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SALVAGE EXCAUATIONS ON THE EARLYMODERNAGE RT]RAL CEMETERY OF

EASSA LU (F ORMER UANAKiine)

ANDEES TvAaRI ar,dANII KIvIRiiiiTi"*" Oyt<ool, Aial,oo ja arheol,oogta instttuut, Arh'eoloogr.a osal<ond (Unt'uersr'ty

of Tartu, lnstttuie of ilistory and' Archaeol'ogy' Departm'ent o'f Archaeology)'

i akob t, 2, 5 0 0 g 0 T ar tu, E sto nta ; an dr e s'tu aur t'@ ut' e e

INTRODUC?ION (

In June 2013, the National Heritage Board was informed that human remains had

been found from a gravel pit in Eassalu village (P6rnu county, Audru parish) that is

located. on the site of vanakiila village, effaced in the 1970s (Fig' 1)' Inspectors of the

National Heritage Board UIla Kadakas and Nele Rent examined the situation and

confirmed that the cemetery was not recent. As the cemetery was in the way of gravel

excavation, was already huif-d.-tged and in danger because of continuing excavation

work, it was decided. tt investigate ttre remaining tE't :{ the cemeterv ut"tt1"gtosi

cally. The salvage excavations took place on June 1i lnd 1a und'er the supervision of

Ar.dr". Tvauri and, Anu Kivirtitt (Kiviriiirt & Tvauri 2013)'

Burialshadcomeintosightinthewesternproflleofthegravelpit(Figs2-3).Bythe start of the .ul..rg"

"*.rrr"utior., burials r ana z were already partially excavated

by the heritage inspectors. Additionally,grave 3 had also been partially cleaned

and had been covered with plastic fl1m' Inorder to flnd out where the other funer-

als could be located, the soil was removed

with spades until the layer of untouched

gravel to discover darker patches - grave

pit". Rtl the skeletons found in the grave

pit" *"r" cleaned and documented' To as-

certain that all the remaining burials had

been excavated, a metal detecting device

was used to find any additional burials'

TUNERA.RY CASTOMSAND flNDS

Altogether, the graves of 10 individualswere excavated. The area of the cemetery

and the number of burials had definitely

been larger. The operator of the excavator

Fig. 1. The location of Eassalu-Vanakula nLral

cemetery.Jn 1. Eassalu-Vanakiilakill'akalmistu asukoht'

Map lKaart: EstonianLandBoard I Maa-anet

:,

ANDRES TVAIIRT I;L- KIVIRUUT

Ftg. 2. Th,e saltage e:rcauations of Easscllu_Vana_killc. nual cemeterA. Vieu from the north',.

Jn 2. Eassalu-Vanakiilakiilakalmistupiidstekaeu atni.sed. Vaade poltj a 1t ctolt.

Photo I Foto: Andres Toaurt

hwuandatud alct

=--_--

,>S\,.x'

\4 - -a_.\.iPi' \ \

celi--, tn ]' 5

4lr-,.coin/mitut

01mH

; r;:. .3. The general plan of Eassalu-Vanakiila

- -,-c[ cenete,rA.

: . E-a-.-co/u-\Anokillakiilakalmistu iildplaan.-.... feoter I L)auri

who discovered the skeletons told us thatthe bones, which had been collected be_fore the archaeologists arrived, had beenlocated 30-40 metres north of the excava-tion site. Therefore, it was assumed thatmost of the cemetery had been destroyedwhile quarrying.

Based on the timber slat fragmentsfound around the skeletal remains,-alLihedead had been buried in wooden coffin..Nine of the excavated inhumations hadtheir heads towards the west, only one to-wards the east. All the dead, except burialno. 10, which was placed on its ieft side.

, were in the grave in supine position andstretched. The depth of the burials wasnot estimable as the top layers had beenremoved during the quarrying process.

There were 4Z finds uneartheddylil* the salvage excavationst, 4l ofwhich were coins: other types oi grur"goods were absent. 'A textile fraglentunearthed close to grave 7 was als:o reg_istered as a find and a knife, whicf, *a.not connected to any of the burials, wasalso unearthed from the cemetery'an:ea.The coffin nails which were fou.rh clos"to the inhumations and from the areas inbetween the graves were documented. butnot collected for preservation.

Nine out of ten burials had coins asgrave goods. The person with the mostcoins was burial 2. Based on the osteologi_cal material, the individual was u *ornJrr.age_d at least 45 years. 14 schillings thathad been minted during the Sweailh rule(the youngest dated from the year 166b)were found close to her innominate bones.The coins were mostly placed close to thehips and thighs or head(Fig. 4). As ur,

""_ception, a 7lG cjre of 1666 had been placedclose to the elbow ofburial g and based onthe timber fragments it seemed that thecoin had been put between the eclge andthe lid of the coffin.

N

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SALVAC;i

Of the {-found as grar-eoidest of themclose to burial - . lhilpreserved, but ::q,rrt was a duke lr[:Kuressaare betr, =-rurhe same gr&r-e i*r,,1"

r-oungest of in-hr::- ummliound. Whiie fi r: --,:-= :udin its edge rva. -*1qlhad disappearec : _-qlcess. Therefor.e. -- m,runlas a pendant tha: m,m*(money at the tin:= .: ,ur.rlThe same could tt snwdiflln the name of -ai;:.mllt.chilling was four- _ :_@

The most R_ j:.- r[schillings struck u::r+rsilrnd Karl XI br- p _ -: tr[stluck in 166J. F..-_ .: qschillings have b*--_ rnlrrdhave been minteci

=_ : r.t.l fl

Camaged to be mor- i;:md:st of which bears ::.. ql:he reign of queer: i-:-qrlamaged that the t::r ffi:oat of arms is t-isir-= mflThe copper coin fou::: wsaid that it was a S * *{lihqlqueen Kristina or a -.:*n,!

As nine out oi --;r. Erurial could not ha...= :.rqburial no. 3), 163-l ,i- -.:"ruu0-671 tburials no. ; iL:.: -r

Based on the c,-:. dhSinning of the lgth -=:::r@:t can be statecl thar :. _ rorhe graves had been -,:i:ifuilI

HAMAN RE}I.I.[\BThe inhumations erc:-,-i;mlalysed byAnu Kiuru-.: .{,lfl:en of which were 1.e._-,.*ry&

-

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SALVAGEEXCAVATIoNSoNTHEEARLY}IODER\.\GERLR-\LfE],1E.:f..-:-..::.-.--

Of the 41 coins collected' 40 were

forrrJutgrave goods of the burials' The

oldest of them was a silver coin found

"iJ.""," U"rial 10' It was rather poorly

;;;;"i, but there was no doubt that

it;.t a iuke Magnus ferdins Yllt:d i"Kuressaare between 1564 and 1565' From

;;;;;;; grave five 1/6 coPPer 6re' tt.,e

uorrrn".t oi which dates from 1683' were

i"""i. wrrlie finding the silver coin' a hole

i;; edge was observable' lut the hlle

;.-ih;;"fore, it *u""p'"t'-ably used Jn4. "il?ffoJ,i"*;awtakatmistumatusnr6'

u.*u p"rrautt that was no l0nger used as inoiotpoto'and"resTuaun

U:iil*;*m:ffi"#:1,'tf3".3JiJi ,u"st schirling that,had been struck in 15e8

in the name of sigi"rrr"a iii vu.u, lt"* "i?"r."Ju.J"c'u"a Duke of Lithuania' The

schilling was found ,"", ,, t"rl.f g t"gJl*, .iJh ; .opp"' 1/6 Swedish ore from 1666'

The most wictely spread coin-tvpe t;;;;;1"-Vanakiila - 26 finds - were the

schillings struck ,ri", irr" rules of s*"d;;h q;een Kristina and kings Karl X Gustav

and Karl XI by po[J -or,"turv .trrrauri]i#;;;;;t of these schillings have been

struck in 1665, which was the last year in.l t*a oicuins was minted' Twelve of the

schillings t u'," f""" *inted by the tow-n oi Riga and 11 are Livonian schillings that

have been minted ittf*i*"aitr' n"'"f ltii"ilHif: Ttre 1-e;l'of

the schillings were too

damaged to be more.r"in"'"[, {et-ermined. Also 1/6 copper ore were found' the young-

est of which U"ur. tt i V"u" fdAe. h td;;;;io tf'ut, u^t/a "opp"r ore minted during

the reign of queen *:J;;; i1.;-+I-4i;;" ;"""thed' but ii' '"u""" was so badlv

damaged that the ,;;;;; ';t readable' on the obverse' one of the crowns of the state

coat of arms is visible, which indicates ,rr"* J tt"a been minted in 1634 in Nykoping''z

The copper coin fbund near burial 3 *J;;; '"ra-La, u"t based on its size it can be

said that it was a swedish copper coin - u it+ a," that was minted since the time of

i"""i5'ii:T#;l:f:lffied burials contained coin-s, the vear berore,-which the

burial could not il;;;inhumed ";l;;.;;ated' The dates are as fo110ws: 1633

fturial no. 3), 1634 (burial i:::);199s,d""Ui" burial nos' 4 and 9)' 1666 fturial no' 8)'

l# *.ii*; "11*'J; i i?,X'T,:'i1iffi l3,nu,i*" art e r 1 6 3 3 until m avb e the b e.

ginning of the rsth;;trry. As only ";';l;;;*iu1. had been intercut bv another'

it can be stated that the cemetery *^.-;J; i", , "t,r'* short periocl as the location of

the graves had beir "ir"r," "r-xr"*" airi"g i1," *Lot" usage period of the cemetery'

ili':':1ffi":ffrffi;;;; i"^l':.,.i:"; -;:;; ;:" f!;!:l;:i,:::;;';1;-"u:;',1:''

-*'

,n" #;rffi,T"ffy*iTf,din Eassalu_Vanakiila rural cemeterv were recorded and an-

alysed by Anu Ni"i'iilit]eriog"th"'' th" '";;j;" "iig l"al"ia"tlt *""" distinguished3:

ten of which *"r" ,"#"r"Ji,r.ing th" ,;i"; excavations and were intact and well

-*lt'#mml[#i]:,"r1,9p''l:1"?"::::lofl :#:'L"iiH:ffi il]:i;1e70:Ferem;Ili:|:11Hil,'-.,rl'Jr1r133i;iil"iliJ1"ii*i'"li'-

[ s""r'"v lee0r Schaerer et n'1 200e) 185

r,l;- -?.:S - r,-{LP"I a1i -\\U KI\-IRUUT

presel'ved and nine individuals were identified from the commingled remains that haibeen found before from the cemetery area.a Four of the uncovered skeletons belongeito adults: two men and two women. one of the men had died at the age of 24-BO; thtother was 40-50 years old. The age of one of the women was not determined, but throther was at least 45 years old. The children found in the graves were aged 1-3 (buria-no. 9), 2-3 fturials no. 8 and 10), 3-5 fturial no. 7), 3-6 (burial no. 3), 6-8 (burial no. 6years. Comprising the excavated skeletal remains and the ones found before, thelewere at least six men, five women and eight children buried in the cemetery. The ageand sex composition is characteristic to Early Modern Age rural cemeteries and rula,churchyards - the number of men and women was similar and mortality among chil-dren was high (e.g. Allmie 1998; Heapost 1993; Malve et al. 2072; Roog & Malve 2013 t.

The body height could be determined for four more fu1ly preserved adult individu-als, based on their long bone measurements, the average height for women was 151and for men 167 cm (Trotter 1970). Several skeletal elements showed signs of periosti-tis, which refers indirectly to nutritional, )activity- or trauma-related stress (Ortner &Putchar 1985, 132). Three of the children showed cribra orbitalia and three individualsdisplayed linear dental enamel hypoplasia, which both also indicate nutritional stress.At least three individuals had dental caries and five individuals, including children.had dental calculus. The adult bones showed signs of physical work-related stress (e.g.Schmorl's nodes) (Waldron 2009, 45). This, too, is characteristic to Early Modern Agerural cemeteries and rural churchyards (Allmeie & Limbo 2010)..

EASSALU.VANAK|JLA CEMETERY ON LAND SCAPEThere are records of ten rural cemeteries on the historical parish of Audru (Haav 2011.11). Eassalu-Vanakr.ila cemetery was not among them. The Eassalu quarry is situatedin a forest between two bogs. Marking the location of the cemetery on the historical mapapplication of the Estonian Land Board5, it appears that the cemetery was lochted on

the eastern side of the former Vanakrilavillage that was liquidated in the 1970s.A preserved 17th century map, contempo-rary to the cemetery, of the northern areaofthe Pirnu County (Fig. 5) does not depictthe cemetery, but comparing the map withmore recent ones, the cemetery can be posi-tioned in the forest east of the village. Theclustered village is depicted on the uerslscale (1:42000) map of the Russian Empirefrom the beginning ofthe 20th century andall the households with flelds surroundedby stone fences are well visible. The ceme-tery was located only a few hundred metresaway from the closest households. Today.the area of the former village centre is cov-ered with forest and in 2010 a gravel pitwas opened east of the site.

' The bones of the individuals found ftom their original graves are stored in the bone depot of the Insti:,.:e ,,,lHistorl and ^{rchaeology of the University of Taftu.i-i:. : rsr-..rraaarr-ret.ee/rGlSAgis.

Fig. 5. Locati.on of Eassalu-Vanakiilo, ruralcemeterA on a map frotn the secondhalf ofthe 17tlt centurA.

Jn 5. Eassalu-Vanakiilakillakalmtstu asukoht17. saj teise poole kaclrd.il.

E\\ 308-2-15, p. 1)

SALVAGE i-I

All of the f,,:rertain village. 1:,:

same can be saii -:.

ies are located +'lbetween the r.il,lal.it rarely exceeds _

composition, fun;rururclassified as a t\-rrrilr

EASSALL'-I.{J[flESTONIA\f,I]II

Rural cemeteries ":* altladition was to t-.::l drately from the ch--;:lh, Imostly known fi'c* :-mlLivonian province- frualtogether 1159 ci s;tmIYdru Counties rY,.-r g[ies are also situar..i ru ICounties), as of th. *1"ff

Allar Haar- r: - - L rr Ihistorical Lddnern:i .mm

I'u and Pdrnu-Jat --:u,Levidence about 2jy :":iCplace. Merely sis -: --rumaa, have been arr: &{dcemeteries have n-: :*6Vanaktila burials rr .':n.o

The cemetet-\' -: --trtigated when humr-:MYalk conducted the :qrland documented. O* - m

lace and the other : -:lneedle of iron were f :,,-rud

that were minted ur:slAita Kustin ur::.-r:d

of T6stamaa in 195,: Guetons had been vanc= ':nbronze penannular t::msheet pendant. Amr:-.g d

rvere found close t'- ::,*coins each. A remars,li&15 coins 40 cm deep '- ;of Dorpat, most of tt; yu

these were schillings :f t

tJ Location of the firli. *. ml7 41.4721.

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SALVAGEEXCAVATIONSoNTHEEARLYMODERNAGERURALCEMETERYoFE.\SSA]-L

A11 of the foimerly known ten rural cemetelies in Audru parish are connected to a

certain vi11age, tocatei up to a kilometre from the cemetery (Haav 2011, 11, fig' 1)' The

same can be said about the whole Lddnemaa County, where most of the rural cemeter-

ies are located. 400-1000 metres from the settlement (Haav 2011, 35)' The distance

between the village and the cemetery in southern Estonia is around 100-500 metres;

it rarely exceeds 1000 metres (VaIk 2OOt,2g). Therefore, considering the age and sex

composition, funerary customs and location, Eassalr-Vanakiila burial place can be

.lu."ified as a tvpicaiWestern Estonian Early Modern Era rural cemetery'

EASSALU.UANAKLJLA CEMETERY ON THE CONTEXT OF WESTERN

ESTONIAN RU RAL C EMET ERIE S

Rural cemeteries are a rare phenomenon in medieval and Ear1y Modern Europe: the

tradition was to bury the a".a i, a churchyard. Cemeteries which are located sepa-

rately from the .hrrr"h lands, in the villages and illegal inihe eyes of the church are

mostly known from the area of medier,4al 6ta lirorriu (i.e' Early Modern Estonian and

Livonian provinces). Rural cemeteries are especially spread in southern Estonia where

altogether 1159 of such burial places are knoin from the historical Tartu, Viijandi and

v6ru counties s/alk 2001, 1g). Most of these archaeologically investigated cemeter-

ies are also situated in southern Estonia. In northern Estonia (Harju, Jdrva and viru

counties), as of the early 1970s, there were 433 known rural cemeteries (Lavi 1974'27)'

Allar Haav iZOii)"fras *ritt", his BA dissertation about the rural cemeteries of

historical Ld.anemaa and three northwestern parishes of Pdinumaa (T6stamaa' Aud-

ru and P[rnu-Jaagupi). According to his data, there were archaeological oI folkloric

evidence about 2Zg ruialcemeteries before the d,iscovery of Eassalu-Vanakirla burial

0r""". nt"r"Iy six of these cemeteries, three of which are situated in northern Pd"rnu-

maa,havebeenarchaeologicallyexcavated.(Haav2011,5).AswesternEstonianruralcemeteries have not bu"r, Lr"h studied, the addition of the ten investigated Eassalu-

Vanakiila burials is an important addition to the dataset'

ThecemeteryofthewesternneighbouringvillageofEassalu,Soomrawaslnves-tigated when human remains wele unealthed on the edge of a sand pit in 1989' Heiki

Valk conducted the excavations and altogether nine inhrrmation burials were cleaned

and documented. ont-iwo of the burials"had grave goods6: one had a glass bead neck-

Iace and the other burial had two coins. AdJitionally, 29 glass beads and a sewing

needle of iron were found from the mixed soil. AIl 0f the five found coins were schillings

that were minted under the swedish rule in Riga ffalk 2005)'

Aita Kustin ,nlurtfr"a eight burials from ihe rural cemetery in the market town

of Tdstamau i. rgriiN".ti.t igso). According to the 1ocals, at least a few dozen skel-

etons had been vandalized in the process of eitracting gravel. There were few finds7: a

bronze penannular brooch with rolled ends, yellow seed beads, tin beads and a silver

sheet pendant. Among the finds there were 49 coins, whereas only four of the coins

were found, close to tile inhumations: two burials had been given two 16th-century

coins each. A remarkable find, not associated with any of the burials, was a cluster of

45 coins 40 cm a""p l. the soil. There were solitary medieval scherfs of the Bishopric

of Dorpat, most of ihe coirr. were minted in the second half of 16th century' and 29 of

these were schillings of the Free city of Riga (1561-1581).

6 Location ofthe finds is ulknown'1 AI4121. tB1

-{NDRES T\'r-{L P1 ,r..,i 1\-a iil\-IRUCT

The rural cemetery of Moisakrila Margu in Pdrnu-Jaagupi parish was excavated b','the members of the Pdrnu Society for Antiquities (Altertumforscherude Gesellschaft zr,Pernau) in 1897. Late Iron Age cremation burials and inhumation burials from the his-torical era were discovered (SB Pernau 1899, 15-89). The finds that definitely reachedthe Pd:rnu Museum were Iost during WWII; merely descriptions of the Iron Age findshave survived (Schmiedehelm 192?). Other excavations on the site were conducted b1-Anton Pdrn in 1986, when 49 inhumation burials were unearthed. The burials were arthe depth of 0.5-1 metres from the topsoil. The remains of coffins were found around se..--en burials; the dead had been placed in the graves supine and stretched with their handson chest or stomach. The burials were mostly placed with their heads towards west; on11-three inhumations had their heads towards north (Pyarn 1988, 357-359). The materialcollected in 1986 comprised only a few Early Modern Age finger-rings and knives in acl-dition to the Iron Age finds. There were 34 coins dating from the later usage period oithe cemetery, 21 of those can be associated with certain burials. The earliest coins wereminted in the first half of the 16th century and as from Eassalu-Vanakula, the major-ity of the coins from Moisaktila Margu was small change: 18 schillings struck under theSwedish rule in the 17th century in Riga, 3 1l 4 rire struck during the reign of queen Kris-tina of Sweden and 5 1/6 ore minted during the reign of king Karl XI of Sweden.

The Eassalu-Vanakula cemetery is very similar to other western Estonian ruralcemeteries both by its location and funerary customs. The lack of artefact finds. evenof items that were used to fasten clothes is observable. The only and abundant type offinds was coins that are the most common finds from the cemeteiies of the mainlandwestern Estonia. Medieval coins are rare, most of the monetary finds date from the 16th- 17th centuries (Haav 2011, 51). Jewellery, fragments of garments and other itemsare rarely found from the western Estonian rural cemeteries. The scantiness of findscan be considered as a local particularity, which clearly distinguished the area fromsouth-eastern Estonia where most ofthe graves contained brooches, finger-rings, beads.knives, and in fewer numbers clothes' clasps, pipes, sewing needles, needle cases, etc.

The set of coins from Eassalu-Vanaktila is-also expressive: most of the coins wereschillings that had been minted in Riga in the name of the Swedish rulers, but on thePolish monetary standard. Another frequent coin type was the copper 116 ijre from theyears 1666, 7667, 7671 that had been struck in Avesta, Sweden.

Based on the coin hoards from the years 1660-1680 of Estonia and Latvia it isknown that the schillings that had been minted in Riga were in circulation in the prov-ince of Livonia that comprised the nowadays Vdrumaa, southern Tartumaa, southernViljandimaa, southern and north-western Pdrnumaa, southern Liinemaa and Saare-maa. North to the aforementioned areas only 714 and 1/6 ore that had been struck onthe Swedish monetary standard were in circulation, whereas the copper ore were notin use in the south (Kiudsoo 2000, fig.3;2002,37-s8). As no coin hoard.s dating from1660-1690 or the period of the Great Northern War in the beginning of the 18th centuryare known from north-western Pd.rnumaa, it remains unknown whether the Swedishcopper coins were in circulation in the area at that time. Therefore, the monetary findsfi'om Eassalu-Vanakiila as well as M6isakiila-Margu give important information aboutthe cnrlency usage in the area of Audru parish: the coins from both cemeteries indicatetlrat after 1666 the Swedish 116 rire came into circulation in northern Pdrnumaa.

- The eract veal is not known

SALIAC: : , rri,rd[

In the maiir'ri[.]rL

the small chai:.tion concurren:-', Iof the Eassalu-r.-riand four buria-s - ,

had two Livonia:- iTherefore it se;*;terminated, the j,,,,,

1-ear 1665 the c:_-"*popular Livonia::that the mass p1",': .;tion of coppel s;laforementionei . ::, rull

Based on h-.'-.:'uschillings of Li.,-- :,r.ur

tant role in the r-lylt2007, 29). Ther;:,:.qthe beginning o: :;,

SUMMARI I

The remains of E,:sr,Land studied in - - ![grounds of a m,,,i=:l qunearthed. Ten -, :-rnurN

identified from r:--. . ,ristic to rural cenr=:. *+ffithe buried shou't i ..,-mbones referring t,- : u:dllfl

Based on th. r':,mdburied in coffins. )--:* dThe only recoldei .:,iru,frlpendant coins. Ba;-: uucentury or the beg-:,:Llmq

Of the 41 coir:.= -r,rud&

as grave goods. ]k s: "ri ifrof the Swedish rr.r=:. no

rvas the copper 1 6 -, jim

Sweden. The anal',-.-. ru.[rt

r-ated rural cemeter-."= ihrntr

and distribution ra:-". lrl'.

standard. The coil. '-":mindicate that after. - itri d

Ackruowledgemeni: 1". ;i ri

ropeln Regionol D. . .t,

Lttd inls,li ::.,

h,e h:-'-e.aca:le h,r:iSsr"8d :1ffel:e ;:ncl se-,'-

I har- i..st: c n--.l,,ateI1r-:

s in a,i-ett,r4f -:n*! ri;Et"i

i Ela::r-rrder i:*en Kd:-

nn rura-d-s. e.,-eirtlfe-iu,aiianathe I irt iret: iriem:, ,c,f fin,1=nea ti'omls" beacis.iies. etc.rins x-elem cn thefuc,m the

ru-, ia it isthe pr-ov-

srlruthernnd Saale-struck ons-ere not

.ting from:h centur:-I Srredishrtarl'findsfi,]n abouts indicatemaa.

SALVAGEEXCAVATIONSoNTHEEARLYMODERNAGERUR.\LCE}IETERYtTFE-i:S.r-'l

Inthemateda}unearthedfromEassalu,thereisnoanswer,tothequestionu-hethei'the small change .trr;;;r;h" Swedish urra'pori.r, monetary.standards was in circ,la-

tion concu*ently. Taking the two, p"rraunt Joi* oi "urri",

periorls not into account' four

of the Eassalu-vanakiilu g*urr". fturials ,,"ii6','s,7i "r*ained onlv schiilings from Riga

and four burials (1, 3, 8, 10) were u""o*runi";;; r;ta*edish copper ore' only burial 5

had two Livonian schillings from 1664-.rJf OOS and a 1/6 ijre .,oin from the year 1671'

Thereforeitseemsthatuntil1665,wherr*tr,"n,oa".,ionof,smallchangeinRigawasterminated, the swedish 6re wevenot in .ir"J.ri"" in northern Pa"rnumaa' After the

vear 1665 the coins ;;;;k ;" the swedisli'*"""i.t, .tandard replaced' the previouslv

popular Livonian I nlg, ..iilfings. This or"."r. -rrd have been accelerated by the fact

rhar the *u., oroar.i?o^r.-oiir-," firo'iu",'d; =.r,irl"g. and the beginning of the produc-

tion of copper schiliings in Polish-Lithr;i".T;;;;"";;"tith reJuced the price of the

aforementioned sma11lhange below th" r;i;;'"Irrr" """a metal (Platbarzdis 1968' 233f)'

Based on hoard finds, it is known ,h;; ; the Estonian part of Livonia both the

schillings "f Li""ri;d;;ura "rpor,,rr-ilirr.ruriun

commonweaith plaved an impor-

tant role in the "rrr"rr.y flow even arrirr"g'i'rr" cr"rt x3rtrie11 war (Kiuds oo 2002; 47;

2OO7,2g).Therefore, it is possible that ti".trrai"a inhumations have been buried in

the beginning ofthe 18th centurY'

SAMNIARY r -^ -..,-.^r ^amarolar were excavatedTheremainsofEassalu.Vanakiila.EarlvModel.nAger,uralCemeter'yweleexcavand studied in 2013. The excavatlor. *u.'i];;..;;r..^. the burial place was on the

grounds of a -oa"r-., ;;;;;i ;;.rry. Altogether, the remains of 19 individuals were

unearthed. t", of tfr"]" irrai riaruf, *"r"L.u"ated by archaeologists and nine were

identified rro,, tL" "o-LUred remains.-The age and sex composition was character-

istic to rural cemet*i"., .i*en, five *;;";;"l eight juvenite individuals' Several of

the buried showed signs of malnutritio": ;;;;i;.i"i,i"t u"a caries and changes on the

borr", referring to hard physical. labour' soil, the individuals were

Based' o" tl'" 'u*ui"t of timber and iron naiis in the

buried in coffins. r,l# "r lrr" individuals were hetded west and onlv one to the east'

The oniy recorded goods were .oirr., r,i"orri;";hili**s,,Swedish 6re a.nd two earlier

pendant coins' tsas3i "' tr'"'" fr"at' tn" J';;;t ;" betated to the second half of 17th

;"*H f*i J,-#1il1;i"'H1::t',"#llL*",, or E a s s alu -v anakiil a, 40 wer e round

as grave goods. Most of the coins were ."lri[-g" rirut t udt ""t' minted in Riga in the name

of the swedish rulers, but onthe portt'*o^"'"tury .tu"autd' Another frequent coin type

was the copper tti-iin fro^the years i666,'i&7, 1671 that had been struck in Avesta'

Sweden. Tt "

urrurvJi. Jirr" found ""r"r;e;;*p*i""" with the finds from other exca-

vatedruralc"*"rJ;i;;;o*".orrrr"rr.P#;;;;[6edto elahorate and specifvthe usase

and distribution range of smal1 .rir. th;;;;;";;"n struck in Polish or swedish monetarv

standard.. The coins lrom the ."*"t"ri". pl.tut'-Vu"akiila as well as Mdisakiila-Margu

indicate th.t atter io-oo irr" s*"ai"r, uo aL ..*" into circulation in northern Pdrnumaa'

Achrlowledgemen,t:Thisresearchwassupported,by'+:Eu:?."n"n(Jn'ionthrougl"ttheEtL-ropean Regionat'D;;;;;p;";t Fund rd"*trc of Excellertcn ii cultu'ol Theorv (cEcT))'

ANDRES TVAUR] tr\i\-IRUUT

RETERf,.\CE.S-{llmie. R. 1998. Tadksi 14.-18. sajandip.-p:iarsiooni demograafiline analiiris jakehapikkuse rekonstrueerimine. - Loodus, inimeneja tehnoloogia: interdistsiplinaarseid uurimusiarheoloogias. Ed. by J. Peets. Muinasaja Teadus, S.Tallinn, 163-187.Allmde, R. & Limbo, J. 2010. Skeletal stress-markers in the Early Modern town of Pirnu,Estonia. - Papers on Anthropology,79,29-48.Brooks, S. & Suchey, J. M. 1990. Skeletal agedetermination based on the os pubis: a comparisonof the Acs5di-Nemesk6ri and Suchey-Brooksmethods. - Human Evolution, 5,227-238.Ferembach, D., Schwidetzky, I. & Stloukal, M.1980. Recommendations for age and sex diagnosesof skeletons. - Journal of Human Evoiution, g,

517-549.Haav, A, 2011. Lriiine- ja Hiiumaa 13. 18.sajandi kiilakalmistud. Bakalaureuset6o. Tartu.(Manuscript in TUAK.)Heapost, L. 1993. Makita kalmistuantropoloogiline aines. - Vadjapdrased kalmedEestis 9.-16. sajandil. Ed. by V. Lang. Muinasajateadus, 2. Tallinn, 233-248.Kiudsoo, M. 2000. Eesti miindiaarded 17.sajandist. Viiiiringud ja nende kdibeareaalid.Peaseminaritd<j. Tartu. (Manuscript in TUAK.IKiudsoo, M. 2002. Kihnu miindiaarde dateerin-gust. - Piirnumaa ajalugu. Vihik 5. Pdrnu, 34-42.Kiudsoo, M. 2007. Eesti kesk- ja vara-uusaegsedaardeleiud. Vermingud ja nende ajaline ringlus.Magistritrio. Tartu. \Manuscript in fUeX.lKiviriiiit, A. & Tvauri, A. 2013. ArheoloogilisedpAdstekaevamised Pdrnumaal Eassalukiilakalmistul (Audru khk) 2013. aastal. Tartu.(Manusoipt in MA.)Kustin, A. 1956. Aruanne arheoloogilistestkaevamistest T6stamaa alevis 1955. a. (Manuscriptin AI.)Lavi, A. 1974. Kiilakalmete uurimisest P6hja-Eestis. (Manuscript in AI.)

Lovejoy, C. O. 1985. Dental wear in the Libbenpopulation: its functional pattern and role in thedetermination of adult skeletal age at death. -American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 68,47-56.Malve, M., Roog, R., Lillak, A. & Lirnbo-Simovart, J. 2012.Archaeological rescueexcavations in Hargla old parish cemetery. - AVtr,2011,189-200.Ortner, D. J. & Putchar, W. G. J. 1985.Identification of Pathological Conditions in HumanSkeleta1 Remains. S mithsonian contributions toanthropology, 28. Washington.Platb6rzdis, A. 1968. Die konigiich schwedischeMiinze in Livland: das Miinzwesen 7621,-7770.Stockholm.Pyarn, A. 1988 = flapu, A. 1988. Morrmrsl.xMsrirgaxrcaa-Mapry. - TATU. 37. 4. 357 359.Roog, R. & Malve, M. 2013. Rescue excavationson the settlement site and rural cemetery ofLohkva, Tartumaa. - AVE, 2012, 247-250.SB Pernau 1899 = Sitzungsberichte der PernauerAltertumforschenden Gesellschaft 1897 u. 1898.Pernau.Schaefer, M. C., Black, S. & Scheuer, L. 2009.Juvenile Osteology: A Laboiatory and FieldManual. Amsterdam.Schmiedehelm, M. 192?. PArnu muuseumirauaaja leidude kirjeldus. (Manuscript in AI)Trotter, M. 1970. Estimation of stature fromintact long limb bones. - Personal Identification inMass Disasters. Ed. by T. D. Steward. Washington,71-83.Ubelaker, D. H. 1989, Human Skeletal Remains:Excavation, Analysis, Interpretation. Washington.Valk, H. 2001. Rural Cemeteries of SouthernEstonia 7225-1800 AD. 2nd edition. CCC papers, J.Visby-Tartu.Valk, H. 2005. Aruanne Soomra krilakalmistuinspekteerimisest 17. augustil !989. (Manuscriptin AI.)Waldron, T. 2009. Palaeopathology. Cambridge.

190

PAASTEI(4II[UARAUUS.Andres Ttaun -: .

2013. a avastarl F-.'nupaikneb 1 970. aa-.: -:.:*lnud osal korralia: - :kiimne inimese L::un

Puidujdhnusr; _::Liheksa suunatui :Einr#rktilili, asetsesid s.-saadud. kuna ma:: :-lllin

Eassalu killal:- :Lr-.ma.

did; muud panuserked. Kalmistu a-i;--: :urum"

rauast kirstunae-:: :r

Mtinte leidus ;--: :L**{mjuurest saadi 1 l P"- :r*dades asetsesid r:-;:lvasaku kiiirnarnr.::- ur

nuste pohjal otsu.:: f1i*Leitud 41 mt:: :;

rest leitud h6bed:-=: :rhauast leiti panus:r:iEjuurest leiti koos -:rn rn

Sigismund III \-a".. :*,nn*'sattumise ajal ena::

Mrinditiiiipides: o' lstdialusel ltiiidud l----:--Lr.:ir,i(r

Riias paiknenud s:",,- runeed pdrinesid aas. -:::{vermitud 1/4-ocirir= - r

siideerunud vaskr-::Kuna kalmistu --:

lest varem konkle=::r1663 (nr 4 voi 9). -ir= rm,

varasemat l6hutui '. " ,r !u

Eassalu-Vanak'.:-,Kindlalt v6is eristi.:,, $ raialt leitud segatui --l.u*tele, kellest kaks c--rmddramatu). Uuri:-:ituvastatud inimesr= :.tel maakiriku- ja k'.:-,tAiskasvanuid

Kehapikkust sa, -meestel u 167 cm. S- -:,l,cribra orbitalio nir= -.

Schmorli s61mi.Ajalooiise Audr'-: '" r.e

kalmistu nende h;-;:.'gitud po1e, kuid ki:;--likvideeritud Vana.' --..rsoolise iaotuse. m..i:- i{ikiilakalmistuks.

the Li'c oerli mle :l: :h:t dea:h. -ry:,l':re'.'. 6:

"imbo-rtgliar,etery. - -$'-l

n985.Lrltr-S L:1 nf,LLtr''dlir;:,-,rs i':

I *hn-ediscL.162:-i;1r-'.

iornu.ruut',x

i3.i;-1.i9.De err.aratiols0[PtEr:r- a,f

ilie d.*r Pernaue:1 slq- -. 1 igt

reuer. L. 2009.

usd FieLd.

Umuu.eumiaripl;n ^{1.iftan:re n-om

.llditn:fitarion r:r

'fi-n'd. 'fi ashing:ci

hele',;] Remain::jlrcin- r'1 a.nirig;tr-,r., of S::-'hernour. CfCPoPers' J

'k"tr,l ar armistutrlt$. ,-'ilanuscripr

luq;. Cambridge'

ARCHAEOLOGIC.\L FIELD\\ORK I\ ESTL \..I'

PAASTEKAEZAMISEDPARNUMAALEASSALU(ENDISEVANAIC]--I.Ii eneia s m G sE L xii nexet'Mr sr u L

Andres Tuauri' ja Anu Kiotriiit

2013. a avastati Pdrnu maakonnas Audru vallas'(Auclru khkt Eassalu kiilas asuvas kruusakaridal-'.' ::;

naikneb leTO. aastarelt,k;il:";;t,:d v;;Jr,, uu*'j'il,' '";;';;;;ta ki.rlakalmisru tin 1)' Kalmistu si--

nud osar korrardarud rrr,;;::;i;;rrlia enar"rr"i.Lri" e',ia'i"ti'' Pu.hasrati viilja ja dokumente'-':'

kimne inimese hauad CI";1;;:iG;u on kalmistu ffii;;;;; maetute hulk olnud siiski paLju suulen

puictuiadnuste,,tir.,.l"r'Jir"iof,jri",.rr.rd".;iikutk';;n']a*'"t'afitttot Uuritudmatustestolid

uheksa buunarud ,",*, ,;;i,.k;J,,"'",..,"ra iI. iiJliit;$m1i*ji.liJl.li'"?li"!X'iL:'#;:':;H il f#'*ll * m';l l., i,il;'i l ; #:,'#';T'-'1":"; J:r'"; u';k ;; *; s e e m a r cr a r u d

Eassalu kijlakarmistu ;il;"k;;;i.t" raigu. i.'o}lit ni.i;;;;' neist 4l.matusepanust'eks olnud mlin-

did,muud panused *'"'..?:i;;;;"''a'sa tt',U;;;:"m:;;l=':;;1ru;"i;'*ilI"i":l"Tii|,X:i"i. iiri^riru aialrcaadi iuhuleiuna vaid irhe'noa l

f"trJ#;3;;;1*SJ;;;ffilf:$Jiii,,:1,'ffi,1L1 , 0,,a" ouhi* u," 4s.aastane naine) puusade

iuuresr saadi ,4 ni*" nooi.l "oimu ajar,::*il1illjl;:*:Ul*11*l*::t;mffi'J,l l','"?,TX';

ir"i* ,r"""rra rahad enamasti surnute reie- 1a "ffi1il'iffii#k;il: ;tr seda iimbritsenud puidujdd-

;;;;;;;"'rnuki' juures avastatud 1666' a 1/6-i

nuste pohjal otsustades oif it<''.'"n'a kirstu serv.aja,l1T: fiii;,rest vanjm on matus nr 10 reieluu juu-

;.1il*;-",il::3;x1ff,:1Hl:il,::"","*,ir:f#r:i:it*itxlxll".Tili#Tlffi Hil:*;""hauast leiti panustena ;it#;;R";; rlo ootist]"tili"'i"""1'it-x^""uu 'uttu'ut'"

1683 Ka matuse nr 8

juurest lei.ti koos ,uuo.'...riilooarJ "ur".t n"""i'iii-ooti'"gu niiut roolu ktt'-'i'-tgu ja Leedu suuwiirsti

Sigismund rrr Vasa.r-"ii;l;;;ilii,,g uu.tu.t i:illffi;#"i|'" ""a *"a "u'Iu'"a

vermingud hauda

.uitr*i"" ajal enam miindina kdibel - r'-tmiatrrlf Riias Rootsi valitsejate v6imu all Poola mhn-

Miinditiiiipide., k6ig:;;1;,"ri - rA - leitj kalmistult Riias Rootsi valitseiate vdimu all Poola

dialuser r.odud kilring.li?rrln""i,,,.; aastasr roo?i iiiiGri""l rz ". ttioi"a nii' Iinna rahapajas, ja 11

Riias paiknen.,a x.oorr.i*1rltirrrii;;.,;il;" A""..u"ilu'1i#'iioJ"a-va-o*i'"iJ uu'to'ut'^sid leiti kokk. 10'

need p,rinesid aastatusl, i#;il.i;.k- t"itii#il;i;g""' x'l'tii"u '-uiit.,'u;ut (1632-1654) Rootsis

vermitud 1/4-oiirine ,r.il;;, -i. u-."1 ". rooili^,t'i'"J'"itr-llvtopi"g; Mut"" nr 3 juurest leiti ok-

::'-,ull*,#'-fs*n*m*:j:X,ii:|}{:J."Jiix."""J'J:'j*:::?io'""u" p.hjal oelda.aasta' mil.

lest varem konkreetne-mltr, *uu"r" jiiLnda^ei ,.;;;;];;il*teks daatumit"Lt o"' fOSi (nr 3)' 1634 (nr 1)'

1663 (nr 4 v6i e), ,.ou ir,'rl.-rl' ioo"o r,-,, .1, ,b?i t"J-i"ij :"ross (*'i0)' K",,u "'"-u matustega o1i

Ht*kr::'*rt;rixrtil*"";tffi T['Hli3li'iiii*ixii:T?rasAnuKiviriiii'iKrndlalt vois eristada ffi;; .a*rr'r"ia, ""*,

xuJi'" i"iii raatt-"L.t".ti,oi't"t ju tiheksa tuvastati kalme-

aralt reitud ."gut,a r.,',,1;;r;d. g;",."k"-i*"jihf*gf*::tffi:i:T:H't il'iii?{F1Xil,;,"i", f."ft"" t<iks otid olnud mehed (vanus surm

mairamatu). U"'it"a 1ap*"1uu;!i\e'll':"1:]'i?h;ffi;J;;ti-x'r-'"x* ^'Jani' Kokku oli kalmistult

ruvastatud inimeste *'uffi,."r'i o' "'i"i s''i'g.ip*:r*i"tllm*in:ilH"1ffi1"i'Ti"':?XHT;f:;

i"i *..ii.ft" ja kiilakalmistutel tavaline - sur

,ii.Lu"tu.r,id , -,^:r iir.-ir,,r+or maetutel. kuid selle p6hja1 oli naiste keskmine pikkus u 157 cm-'-'?Jrpif't"st

sai mhdrata vaid iiksikutelii".'J[i#;i*-pof"riXf."' i",,,"tl o1i kolmel .lapse. avastatr

"r";.;J; 167 cm' Suurei osal maetutest esrne

:ribra orbitaliar.,lrrg koh"f indiviidii "li lr.--.,t"*J# *a'gt" t'*i'ottuuit"la stressijooni' samuti esines

!.hmorli solmi' -r^r ^1i 'qrem andmeid kiimne ktilakalmistu kohta' Eassal"-Vt"-t.^:11

.",ir'tff**i:l*:'};:flxlJiiill],J;,""'Ii:T,Tir k'':3il1**":::lll;'!il)Jil?;l'Ji'x1l'-itud pole' kuid k6rvutades seda htltsemare ",";.;.;";;;a vdib Eassalu kalmisrut. tu'":l:.::kvideeritud vurruxut, Ltilav,ljast iau poor" i."i;;:;";g' v6ib Eassliu kalmistut matuste ealise -ia

=colise jaotuse, -*JiJul*o"r;ik,l;;..ik.r;;""fi;1";"L

il;-Eestile tiiiipi,iseks varauusaess'E:

. iilakalmistuks '

ANDRES TVAURI Ja ANU KI\IIRUUT

Kiilakalmistud on Euroopa kesk- ja varauusaegses kultuurikontekstis erancllik ndhtus: reegliks oli sur.nud matta kirtkute juurde kirikuaedadesse. Ajaloolise Ldhnemaa mandriosa ja PArnumaa kolme pdhjapool-sema krhelkonna (T6stamaa, Audru ja PArnu-Jaagupi) aIaI oli enne Eassalu-Vanakiila kalmistu leidmistarheoloogilisi vdi pdrimuslikke teateid 229 krilakaimistu kohta. Vehegi arvestatavas mahus ja teaduslikultasemel oli kaevamisi tehtud neist vaid kuuel kalmistul, neist asuvad Pdrnumaa p6hjaosas Soomra (1989. a.9 luustikku), T5stamaa alevis paiknev kalmistu (1955. a, 8 luustikku) ning Mdisakr.ila Margu kiilakalmistu(1897. a. avastati nii hilisrauaaegseid p6letusmatuseid kui ka ajaloolise aja laibamatuseid; 1g86. a 49 laiba-matust). Seega on ka Eassalu kalmistu oma kiimne uuritud matusega oluline lisa senistele andmetele.

Eassalu-Vanakiila kiilakalmistu on oma asukoha ja matmiskombestiku poolest sarnane teiste uuritudLddne-Eesti kiilakalmistutega. Iseloomulik on esemeleidude, isegi r6ivakinnitusvahendite, puudumine.ainsana esineb arvukamalt varauusaegseid mr.inte. Eassalu-Vanakiila ja M6isakiila Margu kalmete miindi-Ieiud kinnitavad, et pdrast 1666. aastat tulid ka P6hja-Pdrnumaal kdibesse Rootsi 1/6 orirised. Kuna nime-tatud miindid kziibisid veel ka P6hjasoja aja1, ei saa vdlistada ka v6imalust, et Eassalu kiilakalmistu uuritudmatused on piirit alles 18. sajandi algusest.

THE HMARTNTartu Lil,',i:,:naii*

of Tartu. IJukobi 2. ;:JUS

MADIS 'LTo,rtu LiIi- ttr,-

Tartu, Ins:""Lossi 3. Slnlf;I

SEBASrf{-[Stockholm L.

La,borator,,o:*,,

KALEV J.LRcLhDusarh,.""y

Archioest. J

IN?EODTThe excavationsEstonian execur:u!.gallows - it n-amees 1932) ani31). Thehad beenerected -

The Haapsai-; iearly modern torra.the middle of the r:the gallows with i;:high and 16 m nia=

HISTORICALThe legal q

The Haapsalu Gaj:though so far no d:reloped in the i:i:: -

SO

inecutioner. In Nledi,"rulifi !development took r-*,uw(

purposi :rtpreser*;*fl