Revitalizing Ancient Alexandria

Abstract

Alexandria ,this adorable city , which was verycharacterized by its location, the lakeMareotis to the south , and the Mediterraneansea to the north , two harbors to command tradebetween the eastern emporiums and theMediterranean Hellenistic world , dominated andremained the most important commercial city ofthe eastern Mediterranean world throughout thePtolemaic and Roman period. It Keeps itsdomination until it comes the capital of Arabictourism all over the world in 2010 A.D.

This paper will discuss how Alexandria could bethe tourist's first destination, when visitingEgypt , not only to visit its monuments , butto visit its new projects who revitalize thepast, like Bibliotheca Alexandrina.

This paper is divided in two main chapters . -The first one will discuss : " Revitalizingthe past through future projects ". The aim ofthis chapter is to suggest some projects whichwill revitalize some ancient monuments inAlexandria.This chapter will suggest two future projects :-Rebuilding of the Ancient lighthouse ofAlexandria.

1

-Restore the Serapeum temple's library . The second chapter will concern :" Revivalthe heritage of the ancient city " , byproposing some ideas who will revival themonuments of Alexandria through culturetourism, those ideas are proposed in twoprojects:-Sound and light show at the RomanAmphitheatre.-Re-erection of Cleopatra's needles replica.

Introduction.

When Alexander the Great chose in 332 B.C, theancient city

which bears his name to be the capital of hisempire ,his main dream was to establish a citythat would be the center of Greek civilization.He didn’t survive until its foundation ,nor itsmonuments construction , but he was certainthat this marvelous city will be centre oflearning, and cosmopolitanism , but had heimagine that Alexandria will keep itsdomination until it will be the capital ofArabic tourism all over the world in 2010 A.D.?

By this mean , this paper suggest to recreate acity ready to be a capital of eastern culture ,

2

by revitalizing the past through culturetourism , which will need many steps to betaken .This paper will discuss how Alexandriacould be the first site to visit in Egypt .

This paper is divided in two main chapters . -The first one will discuss : " Revitalizingthe past through future projects ". The aim ofthis chapter is to suggest some projects whichwill revitalize some ancient monuments inAlexandria.Alexandria already knew one project whorevitalize the Ancient city , by rebuildingthe celebrate Bibliotheca Alexandrina torecreate the Ancient famous library, as well asthe plan work of the Ministry of Culture andthe Supreme Council of Antiquities who preparea project to add the site of the Roman theatreinto the list of world heritage after theagreement of the interested committee inUNESCO, the Roman theatre will be the firstsite in Alexandria on the list world heritage.

This project plan to establish the first openedmuseum for the underwater monuments in the areaaround the Roman Amphitheater in Kom El Deka ,this museum will exhibit artifacts fromunderwater excavation, which had beendiscovered at the East anchorage in front ofthe seaboard of the Famous Qaitbey Fortress.

3

Another future project is planned to be inAlexandria which is the first underwater museumfor submerged monuments , funding by the UNESCO,the site for the museum has been proposed nearthe Bibliotheca Alexandrina, the planned museumwill display Sunken treasures and monuments ofCleopatra's palace, which once stood on anisland in one of the largest human-made bays inthe world , but were submerged by earthquakesfrom the fourth century A.D. The first chapter will suggest two futureprojects :-Rebuilding of the Ancient lighthouse ofAlexandria.-Restore the Serapeum temple's library . The second chapter will concern :" Revivalthe heritage of the ancient city " , byproposing some ideas who will revival themonuments of Alexandria through culturetourism, those ideas are proposed in twoprojects:-Sound and light show at the RomanAmphitheatre.-Re-erection of Cleopatra's needles replica.

Chapter one :Revitalizing the pastthrough future projects .

-Project One: -Rebuilding of the Ancientlighthouse of Alexandria.

4

A Brief History of The Ancient Lighthouse:

The lighthouse stood on the eastern point ofPharos, a small island 1.5 km off the coast ,inthe eastern harbor ,it was connected to theland by a narrow causeway named : "theHeptastadion"1.

It was constructed by the architect Sostratosat the beginning of the third century BC,during the reign of Ptolemy I Soter I around297 BC and inaugurated by his son Ptolemy IIPhiladelphus.2

The structure  

-Thiersch discussed the structure of thelighthouse in one of the best reference workson Pharos Lighthouse.

It had three basic structural elements. Arectangular base, an octagonal midsection, anda cylindrical upper section which housed thebeacon. It was built in 3 stages, each built ontop of the lower.3

5

Ancient Lighthouse of Alexandria : -Empereur .J.Y,Alexandrie redecouverte, Paris ( 1998) ,p.83.

The lighthouse was built on marble blocks4. Astaircase within the lighthouse led the keepers

11 -Alexandria, Graeco-Roman Museum , A Thematic guide, edited by : Fekri Hassan,The Supreme council of Antiquities , 2002, p.47 .

22 Ibid 33 Morcos.S,Tongring.N,El Abbadi.M,Awad.H, " Towards

integrated management of Alexandria's coastal Heritage", UNESCO 2003 , p.15

-Hussein.Y, " Le lancement de la traduction Arabe de l'ouvrage de Hermann Thiersch, Alex Med , issue 17, Nov2009-Jan2010,p.4

6

to the beacon chamber, containing a curvedmirror reflecting sun rays during the day, usedto project a fire's light into a beam. Shipscould detect the beam from the tower at nightor the smoke from it could be seen during theday from up to 100 miles away5.

The entrance began with a long ramp leading toanother large spiral ramp which led to theservice rooms and also which allowed animals tobring firewood up to the third tier to feed thefire that acted as the light source. The totalheight of the building including the foundationbase was about 117 m 6.

The destruction:

An earthquake in AD 956 caused little damageto the Lighthouse. It was later in 1303 and in1323 that two stronger earthquakesconsiderably damaged the structure.Kaitbey ,the Egyptian Mamelouk Sultan decidedin 1480 AD to fortify Alexandria's defense, hebuilt a fort on the same site where the

44 The International Journal of Scientific History , March 2008, vol.14,p.5

55 Elnashai.A,Di Sarno,Carter.M," New light on an Ancient illumination:the Pharos of Alexandria",; International Journal of Nonlinear Sciences and Numerical Simulation. 7 (2). 2006 ,p.143 .

66- Empereur .J.Y, Alexandrie redecouverte, Paris

( 1998) ,p.83. 7

Lighthouse once stood, using the fallen stonesand marble7.

Divers discovered remains of the lighthouse inAutumn 1994, on the floor of Alexandria'sEastern Harbor.

The lighthouse was mentioned by numerousclassical, Arab and European travelers. Strabo,in the first century AD, described how thelight could be seen by sailors 50km offshore.Idrisi the Moorish geographer, visited thetower in 1115 AD, and was impressed with thestructure and measurement of its balconies.

The monument has been used as a model for manyprototypes along the Mediterranean, and gaveits name "Pharos " to all the lighthouses inthe world8 .

Re-building of the Lighthouse:

According to Tour guides in Alexandria ,manytourists , when visiting Kaitbei Fort, arecurious about the lighthouse's history andstructure ,which once stood in the same site .Due to its importance as being one of theseven wonders of the Ancient world , most ofthem want to imagine how was its structure .

77 Elnashai, etal 2006,op.cit , p.14588-Forster .E.M, Alexandria, A history and a Guide ,Pharos and Pharillon, republished London (2004).

8

Unfortunately, the very poor model which was inKaitbei Citadel didn't give any sufficient ideaabout the lighthouse structure , and even itis now replaced by another poorer modelrepresenting the citadel's main structure ,( see recent photo below) .

There is no information written about thelighthouse in the site. This paper suggests toequip this site with video screens , recordedtapes to display the history of the lighthouse.

This project proposes a construction of areplica of the ancient lighthouse of Alexandria, which was really done in Ostrava.

9

Replica of Lighthouse ofAlexandria in Miniature Park "Miniuni" in Ostrava ( Poland):WikipediaEncyclopedia/ Ostrava.org.

This suggested replica will be built at theoriginal site of the Ancientlighthouse ,representing its structurementioned in books, but not necessary with itsoriginal height , accompanied by labels andpictures to display the history of Alexandria.This replica will be in the court of KaitbeiFort ,making use of the vast empty place inKaitbei Citadel court ( see recent photo below).

10

Project two.

- Restore the Serapeum temple's Library :

Serapeum temple dedicated to God Serapis :

-Alexandria was the chief center of the cult ofGod Serapis in Ptolemaic times , this God wasworshiped at the great Serapeum Temple, whichwas considered a wonder and a site ofpilgrimage throughout the Mediterranean world9.

The Serapeum was erected by Ptolemy III(reigned 246-222 BC) in honor of God Serapiswhich was a combination of the traditionalEgyptian gods Osiris and Apis10. The complexbegan with a platform elevated on hundred stepsthat led to an enclosure with porticoes in the99- Bernand .A , Alexandrie des Ptolémées , Paris(1995), p.80.

1010– Haas.C, Alexandria in late Antiquity , London 1997 , p.7.

11

center of the enclosure, a square temple withwalls covered in precious metals that housed acolossal statue of Sarapis in wood and metal11.

There are some foundations tablets who werediscovered in 1943 and 1945 by Alan Rowe, Theseconsist of two series of ten tablets in gold,silver, bronze, faience and glass, dating fromthe reign of Ptolemy III, which record in Greekand Egyptian the foundation of the originalsanctuary12. 

Gold foundation tablet of Ptolemy III from the Sarapeum:Empereur .J.Y, Alexandrie redecouverte, Paris ( 1998) ,p.97.

The Sarapeum was destroyed by order of EmperorTheodosius in 389 AD  by Christians , and amonastery dedicated to John the Baptist wasbuilt on the temple's ruins13.

1111– El Abbadi.M, " The city of Alexandria ":, Bibliotheca Alexandrina .The Archeology museum, Supremecouncil of Antiquity (2002), p.44.

1212– Ibid.

12

The daughter library :

The most important remains of the SerapeumTemple is the daughter Library , which wasbuilt during the reign of Ptolemy III-Euergetes, when the amount of books exceededthe capacity of the original libraryJochum, sothe subsidiary "Daughter Library" wasestablished about 235 BC in the SerapeumTemple14.

The Daughter Library soon developed into aproper one, and in the Roman period it becamean active learning center, and thenbecame the principle one after the burning ofthe Great Library during the battle ofAlexandria between Cleopatra and her brotherPtolemy XIII ,when the fire extended to thecity and the Great Library15.

1313 Empereur .J.Y, Alexandrie redecouverte, Paris( 1998) ,p.97.

1414- Macleod.R, The Library of Alexandria, New York 2005, p.5.

- Jochum.U,"The Alexandrian Library and its

aftermath",Library History 15 (1999),p.11. 1515 -Pollard.J,Reid.H,The rise and fall of Alexandria ,

London 2006,p.x.13

Daughter Library,(http: sacreddestinations/serapeum/Alexandria.com)

-The Daughter Library is still remaining in itssame site , but few tourists visit it .

This paper suggests to restore and clean theSerapeum Temple's library to be available tolocal and tourists .In front of the library'sentry , we can find a small shrine of Godserapis , so we can also re-establish the GodSerapis 's Statue (with Abis bull shape) one ofthe few remains of Serapeum temple ", at itsoriginal site ,to be housed in its shrine .Thestatue was in the Greco Roman museum, andrecently moved to the National museum .

14

Apis bull: http://www.sacred-destinations.com/egypt/alexandria-greco-ro.

Chapter Two: -Revival the heritage of the Ancient city .

_ Project One : Sound and light at the RomanAmphitheatre.

The Roman Amphitheatre:

The Roman Amphitheatre is the only example ofthis type of monument extant in Egypt. It datesfrom the 2nd century AD. The theatre wasdestroyed during an earthquake probably in the6th or 7th century. It was discovered andexcavated by a Polish team of archaeologists in196016.

1616 Alex Greco Roman museum , op.cit,p.54. 15

http://www.insightvacations.com/au/specials/1-1-1-0783ivanza...

The Structure:

There are thirteen rows of white and graymarble seats, the first row was made of redgranite to give strength to the structure. –The amphitheatre is surrounded by a limestonewall with another brick wall surrounding thatone. The two walls are linked. Many of theseats are numbered with Greek letters, indisorder due to the earthquake in 535 AD, whocaused the theatre to be rebuilt17.

There are passages and rooms beneath thetheatre seats used by actors and also to storeequipment.

1717 –Haag.M, Alexandria illustrated , AmericanUniversity in Cairo (2004),p.52.

16

The structure was covered by a ceilingsupported by huge marble columns , which wasdestroyed by the earthquake.

The orchestra at the center, is characterizedby giving an echo when standing on it18 .

Recent excavations:

-More recent excavations at the site of Kom el-Dikka, have revealed many remains of the Romancentral city, including a bath-house, cisterns,a gymnasium and streets of the residentialarea. To the east of the Odeum, a large villadating to the reign of Hadrian has been namedthe ‘Villa of the Birds’ because of themagnificent mosaic floor of birds. The Villa ofthe Birds is one of the best-preserved examplesof a large Roman residence in Egypt

-Recent finds also include several auditoriums(auditoria), small lecture halls with stoneseating of various design, dating to the 5thand 6th centuries AD19.

The Sound and Light Show:

1818 Ibid. 1919 -Hirst.A,Silk.M, Alexandria , real and imagined,

London 2004 , p.67. 17

-Near the Roman Amphitheatre ,there is a newstage which has been erected, so that the RomanTheatre site can be used as a backdrop tomodern theatre productions, lectures and otherperformances, mostly by the opera house.

The planned sound & light show must beaccompanied with a special seating , toiletfacilities , first aid, and small coffee-shopsand souvenirs bazaars.

http://www.insightvacations.com/au/specials/1-1-1-0783ivanza.Thenew stage facing the Roman amphitheatre..

-The Roman Theatre in Kom Al-Dekka has alreadyhosted some of the Opera House AlexandriaSummer Festival's concerts , so it will be easyto host a wonderful show which will give abrief history about Alexandria with the latest

18

lighting, laser and projection technologiesutilize to visualize mysteries of the AncientEgyptian civilization.

Every year, hundreds of thousands attend thesemagnificent spectaculars to relive the legend.The Sound and light show has its historical andcultural values which are simply beyonddescription .Also, Sound and light shows arealready experienced in many monumental siteslike : Giza Pyramids , Karnak Temple ,andothers …, who proved unlimited success.

Tourists who will visit Alexandria will enjoythis adorable future show , because they didn'thave any sites to visit at night , that's why ,they prefer " the one day visit ", and theydidn't spend their night in Alexandria . Withour future Sound and light Show , (and which Idid already propose since 1996 , when FinnishCouncil in Alexandria organized a contest fortourism development in Alexandria), theTourists will spend the night in Alexandria ,which will increase the rate of accommodationin hotels.

-Project Two :

-Re-erection of Cleopatra's needles replica:

Nothing remains of the Caesareun Temple ofAugustus. Founded by Cleopatra in honor of Mark

19

Antony. The temple stood near the shore at thecenter of the great harbor20. With the adoptionof Christianity, it became the Cathedral ofAlexandria in the 4th century AD. It wasdestroyed in 912 AD21.

In front of the temple stood two red graniteobelisks called "Cleopatra's Needles"22.

2020 -Hasel Berger.L, " Rediscovering the Architecture ofAlexandria": The Architecture of Alexandria and Egypt ,New Haven 2007, p.705.

2121-Rowlandson.J, Landowners and Tenants in Roman Egypt,Oxford 1996,p.6-Poethke.G, " Caesarion", col.894, LÄ (I), 1975.

2222 -Tyldesley.J, The complete Queens of Egypt, AmericanUniversity in Cairo (2006), p.206.

- Burstein.S,The reign of Cleopatra, London 2004,p.56.20

Cleopatra's needles in Ancient Alexandria :en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra's_Needle

-The pair are made of red granite brought fromthe quarries of Aswan, near the first cataractof the Nile, stand about 21 m high, weigh about224 tons, they were originally erected in theEgyptian city of Heliopolis on the orders ofThutmose III, around 1450 BC, they bear thenames of Tuthmosis III, Seti I and RamessesII23.

2323-Bowman.A, Egypt after the Pharaohs, London 1986 , p.170

21

The obelisks were moved to Alexandria and setup in the Caesareum temple, built by Cleopatrain honor of Mark Antony in 12 BC24.

Cleopatra's Needle, London: photos.igougo.com

The first Obelisk was presented by Mohamed Alito the British Government , so it was removedto the Thames Embankment in London, flanked bytwo sphinxes , that bear hieroglyphic

2424- Strootman.R, Queen of Kings: Kleopatra VII and the

Donations of Alexandria , Stuttgart 2010,p.140. -Haas.C,op.cit, London 1997, p.7.

22

inscriptions :" netjer nefer men-kheper-re di ankh",(the good god, Thuthmosis III given life)25.

-Cleopatra’s Needle was restored in 2005,visitors can still view damage to one of thesphinxes' pedestal, caused when a German bomblanded near it during a World War I air raid.

2525 Vrettos.T, Alexandria city of the western mind , part 1, The birth of the city , New York 2001, p.4

ص م�لخ�

د ، � ي�� ي� ال�ف�ر راف� غ��� عه��ا ال�ج� �موق� خ� ب�� اري#� �ر ال�ت�� ت� ع��ب� م��ب�ر� �ي� ب� �ت ة� ال�س��اح�رة� ال��� ن��� � ي ل��ك6 ال�مد �ة� ، ي� دري�� كت� ة� الاس��� ن��� � ي م�د�ارة يBن@ ال�خض��� ط��ان@ ب�� ن@ ي��رب#� اءي�� ت��� مالا ، و م�ي� Nط ش��� وس��� �ص� ال�مت ي� UVي ح��ر الا ا ، و ال�ب� وي���� Zت وط ج�� �Vي�� رة� مر ح��ب� ثN ي�� ج�ي�

ر ال�عصور ن@ عب� ي� �ارب� يBن@ ال�خض� ط ب�� اء ي��رب�� ت� ي� اس�ت�مرت� اه�م م�ي� �رق� ، و ال�ت Nال�ش �ارة يBن@ ح�ض� ة� و ب�� ن� �سي ن� ال�هلت�ار ت� �ت م اخ�� �ثN ت� يV�ثN ، ج�ي� خ� ال�حد اري#� �ي ال�ت �ة� ج�ت ن� � ي لك6 ال�مد �ة� ي� ه�ن� xا �د اس�ت�مرت �ة� .و ل�ق ن� ي#� ة� و ال�روم�ا ن� ي#� ا وي�� ال�ت�

ة� ل�عام ن� U~ي ارة� ال�غر ة� ع�اص�مة� ل�لخض� دري�� ة� الاس�كت� ن� � ي .2010م�د

�ة ن��� � ي دZ ع�لي ارض� م�د ق��� ن� مكن@ ان@ ي�� ي� ب�� �ت ع ال��� ي~� ار Nعص� ال�مس�� ات� ل�ن� ب�راخ��� �ة� ، اق ن��� Nحت ة� ال�ب� �ة ال�ورق�� د� اول ه��� ت��� ي� ب��خ x#ضد الاول ل�لساي �خ ال�مق صب� �ي ب� �ا ج�ت اج�ت� ة� س�ت� دري�� ة� الاس�كت� ن� � ي مد هوض� ب�� هدف� ال�ن� ل�ك6 ب�� ة� و ذ� دري�� الاس�كت�

ة ل�مصر . �اري� ي#� د ر� ع�ت�لك6 ال�و �سم ي� �ق ن� ي� ع�ب�رري�� اء ال�ماض�� ة : اج�ت�� واي���� ضل الاول و ع�ت� اول ال�ق� ت� ي� ن@ ، ب�� ضلي� ة� الى ف�� ن� Nحت ة� ال�ب� �"ق

ن@ ه�ما : روع�ي� Nن@ ل�مش ب�راخ�ي� �ة� ، اق Nن � ي ع خ�د ي~� ار Nم�س �امة �"اق�23

-�مة � ب د �ة� ال�ق دري�� ارة� الاس�كت� اء م�ت� ت� اع�اذة� ي��وم- ت� UVي د ال�شرا معت� ة� ب�� �ة� ال�صغ�رى ال�ملجق دري�� ة� الاس�كت� ن� �م م�كي ي��رم�ي�

ن@ و ب�راخ�ي� �دورة اق�� اول ي���� ت��� ي� ت� م��ة� ، ف�� � ب د �ة� ال�ق ن��� � ي راتN ال�مد �اء ي��� ة : اج�ت��� واي���� �ى� و ع�ت� ان# Nض��ل ال�ت�� ا ال�ق� م��� xا" "

:ه�ما�ى�- ن# ال�مشرح ال�روم�ا وء ي�� روع ض�وت� وض�� Nم�ش-. �ة دري�� الاس�كت� ها الاص�لي� ي�� مكاب�� ب�را� ب�� �Vي و ث� م�سلة� ك�لت� ي� Uي Nت اع�اذة� ي��

. Nحث مة� ل�لب� �اب� ح� حثN ي�� هي� ال�ب� �ن Zي و ب��

24

Cleopatra's needle –New York:http://www.buildyourownnewyork.com/Cleopatra.pdfAfter the opening of Suez Canal in 1869, IsmailPasha, the Khedive of Egypt, gave the otherObelisk to the United States in the hope ofcultivating trade relations between the twocountries. Though the Obelisk was taken in1881 to New York where it still stands in theCentral Park.

This paper suggests to built two replica forthose two famous obelisks in their originalsite in Alexandria at Saad Zaghloul square atthe Down town , where stood now Saad Zaghloul's statue , so they can be next to this statuein the vast garden.

Saad Zaghloul square: alexandriamania.org.

25

Conclusion.

Egypt was characterized by being the onlycountry which houses two of the seven wondersof the Ancient world , the first one is TheGreat Pyramid at Giza plateau which stillfascinates tourists from all over the world ,the second wonder was the Pharos lighthousewhich once stood in Alexandria.

This paper suggests to revitalize the AncientPharos lighthouse , which symbolized theculture of Ancient Alexandria ,the Pearl of theMediterranean",  cradle of heritage ,and centerof learning in the ancient world .This adorablecity , which was characterized by itsdistinguished location, although dominated andremained the most important commercial city ofthe eastern Mediterranean world throughout thePtolemaic and Roman era . Alexandria has alwaysbeen the destination for enlightenment,intellect, and guidance, but unfortunately itdoesn't take the proper attention andrecognition that it deserves in modern time .

The future projects proposed through this paperare to revitalize the past through culturetourism , starting with the project of re-

26

building the Ancient lighthouse, and restoringthe Serapeum temple's library .

The second part concerns some ideas who willrevival the monuments of Alexandria through twoprojects:Sound and light show at the RomanAmphitheatre.Re-erection of Cleopatra's needlesreplica.

With those hoped future projects ,tourists whowill visit Alexandria will enjoy this adorablecity ,day and night.

The main aim of this paper is the revival ofthe Ancient heritage in Alexandria , hopingthat our dreams come true to see Alexandria aninternational destination , instead of beingonly a city for excursions.

List of References.-Alexandria, Graeco-Roman Museum , A Thematicguide, edited by : Fekri Hassan, Mostafa El-Abadi,Ahmed abdel-Fatah,Mervat Seif el Din,National Center for Documentation of Culturaland Natural Heritage and The Supreme council ofAntiquities ( 2002).-Bernand .A , Alexandrie des Ptolémées , Paris(1995).

- Bibliotheca Alexandrina ,The ArcheologyMuseum , National Center for Documentation of

27

Cultural and Natural Heritage and The Supremecouncil of Antiquities ( 2002).-Bowman .A, Egypt after the Pharaohs , London(1986).- Burstein.S,The reign of Cleopatra, London2004.-El-Abbadi.M , " The island of Pharos in mythand History " , in;

-Elnashai.A,Di Sarno,Carter.M," New light on anAncient illumination:the Pharos ofAlexandria",; International Journal ofNonlinear Sciences and Numerical Simulation. 7(2). 2006

-Empereur .J.Y, Alexandrie redecouverte, Paris( 1998) .

- Erskine .A, Greece and Rome , " Culture andpower in Ptolemaic Egypt: The Museum andLibrary of Alexandria ", vol.42 , No.1,(1995).

-Forster .E.M, Alexandria, A history and aGuide , Pharos and Pharillon, republishedLondon (2004).

-Haag.M, Alexandria illustrated , AmericanUniversity in Cairo (2004)

-Hajar.R , " The Great Library of Alexandria",Heart views , vol.1,No.7 (2000).

28

- Hasel Berger.L, " Rediscovering theArchitecture of Alexandria": The Architectureof Alexandria and Egypt ,New Haven 2007

-Hirst.A,Silk.M, Alexandria , real andimagined, London 2004

-Hussein.Y, " Le lancement de la traductionArabe de l'ouvrage de Hermann Thiersch, AlexMed , issue 17, Nov2009-Jan2010.-Jochum.U,"The Alexandrian Library and itsaftermath",Library History 15 (1999.-Macleod.R, The Library of Alexandria, New York2005-Morcos.S,Tongring.N,El Abbadi.M,Awad.H, "Towards integrated management of Alexandria'scoastal Heritage" , UNESCO 2003 . -Poethke.G, " Caesarion", col.894, LÄ (I),1975.

-Pollard.J, Reid.H,The Rise and Fall ofAlexandria: Birthplace of the ModernMind ,London 2006.-Rowlandson.J, Landowners and Tenants in RomanEgypt, Oxford 1996

-Strootman.R, Queen of Kings: Kleopatra VII andthe Donations of Alexandria , Stuttgart 2010.

- The International Journal of ScientificHistory , March 2008.

29

- Tyldesley.J, The complete Queens of Egypt,American University in Cairo (2006)

-Vrettos.T, Alexandria city of the western mind, part 1, The birth of the city , New York 2001

30