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401G Volume3

Research IsSN: 2347 Research Paper

InternationalJon of Inforative & Futuristic lkesearch |1ss .

Compare The Agility Ability Of Feme Soccer Players OfTripura

Page No. 4533-4536

Femal Con

Physical Edueation Subject Area Paper ID IJIFR/V3/ E12/ 030

Key wordsAgility, Rhythmic Ability, Ninety Female Subjects, Sub-Division

Keywords Tripura State Soccer Player

Dr. Sudip Das Assistant Professoor,

Department of Physical Education,

Tripura University, Tripura

Abstract

|The purpose of the study was to compare the agility ability of female soccer

players of Tripura state at different level. The subjectIs for the study were from the state of Tripura. A total of ninety female subjects were selected. Thirty subjects were selected from each level i.e. Sub-Division, District and State, with the helpl of expert and scholar's personal understanding. The agility ability was measured by using 4x 10 m shuttle run. The score was recorded to the nearest tenth of al cond. To compare the agility ability of female soccer players of Tripura state a different level the mean, standard deviation and analysis of variance was applied| at 0.05 level of significance. In the present study mean and standard deviation of| agility ability Sub-Division 10.97+1.12, District 11.00+0.92 State 11.24+1.36 and| Total 11.07+1.14 and no significant difference was found in case of agility ability.

1. INTRODUCTION During the modern times, sport has become a part and parcel of our culture. It is belmg influenced and does influence all of our social institutions including education, econom arts, politics, mass communication and international diplomacy- its scope is aweso Today sports have become mass participation; it is being adopted as fashion by some attracts the mass either for recreation or physical fitness, or as a profession. wO association football is the most prominent team sports for women in the many counui

men's one of the few women's team sports with professional leagues. Physical fitnes successful adaptation to the stressors of one's lifestyle'". The insufficient training

"A coordinative abilities limits the performance ability especially at higher level. On co

co better developed coordinative abilities provides an effective learning, stabilizau variation in technique and successful execution in game situation. The q

performance of all fundamental mechanical skills, the system, flow, accuracy, anp

and

The quality of

amplitude etc

URNALIMgp

Available online through -

http://ijifr.com/searchjournal.a 5.087i earchjou ournal.aspx Copyright IJIFR 2016 Published On: 24th August 2016

SJIF INTIOR

45

2619

Available online through - http://ijifr.com/searchjournal.aspx

www.ijifr.com

Published On: March 31, 2016

International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research ISSN: 2347-1697

Volume 3 Issue 7 March 2016 Research Paper

Abstract

Perfectionism in sports skills or learning of sports techniques were mostly depends on the motor fitness along with coordinative abilities and for their continuous refinement and modification were occurs during the prolonged period of practice or training. Coordinative abilities play an important role in quick changing of the body position game and it required multiple abilities to execute the perfect movement. In some sports like soccer, coordinative abilities are very essential for better and effective movement for any execution of skills. Objective of the study was to analysis the various coordinative abilities among the striker and defender soccer players of Tripura. Subjects: twenty (20) strikers and twenty (20) defender national level soccer players were selected from Tripura state. Test: Various coordinative abilities like orientation ability, reaction ability, balance ability and rhythm ability test were administrated which was suggested by Peter Hintz. Data: The necessary data were collected from the national level soccer players of Tripura. Statistic: To find out the significant difference between striker and defender soccer players on various coordinative abilities a T-test were used and level of significance was set at 0.05. Results: The results of the study indicated that there was no significant difference between the striker and defender on various selected coordinative abilities (orientation ability, reaction ability balance ability and rhythm ability).

1. INTRODUCTION

We can understand the coordinative ability as comparatively steady state and generalized

model of motor control and regulation process. Synchronization of the higher regulation

centre of the nervous systems with the peripheral parts of the locomotor system is

essential for the successful performance of a coordination task. These enable the athletes

Comparison Of Various Coordinative Abilities Among

The Striker And Defender Soccer Players Of Tripura Paper ID IJIFR/ V3/ E7/ 096 Page No. 2619-2622 Subject Area Physical Education

Keywords Striker And Defender Soccer Players, Orientation Ability, Reaction Ability,

Balance Ability And Rhythm Ability, Selected Coordinative Abilities

Dr. Sudip Das

Assistant Professor,

Department of Physical Education,

Tripura University, Agartala-Tripura

http://www.ijifr.com/

2620

ISSN: 2347-1697

International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research (IJIFR)

Volume - 3, Issue -7, March 2016

Continuous 31st Edition, Page No.:2619-2622

I. Kapil Kumar, Dr. D. Hemalatha Kalaimath :: A Study Of Human Values And Personality Of B.Ed Trainees In Thiruvallur District

to do a group of movements with better quality and effect. The working muscle groups

along with the sensory organs when work together is called coordination. Perfect

coordinate movements are helpful in sports situation, where variety of movements is

performed together. We can say that it is the ability of an individual to perform the

numerous motor actions simultaneously with perfection and accuracy.

The learning of the movements however has a positive effect on the coordinative abilities

and vice-versa. It never be work in isolation, they are all closely connected and underlying

the foundation for agility and the prerequisite for technical skills. Coordinative abilities

are first and foremost depend on the motor control and regulation process of central

nervous system (CNS). Every coordination abilities are central regulation process and

specific mode of function. When one of the features of this function is improved then the

athletes are in a fruitful position to perform a bunch of movement depends on function

pattern of CNS.

In last few decades the training specialists and sports experts have together been used the

terms technique and coordinative abilities as one of the key factor of achieving higher

performance. In aerobic and anaerobic type of sports, coordinative abilities help to gain

the optimum movement perfection, frequency and movement economy. Whereas in team

game, coordinative abilities to play a vital role for effective use of technical and tactical

abilities in the radical changing situations. Soccer is the game where changing the

situation were fully depends on the players techniques, tactics and the body position over

the ball. Different types of skills to be performed during the game where coordinative

abilities are push them to execute the movement in a better way. As we know, the modern

soccer game is a positional game and different positional players have different target in a

match. With this view, the researcher is interested to compare the various coordinative

abilities among the striker and defender national level soccer players of Tripura. On the

basic of nature of the sport the following coordinative abilities were selected:

Orientation Ability, Reaction Ability, Balance Ability, Rhythm Ability

i.) Orientation ability: Orientation ability is the ability to analyze and changes the

position of movement of the body in space and time in relation to the definite field

of action.

ii.) Reaction ability: Reaction is the ability of an athlete to respond quickly or

predicated on one’s ability to react rapidly to a given stimulus and execute well directed action followed by a signal.

iii.) Balance ability: Balance as the ability to maintain body position, which is

necessary for the successful performance of sports skill.

iv.) Rhythm ability: It is the ability to person the externally given rhythm and to

reproduce it in motor action.

2. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The purpose of the study was to compare the various selected coordinative abilities among

the striker and defender soccer players of Tripura.

2621

ISSN: 2347-1697





3. DELIMITATION

The study was delimited to the striker and defender soccer players of Tripura. The study

was further delimited to the following selected coordinative abilities:

I. Orientation Ability III. Reaction Ability

II. Balance Ability IV. Rhythm Ability

4. HYPOTHESIS

It is hypothesized that there will be significance difference on selected coordinative

abilities among striker and defender soccer players of Tripura.

5. METHODOLOGY

5.1 Selection of subjects

For the requirement of the study twenty (20) striker and twenty (20) defender national

level soccer players were selected from Tripura.

5.2 Criterion measures and administration of the test

The following are the coordinative abilities test were administrated upon the soccer

players of Tripura. All the general instruction was elaborate by the investigator before

the start of the final test.

5.2.1 Numbered medicine ball run test

6. In orientation ability test 6 medicine balls are required among them 5 medicine balls at a

weight of 3 kg place in a semi-circle manner at a distance of 1.5 meters and the 6

number of ball at a weight of 4 kg were placed in front of the others medicine ball. The

subject stand behind the 6 number of ball facing towards the opposite direction and

when the investigator give the signal “Go”, the subject turned and ran towards the

number called by the by the investigator. Immediate after second and third number was

called. The time taken to complete the course was recorded in second.

7. 5.2.2 Ball reaction exercise test

8. Two wooden planks at a 4 meters length were kept inclined by a supporting stand

having a height of 1.20 meters. The subject stands behind the starting line facing

towards the opposite direction. On the signal ‘Go’ the subject turn and ran towards the planks from the top of the planks to the point where the subjects stop the ball. Reaction

ability was measured in distance measured in centimeters.

5.2.3 Long nose test

9. The subject was asked to stand behind the starting line where one medicine ball at a 1 kg

kept in strong hand and the other hand holding the opposite ear lobe. On the signal ‘Go’ the subject were move over the balancing beam. At the end of the balancing beam a 2 kg

medicine ball which was kept at the other end of the beam and push the ball with any

one of the foot without losing the balance. The time taken to complete the course was

considered as score.

10. 5.2.4 Sprint at given rhythm

11. In first attempt the subject ran a distance of 30 meters with maximum speed and the time

was recorded. In second attempt the subject ran at a particular rhythm with maximum

2622

ISSN: 2347-1697





speed through the eleven hoops arrange in a systematically. The arrangement of the

hoops are like as three hoops are placed at a distance of 5 meters away from the starting

position and another three hoops are placed at a distance of 5 meters from the finishing

line and the remaining five hoops are placed in the middle of the running track. The time

between the first and second attempt was recorded as score.

6. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

In order to determine the significant difference between the striker and defender soccer

players of Tripura, the t-test was utilized and the level of significant was set as 0.05.

Table-1: Comparison of the means of selected coordinative abilities of striker and defender

soccer players

Variables Means of Striker Means of Defender DM ∑-DM T-ratio

Orientation ability 16.77 16.67 0.1 0.40 0.811

Reaction ability 1.63 1.68 0.05 0.71 0.47

Balance ability 6.99 6.90 0.09 0.32 0.787

Rhythmic ability 7.15 7.10 0.11 0.28 0.74

From the above table it reveals that there was no significant difference between the striker

and defender soccer players on selected coordinative abilities (orientation ability, rhythm

ability, balance ability and rhythm ability).

7. DISCUSSION OF FINDING

The finding of the study revealed that there was no significant difference between striker

and defender national level soccer players of Tripura. The selected coordinative abilities

(orientation, reaction ability balance and rhythm abilities) did not vary in performing the

skills or techniques. The finding may be due to the fact that the striker and defender

players movement-of-action up to some extent are identical and predicted to require equal

amount of orientation, reaction, balance and rhythmic abilities.

Hence, the hypothesis which was stated earlier that there will be a significance difference

on the selected coordinative abilities amongst the striker and defender soccer players of

Tripura is to be rejected.

8. CONCLUSION

It was concluded that the striker and defender player movements may be in-some extend

alike as required equal amount of orientation, reaction, balance and rhythm abilities.

9. REFRENCES

[1] Hrdayal Singh, Science of Sports Training (D.V.S. Publication New-Delhi)pp. 166, 1991.

[2] J.P. Thomas, Let us Coach Soccer, (Calcutta Y.M.C.A) 1964.

[3] Lother Kalbed, Introduction to General Theory and Method of Training, (Leipzing :DHFK

Publication), pp.15, 1979

[4] Peter Hirtz, Coordinative Fachigheiten in School Sports (Valk and Wisson Valk Seigner

Verala, Bralin) pp. 127, 1984.

[5] Robert N. Singer, Motor Learning and Human Performance (McMillan Publication

Co.Inc, New-York) pp.236, 1978.

EDUCATION AND THE

MUSLIM DIASPORA

IN SEARGH OF HoLISTIG

APPROAGHES

FORANINGLUSIVE DEVELOPMMENT

EDUCATION AND THE MUSLIM DIASPORA

IN SEARCHIOFHOLISTIC APPROACHES

FOR AN INQLUSIVE DEVELOPMENT

About the Editors

Dr: Sahidul Ahmed is working as an Assistant

Professor in

Ambedkar College, Fatikroy,

Unakoti, Tripura. He has

completed his master degree from Gauhati University. He did

his PHD from National Institute of Technology,

Silchar, Assam.

He has published many articles and

research papers in journals

ofnational and international repute.

Dr Tinku De (Gope) is working as an Assistant

Professor in

Tripura University. She has done her master and PHD from

Kalyani University, West Bengal. She did her B.Ed from

Tripura University. She has published many articles and

research papers injournalsofnational and international repute.

About the Book

Thisbook consist papers on socio- economic and educational status of Muslims

f India in general and Tripura in particular. This book will surely benefit the

cademicians and research scholars who are working or interested in Muslim

udy.

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Kalyani University. Having a long professional standing, currently she is Assistant

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She has attended many seminars, conferences and workshops and published many

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(2013), Education Today: Trends and lssues (2014) and Vlvekananda on

Teacher and Women(2015) were widely acclaimed.

EDUCAIIO Her areas of interest are-educational philosophy, guidance and counseling,

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TSS-DT Dr. Tinku De (Gope)

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R E

DU

CA

TIO

N

FO

R S

US

TA

INA

BL

E D

EV

EL

OP

ME

NT

1. C

HA

LL

EN

GE

S A

ND

BA

RR

IER

S IN

HIG

HE

R E

DU

CA

TIO

N F

OR

SU

ST

AIN

AB

LE

DE

VE

LO

PM

EN

T

-D

r. Gurm

it Sin

gh

2. H

IGH

ER

ED

UC

AT

ION

FO

R S

US

TA

INA

BL

E D

EV

EL

OP

ME

NT

:

CH

AL

LE

NG

ES

AN

D B

AR

RIE

RS

-D

r. Kuldeep S

ing

h C

handel

3. C

HA

LL

EN

GE

S A

ND

BA

RR

IER

S IN

HIG

HE

R E

DU

CA

TIO

N F

OR

SU

ST

AIN

AB

LE

DE

VE

LO

PM

EN

T

-D

r. Pra

kash

Ch

an

dra

Jena

4. C

HA

LL

EN

GE

S A

ND

BA

RR

IER

S IN

HIG

HE

R E

DU

CA

TIO

N F

OR

SU

ST

AIN

AB

LE

DE

VE

LO

PM

EN

T

-D

r. Su

bh

ash

Sa

rkar &

Jan

tu D

as

6. C

HA

LL

EN

GE

S A

ND

ISS

UE

S B

EF

OR

E E

DU

CA

TIO

N F

OR

SU

ST

AIN

AB

LE

DE

VE

LO

PM

EN

T

6.

7.

8.

-Jasm

eet Bed

i

CH

AL

LE

NG

ES

AN

D B

AR

RIE

RS

IN H

IGH

ER

ED

UC

AT

ION

FO

R

SU

ST

AIN

AB

LE

DE

VE

LO

PM

EN

T

-M

s. Sh

ilpa

Ka

ura

MU

LT

IFA

CE

TE

D A

ND

MU

LT

IDIM

EN

SIO

NA

L C

HA

LL

EN

GE

S

IN H

IGH

ER

ED

UC

AT

ION

-D

r.Priya

nka

Ch

op

ra

CH

AL

LE

NG

ES

AN

D B

AR

RIE

RS

IN H

IGH

ER

ED

UC

AT

ION

FO

R

SU

ST

AIN

AB

LE

DE

VE

LO

PM

EN

T

-D

iksha

Sa

da

na

9. C

HA

LL

EN

GE

S A

ND

BA

RR

IER

S IN

HIG

HE

R E

DU

CA

TIO

N F

OR

SU

ST

AIN

AB

LE

DE

VE

LO

PM

EN

T

-R

up

ind

er Ka

ur

10. C

HA

LL

EN

GE

S A

ND

BA

RR

IER

S IN

HIG

HE

R E

DU

CA

TIO

N F

OR

SU

ST

AIN

AB

LE

DE

VE

LO

PM

EN

T O

F R

UR

AL

AR

EA

S

-V

eena Ku

ma

ri Sh

akya

(vii)

Page N

os.

3-7

8-14

15

-20

21

-28

29

-34

35

-39

40-43

44

-49

50

-53

54

-58

. forsustam

av,.., ~-

· ---r --· -···-v1

s1

i:;ducnuon .

on to Ile

d velopment o

f its human re

ali~

I o the e

h l . h

sourc

g e as as d'

ersity oft e

ug

er educaf e, an~

chan and

,v . h

•on ~

r oach to ·11g size

nhical coverage, it as becom

e sect"

· apP grow' 1

d ograr

nee ~r

io 5ystertl1c '''ith the

V

ientan ge

tainable development. E

xisting d essah, u~1 a .

111 IY

nagen for sus

f a

ta b ·1

onlY(hrO the syste . urses,1na

ducatioll .. adequate and out-o -date.

ase

oeiworkJng ·o tenns of co eon bighere 1op111ent, is in •• rticuJarlY

i d databas

. ble deve .

fl"'-a soun

susta111a tod~veloP ducation for

oefereoces

h gh ere "

· ·

S

· l S on

i of globalization.

oc1a cientist 35

. d the challenge

, (314) , 47

. n in Jndia an .

. .

. ·obereducan°

. . . . The changtng face o

f Indian higher edu .

( 2 oo7) lli~ 'b1ltties.

. • Ind'

high catio

vas, s. .

lities, new poss1 . for a new

paradigm m

,an.

er education ,, n.

67. (?010). NeW r~a

2020: preparmg . cDG

c

& young -

0 mil11on by Ernst

y, un•(20I l). 4 .

. T

Jfth five year plan (2012-2017) and beyond Ernst&

0 ~ • India

we · d

· ,eporr.

Hi•her education 1JJ : A

thousand year old m ustry on the cusp of prot

Y un•(2012).

~. ·1v of the future.

ound

EOJst& o

oo ?012). U01Versi.1 .

Ernst & Youno (-

Developm

ent (2009). Facmg global and local chall

h •e fH

an Resource f S

th

S

enges· c an~ ·f di Minisll)'O

urn .

S b-regional conference o ou

, outh-W

est and C

·

aovemmento In a.. b'gher education. u

entral d anucs for

1 the new yn

• d

· ·

I d

' Asia 00 High~r Ed~cau~n. Grants corrunission (2012). H

igher e ucatJon m

n ia_ at a glance.

G e mmeotofJndia, U01vers 1rJ

. . (2012 ) Twelfth five year plan (2012-17): social sectors Viol

ov fl d. Planning eomnuss1on

. .

llllle

Govennnent o n ,a ill.

. C

. si·on (2 012) The universities for research and innovation bill 2012

fl di pJannmo omnus ·

. .

, .

Govemmento n a

012 ) Higher education in India: structure, statistics and challenges. Journal 01

Gupta, D. & Gupta, N. (2 . ·

i

Educarion and Practice, 3(2). .

• •

Hackmann. H. & St. Clair,A.L. (2012). Transfonnattve cornerstones of social science research for glob~

chan•e. International Social Science Council. Huisman, i., de Boer, H. &

Botas, P.C.P.(2011 ). The future of English higher education: The changing

landscape. Kapur, D. &

Crowley, M. (2008). Beyond the ABCs: Higher education in developing countries. W

orking

Paper 139, Centre for Global Development. Kapur,M., Seo, A., Mathur, S. &

Coffey, R. (2011). New waves of grow

th for India: Unlocking potential.

Accenture publications Kharas, H. (2010). The emergm· o middl

I · d

I .

. .

MHRD (2006)Annual Re ort O

• •

e c ass m eve opm

g countries. Workm

g paper no. 285. OECD.

Highereducatio GP

· MtmS!ry of~um

an Resource Developm

ent, Departm

ent of Secondary and

UGC (2005) R

bn. overnmentof India. New Delhi.

. ~searc Handbook: Toward

. .

. :.

. .

. .

. India. UmversityGrantsCo

. . s nurturing research culture m

higher education mstituuons 10

UGC Higher Education at a GI mrruss1on. New Delhi.

ance- June, 2013

4

CH

AL

LE

NG

ES

AN

D B

AR

RIE

RS

IN H

IGH

ER

ED

UC

AT

ION

FO

R

SU

ST

AIN

AB

LE

DE

VE

LO

PM

EN

T

Dr. S

ub

ha

sh S

arka

r* &

Jan

tu D

as**

To talk about India s Higher education system

, undoubtedly, we

can say that worlds first universities

namely N

alanda, Taxi/a, Varanasi w

ere founded in.India, in w

hich many studious from

abroad used to

learn. During the B

ritish rule in India, there were about eighteen universities in the country. By the tim

e

of post-

independent period, Education w

as expanded almost at all levels, prim

ary, secondary and

university. The then government opened m

any universities and also was associated w

ith the expanding

and opening the colleges. Since the last three decades India Governm

ent has been providing and

giving various amenities and opportunities fo

r improving the level o

f higher education. As a

result oj

which higher educational institutions a

nd

stud

ents enrolm

ents therein has increased. C

onsequent/)

India s Higher E

ducation has become the third largest in the w

orld after US.A

, China respectively. B

u

in this expansion process, quantity has miserably fa

iled to keep up equality betw

een quantity an

quality or to match quality. F

or this kind of m

ismatch betw

een two (expansion o

f quantity & qualitY.

the standards of Indian education have plum

meted. So, how

sustainable education will com

e into bei r:

up to mark? H

ence it is necessary to know or to expanse the lim

ited knowledge about the m

iserab

reason behind such decline. In the recent yea

rs skill, quality, competitiven

ess and sustainability

higher education have slackened. Now

adays, we n

eed such developm

ent in higher education, w

h.

sustainability could be kept up in all possible way.

There have been a good num

ber of com

mittees and a com

mission for developing

education system in India especially the H

igher education but none of them

is ab\e to improve

present slackened position of H

igher education. It is required to have the ideas about educatic

problems as a w

hole or it is necessary to look upon the educational problem as a w

hole.

known to all that if w

e know about the problem

s regarding any phenomenon

, then we m

a

able to find out the solution. Therefore w

e need the sufficient explanation and practical evid

about the challenges and barriers of higher education w

hich interrupt in sustainable develop·

of higher education .

Concept and M

eaning of Sustainable Developm

ent

• •

Various scholars have tried to define sustainable developm

ent in their own w

ays.

Assistant Professor, D

epartment of E

ducation, Tripura U

niversity (A C

entral University) T

ripura. l

P.G Student, D

epartment of E

ducation, Tripura U

niversity, (A C

entral Univ

ersity). Tripura. India

21

/ -"

_.,.

-NESHJ '

~

5.J;nht51 Ph-io:>-ophy

: A 'lh

V o

f World W

elfa

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ISBN: 978-93--&

I 198 73

-2

.: J'i':);.)

, "lg

Sivali Gr.t phlC

N>gpur

1 \ ' l ~SS

17L' l ·H

i'r tlti n.f.

Vansh C

reation, N

agpur

• r<e

Rs. 50

0/·

• ..\f! righb resen-crf. N

o p,ut o

l thr .) pu

bl1ca

t1on

~hou

ld be rep

rod

uc

ed

~tc

re

m ,etneva

l system, 0

1 tr.in~rrntted 111 ~1

n, fo

rm o

r b,1 a

n,1 m

~ans

efeC

l ron

•c .

merhan,cal. ph

otoro

py111 g, 1eco,d

,ng

or o

the

rw1S, e

, wd

ho

ut

the

pr ,o

r

writte

n pe11111s.sion o

l the ed1to1 111 chie

f ond th

e pu

blt~h

e,

Th,s b.:>ok ha

s been published

in g

oo

d IJ1th th

at the

ma

terial

pro

, ,de

d b

y

auth

ors,, orig

inal. Ew

ry dfo

rt 1s ma

de to e

nsu

,e a

ccura

cy cl m

ate

"JI. b

ut t h

e

Publisher and the p

run

e, w

ill not be he

ld resp

on

sible

to, any in

ad

ve

rten

t

error(sl. In case of any d

ispu

te, all le

gal ma

t ters a

re to be , e

tt led u

nd

e, N

ag

pu

r

1 ur1sd1ct,on onlv.

Note · Edrto

r may o

r rnay no

t agree w

ith th

e tho

ug

hts

e,pressed by the w

nte

r in th

e bo

ok. T

he wr ite

r con

cern

ed

Woll be reso

pns,bfe in

divid

ua

lly in case of a

llthe

ntic

ity o

f his pa

per.

---------

\/let1'am

Troera

Hd

a S

ud

dh

1;t Co\le

gr

Hu

ve

n lsh·.,n

g Mo

naste

r,·.

Hu

on

g Hu

, Hu

on

g T

ra.T

hu

a Th1c:n Hu

e. v

,etMm

Con

grallllatory 1\f essage

Ap

pe

are

d o

ver 2

6 ce

ntu

ries ago, L

ord

Bu

dd

ha

, a gre

at m

an

of all tim

e a

nd

cultu

re,

has sen

t the

mo

st hu

ma

nity

me

ssag

e a

mo

ng

relig

ion

s an

d b

elie

fs reg

ard

ing

the

cap

acity o

f

release from

hu

ma

n's p

ain

. His te

ach

ing

rem

ain

s full o

f valu

e, e

spe

cially in

the

time

of vio

:~: ,;_

relig

iou

s, a

nd

socia

l con

flicts wh

ich a

re m

ore

an

d m

ore

seve

rely to

da

y.

Th

e id

ea

of In

dia

n e

du

cato

rs an

d sch

ola

rs on

sha

ring

kno

wle

dg

e o

f Bu

dd

ha

's tea

chin

gs

by in

tern

atio

na

l rese

arch

ers th

rou

gh

a co

mm

on

bo

ok in

ord

er to

brig

hte

n H

is gre

at m

essage

as on

e o

f the

me

tho

ds fo

r hu

ma

n's m

utu

al u

nd

ersta

nd

ing

an

d p

ea

ce is an e

xcelle

nt a

nd

resp

ectfu

l initia

tive o

n th

e o

ccasio

n o

f Lo

rd B

ud

dh

a 2

60

0 ye

ar c

om

me

mo

ratio

n.

I wo

uld

like to

con

gra

tula

te a

nd

ho

pe

this p

lan

com

es tru

e ve

ry soo

n! Y

ours since

rely,

rrr M

ost V

en

era

ble

Dh

arn

ma

varn

s,

Prin

cipa

l of V

ietn

am

Th

era

vad

a B

ud

dh

ist C

olle

g

, ,. A

0 B

ud

dh

ist Ph

iloso

ph

y: A

W~

y of W

orld

We

lfare

@

-. Lord

_Buddha

1.· 'ob

I >

.... ' . B

irth Anniv !rR

lY

\' a ..

and introduced a noble trad

ition

of truth-seeking. H

e said,

"Do n

ot believe in hearsay, d

o not believe in w

ha

t is handed

do

wn

thro

ug

h generations; d

o n

ot believe in

an

ythin

g

because it is accepted by many; d

o n

ot believe because

some revered sage o

r eld

er m

akes a state

me

nt; d

o n

ot

believe in truth

s to w

hich you have become attached by

habits; do no

t believe me

rely on th

e a

uth

ority o

f you

r

traditional teachings. Have deliberation and analyze, and

when the result accords w

ith reason and conduces to

the

good of one and all, accept it and live up to

it. "" Buddha

was com

pletely scientific and secular in ideology and urged

people around him to

follo

w the path o

f truth

if the

y wa

nt

to lead the life o

f a good human being.

Buddha trie

d to

teach all peoples ratio

na

lism and

secularism. H

e never justified totalitarianism in any sphere

of life

. H

e invariably stood for th

e co

mm

on

go

od

and

realistic values in ord

er to

raise the

standards of h

um

an

life; therefore his philosophy holds fun

da

me

nta

l values of

de

mo

cracy. H

e be

lieve

d in

ma

teria

lism ra

the

r tha

n

spiritualism o

r idealisms w

hich makes us to

de

pe

nd

on

some supernatural forces o

r divine inte

rven

tion

for th

e

salvation. B

uddha makes us in

de

pe

nd

en

t and self-re

lian

t

as far as wo

rldly life is concerned

. He n

eve

r talks of th

e

heaven or hell. H

e is all be

nt on teaching th

e lessons o

f

self-m

aking. That's w

hy he urges us to

be self-lu

min

ou

s

"Be light u

nto

thyself." B

y going his ph

iloso

ph

y an

yon

e

will indisputably com

e to conclusion th

at th

e Lord B

uddha

was the greatest dem

ocrat ever un

de

r the

sun.

Ref:

1)

2)

End o

f the

Spear-

by Steve S

aint -T

yndale House

Publishing, U

SA

Dr B

abasaheb A

mb

ed

kar W

riting

an

d sp

ee

che

s

Vol:17,P

art Ill

3) D

r Am

be

dka

rach

Buddha K

onata? D

r Yashaw

anat

Ma

no

ha

r -25 Nov1918

4) W

omen in E

arly Buddhist L

itera

ture

-b

y I. B. H

orn

er

(The Wheel P

ublication)

5) M

ah

an

ibb

an

Sutta

6) D

eb

rah

ma

nizin

g H

isto

ry -

By B

raj M

an

i -P

ub

:

Ma

no

ha

r, Delhi.

••••

BU

DD

HIS

TIC

SY

ST

EM

OF

ED

UC

AT

ION

:

Intro

du

ction

A G

LO

RIO

US

ER

A

Dr.S

ub

hash

Sarkar

Asst. P

rof., D

ep

artm

en

t of E

du

catio

n

Tripura U

nive

rsity, (A C

en

tral U

nive

rsity), T

ripu

ra, Ind

ia.

Em

ail : sub

ha

shsarkar@

Tn

pu

raU

nive

rsrty.in

From

the

ancient Vedic age to

the

glorious era of ep

ics,

Ind

ian

religion, society as we

ll as Indian education system

follo

we

d a co

ntin

uo

us and precise pathw

ay. Later, from

the

glo

riou

s era till the

relig

iou

s cam

pa

ign

of Jainism

and

Bu

dd

hism

, the

strea

ms o

f eve

n so

me

ho

w fo

llow

in a

rud

de

rless

wa

y. D

urin

g th

at

time

, th

e

ritua

listic

com

plica

tion

, com

mu

na

l ism, a

nim

al sa

crifice and the

pre

do

min

an

ce o

f the

prie

st society, begin to em

erge in the

Vedic socie

ty. In the

6th

cen

tury B

.C, stro

ng

resistance

ag

ain

st tho

se e

vils led

to an in

ten

se re

volu

tion

in the

pre

vailin

g social n

orm

s and religious customs. D

uring tha

t

pe

riod

sixty thre

e a

nti-V

ed

ic do

ctrine

s we

re p

rom

ulg

ate

d

in th

e In

dia

n society, a

mo

ng

wh

ich th

e d

octrin

e o

f Jainism

and Bu

dd

hism

we

re w

orth

y to b

e m

en

tion

ed

. Am

on

g th

e

last two

, Buddhism

was ve

ry po

pu

lar in India and in abroad

.

Buddhism

arose as a rep

ly against the

com

ple

xities of th

e

Vedic p

erio

d. B

ut th

e p

hilo

sop

hy o

f Bu

dd

hist d

octrin

e is

no

t en

tirely d

iffere

nt fro

m th

e V

edic philosophy. Rathe

r,

Bu

dd

hism

can be

term

ed

as the

extra

ct of U

pa

nish

ad

the

ory, fre

e fro

m any co

mp

licatio

n.

Buddhism

Acco

rdin

g to

Bu

dd

his

m,

relig

ion

m

ea

ns firs

tly

frate

rnity

or u

nive

rsal b

roth

er h

oo

d; se

con

dly e

qu

ality

me

an

ing

to tre

at e

veryo

ne

eq

ua

lly; th

irdly, se

nse

of

com

pa

rison i.e., sho

win

g p

ity o

r act of kin

dn

ess to

all;

fou

rthly, ig

no

ran

ce i.e

., ign

orin

g o

r ab

stain

ing

from

ea

rthly

de

sires a

nd

fifthly

, lack o

f inte

rest o

r likin

g to

on

e's

ma

teria

listic hu

ma

n body. B

uddhism e

me

rge

d as a m

ea

ns

of p

rote

st against the

ritua

listic com

plica

tion

s an

d ra

cial

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Q\[I\,

' ·~~, '

Rok of RI E

s

• Tll dl'Vclop and pruvidc a .

. .

Prugr•, l'ducat1@

lor the 11lll\tipui-'111 or 1 ,

. Pose s 'h

~atk 1Jreptu"C teachers tor tech,,1 · •. 1

~ O\.ll, ·~1 t

. c:,1 sub·

,, anq cra.fts. ngnculture , co

1 n1 ne

Jecis,scj ~ rce, ho

~

and fine arts. "1~ sci ~

• •

• enc1

• To provide in-service cours·e. t·

, S Or th teachers o

f the practical sub,i e e~isti,.

~ Jects i

"'! purpose schools.

n the lllu\ti.

• To provide in-service progr arns a

se rvices for the teachers

su _ nd fieJi

. . ,

Perv1sors adnum

strators concerned with the Ill

. ani

I .

h .

. U.ltJ.pu"'-.

schoo s 111 t e region. 111 Which it is 1

-~

Ocate~ • To organize and develop a m

octe\ dem onslnti

multi-purpose school.

l\

• To function as a regional centre for Programi

or in-service education and field services{~

secondary schools in general.

• To undertake pilot studies and research projec~

in the methods o

f teaching. in relation loihe

multi-purpose schools as w

ell as the general

secondary school.

• To p

repare and dissem

inate instruction~

materials for secondary schools in generalano

multi-purpose schools in particular.

So, SC

ER

T, NC

ER

T &

RIE are concerned with

pre-services and in-service training courses, researcl

activity and other educational services which are

. .

ogr~ Integral phases o

f total teacher educat10n pr ·

References

http://ww

w.yourarticlelibrary.com

http://educational-svstem

.blogspot.in 1

h *

. ' /R

egiona-ttp

s ://en. w

iki p

ed

i a.o

rg/w

I ki

lnstitute_of_Education

http://ww

w.riem

ysore.ac.in/ R!E-

http:/ /w

i kied

uc a to

r. org

/ Ab

o u t_

the-

NC

ER

T,_M

ysore

JiL. A

GE

NC

IES O

F TE

AC

HE

R ED

UC

ATIO

N A

ND

THEIR

RO

LE

Dr. Subhash Sarkar

. .

Professor, D

epartment o

f Education, Tripura U

niversity (A Central U

niversity) Tripura, India

Ass1sra11t 'J'

Introduction SC

ERT

Teachers are the important social w

orker who

leads the children from the darkness of ignorance to

the light of knowledge. T

eachers transfer the

intellectual knowledge from

one generation to the

other generation. Teachers play the role in form

ing

the future of the nation and hence it is important that

SCE

RT

stands for the State Council of

Educational R

esearch and Training. It is the

Academ

ic authority in the states, an important

academic w

ing of the Departm

ent of Education. lt

deals mainly w

ith the school sector which functions

as an all purpose institutes concerned with diversified

educational activities and aims at bringing about a

coordinated strategy for all-round development in the

state school educational sector. It aims at inculcating

an ideal value system in the students as w

ell as the

teachers so that the classroom transaction takes place

in a conducive climate and the learner consequently

becomes a useful com

ponent of the wider society.

a lot of attention is to be paid on the quality of the

Teacher. And initiatives should be taken for the

preparation of the good and competent T

eacher.

Teacher education is a programe delivered by several

Universities, A

ffiliated Colleges, Private and O

pen

Universities in lndia.

Globalization, E

xplosion of

knowledge, R

apid Technological developm

ent etc,

leads to the spread of education not only in lndia,

but all over the world. A

s a result of this change,

social needs are also changing accordingly. To make

the Teachers aware of all this new

trends in education

and face the global challenges, Training of the

Teacher is very essential. Certain needs and reform

s

of the Teacher education program

s are satisfied by

these different agencies at different levels. Such as

DIET, SC

ER

T, IA

SE

, NC

ER

T, N

UE

PA, U

GC

,

NC

TE, MH

RD

, UN

ESC

O, C

olleges of Teacher

Education etc. T

hese agencies perform a lot of

responsibilities regarding Teacher E

ducation.

Function

As the academ

ic wing of the D

epartment of

Education, the SCERT deals w

ith academic aspects

of the different levels of Pre-primary, Prim

ary,

Elem

entary Secondary and other academic related

activities in the schools. The m

ain functions of

SCER

T are:

161

• To act as an agent in School Education in

oeneral and Teacher Education in particular.

e,

• To arrange for the in-service training of

teachers dealing with Prim

ary, Elem

entary,

Secondary and Higher Secondary levels. 1

■■1'-IU;:"tlVC

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Dr. Gurklrat K

aur•Dr. SuJata Bhan

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hlucutinnal l,xcb1111gc Schol11rshlr lo Mnurltius in 2005 for II three m

onth pcrio<l.Sh~· hus ulsu 1'1.'Cllivcd lntcm

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udc11 in 2012 for u pcrlud ufnvc wc~kN. She Is u rcl!IH

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Dr. G

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Published by s.B. N

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4435-36/7 Ansari R

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Phone: Oll-23274050

e-mail : aphbooks@

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2016

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Delhi-110084

Printed at S.K

.OFFSE

T

Navin Shahdara D

elhi-32

~ ~ Ji

F'OR

EW

OR

D

Education is the only w

eapon through which w

e can remove all the darkness

from th

e hu

man

mind. T

eachers, parents, students, governmental as w

ell as the

non-governmental agencies are involved in the process of education. E

ducation

wh

ich p

ut em

phasis only on

literacy, we don't need that education. W

e need

pro

per quality education, as th

at literate individual can b=

me proper hum

an

being. Th

e entire world is w

orking together to achieve Education for A

ll. In the

con

text o

flnclu

sive E

ducation ou

r country is also taking initiative and working

hard

. Un

fortu

nately

we failed to achieve the target in 2015. India needs

adequately qualified and

com

peten

t teaching professionals in order to provide

quality education at different stages of learning. T

he adm

inimation m

ust be

corru

ptio

n free to

make p

rop

er infrastructure and enrolment in the prim

ary

school level. Th

e policy makers an

d educationist m

ust frame curriculum

for all

level of stu

den

ts in the inclusive context. O

nly

then we w

ill be able to achieve

'Ed

ucatio

n F

or All'.

Co

nscio

usn

ess at every level is essential, from a co

mm

on

citizen to

· researchers, from

stud

ents to

teachers, from street to policy m

akers.

Th

is bo

ok

in the present scenario is an im

portant and just step to bring

forward. I h

op

e this bo

ok

will help everyone to develop consciousness and

increase knowledge regarding Inclusive E

ducation.

Th

e attem

pt m

ade b

y P

rof. Jayanta Mete,D

r.Gourkit ~

ura

nd

Prof. Su

jau

Bh

an deserves appreciation. I am

sure that this b

oo

k w

ill make a significant

con

tribu

tion

to th

e academic w

orld, and

will prove to be o

f imm

ense value to

the cducationisrs, teachers, students and the general public. P

rof. Mita B

anerjee V

ice-C

hancellor

Th

e W

est Bengal U

niversity of T

eachers'

Training E

ducation, Planning an

d A

dminiscanio_n

Kolkata. W

est Bengal, India

(~O

N n

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~►

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11ppl11~ its u ~lllfon·1\tlit111d I .t•urnl11g S, rn11·~}' 1111 l11, .. l11 ~lnu

-( 11l'f'l!4 SP+4i'>U.1

,\. hw

htsh,n · S,,ditl App1'tHh'h -

t\/,1', ~{,,/,wi,,,' \tu

l,,(~l/ltlkllr (9" P,: t\lrJh,, U1

1l,mr

4. '1'1.·urhin~ Slr.t1q~ks for lnd11slw

Ed11rndo11 -

t\ I,: < ;, P. Si, u ·

5. Ei\rly C

hildho"d Edm

·,ulnn 111 India: 'l'hl' m:nl for

S1rn11·p,i,: l~

trnsi,11, nf lC\.lS

-M

,:Srr-·( Kr,'.,·hm

, HJ,11nul111,,j JI

,, ,, '' "' ')

I 'J

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.\9

6. l listnry o

f Spt·dul Educatinn Policy u11d l11cl11sio11 i11 l11diu

~O

-D

,: Subh,uh Sm·),ar &

Pi11/,,:11 K,md11 7.

lnd

miv

c Edurnlion and E

ducution for ull : An O

v1.:rvicw

68 -

1\tfr Rakr,-h M111m

n. !vi,: A111111t,1 Arni &

Or. Jay11nl11 M

r.le

8. K

c)' Principles for Promoting Q

uality in Inclusive Edu

cation 81

-GuriA:11

9. C

ollahorntivc Efforts for: 'Lc.:am

ing together-Inclusive.: E

ducation' ~H

-D

r. Rohfrli 1? Triv(tli l 0.

Role.: of C

omm

unity in rosrtcring Inclusive Education-Its Prcsc.:nt

Scenario -K

ou

sik Chattaraj &

Avijit Sarkar

11. E

nhancing Physics Learning in Inclusive C

lassrooms

-Miliya

Susan Joseph 12.

Inclusive Classro'lm

Learning

-Dr. B

iswajit Behera

13. Inclusive E

ducation : A D

ream yet to

be Realized

-Sangamitra G

hosh 14.

Teachers' C

ompetencies and R

ole for Inclusive Education

-Dr. H

iralkumar, M

. Barot 15.

Inclusive Education-N

eed of the Hour

-Dr. B

aburam Pnrida &

Dr. M

anoranjan Panda 16.

History of Special E

ducation Policy and Inclusion in India

-Pi)'a

li Bose & }ayanta M

ete

103

113

122

131

139

149

156

6

, SrEC

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,lrs. 1991 • n w

ith the above mentioned statem

ent it becomes n

In connccuo .

. eccssary

h n.1 that there arc various factors such as structural, histori,..,I

10 comprc c u

. .

. .... , and

religious which shape up the cou~s~ o~ spec~al edu

cmo

n, inclusion and the

development of legislation and pol1c1cs m

Ind

ia. B

etween

1947 and 1857 India was colonized by Britain and her first constitution w

as created in 1950. Thus, it is im

portant 10 mention that India has only bcc:n a republic for 65 years. With

che experience of a complicated history an

d social structure th

e emergence efforn

oflndia towards special education and inclusive policy are fairly remarkable for

a 65 year old republic whose education system

was (perhaps detrim

entally) controlled by another country for over a hundred years.

In India, the Education, Rehabilitation and ocher services for persons with

disabilities are extremely in an infancy stage as these have been seriously startcd

fro~ the nineteenth century. The first attem

pt of educating the children wi th

special needs was m d ·

h I · th

bl . h a e in

t c ast two decades o

f the nineteenth century wt esta

ts ment of the fi

I I

· 188)

fi II db

trst sc 10

0 for the hearing im

paired in Bom

bay tn '

0 owe Y

the first school fi th

· ·

• •

· ·

1887 The grow

th of I

I r or

e visually impaired m

Am

ritsar in

· d

sc loo s 10r the ch'ld .

d l w

an sporadic w

ithin .

1 ren w

ith special needs was extrem

Y

s O

h sixty years

·1 th 47 Till t e

year of 1947 Indi' h d

unn e advent o

f independence in 19 ·

d a a on!

32 h

. rease

to 170 in 1980 N

Y

sc ools for the blind an

d the num

ber ,nc g

B ·11

· ow therc are 400

ch ·

d and 1 . rai e presses availabl

. h

s ools for th

e visually impairc

•no im

. ed h

c in t c co Th

h heafl o pair

as been raised untry.

e number of schools for c e

3 5 10 •

. to lS0 by the year 1980 w

hereas it was only

•• AssJSranr Professor D

Rcs~arch scholar

' cpan tnc1a of Edu

. .

, [),"·•-·· Cl.lln

n T .. ~ ..•. , ,

-,nn

f\17

__

__

_ . ✓ -✓ -r •··-· .._,,,..,w

iion l'oltcy an

d Inclusion in India

51

1947. Today, there arc 900 schools fior H

. .

I .

d d

caring m

pa1re stu ents. In 1947

there were only 3 schools for the children w

ith mental retardation w

hich increased to 200 by l 9

8~ and at present there arc 1000 schools for the children with

mental retardation

. Teacher training program

m

R h b'l'

· h

l .

e, e a 1 1tat1on etc.

as a so been started sm

ccl 981 by the efforts of govt

and NG

O. ·1·h

h' ·

l .

• s.

e 1stonca

move

oflnd1~ from speci~l ed~cation tow

ards inclusive education and the development

of policy an

d lcg1slauons can be com

prehend by focusing lights on pre-independence and post-independence era.

·

Pre-In

dep

end

ence

Before India's independence from

Britain the docum

entation of the efforts for

or against special education remains sparse. A

rchcologists discovered evidence o

f inclusion of people w

ith disabilities in India from 2000 or m

ore years ago in the form

of adapted toys w

hich were accessible to children w

ith disabilities. T

hese small pieces o

f evidence support the existence of the "gurukul" system

of education in India for centuries before B

ritish rule. But there is not m

uch docum

entation regarding students with disabilities in this system

, the structure is seem

ingly inclusive. During this tim

e period, the majority of children w

ith disabilities w

ere not in school. Before independence, the private or non

governmental organizations w

hich were o

f ten religious in nature, made the

limited services available for people w

ith disabilities. Th

e first special school for people w

ith disabilities in India, set up for the blind, was opened in 1869 by

Jane Leupot, w

ith support of the C

hu

rch M

issionary Society. Th

e schools exem

plify the type of special education services offered during the 1800s anJ.

1900s: specialized and segregated. By 1900, special schools began to spring up

thro

ug

ho

ut the country. In

1912, the Indian Lunacy A

ct came o

ut b

ut w

ith the unfortunate that it equated the persons w

ith mental retardation w

ith the persons w

ith mental illness. T

he leader o

f the Satyagraha m

ovement, M

ahatma G

andhi attem

pted

to reverse British influence over Indian education by introducing

"basic education." Gandhi's idea o

f education catered to people w

ith disabilities, m

any of w

ho

m w

ere used to working w

ith their hands and

had

not previously engaged in m

uch

academic w

ork. This plan w

as introduced in 1937. Although

his plan influenced governmental policy it ultim

ately became fail. 1909 m

arks th

e first piece of attem

pted legislation regarding inclusive education i~ India. G

op

al Krish

na G

okhale, professor of E

nglish literature,_ m~

themaucs: and

political econ

om

y, Poona M

unicipal Council, B

ombay L

eg1slatt~e Council_ and

the Im

perial Legislative C

ouncil, introduced a bill~ u~d~r t~e_Ind1an council act

of 1909 to m

ake primary education com

pulsory. 1 lus bill, 1f 1t ~o

uld

h_a~e been d

'd d c

d'

r0 r compulsory education for all. 1 he policies and

passc , prov,

e 1un

mg

11

• •

• •

• •

· b

h ent o

f India regardmg 111dus1ve special educatton m

the actions

y t e governm

,

. .

1940s contradicted each ocher entirely.In 1944,the C

AB

E report, w

ntccn _by T~

l..-"·-

· ___

-L-

0_

:.: •. \, rl-.i,,f ,..rln

r'ltinn

:il :it1vi,n

r. nhserved that the Indian

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EXAMINING THE EFFICIENCY OF MGNREGS IN NORTH EASTERN STATES OF

INDIA USING THE DATA ENVELOPMENT ANALYSIS APPROACH

Conference Paper · August 2015

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91

EXAMINING THE EFFICIENCY OF MGNREGS IN NORTH EASTERN

STATES OF INDIA USING THE DATA ENVELOPMENT ANALYSIS

APPROACH

INDRANEEL BHOWMIK

Department of Economics, Tripura University (A Central University), Suryamaninagar, India (corresponding

Author)

PRITAM BOSE

Department of Economics, Tripura University (A Central University), Suryamaninagar, India

ABSTRACT

Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) operational in India since 2005-06

with the dual objective of providing employment to the rural households and creation of sustainable rural assets, is

extremely important for the backward and less developed North Eastern region of India. The extent of the scheme

among the 8 constituent states of the region is not uniform and though in aggregate the region has a greater share in

the country’s total. The present paper attempts to examine the implementation efficiency of the scheme in terms of

multi-output and multi-input indicators using the DEA approach. The efficiency scores of the DMUs (districts) are

pooled to obtain the state average which indicates wide variation. For the secondary stage of analysis OLS regression

has been used for explaining the efficiency scores. Literacy rate, used as a proxy for the empowerment of the people

is found to be highly significant positive contributor to efficiency. Pro-active governance is visible in the states with

better implementation efficiency.

Keywords: MGNREGS; Employment; Efficiency

INTRODUCTION

Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) is the world’s largest

employment generation programme initiated by the Government of India in 2005 with the objective of

enhancing livelihood security in the rural areas by providing a guarantee of 100 days wage employment to

all the applicant rural households in a financial year irrespective of any conditionality save the willingness

of the adult members to perform unskilled manual work. The enormity of the programme is evident in the

fact that Rs 300000 crores (more than US $ 50 billion) has been spent by the Central government since its

inception. The scheme is revolutionary in providing a right based framework for wage employment and

makes the government legally bound to those who demand it (Shah, 2012) and has the potential to serve as

a ‘big push’ to those regions which are in distress and could be an important first step to a full employment

strategy for India (Bhatia and Dreze, 2006; Ambasta et. al. 2008, Hirway, 2008). The rural poor across the

country, bereft of viable income opportunities have certainly gained economic power through job creation

activities undertaken at a grass root level (Dreze and Oldiges, 2007; Sarma, 2009; Ghosh, 2009). On the

other hand the quality of works under NREGS is often been put to question by many researchers

(Shrivastava, 2006). The World Bank Report (2011) observed that many of the public works has been

washed away in the subsequent monsoon. The scheme has also been criticised for “turning out to be the

officials’ baby.....” (CSE, 2008), being inflationary (Sethi, 2011), and breeding corruption (Mandavalli,

2010).

92

The 8 North eastern (NE) states of India accounting for 8% of area and 4% of population are linked to the

mainland through the 27 km long Siliguri corridor (GoI, 2008), often known as the chicken’s neck. These

states, though heterogeneous in ethnicity, language, culture and religion and bound by the commonality of

economic backwardness. Characterised by minimal industrialization, limited gainful employment

opportunities, geo-physical isolation and infrastructure bottlenecks, these predominantly agrarian states are

part of the ‘Special Category States’ earmarked for greater Central government support. The development

pursuits have witnessed various extra-economic hurdles in the form of ethnic disturbances, insurgency and

marginalization. The landscape is mostly hilly, though intermittent valleys provide opportunities for limited

plain-land agriculture. The people, of which almost 34 % are from the scheduled castes and tribal

communities, have higher poverty levels than the national average (GoI, 2008).

Naturally with this background the significance of programmes like Mahatma Gandhi National Rural

Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) increases manifold for the region. The promise of 100 days

of guaranteed employment per household per year would provide them not only additional income but will

also serve as a safety net for people living in this region. This is evident from the fact that in 2013-14, the

share of NE states among the MGNREGS job-card holders is 5.17%, much higher than the share of

population. Further, the share of the region in terms of employment demand is even higher, 6.85% while

the share of region in employment generation is 7.02% of the country’s total. It is also observed that Tripura

and Mizoram are on top position for creating highest average person-days per household per year from

2010 onwards, however, the extent of scheme and its implementation is not uniform across the region and

we find that the average person days generated per household in the region as a whole, 43.9, is lower than

the national average (45.86) in 2013-14. However, the region has a higher work completion rate, 31.60%,

than the national average of 14.69%. Thus, with various indicators, it becomes tough to make an overall

assessment of the performance of the various administrative units in the implementation of the scheme. A

comprehensive indicator taking into account of the various objectives of the scheme becomes warranted.

Thus it is in this background, the present study stems with the objective to undertake an efficiency analysis

of implementation of MGNREGS using the Data Envelopment Analysis approach for the North Eastern

States.

METHODS

The DEA is a linear (mathematical) programming based method first originated in the literature by Charnes,

Cooper & Rhodes (1978) as a reformulation of the Farrell’s (1957) single-output, single- input radial

measure of technical efficiency to multiple- output, multiple-input case. The originators described DEA as

a mathematical programming model applied to observational data (that) provides a new way of obtaining

empirical estimates of relations- such as the production functions and/or efficient production possibility

surfaces- that are cornerstones of modern economics. The Extended Pareto- Koopmans definition states

that full (100%) efficiency is attained by any Decision Making Unit (DMU) if and only if none of its inputs

or outputs can be improved without worsening some of its other inputs or outputs. Under this technique for

each of the n decision making units (DMU) which consume m different inputs to produce S different

outputs, technical efficiency is given by the measure- ∑ruryro/ ∑ivixio, where, yro = rth output of a particular

DMU, O; xio = ith input of that particular DMU, O; ur is the weight associated with each kind of output & vi

93

is the weight associated with each kind of input. The DEA method is applicable to identify a host of

efficiency parameters. The technical efficiency score θ CRS is called the overall technical efficiency (OTE)

and is popularly known as CCR model. However, if the DMUs are not operating at an optimal scale, it can

be decomposed into pure technical efficiency (PTE) and scale efficiency (SE). Symbolically, PTE = θ VRS

and is generally referred as the BCC model. Scale Efficiency for the ith DMU, is obtained as SEi = θiCRS /

θiVRS , where SE = 1 indicates scale efficiency or constant returns to scale and SE < 1 indicates scale

inefficiency. Further, in case of scale inefficiency, we identify increasing returns to scale when, θVRS ≠

θNIRS; while for θVRS = θNIRS the DMUs face decreasing returns to scale.

For the present purpose, we consider the districts as the decision making unit (DMU) as the major

responsibility of implementation of the scheme (MGNREGS) falls on them. The total person-days

generated in the district, and the number of assets created is considered as output; whereas, the availability

of fund, the number of works undertaken and the total number of participating households are considered

as inputs. The efficiency analysis is done for 2013-14 considering 83 districts (3 districts of Arunachal

Pradesh was left out due to non-availability of data) spread across 8 states for an output oriented model

since better efficiency means higher man-days generation and larger number of asset creation. Secondary

data obtained from nrega.nic.in, the official website of the scheme has been used. The computed efficiency

scores of the DMUs for each state have been pooled to calculate the average efficiency of each state. The

second stage of analysis includes an OLS regression considering the PTE scores of the DMUs as the

dependent variable. Literacy rates and the proportion of SC&ST population have been considered as

independent variables being the proxy indicator of empowerment and backwardness, respectively. The

expected signs for both the coefficients are positive because empowerment of the people is likely to foster

effective governance while backwardness also warrants greater government action. The efficiency analysis

has been undertaken using the EMS software, while the OLS regression analysis has been done using MS

Excel Software.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Table 1: Frequency Distribution & Descriptive of OTE, PTE & SE of Districts of North East India (2013-14)

Efficiency Scores OTE PTE SE

E< 0.5 35 (42.17) 30 (36.14) 01 (01.20)

0.5 ≤ E < 0.6 13 (15.66) 13 (15.66) 02 (02.41)

0.6 ≤ E < 0.7 08 (09.64) 08(09.64) 01 (01.20)

0.7 ≤ E < 0.8 04 (04.82) 07 (08.43) 04 (04.82)

0.8 ≤ E < 0.9 06 (07.23) 05 (06.02) 08 (09.64)

0.9 ≤ E < 1.0 08 (09.64) 07 (08.43) 58 (69.88)

E= 1.0 09 (10.84) 13(15.66) 09 (10.84)

Descriptive Statistics

No. Of Districts (DMUs) 83 83 83

Mean 0.6092 0.6492 0.9299

Median 0.5648 0.5837 0.9694

Standard Deviation 0.2407 0.2307 0.1150

Minimum 0.0875 0.173 0.3178

Maximum 1 1 1

Source: Computed

94

Table 1 shows that more than 42% of the DMUs (Districts) operate with OTE levels below 50%, while in

terms of PTE, the situation is marginally better. The average efficiency levels under OTE are 0.6092, while

it improves to 0.6492 with PTE. Only 9 DMUs (10.84 %) are found to be efficient according to CCR

specifications whereas with BCC model, the number of efficient DMUs increase to 13 (15.66%). Further

on the basis of SE scores, we see that only 9 DMUs obtain the 100 percent score, while almost 70% of the

DMUs have a score above 0.9 and the number of DMUs with a score less than 0.5 is only 1 (one). Among

the 74 scale inefficient DMUs, only 5 (2 each from Sikkim and Tripura and 1 from Meghalaya) are found

to exhibit decreasing returns to scale while the remaining 69 depicts increasing returns to scale. Further

from Table 2, we find that Tripura leads in terms of both average OTE and average PTE, with scores being

0.9318 and 0.9418 respectively. That Tripura emerges at the top is not unexpected as in terms of the

traditional performance indicators of the scheme- a] Average person days generated per household in a

year, b] Proportion of households provided with 100 days of work & c] work completion rate, the state

leads over the rest of its peers by a margin. Mizoram ranks second in terms of implementation efficiency

with average OTE and average PTE scores of 0.8334 and 0.8458 respectively. Mizoram, it may be noted

here also has the second highest rank in terms of the average person days per household and work

completion rate, though it could not provide 100 days of work to any of the households demanding work.

On the other hand, Arunachal Pradesh stands at the nadir in terms of both average OTE and average PTE,

with scores of 0.3382 and 0.4887 respectively, because of the lowest work completion rate and provision

of 100 days of work to households (along with Mizoram), though Manipur and Assam has lower average

person days generated per household. The least efficient DMU, East Kameng district, also belong to

Arunachal Pradesh. Expectedly, the average scores for SE increase and apart from Arunachal Pradesh, the

scores are above 0.95 for all the other states. Interestingly, in terms of ranking under the average SE, we

find that Manipur is placed at the 6th position ahead of Assam, which had been the 6th rank holder in terms

of average OTE and average PTE. Further, to be noted that the two bottom ranked states in terms of SE are

the two largest in terms of area among the North Eastern region of India. It may also be noted that, even

though Tripura leads in average scores, the state has only 1DMU as efficient in the Meta frontier against 2

each from Mizoram and Assam under OTE. The number of efficient DMUs in terms of PTE increases to 4

in Assam, as also 1 DMU each from Arunachal Pradesh and Meghalaya emerges with score of 1.

Table 2: Average Efficiency of the State

States Number of Districts (DMUs) Average OTE Average PTE Average SE

Arunachal Pradesh 13 0.3382 [0] 0.4887 [1] 0.7259 [0]

Assam 27 0.5615 [2] 0.5901 [4] 0.9547 [2]

Manipur 9 0.5049 [1] 0.5178 [1] 0.9668 [1]

Meghalaya 7 0.7573 [1] 0.7733 [2] 0.9748 [1]

Mizoram 8 0.8334 [2] 0.8458 [2] 0.9795 [2]

Nagaland 11 0.6944 [1] 0.7085 [1] 0.9729 [1]

Sikkim 4 0.7820 [1] 0.7906 [1] 0.9880 [1]

Tripura 4 0.9318 [1] 0.9418 [1] 0.9897 [1]

Notes: Figures in parentheses indicates the number of efficient DMUs in the state

Source: Computed

The second stage of the analysis using OLS regression provides us with interesting results. The value of the

‘F’ statistic, 8.034, indicates the significant specification of the model. Rural literacy rates have a significant

95

positive impact (p < 0.01) on the efficiency of implementation of the scheme. Higher literacy rates are

considered as a proxy for the empowerment of the people. Empowered people have greater capability to

articulate their demand as well as are more effective in ensuring better governance. In this context, it may

be noted that Mizoram has the second highest literacy rates in the country, while Tripura has had the highest

improvement in literacy rate during the inter Census period of 2001 to 2011, in the country (RGI, 2012).

Arunachal Pradesh has the lowest literacy rate among the North Eastern States, thus, the validity of the

value of the coefficient for literacy rate is explained. On the other hand, the positive coefficient regarding

the proxy variable for economic backwardness can be considered as welcome outcome for governance. Our

expectation was that MGNREGS will have better implementation in backward areas, and the positive

coefficient (though not significant), visible in Table 3, attest to it. Interestingly, the average PTE in districts

with more than 50% of the population belonging to the scheduled communities is 0.6717 (N=47), while

that of non-scheduled community majority districts, is 0.6198 (N=36). Interestingly, MGNREGS, though

universal and not targeted in nature and had a latent objective of creating employment opportunities for the

weaker sections of the society as part of the inclusive development strategy. In Tripura, the average person

days generated per household in tribal majority areas has been higher mostly because of the lack of

alternative opportunities (Bhowmik, 2013), however that cannot be generalised for the entire north eastern

region right now, though such a cause cannot be ruled out, particularly for some of the hill districts of the

region with shifting cultivation, the traditional livelihood strategy of the tribal people, in the wane.

Table 3: Results of OLS Regression

Coefficients Standard Error T Stat P- value

Constant 2.673 15.705 0.170 0.8653

SC & ST population (%) 0.089 00.069 1.311 0.1936

Rural Literacy rates (%) 0.807 00.209 3.870 0.0002

R Squared 16.72

Adj. R Squared 14.64

Observations 83

F (2, 80) 08.03 0.0006

Source: Computed

CONCLUSIONS

The foregoing section shows that there are wide variations in the implementation efficiency of the scheme

among the North Eastern states. States like Tripura and Mizoram have outperformed their peers by quite a

distance, though there are a few districts across the states emerging as efficient. Arunachal Pradesh, the

largest state in terms of area is by far the least efficient in the implementation of MGNREGS, which can be

explained to an extent, owing to its lower rates of rural literacy, which makes the people less empowered

to call for better governance in this issue. The exceptional scores exhibited by all the districts (DMUs) of

Tripura can also be explained by the pro-active role played by the state government in implementation of

the scheme. The Left Front government of the state has been a vociferous supporter of MGNREGS

(Bhowmik & Bose, 2015) and has utilised the scheme effectively for mobilizing rural support and

consolidating its political power in successive elections. However, the most encouraging conclusion that

emerges is that better implementation efficiency is visible in regions dominated by the scheduled

communities, which is absolute necessary for the North eastern region, which warrants greater state action

owing to limited private sector economic activity.

96

APPENDIX: OTE, PTE & SE OF DMUS (DISTRICTS) (IN %)

DMUs OTE PTE RTS DMUs OTE PTE RTS

Arunachal Pradesh Assam

Anjaw 44.33 63.72 IRS Baksa 28.59 29.20 IRS

Changlang 27.10 37.37 IRS Barpeta 47.62 49.83 IRS

East Kameng 8.75 17.30 IRS Bongaigaon 43.15 45.28 IRS

East Siang 27.77 35.78 IRS Cachar 67.31 71.16 IRS

Kurung Kumey 39.10 45.34 IRS Chirang 60.03 62.05 IRS

Lohit 52.46 62.47 IRS Darrang 40.52 42.55 IRS

Lower Dibang Valley 40.15 72.80 IRS Dhemaji 46.31 47.99 IRS

Lower Subansiri 23.44 29.83 IRS Dhubri 63.26 63.40 IRS

Papum Pare 37.28 43.14 IRS Dibrugarh 48.76 49.56 IRS

Tawang 28.53 38.03 IRS Dima Hasao 48.03 57.78 IRS

Tirap 36.14 42.42 IRS Goalpara 44.44 46.15 IRS

Upper Dibang Valley 31.78 100.00 IRS Golaghat 84.77 100.00 IRS

Upper Subansiri 42.87 47.10 IRS Hailakandi 40.32 44.46 IRS

Manipur Jorhat 56.48 56.59 IRS

Bishnupur 100.00 100.00 CRS Kamrup 50.83 51.66 IRS

Chandel 27.54 30.38 IRS Kamrup (Metro) 59.50 73.01 IRS

Churachandpur 58.17 58.37 IRS Karbi Anglong 39.82 41.90 IRS

Imphal East 49.14 49.87 IRS Karimganj 100.00 100.00 CRS

Imphal West 34.66 36.28 IRS Kokrajhar 47.04 48.02 IRS

Senapati 44.53 45.20 IRS Lakhimpur 53.06 55.55 IRS

Tamenglong 53.14 56.28 IRS Morigaon 56.79 56.94 IRS

Thoubal 29.26 31.31 IRS Nagaon 56.07 56.10 IRS

Ukhrul 57.95 58.34 IRS Nalbari 100.00 100.00 CRS

Meghalaya Sivasagar 47.73 48.27 IRS

East Garo Hills 93.41 100.00 IRS Sonitpur 93.09 100.00 IRS

East Khasi Hills 80.06 81.45 DRS Tinsukia 48.46 50.27 IRS

Jaintia Hills 55.86 56.53 IRS Udalguri 44.03 45.61 IRS

Ri Bhoi 65.73 67.80 IRS Nagaland

South Garo Hills 77.58 81.18 IRS Dimapur 95.87 96.01 IRS

West Garo Hills 100.00 100.00 CRS Kiphire 66.66 69.93 IRS

West Khasi Hills 57.45 57.86 IRS Kohima 100.00 100.00 CRS

Mizoram Longleng 34.70 38.64 IRS

Aizawl 91.05 91.34 IRS Mokokchung 76.48 76.68 IRS

Champhai 100.00 100.00 CRS Mon 57.23 58.88 IRS

Kolasib 41.35 45.25 IRS Peren 96.48 97.13 IRS

Lawngtlai 89.75 90.10 IRS Phek 45.52 48.21 IRS

Lunglei 85.69 85.78 IRS Tuensang 43.98 45.34 IRS

Mamit 100.00 100.00 CRS Wokha 61.51 63.00 IRS

Saiha 66.03 69.66 IRS Zunheboto 85.45 85.51 IRS

Serchhip 92.85 94.52 IRS

Sikkim Tripura

East 69.59 71.59 DRS Dhalai 93.97 97.59 DRS

North 100.00 100.00 CRS North Tripura 90.23 90.60 DRS

South 70.97 72.28 DRS South Tripura 100.00 100.00 CRS

West 72.24 72.37 IRS West Tripura 88.53 88.54 IRS

Notes: OTE- Overall Technical Efficiency, PTE- Pure Technical Efficiency, RTS- Returns to Scale

Source: Computed

REFERENCES

[1] Ambasta, P, Shankar, P. S. V. and M. Shah (2008), Two Years of NREGA: The Road Ahead, Economic and

Political Weekly 43(8): 41-50.

[2] Banker, R.D., A. Charnes, & W.W. Cooper, (1984), Some Models for Estimating Technical and Scale

Inefficiencies in Data Envelopment Analysis, Management Science, 30 (9): 1078-92.

97

[3] Bhatia, B. and J. Dreze (2006), ‘Employment Guarantee in Jharkhand: Ground Realities’, Economic and Political

Weekly 41(3): 198-202

[4] Bhowmik, Indraneel (2013), MGNREGS in Tripura: A Study on Efficiency and Equity, NLI Research Studies

Series, No. 102/2013

[5] Bhowmik, Indraneel & P. Bose (2015), Efficiency and Impact of MGNREGS in Tripura, Social Change and

Development, XII (1): 1-19.

[6] Charnes A., Cooper W.W., Rhodes E. (1978) Measuring the efficiency of decision-making units, European

Journal of Operational Research 2 (6): 429-444.

[7] CSE (2008), ‘NREGA: Opportunities and Challenges’ available at http://knowledge.nrega.net/105 (accessed on

15/02/2012)

[8] Farrell, M. J. (1957), The Measurement of Productive Efficiency, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series

A, Vol. 120 (3): 253-90.

[9] Ghosh, Jayati (2009), ‘Equity and Inclusion through Public Expenditure: The potential of the NREGS’. Paper

presented at the International Conference on NREGA, Ministry of Rural Development and ICAR, January.

[10] GoI (2008), NER 2020: A Vision Document, Ministry of DONER, New Delhi available at www.necouncil.nic.in

(accessed on 28/09/2015)

[11] Hirway, Indira (2008), ‘NREGA: A Component of Full Employment Strategy for India, An Assessment” Paper

presented at International Seminar on National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme in India, September 16-17,

New Delhi.

[12] Jha, Raghabendra and Raghav Gaiha (2012), NREGS: Interpreting the Official Statistics, Economic and Political

Weekly, 47 (40): 18-22.

[13] Mandavilli, Sujoy Rao (2010), ‘NREGA: Corruption mars welfare society, India’ available at

http://www.merinews.com/article/some-measures-for-enhancing-the-efficacy-of nrega/15833850.shtml (

accessed on 1/03/2013)

[14] Sethi, Anirudh (2011), MS- A Disaster Called MNREGA at http://www. anirudhsethireport.com/tag/nrega/ (

accessed on 1/03/2013)

[15] Shah, Deepak (2012) Implementation of NREGA in Maharashtra: Experiences, Challenges and Ways Forward,

MPRA paper No P39270 ( accessed on 1/03/2013)

[16] Sharma, Amita (2011), ‘Rights-based Legal Guarantee as Development Policy: The Mahatma Gandhi National

Rural Employment Guarantee Act’; Discussion Paper available at www.undp.org

[17] Srivastava, Ravi (2006), ‘National Rural Employment Guarantee and Seasonal Migration in India’, Migration

Newsletter, 1 (3)

[18] World Bank (2011), ‘Social Protection for a Changing India’, Volume II (Washington DC: World Bank).

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Debo NaiTitun (WeRefuse Titun)

A Play by Kamal Raychaudhuri

Edited & Translated Somdev Banik

Tribal Research and Cultural Institute, Govt. of Tripura, Agartala.

Debo Na titun (We Reuse Titun)

Debo Na Titun (We Refuse Titun)

A

Play by Kamal Raychaudhuri

Edited & Translated Somdev Banik

Published by: Tribal Research and Cultural Institute, Govt. of Tripura

Agartala.

ISBN: 978-81-932589-2-7

Cover Design by :

Samar Sen

Printed by: Kalika Press Pvt. Lud., Agartala e-mail [email protected]

Price: 67.00

HH-3TTA SAMAY-AAGAM

RESEARCH JOURNAL LANGUAGES & SOCIAL SCIENCES

'SUMMER 2015

Edited by Dr. Sunil Kumar

Sub Editor Dr. Harendra Kumar

Published by: SAMAY AAGAM

412/3, Jagriti Vihar, Garh Road, Meerut-250004

BETWEEN CULTURAL CROSSROA TRADITIONAL

INDIANS VERSUS ANGLICISED INDIANS IN

SELECTED SHORT STORIES OF KHUSHWANT SINGH

- Dr. Chaitali Gorai Abstract

Khushwant Singh has always been a favourite

among English readers in India. Simplicity and witticism

associated with the genial Indian ethos as evident in the

narratives are among the primary reasons for his

uncontended popularity. Wit and modest humour inform

his short stories; to a considerable extent, these are

developed through the picturesque portrayal of the

Anglicized-Indians and English men. With a slight

reservation he humours the imperial hangover that

Indians had failed to break through in the post-imperial

period. The present paper aims to study some short stories

of Singh, especially those that depict the bipartite Indians

in India; at one extreme are characters who represent the

age old Indian customs and traditions and at the other

end stand those who are victims of cultural admixture.

Keywords short stories, Orient(al), Occident(al),

Indianess, cultural colonialismn

Assistant Professor Department of English ipura University Suryamani Nagar-799 022 West Tripura

=99 VAY AAGAM REASEARCH JOURNAL, 2015 (SUMMER) Year IXth Vol. II Multilangual ISSN-0976-4682

pre text message-Mo Mohitda

o

Mohitda I am still in

sed my frustration to my friend Rar ma (who on 27 Mar is no moore inrul tert

mbu

) she told me to do e to him praying for his S that on tDecAte fn

nguish to rem ntormedA

message to i

peedy ever read it?

Moh ribute to him. Wherever he be.he as we live

and flowver e; and this a will live within our hearts so long as we live. And

ry 7h Ma ery Whnk ny

last

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wwlet be pay May his ay his soul rest in peace.

er he h Ihad w ew hat he wld ne be, he would

certainly bles

his former s to some

Salam 1-7-2015 on

promise hless me aso Is.

riend, I shal me, as to

hall ide to go inflicted Dr Abius Salam Mullick, former Faculty Secretary (Arts versity; he did his Ph.D. under the

supervision of Professo (Arts), and former Drector, E, hirtran

problem:

essor Ray person le of the

A word for you, my teacher... en while ached. I v take a Chaitali lur my end by th. But

darkest of times, the engulfing darkness bellowing out soot choking ail goodness ua7eS, I was transtormed into a ray of lighti itself. The Soul of Light who transtormed

Isaw the da

orld. It was then that the: Soul of Light took me in. From an urchin, all

who goodness

fled the e thus was my teacher Prof Mohit K Ray.

Without caring to know who I was, a Leftist or Rightist; an Eimstein

we go

n he carried me to his fold. He called me a part of his family. He had looked at my en ng eves and smiled: Family is of two kinds: one, biological, to beget ofspring as is done by the entire animal race; the other, the bestowal of knowledge and tradition to the next progeny irrespective of who begets them. Wise men believe in the latter. He had

cted the entire Sanskrit sloka from the ancient Indian Veda. Such was his magnanimity As I was now a part of his homestead, with passing time I came to know his hwo

daughters, the paragons of beauty and patience and the Lady of the light, my teacher Prot

ama Kundu. My years of training under their guidance helped me realize the vastmes,

umplicity, loveliness and the accessibility of knowledge. Today as Istand to tace the world

e terariness means distortion of facts and theoretical complexity, my teacher wno

with . He e all

king ghts that arly mic

heighten our perception. He was a man with profound intellectual clarity and umpresive

simplicity. My

was the maste of Indian and Western Aesthetics decoded the most critical postulations to

My years of growing were never dull. I learnt when I played and played as l learmt

and recited between sipping continue ritationsTomorro

Anecdotes from his life, poems of Tagore, and passages biscuits.'A from Shakespeare g ming were disuseu Laugh He

"Ami ijodi dustumi kore" etc from gore's

Sanchaita

or

"Tomorrow,

tonmorror

cret of a good tea-cher,'he would continue

with his boisterous

heart warming

laugh. He

ove

ast

his

ges from

Shakespeare

were

discussed

nd

and da re

Voice- soft and norous.

His recitations

of "Ogo ma, rajar

dulal jabe ki SiPping

of tea and crunching of biscuits.

'A god cup or tea

ad an ange

TH

E T

RA

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nco

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s of M

oh

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ay

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in o

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asto

nis

hm

en

t

Hast b

uilt thyself a live-long m

on

um

en

t."

Editor

Ram

a Ku

nd

u

Asso

ciate Ed

itors:

Pu

lakesh

Gh

osh

C

haita

li Go

rai

Sarup B

oo

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ub

lish

ers

(P) Ltd

. N

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TH

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s of M

oh

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Disclaim

er

Th

e publisher has fully tried to follow

the copyright law

. How

ever, if an

y w

ork

is fou

nd

to b

e similar, it is unintentional a

nd

the s

am

e

should no

t be used

as defam

atory o

r to

file legal suit against th

e editor/publisher.

Copyright: Selection and

Editorial M

atter a Mohit R

ay Centre for

Culture S

tudies. Copyright inform

ation on

individual items is included

at the en

d of th

e respective items.

The M

oral rights of the author have been asserted. A

ll rights reserved. No

part of this publication may be reproduced,

stored in a retrieval system

, transmitted o

r utilized in

any form,

or

by any means, w

ithout the prior permission of the copyright owner.

Application for such permission should b

e addressed to

the

publisher.

I E

dition-2016

ISBN: 978-93-5208-046-5

Laser Typesetting: A

adil Printographics, Delhi

ISSN-0976-4682 Year Xth Vol.I Multilangual

ADVISORY BOARD HH-3TTH

Dr:J.P. Kaushik senior Advocate, Meerut

Dr. Balwant Jani (Ex.-V,.C., North Gujrat Uni., Patan) SAMAY-AAGAM Dr.Hariraj Singh (Ex.-V.C., Allahabad Uni., Al.ahabad) Dr.Ganga Prasad Vimal (Ex. Director C.H.D. Delhi, India)

Dr. Sudhesh (Ex. Prof. Jawahar Lal Nehru Uni., Delhi) Dr.Jay Singh Neerad (Ex. Director, K.M.1. Agra) RESEARCH JOURNAL Dr. Mirtunjya Upadhyay (Ex. Prof. Hajaribag University) LANGUAGES & SOCIAL SCIENCES Dr.R.B. Misra (Prof. B.H.U. Varanasi, India)

Dr. Nishant Ketu (Ex.-H.0.D., Patna Uni., Bihar) Dr. Mathuresh Nandan Kulsheshtra, Ex. H.O.D. Raj. Uni, Dr. N.C. Lohni, (Prof. & Head Hindi) C.C.S. University Meerut Dr.Vidya Sankar Shukal, Prof. C.H.I., Agra WINTER Dr. Shive Kumar Khandelwal (Haryana) 2016 Dr. A.P. Sarswat (Ex. H.0.D. (N.A.S. P.G.) College, Meerut) Dr. Rekha Siddhu (Ex. H.O.D. (KPG) College, Mawana) Dr. Bijander Tomar, Principal (K.PG) College, Mawana

Edited by Dr. Sunil Kumar

Dr. Aruna Dublish, (Principal (K.L.PG) College, Meerut) A. Prof. Omkar Singh Tyagi (H.O.D. Sanskrit, S.S.S.S. College Rasna) r. Divaya Mathur, London U.K.

Sub Editor r. Kamraj Sindhu (Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra)

r. Harandra Kumar (J.S. Hindu College, Amroha J.P. Nagar) Dr. Harendra Kumar

Published by SAMAY AAGAM

412/3, Jagriti Vihar, Garh Road, Meerut-250004

The 'Other Side of Indian In-

dependence and Khushwant Singh's Train to Pakistan

Chaitali Gorai

Abstract

The joy of independence and the trauma of

separation occurred simultaneously in the

historic phase of 1947. On the one hand, India

became freefrom British domination, and on the

other, a part of the country was cleft tojform the

new Islamic nation of Pakistan. Indians

responded dijferently to the acquisition of

freedom - some were jovial, some resented and

some displayed a seer indifference. The time had

come for India to establish herself politically,

economically and militarily. Political parties

clamouredfor power to ascertain their system of

rules and governance. Though India made

encouraging advancement in many areas, there

were also regrettable lapses in the socio-political

and economic spheres. The present paper aims to

analyse these issues as revealed in Khushwant

Singh's Train to Pakistan.

Iniroduction

While the cultural life of India, the social codes and

Assistant Professor Department of English ura

Tripura University Suryamaninagar - 799 022 West 1rp I16

SAMAY AAGAM REASEARCH JOURNAL, 2016 (WINTER)

Year Xth Vol. I Multilangual ISSN-0976-4682

1-12, zit-2/ti1-3, qd7 TRA, TH ferr, fervil-110053. 9958130010, 9868354446

E-mail [email protected]

:250/-

wQH HAhUT: 2016

ISBN -978-93-82265-22-1

J.D.Compu ters: 2157, Outram Line, Kingsway Camp

Delhi- 1 10009 Mob. :981 8455819

RURTR faaR ERI 3NÍtq

1-12, -2/t1-3, qeHA TTRT,

7 Hm faR, feeit-110053 feay HIRTETI

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fTaH, facR 831226

HAT GST T| TEI-HIs, 3T-HHS, fE 4EIHT, YÜTH iT, 3Í.

fy7 1q '3a ása T ia ad fRi

Hhcl IhErit, 3yAH, TR45, Ta-faT, 3TTR 3 TE-fam

TF 1916. H 1936T fe n fera 3761

Scanned by CamScanner

Prospects of Mathematical Sciences in India

Shyamal Debnath Department of Mathematics

Tripura University Email: [email protected]

This article contains the prospects of Mathematical Sciences in India. We give

some idea about the study for higher Mathematics and research programmes in

Mathematics. We have compiled some of this information and it is hoped that it will be

a source of inspiration for the students to choose Mathematics as career -the mother of

all knowledge and the queen of all sCiences.

1. Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), Mumbai, School of Mathematics:

The Tata Institute is a Deemed University and runs a Graduate Programme

leading to the Ph.D. degree. Bright young students aspiring for a career of research in

mathematics are invited to apply for Research Scholarships in the School of Mathematics.

With its distinguished faculty engaged in high quality research in a broad spectrum of

area of research, the School provides a stimulating environment for pursuing doctoral

studies.

Ph.D. and Integrated-Ph.D. Programme: TIFR conducts entrance Examination

for admission into these programs. Candidates who qualify in the screening test will

have to succeed in the interview.

There is a scope for outstanding students to go abroad for Ph.D degree from

developed countries. For details one may visit the website: http://www.math.tifr.res.in/

2. Indian Institute of Science (1ISc), Bangalore, Division of Mathematical & Physical

Sciences: Mathematics Department The Department of Mathematics, IISc Bangalore, carries out research & teaching

in all areas of pure and applied mathematics such as Algebra, Topology, NonlinearSystems, Fluid Dynamics, Operator Theory etc. They conduct the Mathematics Olympiad Programme as well as the following academic programmes:

B.Sc. (Hons.) in Mathematics, admission via lIT JEE

.M.Sc. in Mathematics, admission via Joint Admission Test for M.Sc (JAM)

.Ph.D. in Mathematics, NET/GATE qualified candidates are elligible.

Details are available in the website: http://www.iisc.ac.in/

35

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The Languages of Tripura (Volume 28, Part 2)-People’s Linguistic Surveyof India

Title : The Languages of Tripura (Volume 28, Part 2)-People’s Linguistic Survey of India

Author : G. N. Devy and Sukhendu Debbarma

ISBN 13 : 9788125063964

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Year : 2016

MRP : Rs 1445

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DescriptionThe People’s Linguistics Survey of India tries to give an idea of the extant and dying languages ofIndia. It is the outcome of a nationwide survey of languages that has been documented bylinguists, writers, social activists, and members of different speech communities. This volume triesto acquaint the reader with the languages spoken in this north-eastern state of India. There arenineteen Scheduled Tribe communities in Tripura and Kokborok is spoken by a majority of thesetribes. The linguistic data of the languages covered in this volume has been provided mostly bycommunity elders and experts and we hope that this book will bring to its readers acomprehensive survey of the languages of Tripura

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11 May 2016

Standardization of infrared breast thermogramacquisition protocols and abnormality analysis ofbreast thermogramsMrinal Kanti Bhowmik (/profile/Mrinal.Bhowmik-134188), Usha Rani Gogoi (/profile/notfound?author=Usha_Rani_Gogoi), Kakali Das (/profile/notfound?author=Kakali_Das), Anjan Kumar Ghosh(/profile/Anjan.Ghosh-4697), Debotosh Bhattacharjee (/profile/notfound?author=Debotosh_Bhattacharjee), GautamMajumdar (/profile/notfound?author=Gautam_Majumdar)

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AbstractThe non-invasive, painless, radiation-free and cost-effective infrared breast thermography (IBT) makes asignificant contribution to improving the survival rate of breast cancer patients by early detecting the disease.This paper presents a set of standard breast thermogram acquisition protocols to improve the potentiality andaccuracy of infrared breast thermograms in early breast cancer detection. By maintaining all these protocols,an infrared breast thermogram acquisition setup has been established at the Regional Cancer Centre (RCC)of Government Medical College (AGMC), Tripura, India. The acquisition of breast thermogram is followed bythe breast thermogram interpretation, for identifying the presence of any abnormality. However, due to thepresence of complex vascular patterns, accurate interpretation of breast thermogram is a very challengingtask. The bilateral symmetry of the thermal patterns in each breast thermogram is quantitatively computed bystatistical feature analysis. A series of statistical features are extracted from a set of 20 thermograms of bothhealthy and unhealthy subjects. Finally, the extracted features are analyzed for breast abnormality detection.The key contributions made by this paper can be highlighted as — a) the designing of a standard protocolsuite for accurate acquisition of breast thermograms, b) creation of a new breast thermogram dataset bymaintaining the protocol suite, and c) statistical analysis of the thermograms for abnormality detection. Bydoing so, this proposed work can minimize the rate of false findings in breast thermograms and thus, it willincrease the utilization potentiality of breast thermograms in early breast cancer detection.

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Mrinal Kanti Bhowmik (/profile/Mrinal.Bhowmik-134188), Usha Rani Gogoi (/profile/notfound?author=Usha_Rani_Gogoi), Kakali Das (/profile/notfound?author=Kakali_Das), Anjan Kumar Ghosh(/profile/Anjan.Ghosh-4697), Debotosh Bhattacharjee (/profile/notfound?author=Debotosh_Bhattacharjee), and Gautam Majumdar (/profile/notfound?author=Gautam_Majumdar)"Standardization of infrared breast thermogram acquisition protocols and abnormality analysis of breast

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11 May 2016

Pain related inflammation analysis using infraredimagesMrinal Kanti Bhowmik (/profile/Mrinal.Bhowmik-134188), Shawli Bardhan (/profile/notfound?author=Shawli_Bardhan), Kakali Das (/profile/notfound?author=Kakali_Das), Debotosh Bhattacharjee(/profile/notfound?author=Debotosh_Bhattacharjee), Satyabrata Nath (/profile/notfound?author=Satyabrata_Nath)

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AbstractMedical Infrared Thermography (MIT) offers a potential non-invasive, non-contact and radiation free imagingmodality for assessment of abnormal inflammation having pain in the human body. The assessment ofinflammation mainly depends on the emission of heat from the skin surface. Arthritis is a disease of jointdamage that generates inflammation in one or more anatomical joints of the body. Osteoarthritis (OA) is themost frequent appearing form of arthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the most threatening form of them. Inthis study, the inflammatory analysis has been performed on the infrared images of patients suffering from RAand OA. For the analysis, a dataset of 30 bilateral knee thermograms has been captured from the patient ofRA and OA by following a thermogram acquisition standard. The thermograms are pre-processed, and areasof interest are extracted for further processing. The investigation of the spread of inflammation is performedalong with the statistical analysis of the pre-processed thermograms. The objectives of the study include: i)Generation of a novel thermogram acquisition standard for inflammatory pain disease ii) Analysis of the spreadof the inflammation related to RA and OA using K-means clustering. iii) First and second order statisticalanalysis of pre-processed thermograms. The conclusion reflects that, in most of the cases, RA orientedinflammation affects bilateral knees whereas inflammation related to OA present in the unilateral knee. Alsodue to the spread of inflammation in OA, contralateral asymmetries are detected through the statisticalanalysis.

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Mrinal Kanti Bhowmik (/profile/Mrinal.Bhowmik-134188), Shawli Bardhan (/profile/notfound?author=Shawli_Bardhan), Kakali Das (/profile/notfound?author=Kakali_Das), Debotosh Bhattacharjee(/profile/notfound?author=Debotosh_Bhattacharjee), and Satyabrata Nath (/profile/notfound?author=Satyabrata_Nath) "Pain related inflammation analysis using infrared images", Proc. SPIE 9861,Thermosense: Thermal Infrared Applications XXXVIII, 986116 (11 May 2016);https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2223425 (https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2223425)

Proceedings Volume 9861, Thermosense: Thermal Infrared Applications XXXVIII; (/conference-

proceedings-of-spie/9861.toc) 986116 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2223425

(https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2223425)

Event: SPIE Commercial + Scientific Sensing and Imaging (/conference-proceedings-of-

spie/browse/SPIE-Defense-Commercial-Sensing/SPIE-Commercial-Scientific-Sensing-and-

Imaging/2016), 2016, Baltimore, Maryland, United States

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KEYWORDS

Inflammation (/search?

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Conferences > 2016 IEEE Region 10 Conferenc...

Sarmistha Chakraborty ; Mrinal Kanti Bhowmik ; Anjan Kumar Ghosh ; Tannistha Pal All Authors

Automated edge detection of breast masses on mammogramsPublisher: IEEE Cite This Cite This PDF

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Abstract:Edge of a breast mass is one of the indicators of breast abnormality detection.In a mammogram, round and circumscribed masses indicate benign changes andmalignant masse... View more

MetadataAbstract:Edge of a breast mass is one of the indicators of breast abnormality detection. In amammogram, round and circumscribed masses indicate benign changes and malignantmasses usually has speculated (irregular) boundary. The paper has encountered afundamental problem of active contour model which was first proposed by Kass et al.The problem encountered here is generation of initial contour points manually selectedby users. Thus the positions of initial contour points will vary with human perspective,which is very difficult to identify actual and accurate contour points. To overcome thisproblem to some extent, sobel edge detection method is used as a prior step of activecontour model. Experiments have been tested on a dataset of 160 mammogramscollected from Mini-MIAS benchmark database and compared with sobel edge detectionmethod. In experiments, 92.5% segmentation accuracy has been obtained withsensitivity 93% and 85% specificity where the sobel edge detection method shown veryless segmentation accuracy of 84% with 91% sensitivity and 50% specificity. Timecomplexity and detection error have been also analysed for proposed method, idealhigh pass filter, sobel edge detection, hough transform and active contour model.

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Edge detection of medical imageprocessing using vector field analysis2014 11th International Joint Conferenceon Computer Science and SoftwareEngineering (JCSSE)Published: 2014

Image segmentation for lung region inchest X-ray images using edge detectionand morphology2014 IEEE International Conference onControl System, Computing andEngineering (ICCSCE 2014)Published: 2014

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Published in: 2016 IEEE Region 10 Conference (TENCON)

Date of Conference: 22-25 Nov. 2016

Date Added to IEEE Xplore: 09 February2017

ISBN Information:

Electronic ISSN: 2159-3450

INSPEC Accession Number: 16667564

DOI: 10.1109/TENCON.2016.7848209

Publisher: IEEE

Conference Location: Singapore,Singapore

I. IntroductionCancer that forms in the breast is the most life threatening diseaseamong woman. It has become a most important health issue in the worldmore than the past 50 years, and its occurrence has increased in recentyears. It happens to over 8% women during their lifetime [1]. Thenecessity for early detection of breast cancer is highlighted by the factthat incidence rates for breast cancer is one of the highest among allcancers according to the American Cancer Society which quotes amorbidity of 2,30,000 and a mortality of 40,000 according to the latestfigures gathered for the American population. Currently, the mostfrequently used method for breast cancer detection is mammographyand also it is known as the gold standard for breast cancer detection.German surgeon Albert Salomon (1913) was the first researcher to usemammography to detect breast cancer. This method involves low-doseX-ray (30–150 kilo voltage peak) imaging of the breast. Screeningmammography examinations are performed on asymptomatic women todetect early, clinically unsuspected breast cancer [1]. The sensitivity ofmammographic screening differs with image quality and expertise ofradiologists. To balance this variability and to make the diagnosticprocedure standard, attempts are being made to develop automatictechniques for diagnosis breast cancer. Microcalcifications and massesare two important early signs of the diseases [2]. The characteristics ofthe edges of a mass are able to indicate the presence of an abnormality.It has been seen in the paper of Campanini et al. (2004) [4] that theyused an SVM-based featureless approach for mass detection in digitalmammograms. Instead of extracting features from ROIs, the authorsused a multiresolution, the wavelet representation to codify the imagewith redundancy of information. Two SVM classifiers have been used intheir approach. They conducted experiments with 512 images containing312 malignant tumors and 200 normal images from the DDSMdatabase. The authors reported that the algorithm achieved nearly 80%accuracy true positive detection with a false positive rate of 1.1 marksper image for malignant tumors. In the year 2004, Joo et al. [5]presented a computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) algorithm to detectmalignancy on ultrasonography (US) features and artificial neuralnetwork (ANN). The accuracy of ANN classifier has been measured on584 histologically confirmed cases containing 284 malignant mass and300 benign breasts mass. The features have been extracted from USimages through digital image processing with a relatively simplesegmentation algorithm. And they applied to the region of interest, whichhas been selected manually. The ANN classifier was then used toclassify depending on five morphological characteristics like edges,shapes and darkness of a nodule. Their obtained accuracy was 91%. Inthe year 2007 Yuan et al. [7] utilizes a geometric active contour modeland RGI-based segmentation method for automatic delineation of lesionboundaries on digital mammograms. They have used a full-field digitalmammography database with 739 images, and then compare theirproposed method with normal region growing method. With thethreshold value of 0.4, they showed that 85% images were correctly

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Conferences > 2016 IEEE Region 10 Conferenc...

Tannistha Pal ; Mrinal Kanti Bhowmik ; Debotosh Bhattacharjee ; Anjan Kumar Ghosh All Authors

Visibility enhancement techniques for fog degraded images: Acomparative analysis with performance evaluationPublisher: IEEE Cite This Cite This PDF

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Abstract:Low visibility is regarded as the fundamental cause for increasing number ofaccidents. When bad weather condition exists mainly due to fog, haze, snow, darkness,etc., t... View more

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Published in: 2016 IEEE Region 10 Conference (TENCON)

Abstract:Low visibility is regarded as the fundamental cause for increasing number of accidents.When bad weather condition exists mainly due to fog, haze, snow, darkness, etc., thedriver is unable to observe a distinct view of route. Out of the bad atmosphericcondition, fog is one of the major sources of the accident because the visibility of fogremains very low which is less than 1 km. It is the natural phenomenon that decreasesthe contrast and color fidelity of objects in the captured image and makes the objectdifficult to see through naked eyes. The main goal of this paper is to perform acomparative analysis of some well-known visibility enhancement techniques. This paperalso implemented three well-known fog removal algorithms, and for assessing theefficiency of the methods used, qualitative assessment evaluation is accomplishedalong with comparative statistical analysis and algorithms efficiency comparison.

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Exponential image enhancement indaytime fog conditions17th International IEEE Conference onIntelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC)Published: 2014

A color reproduction method with imageenhancement for endoscopic images2nd Middle East Conference on BiomedicalEngineeringPublished: 2014

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Date of Conference: 22-25 Nov. 2016

Date Added to IEEE Xplore: 09 February2017

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INSPEC Accession Number: 16667319

DOI: 10.1109/TENCON.2016.7848504

Publisher: IEEE

Conference Location: Singapore,Singapore

I. IntroductionAnalysing and estimating the appearance of outdoor scenes underarbitrary lighting and weather conditions is a serious problem incomputer vision. Solutions to this problem have entanglement forseveral computer vision applications such as visual surveillance,tracking, intelligent vehicles, and remote sensing. The appearance of anoutdoor image mainly relies on several atmospheric factors like clear air,mist, haze fog, rain, etc. This paper presented a comparative analysis ofsome classical fog removal algorithms and implemented thesetechniques on real time foggy images along with performanceevaluation.

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8. Novel microbial system developed from low level radioactive waste treatment plant for environmental sustenance.

9. Comparison of the response of albicans and non albicans group of candida isolated from different parts of West Bengal, India upon exposure to several stresses.

Knowledge Networking in India:

A Case Study of National Knowledge Network

Mithu Anjali Gayan

ABSTRACT

The main idea of knowledge network is to enhance collective knowledge of an organization. Newer technologies have helped organizations to associate and

collaborate with each other in an effective way. Different networks which use knowledge management applications to create and disseminate knowledge in afaster way can be termed as knowledge network. With the growing use of lT and its

applications different knowledge networks have come to existence. The present study

revolves around the National Knowledge Network, India. The main objectives of the study are to examine the services offered and applications provided by the National

Knowledge Network. The study also gives an overview other knowledge networks of both national and international importance. It is found that the National Knowledge Network has already connected 1406 institutions and aims to connect over 1500

Institutions/Organizations /Laboratories under various categories throughout the

country.

Keywords: Knowledge Network, National Knowledge Network, INFLIBNET,

Knowledge Management

Introduction

Knowledge is the most important factor for today's organizational success or failure. The present era can better be termed as knowledge era as knowledge plays a very significant

role in this technology driven information sensitive age. Knowledge networks are product of certain interrelated phenomena such as knowledge sharing, developing and evolving. Knowledge networks are built up with an aim to disseminate, apply and create knowledge more rapidly.

Before, going into decp about knowledge networks it is important to get the concept of

knowledge right. Knowledge is information combined with understanding and capability, it ives in the minds of people. Typically, knowledge provides a level of predictability that

usually stems from the recognition of patterns (Groff & Jones 2012). Knowledge is the most important weapon that today's organizations hold. The most useful knowledge resides in the minds of people of an organization.

There are two main types of knowledge; the first and most common type of knowledge is called tacit knowledge. The second type is called explicit knowledge.

RY

strategic Marketing of Library and Information Service: A New Approachn

Dr. R. K. Mahapatra Dr. Mahaendr K. Sahu

ABSTRACT

Twenty first centuries is the era of information. Information is the key to all

aspects ofBusiness. Information has been accessible through libraries. Since a long

time, Library has been perceived to be a nonprofit entity. Due to this conception

Libraries are going to extinct as they can t fight with the competition by means of

this nonprofit and weaponless notion. Sooner or later a time will come when Libraries

will become Museums . Hence Modern Libraries need a paradigm shift in their

operation to survive. And it is high time to make this weaponless entity to a

weaponised entity. Therefore the User mindset is necessary to be changed to a

customer mindset. Means users ofa Library can no more be treated as users alone,

they should be treated as "Customers". Hence Modern Libraries need to be well

marketed about their existence, services and facilities. MMarketing of library and

information services are a blossoming concept in our country. The paper discusses

and emphasizes the needfor the adoption of marketing approach by the libraries to

supplement their financial resources and exploit new information technology to

provide better information support to the users. This article highlights the marketing

concept and its various activities and how these activities can be successfully applied

in the marketing of library and information services in University libraries/Public

Libraries. Also discusses on the problems in implementing marketing concept to

library and information services. It suggests promoting marketing of library and

information services in university and deals wih melhod of designing services and

products. Finally concludes that the marketing policy of the libraries needs careful

planning, structuring, execution and evaluation with regular review

Keywords: Library and Information Services, Marketing, Marketingmix ofLibrary

and Information Services and Strategies.

Introduction

In the age of technology the importance or 1ntormation can never be neglected.

Information has created a space for itself in the organizational business. Without having

proper information organizations can no longer survive or compete. In this connection

Libraries are the only entities which have an abundant resource of information. With the

growing importance of infornmation the scope of trading information is also increasing for

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