'./,&1!$5+! *'+! +&,+&1! &PN/./<#%%Q\! F+! +7&! ,#P&! +/P&_! .&,&#.<7! '*! <'PXN5+&.XP&1/#+&1!<'PP5*/<#+/'*!k/*!+7&!('%%'M/*O_!)8)l!7#,!'(+&*!1&#%+!M/+7!+7&!#,,5P&1!.51&*&,,!'(!)8)!3!b(./&*1%Qc!'*%/*&!<'PXP5*/<#+/'*! /,! .#.&%Q! +7&!'$2&<+!'(! .&,&#.<7\!J&+!@'</#%!8&1/#!N.'XY/1&! #*! /*(/*/+&! <'.N5,! '(! P'.&! '.! %&,,! ,&m5&*+/#%! <'*Y&.,#+/'*,!M7/<7!<#*!,&.Y&!+'!.&Y/,&!+7&!P'1&%,!$#,&1!'*!(#<&X+'X(#<&!,&++/*O,!#*1!7&%N!+'!5*1&.,+#*1!+7&!1Q*#P/<,!'(!'*%/*&!%#*O5#O&!5,&\!

"7/,! <'*+./$5+/'*! #++&PN+,! +'! ,+#.+! (/%%/*O! +7/,! O#N_! ('<5,/*O! '*!(#<&X&*7#*</*O! #<+,! /*! #! @'</#%! 8&1/#! ,&++/*O_! +#?/*O! +7&! 5,&.!<'PP&*+,!+'!+7&!)#,/%%#,!<%/N!#,!#!,+#.+/*O!N'/*+\!;!M/%%!+.Q!+'!,7'M!+7#+! '*%/*&! <'PP&*+,! +'M#.1,! <&%&$./+/&,! #.&! *'+! O.#+5/+'5,_! $5+!,&.Y&!,N&</(/<!,'</#%!(#<&!M#*+,\!

V,6#5$!H3;:9#;*5./!@!R449#5*!,52!R59#5*!7%

;*! /*('.P#%! +#%?,! k#*1!#%,'! /*!#<#1&P/<!1/,<5,,/'*,l!#$'5+!'*%/*&!<'*Y&.,#+/'*,_!M&!'(+&*!(/*1!+7&!N',/+/'*!+7#+!N&'N%&!+&*1!+'!.&#<+!Y&.Q! /PN'%/+&%Q! k<(\!-#Q#*Q!SAAT:!SSRjl\!D*%/*&! <'PP5*/<#+/'*! /,!,#/1!+'!$&!&h+.&P&%Q!.51&\!@5%&.!&*5P&.#+&,!,/h!(#<+'.,! /*!)8)!3!1/,,'</#+/Y&! #*'*QP/+Q_! /*Y/,/$/%/+Q_! #,Q*<7.'*/</+Q_! ,'%/N,/,+/<! /*X+.'2&<+/'*_!1/,,'</#+/Y&!/P#O/*#+/'*_!#*1!P/*/P/,#+/'*!'(!#5+7'./+Q!k<(\!@5%&.!KWWf:!RKK((\l!3!M7/<7!#.&!.&,N'*,/$%&!('.!+7&!(#<+!+7#+!N#.X+/</N#*+,!(&&%! %&,,! /*7/$/+/'*!+'!Y&.$#%!(#<&!+7.&#+,!'.!1#P#O&,\!6&!*#P&,! +7&! N7&*'P&*'*! +7&! '*$.*%& 6.,.*C.#.+.'*& %((%2+& k@5%&.!KWWf:!RKSl!#*1!,+#+&,!+7#+:!

4C"1%6&-"2%&"*6&-"2%IS*C"*2.*/&>%C"L.'01&.*&4'2."$&<%6."&

137!

>&!M/+*&,,!.51&S!%#*O5#O&_!7#.,7!<./+/</,P,_!#*O&._!7#+.&1_!&Y&*!+7.&#+,\!k@5%&.!KWWf:!RKSl!

CY&*!+7'5O7!/+!P#Q!$&!+.5&!+7#+!,'P&!<'*Y&.,#+/'*,!/*!@'</#%!8&X1/#!#NN%/<#+/'*,!#$'5*1!/*!/PN'%/+&!,N&&<7!#<+,_!M&!<#*!(/*1!P#*Q!&h#PN%&,! ('.! +7&! 'NN',/+&! <#,&\! =#<&X&*7#*</*O! #<+,! k/*! +7&! ('%X%'M/*O_!=CFl!,&&P!+'!$&!#!<'PP'*!,+.#+&OQ!/*!1/,<5,,/'*,\!B&'N%&!N#Q!<'PN%/P&*+,!+'!&#<7!'+7&.!('.!(5**Q!,+#+5,!5N1#+&,_!$&#5+/(5%!Y#<#+/'*!N7'+',_!N/<+5.&,!'(!<''?&1!P&#%,!'.!7&%N(5%!#1Y/<&p! +7&Q!<'*O.#+5%#+&! '*! $/.+71#Q,_! &h#P,_!M&11/*O,! #*1! <7/%1$/.+7p! +7&Q!<'*,'%&!&#<7!'+7&.!/*!<#,&!'(!/%%*&,,_!#<</1&*+,!'.!1&#+7\!F*1!+7&Q!1'!*'+!'*%Q!#<+!/*!+7/,!M#Q!+'M#.1!+7&/.!(./&*1,!kM7'!P#Q!#,!M&%%!$&!bY/.+5#%!(./&*1,c_!<(\!B/&+./*/!KWSK:!Sj[l_!$5+!#%,'!+'M#.1!<&%&$./X+/&,! '.! <'PN%&+&! ,+.#*O&.,\! F,! @5%&.! *'+&,_! +7&! 1/,/*7/$/+/'*!P#Q!#%,'!#((&<+!+7&!(./&*1%Q!,/1&,!'(!%/(&:!

@'P&+/P&,!N&'N%&!,7#.&!Y&.Q!N&.,'*#%!+7/*O,!#$'5+!+7&P,&%Y&,\!"7&Q! .&Y&#%! ,&<.&+! &P'+/'*,_! (&#.,_!M/,7&,\!"7&Q! ,7'M!5*5,5#%!#<+,! '(! ?/*1*&,,! #*1! O&*&.',/+Q_! ,'P&+/P&,! O'/*O! '5+! '(! +7&/.!M#Q! +'!7&%N!'+7&.,\!>&!P#Q!<#%%! +7/,!#%*./*&6.,.*C.#.+.'*\! k@5%&.!KWWf:!RKSl!

"7/,! P#Q! $&! '*&! .&#,'*! M7Q! @'</#%! 8&1/#! N#.+/</N#*+,! &*7#*<&!'+7&.!N&'N%&Z,!(#<&_!1&,N/+&!+7&!N7Q,/<#%!#$,&*<&_!&Y&*!/(!+7&Q!7#Y&!*&Y&.!P&+!#*1!#.&!*'+!&Y&*!'*%/*&!(./&*1,\!

6'%P&,!.#*O&,!<'PN%/P&*+,!#P'*O!+7&!N',/+/Y&!N'%/+&*&,,!1&Y/<&,!1&,<./$&1! $Q! 0.'M*! #*1! G&Y/*,'*! k<(\! 0.'M*nG&Y/*,'*! SAT]Kl_!M/+7! #! bN',/+/Y&%Q! #((&<+/Y&! (5*<+/'*! }L~! .&15</*O! ,'</#%!1/,+#*<&!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!S! 0'5,(/&%1!&%#$'.#+&,!'*!+7&!+&.P,!'(!.51&*&,,!#*1!/PN'%/+&*&,,_!1/((&.&*+/#+/*O!+7&P!/*!

+7#+!/PN'%/+&*&,,!/PN%/&,!+7&!,N&#?&.Z,!/*+&*+!+'!1#P#O&!+7&!'+7&.Z,!(#<&_!M7/%&!.51&*&,,!/,!#*!5*/*+&*1&1!(#<&!1#P#O&!M7/<7!/,!'*%Q!N&.<&/Y&1!#,!,5<7!$Q!+7&!7&#.&.!k0'5,(/&%1!KWSW:!SKK((\l\!@/*<&! +7&!#/P!'(! +7/,! <'*+./$5+/'*! /,!*'+! +'!#*#%Q,&! /PN'%/+&! ,N&&<7!#<+,_! ;!M/%%!*'+!O'!(5.+7&.!/*!1&+#/%\!

K! "7&!7/O7!.&%&Y#*<&!'(!<'PN%/P&*+,!('.!N'%/+&*&,,!.&,&#.<7!/,!1/,<5,,&1_!#P'*O,+!'+7&.,_!/*!B.'$,+!KWWf\!

=1.,+.*"&>%6.?,&

138!

#*1! .&/*('.</*O! ,'%/1#./+Q! $&+M&&*! ,N&#?&.! #*1! 7&#.&.c! k6'%P&,!SATT:!ffTl:!

F!<'PN%/P&*+! /,! #! ,N&&<7! #<+!M7/<7! &hN%/</+%Q! '.! /PN%/</+%Q! #+X+./$5+&,! <.&1/+! +'! ,'P&'*&! '+7&.! +7#*! +7&! ,N&#?&._! 5,5#%%Q! +7&!N&.,'*! #11.&,,&1_! ('.! ,'P&! oO''1Z! kN',,&,,/'*_& <7#.#<+&./,+/<_!,?/%%!&+<\l!M7/<7!/,!N',/+/Y&%Q!Y#%5&1!$Q!+7&!,N&#?&.!#*1!+7&!7&#.X&.\!k6'%P&,!SATT:!ffjl!

>7/%&!<'PN%/P&*+,!#.&!5,5#%%Q!/*+&*1&1!+'!P&&+!+7&!N',/+/Y&!(#<&!M#*+,! '(! +7&! 7&#.&._! /*+&.#<+/'*! ,7'M,! +7#+! +7&Q!P#Q! #,!M&%%! $&!/*+&.N.&+&1!#,!#!+7.&#+!+'!+7&!*&O#+/Y&!(#<&:!+7&!,N&#?&.!/..5N+,!/*+'!+7&!7&#.&.Z,!N./Y#+&!+&../+'.Q!#*1!<'*,+.#/*,!+7&P!+'!.&#<+!/*!,'P&!#1&m5#+&!M#Q!k<(\!"7#%&.!KWSK:!SWWl\!"7/,!/,!#!./+5#%!<'PP5*/<#+/Y&!(.#P&!#NN%Q/*O!+'!(#<&X+'X(#<&!<'*Y&.,#+/'*!#*1!P#*Q!'+7&.!('.P,!'(! /*+&.#<+/'*\! ;+! N.&,<./$&,! +7#+! N&'N%&! ,7'5%1! <'PN%/P&*+! '*&!#*'+7&.!P'.&!'.!%&,,!.&O5%#.%Q!+'!?&&N!+7&/.!.&%#+/'*,7/N!/*+#<+_!#*1!+7#+!#!(#<&X&*7#*</*O!#<+!,7'5%1!$&!('%%'M&1!$Q!#*!#<+!'(!#<?*'M%X&1O&P&*+! k<(\! 6'%P&,! SATT:!ff]p! 6&.$&.+! SATA:![l\! @'</#%! 8&1/#!1'&,! *'+!P#?&! #*! &h<&N+/'*:!8',+! @'</#%!8&1/#! 1&Y/<&,! N.'Y/1&!+7&!N',,/$/%/+Q!+'!<'PP&*+!'*!#*Q!?/*1!'(!P&1/#!<'*+&*+!/*!'.1&.!+'!,7'M!#NN.&</#+/'*!'.!,5NN'.+\!@'P&!5,&.,!M./+&!%'*O!+&h+!P&,X,#O&,_! ,'P&! N%#<&! #NN%#51/*O! '.! '+7&.! N',/+/Y&! &P'+/<'*,_! ,'P&!<%/<?! +7&! bG/?&c! '.! b+75P$,X5Nc! $5++'*\! "7&! #<+! '(! #<?*'M%&1OXP&*+! <#*! '<<5.! /*! +7&! ,#P&!M#Q:! B',/+/Y&! <'PP&*+,! <#*! #%,'! $&!.#+&1! M/+7! +7&! b+75P$,X5Nc! $5++'*_! '.! 5,&.,! M./+&! #! +7#*?XQ'5!*'+&! /*! .&N%Q\!F+! %&#,+! '*!J'5"5$&_!P'.&! &%#$'.#+&1! .&#<+/'*,! +'!<'PN%/P&*+,! #.&! .#.&! #*1! 5,5#%%Q! %/P/+&1! +'! <#,&,! M7&.&! 5,&.,!,7#.&!N./Y#+&!<'*+&*+!k%/?&!<.#(+!+5+'./#%,l!#*1!.&<&/Y&!<'PN%/P&*+,!('.!+7&/.!&(('.+\!;*!+7&!<#,&!'(!(#<&!&*7#*<&P&*+!+'M#.1,!<&%&$./+/&,_!+7&.&! /,!5,5#%%Q!*'!#<?*'M%&1OP&*+_! ,/*<&! +7&!#11.&,,&&,! <#**'+!('%%'M! #%%! '*%/*&! <'*Y&.,#+/'*,! <'*<&.*/*O! +7&P_! &Y&*! /(! +7&Q!

4C"1%6&-"2%&"*6&-"2%IS*C"*2.*/&>%C"L.'01&.*&4'2."$&<%6."&

139!

M#*+&1!+'!1'!,'\R!8',+!(#*,!'.!('%%'M&.,!#.&!#M#.&!'(!+7/,!#*1!1'!*'+!&hN&<+!#!.&#<+/'*!(.'P!<&%&$./+/&,!M7&*!<'PN%/P&*+/*O!+7&P\!

;+! /,!$Q!*'M!#!<'PP'*N%#<&!+7#+!)8)!P'1&,!b/PN',&!<'*Y&.,#X+/'*#%!<'*,+.#/*+,!'*!%#*O5#O&!5,&.,!15&!N./*</N#%%Q!+'!+7&!%#<?!'(!<'*+&h+5#%! <5&,c! kB#.?! KWWT:!KW[Sl\! J&+_! .&,&#.<7! '*! )8)! 7#,!,7'M*! ,/*<&! +7&! %#+&! AWZ,! +7#+! %/*O5/,+/<! '*%/*&! $&7#Y/'5.! /,! b*'+!N./P#./%Q!#!<7#.#<+&./,+/<!'(!+7&!P&1/5P_!.#+7&.!}L~!,'</#%!<'*+&h+!1&N&*1&*+c! k-#Q#*Q! SAAT:!SSfWl\!>/+7! .&O#.1! +'! +7/,_! B#.?! *'+&,!+7#+!b'*%/*&!1/,<'5.,&!N#.+/</N#*+,!#1#N+! +'! +7&!)8)!,&++/*O!#*1!&PN%'Q! #! Y#./&+Q! '(! <.&#+/Y&! <'PP5*/<#+/'*! 1&Y/<&,! +'! &hN.&,,!,'</'/*+&.N&.,'*#%! <'*+&*+c! kB#.?! KWWT:!KW[Tl\! 6&! #%,'! ,+#+&,! +7#+!="F,!<#*!'<<5.!/*!+7&!,#P&!M#Q!/*!)8)!#,!+7&Q!1'!/*!(#<&X+'X(#<&!,/+5#+/'*,!3!#*1!,'!1'!=CF,! kB#.?!KWWT:!KW[[l\! ;*!,N/+&!'(! +7&!1/(X(&.&*<&,!/*!<'*<.&+&!%/*O5/,+/<!P&#*,!+7#+!M&!<#*!7#.1%Q!'Y&.%''?_!)8)!/,!*'+!1&+#<7&1!(.'P!'5.!'((%/*&!<'PP5*/<#+/'*_!#*1!/+!/,!#,!M&%%!/*(%5&*<&1!$Q!,'</#%!#*1!/*+&.#<+/'*#%!<'*+&h+!(#<+'.,!k-#Q#*Q!SAAT:!SSfSl\!

"M'! <'*1/+/'*,! #.&! /PN'.+#*+! ('.! +7&! <'PP5*/<#+/'*! '(! #*!=CF:!+7&! (%#++&./*O! P5,+! $&! *'*X#P$/O5'5,_! #*1! +7&! #11.&,,&&! P5,+!5*1&.,+#*1!+7#+! +7&!=CF!/,!1/.&<+&1!+'! +7&P\!;*!@'</#%!8&1/#_!M&!<#*!(/*1!P#*Q!&h#PN%&,!/*!M7/<7!N&'N%&!P#?&!#*!&(('.+!+'!1/,#PX$/O5#+&!+7&!(5*<+/'*!#*1!#11.&,,&&!'(!+7&/.!=CF:!!

• P&*+/'*!+7&!*#P&!k'.!N,&51'*QPl!'(!+7&!#11.&,,&&!• #Y'/1!P&#*,!%/?&!/.'*Q!• .&N&#+!+7&/.!<'PN%/P&*+,!• (/%%!+7&!<'PN%/P&*+,!M/+7!N',/+/Y&!#++./$5+&,!• #11!,P/%&Q,\!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!R! @'P&! <&%&$./+/&,! 1'! /*+&.#<+! M/+7! +7&/.! (#*,! '.! ('%%'M&.,! Y/#! =#<&$''?! N#O&,_! "M/++&.!

#<<'5*+,!'.!'+7&.!#NN%/<#+/'*,\!05+!P#*Q!'(!+7&P!1'!/+!/..&O5%#.%Q!'.!7#Y&!+7&/.!#<<'5*+!P#/*+#/*&1! $Q! #! @'</#%! 8&1/#! P#*#O&._! M7/<7! /,! '(! <'5.,&! *'+! +7&! ,#P&! #,! (.&m5&*+!N&.,'*#%!<'*+#<+\!;*!+7&!<#,&!1/,<5,,&1!7&.&_!+7&!Y/1&'!M#,!5N%'#1&1!$Q!#*!#*'*QP'5,!J'5"5$&!5,&._!,'!/+!/,!&Y&*!P'.&!5*%/?&%Q!+7#+!+7&!(&#+5.&1!N&.,'*!M/%%!+#?&!*'+/<&!'(!/+\!

=1.,+.*"&>%6.?,&

140!

"5.*/*O!$#<?!+'!+7&!/*/+/#%!N',+/*O!#11.&,,&1!+'!;?&.!)#,/%%#,_!;!M/%%!*'M! '$,&.Y&! +7&! ,N&</#%! <#,&! '(! &*7#*</*O! +7&! (#<&! '(! ,'P&'*&!M7'!1'&,!*'+!N#.+/</N#+&!/*!+7&!<'*Y&.,#+/'*\!;!,5OO&,+!+7/,!7#,!+'!1'!M/+7!#!<'*<&N+!;!M/%%!<#%%!o,7#.&1!(#<&o_!M7/<7!/,!/+,&%(!.&%#+&1!+'!+7&! ,'</#%! /1&*+/+Q! '(! #*! /*1/Y/15#%\! "7/,! <'*<&N+! 7#,! (/.,+! $&&*!+'5<7&1!'*!$Q!4'((P#*:!

}L~!/*!P#*Q!.&%#+/'*,7/N,_!+7&!P&P$&.,!<'P&!+'!,7#.&!#!(#<&_!,'!+7#+!/*!+7&!N.&,&*<&!'(!+7/.1!N#.+/&,!#*!/PN.'N&.!#<+!'*!+7&!N#.+!'(!'*&!P&P$&.!$&<'P&,!#!,'5.<&!'(!#<5+&!&P$#..#,,P&*+!+'!+7&!'+7&.!P&P$&.,\!k4'((P#*!SAj]:!fKl!

F,!@N&*<&.XD#+&Q!N5+,!/+_!

}L~!N&'N%&!7#Y&!#!(5*1#P&*+#%!$&%/&(!+7#+!+7&Q!#.&!&*+/+%&1!+'!#*!#,,'</#+/'*!M/+7!'+7&.,! +7#+! /,! /*!?&&N/*O!M/+7! +7&! +QN&!'(!.&%#X+/'*,7/N! +7#+! +7&Q!7#Y&!M/+7! +7&P\!"7/,!N./*</N%&! }L~!,&&P,!+'!7#Y&! +7.&&! <'PN'*&*+,:! /*Y'%Y&P&*+! k+7&!N./*</N%&! +7#+!N&'N%&!,7'5%1! 7#Y&! #NN.'N./#+&! #P'5*+,! #*1! +QN&,! '(! b#<+/Y/+Qc! /*XY'%Y&P&*+!M/+7!'+7&.,l_!&PN#+7Q!k+7&!$&%/&(!+7#+!N&'N%&!,7'5%1!,7#.&! #NN.'N./#+&! <'*<&.*,_! (&&%/*O,! #*1! /*+&.&,+,!M/+7!'+7&.,l_!#*1! .&,N&<+! k+7&! $&%/&(! +7#+! N&'N%&! ,7'5%1! ,7'M! #NN.'N./#+&!#P'5*+,!'(!.&,N&<+(5%*&,,!('.!'+7&.,l\!k@N&*<&.XD#+&Q!KWW[:!SWWl!

"#2(&%!1&(/*&,!b,'</#%!/1&*+/+Qc!#,!b+7#+!N#.+!'(!#*!/*1/Y/15#%Z,!,&%(X<'*<&N+!M7/<7!1&./Y&,!(.'P!7/,!?*'M%&1O&!'(!7/,!P&P$&.,7/N!'(!#!,'</#%!O.'5N! k'.!O.'5N,l! +'O&+7&.!M/+7! +7&!&P'+/'*#%! ,/O*/(/<#*<&!#++#<7&1!+'!+7#+!P&P$&.,7/Nc!k"#2(&%!SA]f:!jAp!<(\!#%,'!"#2(&%n"5.*&.!SA]A:!fWl\! ;*! +7&!P'P&*+!M7&*!#*! /*1/Y/15#%!$&<'P&,!#M#.&!'(!#!,N&</(/<!&%&P&*+!'(!+7&/.!,'</#%!/1&*+/+Q_!+7/,!&%&P&*+!$&<'P&,!N#.+!'(! +7&! /*1/Y/15#%Z,! (#<&! +7#+! +7&Q!M/%%!M#*+! +'! ,#Y&! (.'P! +7.&#+,\!"7&!/*+&.&,+/*O!N'/*+!7&.&!/,!+7#+!+7&!/*1/Y/15#%!1'&,!*'+!'*%Q!<#.&!('.!+7&/.!'M*!(#<&_!$5+!('.!+7&!(#<&!+7&Q!,7#.&!M/+7!#%%!/*1/Y/15#%,!$&%'*O/*O!+'!+7&!,N&</(/<!O.'5N\!

>7&*!#*!&%&P&*+!'(! +7&!,'</#%! /1&*+/+Q! /,!$&/*O!1&./1&1_! /*,5%+&1_!1&*/O.#+&1! '.! /*! #*'+7&.! M#Q! 1&Y#%5#+&1_! +7&! /*1/Y/15#%! (&&%,! #!(#<&!1#P#O&\!;*!<#,&!+7&!+#.O&+!+'!+7&!1#P#O&!/,!#!N&.,'*_!N&'N%&!

4C"1%6&-"2%&"*6&-"2%IS*C"*2.*/&>%C"L.'01&.*&4'2."$&<%6."&

141!

(&&%!+7&!(#<&!1#P#O&!M/+7!+7&!+#.O&+!N&.,'*!3!+7&Q!<./*O&_!(&&%!75.+_!1&./1&1_! '.! #,7#P&1! ('.! +7&! '+7&.\! "7&Q! ,7#.&! &%&P&*+,! '(! +7&/.!,'</#%!/1&*+/+Q!M/+7!'+7&.,!#*1!+75,!#%,'!,7#.&!#!(#<&!M/+7!.&O#.1!+'!+7&,&!&%&P&*+,\!F!(#<&X.&%#+&1!,N&&<7!#<+!+'M#.1,!#!,'</#%!/1&*+/+Q!&%&P&*+!#((&<+,!+7&!(#<&!'(!#%%!O.'5N!P&P$&.,\!

"7&!&((&<+,!'(!(#<&!M'.?!'*!,7#.&1!(#<&!#.&!*'+!'*%Q!&Y/1&*+!/*!<#,&!'(!1&Y#%5#+/'*_!$5+!#%,'!/*!<#,&!'(!5NY#%5#+/'*\!B&'N%&!(&&%!N.'51_!7#NNQ_! &5N7'./<_! &+<\! M7&*! +7&/.! ,'</#%! /1&*+/+Q! /,! N',/+/Y&%Q!+'5<7&1! /*1/.&<+%Q! +7.'5O7! +7&! ,C"1%6& ("2%\! 6'%P&,! N.'Y/1&,! #*!&h#PN%&! (.'P! (#<&X+'X(#<&!<'PP5*/<#+/'*!M7/<7! /,!#! ,/P/%#.! <#,&!'(!,7#.&1!(#<&!&*7#*<&P&*+:!

}L~!&Y&*!M7&*!#!<'PN%/P&*+!#NN#.&*+%Q!.&(&.,!+'!#!+7/.1!N&.,'*!/+!P#Q!M&%%!$&!/*1/.&<+%Q!<'PN%/P&*+/*O!+7&!#11.&,,&&_!#,!kSl!/%X%5,+.#+&,\!

kSl!)'*+%P+]&EZ,!'%1!,<7''%(./&*1!/,!Y/,/+/*O!#*1!<'PP&*+,!'*!'*&!'(!+7&!<7/%1.&*Z,!P#**&.,\! !)k'PN%/P&*+&.l!>7#+!#!N'%/+&!<7/%1q! !Ek&</N/&*+l!"7#*?!Q'5\!>&!1'!'5.!$&,+\!

"7&!5++&.#*<&!<#*!$&! /*+&.N.&+&1!#,!#!<'PN%/P&*+! ,/*<&! /+! /*1/X.&<+%Q! #++./$5+&,! <.&1/+! +'! +7&! #11.&,,&&! ('.! O''1! N#.&*+/*O\!k6'%P&,!SATT:!ff]l!

"7&! N&&.! O.'5N! /1&*+/(/<#+/'*! P#Q! O.'M! ,+.'*O&.! #,! P&P$&.,!<'PN%/P&*+! +7&/.! ,7#.&1! (#<&! #*1! +75,! .&#((/.P! +7&! O.'5NZ,!,'%/1#./+Q\! "7/,! P/O7+! $&! '*&! .&#,'*! M7Q! N&'N%&! N',+! N',/+/Y&!<'PP&*+,!.&O#.1/*O!+7&/.!,'</#%!/1&*+/+Q!/*!@'</#%!8&1/#:!"7&Q!(&&%!#,! #! N#.+! '(! #! N&&.! O.'5N_! &Y&*! /(! /+! /,! '*%Q! #! Y/.+5#%! '*&_! #*1! #,!,5<7_! +7&Q! 7#Y&! +7&! .&,N'*,/$/%/+Q! +'! <'*+./$5+&! +'! +7&! O.'5NZ,!<'PP5*/+Q!(&&%/*O\f!FO#/*_!-#Q#*Q!&PN7#,/,&,!+7&!,+.'*O!<'**&<X+/'*!$&+M&&*!'((%/*&!#*1!'*%/*&!<'PP5*/<#+/Y&!$&7#Y/'5.:!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!f! F*! =CF! +'M#.1,! #! ,7#.&1! ,'</#%! /1&*+/+Q! &%&P&*+!P#Q! #%,'! $&! /*+&.N.&+&1! #,! ,&%(X(#<&!

&*7#*</*O_! ,/*<&! /+! #%,'!P&#*,! 5NY#%5/*O! #*! &%&P&*+! '(! '*&Z,! 'M*! (#<&\!>./+/*O! */<&!

=1.,+.*"&>%6.?,&

142!

}L~! +7&! N#.+/</N#*+,! $./*O! M/+7! +7&P! +7&/.! ,'</#%! $&7#Y/'5.#%!*'.P,_! <5%+5.#%! #((/*/+/&,_! N#+./'+/<! %'Q#%+/&,_! #*1! .&%/O/'5,! #*1!*#+/'*#%!<'*(%/<+,\!k-#Q#*Q!SAAT:!SSR]l!

"7&!P#/*! 1/((&.&*<&! $&+M&&*! ,'</#%! $&7#Y/'5.! '((%/*&! #*1! '*%/*&!P/O7+! $&! +7#+! '*%/*&! O.'5N/*O,! #.&! (#.! P'.&! 1/,N&.,&_! M7/<7!P#?&,!/+!7#.1&.!+'!1/,<&.*!/*1/Y/15#%!P&P$&.,\!

H3-:1/!8,.,!D%

='.!+7&!N.&,&*+!<'*+./$5+/'*_!;!%''?&1!/*+'!+7&!<'PP&*+,!N',+&1!$Q!F5O5,+!KWSK!+'!+7&!J'5"5$&!<%/N!b)#,/%%#,!%%'.#!1&,N5&,!1&%!O'%!1&!;*/&,+#! &*! %#! (/*#%! X! C,N#�#! Y,!6'%#*1#! SXWc! kJ'5"5$&! KWSWl_! +7&!'%1&,+! 1#+/*O! (.'P! `5%Q! KWSW! k,7'.+%Q! #(+&.! +7&! (/*#%!P#+<7! '(! +7&!>'.%1!)5Nl_!+7&!*&M&,+!(.'P!F5O5,+!KWSK\[!

S]!<'PP&*+,!7#1!$&&*!7/11&*!15&!+'!*&O#+/Y&!<'PP&*+,!'.!,N#P!,5,N/</'*\j!SW!<'PP&*+,!7#1!$&&*!&%/P/*#+&1!$&<#5,&!+7&!#5+7'.,!7#1!$&&*!1&%&+&1!(.'P!J'5"5$&!k/+! /,!*'+!<%&#.!M7&+7&.! +7&Q!7#1!1&%&+&1! +7&/.! #<<'5*+,! +7&P,&%Y&,! '.! 7#1!$&&*! &h<%51&1!$Q!J'5X"5$&!$&<#5,&!'(!/*#NN.'N./#+&!$&7#Y/'5.l\!=/*#%%Q_!;!1&%&+&1!,'P&!'(!+7&!.&P#/*/*O!]Rf!<'PP&*+,!,/*<&!+7&Q!M&.&!N5.&!15N%/<#+&,\!

@/*<&! P5%+/N%&! N.#OP#+/<! P&#*,! #.&! 5,&1! /*! '*%/*&! <'PP5*/<#X+/'*_!+7&.&!/,!*'!.&%/#$%&!#5+'P#+&1!#*#%Q,/,!+''%!('.!+7&,&!P#++&.,!$Q!*'M\!;*!'.1&.!+'!<%#,,/(Q!+7&!<'PP&*+,!#,!=CF!#*1!+'!(/*1!N#+X

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!+7/*O,! /*! @'</#%! 8&1/#! 1'&,! *'+! '*%Q! P&#*! #*! #%+.5/,+/<! #<+! '(! &*7#*</*O! +7&! (#<&! '(!'+7&.,_!$5+!#%,'!#!(#<&!&*7#*<&!('.!'*&,&%(\!

[! J'5"5$&!1'&,!*'+!N.'Y/1&!N.&</,&!1#+&,!*&/+7&.!('.!<%/N,!*'.!('.!<'PP&*+,\!j! "7&,&! 7/11&*! <'PP&*+,! $&/*O! ="F,_! +7&Q! M&.&! *'+! .&%&Y#*+! ('.! +7&! <'.N5,! '(! +7/,!

<'*+./$5+/'*!'*!N',/+/Y&!N'%/+&*&,,!#*1!(#<&!&*7#*<&P&*+\!;(!,'P&'*&!1&</1&1!+'!&hN%'.&!/PN'%/+&!<'PP5*/<#+/'*!'*!J'5"5$&_!/+!M'5%1!'(!<'5.,&!$&!'(!O.&#+!/*+&.&,+!+'!#*#%Q,&!+7&,&!<'PP&*+,!M/+7!#!7/O7!*5P$&.!'(!b+75P$,X1'M*c!'.!b,N#P!,5,N/</'*c!<%/<?,!(.'P!'+7&.!5,&.,_!M7/<7!P&#*,!+7#+!+7&!<'PP5*/+Q!7#,!.#+&1!+7&P!&,N&</#%%Q!/PN'%/+&\!

4C"1%6&-"2%&"*6&-"2%IS*C"*2.*/&>%C"L.'01&.*&4'2."$&<%6."&

143!

+&.*,! ('.! 1/((&.&*+! %/*O5/,+/<! ,+.#+&O/&,_! +7&Q!P5,+! $&! .&#1! '*&! $Q!'*&! #*1! /*! <'*+&h+\! ;*! +7&! ('%%'M/*O! ,&<+/'*_! ;! M/%%! #*#%Q,&! +7&!<'PP&*+,!;!<%#,,/(/&1!#,!#*!=CF!3!/*!+'+#%!KTR\!

8,.,!T5,96/#/E%

4%#,('.1!&+!#%\!*#P&!+M'!/PN'.+#*+!,+.#+&O/&,!+'!&,+#$%/,7!/*XO.'5N!7#.P'*Q! #*1! /1&*+/(/<#+/'*:! b}L~! '5+XO.'5N! 1&.'O#+/'*! #*1! #<X+/Y/,P! +'! <7#*O&! +7&! $&7#Y/'5.! '(! +7&! /*XO.'5Nc! k4%#,('.1! &+! #%\!KWWA: fKWl\! "7&,&! ,+.#+&O/&,! #.&! #%,'! N.&,&*+! /*! +7&! #*#%Q,&1!J'5X"5$&! <'PP&*+,\! ='.! +7&! #<+/Y/,P!N#.+_! 5,&.,! +5.*! '5+! +'! $&! Y&.Q!<.&#+/Y&_! ,'! ;! ,5$1/Y/1&1! +7/,! ,+.#+&OQ! /*+'! (/Y&! ,5$X,+.#+&O/&,_!M7/<7!#.&_!$Q!'.1&.!'(!(.&m5&*<Q:!5*6.1%2+&)'GH$.G%*+&@&W"+1.'+.,G&@&SGH"+C7& @& )'GH$.G%*+& (1'G&RHH'*%*+& @&[.1%2+& Y661%,,:&"7&! 'NN'X*&*+X<&*+.&1!=CF!,+.#+&OQ!3!*#P&1!7&.&&[%1.6.*/&+C%&RHH'*%*+&3!/,!+7&!%&#,+!(.&m5&*+_!#,!,7'M*!/*!<7#.+!S\!!

!

!H),-.!&'!8#/.-#01.#35!34!"ST!/.-,.*$#*/!#5!Z31(10*!+3-:1/!

=1.,+.*"&>%6.?,&

144!

U,&.,!'(+&*!<'P$/*&!+7&,&!,+.#+&O/&,\!;+!/,!/*+&.&,+/*O!+'!,&&!+7#+!+7&!+7.&&!P',+! /PN'.+#*+!,+.#+&O/&,!#.&!#%,'! +7',&!$&/*O!+7&!P',+! (.&Xm5&*+%Q!<'P$/*&1!M/+7!&#<7!'+7&.!k,&&!<7#.+!Kl\!

>./+/*O!/*!)8)!'(+&*!1'&,!*'+!('%%'M!+7&!,#P&!'.+7'O.#N7Q!.5%&,!#,!M./++&*!,+#*1#.1!%#*O5#O&\!;*!+7&!<#,&!'(!@N#*/,7_!+7&!'P/,,/'*!'.!1/,N%#<&P&*+! '(!1/#<./+/<,! /,! Y&.Q! +QN/<#%_! #,!M&%%! #,! #! <.&#+/Y&!5,&!'(!N5*<+5#+/'*!P#.?,!%/?&!+7&!*'*XN%#<&P&*+!'.!1/,%'<#+/'*!'(!+7&!1'5$%&!m5&,+/'*!#*1!&h<%#P#+/'*!P#.?,!'.! +7&!.&N&+/+/'*!'(!#!N5*<+5#+/'*!P#.?\!>&!#%,'!(/*1!.&N&+/+/'*,!'(!,/*O%&!%&++&.,!'.!%&+X+&.!,&m5&*<&,\!

!

H),-.!7'!H3;0#5,.#35/!34!"ST!/.-,.*$#*/!#5!Z31(10*!+3-:1/!N?H[?52#-*+.!H3;A

:9#;*5.G!VT[V,.-#3.#/;G!SJ[S;:,.)6G!HR[H3;:9#;*5.!4-3;!R::35*5.G!

8T[8#-*+.!T22-*//G!8R[8*-#2#5$!.)*!R::35*5.P!

J&+! +7&,&!'*%/*&X,N&</(/<! %/*O5/,+/<!P&#*,!#.&!*'+!5*P#.?&1p!+7&Q!#.&! P',+%Q! 5,&1! +'! <.&#+&! &PN7#,/,! #*1! +7&.&$Q! ,7'M! /*Y'%Y&XP&*+\!"7&Q!#.&!(.&m5&*+!/*!+7&!J'5"5$&!<'.N5,!1#+#_!M7/<7!/,!*'+!,5.N./,/*O!,/*<&!,N&&<7!#<+,!.&%#+&1!+'!,'</#%!/1&*+/+Q!k="F,!#,!M&%%!#,!=CF,l! #((&<+! +7&! ,7#.&1! (#<&!'(! +7&!5,&.,! #*1! /PN%Q! &P'+/'*#%!

4C"1%6&-"2%&"*6&-"2%IS*C"*2.*/&>%C"L.'01&.*&4'2."$&<%6."&

145!

/*Y'%Y&P&*+\!;*!+7&!('%%'M/*O_!;!M/%%!('<5,!'*!+7&!%/*O5/,+/<!P&#*,!+'!<.&#+&!&PN7#,/,_!/*!'.1&.!+'!<#.Y&!'5+!7'M!@N#*/,7!,N&#?&.,!1'!N',/+/Y&!(#<&!M'.?!/*!@'</#%!8&1/#\!

",+*AS5),5+#5$!I.-,.*$#*/!35!Z31(10*!F%

F%&% ?52#-*+.!H3;:9#;*5.!

"7&!P',+!(.&m5&*+!,+.#+&OQ!/,!+'!,#Q!N',/+/Y&!+7/*O,!#$'5+!)#,/%%#,!'.!+7&!@N#*/,7!+&#P_!P',+%Q!/*!+7&!R.1!N&.,'*\!

kSl ;-CE! )F@;GGF@! @CE�! CG! 8C`DE! BDE! @;C8BEC\!K#.2C.7'%01'L.,.L'sN!!

kKl &%!P&2'.!N'.+&.'!1&%!P5*1'qqq!KG''*7B"$%N!!

kRl )#,/%%#,! &,! 7&.P',/,/,/,/,/,//,/,/,/P'''''X'''''_$5&*'! <'P'! +'1',!%',!&,N#�'%&,!qqq!F$5*1#*!%',!<7/<',!O5#N',!&*!P/!N#/,!d/Y#!C,N#�#!K>%$$"4%L.$$"*"N!!

kfl &,!m5&!&,!%'!P&*',!m5&!N'1�#!7#<&._!%%'.#.\!Y/Y#!%#!P#1.&!m5&!N#./�!#!,#*!/?&.!<#,/%%#,!K%*1.J0%f9z}9N!!

k[l ;-CE!C@!I;D@q!K?%,0,2}w;wl!

"7&!(/.,+!+M'!&h#PN%&,!%''?!m5/+&!,/P/%#._!$'+7!5,/*O!+7&!,5N&.%#X+/Y&! '(! +7&! N',/+/Y&! #12&<+/Y&! #0%*'_! #*1! $'+7! 5,/*O! +&.P,! M/+7!P#h/P#%!&h+&*,/'*!KH'1&,.%GH1%O&6%$&G0*6'N!+'!&hN.&,,!+7&/.!&,+/P#X+/'*! '(! +7&! O'#%?&&N&.\! "'! &PN7#,/,&! +7&/.! <'PP&*+_! +7&Q! 5,&!1/((&.&*+!,+.#+&O/&,!#Y#/%#$%&!+'!'*%/*&!5,&.,:!"7&!(/.,+!M./+&,!#%%!/*!5NN&.! <#,&! %&++&.,_!M7/<7! /,! #! <'PP'*! '*%/*&!M./+/*O! N.#<+/<&! +'!,/P5%#+&! #! %'51!Y'/<&! #*1! +75,!7/O7! &P'+/'*#%! /*Y'%Y&P&*+\!"7&!,&<'*1! M./+&,! /*! %'M&.! <#,&! %&++&.,_! $5+! #11,! +7.&&! &h<%#P#+/'*!P#.?,_!M7/<7!7#Y&!#$'5+!+7&!,#P&!&((&<+\!!

>&!(/*1!+7&!&h<%#P#+/'*!P#.?,!#O#/*!/*!<'PP&*+!R\!=5.+7&.P'.&_!>%$$"4%L.$$"*"&&PN7#,/,&,! +7&!,5N&.%#+/Y&!C%1G',t,.G'&$Q!.&N&#+/*O!

=1.,+.*"&>%6.?,&

146!

,&Y&.#%! +/P&,! +7&! ,+.&,,&1! N&*5%+/P#+&! ,Q%%#$%&! k'*<&! #11/*O! #*X'+7&.! ._!$5+! +7/,!P/O7+!$&!#! +QN/*O!&..'.l!#*1!.&15N%/<#+/*O!P#*Q!+/P&,! +7&! (/*#%! Y'M&%! '\! 0'+7! P&#*,! 1'! N.'$#$%Q! *'+! .&N.&,&*+!,/P5%#+/'*! '(! N.','1/<! ,+.&,,:! +7&! %#,+! Y'M&%! /,! *'+! ,+.&,,&1! '.!%&*O+7&*&1!M7&*!N.'*'5*<&1p! +7&! N&*5%+/P#+&! ,Q%%#$%&!P/O7+! $&!,+.&,,&1! $5+! M'5%1! *'+! $&! .&N&#+&1\! >&! P#Q! <'*,/1&.! +7/,! #,! #!+QN/<#%!(&#+5.&!'(!M./++&*!%#*O5#O&!/*!'*%/*&!<'*+&h+,_!&,N&</#%%Q!/*!@'</#%!8&1/#\!

)'PP&*+,!f!#*1![!(&#+5.&!&PN7#,/,!$Q!.&%/O/'5,!#%%5,/'*,:!)#,/%X%#,!/,!<#%%&1!#!,#/*+!K,"*&5F%1N!#*1!&Y&*!4'1!K[.',N\!

F%7% V,.-#3.#/;!

B#+./'+/,P!P&#*,!7&.&! +7#+! +7&!N&.,'*!&hN#*1,! +7&!<'*+&h+!'(! +7&!&Y&*+!+'!*#+/'*#%!.&%&Y#*<&\!FO#/*_!+7&!N&.,'*!.&Y&#%,!+7&!&Y&*+!#,!.&%&Y#*+! +'! +7&/.! ,'</#%! /1&*+/+Q_! $5+! #%,'! #,! N#.+! '(! ,7#.&1! (#<&_!,/*<&!+7&Q!#,,5P&!+7&!M7'%&!*#+/'*!+'!(&&%!+7&!,#P&\!

kjl C.#*!%#,! %#O./P#,!1&!+'1#!C,N#�#\\\\\*',!%'!P&.&</#P',!+'1',\\N&.'!N'.!&*</P#!1&!+'1'\\&%!\\\\!!C%! P&2'.! 25O#1'.! 1&%! P5*1/#%! +&*/#! ?! ,&.! &%\\\?! O.#*1&! )#,/%%#,!K"F",C"}v}N!

k]l =&%/</1#1&,! C,N#�'%&,\! Q'5! 1&,&.Y&1! /+\! =5&! P/! (#Y'./+'! 1&,1&! &%!N./*</N/'\!4#*'!&%!P&2'.!(5+$'%!15&%#%&!#!m5/&*!%&!15&%#\!eUC!d;dF!C@BF�F!<#.#2'qqqq!K"*"6.,.;9N!

kTl F%! Y&.%'! %%'.#.! .'PN/! &*! %%#*+'! P5Q! <'N/',#P&*+&_! &*+.&+#*+'!Y&/#P',! &%! +./O5*('! 1&! *5&,+.'! %#1'! &*+/&*1'! %#! .#a'*! 1&! ,5,!%#O./P#,!Q!&%!,&*1&.'!N#.#!%%&O#.!#!&,&!P'P&*+'_!1&+.#,!1&!+'1#!%#!7/,+'./#! &*+.&! %#,! %5<&,! &,N#.</1#,! #%! #+#.1&<&.! &*! &%! #%P#! 1&! &,+#!(/*#%! m5&! #7'.#! <#Q'! #*+&! *5&,+.#! N#+./#_! %#! N.'P&,#! Q! &%! #*7&%'!&.#*!5*#!%5<7#!&*+.&!%#!.&#%/1#1!Q!%',!,5&�',!5*#!N5&,+#!&*!&,<&*#!1'*1&!C,N#�#!,&!7/a'!O.#*1&q!#%!(/*!,'P',!<#PN&'*&,!1&%!P5*1'q!I/',!$&*1/O#!#!C,N#�#q!KY*67}}GPN!

4C"1%6&-"2%&"*6&-"2%IS*C"*2.*/&>%C"L.'01&.*&4'2."$&<%6."&

147!

kAl d/d#!C,B#�#!-'N'HH!m5&!4.#*1&,!@'P'@@!K%$L"J0.N!

;*!P#*Q!'(!+7&,&!&h#PN%&,!M&!(/*1!#!('<5,!'*!+7&!/*XO.'5N\!"7/,!/,!&hN.&,,&1!$Q!+7&!(.&m5&*+!5,&!'(!N.'*'5*,!#*1!Y&.$!('.P,!'(! +7&!S,+! N&.,'*! N%5.#%! K*',& $'& G%1%2."G',O& L%."G',O& *0%,+1'& $"6'O& *0%,+1"&H"+1."O&,'G',&2"GH%'*%,N\!

;+!/,!+QN/<#%!'(!(''+$#%%!(#*,!+'!,N&#?!'(!+7&/.!O.'5N!#,!#!M7'%&!&Y&*!M7&*!+7&Q!#.&!+#%?/*O!#$'5+!Y&.Q!/*1/Y/15#%!(&&%/*O,!#*1!+'!N.'2&<+!+7&!+&#PZ,!,5<<&,,!'*!+7&P,&%Y&,\!;*!+7&!<#,&!'(!+7&!*#+/'*#%!+&#P,_!+7&!/*XO.'5N!/,!,5NN',&1!*'+!'*%Q!+'!$&!,'P&!(''+$#%%!(#*,_!$5+!+7&!M7'%&!*#+/'*\!"7/,!/,!'$Y/'5,!/*!+7&!,7'M*!<'PP&*+,!5,/*O!./+5#%!#*1! .&%/O/'5,! ('.P5%#&! +'! &*7#*<&! +7&! ,&%(X&,+&&P! '(! +7&! *#+/'*!KJ0%& L.L"& S,H"�"O& [.',& #%*6./"& "& S,H"�"N\! FO#/*_! M./+/*O! /*! 5NN&.!<#,&! %&++&.,! ,/P5%#+&,! %'51*&,,! #*1! ,/O*/(/&,! #!7/O7! %&Y&%! '(! &P'X+/'*#%! /*Y'%Y&1*&,,\!S$L"J0.&N%#Q,!M/+7! +7/,! 1&Y/<&! /*+&.<7#*O/*O!%'',&%Q! 5NN&.! #*1! %'M&.! <#,&! %&++&.,_! M7/<7! O/Y&,! +7&! M./++&*!M'.1,!#*!/*<'*Y&*/&*+!#NN&#.#*<&!#*1!&PN7#,/,&,!+7&P\!

"7&! ./+5#%! ('.P5%#&!P#?&! +7&,&! <'PP&*+,! #P$/Y#%&*+\! "7&Q! #.&!*'+!'*%Q!=CF,!+'M#.1!+7&!/*XO.'5N_!,+.&*O+7&*/*O!+7&!O.'5N!(&&%X/*O!'(!@N#*/,7!(''+$#%%!(#*,_!$5+!+7&Q!#.&!#%,'!/*1/.&<+!(#<&!+7.&#+,!#O#/*,+! (#*,!'(!'+7&.!*#+/'*#%! +&#P,\!"7&!&hN%',/Y&! ('.<&!'(! +7&,&!('.P5%#&!#*1!'(!+7&!5,&!'(!&h<%5,/Y&!bM&c!'(+&*!%&#1,!+'!(/&.<&!1&X$#+&,!#P'*O!N#+./'+/<!(''+$#%%!(#*,_!P',+%Q!%&#1/*O!#M#Q!(.'P!+7&!,5$2&<+!'(!+7&!<%/N!3!;?&.!)#,/%%#,!<.Q/*O\!

F%D% S;:,.)6!

@7'M/*O!&PN#+7Q!P&#*,!&*7#*</*O!+7&!(#<&!'(!#%%!+7',&!M7'!,7#.&!#! ,N&</(/<! (#<&! &%&P&*+\!U*%/?&! +7&!B#+./'+/,P! ,+.#+&OQ! &hN#*1/*O!+7&!*#..'M!/*1/Y/15#%!N&.,N&<+/Y&!+'!#!,5NN',&1!%#.O&!O.'5N_!+7&!CPN#+7Q!,+.#+&OQ!('<5,&,!'*!+7&!/*1/Y/15#%Z,!,&%(\!8#*Q!<'PP&*+X&.,! N&.,'*#%/,&! +7&! &Y&*+! #*1! +#%?! #$'5+! +7&/.! 'M*! (&&%/*O,! .&XO#.1/*O!+7/,!,7#.&1!,'</#%!/1&*+/+Q!&%&P&*+\!

=1.,+.*"&>%6.?,&

148!

kSWl m!7&.P',''qqqq!P&!7/a'!%%'.#.!#!P/!K%1."szN!

kSSl &%! &PN&a'! #! %%'.#.! #*'<7&! Q! Q'! +#P$/&*! <'*! &%\! (5&! P#O/<'! &,&!P'P&*+'_! <5#*1'! <#,/! +'1',! &PN&,#.'*! #! %%'.#.\! �RRRRRR!K+%/1.+'"G'1fsN!!

kSKl P&!<'*P5&Y&*!&,',!T!,&O5*1',!K"$+[5uN!

"7&!(.&m5&*+!5,&!'(!+7&!S,+!N&.,'*!,/*O5%#.!/*!P#*Q!'(!+7&,&!<'PXP&*+,!,7/(+,!+7&!('<5,!'*!+7&!(&&%/*O,!'(!+7&!<'PP&*+&.\!FO#/*_!M&!(/*1!#! <'P$/*#+/'*!'(! <'PP'*!P&#*,! #*1! +QN/<#%!N.#OP#+/<! &%&XP&*+,!(.'P!'*%/*&!<'PP5*/<#+/'*!+'!,7'M!&PN#+7Q:!5,&!'(!N',/X+/Y&! #12&<+/Y&,! KC%1G','O& G~/.2'NO& &P'+/'*! Y&.$,! K$$'1"1O& 2'*G'L%1NO!O.#N7/<! &PN7#,/,! kP5%+/N%&! &h<%#P#+/'*!P#.?,_! Y'M&%! .&15N%/<#X+/'*! #,! /*! C%1G',''l_! O.#N7/<! F@);;X#.+! k�v! #,! #! N/<+'O.#P! ('.! #!7&#.+_!<'P$/*&1!M/+7!O.#N7/<!&PN7#,/,!M7&*!+7&!R!/,!P5%+/N%/&1l\!!

F%E% H3;:9#;*5.!4-3;!R::35*5.!

F!,5$+QN&!'(! +7&!<'PN%/P&*+!M'.+7!P&*+/'*/*O! /*!#!N#.#O.#N7&c&H"1+! /,! +7&! <'PN%/P&*+! (.'P! +7&! '5+XO.'5N\! ;+! /,! +7&! 5,&.,! +7&PX,&%Y&,!M7'!1.#M!+7&!%/*&!$&+M&&*!/*XO.'5N!#*1!'5+XO.'5N!#<<'.1X/*O!+'!+7&/.!'M*!N&.<&N+/'*\!;*!+7/,!,N&</(/<!<#,&!#*#%Q,&1!7&.&_!+7&!/*XO.'5N!<'*,/,+,!/*!+7&!(/.,+!/*,+#*<&!'(!@N#*/,7!(''+$#%%!(#*,_!M7'!'(+&*!&hN#*1!+7&/.!/*XO.'5N!'*!#%%!@N#*/,7!N&'N%&\!"7&!'5+XO.'5N!/,!<'*,+.5<+&1! (.'P!*'*X(''+$#%%! (#*,!#*1! (#*,!'(!'+7&.!<'5*+./&,Z!*#+/'*#%!+&#P,:!

kSRl Q#! 7#<&! 5*! #�'\! 0/&*! P&.&</1#! %#! <'N#! N#.#! &,N#�#\! <'*! &,#!,&%&<</'*!m5&!+/&*&!&.#!%'O/<'!m5&!,&./#*!<#PN&'*&,qq!@#%51',!1&,1&!P&h/<'\!K,'**75[5N!

kSfl /?&.! <#,/%%#,! &%!P&2'.!1&! +'1',\\\! @#%51',!7&.P#*',!&,N#�'%&,!N#,'!N'.!#m5/!5*!F.O&*+/*'!K,.%GH1%0*.$0,'9fN!

kS[l Q'! ,'Q! 5.5O5#Q'! Q! #1P/+'! &,! &%! P&2'.! O'%&.'! 1&%! P5*1'qq!K"61."*.PG"*N!

4C"1%6&-"2%&"*6&-"2%IS*C"*2.*/&>%C"L.'01&.*&4'2."$&<%6."&

149!

"7/,! +QN&! '(! <'PP&*+,! #$'5*1,! /*! 7QN&.$'%/<! N.#/,&! '(! )#,/%%#,\!8#*Q!5,&.,!<%',&!+7&/.!<'PP&*+!M/+7!#!O.&&+/*O!('.P5%#_!M7/<7!/,!*'+!Y&.Q!<'PP'*!/*!J'5"5$&!<'PP&*+,!#*1!+7&.&$Q!#!,N&</#%!#<+!'(!N',/+/Y&!N'%/+&*&,,!+'M#.1,!+7&!@N#*/,7!(#*,\!

"7&! /*XO.'5N! <#*! $&! ,5$1/Y/1&1! /*+'! (#*,! '(! ;?&.! )#,/%%#,! P'.&!,N&</(/<#%%Q! #,! #! N%#Q&.! '(! +7&! @N#*/,7! (''+$#%%! <%5$! E&#%!8#1./1!#*1!(#*,!'(! +7&!H#+/'*#%! +&#P_!$5+!*'+!'(!8#1./1\!6&.&!#.&!,'P&!&h#PN%&,!('.!+7/,!<#,&:!

kSjl #P'! #%! $#.<&%'*#q\\\\\\\\\\\\N&.'! &%! N./P&.! #.m5&.'! m! P#.<'! P/!25Y&*+5,! Q! m! P&! 1/'! &,#! .&P'+#! /1&#! 1&! ,&! #.m5&.'! ,/&PN.&!(5&\\\\;?&.! )#,/%%#,q\\\\&%! P&2'.! #.m5&.'! 1&! C,N#�#! 1&! +'1',! %',!+/&PN'qq\\\\\7#%#!)#,/%%#,!K1%*P'f}N!

kS]l @'Q!5*!(#*!1&!$#.<&%'*#!)#,/%%#,!/,!+7&!$&,+!&,!&%!P&2'.!1&%!P5*1'!*'!,'Q!5*!(#*!1&!P#1./1!N&.'!,/!1&!)#,/%%#,\!K{H"2%#'7}}N!

kSTl ;?&.! &.&,! &%! P&2'.qqq! +&! %'! 1/<&! 5*! #(/</'*#1'! 1&%! $#.<&%'*#q!K*.2'$",1'6N!

8#*Q!5,&.,!1&<%#.&!+7&P,&%Y&,!P&P$&.,!'(!+7&!'5+XO.'5N!#*1!#11!+7&/.!<'PN%/P&*+_!&/+7&.!+'M#.1!+7&!@N#*/,7!+&#P!'.!+'M#.1!)#,/%X%#,\!E&<&/Y/*O!#!<'PN%/P&*+!(.'P!+7&!'5+XO.'5N!P5,+!$&!N&.<&/Y&1!#,!#*!&Y&*!P'.&!&*7#*</*O!#<+!+'!+7&!,7#.&1!(#<&!'(!+7&!/*XO.'5N_!,/*<&! ,5<7! #! ,N&&<7! #<+! <'PN./,&,! #! ,&%(X1&Y#%5#+/'*! '(! +7&! '5+XO.'5N!#*1!#!<'*(/.P#+/'*!('.!+7&!/*XO.'5N!+7#+!+7&/.!,&%(X&,+&&P!/,!25,+/(/&1\!

0&Q'*1!+7&!,+.#+&OQ!'(!1'5$%&!7QN&.$'%/<!,N&&<7_!1&<%#./*O!)#,/%X%#,! #,! $&,+! ?&&N&.! '(! #%%! +/P&,_! +7&.&! /,! #*! &*7#*<&P&*+! ,+.#+&OQ!+7#+!M&!7#Y&!*'+!P&*+/'*&1!Q&+:!+7&!5,&!'(!C*O%/,7!&%&P&*+,!/*!S]\!"7&!5,&.!,M/+<7&,!$&+M&&*!@N#*/,7!#*1!C*O%/,7_!N.'$#$%Q!(&&%/*O!+7#+! +7/,! %#*O5#O&XP/h/*O!M/%%! 7/O7%/O7+! +7&! <'PP&*+_! ,/*<&! +7&Q!,/PN%Q!.&N&#+!+7&!,#P&!<'*+&*+!/*!@N#*/,7\!

=1.,+.*"&>%6.?,&

150!

F%F% 8#-*+.!T22-*//!

F*!/*+&.&,+/*O!+QN&!'(!,7#.&1!(#<&!=CF!/,!+7&!1/.&<+!#11.&,,!'(!+7&!N&.,'*! /*! m5&,+/'*\! "7&! /PN.'$#$/%/+Q! +7#+! +7/,! N&.,'*!M/%%! &Y&*!.&#1! +7/,!<'PP&*+! /,!#!,/O*! +7#+! +7&!=CF!/,!*'+! .&#%%Q!1/.&<+&1!#+!+7&P_!$5+!.#+7&.!#+!'+7&.,!,7#./*O!+7/,!&%&P&*+!'(!,'</#%!/1&*+/+Q\!;*!+7&! ('%%'M/*O! &h#PN%&,_! &/+7&.! +7&! *#P&! k;?&.! )#,/%%#,l! /,! P&*X+/'*&1! '.! +7&! O'#%?&&N&.! /,! #11.&,,&1! +7.'5O7! +7&! N&.,'*#%! N.'X*'5*!'(!+7&!K*1!N&.,'*!,O\!

kSAl %#O./P#,! 1&! (&%/</1#1_/?&.! &.&,! 5*! O.#*1&! P#&,+.'_7#%#!P#1./1\\@FH!;-CE\!K\+%1%'\.\'0N!

kKWl eC! 4EFHICCCC! CEC@@! )F@;GGF@@@! "DID@@@! GGDEF8D@@@!)DH";4DDD!KG'$.,*'EN!

kKSl /?&.!&%!P&2'.!N'.+&.'!1&%!P5*1'!q!,/!,&�'.!q!&.&,!&%!P&2'.!<#,/%%#,!&%!8C`DE!q!KSL%$..*""fzzwN!

kKKl "C!eU;CED!;-CE!K>07'5F%1N&

kKRl <#,/%%#,!&.&,!&%!N5+'!#P'!O.#</#,!K2.2'L.29N&

"7&!&*7#*<&P&*+!7&.&! /,!P#1&!'$Y/'5,!$Q!5,5#%!P&#*,:!N',/+/Y&!#12&<+/Y&,! K/1"*6%O& G%?'1N& '.! *'5*,! KG"%,+1'O& "G'O& (%$.2.6"6NO!&h#OO&.#+/'*! K+%& J0.%1'O& G%?'1& 6%$& G0*6'O& +'6',N:& >&! (/*1! #O#/*!,#*<+/(/<#+/'*! K4"*& 5F%1N&#*1! /*+&*,/(/<#+/'*!$Q!5,&!'(!#!M'.1!M/+7!*&O#+/Y&! <'**'+#+/'*! /*! #! N',/+/Y&! ,&*,&! KH0+'N_! $'+7! &hN.&,,/Y&!,+.#+&O/&,!+'!/*<.&#,&!+7&!&((&<+!'(!+7&!<'PP&*+\!

;*! #11/+/'*_! M&! ,&&! +QN/<#%! P&#*,! '(! '*%/*&! <'PP5*/<#+/'*_!?*'M*! (.'P! &XP#/%_! <7#+_! #*1!P&,,#O&! $'#.1,:!M./+/*O! /*! 5NN&.!<#,&!+'!/P/+#+&!,7'5+/*O_!P5%+/N%/<#+/'*!'(!%&++&.,!+'!&PN7#,/,&!+7&!M'.1,! +7&Q! $&%'*O! +'\!>&! <#*! #,,5P&! +7#+! /*! +7&! <#,&! '(! Y'M&%!P5%+/N%/<#+/'*_! /+! #%,'!P&#*,! /P/+#+/'*!'(!#*!&h+&*1&1!N.'*5*</#X+/'*_!$5+! /*! +7&! <#,&!'(! <'*,'*#*+,_! +7/,! /,! %&,,!N.'$#$%&\! ;*!G'$.,I*'EZ,!&h#PN%&_!/1"*6%%%%&#*1!2'*+./'''&P/O7+!$&!+7&!M./++&*!.&N.&X,&*+#+/'*!'(!#*!&h+&*1&1!N.'*5*</#+/'*!k&Y&*!/(!M&!M'5%1!&hN&<+!/+!.#+7&.! '*! +7&! ,+.&,,&1! N&*5%+/P#+&! ,Q%%#$%&l_! M7&.&#,! )",.$$",,,O&

4C"1%6&-"2%&"*6&-"2%IS*C"*2.*/&>%C"L.'01&.*&4'2."$&<%6."&

151!

+'6',,,&#*1! $$'1"G',,,&#.&!N.'$#$%Q!'*%Q!&PN7#,&,!5,/*O!+7&!,#P&!O.#N7/<!P&#*,_!$5+!M/+7'5+!#*!'.#%!P'1&%\!

F%K% 8*-#2#5$!.)*!R::35*5.!

F*! #P$/Y#%&*+! ,+.#+&OQ! /,! 'N&*! 1&./,/'*! '(! +7&! /*XO.'5No,! 'NN'X*&*+\!"'!+7&!/*XO.'5N_!1.#M/*O!+7&!%/*&!'(!P&P$&.,7/N!P#Q!,&.Y&!#,!#!,+.&*O+7&*/*O!#<+\!"'!+7&!'5+XO.'5N_!+7/,!/,!#*!#((.'*+_!#*!="F\!

kKfl G'.#!N'.!m5&!%&!(#%+#$#*!RW!,O!N#.#!%%&O#.!#!%',!N&*#%+/,_!<'P'!*'!Y#!#!%%'.#.\!)#,/%%#,! &,! 5*! ,5N&.7'P$.&_! R!P/*5+',! #*+&,! #<#$#! 1&! .&#%/a#.! %#!P&2'.!N#.#1#!1&%!P5*1/#%!#*+&!&%!<#%Y'.'+#!7'%#*1&,!&,&!m5&!*'!P&!#<5&.1'!<'P'!,&!%%#P#\!K2.*%"22.'*vN&

kK[l ,//! 75$//&.#! O#*#1'! 7'%#*1#! 75$/&.#! ,/O''! /*255,+''! qq!N'.m5&&&!*5&,+.''!255&O'''!(55&&!%/PN/'''!*'!?'P'!&%!1&!&%%'',,qq!m5&! %'! 5*/<'! m5&! 7#</#*! &.#! 1#.! N#+#1###,qq!d;;dFFFFFF! CC@BF�FFFFFFFFFFFFFFqq! Y//Y########!)F@;;GGFFFFFFFFFFFFFF@! m5&&! ,5,! %#O./P#,! .&N.&,&*+#*!%#,!1&!+'1',!%',!&,N#�'%&&&&,qq!K>%%..++""7400,..N&

;*! +7&,&! &h#PN%&,_! +7&! 'NN'*&*+! /,! +7&! I5+<7! *#+/'*#%! (''+$#%%!+&#P_!#*1!15&!+'!+7&!<'*<&N+!'(!,7#.&1!(#<&_!#%,'!#%%!'(!/+,!,5NN'.+X&.,\! ;*! Kf_!M&! (/*1! #*! #%%5,/'*! +'!I5+<7! (''+$#%%&.!F.2&*!E'$$&*_!<%&#.%Q!#*! /*,5%+:!2"$L'1'+"O&M7/<7!.&15<&,! +7&!N%#Q&.! +'!7/,!7&#1Z,!#NN&#.#*<&! #*1!1&N&.,'*#%/,&,! 7/P_! ,/*<&! 7&! /,! *'+! <#%%&1! $Q!7/,!*#P&\!"7&!I5+<7!+&#P!/,!1&*/O.#+&1!/*!K[_!,#Q/*O!+7#+!+7&/.!O#P&!M#,! *'+! $.GH.'_! /\&\! *'+! #NN.'N./#+&p! #*1! #O#/*_!P5<7! &P'+/'*! /,!+.#*,N'.+&1! /*! +7&! .&N&#+&1! %&++&.,\! =.'P! +7&! ('.+7! %/*&! '*_! +7&.&!#.&! '*%Q! Y'M&%,! .&N&#+&1_! M7/<7! P#?&,! #! <'*<.&+&! N7'*&+/<!%&*O+7&*/*O!N',,/$%&\!"7&!M'.1/*O! kN.#/,/*O! +7&!'M*! +&#P_!*#PX/*O!#!N%#Q&.l!/,!+QN/<#%!'(!(''+$#%%!<7#*+,\!"7/,!<'PP&*+&.!+#?&,!+7&!1&./,/'*!'(!+7&!'NN'*&*+!+'!+7&!&h+.&P&!$Q!,/P5%#+/*O!+7&!75P/%/X#+/*O!,+#1/5P!,/+5#+/'*\!

=1.,+.*"&>%6.?,&

152!

;+! /,!*'!M'*1&.! +7#+!P#*Q!<'PP&*+,!'(! +7/,!'.1&.!.&<&/Y&!.&N%/&,!(.'P!#**'Q&1!5,&.,!M7'! (&&%! #!1#P#O&!'(! +7&/.! ,7#.&1! (#<&\!H'+!#%%! '(! +7&! #*,M&.,! #.&! 1/.&<+! .&N%/&,! +'! +7&! /*/+/#%! <'PP&*+_! $5+!5,&.,!'(+&*! .&(&.! +'!N.&Y/'5,!N',+&.,!'.! +'! +7&!'Y&.#%%!$#1!#+P',XN7&.&!/*!+7&!N.&Y/'5,!<'PP&*+,\!;*!(#<+_!+7&!+'+#%/+Q!'(!<'PP&*+,!,7'M,! #!P#2'./+Q! '(! ="F,_!P',+%Q! .&#<+/'*,! +'! (#<&!1#P#O&! &Y&*!+7'5O7!+7&!1&.'O#+/*O!,+.#+&OQ! /,!*'+!Y&.Q!(.&m5&*+!3!$5+! /+!'$Y/X'5,%Q!7#,!+7&!,+.'*O&,+!&((&<+!'*!+7&!,7#.&1!(#<&!'(!+7&!'5+XO.'5N\!"7/,!/,!%/*O5/,+/<!&Y/1&*<&!('.!+7&!#$'Y&!P&*+/'*&1!,'</#%!N,Q<7'X%'O/<#%! (/*1/*O,! +7#+! 1&./,/'*! '(! ,'P&'*&! &%,&Z,! ,'</#%! /1&*+/+Q!,+.&*O+7&*,! N&'N%&Z,! /1&*+/+Q! (&&%/*O! '*! $'+7! ,/1&,_! '(+&*! %&#1/*O!+7&!#++#<?&1!O.'5N!+'!1&(&*1!+7&/.!,7#.&1!(#<&!'.!+'!<'5*+&.#++#<?\!

H35+912#5$!>*;,-=/!K%

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`5,+!%/?&!/*!+7&/.!'((%/*&!%/(&_!N&'N%&!(&&%!+7&!*&&1!+'! &*7#*<&! +7&/.! 'M*! #*1! '+7&.! N&'N%&Z,! (#<&! '*%/*&\! "7&Q! ,&*1!N',/+/Y&!<'PP&*+,!+'!5,&.,!+7&Q!7#Y&!*&Y&.!P&+_!'*!+7&!$#,/,!+7#+!+7&!'+7&.,!,7#.&!#!,N&</(/<!&%&P&*+!'(!+7&/.!,'</#%!/1&*+/+Q\!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!]! ;!#,,5P&!+7#+!'*%/*&!#<+/Y/+/&,!#.&!*'M#1#Q,!N#.+!'(!.&#%!%/(&_!#*1!+7#+!+7&!#.O5P&*+!b;+!

1'&,! *'+! P#++&._! /+! /,! '*%Q! Y/.+5#%c! /,! *'! %'*O&.! Y#%/1\! "7/,! /PN%/&,! +7#+! +7&! (#<&+,! '(!/1&*+/+Q!M7/<7!5,&.,!<.&#+&!/*!'*%/*&!,N#<&,!#.&!(#<&+,!'(!#!.&#%!/1&*+/+Q!.&%#+&1!+'!#!.&#%!N&.,'*Z,!.&#%!&hN&./&*<&,!k,&&!#%,'!=.V7%/<7!/*!+7/,!Y'%5P&l\!

4C"1%6&-"2%&"*6&-"2%IS*C"*2.*/&>%C"L.'01&.*&4'2."$&<%6."&

153!

F! (5*1#P&*+#%! 1/((&.&*<&! $&+M&&*! +7&! '((%/*&! #*1! +7&! '*%/*&!M'.%1!/,!+7#+!N&'N%&!<#*!&h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

;*! PQ! <'.N5,! '(! J'5"5$&! <'PP&*+,_! 5,&.,! '(! +7&! @N#*/,7! %#*XO5#O&!P#?&!5,&!'(!,/h!P#/*!,+.#+&O/&,!+'!,&*1!'5+!#*!=CF!.&%#+&1!+'! ,7#.&1! (#<&\! "7&,&! ,+.#+&O/&,! 3! (/Y&! /*XO.'5N! .&%#+&1_! '*&! '5+XO.'5N! .&%#+&1! 3! 7#Y&! $&&*! N.&,&*+&1! #$'Y&\! "7&!P',+! /PN'.+#*+!%/*O5/,+/<!P&#*,!+'!<.&#+&!&PN7#,/,!/*!+7&!<'PP&*+,!#.&:!

!

• O.#N7/<!P&#*,:!!

o N%#Q/*O! M/+7! O.#N7&P&,_! P/h/*O! 5NN&.! #*1! %'M&.! <#,&!<7#.#<+&.,!

o &<'*'P/<!,N&%%/*O!o /+&.#+/'*!'(!,/*O%&!O.#N7&P&,!'.!N5*<+5#+/'*!P#.?,!

• %&h/<#%!P&#*,:!

o ,Q%%#$%&!/+&.#+/'*!o 7QN&.$'%/<!,N&&<7_!N',/+/Y&!#*1!&P'+/'*#%!,&P#*+/<,!o ,#*<+/(/<#+/'*!

=1.,+.*"&>%6.?,&

154!

• N.#OP#+/<!P&#*,:!

o N&.,'*#%!('<5,!'*!+7&!/*1/Y/15#%!!o ('<5,!'*!+7&!/*XO.'5N!o ('<5,! '*! +7&! &%&P&*+! '(! ,7#.&1! (#<&! k$Q! P&*+/'*/*O! +7&!

*#P&l!o ('<5,!'*!+7&!.&%#+/'*,7/N!$&+M&&*!/*XO.'5N!#*1!'5+XO.'5N!o ./+5#%!('.P5%#&!

@/*<&!+7/,!#*#%Q,/,! /,!$#,&1!'*!#!,P#%%!<'.N5,_! +7&,&!(/*1/*O,!<#*X*'+!$&!O&*&.#%/,&1\!=5.+7&.!.&,&#.<7!'*!=CF,!/*!@'</#%!8&1/#!M/+7!.&O#.1!+'!1/((&.&*+!#,N&<+,!/,!*&<&,,#.Q\!;!,5OO&,+!+7#+!,'P&!'(!+7&!,+.#+&O/&,! N.&,&*+&1! 7&.&! k*'+#$%Q! N#+./'+/,Pl!M'5%1! N%#Q! #! %&,,!,/O*/(/<#*+! .'%&! /*! '+7&.! <'*+&h+,_! %&#Y/*O! N%#<&! +'! ,+.#+&O/&,! +7#+!<'5%1! *'+! $&! '$,&.Y&1! 7&.&\! ;+! M'5%1! $&! /*+&.&,+/*O! +'! '$,&.Y&!<'PP&*+!+7.&#1,!.&%#+&1!+'!<'*+&*+!M7/<7!1'&,!*'+!N.'Y'?&!P#*Q!="F,_!%/?&!(#,7/'*!#*1!$&#5+Q!<%/N,\!"7&!(#<+!+7#+!@'</#%!8&1/#!#.&!'(+&*!N%5./%/*O5#%!#*1!N'N5%#+&1!$Q!/*1/Y/15#%,!,N&#?/*O!1/((&.&*+!%#*O5#O&,!k<(\!G'<7&.n0'%#*1&._!+7/,!Y'%5P&l!P#Q!$&!'(!/*+&.&,+!('.!<'*+.#,+/Y&!N'%/+&*&,,!.&,&#.<7\!

"7&!N7&*'P&*'*!'(!+7&!+.'%%!k#*!/*1/Y/15#%!1&%/$&.#+&%Q!1/,+5.$/*O!#! 7#.P'*/'5,! '*%/*&! <'*Y&.,#+/'*!M/+7! /*#NN.'N./#+&! <'PP&*+,_!<(\!-%5O&_!+7/,!Y'%5P&l!M'5%1!#%,'!$&!#*!/*+&.&,+/*O!,5$2&<+!15&!+'!/+,! .&%#+/'*! +'! $'+7! @'</#%!8&1/#! #*1! N'%/+&*&,,!P#++&.,\! ;+! <'5%1!#%,'!$&! &*%/O7+&*/*O! +'!'$,&.Y&!M7&+7&.! #*1!7'M! /*1/Y/15#%,! #+X+&PN+! +'! ,'%Y&! P/,<'PP5*/<#+/'*! '*%/*&! +'! N.&Y&*+! +7&P,&%Y&,!#*1! '+7&.,! (.'P! (#<&! 1#P#O&\! F*#%Q,/*O! P&+#<'PP5*/<#+/'*!#$'5+!+7&!b<'..&<+c!$&7#Y/'5.! /*!#*!'*%/*&!,&++/*O!M'5%1!N.'Y/1&!(5.+7&.! <%5&,! +'! +7&! #NN%/<#$/%/+Q!'(! +.#1/+/'*#%!N'%/+&*&,,! <'*Y&*X+/'*,!#*1!P'1&%,!+'!+7&!)8)!<'*+&h+\!

4C"1%6&-"2%&"*6&-"2%IS*C"*2.*/&>%C"L.'01&.*&4'2."$&<%6."&

155!

>*4*-*5+*/!Y%

Y%&% H3-:1/!

J'5"5$&! kKWSW#l:! b)#,/%%#,! %%'.#!1&,N5&,!1&%! O'%!1&! ;*/&,+#! &*! %#! (/*#%! X!C,N#�#!Y,!6'%#*1#!SXW\c!!�7++N:nnMMM\Q'5+5$&\<'PnM#+<7iYw7@F"?HGj>aUy!kKWSKXSSXSKl\!

J'5"5$&! kKWSW$l:! bF%%! )'PP&*+,:! )#,/%%#,! %%'.#! 1&,N5&,! 1&%! O'%! 1&!;*/&,+#!&*!%#!(/*#%!X!C,N#�#!Y,!6'%#*1#!SXW\c!!�7++N:nnMMM\Q'5+5$&\<'Pn#%%�<'PP&*+,iYw7@F"?HGj>aUy!!kKWSKXSSXSKl\!

Y%7% L#09#3$-,:)6!

0'5,(/&%1_!I&.&?!kKWSWl:!bE&,&#.<7/*O!/PN'%/+&*&,,!#*1!.51&*&,,:! ;,,5&,!#*1!1&(/*/+/'*,\c!;*:!G'<7&._!8/./#P!F\n4.#7#P_!@#O&!G\!k&1,\l:!5*+%1IH%1,'*"$&W1"/G"+.2,\!0&.%/*:!8'5+'*!1&!4.5Q+&._!SWSXSRf\!

0.'M*_!B&*&%'N&nG&Y/*,'*_!@+&N7&*!)\! kSAT]l:!W'$.+%*%,,:&4'G%&0*.L%1,"$,&.*&$"*/0"/%&0,"/%\!)#P$./1O&:!)#P$./1O&!U*/Y&.,/+Q!B.&,,\!

)5%N&N&._! `'*#+7#*! kKWSSl:! 5GH'$.+%*%,,:& Z,.*/& $"*/0"/%& +'& 2"0,%& '((%*2%\!)#P$./1O&!kU-l_!H&M!J'.?:!)#P$./1O&!U*/Y&.,/+Q!B.&,,\!

4%#,('.1_!I&P/,!C\nI'Y/1/'_!`'7*!=\nB.#++'_!=&%/</#!kKWWAl:!b;!)'*+/*5&!+'!=&&%!@'!4''1!F$'5+!U,:!;*X4.'5N!;1&*+/(/<#+/'*!#*1!+7&!U,&!'(!@'</#%!;1&*+/+QXC*7#*</*O!@+.#+&O/&,!+'!E&15<&!;*+.#O.'5N!I/,,'*#*<&\c!W%1I,'*"$.+7&"*6&4'2."$&W,72C'$'/7&>0$$%+.*&R[!kfl_!fS[XfK]\!

4'((P#*_!C.Y/*O!kSAj]l:!5*+%1"2+.'*&Q.+0"$:&S,,"7,&'*&-"2%I+'I-"2%&>%C"L.'1:!8/11%&,&h!&+!#%\:!B&*O5/*\!

6&.$&.+_!E'$&.+!-\!kSATAl:!b"7&!&+7*'O.#N7Q!'(!C*O%/,7!<'PN%/P&*+,!#*1!<'PN%/P&*+! .&,N'*,&,:! #! <'*+.#,+/Y&! ,?&+<7\c! ;*:! D%&?,Q_! >/&,%#M!k&1\l:! )'*+1",+.L%& H1"/G"+.2,\! FP,+&.1#P_! B7/%#1&%N7/#:! `'7*! 0&*2#XP/*,_!RXR[\!

=1.,+.*"&>%6.?,&

156!

6'%P&,_!`#*&+!kSATTl:!bB#Q/*O!<'PN%/P&*+,:!F!,&hXN.&(&.&*+/#%!N'%/+&*&,,!,+.#+&OQ\c!V'01*"$&'(&W1"/G"+.2,&SK!kfl_!ff[Xfj[\!

-#Q#*Q_! `',&N7! 8\! kSAATl:! b)'*+&h+,! '(! 5*/*7/$/+&1! '*%/*&! $&7#Y/'.:!=%#P/*O!/*!,'</#%!*&M,O.'5N,!'*!5,&*&+\c!V'01*"$&'(&+C%&YG%1.2"*&4'2.I%+7&('1&5*('1G"+.'*&42.%*2%&"*6&!%2C*'$'/7&fA!kSKl_!SSR[XSSfS\!

B#.?_!`5*OX.#*!kKWWTl:!bG/*O5/,+/<!N'%/+&*&,,!#*1!(#<&XM'.?!/*!<'PN5+&.XP&1/#+&1!<'PP5*/<#+/'*\!B#.+!S:!F!+7&'.&+/<#%!(.#P&M'.?\c!V'01*"$&'(&+C%&YG%1.2"*&4'2.%+7&('1&5*('1G"+.'*&42.%*2%&"*6&!%2C*'$'/7&[A!kSRl_!KW[SXKW[A\!

B/&+./*/_! I#*/&%#! kKWSKl:! bd'*! 1&*! o#P/</! 1/! N&**#Z! a5! 1&*! o#P/<7&! 1/!P'5,&Z\! I/&! ,N.#<7%/<7&! -'*,+.5?+/'*! 1&.! Y/.+5&%%&*! =.&5*1,<7#(+\c!;*:! E&5+*&._!U.,5%#! k&1\l:!q'*& 6%1& 6./.+"$%*& \01& .*+%1F0$+01%$$%*&Q%L'$0I+.'*3!0#1&*X0#1&*:!H'P',_!Sj[XSAS\!

B.'$,+_! `5%/#! kKWWfl:! bC/*! -'PN%/P&*+! /*! C7.&*L!F,N&?+&! &/*&,! o7V(%/X<7&*Z!@N.&<7#?+&,!/*!P&7.&.&*!@N.#<7&*\c!;*:!0#5PO#.+&*_!H/<'%&_!&+!#%\! k&1,\l:! �#%1,%+\%*O& .*+%1F0$+01%$$%& ='GG0*.F"+.'*O& 4H1"2C%1E%1#& 0*6&4H1"2CL%1G.++$0*/& @& 6",& T%#%*& G.+& G%C1%1%*& 4H1"2C%*:& -%,+,2C1.(+& (o1&V0$."*%&B'0,%&\0G&�;:&A%#01+,+"/\!0'<75P:!F-@_!KSWXKK[\!

@N&*<&.XD#+&Q_! 6&%&*! kKWW[l:! bk;PlB'%/+&*&,,_! =#<&! #*1! B&.<&N+/'*,! '(!E#NN'.+:!U*N#<?#O/*O! +7&/.! 0#,&,! #*1! ;*+&..&%#+/'*,7/N,\c! V'01*"$& '(&W'$.+%*%,,&Q%,%"12C&S!kSl_!A[XSSA\!

@5%&._! `'7*! kKWWfl:! b"7&! D*%/*&! I/,/*7/$/+/'*! C((&<+\c! )7#%1H,72C'$'/7&X&>%C"L.'1&]!kRl_!RKSXRKj\!

"#2(&%_! 6&*./! kSA]fl:! b@'</#%! /1&*+/+Q! #*1! /*+&.O.'5N! $&7#Y/'5.\c! 4'2."$&42.%*2%&5*('1G"+.'*&SR!kKl_!j[XAR\!

"#2(&%_!6&*./n"5.*&._!`'7*!)\!kSA]Al:!bF*!/*+&O.#+/Y&!+7&'.Q!'(!/*+&.O.'5N!<'*(%/<+\c! ;*:! F5,+/*_! >/%%/#P! 4\n>'.<7&%_! @+&N7&*! k&1,\l:! !C%& 4'2."$&W,72C'$'/7&'(&5*+%1/1'0H&Q%$"+.'*,\!8'*+&.&Q!k)Fl:!0.''?,X)'%&_!RRXf]\!

"7#%&._! d&.&*#! kKWSKl:! 4H1"2C$.2C%& Br($.2CF%.+& .*& 2'GH0+%1L%1G.++%$+%1&='GG0*.F"+.'*:&"^$/*O&*:!@+#5((&*$5.O\!

Shared Face and Face Enhancing Behaviour in Social Media: Commenting on the Spanish Goalkeeper’s...

Documents

Transcript of Shared Face and Face Enhancing Behaviour in Social Media: Commenting on the Spanish Goalkeeper’s...