SANITATION AND STERILISATION - Cambridge School of ...

© CIDESCO INTERNATIONAL 1

SANITATION AND STERILISATION;

OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND

SAFETY

Compiled for CIDESCO INTERNATIONAL

© CIDESCO INTERNATIONAL Sterilisation and Sanitation; Occupational Health and Safety

Version 1.0. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted

in any form or by any means without prior permission of the author.


TABLE OF CONTENTS

Table of contents ..................................................................................................................................... 2

Greetings from the president of cidesco international ........................................................................... 4

Directions on unit .................................................................................................................................... 5

Hygiene .................................................................................................................................................... 6

Personal hygiene ...................................................................................................................................... 6

Examples of personal hygiene ................................................................................................................. 6

Public hygiene .......................................................................................................................................... 7

General salon hygiene ............................................................................................................................. 7

Occupational health and safety ............................................................................................................... 8

Use of chemicals ....................................................................................................................................11

First aid kit emergency items .................................................................................................................12

Material safety data sheet .....................................................................................................................13

Storing chemicals safely.........................................................................................................................13

Worksheet 1...........................................................................................................................................14

Precautions taken in the salon to prevent contamination and cross-infection ....................................15

Definition of terms used in hygiene and sterilization ...........................................................................17

Sterilization methods .............................................................................................................................18

Worksheet 2...........................................................................................................................................20

Antiseptics and disinfectants .................................................................................................................21

Antiseptics..............................................................................................................................................22

Disinfectants ..........................................................................................................................................24

Sanitation and sterilization ....................................................................................................................26

Worksheet 3...........................................................................................................................................28

Bacteria ..................................................................................................................................................29

Toxins .....................................................................................................................................................31

Classification and diseases caused by bacteria .....................................................................................31

General forms of bacteria ......................................................................................................................31

Worksheet 4...........................................................................................................................................31

Viruses....................................................................................................................................................33

Schematic diagram of the complete virus particle (the virion) .............................................................33

Disease caused by a virus ......................................................................................................................35


Cidesco standard operating procedures................................................................................................36

For schools during covid-19 ...................................................................................................................36

Health and sanitation laws and regulations ..........................................................................................36

Cidesco standard operating procedures................................................................................................43

For salons and spas during covid-19 ......................................................................................................43

Sanitation and laundry procedures .......................................................................................................47

Worksheet 5...........................................................................................................................................50

Fungi.......................................................................................................................................................51

Worksheet 6...........................................................................................................................................52

How to clean up a blood spill.................................................................................................................53

Hepatitis .................................................................................................................................................55

Hiv/aids ..................................................................................................................................................57

Worksheet 7...........................................................................................................................................58

Resources ...............................................................................................................................................59

Sanitation and sterilisation workbook ...................................................................................................60


GREETINGS FROM THE PRESIDENT OF CIDESCO INTERNATIONAL

Having experienced the impact of COVID-19 on our industry over the past months, together

with requests from our members, it became evident to CIDESCO International that our

schools, salons, spas, students and members would benefit immensely by entering into a

globally recognised Award in Sanitation and Sterilisation. This is created to enhance

personal and public hygiene procedures for our staff and clients safety and security. We

hence developed this Award together with a detailed Standard Operating Procedure to be

offered to the global industry of beauty and spa therapists and managers, as a gift from

CIDESCO International, with our compliments. We look forward to the honour of issuing you

with your accreditation in this Award.

Sandy Fuhr

PRESIDENT of CIDESCO INTERNATIONAL

On behalf of the CIDESCO International Board and Support Office


DIRECTIONS ON UNIT

Each chapter ends with a worksheet.

Answer each worksheet on completion of each chapter. The worksheet will not be assessed from CIDESCO International, but we encourage you to complete the worksheet thus enhancing your knowledge of sanitation and sterilization.

Use other reference books to assist you in furthering your knowledge in this unit.

This is an 8 hour theory only unit.

There is 1 x 25 mark multiple-choice examination. Successful Candidates who have a pass mark of over 70 % in the multiple-choice Theory Examination shall receive a CIDESCO International Award in Sanitation and Sterilization.

All learners should be in possession of a Level 1 First Aid course.


HYGIENE

DEFINITION

“Hygiene is the science for the prevention of disease therefore preserving health and

sanitary conditions.”

Hygiene is classified into two types:

PERSONAL HYGIENE

DEFINITION

“Personal Hygiene is the care given by individuals to preserve health through rules of healthful living e.g. cleanliness, relaxation, enough sleep, oral hygiene, good posture, balanced diet, exercise, wholesome and positive thoughts and attitude.”

EXAMPLES OF PERSONAL HYGIENE

• Therapist and her uniform should be neat, ironed, immaculate and clean at all times.

• Hair should be neat, clean and tidy. Should be tied to the back if long and the right hair

equipment must be used.

• Nails should be short, well manicured and unvarnished. Buffed.

• Hands should be washed before, during a treatment and after each client.

• Bath daily and deodorants/antiperspirants must be applied regularly to ensure fresh and

pleasant smell.

• Fresh breath.

• No smoking when treating a client.

• Posture, sleep, exercise, relaxation and a good balanced diet is important to ensure a

healthy attitude towards work. –

• Shoes of matching colour to the uniform, have a heel, but not higher than 2,5 cm (court

shoe). Must be clean and repaired if necessary.

• Make-up should be neat, fresh and must not have a caked appearance.

• Do not wear bright or dark under wear under uniform. This will show through the

clothes. White or flesh coloured under wear are much more suitable giving a more

professional appearance.

• No jewellery.


PUBLIC HYGIENE

DEFINITION

“Public Hygiene is the steps that should be taken by the government or local health care

departments of the municipalities in order to promote public health and to protect the health,

safety and welfare of the citizens.”

GENERAL SALON HYGIENE

• Readily supply of hot and cold water.

• Should have a laundry bin, waste bin, sterilizing and sanitizing units, airtight containers

for sterilized equipment, closing closets for storage of gowns, head bands, towels,

equipment, products etc.

• Towels should be placed in laundry bin after use.

• Blankets or duvets should be washed regularly.

• Instruments must be disinfected (sterilized) before, during and after use and then stored

in a UV sanitizer and then placed in airtight containers or closed cabinets.

• Floors, surfaces, basin area/ sink units, shelves, toilet, shower etc. should be cleaned

regularly.

• All creams, lotions and other cosmetics should be kept closed and never removed from

the containers with fingers. Always use a spatula to obtain cream from containers.

• Lotions and liquids must be poured into a sterilized container and from there applied

onto the client.

• Excess product should not be returned to the container but thrown away.

• All dry powders should be kept in a dry shaker and if in a tub a new piece of cotton wool

should be used each time.

• Check for contra-indications to avoid any cross-infection.

• Disposable gloves must be used where possible. Also, surgical masks.

• Paper towels should be changed after each client.

• The clinic should be well-lit.

• All plumbing fixtures should be properly installed.

• No pets allowed.

• No smoking.

• The bathroom/toilet must be clean and sanitized.

• No cooking of food.

• First aid kit.

• Paper towelling / blower.


OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY

DEFINITION

“The Occupational Health and Safety Act aims to provide for the health and safety of

persons at work and for the health and safety of persons in connection with the activities of

persons at work and to establish an advisory council for occupational health and safety.”

Health and safety rules and regulations are put into place to protect the health and safety of

the employees and the equipment that is in the salon. It is important to educate your

employees on these matters and to have systems in place to try and minimise and problems

that could occur.

If you are a salon owner or are planning to open up a salon here are a few points to

consider:

• Ensure your employees are trained in health and safety

• Keep a record of all their training.

• Keep an accident book to record any employee or customer accidents that have

occurred.

• Keep a labelled first aid box with stock - easily accessible.

• Equipment and chemicals stored in a logical order in a well-ventilated room.

• Escape routes must be well marked and have nothing blocking them.

• Information posters should be put up to inform employees.

• Work area needs to be well ventilated.

• Cleaning equipment and chemicals out of reach of children that may enter the

workplace.

POSSIBLE ACCIDENT PROCEDURE TO FOLLOW TO AVOID ACCIDENT

Slips, trips and falls: Most accidents occur when staff trip over trailing leads and uneven floor surfaces, or fall when trying to reach items e.g. by standing on chairs.

• Fasten cables and leads securely or re-route overhead if possible.

• Unplug all equipment when not in use.

• Keep passageways, workstations, and stairs clear. Clean up spillages immediately.

• Provide adequate lighting.

• Provide proper step ladders to reach anything not accessible from the ground.

Fire: Obstructed exit routes, for example by stock, can prevent escape and provide fuel for fires. Many products used in beauty treatments, particularly aerosols, are highly flammable and potentially explosive if exposed to high temperatures.

• Keep all escape routes and fire exits clear and make regular checks to ensure this is the case.

• Store products, particularly aerosols, away from naked flames or sources of heat, at or below room temperature and in a dry atmosphere.

• Do not use portable gas heaters as they have a naked flame.


• Switch off and unplug all electrical appliances at night.

• Make sure employees are aware of the action they must take in the event of a fire

Electrical Safety: Many of the electrical appliances used in beauty salons are subject to considerable wear and tear.

• Devise a system for regularly checking all portable electrical equipment, such as waxing equipment, sunbeds, etc. and for marking faulty equipment and preventing its use until repaired. (It is useful to individually number equipment).

• Keep a maintenance log for electrical equipment.

• Provide adequate sockets at every workstation, do not overload sockets and avoid the use of adaptors.

• Ensure all hot and cold water pipes are suitably bonded and earthed.

reHazardous Substances:

Some of the preparations and products used in the beauty salon contain harmful substances which can cause both skin and respiratory problems. Products used for cleaning can also be hazardous.

• Make a list of all hazardous products used in the salon and obtain hazard data sheets from the manufacturers.

• Make sure you are using the safest products available and that they comply with the Cosmetic Products (Safety) Regulations.

• Ensure you assess all new products before use.

• Store and use all products in accordance with manufacturers’ instructions.

• Take care when disposing of surplus/out of date stock, following manufacturers guidance or return to manufacturer.

• If signs of dermatitis or asthma are detected suitable action should be taken to minimise the problem e.g. provide barrier creams and gloves, improve ventilation and monitor to ensure gloves etc. are used.

• Train staff in the safe use of chemicals.

Manual Handling:

Lifting and moving stock and working at poorly designed workstations may cause back injury or muscular strain.

• Avoid lifting items which are too heavy - use trolleys, lifts or other devices where possible.

• Train staff in proper lifting techniques.

• Design workstations to ensure staff have enough room to move around when


working and provide chairs which can be adjusted depending on the size of the client and therapist.

Hygiene:

There is risk of transmission of infection

when using equipment and products on

different clients.

• Make sure ‘hard’ re-usable equipment such as tweezers and cuticle knives can be sterilised between use on clients by a glass-bead steriliser or an autoclave. NB. ‘Ultra-violet sterilisers’ DO NOT sterilise. Ultraviolet light has sanitising properties only.

• Use disposable products where possible e.g. sterile disposable needles for electrolysis and orange sticks and emery boards for manicures, to avoid the need to sterilise such equipment between treatments. Provide ‘sharps’ boxes for disposal of needles, blades etc. ‘sharps’ boxes should be disposed of by a registered waste carrier.

• Use techniques which prevent cross contamination of creams, make-up products, wax pots etc. NEVER re-filter depilatory wax.

• Thoroughly cleanse brushes, sponges, towels etc. between uses.

• Contact your local council to register with them if you are carrying out skin piercing treatments such as electrolysis, acupuncture, micro needling or ear piercing.


USE OF CHEMICALS

There are a variety of chemicals used in the teaching of health and skincare.

PRECAUTIONS TAKEN ARE

• Heat is kept away from the flammable chemicals

• All chemicals are labelled correctly

• Chemicals are never mixed.

• Bins are changed between clients to avoid a build-up of chemicals.

• Chemicals are kept in small quantities

• Chemicals are stored in dark containers to preserve them.

• Sharps are disposed in a sharps container and sent for incineration.


FIRST AID KIT EMERGENCY ITEMS

• Plasters, in a variety of different sizes and shapes

• Small, medium and large sterile gauze dressings

• Triangular bandages

• Crêpe rolled bandages

• Safety pins

• Disposable sterile gloves

• Tweezers

• Scissors

• Alcohol-free cleansing wipes

• Sticky tape

• Thermometer, preferably digital

• Distilled water, for cleaning wounds

• Eye wash and eye bath

It may also be useful to keep a basic first aid manual or instruction booklet with your first aid

kit.

First Aid Kit should be checked regularly to make sure the items are within their use-by

dates.

Please note this is only a suggested contents list. We advise you to abide by the rules and

regulations of your country for the contents of a first aid kit.


MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET

DEFINITION

A Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) is a document that contains information on the

potential hazards (health, fire, reactivity and environmental) and how to work safely with the

chemical product. It is an essential starting point for the development of a complete health

and safety program. It also contains information on the use, storage, handling and

emergency procedures all related to the hazards of the material. The MSDS contains much

more information about the material than the label. MSDSs are prepared by the supplier or

manufacturer of the material. It is intended to tell what the hazards of the product are, how

to use the product safely, what to expect if the recommendations are not followed, what to

do if accidents occur, how to recognize symptoms of overexposure, and what to do if such

incidents occur.

STORING CHEMICALS SAFELY

• Keep all products labelled

• Keep MSDS for all products easy to reach and find

• Always keep containers tightly capped

• Dispose of any containers that cannot be opened, closed, and reused

• When in doubt, throw it out (follow your local toxic disposal regulations)

• Do not permit smoking in the salon

• Minimize the number of open containers

• Use small amounts of product at a time

• Place a fire extinguisher near the exit, and check it at intervals for leakage

• Store chemicals in dark glass bottles ideally


WORKSHEET 1

1. Define personal hygiene.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Discuss personal hygiene of the therapist.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Discuss salon hygiene.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


PRECAUTIONS TAKEN IN THE SALON TO PREVENT CONTAMINATION

AND CROSS-INFECTION

HANDS

Wash with soap/disinfectant and warm water before and after each client. Dry hands with

paper towel or blower.

SURFACES

Wipe over with disinfectants e.g. Alcohol, Surgical spirits.

TREATMENT OF WOUNDS

If the skin bruises or bleeds after the insertion of a needle, a small pad of dry cotton wool

should be used over the area to cover it and apply pressure until the bleeding stops. Apply

after care solution to the area and work in a different area. The same applies to extractions

or any other form of skin piercing. Use disinfectant to clean area.

DISPOSAL

Sharp metal instruments e.g. needles, lancets should be placed in a sharps box after use.

When the box is about 3/4 full it may be disposed of by special arrangement. Usually

collected by local health office and incinerated at a local hospital.

METAL INSTRUMENTS

Sterilized before and after each client in Autoclave or in Glass bead sterilizer, and wipe with

Chlorhexidine Gluconate or Methylated spirits.

SKIN PREPARATION

Do not use sharp or pointed instruments on or at least near areas of a client's skin that are

obviously diseased, infected or inflamed. Except in facial treatments during the extracting

phase (a tile with a lancet and cotton wool dampened with methylated spirits and an

antiseptic solution containing Chlorhexidine Gluconate must be prepared, hands should be

washed before and after extractions and finger cots or gloves must be used).

CUTS ON YOUR HANDS

Cover existing wounds with waterproof dressing, wash fresh cuts and encourage bleeding

under running water and then cover with a waterproof dressing. Clean with an antiseptic.

Always have a box of plasters/waterproof dressing available. No salon should be without a

first aid kit.

NEEDLES

Do not test needles on yourself. Test needles on a damp of cotton wool held with tweezers.

Needles should only be used once, and needles must not be used on more than one client.

CREAMS

Tubes are better than jars. Always use a spatula to obtain creams from containers. Never

use fingers and always close a container after use. Excess product must not be returned to

containers.


WAXING

Whenever blood is drawn on a strip of wax, it must be disposed of. Do not re-use that wax

as well as material strips. Pay attention to the following: Hands, lancets, tweezers, surface,

disposal, gloves, bin liners, products - wax)

COLDS/FLU

Wear a surgical mask. Wash your hands regularly, especially after sneezing or blowing of

the nose. Also wash hands in general after touching other surface areas. General advice -

stay at home when feeling ill or send employees home if they develop cold/flu symptoms at

work.

WASTE BINS

Bin liners. Emptied regularly. Bins should have lids.

GLOVES

Surgical gloves can be used e.g. epilation or to prevent contamination. Used always during

waxing, brow shaping and any action that may come into touch with blood.

INSTRUMENTS

Must be cleaned, sanitized and sterilized.


DEFINITION OF TERMS USED IN HYGIENE AND STERILIZATION

TERMINOLOGY

Antiseptic An organic or non-organic compound that inhibits bacterial

growth but may not necessarily kill bacteria.

Bacteria: Minute microorganisms found nearly everywhere, two groups,

pathogenic and non-pathogenic.

Pathogenic: Disease producing and harmful bacteria.

Non-pathogenic: Bacteria that are harmless or even beneficial to man.

Fungi: Simple or hyphal microorganism which include yeasts,

moulds, and mushrooms.

Asepsis: Being free from disease causing bacteria.

Sterile: Free from all germs.

Sterilization: The complete destruction of bacteria and their cause.

Bactericide: A chemical agent which, under defined conditions is capable

of killing bacteria but not necessarily the spores.

Bacteria stat: Chemical agent which under defined conditions are capable

of inhibiting the multiplication of bacteria/fungi.

Fumigant: To sanitize/sterilize using fumes.

Sanitize: To make clean and sanitary by killing pathogenic or septic

micro-organisms and decrease another microorganism.

Germicide/Disinfectant: A chemical agent that destroys certain pathogenic micro-

organism.

Sepsis: Being infected with bacteria.

Infection: Multiplication of pathogenic micro-organisms within the body.

Virus: A micro-organism smaller than bacteria.


STERILIZATION METHODS

AUTOCLAVE UNIT OR PRESSURE CABINET

• Works like a pressure cooker.

• Consists of 2 chambers. Water in the lower chamber and instruments on upper

chamber.

• The principle of sterilization is moist heat.

• The water boils in the lower chamber and steam is released towards the upper

chamber. Instruments are left in unit for 10 - 20 min. Afterwards, instruments must

be placed in a sterile and clean container.

• The moist heat autoclave operates at 121°C and is considered as a very effective

means of sterilisation.

• Other types available eg: dry heat autoclave, vacuum autoclave, flash instrument

autoclave.

• The time and temperature of dry heat autoclave is 160°C (320°F) for 2 hours or

180°C (356°F) for one hour

• Consult manufacturer`s instructions and local government laws and regulations on

sterilization times and temperatures.

ADVANTAGES

• Economical and very effective

• Non-toxic on instruments

• Easy to operate

DISADVANTAGES

• Sharp instruments can become blunt

• Metal instruments might rust. Recommend use of stainless steel instruments.

• Expensive

• Plastic instruments will be damaged.


GLASS BEAD STERILISER

• Operates at approximately at 300°C.

• Metal instruments will thus be completely sterilized within minutes.

• Only the parts covered with beads will be sterilized.

• The unit takes + 20 - 30 minutes to warm up and before sterilization can take place.

• If more than 1 instrument is placed in the container, a longer time must be added for

sterilisation.

• Consult manufacturers` instructions and local government laws and regulations on

sterilization times and temperatures.

WET STERILISATION (CHEMICAL)

Asepsis can be obtained by washing down all surfaces, walls, floors, treatment beds, tiles,

trolleys, work surfaces, basins etc after basic cleaning with an antiseptic solution.

EG: Antiseptic solution concentrates, diluted according to manufacturers’ instructions.

Towels can also be disinfected in this method. If metal tools are sterilized by this method,

the liquid must contain a rust inhibitor.

VAPOUR STERILISATION (CHEMICAL)

• Only metal and plastic instruments can be sterilized in this method.

• Metal must be clean and dry or it will rust.

• The shelf in the unit should be covered with cotton wool to absorb the moisture.

• Formaldehyde at 40% strength may be used.

ULTRA-VIOLET CABINET

• Used for the maintenance of your sterilisation process.

• Basically, used as a storage unit.

• Not used for sterilization only for sanitation.

• This cabinet will keep your item as clean as it was when you first inserted it.


WORKSHEET 2

1. Define sanitation and sterilisation.

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Discuss the uses of a UV cabinet.

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Discuss the glass bead steriliser.

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. What is wet sterilisation?

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


ANTISEPTICS AND DISINFECTANTS

ANTISEPTIC DEFINITION

A diluted disinfectant that is safe to apply to the skin. Its’ task is to slow down multiplication,

growth and in some cases may destroy/kill micro-organisms if strength of the solution is

correct e.g. some soaps (hands), alcohol, boric acid, tincture of iodine, hydrogen peroxide,

formalin, chloramine, sodium hypochlorite.

DISINFECTANT DEFINITION

A chemical agent which destroys or kills all micro-organisms. Safe to apply on surfaces but

too toxic to be applied directly onto the skin e.g. Quaternary Ammonium compound/Quats,

formalin, ethyl or grain alcohol.


ANTISEPTICS

ALCOHOL

• Methyl, ethyl/grain and isopropyl alcohol (ethanol, methanol, isopropanol)

• Ethanol: Used as a mixture of alcohol with other substances (undrinkable) usually in

a 60% solution e.g. Surgical spirits, Methylated spirits (Meths = mineralised) and

industrialized meths (IMS). Mineralized meths includes mineral naphtha (like

paraffin), pyridine and purple dye. Surgical spirits is IMS and castor oil.

• Methyl alcohol: Weaker disinfectant. Bactericidal. Alcohol (70%) and water (30%)

• Clear and colourless

• Spirituous odour, burning taste

• Store in a cold place

• Can be used as a solvent

• 76 - 81% Alcohol solution is bactericidal

• Can be used in a diluted solution to clean the skin

• Can cause the skin to become hard and dry

• Not 100% as this tends to coagulate the pores and no cleansing action can take

place

• Replace the solution if implements are immersed into it.

IODINE

• Good skin antiseptic

• Contains no alcohol

• Used to clean infected wounds, pre-surgical skin preparation and cleaning.

• Used at a 2% dilution

• To clean seborrhoeic skin types

PHENOLS

• Carbolic acid, highly caustic and poisonous

• 5% dilution = germicidal

• 2% dilution = suitable to apply to skin

• 1 - 2% dilution it is antibacterial. Often used by electrologists

• Can be used as a local skin anaesthetic


CHLORHEXIDINE GLUCONATE

• Very common antiseptic

• Used to clean skin

• Extremely good bacteriostatic powers

• Chlorhexidine is the active ingredient found in various antiseptic solutions.

• Used for pre-surgery and cleansing of wounds at 0,5%

• Avoid eye area – too strong

• Very active against viruses and fungi.

• Blood coagulant

QUATERNARY AMMONIUM COMPOUND

• Yellow or white powder that dissolves in water to form a foaming solution

• 0,1% to clean wounds

• 0,5% pre-surgical solution

• Quaternary ammonium is the active ingredient in found in various antiseptic creams

and powders.

BORIC ACID

• White crystals

• 2 - 5% solution

• To clean eyes - used by optometrists

• 15g in 500ml water - antiseptic

HYDROGEN PEROXIDE

• Liquid

• 3% solution

• Clean cuts and skin surface

SODIUM HYDROCHLORIDE

• White crystals; 1/2 % solution

• Rinse hands

TINCTURE OF BENZOIN

• Liquid, yellowish-brown colour

• 2 - 5% solution

• To cleanse skin prior or after epilation

• Stops bleeding


DISINFECTANTS

ACTIVE INGREDIENTS

CHLORINE

• Poisonous, pungent, irritating gas

• Disinfects water, baby bottles and surfaces

• Low concentration of chlorine kills most bacteria, except tubercle bacillus

• Also effective against viruses and fungi

• Not to be used on the skin

QUATS / QUATERNARY AMMONIUM COMPOUND

• Contains Cetramide and Domiphen Bromide

• Colourless, tasteless, odourless, non-corrosive, non-caustic and non-poisonous

• Not too expensive

• 30% dilution to clean implements

• Surface active compound eg. soap to remove oily substances

CHLORXYLENOL

• 4,8% Liquid

• 1,3% Lotions

• 0,3% Creams

• 1,02% Mouth wash

• Chloroxylenol is an antiseptic and disinfectant which is used for skin disinfection and

cleaning of instruments. It is also used as an active ingredient within a number of

household disinfectants and wound cleaners.

• Active against Streptococci. Less active against Staphylococci

SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE

• Used in different dilutions

• Versatile product

• 0,5% dilution for skin and wounds

• Used to disinfect bottles, surfaces, fruits, water, sponges

• Must be replace every 24 hours


CETRIMIDE

• White powder

• Characteristic odour

• Active against fungal activity

• Disinfectant action on instruments; 20 - 40 % solution for sterilizing in autoclave

• Cetrimide and Chlorhexidine Gluconate are more likely to be used together as skin

disinfectants

FORMALIN

• Formaldehyde

• Aqueous solution

• Effective against bacteria, fungi and viruses

• 3% dilution is used for treatment of warts on the skin

• 1 - 10% on surfaces

• Local anaesthetic action on skin

• Formaldehyde gas is used in combination with low temperature steam in autoclave

• 5% can be used to disinfect contaminated hands

BENZALKONIUM CHLORIDE

• White-yellowish powder; Characteristic odour

• 0,02 - 0,1% solutions are fine to be used on the skin and for wound disinfection

GLUTERALDEHYDE

• Contains Gluteral, water and alcohol

• Disinfects Hepatitis B contaminated surfaces

• Contaminated implements and utensils must be left in a dilution for 15 - 20 min for

disinfection and 10 hours for total sterilization

• 5 - 10% dilutions are used for wart treatments

MULTI-PURPOSE DISINFECTANT

• Pink/grey powder

• Ultimate viricidal disinfectant

• Active ingredient is Potassium peroxyl sulphate


• Blend of compounds, surfactants, organic-acids and inorganic salts

• Active against 17 virus families as well as a wide range bacteria, fungi and yeast

• Routine cleaning/disinfecting of surfaces (0,5% solution)

• Terminal cleaning/disinfecting (1% solution)

• Personal clothing (1% solution)

• Removal of blood spillage from skin (1% solution)

• Aerial disinfection/spray where there is a possibility of droplet infection (0,2% solution)

• Heavy spillage of infected blood, body fluids, etc on hard surfaces (sprinkle powder over

area, allow blood to coagulate, scrape into plastic bag and dispose and then wash area

with disinfecting solution)

• Instruments, syringes, combs, brushes etc. - soak in 1% solution for 10 min and rinse in

clean water.

SANITATION AND STERILIZATION

SANITATION

DEFINITION

“Sanitation is the process whereby objects are rendered sanitary by means of thorough

cleansing, causing destruction of some micro-organisms, but not all.”

STERILIZATION

DEFINITION

“Sterilization is the process whereby objects are totally sterilized by means of thorough

destructions of all micro-organisms and their spores.”

SANITATION METHODS

PHYSICAL AGENTS CHEMICAL AGENTS

UVC Cabinet

• Boiling

• Steaming

• Ozone

• Disinfectants e.g. Alcohol, Formalin & Gluteraldehyde

UVC CABINET

Cabinet containing UVC light. Objects are placed on a shelf inside the cabinet and should

be changed around regularly so that both sides of the equipment can be sanitized. Used as

a storage facility for sterilised equipment.


PHYSICAL AGENTS

BOILING

100°C. Insert instruments in container for 30 min. Dry thoroughly.

STEAMING

Works like a pressure cooker. This is an airtight container filled with water which is boiled

and steam is released. Leave instruments in for 20 min. Usually a chemical is placed into

the container. The fumes will fill the container, helping with the sanitation process eg.

Quats, formalin.

OZONE

Triatomic molecule with the formula Oᶾ. Ozone is drying, healing and anti-bacterial,

because it is a strong oxidizing agent. Ozone is produced in facial steamers and High

Frequency machines.

CHEMICAL AGENTS

When using chemical agents:

• The instrument must be clean.

• The entire instrument must be covered with the solution.

• The instrument should soak in the solution for the correct period of time, according to

manufacturer's instructions.

• The instrument must be rinsed in clean, sterile water afterwards.

• The solution must be of the correct strength.


WORKSHEET 3

1. What is the difference between an antiseptic and a disinfectant?

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Which antiseptics would you use in your clinic, beauty salon or cosmetic school?

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Which disinfectants would you use in your clinic, beauty salon or cosmetic school?

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. Describe any two antiseptics.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. Describe the safety precautions you would you take when dealing with chemicals?

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


BACTERIA

DEFINITION

“Bacteria is a small minute, living organism of vegetable origin which is uni-cellular and

multiplies by sub - division (MITOSIS). Some bacteria are pathogenic and others non -

pathogenic (RESIDENTIAL FLORA or commensal)”

IDENTIFICATION OF BACTERIA

GRAM POSITIVE CELLS GRAM NEGATIVE CELLS

1. Killed by Penicillin (Antibiotic) 2. Cytoplasmic membranes surround the

cytoplasma. 3. Thick peptidoglycan layer. (unique

material with teichoic acid. Simpler walls 4. Capsule forms the outer layer on the

outside. 5. Cell wall is thick, dense peptidoglycan

layer with teichoic acid in it.

1. Not easily killed by antibiotics 2. Inner and outer membrane.

Lipopolysaccharides - (toxic) walls more complex.

3. Periplasmic spaces in between membranes.

4. Cytoplasm 5. Cell wall has thin layer of

peptidoglycan separated from cytoplasmic membrane by periplasmic space.

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AFFECTING THE GROWTH OF BACTERIA

NUTRIENTS

Refers to:

Some organisms are autotrophs which means they can live in an organic environment. They

obtain their carbon and nitrogen for their proteins from carbon dioxide, nitrates. This is called

chemosynthesis. Most of these are able to use light to manufacture their own food through

photosynthesis

Most bacteria that are significant medically, are heterotrophs. These need organic material to survive. They secrete enzymes to break down the material into molecules they can digest

PH (HYDROGEN CONCENTRATION): ACIDITY/ALKALINITY

Most organisms (neutrophilies) prefer to exist in PH environments near 7 - ranging from 6.0 -

8.0. Some species (acidophiles) (Streptococci) can live in an environment with a pH as low

as 3.0 and others in a pH as high as 10.5. Thus, some bacteria like to live in an alkaline and

others in an acidic environment.

TEMPERATURE

Different microbial species vary widely in their optimal temperature ranges for growth.

MOISTURE

• All life requires water to sustain it.

• Largest cell component.

• Facilitates soluble food substances passage inward.


• Removal of waste products.

• Prevents cell drying out.

• Foods dried for preservation use the fact that if micro-organisms are deprived of water,

they cannot grow.

• Strong solutions of salt and sugar may exert an osmotic pressure on the microbial cell

and withdraw water to cause dehydration (proteins dehydrate, and cells dies). Used in

foods by salting and brining to preserve (jams, syrups, crystalised fruits). A few

organisms may prefer this – osmophilic organisms (yeasts, moulds, bacteria) prefer

high osmotic pressures.

• Haloduric – microbial species that do not prefer salty environments but can tolerate

them -salt tolerant.

• Halophilic – microbial species which prefer high salt conditions (spoil salted/brined

foods).


TOXINS

TOXINS

A nitrogenous, protein substance which is harmful and poisonous to human tissue and is

released by micro-organisms. (Pathogenic organisms) and largely determine the degree of

virulence.

ENDOTOXINS EXOTOXINS

1. Almost exclusively from gram –.

2. Present in structure of cell wall and

only released thru cell destruction.

3. Stable can withstand autoclaving

121°C.

4. Low toxicity ie. the power to cause

disease.

5. Not easily neutralised by antitoxins

therefore effective toxoids can’t be

made.

6. Causes fever weakness, aches,

shock.

Typhoid fever, urinary tract infections, meningococcal meningitis.

1. Almost exclusively from gram +.

2. Metabolic product of growing cell.

3. Unstable and can be destroyed at 60°C –

80°C.

4. High toxicity.

5. Can convert to toxoids therefore

antitoxins can be made.

6. Effects are specific to cell structure or

function in the host- mainly effects cell

functions.

EXAMPLES:

Clostridium tetani (tetanus)

Clostridum botulinium (botulism)

CLASSIFICATION AND DISEASES CAUSED BY BACTERIA

GENERAL FORMS OF BACTERIA


WORKSHEET 4

1. Define the term "bacteria".

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Compare gram + and gram – bacteria.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. List the environmental factors affecting the growth of bacteria.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. Define the term "toxin" and compare the two types of toxins.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. List diseases that are caused by bacteria.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

6. Discuss the role of resident flora in the body.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


VIRUSES

Viruses are the smallest infectious agents (0,2um). They cannot be seen through a light

microscope, but only by a special type of microscope called an electron - microscope.

Viruses are a-cellular. (containing no cells.) A virus particle or virion (inactive virus outside

host) consists of only one kind of nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA, and is encased in a

protein shell called a capsid. The combined nucleic acid and capsid is called the nuclei

capsid which can either be naked (eg. Papilloma virus) or enclosed/enveloped (eg. Herpes,

Influenza virus). The capsid itself contains subunits called capsomeres. Only the nucleic

acid is necessary (but not sufficient) for their reproduction, because viruses are unable to

reproduce outside living cells. Reproduction occurs within the host cell (obligate

intracellular organisms) for the replication of nucleic acid and the synthesis of its protein

coat. Plants, animals and micro-organisms are natural hosts for viruses.

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF THE COMPLETE VIRUS PARTICLE (THE VIRION)

DEFINITIONS:

CAPSID

Protein sheath surrounding core (RNA/DNA) of virus (encloses nucleic acid genome)

NUCLEOCAPSID

Capsid and enclosed nucleic acid

CAPSOMERES

Morphologic units/subunits found on capsid surface of virus particle. Represents clusters of

polypeptides when completely assembled from capsid.

VIRION

Complete infective virus particle, inactive outside of host. Some are present as only

nucleocapsid, but more complex virions have nucleocapsid and envelope.


CLASSIFICATION OF VIRUSES

(Based on the following properties)

• Nucleic acid type; DNA / RNA

• Size and morphology, including type of symmetry (2 types: Helical and cubicle

symmetry), number of capsomers, and presence/absence of membrane

• Presence of specific enzymes - help to build a virus

• Susceptibility to physical and chemical agents, especially ether

• Immunological properties

• Natural methods of transmission

• Host tissue and cell tropisms

• Symptomatology - symptoms on host

REACTIONS OF VIRUSES TO PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL AGENTS

HEAT AND COLD

Some viruses can be destroyed by being exposed to a temperature of 50°C - 60°C for 30 min. Exceptions are eg. Hepatitis virus. Viruses can be preserved by storage at subfreezing temperature.

STABILIZATION OF VIRUSES BY SALTS

Many can be stabilized by high concentrations of salts, i.e. They are not inactivated even by

heating at 50°C for 1 hour.

PH

Viruses are usually stable between pH values of 5 - 9.

RADIATION

Viruses are inactivated by UVR, X - rays and high energy particles.

ETHER SUSCEPTIBILITY

This can be distinguished between different viruses.

ANTIBIOTICS

Antibacterial antibiotics and sulphonomides have no effect on viruses. However, Rifampin

can inhibit poxvirus replication.

FOUR SHAPES OF THE VIRUS

• BRICK SHAPED e.g. a Pox virus

• ROD SHAPED e.g. Plant and insect viruses causing Black spot on roses

• TADPOLE SHAPED with a tail e.g. Bacterial viruses (Bacteriophage)

• SPHEROID SHAPED e.g. Influenza virus


DISEASE CAUSED BY A VIRUS

CORONAVIRUS – COVID 19

The Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious viral disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus which led to a global pandemic declared by the World Health Organisation (WHO) in 2020. Covid-19 is transmitted through droplets of saliva or mucous from the nose and mouth when an infected person coughs, sneezes or exhales. These droplets are too heavy to hang in the air and therefore fall and adhere to surfaces and floors. Infection can take place by breathing in the virus if you are within close contact with someone who is infected with the virus, as well as by touching a contaminated surface and then touching your eyes, nose or mouth thereafter. Most people infected with the COVID-19 virus will present with symptoms of a mild to moderate respiratory illness and will recover without requiring any special treatment. The elderly and those with underlying medical conditions, eg: cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer are more likely to develop a very serious illness with potentially deadly consequences. This is not to say that the young and healthy wouldn’t ever be infected on a serious level. The most efficient method of preventing and slowing down transmission of the Coronavirus is to be well informed about the COVID-19 virus, the disease it causes and how it spreads. Protect yourself and others from infection by washing your hands regularly and/or using an alcohol-based hand sanitiser frequently. Do not touch your face, nose or mouth, especially when in public places. It is important that you practice respiratory etiquette, by coughing into a flexed elbow or into a tissue which is disposed of immediately. Keep a social distance of 1.5 meters between yourself and the next person. TREATMENT: Currently, there are no vaccines or treatments for COVID-19. However, there are many continuous clinical trials, evaluating potential treatments. The World Health Organization (WHO) will continue to provide updated information as soon as clinical findings become available.


CIDESCO STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES

FOR SCHOOLS DURING COVID-19

This document is aimed to support CIDESCO Sections, CIDESCO Schools and individual CIDESCO members as a comprehensive guideline of standard operating procedures during coronavirus pandemic.

Consistently update and adhere to the health & sanitation rules and regulations of your national government. These guidelines are in compliance with the laws of your respective government.

Visit the World Health Organization (WHO) website regularly for additional information regarding the worldwide situation.

HEALTH AND SANITATION LAWS AND REGULATIONS

• Familiarize yourself with new laws and regulations from relevant professional bodies

• Identify and structure practices and policies that will need to be adjusted according to the result of any new health & sanitation rules and regulations

• Implement employee CPD courses on new health & sanitation rules and regulations

RE- OPENING AND PHASE- IN APPROACH OF CIDESCO SCHOOLS

• Create essential changes to employee scheduling patterns where staff members are grouped together i.e. Group A and Group B that in the event of COVID 19 diagnosis or symptoms not all staff members need to be quarantined at the same time

• Create essential changes to students scheduling patterns taking into consideration the following aspects:

a. Students who did not have access to Wi-Fi / online training during lockdown

b. Students who travel by public transport

c. Students who travel in private transport

d. Students who are at in the first two months of their studies

e. Students who are in the end examination phase of their studies

f. Students who are in the middle of their studies

g. Students who have enrolled for new courses

h. Capacity of students allowed in classroom according to the size of the classroom and taking social distancing requirements of the country into consideration

• Create social distancing standards for employees in communal staff areas such as offices, break rooms, washrooms/restrooms and lunch areas

• Create social distancing standards for students in communal student areas such as changing room, break rooms, washrooms/restrooms, lunch areas and classrooms

• Create social distancing standards for clients in communal client areas such as reception area, changing room, washrooms/restrooms and treatment classrooms

• Create social distancing standards for entire school premises

• Amend job description of employees to adhere to new health & sanitation rules and regulations

• Amend student training schedule to adhere to new health & sanitation rules and regulations

• Determine how the new health & sanitation rules and regulations will be monitored from employees and students

• Identify a protocol for employees to recognize symptoms when a student, client or fellow colleague becomes ill or presents signs of illness

• Install plexiglass safety shields in reception area and if possible, in classrooms

• Implement all new health & sanitation rules and regulations before re-opening CIDESCO School premises


HEALTH AND SANITATION TRAINING FOR STUDENTS AND EMPLOYEES

• Update and implement new sanitation rules and regulations

• Implement no touch greeting policies

• Schedule trainings on cleaning, disinfecting and sterilizing such as a. Hand washing practices 60 seconds long b. Correct use of PPE c. Correct use of disinfectants for various surfaces, workstations, equipment and in

general of all school facilities d. Correct use of sterilizations methods of instruments / tools e. Training in correct procedures of waste removal f. Provide training in correct procedure of Laundry g. Create sanitation “check-in training” for students and employees h. Provide training on tactful screening questions

PROTOCOL ON ENTERING SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES

• Implement sanitation “check-in training” for clients, students and employees

• Ensure visible information on hygiene and safety procedures / instructions are placed at entrance and exit areas of the school

• Ensure COVID 19 awareness signage is distributed throughout the school

• Automated hand sanitizer dispenser must be provided at the entrance to the school, in every classroom, in every washroom and at various points throughout the school. (Sanitizer to be 70% isopropyl alcohol based)

• Temperature screener check on all employees, students and clients before entering the school

• Implement no touch greeting policies. Replace handshake with warm greeting or a ritual including warm towel, hand washing and hand sanitization

• Entrance door if possible propped opened

• Door handles to be disinfected after each person has entered and exited school premises if the door is closed. Everyday objects such as lift buttons, stair railings to be constantly disinfected

• Meter marker, barrier tape or floor marking to ensure social distances are kept according to local governments requirements throughout the whole school

• Maximum number of people entering school entrance / reception area is advertised at entrance

SCREENING QUESTIONS

• Client, student or employee did not have contact with anyone diagnosed with COVID

19 or who was sick and quarantined in the last 14 days

• Client, student or employee did not have cold, cough, difficulty in breathing, sick or

quarantined in the last 14 days

• Client, student or employee was not in contact with anyone with the above symptoms

the last 14 days

• Client, student or employee does not have fever or has fever over 37 C or 98.6 F

• It is encouraged that all clients, students and employees sign that above information

is true either on paper or digital

RECEPTION AREA

• Installed plexiglass safety shield according to government rules and regulations

• Evaluate seating areas to meet requirements of social distancing

• Clean and disinfect high touch areas constantly: door handles, light switches, telephones, screens, keyboards, pens and guest / staff and student lockers


• Clean and disinfect daily carpets, floors and furniture

• Remove all unnecessary objects (i.e. shared magazines)

• Remove school brochures, treatment menus and offer them digital or on no touch promotional display

• School attendance register is to be filled out by one staff member

• Treatment bookings to be scheduled via telephone, email, whatsapp. If onsite bookings are made to be handled by one member of staff

• Staff reception area members to wear PPE e.g. face mask, gloves, shoe protectors and face screen depending on local government rules

• Staff members must always adhere to social distancing between each other and to students and clients

• Implement contactless payment options when available

• No beverages to be served unless disposable cups are available which are disposed of by clients, students or staff members in sealed bin

RETAIL AREA

• Clean and disinfect shelves

• Clean and disinfect retail products

• Remove testers that may cause sanitary concerns

• Store most commonly used testers in a sealed, disinfected container in an accessible

location not visible to guests

• Print and post sign notifying guests that testers are available upon request (if

applicable)

• Employ social distancing requirements in retail area

CLIENTS

• It is encouraged that all clients sign a treatment consent form. See example

• By signing this declaration, the undersigned acknowledges that there is still a risk of

Covid-19 contamination despite compliance with and implementation of the relevant

hygiene regulations and relevant protection concepts in the context of cosmetic

treatment. Against this background, the cosmetic treatment is expressly carried out at

the request and risk of the undersigned. Any responsibility of the service provider or

persons for which the cosmetics service provider is responsible is excluded to the

extent permitted by law.

Date, place signature

………………………………………………………………………………………

STUDENTS

• It is compulsory that ALL students sign the attendance register on entering and leaving the college for daily tracking, in case there is a report of an infection. One Staff member is to fill it in on the students’ behalf

• Mandatory use of hand sanitizer at reception before entering

• Each student is encouraged to bring individual hand sanitizer


• Mandatory 3 ply face masks and gloves to be worn when entering the school by all students and staff

• Should students not be able to work on another student, the school may supply mannequin heads for practise and use gloves filled with flour for manicure/pedicure practise

• Schools must adhere to local government rules regarding when and how they are allowed to work on customers

• Clean towels to be used between EVERY client. Ideally use disposable towels/bed covers during this crisis time

• Students are requested to arrive at college in outdoor clothing and change into uniform on arrival

• Pack outdoor clothing into a sealable bag and store in a locker

• Develop a plan for assigning lockers to students regarding social distancing

• Students must disinfect lockers inside and outside on daily basis

• Shoes must be disinfected and/or shoe protectors to be worn whilst in the classroom

• Students must be reminded of social distancing constantly

• Review uniform policy to determine if students are required to have additional uniform on site

STAFF MEMBERS / EMPLOYEES

• Ensure that students and other staff colleagues change masks and gloves regularly


• Each staff member is encouraged to bring individual hand sanitizer

• Staff members are requested to arrive at college in outdoor clothing and change into uniform on arrival


• Shoes must be disinfected and/or shoe protectors to be worn whilst in the classroom

• Staff members must at all times be aware and set an example of social distancing for students

• It is compulsory that ALL staff members sign the attendance register on entering and leaving the college for daily tracking, in case there is a report of an infection. One Staff member is to fill it in on the staff members behalf

• All staff to be issued with Perspex face cover masks to wear during teaching

• Review uniform policy to determine if staff members are required to have additional uniform on site

CLASSROOM / TREATMENT ROOM

• Hand sanitizer dispenser to be mounted at the hand basin

• Anti-bacterial hand soap to be available at the hand basin

• Paper towels to be made available for drying of the hands

• Use of the hand basin must be managed at the discretion of the educator (social distancing)

• Use elbow to open taps • Students to demonstrate sanitisation of their hands in front of the client before

commencing a treatment

• Students to sanitise each client’s hands/feet before commencing a treatment

• The entire workstation must be thoroughly cleaned before and after each client, including the floor

• All general hygiene and sterilizing procedures will continue and be strongly supervised by all staff members

• Gloves, masks and face screens are to be worn during all treatments


• Depending on the treatment, the model/client must wear a mask

• Where possible use disposable implements

• Where possible open new sterile implements in front of each client

• Sealable wastepaper bins and sharps containers are compulsory in the classroom

• Wear gloves when handling waste. Avoid touching wate. Use broom and shovel etc

• Empty waste bins regularly (especially at hand basins)

• Portable Perspex screens for all manicure stations, positioned between the client and the student, size according to local government regulations

• Moulded Perspex screen for treatment beds for a client lying down

• Appropriate hygiene disinfectants to be used before and after each treatment

• Blankets may not be used in the classroom

• Supply washable Perspex face cover masks for students to use in class

• Clean and disinfect door handles, light switches, treatment tables, trolleys, manicure workstations, steamers, facial / body electrical equipment, workstation, chairs, magnifying glasses before and after each use

SANITATION, LAUNDRY PROCEEDURES. DISINFECTING AND STERILIZING

IMPLEMENTS

• Mix all disinfectants according to the manufacturer`s directions

• Wear gloves during sanitation / sterilization procedures to prevent contamination and

to protect skin from strong chemicals • Use hand sanitizer and wait until it is dry before putting on gloves • Wash and disinfect all brushes, tweezers, and other non-disposables

• Wash implements thoroughly with antibacterial soap and dry them off first before placing in the disinfectant Ensure that all implements remain in the disinfectant liquid for the correct amount of time. Do not leave implements in longer than recommended time from manufacturer

• Once disinfected, place used implements in sterilizer (autoclave / glass bead sterilizer) for the stipulated amount of time according to the manufacturer’s instructions

• Ensure that sterilizers are tested regularly bey Centres for Disease Control and Preventions

• Store sterilized items in UV cabinet

• Change the disinfectant to comply with manufacturer’s directions. Record details and date in logbook

• Remove gloves in the correct glove removal protocol turning glove inside out as it is removed. Do not touch outside of gloves. Dispose of in sealable bins

• Clean all containers and wipe down product containers with a disinfectant daily • Clean all counters, sinks, surfaces, and floor mats with disinfectant daily and within 3-

hour intervals

• Clean safety shields after each customer • Where possible, use disposable laundry and towels especially in rest rooms

• To avoid cross contaminations, roll inside of linen and sheets inward so that the used side is inside the laundry bundle

• Store soiled linen and towels in closed containers • Launder clothing, towels and linen according to manufacturer’s instructions, using the

warmest allowed water setting • Laundry disinfectant liquid can be used to disinfect towels during the rinse cycle


DRESSING ROOMS

• If possible, have the client change in a separate room than the treatment room enabling the room to be disinfected in between clients

• Instruct client on how to place clothing in sealed plastic bag • If possible, have disposable gowns, robes, spa wraps, face masks and slippers

available for client. If not available have clean garments wrapped in plastic on the chair

• Remember to explain to client to put personal belongings, including jewellery. purse and bag also in sealed plastic bag provided

REST ROOMS

• Clean and disinfect high touch areas such as door handles, light switches, sinks, toilet seats, toilet handles, toilet paper dispensers and hand paper dispensers

STAFF BREAK ROOMS / STUDENTS BREAK ROOMS

• Clean and disinfect hard surfaces and high touch areas

• Establish occupancy limits/seating arrangements if necessary, according to

local/government requirements (social distancing, etc)

• Remove shared publications, newsletters, etc

GENERAL PROCEEDURES

• Keep the area you are working in well ventilated

• Avoid close contact with people who are sick

If staff or students do not feel well, do not come to college

• Avoid touching your eyes, nose, and mouth

• Wash hands frequently for at least 60 seconds

• Cough or sneeze into a tissue, then throw the tissue into a sealable bin

• Clean and disinfect frequently touched objects and surfaces using a disinfectant spray or wipe

• Ensure that the school is fully stocked with antiseptic, disinfectant spray and PPE supplies

• Identify ways to visibly promote sanitation/cleaning activities (i.e. door hangers noting

that sanitation is in progress, cards highlighting how often a space is sanitized, post

confirmation that equipment has been cleaned between each use, etc)

• Refill soap dispensers and disposable towels and pay attention to having sufficient

supplies

• Refill hand sanitizers and disinfectants regularly

• Check regularly supply of personal protective stock

• Charge 20 % more for the service of providing additional sanitation and PPE such as

disposable gowns, face masks, gloves, linen etc

• Ensure that the school is fully stocked with gloves, masks, aprons, face screens and shoe protectors

• If a student, client or staff member is feeling ill, ask them to immediately telephone the doctor. For safety reasons do not allow sick person to stay on school premises


EMERGENCY PROCEEDURES

• If Covid-19 symptoms are suspected, go to local COVID 19 website send the employee, student or client home so that he/she can call his/her doctor & get medical care. Encourage self-isolation

• The employee, student or client should not go directly to the doctor’s consulting rooms as the employee, student or client can risk exposing other patients to Covid-19

• In the case of severe symptoms, if an employee/client is feeling very ill and needs care immediately, contact the Emergency Hotline or call the emergency services of your country or send the employee/client to the emergency department at your nearest healthcare facility

• Tell the emergency services or department telephonically BEFORE his/her arrival that she/he is suspected to have been infected by the Covid-19

• Do not travel with the potentially infected person

• Follow complete hygiene disinfection should this be suspected

INTERNAL COMMUNICATIONS

• Print and post new sanitation guidelines

• Communicate with employees and students about the reopening strategy

• Communicate with employees about new internal employee policies or role changes

• Communicate with Students new sanitation duties

• Set up a process to gather feedback from employees, students and clients during a

minimum of the first four weeks of reopening to identify areas that need to be

adjusted or revisited

• Inform vulnerable employees and students of their rights and protection during

COVID 19

EXTERNAL COMMUNICATIONS

• Send welcome back emails to students and clients informing of the school re-opening and the new procedures such as: a. Sanitation practices and policies b. Payment changes (contactless)

c. Visual school difference

d. Social distancing requirement

e. Re- open date details to clients and students

f. Thanking students and clients for loyalty during lockdown


CIDESCO STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES

FOR SALONS AND SPAS DURING COVID-19

This document is aimed to support CIDESCO Sections, CIDESCO Salons & Spas and

individual CIDESCO members as a comprehensive guideline of standard operating

procedures during coronavirus pandemic.

The recommendations should be used in conjunction with the rules for safety and sanitation

that are currently in place. Keep in mind that these guidelines will be in effect during the

period of the COVID-19 pandemic and may be adjusted as necessary.

You must consistently update and adhere to the health & sanitation rules and regulations of

your national Government. The guidelines set by the Government are in compliance with the

laws of your country.

Visit the World Health Organization (WHO) website regularly for additional information

regarding the worldwide situation.

BEFORE RE-OPENING

HEALTH AND SANITATION LAWS AND REGULATIONS

• Familiarize yourself with new laws and regulations from relevant professional bodies.

• Identify and structure practices and policies that will need to be adjusted according to the result of any new health & sanitation rules and regulations.

• Implement employee CPD courses on new health & sanitation rules and regulations.

RE-OPENING AND PHASE-IN APPROACH OF CIDESCO SALONS & SPAS

• Create essential changes to employee scheduling patterns where staff members are grouped together i.e. Group A and Group B, so that in the event of COVID-19 diagnosis or symptoms not all staff members need to be quarantined at the same time.

• Create essential changes to employee scheduling patterns taking into consideration the following aspects: a. Employees who travel by public transport b. Employees who travel in private transport

• Create social distancing standards for employees in communal staff areas such as offices, break rooms, washrooms/restrooms and lunch areas

• Create social distancing standards for clients in communal client areas such as reception area, changing room, washrooms/restrooms, and treatment classrooms

• Create social distancing standards for entire salon and spa premises

• Amend job description of employees to adhere to new health & sanitation rules and regulations

• Determine how the new health & sanitation rules and regulations will be monitored from employees

• Identify a protocol for employees to recognize symptoms when a client or fellow colleague becomes ill or presents signs of illness

• Install plexiglass safety shields in the reception area


HEALTH AND SANITATION TRAINING FOR EMPLOYEES

• Update and implement new sanitation rules and regulations

• Implement no-touch greeting policies

Schedule training on cleaning, disinfecting and sterilizing such as:

a. Hand washing practices 60 seconds long b. Correct use of PPE c. Correct use of disinfectants for various surfaces, workstations, equipment and in

general of all salon and spa facilities d. Correct use of sterilizations methods of instruments/tools e. Training in correct procedures of waste removal

f. Provide training on correct procedures of Laundry. Create sanitation “check-in training” for employees

g. Provide training on tactful screening questions

ON-PREMISES PROTOCOLS

GENERAL PROCEDURES

• Keep the area you are working in well ventilated

• Avoid close contact with people who are sick

• If staff members do not feel well, they must not come to the salon or spa

• Avoid touching your eyes, nose, and mouth

• Wash hands frequently for at least 60 seconds

• Cough or sneeze into a tissue, then throw the tissue into a sealable bin

• Clean and disinfect frequently touched objects and surfaces using a disinfectant spray or wipe

PROTOCOL ON ENTERING A SALON OR SPA

• Implement sanitation “check-in training” for clients and employees

• Ensure visible information on hygiene and safety procedures/instructions are placed at entrance and exit areas of the salon and spa

• Ensure COVID-19 awareness signage is distributed throughout the salons and spas

• Automated hand sanitizer dispensers must be provided at the entrance to the salon and spas in every washroom and at various points throughout the salons and spas. (Sanitizer to be 70% isopropyl alcohol-based)

• Temperature screener check on all employees and clients before entering the salon or spa

• Implement no-touch greeting policies. Replace handshake with a warm greeting or a ritual including warm towel, hand washing, and hand sanitization

• Entrance door if possible propped open

• Door handles to be disinfected after each person has entered and exited salon and spa premises if the door is closed. Everyday objects such as lift buttons, stair railings to be constantly disinfected

• Meter marker, barrier tape or floor marking to ensure social distances are kept according to local governments requirements throughout the salon and spa premises

• Maximum number of people entering salon and spa entrance/reception area is advertised at the entrance


SCREENING QUESTIONS

Ensure that:

• Client or employee did not have contact with anyone diagnosed with COVID-19 or

who was sick and quarantined in the previous 14 days

• Client or employee did not have a cold, cough, difficulty in breathing, was sick or

quarantined in the previous 14 days

• Client or employee was not in contact with anyone with the above symptoms the last

14 days

• Client or employee does not have fever or has fever over 37 C or 98.6 F

• It is encouraged that all clients and employees sign that above information is true

either on paper or digital

RECEPTION AREA

• Install plexiglass safety shield according to government rules and regulations

• Evaluate seating areas to meet the requirements of social distancing

• Clean and disinfect high touch areas constantly: door handles, light switches, telephones, screens, keyboards, pens, and guest/staff lockers.

• Clean and disinfect daily carpets, floors, and furniture

• Remove all unnecessary objects (i.e. shared magazines)

• Remove salon and spa brochures, treatment menus and offer them digital or on no-touch promotional display

• Treatment bookings to be scheduled via telephone, email, WhatsApp or else. If onsite bookings are made, to be handled by one member of staff

• Staff reception area members to wear PPE e.g. face mask, gloves, shoe protectors and face screen depending on local government rules

• Staff members must always adhere to social distancing between each other and clients

• Implement contactless payment options when available

• No beverages to be served unless disposable cups are available which are disposed of by clients or staff members in a sealed bin

RETAIL AREA

• Clean and disinfect shelves

• Clean and disinfect retail products

• Remove testers that may cause sanitary concerns

• Store most commonly used testers in a sealed, disinfected container in an accessible location not visible to guests

• Print and post sign notifying guests that testers are available upon request (if applicable)

• Employ social distancing requirements in the retail area


CLIENTS

It is encouraged that all clients sign a treatment consent form. See following example:

By signing this declaration, the undersigned acknowledges that there is still a risk of Covid-

19 contamination despite compliance with and implementation of the relevant hygiene

regulations and relevant protection concepts in the context of cosmetic treatment. Against

this background, the cosmetic treatment is expressly carried out at the request and risk of the

undersigned. Any responsibility of the service provider or persons for which the cosmetics

service provider is responsible is excluded to the extent permitted by law.

Date, place signature

………………………………………………………………………………………

STAFF MEMBERS / EMPLOYEES

• Ensure staff members change masks and gloves regularly


• Each staff member is encouraged to bring individual hand sanitizer

• Staff members are requested to arrive at salon or spa in outdoor clothing and change into uniform on arrival


• Shoes must be disinfected and/or shoe protectors to be worn whilst in the salon or spa

• Staff members must at all times be aware and set an example of social distancing to clients

• Clean towels to be used in between every client. Ideally use disposable towels/bed covers during this time

• It is compulsory that all staff members sign the attendance register on entering and leaving the salon or spa for daily tracking, in case there is a report of infection. One Staff member is to fill it in on the staff members behalf

• All staff to be provided with perspex face cover masks to wear during treatments

• Review uniform policy to determine if staff members are required to have an additional uniform on site


TREATMENT ROOM

• Hand sanitizer dispenser to be mounted at the hand basin

• Anti-bacterial hand soap to be available at the hand basin

• Paper towels to be made available for drying of the hands

• Use of the hand basin must be managed at the discretion of the therapist (social distancing)

• Use elbow to open taps

• Therapist to demonstrate sanitisation of their hands in front of the client before commencing a treatment

• Therapist to sanitise each client’s hands/feet before commencing a

• treatment

• The entire workstation must be thoroughly cleaned before and after each client, including the floor

• All general hygiene and sterilizing procedures will continue and be strongly supervised by all staff members

• Gloves, masks and face screens are to be worn during all treatments

• Depending on the treatment, the client must wear a mask

• Where possible use disposable implements

• Where possible open new sterile implements in front of each client

• Sealable wastepaper bins and sharps containers are compulsory in the treatment room

• Wear gloves when handling waste. Avoid touching waste. Use broom and shovel etc

• Empty waste bins regularly (especially at hand basins)

• Portable perspex screens for all manicure stations, positioned between the client and the employee, size according to local government regulations

• Moulded perspex screen for treatment beds for a client lying down

• Appropriate hygiene disinfectants to be used before and after each treatment

• Blankets may not be used in the treatment room

• Supply washable perspex face cover masks for employees to use in the salon or spa.

• Clean and disinfect door handles, light switches, treatment tables, trolleys, manicure workstations, steamers, facial / body electrical equipment, workstation, chairs, magnifying glasses before and after each use

SANITATION AND LAUNDRY PROCEDURES

DISINFECTING AND STERILIZING IMPLEMENTS

• Mix all disinfectants according to the manufacturer`s directions

• Wear gloves during sanitation/sterilization procedures to prevent contamination and

to protect skin from strong chemicals

• Use hand sanitizer and wait until it is dry before putting on gloves

• Wash and disinfect all brushes, tweezers, and other non-disposables.

• Wash implements thoroughly with antibacterial soap and dry them off first before placing in the disinfectant

• Ensure that all implements remain in the disinfectant liquid for the correct amount of time. Do not leave implements in longer than recommended time from manufacturer

• Once disinfected, place used implements in sterilizer (autoclave/glass bead sterilizer) for the stipulated amount of time according to the manufacturer’s instructions

• Ensure that sterilizers are tested regularly by Centres for Disease Control and Preventions


• Store sterilized items in a UV cabinet

• Change the disinfectant to comply with the manufacturer’s directions. Record details and date in a logbook

• Remove gloves in the correct glove removal protocol turning the glove inside out as it is removed. Do not touch outside of gloves. Dispose of in sealable bins

• Clean all containers and wipe down product containers with a disinfectant daily

• Clean all counters, sinks, surfaces, and floor mats with disinfectant daily and within 3-hour intervals

• Clean safety shields after each customer

• Where possible, use disposable laundry and towels especially in restrooms

• To avoid cross contaminations, roll inside of linen and sheets inward so that the used side is inside the laundry bundle

• Store soiled linen and towels in closed containers • Launder clothing, towels, and linen according to manufacturer’s instructions, using

the warmest allowed water setting

• Laundry disinfectant liquid can be used to disinfect towels during the rinse cycle

DRESSING ROOMS

• If possible, have the client change in a separate room than the treatment room, enabling the room to be disinfected in between clients

• Instruct client on how to place clothing in sealed plastic bag

• If possible, have disposable gowns, robes, spa wraps, face masks, and slippers available for the client. If not available, have clean garments wrapped in plastic on the chair

• Remember to explain to the client to put personal belongings, including jewellery, purse and bag also in a sealed plastic bag provided

RESTROOMS

• Clean and disinfect high touch areas such as door handles, light switches, sinks, toilet seats, toilet handles, toilet paper dispensers, and hand paper dispensers

STAFF BREAK ROOMS

• Clean and disinfect hard surfaces and high touch areas

• Establish occupancy limits/seating arrangements if necessary, according to local government requirements (social distancing, etc)

• Remove shared publications, newsletters, etc

• Ensure that the salon or spa is fully stocked with antiseptic, disinfectant spray and PPE supplies

• Identify ways to visibly promote sanitation/cleaning activities (i.e. door hangers noting

that sanitation is in progress, cards highlighting how often a space is sanitized, post

confirmation that equipment has been cleaned between each use, etc)

• Refill soap dispensers and disposable towels and pay attention to having sufficient

supplies

• Refill hand sanitizers and disinfectants regularly

• Check regularly supply of personal protective stock

• You can charge 20% more for the service of providing additional sanitation and PPE

such as disposable gowns, face masks, gloves, linen etc.


• Ensure that the salon and spa is fully stocked with gloves, masks, aprons, face screens, and shoe protectors

• If a client or staff member is feeling ill, ask them to immediately telephone the doctor. For safety reasons do not allow a sick person to stay on salon or spa

EMERGENCY PROCEDURES

• If Covid-19 symptoms are suspected, go to local COVID-19 website then send the employee or client home so that he/she can call his/her doctor and get medical care. Encourage self-isolation

• The employee or client should not go directly to the doctor’s consulting rooms as the employee or client can risk exposing other patients to Covid-19

• In the case of severe symptoms, if an employee or client is feeling very ill and needs care immediately, contact the Emergency Hotline or call the emergency services of your country or send the employee or client to the emergency department at your nearest healthcare facility

• Tell the emergency services or department telephonically before his/her arrival that she/he is suspected to have been infected by the Covid-19

• Do not travel with the potentially infected person

• Follow complete hygiene disinfection should this be suspected

INTERNAL COMMUNICATION

• Print and post new sanitation guidelines

• Communicate with employees about the re-opening strategy

• Communicate with employees about new internal employee policies or role changes

• Communicate with employee’s new sanitation duties

• Set up a process to gather feedback from employees and clients during a minimum

of the first four weeks of reopening to identify areas that need to be adjusted or

revisited.

• Inform vulnerable employees of their rights and protection during COVID-19

EXTERNAL COMMUNICATION

Send welcome back emails to clients informing of the salon and spa re-opening and the new procedures such as:

a. Sanitation practices and policies b. Payment changes (contactless)

c. Visual salon and spa differences

d. Social distancing requirement

e. Re-open date details to clients

f. Inform clients on digital treatment menus

g. Inform clients on digital / telephone booking concept

h. Thank clients for loyalty during lockdown


WORKSHEET 5

1. Describe the components of a virion.

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

2. List the shapes of viruses.

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

3. List characteristics of the Herpes family viruses.

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

4. Discuss immunity.

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

5. Describe the relationship between Varicella zoster and Herpes zoster.

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

6. Discuss how the Coronavirus is transmitted.

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

7. Name 3 safety precautions to COVID-19.

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________


FUNGI

• Classified under Protists/Eukaryotes.

• Low form of vegetable life, with no chlorophyll.

• Heterotrophic and lives obtains energy from either dead organic material

(Saprophytes) or living organisms (Parasites).

• Present in almost all ecological habitats in large amounts.

• Pathogenic / non-pathogenic.

• Uni/multi-cellular.

• The study of Fungi: Mycology

• Disease produced: Mycosis


WORKSHEET 6

1. List 3 types of fungi.

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

2. Discuss Tinea pedis.

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

3. Discuss Tinea Versicolour.

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

4. Discuss Candida.

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________


HOW TO CLEAN UP A BLOOD SPILL

BLOOD SPILLS ON HARD NON-CARPETED SURFACE

Spills on hard surfaces often spread over larger areas so it will be necessary to contain the

spill quickly. The procedures for cleaning up spills on these surfaces are:

1. Block off the area until clean up and disinfection is complete. No visitors or

unprotected staff members should be able to access the area.

2. Put on disposable gloves.

3. Wipe up the spill as much as possible with paper towel or other absorbent material.

4. Gently pour bleach (generic name for any chemical product that is used to disinfect,

clean and remove stains and spills) solution – 1 part bleach to 9 parts water – onto

all contaminated areas.

5. Let bleach solution remain on contaminated area for 20 minutes and then wipe up

remaining bleach solution.

6. All non-disposable cleaning materials such as mops, brushes and rags need to be

disinfected by saturating with bleach solution and allowed to air dry.

7. Remove gloves and place in a garbage bag with all other soiled cleaning materials.

8. Double bag and securely tie up garbage bags and discard.

9. Thoroughly wash hands with soap and water.

BLOOD SPILLS ON A CARPETED SURFACE

Blood spills on carpeted floors are some of the most difficult to clean up due its absorbent

nature. The majority of buildings contain at least some amount of carpeting, which is why it

is important to know how to respond to spills in these areas. Many of the procedures for

cleaning up blood on carpet will be the same as any other area, but there are a few

additional concerns. In addition, there is no way to disinfect carpet completely so the best

option is to sanitize as thoroughly as possible.

WORK QUICKLY

Blood or other bodily fluids can harden or set quickly on carpeting making it much more

difficult to clean. Respond quickly, but make sure to follow all safety precautions like wearing

appropriate PPE, securing the area, and ensuring the injured individual is safe.

The basic protocol for cleaning carpets and removing the threat of bloodborne pathogens is

listed below. Please note that even when these steps are followed there is no guarantee that

the threat of bloodborne pathogen exposure is 100% eliminated.


1. Put on Disposable Gloves: No matter what type of surface you’re cleaning, always

put gloves on first.

2. Contain the Spill: After a spill, it is important to keep it as contained as possible to

avoid allowing the affected area to spread. Create a barrier around the spill with an

absorbent material.

3. Initial Disinfect: Once the area is contained, spray the affected area with an

appropriate carpet detergent to help kill some of the surviving pathogens. After

spraying the area, allow it to sit for 10 minutes so the disinfectant has time to work.

4. Blot up Excess Fluids: Use disposable towels or rags to blot as much excess fluid

as you can and then carefully dispose of the soiled rags in a sealable bag.

5. Extract Absorbed Fluids: The carpet will absorb some of the fluid so removing

them will be the next step. Use a wet vacuum to thoroughly wet and remove any

fluids. Repeat the process of wetting and suctioning several times. While wetting the

affected area be sure to prevent any water from spreading beyond the initial

boundary.

6. Re-disinfect: After vacuuming, thoroughly re-saturate the area with an appropriate

disinfectant. Follow your carpet manufacturer’s recommendations since certain

products can damage carpet fibres and dyes.

7. Let it Sit: After completely disinfecting the area, allow the disinfectant to set and

work for up to 20 minutes to make sure it has the full effect.

8. Third Disinfect: Repeat the previous two steps of disinfecting and then allowing to

sit for 10-20 minutes.

9. Rinse: Once the final round of disinfecting is complete, rinse the area one last time

to remove any remaining detergent or disinfecting solution. After rinsing, wet vacuum

the area.

10. Dry: Next, dry the area thoroughly with rags to draw out any remaining moisture and

then place fans near the area to completely dry it,

11. Wrap up: After the area is clean, properly dispose of all rags and PPE contaminated

by the spill. In addition, thoroughly clean all other equipment used during the spill

clean-up.


HEPATITIS

Viral hepatitis is a systemic disease primarily involving the liver. Most cases of acute viral

hepatitis in children and adults are caused by the following agents:

• Hepatitis A virus (HAV)

• Hepatitis B virus (HBV)

• Non-A and non-B hepatitis virus (Hepatitis C)

• Hepatitis D / Delta virus

• Hepatitis E

JAUNDICE SYMPTOMS

Sclera in eyes becomes yellow, skin becomes yellow, urine becomes darker with an

orange/yellow bile pigment called Bilirubin and the faeces become white.

Symptoms not related to the liver include the following:

• Urticaria

• Rash

• Glomeruli-nephritis

The mechanism by which disease is caused is by the destruction of the individual liver cells.

Complete recovery occurs in most Hepatitis A cases and in over 85% of the type B cases.

The mortality/fertility rates for Hepatitis B is between 0,6 and 0,2%. A post Hepatitis

syndrome may occur. It is characterized by repeated episodes of anorexia, irritability,

weakness, headaches and right upper quadrant pain. The syndrome is due to interference

with the normal oestrogen levels.

Mainly affects the liver: Virus attacks body, enters through the blood system and attacks the

liver. Phagocytes ingest, and inflammation of the bile ducts occur. Bile gets trapped in

blood and the victim become nauseous. The liver is now infected and it becomes enlarged,

loses its shape and function.


Hepatitis A Hepatitis B

Incubation period 2 – 6 weeks 6 wks-6 months

Age distribution Children, Young adults 15 - 29 years

Seasonal incidence Peak in Autumn Throughout year

Route of infection Faecal-oral route Parental (Blood)

Occurrence of virus:

Blood Infectious during incubation period

Months to years later

Stool Infectious during incubation period and during infection.

Absent

Urine Found here Always found here

Saliva, Semen Rare Always found here

Clinical features:

Onset Abrupt Insidious

Fever over 38'C Common Less common

Complications Uncommon Chronicity in 5 - 10 %

Mortality(death) Less than 0,2% 0.1-1%

SYMPTOMS OF HEPATITIS B

• Nausea and vomiting

• Weight loss and anorexia (loss of appetite)

• Jaundice

• Definite smell called Fector hepaticus

• Diarrhoea or constipation


HIV/AIDS

WHAT IS HIV AND HOW DOES THE VIRUS PROGRESS TO AIDS?

HIV - Human Immunodeficiency Virus

AIDS - Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

HIV is a virus that attacks the body’s immune system. The immune system is the body's

natural defence system against disease and is made up of many white blood cells. A strong

immune system has many white blood cells and easily fights off disease whereas a weak

immune system has low levels of white blood cells and has a hard time fighting off diseases.

When HIV infects the body it invades and destroys certain white blood cells called CD4+

cells. If too many CD4+ cells are destroyed, the body can no longer defend itself against

infection. Both the virus and the infection it causes are called HIV.

HIV IS SPREAD BY

• Blood

• Semen

• Vaginal fluids

From an infected person, enter another person's body.

THIS CAN HAPPEN BY

a. Sexual intercourse/activity with HIV Positive person

• Anal

• Vaginal

• Oral

b. Contact with contaminated blood, sharing needles.

c. Babies of HIV + Mothers - born with the infection or transmitted through mothers’

milk.

d. Previously through blood transfusions from HIV + people however blood is finely

screened today, although there is still a window period in which the virus is not clear.

e. Blood, Semen, Vaginal Secretions.

HIV does not survive for long outside the body. This makes the virus very hard to be spread

through activities like kissing, sharing drinks or the sweat of an infected person.

A person may live with HIV for a few years before finding out that they have been infected. It

is easy to mistake the early signs and symptoms of HIV with the same signs and symptoms

of colds and flu. Early symptoms of HIV are called acute retroviral syndrome.

http://www.webmd.com/hiv-aids/default.htm


http://www.webmd.com/hw-popup/immune-system-7922

http://www.webmd.com/heart/anatomy-picture-of-blood


http://www.webmd.com/hw-popup/acute-retroviral-syndrome


WORKSHEET 7

1. Why is it important to know about hepatitis?

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. What care should you take to prevent AIDS contamination?

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. What are the AIDS symptoms?

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. What are the hepatitis symptoms?

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. List high risk behaviour for AIDS.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


RESOURCES

Various website addresses.

STERLIZATION & HYGIENE – A practical guide MENNA BUCKLAND

THE INFECTIOUS DISEASES MANUAL DAVID WILKS

MARK FARRINGTON

DAVID RUBENSTEIN


SANITATION AND STERILISATION WORKBOOK

AIMS OF CIDESCO INTERNATIONAL

The aims of CIDESCO are:

to promote aesthetics and cosmetology (skin and body therapy) on an international level.

to promote education and training in aesthetics and cosmetology.

to accredit entities and recognize individuals which meet CIDESCO Standards.

to coordinate and support the professional activities of its members, accredited entities and recognized individuals.

This workbook has been designed for use in both the classroom and as a self-study

resource.

It provides all the information necessary to meet and exceed the curriculum requirements of

all major international awarding bodies.

This book incorporates all the resources a student needs to understand sterilisation and

sanitation and Occupational Health and Safety, covering:

• Personal Hygiene

• Public Hygiene

• Sterilisation and Sanitation

• Antiseptics and disinfectants

• Covid-19

• Viruses, Fungi and Bacteria

SANITATION AND STERILISATION - Cambridge School of ...

Documents

Transcript of SANITATION AND STERILISATION - Cambridge School of ...