Relationship of Social Trust and Social Participation

© 2014 Research Academy of Social Sciences

http://www.rassweb.com 284

International Journal of Management Sciences

Vol. 2, No. 7, 2014, 284-295

Relationship of Social Trust and Social Participation

Maysam Musai1, Mohsen Mehrara

2, Somayeh Miri

3, Fatemeh Nikbin Sedaghati

4

Abstract

Forming participation, membership and cooperation of the people in non- governmental units and organized

collective activities are affected by various factors while social trust is one of the critical concepts. However,

trust is the reason for democratic systems, social order, stability, integration as well. This research aims to

find the answer of what is the relationship of social trust and social participation and investigate impact of

social trust parameters on social participation and its aspects as well. Library methodology has been used in

documentary studies and surveying for field ones. Statistical society is citizens over 16 years in city of

Tehran of which 384 samples were selected using Cochran formula while data were collected and finally

analyzed via SPSS Software. Study of relations between variables showed that social trust is increased by

social participation. Women enjoy more social participation in comparison with men for 28/59.

Key Words: City of Tehran, Social Participation, Social Trust, Interpersonal Trust, Generalized Trust, Basic

Trust.

1. Introduction

Social trust of interpersonal relationship plays a main role for society development so that it is necessary

for social interactions. By the way, cooperative and participation are created, problems solved with

differences and social duties also fulfilled. On the other hand, trust is the key element for existence of any

society. “It seems that we live in a time in which the future community's dependence on decision-making has

been increasing and of transition from the community of society on the basis fatalism. The human agents are

active and effective to meet the future needs trust (Ztvmpka, 1384:13). “In view of Ayznshad, the main issue

is social order and, Durkheim and Tunis’s standpoint, social trust and integration; it means that stability of

social order is impossible without solidarity and trust (Chalabi, 1998:12). In a way that, lack of social trust

result in dispute and fragmentation of society. Due to being the first element of social capital related to

interpersonal communications therefore, emphasis on trust plays an impressive role in literature of social

capital in comparison with other relationships (Mousavi, 2006:75). On the other hand, trust is criterion for

social capital that facilitates social interaction in uncertainty and risk (Kook, 2004). Nowadays, upon

agreement of majority theoreticians that trustis a key element of types of social relationships. It is stated that

trust is result of existing social interactions among social groups, societies and activities. Hence, trust as one

of the most vital elements of social participation is considered. Social trust has taken into consideration for

its integration with many variables of civil society such as, participation. Outcomes of social participation

and optional membership in non- governmental organizations and voluntary associations are expected to be

with social trust in high level in a suitable ground (Alipour, 2009:110). If the individual trust was changed

into social level, it would be considered as a valuable social capital, named the same thing Social Capital.

Ingle hart believes that "social capital is the trust" (quoted in Rose, 1999:87).The capital results in lower

socio-economic interactions and actions are related.

1 Professor of Social Planning Department, university of Tehran

2 Professor in Economics of Tehran University, Tehran, Iran

3 Master’s Degree in Social Welfare Planning of Allameh tabatabai university

4 Master’s Degree in Social Planning of Tehran university


285

Given the importance of social trust and its impact on social participation discussed in this article is an

attempt to measure the social participation of the citizens of Tehran in addition to relationship of social trust

and social participation.

Background

Reister, et.al.,(2001) concluded in a research entitled (relationship of organized trust with economic

growth) that the more organized trust, the more civil participation which affected on economic development.

Costa and Kahn (2001), Atkinso and Michelwight(1992) concluded that there is a meaningful relationship

between social trust and social participation. Also, Knack and Keefr(1997) tried to answer the question of is

there any relationship between social trust, social participation and economic activities in a research entitled

“Does social capital have economic benefits?” and discovered meaningful relationship among three items,

the more trust, the more civil participation result in improving economic activities of the society. Enam

(2002) indicated a meaningful relationship between interpersonal trust and social participation in a research

entitled “study of interpersonal trust between sample villages of City of Shahriar”.

Mousavi has investigated micro culture approach of Dehghani in a research of social participation in

city of Tehran. The micro culture includes components of lack of trust in personal relationship, lack of

innovation and appreciation, low wishes, lack of attention to the future, familism, dependency on the State

authority and local- oriented which has been measured with social participation in two mental (intended

participation) and objective (membership, supervision, implementation and decision- making) levels. The

results show that in view of mentality, the citizens of Tehran tend to participation while it is limited in level

of objective so, there is no meaningful relationship between micro culture approach of Dehghani and

objective level of participation due to lack of interpersonal and State trust (Mousavi, 1384:309 & 308, 324).

Azkia and Hassani (2009) found out in a research with the title of (study of relationship of social trust

among participation people in rural development plans)that social trust, social integrity and level of

education have the most influence on participation of people in rural development plans.

Heidarabadi (2009) also developed in a research entitled social trust and its effective social-cultural

factors that there is a negative and inverse relationship between education, social class and social trust. The

results also stated that basic trust among young people is high rather other organized or abstract one. In

addition, in group trust in a society is more than out group one.

Safari, et.al., (2009) stated in a research entitled participation of female students of Faculty of Social

Sciences among universities of city of Tehran and its effective social factors that there is a meaningful

relationship between social capital (social trust), feelings of powerlessness and self- concept with social

participation while the most effect is on social participation of female students.

Ghoreishi and Sedaghat(2009) concluded in their research entitled study of cultural and social effective

factors on social trust of citizens of City of Tabriz) that there is a meaningful correlation between variables

such as, citizenship, religious view, social participation, economic- social base, cultural poverty, gender,

marital status, education, age and business and social trust.

The results obtained that between trust and participation is a meaningful relationship. Social trust is an

important element of social capital with a direct relationship with morality and faith. By the way, eliminating

religious beliefs and moral values cause fading social trust and public trust is increasing by highlighting

social trust and relationship, social and economic formalities promotion are achieved and on the other hand,

public participation is increased in economic scope along with its dynamism and growth. The most

researches have been examined to study relationship between social capital and social trust and those studies

of social participation and trust are different from this research by the statistical location and society. Also,

two variables have not been simultaneously considered in the most investigations while this research is

conducted with 384 citizens of five regions of city of Tehran as statistical society which is different rather

than other studies.

M. Musai et al.

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2. Theoretical Fundamentals of Research

Theory of social capital concentrates on characteristics of macro sociology and believes that social

capital (trust and relationship network) may result in their social participations (Mousavi, 2006:77). Social

capital means wealth and other resources that obtained via interrelations of groups or people (Bourdieu,

1985;c, Oleman, 1988; Putnam, 1992; Alesina& La Ferrara, 2000) .

Social Capital Model

In view of intellectual theory, social life is consequence of rational choices of individual so that agents

are imagined as target- oriented people. By the way, trust formed among people is precondition of rational

action and participation if different grounds (Ojaghlou, 2005; 97).

Upon Putnam view, social capital may be introduced as networks of voluntary association developing

on trust. Trust and participation have bilateral relationship, trust arising from group life and provides

spontaneously facilities for formation of associations at the same time. Putnam's stand point relies on that

theory base of social capital is that the more relationship, the more trust and vice versa (Putnam, 1992; 56).

Putnam pays attention to two types of interpersonal and social trusts, the later known generalized trust

in literature of social capital while is useful for the society (Putnam, 2001; 136). Also, increase in civil

participation and social networks development from personal or special trust conversion to social trust or

generalized, is highlighted by him. Social trust as a personal view is also regarded an emergency asset of

social system (same reference, 137).

Cooperation and participation are facilitated by trust, more cooperation and participation follow high

trust in society. He added that lack of the characteristics grant faithlessness, distrust, deception, abuse,

disorder, isolation and deflation (Fukoyama, 2000;12).

Of course, Puntom describes methods of trust advancement ' civil participation networks facilitate

relationship and reinforce existing information about trust of people. When economic and political

transactions in compact networks of social interaction is formed, opportunism and law violation is decreased

while compact social relationship and other worthy techniques for dignity as the main bases of trust in

complicated society, is facilitated (Celman, 2005l98-99).

"Social trust, mutual interaction norms, civil participation networks and effective cooperation reinforce

each other. Existence of efficient cooperation- oriented institutions is subject to skills and interpersonal trust

while those are strengthened via organized cooperation. Norms and civil participation help to economic-

social welfare" as explained by Puntom (2001; 309). Gumbet believes that "the more trust, the more

cooperation depend on establishment of trustful relationships. It means that there is authority and freedom in

cooperation continuation by agents, they can form, keep or avoid relationship (Gumbet, 2000;220).

Based on Men'asek theory, Durkimstates that "individuals move closer to each other in social

ceremonies by doing the same behaviors such as, dancing and cheering, they became concordant leading to

trust and confidence and high social participation in limited, medium and wide ranges" (Behzad, 2003; 51-

52). Following, we recognize that there is a close relationship between in group trust and participation and

Social

Capital Social Participation

Intermediate level

(network links "NGOs")

Positive impact

on the macro

level

Micro and

macro levels


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formation of voluntary and civil associations. In a view, trust shapes groups and encourages individuals to

cooperate as associations systematically and in another one, voluntary activities of individuals in associations

result in growth and reinforcement of their trust (Zareai. 2008; 70). Some scholars such as Tokovil, Durkim,

Zeimel and Kouli believe that "many social interest and sciences are obtained by membership and

participation of groups especially family. Therefore, family, school and work environments are the most

important atmosphere for trust formation" and help increase in social participations (Samiei, 2008; 87).

Concepts Description

Social Participation

Participation as a commitment and act (participation act) also as state and situation (participating) are

difference in view of sociology. The former means group participation actively and consider social activity

and the later belonging to a special group and being share in its nature (Bairo, 1987; 275).

Social participation includes types of voluntary participations with active memberships among out

family groups in addition to all active independent groups of political bodies, voting and pressure groups of

social participation (Hely, 2002;1).and covers participation with limited, medium and wide ranges.

Participation with limited range:

It is a kind of participation which is easy for agent. Local participation such as, board of directors of

residential complex, local committee, board of trustees of mosque and so on are some examples of this kind

of participation and its extent and its scopes of activity are not exceeded from a special region.

Participation with medium range:

It is a kind of participation exceeded from local activities and often appears at local structures while follow

trans local goals. Participation in guild unions, associations, cultural, social and arts societies are involved.

Participation with Wide Range

If we call participation with limited range as public participation so, this kind of participation can be entitled

special participation. Election activities, membership in special parties, political establishment and non- state

organizations are such definitions.

Social Trust

Three forms of trust are distinguishable as interpersonal, generalized and basic trusts in standpoint of

sociology;

Interpersonal Trust

It is known on direct and face-to- face relationship relies on interpersonal communications. Direct symbiotic

among subjects is an item which distinguishes interpersonal trust and other ones. It is may be found as

interrelation among members of family, friends, colleagues and the same cases (Ghaffari, 2004; 13).

Generalized Trust

The generalized trust is described as a good suspicion to others apart from their dependencies to tribal and

ethnic groups, it involves some key points of; 1- generalized trust is not merely limited to those people who

are interrelated via face-to- face relationship, 2- it covers those people who are interrelated or are able to

enter into interrelation by potential, 3- This type of trust beyond the broader level of family, friends,

neighborhood, tribal and local limits are while expands in nationwide level, 4- it is as a special phenomenon

of the new division is defined along with formation of modern governments, 5- consequently, generalized

trust is necessary for cooperation and participation of many more people formed complicated and modern

societies (Amir Kafi, 1995; 9).

M. Musai et al.

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Basic Trust

This kind of trust shows level of acceptance, efficiency and trust of people to the institutions and as Dougan

believes that lack of trust to the institutions is almost arising from non-trust to those people working at these

bodies (Dougan, 1955; 10).

Conceptual Model

Basic Trust

Generalized Trust

Interpersonal Trust

Participation with medium range

Participation with limited range

Participation with wide range

Social Trust


Voluntary associations

Communications

Economic and political transactions

Social ceremonies

Family, school and work

environments

Mutual confidence


289

Hypotheses

Main Hypothesis

There is a relationship between social trust and social participation among individuals.

Sub- hypothesis

There is a relationship between social trust and social participation. There is a relationship between

social basic trust and social participation. There is a relationship between social interpersonal trust. There is a

relationship between social trust and social participation with limited range. There is a relationship between

social trust and social participation with medium range. There is a relationship between social trust and social

participation with wide range. There is a relationship between participation and gender. There is a

relationship between social participation and marital status.

3. Methodology

Present research has been investigated on descriptive- correlative methodology. Data were gathered by

questionnaire via library and field survey. In general, calculated reliability for all questions is over

0.70.Processing and statistical analysis has been conducted using descriptive- inference statistics relied on

correlation, multi- variables regression and rout analysis tests. It is a cross sectional study at the same point

of time and review the fact at certain intervals in year of 2013. Citizens of city of Tehran in regions

1,19,21,13 and 11were analyzed in a way that region 1 as northern, region 19 as southern, region 21 as

western, 13 as eastern and 11 as central regions were considered with the aim of more variance in respect to

social- economic base, subjects were selected. Population in five regions was 384 estimated by Kukran

formula.

4. Findings

A- Society Details

Society is 384 citizens in city of Tehran, 65 % man and 35 % woman of which 17 % are between 16-25

years, 57 % of 26-35 years, 15 % of 36-45 and 8 % of 46-55. 7% under high school diploma, 13 % holding

high school diploma, 12% of associate degree, 37 % undergraduate, 31 % postgraduate and over. 36 % are

single and 58% married. 21% self- employed, 48% permanent job, 7% retired and 11 % unemployed. 23%

receives less than 2,500,000/-, 20 % of 2,500,000/- to 5,000,000/-, 9% of 2,510,000/ to 7,500,000/-, 12 % of

7,510,000/- to 10,000,000/-and 36% above 10,000,000/- monthly (all amounts expressed in Rial). In

addition, 47 % live in private house, 36 % are lessee, 12 % live in organizational unit and 5 % for others.

B- Analytical Findings

B-1- Relationship of Gender and Social Participation

Statistical tests show that there is less than 5% error in relation between gender and social participation

considering meaningfulness level of 0.016. It indicates that social participation mean among women is 28.59

% more than men (table 1).

Table 1: U-Man Vitni Test

U- Man Vitni 14304.500

Wilkinson 45429.500

Z Statistic -2.414

Meaningfulness 0.016

M. Musai et al.

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B-2- Relationship between Marital Status and Social Participation

As tests shown, it is more than 5% considering meaningfulness level of 0.620, there is no meaningful

relationship between marital status and social participation (table 2)

Table 1: U- Man Vitni

Test


U- Man Vitni 1.476

Wilkinson 2.407

Z Statistic -0.496

Meaningfulness Level 0.620

B-3- Correlation between Social Trust and Social Participation

The data obtained indicates that in less than 0.01% error (Sig=0.000), there is a relationship between

social participation and social trust. Correlation coefficient, 0.391, indicating relative fair correlation between

two variables (table 3)

Table 3: Correlation Test between Social Trust and Social Participation

Respondent Standard Deviation Mean

Social Trust 384 17.831 137.55

Social Participation 384 8.182 29.36

Sig=0.000 R=0.391

B-4- Correlation between Social Trust and Three-aspect of Social Participation

Three factors of social participation with limited, medium and wide ranges are tested with independent

variable (social trust)

Table 4- Correlation between Social Trust and Three-aspect of Social Participation

Dependent Variable

Independent

Variable

Social Trust

Correlation Meaningfulness Number of

Sample

Participation with limited range 0.356 00 384

Participation with medium range 0.387 00 384

Participation with wide range 0.254 00 384

B-4-1- Relationship of Social Trust and Participation with Limited Range: Correlation of two variables

is 0. 356 and meaningful (Sig=0.000). Direction of relationship is positive with medium intensity. It shows

that more social trust cause increase in participation with limited range (table 4)

B-4-2- Relationship of Social Trust and Participation with Medium Range: Correlation of two variables

is 0. 387 and meaningful (Sig=0.016). Direction of relationship is positive with medium intensity. It shows

that more social trust cause increase in participation with medium range (table 4)

B-4-3- Relationship of Social Trust and Participation with Wide Range: Correlation of two variables is

0.254 and meaningful (Sig=0.000). Direction of relationship is positive with medium intensity. It shows that

more social participation cause increase in participation with wide range (table 4)


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B-5- Multiple Regression Analysis of Social Participation

Table 5- Multiple Regression Analysis to define Independent Variable (Social Participation)

Correlation Determination Coefficient Adjusted Determination Coefficient Standard Deviation

0.524 0.275 0.269 6.995

As data inserted in table show, correlation coefficient is 0.524 indicating correlation of three variables

of interpersonal, generalized and basic trust with social participation is 0.52 simultaneously. Adjusted

determination coefficient is 0. 269; it means that 27% of social participation is defined by triple variables and

the remaining for 73 % arising from out- factors observations (table 5)

Table 6: Impact Coefficient of Explanatory Model of Social Participation

Variable B Beta T Sig.

Fixed 3.057 - 1.097 0.273

Interpersonal Trust 0.177 0.160 3.470 0.001

Generalized Trust 0.015 0.022 0.435 0.664

Basic Trust 0.888 0.473 9.761 0.000

Influence coefficients of existing standard in above table indicates that variable of basic trust has strong

feeling of social participation with regression impact coefficient of Beta=-0.473, interpersonal trust is in the

second rank with Beta=0.160 and the weak belongs to generalized trust with coefficient of Beta=-0.022

(table 6).

B-7- Simple Regression Analysis of Social Participation

Table 7: Impact Coefficient of Explanatory Model of Social Participation

Variable B Beta T Sig.

Fixed 4.689 - 1.565 0.119

Social Trust 0.179 0.391 8.301 0.000

Influence coefficients of existing standard indicates influence intensity of social trust on social

participation with Beta=-0.391 (table7).

B-7- Analysis Model of Influence of Social Trust and its Triple Aspects on Social Participation

Interpersonal Trust

Generalized Trust

Basic Trust

Social

Participation

Social

Trust

061/

1 734/1

100/1

390/

1

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5. Conclusion

Social trust as an essential element of social relationships leads to facilitate authority to do something

also reflects obtained expectations and commitments approved socially. The trust constructs interactions of

people with social agents as well as state organizations on three interpersonal, generalized and basic types.

The relationship may be analyzed as a main determinant of level and depth of continuous interactions of

social participation. In view of scholars of social capital, social trust has been drawn attention as the most

significant factor so that an effective base for collective interactions including cooperative and social

participation. Meanwhile, there is no one- sided impact but multilateral and interactional. In fact, there is an

interactional relationship between two variables of social trust and social participation while the resultant is

expanding public atmosphere known by diversity of collective participations (Ghaffari, 2001;28).

This research has been conducted to investigate relationship of social trust and social participation

among 22 regions of city of Tehran (1, 19, 21, 13 & 11), 11 case studies. 16- year and above subjects of

population of 384 were selected.

Social participation in three aspects of limited, medium and wide ranges while social trust in three basic,

generalized and interpersonal were studied as well.

Relationships of social trust and its aspects and social participation demonstrate that basic trust variables

has strong social participation with regression impact coefficient (Beta=-0.473) , interpersonal trust is in the

second rank with Beta=0.160 and weak belongs to generalized trust with coefficient of Beta=-0.022.

The results show that variables of interpersonal, eneralized and basic trust have correlation with social

participation for 0.52 simultaneously. Also, there is a meaningful relationship between social participation

and gender while no meaningful relationship between social participation and marital status with 5 % error.

In general, findings also prove that there is a positive and meaningful relationship between social trust

and social participation, the more social trust, the more social participation. The above results are parallel

with researches of Sipel (2007), Reister(2001),Atkinso and Michelwight (1992), Knack and Keefr (1997),

Alipour, et.al., (2009),Azkia and Hassani Rad (2009), Safiri, et.al., (2009), Enam (2002) and Putnam (1992),

all believes that “ the more social trust, the more social participation”.

- Moreover, due to importance of influence of social trust on social participation, the media should provide

suitable backgrounds to build social trust against small groups and non- trust ones tries to reach by another

and better way.

- Constructive assistance and expanding self- esteem among the people via local associations

- Concentrating on group training instead of individual, encouraging collective and group activities using

religious recommendations

- Highlighting urban life requirements, commitment to urbanization not urbanism rules, establishing respect

and observing unofficial prestige in a society for increase in social trust while it leads to high social

participations.

- Principal needs and priorities of citizens have been examined to prevent incompatibility of social policies

with citizens’ demands, widespread their social activities and enhance mutual trust among policy makers

and citizens.

- Developing scientific, art, sport, political societies allocating material and immaterial supports

- Bring happiness and optimism of citizens through applied suggested plans throughout the city

- Establishing beds required to develop public activities as well as grounding to reinforce institutional

relationships and membership in citizen’s association

- It is recommended that in charges should prepare plans towards enhancing medium knowledge and

training of citizens using internet which cause high cultural- social interactions and finally social trust

development


293

- Holding national and religious ceremonies also locations attracts people for more interaction and gathering,

it is also reinforce feeling of integration and social trust and consequently, providing growth and

development backgrounds of society.

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Relationship of Social Trust and Social Participation

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Transcript of Relationship of Social Trust and Social Participation