Regulations and Curriculum – B.Sc. Biomedical Science - Nitte

Regulations and Curriculum For

Bachelor of Science in Biomedical Science (Honours) B.Sc. (Honours) Biomedical Science

Choice Based Credit System (CBCS)

For Batch admitted from 2021-2022 and onwards

(Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956)

(Placed under Category 'A' by MHRD, Govt. of India, Accredited with 'A+' Grade by NAAC)

University Enclave, Deralakatte, Mangaluru – 575 018

Tel: +91-824-2204300/01/02/03 | Fax: 91-824-2204305

Website: www.nitte.edu.in E-mail: [email protected]

Regulations and Curriculum – B.Sc. Biomedical Science

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VISION

To build a humane society through excellence in education and healthcare

MISSION

To develop Nitte (Deemed to be University)

As a centre of excellence imparting quality education, generating competent, skilled manpower to face the scientific and social

challenges with a high degree of credibility, integrity, ethical standards and social concern


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CONTENTS

Page No.

Notification iii - iv

Regulations 01 – 24

Program Outcomes 25

Curriculum

Core Courses 26

Semester I 27 – 42

Semester II 43 – 58

Semester III 59 – 69

Semester IV 70 – 81

Semester V 82 – 92

Semester VI 93 – 103

Semester VII

Semester VIII

AECC: Ability Enhancement Compulsory Courses 108 – 115

SEC: Skill Enhancement Courses 116 – 129

DSE: Discipline Specific Elective Courses 130 – 155

GE: Generic Elective Courses 156 - 178


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No. F.9-13/2007-U.3 (A) Government of India

Ministry of Human Resource Development (Department of Higher Education)

U.3(A) Section

Shastri Bhawan, New Delhi, Dated the 4th June, 2008

NOTIFICATION

1. Whereas the Central Government is empowered under Section 3 of the University Grants Commission (UGC) Act, 1956 to declare, on the advice of the UGC, an institution of higher learning as a deemed-to-be-university;

2. And whereas, a proposal was received in February, 2007 from Nitte Education Trust, Mangalore, Karnataka seeking grant of status of deemed-to-be-university in the name of Nitte University under Section 3 of the UGC Act, 1956;

3. And whereas, the University Grants Commission has examined the said proposal and vide its communication bearing No. F.26-10/2007(CPP-I/DU) dated the 10th March, 2008 has recommended conferment of status of ‘deemed-to-be-university’ in the name and style of Nitte University, Mangalore, Karnataka, comprising A.B. Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, Mangalore;

4. Now, therefore, in exercise of the powers conferred by section 3 of the UGC Act, 1956, the Central Government, on the advice of the University Grants Commission (UGC), hereby declare that Nitte University, Mangalore, Karnataka, comprising A.B. Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, Deralakatte, Mangalore, shall be deemed to be a University for the Purposes of the aforesaid Act.

Sd/

(Sunil Kumar) Joint Secretary to the Government of India

(True Extract of the Notification)


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UNIVERSITY GRANTS COMMISSION

BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG NEW DELHI - 110002

No. F.26-5/2008(CPP-1) Dated: 24th March, 2009

OFFICE MEMORANDUM

1. Whereas the Government of India, Ministry of Human Resource Development, Department of Higher Education vide Notification No. F.9-13/2007-U.3(A) dated 4th June, 2008 declared Nitte University, Mangalore, Karnataka comprising A.B. Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, Deralakatte, Mangalore as Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956.

2. And whereas now, the University Grants Commission, on the recommendation of an Expert Committee constituted by the Chairman, UGC has agreed for bringing (i) K.S. Hegde Medical Academy, Deralakatte, Mangalore, (ii) Nitte Usha Institute of Nursing Sciences, Deralakatte, Mangalore, (iii) Nitte Gulabi Shetty Memorial Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Deralakatte, Mangalore, (iv) Nitte Institute of Physiotherapy, Deralakatte, Mangalore under the ambit of Nitte University, Deralakatte, Mangalore.

Sd/ (K.P. Singh)

Joint Secretary University Grants Commission

(True Extract of the Notification)


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Nitte University (Deemed University under Section 3 of UGC Act 1956)

Placed under Category ‘A’ by MHRD, Govt. of India

Accredited with ‘A+’ Grade by NAAC

University Enclave, Medical Sciences Complex, Deralakatte, Mangalore – 575 018 Tel: 0824-

2204300/01/02/03; Fax: 91-824-2204305 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.nitte.edu.in

Ref. No: N(DU)/REG/AC-NUCSER/2020-21/969 Date : 05.07.2021

NOTIFICATION

Sub : Starting of Four-year B.Sc. (Hons) Program in Biomedical Science.

In exercise of the powers conferred under Rule No.R.2.1 (C) of the MoA (2019), the Academic Council in its 46th meeting held on 26-06-2021 under the agenda item no. AC/5(4)-46/21 resolved to approve the starting of Four-year B.Sc. (Honours) Program in Biomedical Science from the academic year 2021-22 with an intake of 50.

By order,

Sd/- Prof. Dr. Alka Kulkarni Registrar, Nitte (Deemed to be University)


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(Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956)

(Placed under Category ‘A’ by MHRD, Govt. of India, Accredited with ‘A+’ Grade by NAAC)

Mangaluru, Karnataka, India

Regulations and Curriculum For

Bachelor of Science in Biomedical Science (Honours) B.Sc. (Honours) Biomedical Science

Choice Based Credit System (CBCS)

Preamble: B.Sc. (Honours) Biomedical Science, a four year programme based on the revised national education policy is instituted in Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research (NUCSER) from the year 2021-22, under the faculty of Biological Sciences. The regulations for B.Sc. (Honours) Biomedical Science Programme are formulated as under:

1. Introduction:

1.1. These regulations shall be called the Nitte (Deemed to be University) Regulations for B.Sc. (Honours) Biomedical Science Programme and govern the policies and procedures including selection, admission, imparting of instructions, conduct of examinations evaluation and certification of candidate’s performance and all amendments thereto, leading to the award of B.Sc. Honours Degree. The regulations shall come into effect from the academic year 2021-22.

1.2. This set of regulations shall be binding on all the candidates undergoing the said degree program.

1.3. These regulations may be modified from time to time as mandated by the statutes of the Deemed to be University.

1.4. This set of regulations may evolve and get refined or updated or amended or modified or changed through appropriate approvals from the Academic Council or the Board of Management from time to time and shall be binding on all parties concerned including the Candidates, Faculty, Staff, Departments and the Institute Authorities.

1.5. All disputes arising from this set of regulations shall be addressed to the Board of Management. The decision of the Board of Management is final and binding on all parties concerned. Further, any legal disputes arising out of this set of regulations shall be limited to jurisdiction of Courts of Mangalore only.


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2. Definitions: Unless the context otherwise requires: Academic year means two consecutive (one odd + one even) semesters BoM means Board of Management of Nitte (Deemed to be University). BoS means Board of Studies in Biological Sciences Programme Coordinator/Head of the department / Director means a full time faculty appointed /nominated by the University for managing the department/Institute and authorized to and responsible for the implementation of the rules and procedures pertaining to the Department /Institute. Course: referred to, as ‘papers’ is a component of a programme. All courses need not carry the same weight. • Core Course: A course, which should compulsorily be studied by a candidate

as a core requirement. • Ability Enhancement Course (AEC): They are of two types:

Ability Enhancement Compulsory Course (AECC):

Courses that lead to knowledge enhancement such as Environmental Science, and English Communication. These are mandatory for all disciplines.

Skill Enhancement Course (SEC): These are value-based and/or skill-based and are aimed at providing hands- on- training, competencies, skills etc. May be chosen from a pool of courses.

Elective Course: A course, which can be chosen from a pool of courses and which may be very specific or specialized or advanced or supportive to the discipline/ subject of study or which provides an extended scope or which enables an exposure to some other discipline/subject/domain or nurtures the candidate’s proficiency/skill.

• Discipline Specific Elective Course (DSEC) : Elective courses related to the main discipline/subject of study.

Generic Elective Course (GEC) : An elective course chosen generally from an unrelated discipline/subject with an intention to seek exposure.


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• Credit: A unit by which the course work is measured. It determines the number of hours of instructions required per week. One credit is equivalent to one hour of lecture/tutorial or two hours of practical work.

Credit Based Semester System (CBSS): The degree is prescribed in terms of number of credits to be completed by the students. Credit Point: It is the product of grade point and number of credits for a course. Continuous Internal Evaluation (CIE): A method of evaluation aimed to assess values, skills and knowledge imbibed by the student during the semester. To be done at the Institute level. Cumulative Grade Point Average (CGPA): It is a measure of overall cumulative performance of a student over all semesters. The CGPA is the ratio of total credit points secured by a student in various courses in all semesters and the sum of the total credits of all courses in all the semesters. It is expressed up to two decimal places. Grade Point: It is a numerical weight allotted to each letter grade on a 10-point scale. Letter Grade: It is an index of the performance of students in a said course. Grades may be denoted by letters like O, S, A+, A, B+, B, C, F and I. School means any Institution under the ambit of the Nitte (Deemed to be University) Semester Grade Point Average (SGPA): Measure of performance of work done in a semester. It is ratio of total credit points secured by a student in various courses registered in a semester and the total course credits taken during that semester. It shall be expressed up to two decimal places. Semester End Evaluation (SEE): A method of evaluation in the form of grades to determine the objectives of a course at the end of the semester through term papers to show how good or how satisfactory the student is in accomplishing the objectives of the course. He/him/his/himself includes all genders as the case may be. Institute means Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research Regulations means this set of academic regulations University means Nitte (Deemed to be University)

3. Duration of the Programme:

The candidate shall undergo a period of study extending over 8 semesters (4 academic years).


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4. Medium of Instruction and Examination: The medium of instruction and examinations shall be in English.

5. Maximum period for completion of the Programme:

The maximum period for completion of B.Sc. (Honours) Biomedical Science Programme is eight (8) academic years.

6. Eligibility for Admissions:

• A candidate seeking admission to B.Sc. (Honours) Biomedical Science Programme must have passed 2 years PUC examination of PUE Board, Karnataka or an equivalent examination of any other approved Board or University with not less than 40% marks in Physics, Chemistry, Biology/Mathematics put together and English as one of the languages of study.

• For SC/ST or category I Candidates, the minimum percentage of marks shall be a pass in PUC or its equivalent examination (in PCB/M).

• Foreign Nationals and candidates who have qualified from a Foreign University/Board should obtain permission from Nitte (Deemed to be University) prior to the admission for equivalence of the qualification.

Note: The Vocational Higher Secondary Education course conducted by Vocational Higher

Secondary Education, Government of Karnataka or any other state or Diploma in Health Sciences with five subjects including Physics, Chemistry, Biology and English in addition to vocational subjects conducted is considered equivalent to PUC examinations of Government of Karnataka.

7. Selection of Eligible candidates:

Selection to the B.Sc. (Honours) Biomedical Science Programme shall be based on the basis of merit obtained in the Qualifying Examination.

8. Withdrawal -Temporary and Permanent:

8.1 Temporary: 8.1.1. A candidate who has been admitted to the Programme may be

permitted to withdraw temporarily for a period of six months or more up to one year on the grounds of prolonged illness, grave calamity in the family etc. provided:

a. He applies stating the reason of withdrawal with supporting documents and endorsement by parent/guardian.

b. The Institute is satisfied that the candidate is likely to complete his requirement of the degree within maximum time specified.


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c. There are no outstanding dues or demands with the department, library, hostel, Institute etc.

8.1.2 The tuition fee for the subsequent year may be collected in advance based on the severity of the case before giving approval for any such temporary withdrawal.

8.1.1. Scholarship holders are bound by the appropriate rules applicable. 8.1.2. The decision of the Institute/University regarding withdrawal of a

candidate is final and binding.

8.2. Permanent: 8.2.1. A candidate who withdraws admission before closing date of

admission for the academic session is eligible for the refund of the deposit only. The fees once paid will not be refunded on any account.

8.2.2. Once the admission for the year is closed and if a candidate wants to leave the Institute, he will be permitted to do so and take the Transfer Certificate from the Institute, if required, only after remitting the tuition fees for the remaining years.

8.2.3. Those candidates who have received any scholarship/stipend/other forms of assistance from the Institute shall repay all such amounts in addition to those mentioned in the clause above.

8.2.4. The decision of the Institute/University regarding withdrawal of a student is final and binding.

9. Conduct and Discipline:

9.1. Candidates shall conduct themselves within and outside the premises of the Institute in a manner befitting a student.

9.2. As per the order of Honorable Supreme Court of India, ragging in any form is considered as a criminal offence and is banned. Any form of ragging will be severely dealt with.

9.3. The following acts of omission and /or commission shall constitute gross violation of the code of conduct and are liable to invoke disciplinary measures. 9.3.1. Ragging as defined and described by the Supreme Court/Government. 9.3.2. Lack of courtesy and decorum, indecent behavior anywhere within or

outside the campus. 9.3.3. Wilful damage or stealthy removal of any property/belongings of the

Institute/Hostel or of fellow students/citizens. 9.3.4. Possession, consumption or distribution of alcoholic drinks or any

kind of hallucinogenic drugs.


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9.3.5. Mutilation or unauthorized possession of library books. 9.3.6. Noisy or unruly behavior, disturbing studies of fellow students. 9.3.7. Plagiarism of any nature. 9.3.8. Hacking of computer systems (such as entering into other person's

domain without prior permission, manipulation and/or damage to the computer hardware and software or any other cybercrime, etc.)

9.3.9. Any other act of gross indiscipline as decided by the Board of Management from time to time.

9.4. Commensurate with the gravity of offence, the punishment may be: reprimand, fine, expulsion from the hostel, debarment from an examination, disallowing the use of certain facilities of the Institute, rustication for a specific period or even outright expulsion from the institute, or even handing over the case to appropriate law enforcement authorities or the judiciary as required by the circumstances.

9.5. For any offence committed in – (i) a hostel, (ii) a department (iii) a class room, and (iv) elsewhere, the Chief Warden, the Head of the Department and the Asst. Director (Student Affairs)/ Head of the Institute and Authorities of the University respectively, shall have the authority to reprimand or impose fine.

9.6. All cases involving punishment other than reprimand shall be reported to the Vice-Chancellor.

9.7. Cases of adoption of unfair means and/or any malpractice in an examination shall be reported to the HoD/Director of the institute, as the case may be for taking the appropriate action.

10. Graduation Requirements:

Candidate shall be declared eligible for the award of the degree if he has: • Fulfilled the degree requirements. • No dues to the University, Institute, Departments, Hostels, Library, etc. • No disciplinary action pending against him. The award of the degree must be recommended by the Board of Management.


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11. Convocation: Degrees will be awarded in person to all the eligible students who have graduated during the preceding academic year at the annual convocation. For eligible students who are unable to attend the convocation, degree will be sent by post. Students are required to apply for the convocation along-with prescribed fee within the specified date, after satisfactory completion of all degree requirements.

12. Structure of the Program:

12.1 The program is structured on choice based credit system. For the award of degree, a candidate must take a total of 160 credits comprising of 20 Core Courses, 2 Ability Enhancement Compulsory Courses, 1 Skill Enhancement Courses, and 4 courses each from a list of Discipline Specific Elective and Generic Elective courses respectively.

12.2 The program consists of the following:

Core courses: 96 credits Discipline Specific Elective courses: 12 credits Generic Elective courses: 08 credits Ability Enhancement courses: 04 credits Skill Enhancement courses: 04 credits Internship 12 credits Project 20 credits Seminar 02 credits Co-curricular/Extra-curricular 02 credits


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13. Semester wise subjects of study and examination pattern:

Subject type

Subject Title Credits Marks Theory Practical Total

marks Grade point T P SEE CIE SEE CIE

I SEM 21BBS11 Human Anatomy 3 0 50 50 - - 100 10 21BBS12 Physical and Inorganic Chemistry 3 2 50 50 25 25 150 10 21BBS13 Cell Biology 3 2 50 50 25 25 150 10 21BBS14 Basic Microbiology 3 2 50 50 25 25 150 10 21BBS15 Communicative English 2 0 50 50 - - 100 10 21BBS16 Good Laboratory Practices 0 0 - 100 - - 100 - Total credits 20 II SEM 21BBS21 Human Physiology 3 0 50 50 - - 100 10 21BBS22 General Biochemistry 3 2 50 50 25 25 150 10 21BBS23 Developmental Biology 3 2 50 50 25 25 150 10 21BBS24 Fundamental Genetics 3 2 50 50 25 25 150 10 21BBS25 Environmental Studies 2 0 50 50 100 10 21BBS26 Biosafety and Bioethics

0 0 - 100 - - 100* -

Total credits 20 III SEM 21BBS31 Fundamentals of Immunology 3 2 50 50 25 25 150 10 21BBS32 Radiation Biology 3 2 50 50 25 25 150 10 21BBS33 Clinical Biochemistry 3 2 50 50 25 25 150 10 21BBS34 Generic Elective 2 0 50 50 - - 100 10 21BBS35 Discipline Specific Elective 2 1 50 50 25 25 100 10 21BBS36 Skill Enhancement Elective 0 2 - - 50 50 100 10 21BBS37 Personality Development & Soft

skills 0 0 - 100 - - 100 -

Total credits 22 IV SEM 21BBS41 Basics of Molecular Biology 3 2 50 50 25 25 150 10 21BBS42 Medical Microbiology 3 2 50 50 25 25 150 10 21BBS43 Clinical Genetics 3 2 50 50 25 25 100 10 21BBS44 Generic Elective 2 0 50 50 - - 100 10 21BBS45 Discipline Specific Elective 2 1 50 50 25 25 150 10 21BBS46 Skill Enhancement Elective 0 2 - - 50 50 100 10 21BBS47 Basic Life support and First aid 0 0 - 100 - - 100 - Total credits 22

V SEM 21BBS51 Genetic Engineering 3 2 50 50 25 25 150 10


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21BBS52 Human Pathology 3 2 50 50 25 25 150 10 21BBS53 Basic Research Methods and

Biostatistics 3 2 50 20 25 25 150 10

21BBS54 Generic Elective 2 0 50 50 - - 100 10 21BBS55 Discipline Specific Elective 2 1 50 50 25 25 150 10 21BBS56 Intellectual Property Rights and

Patents 0 0 - 100 - - 100 -

Total credits 20 VI SEM

21BBS61 Biophysics and Instrumentation 3 2 50 50 25 25 150 10 21BBS62 Cancer Biology 3 2 50 50 25 25 150 10 21BBS63 Bioinformatics 3 2 50 50 25 25 100 10 21BBS64 Generic Elective 2 0 50 50 - - 100 10 21BBS65 Discipline Specific Elective 2 1 50 50 25 25 150 10 21BBS66 Innovation and Entrepreneurship 0 0 - 100 - - 100 - Total credits 20

VII SEM 21BBS71 Industry/Academia Internship 0 12 - - 50 50 100 10 Total credits 12

VIII SEM 21BBS81 Project Work 0 20 - - 50 50 100 10 21BBS82 Seminar 0 2 - - - 100 100 10 21BBS83 Co-curricular/Extracurricular

activities 0 2 - - - - 100 10

Total credits 24 Grand total credits 160

T: Theory classes; P: Practical classes; IA: Internal assessment; SEE: Semester End Evaluation; CIE: Continuous Internal Evaluation

C: Core Course; GE: Generic Elective Course; AECC: Ability Enhancement Compulsory Course; SEC: Skill Enhancement Course; DSE: Discipline Specific Elective Course * Non-credit courses - To be mentioned as ‘Pass’ or ‘Fail’. Examination will be conducted at college level. The marks obtained will not be counted for the computation of SGPA/CGPA.


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List of Electives:

Subject type

Subject Title Credits Marks Theory Practical Total

marks Grade point T P SEE CIE SEE CIE

III SEM Generic Electives [Any one]

21BBS34-1 Bioprocess Technology 2 0 50 50 - - 100 10 21BBS34-2 Food Spoilage and

Preservation 2 0 50 50 - - 100 10

Discipline Specific Electives [Any one] 21BBS35-1 Antimicrobial Agents 2 1 50 50 25 25 150 10 21BBS35-2 Epidemiology and

Surveillance 2 1 50 50 25 25 150 10

Skill Enhancement Electives [Any one] 21BBS36-1 Cell Based Assays in

Biomedical Research 0 2 - - 50 50 100 10

21BBS36-2 Techniques in Forensic Science

0 2 - - 50 50 100 10

IV SEM Generic Electives [Any one]

21BBS44-1 Principles of Pharmacology 2 0 50 50 - - 100 10 21BBS44-2 Nutrition and Dietetics 2 0 50 50 - - 100 10

Discipline Specific Electives [Any one] 21BBS45-1 Toxicology 2 1 50 50 25 25 150 10 21BBS45-2 Nano-Biotechnology 2 1 50 50 25 25 150 10

Skill enhancement electives [Any one] 21BBS46-1 Diagnostic Lab Techniques 0 2 - - 50 50 100 10 21BBS46-2 Methods in Ecotoxicology 0 2 - - 50 50 100 10

V SEM Generic Electives [Any one]

21BBS54-1 Herbal Medicines-Principles and Processes

2 0 50 50 - - 100 10

21BBS54-2 Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering

2 0 50 50 - - 100 10

Discipline Specific Electives [Any one] 21BBS55-1 Medical Virology 2 1 50 50 25 25 150 10 21BBS55-2 Model Systems in Biomedical

Research 2 1 50 50 25 25 150 10

VI SEM Generic Electives [Any one]

21BBS64-1 Plant Biotechnology 2 0 50 50 - - 100 10 21BBS64-2 Stem Cells and Regenerative

Medicine 2 0 50 50 - - 100 10


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Discipline Specific Electives [Any one] 21BBS65-1 Medical Biotechnology 2 1 50 50 25 25 150 10 21BBS65-2 Systems Genetics 2 1 50 50 25 25 150 10


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14. Electives: 14.1. A minimum number of twenty candidates shall be required to offer and

conduct an elective course 14.2. Electives shall be offered based at the discretion of the institution.

15. Attendance and Monitoring Progress of Studies:

15.1.1. A candidate shall study in the Institute for the entire period as a full time student. No candidate is permitted to work in any outside laboratory/college/hospital/pharmacy etc. while studying. No candidate should join any other course of study or appear for any other degree examination conducted by this University or any other University in India or abroad during the period of registration.

15.1.2. Each semester shall be taken as a unit for the purpose of calculating attendance.

15.1.3. A candidate who has put in a minimum of 75% of attendance in the theory and practical separately in each subject and who has fulfilled other requirements of the course shall be permitted to appear for SEE.

15.1.4. If a candidate has a shortage of attendance in a particular subject in a semester, he shall not be permitted to write the SEE for that subject. He shall be permitted to appear for SEE for that subject only after fulfilling the attendance requirement.

16. Examination and Assessment:

There shall be a University examination at the end of each semester.

16.1. Scheme of Examination: Evaluation is based on formative evaluation (CIE) and summative evaluation (SEE) with 50% weightage for each component.

16.1.1. Internal Assessment (CIE): The CIE for theory shall be 50 marks and shall be 25 marks for practicals. CIE for theory shall be calculated based on sessional examinations, attendance, etc. There shall be two sessional examinations and the average of the two shall be considered for calculating the marks from sessional. The CIE for practicals shall be calculated on the basis of practical test, the records of the practicals maintained. A candidate must secure at least 40% of total marks for CIE in a particular subject in order to be eligible to appear in the SEE of that subject.

16.1.2. University Examination (SEE):


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A candidate who satisfies the requirements of attendance, progress and conduct shall be eligible to appear for the SEE. There shall be a SEE at the end of each semester. To be eligible to appear for SEE a candidate should fulfil all the following conditions:

a. Undergone satisfactorily the approved course of the study in the subject/subjects for the prescribed duration;

b. 75% attendance separately in theory and in practical in each subject;

c. shall have the minimum attendance requirement in all subjects of that semester for the first appearance;

d. secure at least 40% of total marks for CIE in a particular subject; and

e. fulfil any other requirement that may be prescribed by the University from time to time.

16.1.3. Allotment of Marks: For courses, which have theory and practical component, the total marks will be 150 with the 100 marks for theory examination, which will include 50 marks for SEE and 50 marks for CIE. The practical marks allotment will be for 50, which will include 25 marks for SEE and 25 for CIE. For courses, which do not have University theory examination, the examination will be for 100, which will include 50 marks for SEE and 50 marks for CIE. For AECC courses the total will be 100, with SEE for a total of 50 marks and CIE for 50 marks. For each course, the maximum marks will correspond to a grade point of 10.

16.2 Criteria for Pass and award of degree: A candidate is declared to have passed the examination in a subject if he/she secures 40% of the marks separately in theory (including CIE) and in practical (including CIE). For a pass in theory, a candidate has to secure a minimum of 40% marks separately in both SEE and CIE. Further, in practical, a candidate has to secure a minimum of 40% marks separately in the SEE and CIE for practical. A candidate who fails in any course shall have to appear only in that course in the subsequent examination. However, if the candidate has cleared only theory or only practical for that course, he is exempted from appearing for the same in subsequent attempts.

17. Academic Performance Evaluation:

17.1 Grading System The performance of a candidate shall be evaluated according to Letter


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Grading System, based on both CIE and SEE provided he passes each one separately. The letter grades (O, S, A+, A, B+, B, C, F & I) indicate the level of academic achievement assessed on a 10 point scale (0 to 10).

Marks Range (%)

Grade Point

Letter Grade

Descriptor

Classification

CGPA

90 & above 10 O Outstanding

First Class with Distinction

7.00 and above 80-89 9 S Excellent

70-79 8 A+ Very Good

60-69 7 A Good First Class 6.00- 6.99

55-59 6 B+ Above Average

Second Class

5.50– 5.99

50-54

5

B

Average

5.00- 5.49

40-49 4 C Pass Pass Class 4.00- 4.99

Below 40 0 F Fail Fail Less than 4.0

Absent 0 I Absent


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For non-credit courses ‘Satisfactory’ (P) or ‘Unsatisfactory’ (F) shall be indicated instead of the letter grade and this will not be counted for the computation of SGPA/CGPA

17.1.1 A candidate shall be considered to have completed a course successfully and earned the credits assigned, if he secures an acceptable letter grade in the range O-C. Letter grade ‘F’ in any course implies failure in that course and no credit is earned.

17.1.2 A candidate having satisfactory attendance at classes and meeting the passing standard at CIE in a course, but remained absent from SEE shall be awarded ‘I’ grade in that course.

17.2 Grade Point Averages:

The overall performance of a candidate will be indicated by Grade Point Average (GPA). For each course grade points will be awarded as per a letter grading system. Semester Grade Point Average (SGPA) is computed as follows:

∑ [(course credit) X (Grade point)] for all courses with Letter grades, including

F SGPA = ∑ [(course credits)] for all courses with Letter grades, including F

Cumulative Grade Point Average (CGPA) is computed as follows: ∑ [(course credit) X (Grade point)] for all courses for all semesters with, Letter grades excluding F

CGPA = ∑ [(course credits)] for all courses for all semesters with Letter

grades, excluding F

17.3 Conversion of Grades into Percentage: Formula for conversion of GPA into percentage: CGPA earned X 10 = Percentage of marks scored Illustration: (CGPA Earned 8.18 X 10) = 81.80%

17.4 Award of Class:

The candidate, who has passed all the courses prescribed, shall be declared to have passed the program. Class will be awarded only to those who pass the entire examination in the first attempt.


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• A candidate who secures GPA ≥ 7.00 and above in first attempt shall be declared to have passed in ‘First Class with Distinction’.

• A candidate who secures GPA ≥ 6.00 or more but less than 7.00 in the first attempt shall be declared to have passed in ‘First Class’.

• A candidate who secures GPA ≥ 5.00 or more but less than 6.00 in the first attempt shall be declared to have passed in ‘Second Class’.

• A candidate who secures GPA ≥ 4.00 or more but less than 5.00 in the first attempt shall be declared to have passed in “ Pass Class”.

Candidates who pass the examinations in more than one attempt shall be declared as passed in ‘Pass’ class irrespective of the percentage of marks secured. • An attempt means the appearance of a candidate for one or more courses

either in part or full in a particular examination. • A candidate who fails in main examination and passes one or more subjects

or all subjects in the supplementary examination is not eligible for award of class or distinction. Passing in supplementary examination by such candidates shall be considered as attempt.

• If a candidate submits application for appearing for the regular examination but does not appear for any of the courses/subjects in the regular University examination, he can appear for supplementary examination provided other conditions such as attendance requirement, internal assessment marks, etc. are fulfilled and his appearing in the supplementary examination shall be considered as the first attempt.

• Candidates who pass the subjects in the supplementary examinations are not eligible for the award of Gold Medal or Merit Certificate.

17.5 Carry Over:

A candidate must take the minimum prescribed credits in a given semester. If he fails in one/more courses without repeating all courses in a given semester, he can take those credits in the spilled over semester: a) A candidate shall clear the I semester courses to become eligible for

promotion to the III Sem. b) Similarly, a candidate must clear the II semester courses to become

eligible for promotion to the IV Sem. c) Similarly, a candidate must clear the III semester courses to become

eligible for promotion to the V Sem. d) Similarly, a candidate must clear the IV semester courses to become

eligible for promotion to the VI Sem. e) Similarly, a candidate must clear the V semester courses to become


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eligible for promotion to the VII Sem. f) Similarly, a candidate must clear the VI semester courses to become

eligible for promotion to the VIII Sem.

17.6 Rules for Grace Marks: Grace marks up to 1% of the maximum total marks in the examination subject to a maximum of 5 marks shall be awarded to the failed course(s), provided on award of grace marks the candidate passes in that course(s)/ examination. There shall be no provision to award grace marks for improvement of class.

17.7 Re-totaling:

Re-totaling of marks is permitted only for theory papers. The University, on application within the stipulated time and remittance of a prescribed fee, shall permit a recounting of marks for the subject(s) applied. The marks obtained after re-totaling shall be the final marks awarded.

18. Supplementary Examinations:

Supplementary examination shall be conducted by the university for the benefit of unsuccessful candidates. Supplementary examinations will be conducted within six weeks/six months from the date of announcement of results.

• A candidate detained for lack of attendance, internal assessment marks will be barred from appearing in any one or all course/s for the supplementary examination.

• A candidate dropping from appearance in any or all subjects /courses at regular examination is disallowed from taking dropped subject(s)/course(s) at the supplementary examinations.

• If a candidate submits application for appearing for the examination but does not appear for any of the subjects in the university examination, he can appear for supplementary examination provided other conditions such as attendance requirement, internal assessment marks, etc. are fulfilled.

• A candidate who is promoted to the next higher class as per carry over regulations (except where apex bodies do not permit), if he clears the lower year/semester/phase examinations in the main examination is allowed to appear for the higher class examination during supplementary examinations provided other conditions such as attendance requirement, internal assessment marks, etc. are fulfilled.

A candidate permitted to appear for the supplementary examination can improve his internal assessment marks before he takes the supplementary examination by subjecting himself to internal assessment procedure as practiced in the Institute.


23

19. Award of Merit Certificates :

Merit Certificates will be awarded on the basis of overall CGPA of I to VIII semester examinations. Further, only those candidates who have completed the program and fulfilled all the requirements in the minimum number of years prescribed (i.e. four years) and who have passed each semester in the first attempt are only eligible for the award of Merit Certificates.

*****


24

19.1. Defined co-curricular/Extra-curricular activities:

Sl. No. Name of the Activity Points* Evidence

1 Webinars related to the specialization of the student/program

10 Attendance certificate issued by the organizers

2 Online Certificate Courses related to the specialization of the student/program

30 Completion certificate issued by the organizers

3

Participation in Seminar/Conference/Workshop /Symposium/Training Programs (related to the specialization of the student)

10 Participation

certificate issued by the organizers

4

Presentation of papers/posters in Conference/ Workshop/Symposium (related to the specialization of the student)

15

Participation certificate issued by the organizers

5 Publication of research paper in indexed (Scopus or Web of Science) journals as first author

30 Acceptance letter from the journal

6 Publication of research paper in indexed (Scopus or Web of Science) journals as co-author

15 Acceptance letter from the journal

7 Publication of popular articles in college magazines/newspapers/bulletins/wall magazines

05 Proof of publication

8 Academic Award/Research Award from State Level/National Agencies

10 Award certificate

9 Academic Award/Research Award from International Agencies 20 Award certificate

10 Active participation in sports as institute representative in inter-university and above

10 Certification by student welfare in charge and guide

11

Participation in NSS activities of the institute

02

Certification by NSS coordinator and guide


25

12

Participation in Swachh Bharat Internship

05

Participation certificate issued by competent authorities

* The points mentioned are for each activity A student should participate in a minimum of 4 types of activities and not more than 60 points may be derived from a single type of activity.


26

PROGRAM OUTCOMES

At the end of the program, graduates will be able to...

PO1: Garner knowledge on fundamental principles in the area of biomedical science for

building a career in health care sectors.

PO2: Acquire knowledge of physical, physiological and biochemical mechanisms of life

processes

PO3: Apply concepts in biomedical science to address the emerging health issues and to

create awareness about these issues.

PO4: Create competency in areas pertaining to biomedical research.

PO5: Generate skilled professionals for diverse areas in health and allied health sectors.

PO6: Develop communicative skills in technical presentation and scientific writing.

PO7: Imbibe and practice highest standard of ethics in scientific research.


27

Core Courses (Theory + Practical*)

Subject type Subject title

I Semester C1 Human Anatomy

C2 Physical and Inorganic Chemistry C3 Cell Biology C4 Basic Microbiology

II Semester C5 Human Physiology

C6 General Biochemistry

C7 Developmental Biology

C8 Fundamental Genetics

III Semester

C9 Fundamentals of Immunology

C10 Radiation Biology

C11 Clinical Biochemistry

IV Semester

C12 Basics of Molecular Biology

C13 Medical Microbiology

C14 Clinical Genetics

V Semester

C15 Genetic Engineering

C16 Human Pathology

C17 Basic Research Methods and Biostatistics

VI Semester

C18 Biophysics and Instrumentation

C19 Cancer Biology C20 Bioinformatics


28

B.Sc. (Honours) Course in

Biomedical Science

I Year

Semester I and II


I Semester C1 Human Anatomy

C2 Physical and Inorganic Chemistry

C3 Cell Biology

C4 Basic Microbiology

AE 1 Communicative English

NC1 Good Laboratory Practices

II Semester C5 Human Physiology

C6 General Biochemistry

C7 Developmental Biology

C8 Fundamental Genetics

AE 2 Environmental Studies

NC2 Biosafety and Bioethics


29

I SEMESTER Core Course C1: Human Anatomy (21BBS11)

Preamble: The prime concern of this course is to integrate the individual functions of all the cells and tissues and organs into functional whole, the human body. Since function is dependent on a structure, the curriculum lays stress on functional anatomy of the organs. It provides a link between basic sciences and Medicine.

Course outcomes: At the end of the course the graduates will be able to… CO1: Discuss the organ systems of the human body and their functions CO2: Determinate RBC, WBC count in human blood CO3: Identify general and systemic histology slides CO4: Identify gross organs in the body CO5: Integrate the functions of whole body organs

THEORY Total Lectures: 48 UNIT I: Introduction to Human Anatomy (10 Lectures) Introduction to anatomical terms Basics of epithelial tissue and connective tissue Basics of Muscular system: classification, actions, types. Basics of lymphatic system. Basics of circulatory system. Basics of Skeletal system: Cartilage, axial, appendicular, ossification, classification of bones and joints Skin and appendages UNIT II: Respiratory System, Cardiovascular System, Excretory System, Reproductive System, Digestive System, Glandular System, Ear & Eyeball (26 Lectures) Respiratory system: Nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, larynx, trachea, pleura & lungs. Cardiovascular system: External & internal features of heart, blood supply of heart, vessels of upper limb, lower limb, thorax and abdomen. Excretory system: Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder. Reproductive system: Male reproductive system (testis, prostate and urethra in detail), Female reproductive system (uterus, ovary, fallopian tube, mammary gland in detail) Digestive system: Pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, salivary glands. Basics of Glandular system: Endocrine (parathyroid, thyroid, pituitary, adrenal gland).


30

Basics of ear & eyeball UNIT III: Central & Peripheral Nervous System (7 Lectures) Basics of Central & Peripheral Nervous System: Spinal cord, brain stem, cerebellum, cerebrum autonomic nervous system, nerves of upper limb (Including brachial plexus), nerves of lower limb. UNIT IV: Musculoskeletal System (3 Lectures) Bones of upper limb bones of lower limb. Bones of thorax & abdomen. Bones of skull. Muscles of upper limb (deltoid, biceps brachii, triceps brachii in detail) Muscles of lower limb (gluteus maximus, hamstring in detail) Muscles of head and neck (extra ocular muscles, facial muscles – orbicularis oris, oculi) UNIT V: Embryology (2 Lectures) Basics of Embryology: Spermatogenesis, oogenesis, ovulation, fertilization & implantation.

Continuous Internal Evaluation (CIE)- Theory

Sl. No.

Component Marks Weight IA Marks

1 Sessional Tests Two written tests (average of two) 40 Total 40 0.75 30* 2 Continuous assessment Assignments/Online

modules/Quizzes/Regularity/Punctuality 20 1.0 20

Total CIE marks (Theory) 50 * Duration of sessional test: 1.5 hours Semester end Evaluation (SEE)- Theory

Type of question No. of questions to be set

No. of questions to be answered

Marks per question

Total

Answers in Brief 8 6 5 30 Short Answers 12 10 2 20 Total SEE Marks 50*

* Duration of examination: 2.0 hours


31

SUGGESTED READINGS 1. B D Chaurasia’s Handbook of General Anatomy,6th edition (2015), K. Garg; (CBS Publishers) 2. Manipal manual of Anatomy for Allied Health Science Courses, 3rd edition, S. Madhyastha;

(CBS Publishers) 3. Text book of General Anatomy by Vishram Singh 3rd Revised Edition (Elsevier Publishers) 4. B D Chaurasia’s Human Anatomy, 8th edition volume 1 to 4, B. D. Chaurasia; (CBS Publishers) 5. Basics in Human Anatomy for BSc paramedical courses, 1st edition (2008), R. Priya, S. Suruchi,

N. Leelavathy, V. R. Vani, R. Roopa; Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers, ISBN: 9788184484236. 6. Ross & Wilson- Anatomy & Physiology in Health and illness, 12th edition (2014), A.

Waugh and A. Grant; Churchill Livingstone, ISBN: 9780702053269. 7. Textbook of Histology, 2nd edition (2013), B. K. Tandon; Ahuja Publishing House,

ISBN:9788190677400 8. Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, 13th edition (2011), G. J. Tortora and B. H.

Derrickson; John Wiley & Sons Inc, ISBN: 9780470565100.


32

I SEMESTER Core Course C2: Physical and Inorganic Chemistry (21BBS12)

Preamble: Chemistry is the central science, which connects other sciences. The foundation course in physical and inorganic chemistry aims to instil in the student the ability to make informed decisions and problem-solving capacity by objective reasoning. The course content covers all basic principles that govern activities in biomolecules. The knowledge gained would help the student to understand mechanisms of complex concepts covered in higher discipline-oriented courses. The experiments are designed towards analytical skill enhancement of the student. Course Outcomes At the end of the course students will be able to… CO1: Deduce the physical and chemical properties of elements and molecules based on electronic

configuration and chemical bonding CO2: Explain fundamental thermodynamic properties that govern chemical reactions CO3: Solve problems related to concentration of solutions and stoichiometry CO4: Practice accurate handling of basic laboratory glassware and chemicals CO4: Determine strength of solutions by titrimetric method THEORY Total Lectures: 48 UNIT I: Atoms (8 Lectures) Historical developments: Dalton’s theory, discovery and characteristics of subatomic particles, Rutherford’s atomic model, Bohr’s model of the hydrogen atom; dual behaviour of matter, de-Broglie’s relation, Heisenberg uncertainty principle; Quantum mechanics: Significance of quantum numbers, shapes and energies of orbitals; Electronic configuration: rules for filling orbitals, half- filled orbitals and anomalous electronic configuration. General properties of atoms: size of atoms and ions-atomic radii, ionic radii, covalent radii; trend in ionic radii, ionization potential, electron affinity; electronegativity; oxidation states and variable valency; isoelectronic relationship; inert-pair effect; standard reduction potentials, electrochemical series. Periodicity: periodic law and arrangement of elements in the periodic table, IUPAC nomenclature and group number, horizontal, vertical, and diagonal relationships in the periodic table. UNIT II: Chemical Bonding (8 Lectures) Chemical Bonding: Characteristics of inter/intramolecular interactions: ionic, covalent, coordinate, metallic bonds; weak intermolecular forces: ion-dipole, dipole-dipole, dipole-induced dipole and dispersion (London) forces, and hydrogen bonding. Theories of chemical bonding: Lewis theory, VSEPR theory, Hybridization and Molecular orbital theory.


33

Properties of molecules due to intermolecular forces : Boiling and melting point, surface tension, viscosity, capillary action and magnetic properties UNIT III: Thermodynamics (10 Lectures) Basic concepts: System, boundary, surroundings, state of a system, state variables, intensive and extensive variables, thermodynamic equilibrium, thermodynamic properties, types of thermodynamic systems and thermodynamic processes. Laws of thermodynamics: Statement of the laws, enthalpy, Concept of standard state and standard enthalpies of formations, exothermic and endothermic reactions, important principles and definitions of thermochemistry, Spontaneity, Entropy. UNIT IV: Isomerism (10 Lectures) Introduction to isomers and isomerism Structural isomerism: Chain, position, functional, metamerism and tautomerism Optical isomerism: Optical activity, specific rotation, enantiomers, D and L designation, racemic modification, R and S sequence rules, diastereomer, resolution, optical purity, Walden inversion. Conformational isomers: conformation of ethane and butane, interconversion of projection formula, cyclohexane (mono- and di-substituted). Geometrical isomerism: Definition, nomenclature– E and Z. Importance of isomers in biological systems. UNIT V: Ions, Buffers and Solutions (12 Lectures) Types of chemical reactions: acid-base, oxidation-reduction, electron transfer, and double decomposition reactions; balancing chemical reactions by oxidation number and ion-electron method. Ionic equilibrium: Strong, moderate and weak electrolytes, degree of ionization, factors affecting degree of ionization, ionization constant and ionic product of water. Ionization of weak acids and bases, pH scale, common ion effect, Henderson-Hasselbach equation. Acid and bases: theories, titration curves, indicators. Buffers: buffering zone, buffer capacity, buffer index, concept of pI and zwitter ion. Stoichiometry, normality, molarity, molality, ppm and percentage related problems. PRACTICALS (Whenever wet lab experiments are not possible the principles and concepts can be demonstrated through any other material or medium including videos/virtual labs etc.) 1. Preparation of solutions based on molarity, normality, percentage and dilutions. 2. Acid-base titrations: Standardization of HCL, H2SO4 and NaOH solutions. 3. Estimation of oxalic acid by titrating with KMNO4. 4. Estimation of chloride by Mohr’s method. 5. Estimation of Mg2+ by complexometric titration using EDTA.


34

6. Preparation of buffers: Phosphate buffer, acetate buffer. 7. Determination of the heat of neutralization of a strong acid and strong base. 8. Determination of the heat of solution. Continuous Internal Evaluation (CIE)- Theory

Sl. No.




Total CIE marks (Theory) 50 * Duration of sessional test: 1.5 hours Continuous Internal Evaluation (CIE)- Practical

Sl. No.


1 Practical assessment Tests One practical test 15* Total 15 1.0 15 2 Continuous assessment Involvement in practicals 5 5 Record maintenance and

neatness 5 5

Total 10 1.0 10 Total CIE marks (Practical) 25

Semester end Evaluation (SEE)- Theory



Marks per question

Total

Answers in Brief 8 6 5 30 Short Answers 12 10 2 20 Total SEE Marks - Theory 50*



35

Semester end Evaluation (SEE)- Practical

Type of question No. of questions Marks per question Total Major experiment 1 10 10 Minor experiment 1 5 5 Spotters 5 1 5 Viva voce - 5 5 Total SEE Marks - Practicals 25*

*Duration of the examination: 4.0 hours SUGGESTED READINGS

1. Essentials of Physical Chemistry ,28th Edition (2019), A. Bahl ; S Chand Publishing, ISBN: 9789352836093

2. Atkin’s Physical Chemistry, 9th Edition (2010), P. Atkins. and J. de Paula; Oxford University Press, ISBN: 9780199543373

3. Shriver and Atkin’s Inorganic Chemistry, 5th edition (2010), P. Atkins, T. Overton, J. Rourke, M. Weller and F. Armstrong; Oxford University Press. ISBN: 9780199236176

4. David Warren Ball. Physical Chemistry ,2nd Edition (2015). CENGAGE India, ISBN: 9788131533437


36

I SEMESTER Core Course C3: Cell Biology (21BBS13)

Preamble: This course introduces Cells as “the fundamental building blocks of all organisms” to the students. It will elaborate on the basic structure of the prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, the differences between the plant and animal cells. Further, the course will make the students understand the organization of various cellular components, the endomembrane system, structure and functions of a cell organelle, intracellular transport, the cytoskeleton, how cells reproduce through cell division, and the death of the cell. Course Outcomes At the end of the course, students will be able to… CO1: Explain the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. CO2: Explain the structure and function of cellular organelles. CO3: Demonstrate the various mode of cellular transport. CO4: Explain the cell cycle, cell division, and apoptosis. THEORY Total lectures: 48 UNIT I: An Overview of Cell (8 Lectures) History, Cell theory, hierarchy in cell structure and cell molecules (inorganic elements, building blocks, macromolecules, cell organelles, cells, tissues and organs), an overview of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells, Plant and Animal Cells. UNIT II: Organelles (10 Lectures) Structure and function: Nucleus, Mitochondria, Chloroplast, ribosomes, Lysosomes, Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, microbodies; Ribosome UNIT III: Cell Membrane and Transport (10 Lectures) Plasma membrane – structure and functions, models of cell membrane structure, active and passive transport, proton pumps associated, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and exocytosis. UNIT IV: Cytoskeleton and Cell Junction (10 Lectures) Types of cytoskeletons and function (microfilament, intermediate, and microfilament), structure and function, cell junction: occluding junction, gap junction, anchoring junction UNIT V: Cell Division, Cell Cycle, Apoptosis (10 Lectures) Overview of the cell cycle, phases of the cell cycle, mitosis and meiosis, cell cycle control system, apoptosis: the intrinsic and extrinsic pathway


37

PRACTICALS: (Whenever wet lab experiments are not possible the principles and concepts can be demonstrated through any other material or medium including videos/virtual labs etc.)

1. Microscopy- Theoretical and practical knowledge of microscope. 2. Transverse section and staining of dicot and monocot stem. 3. Staining of cell organelles. 4. Blood smear preparation 5. Permanent slide preparation 6. Study of Plasmolysis in epidermal peels 7. Measurement of cell size by micrometry. 8. Total cell count using a hemocytometer. 9. Mitosis and the cell cycle in onion root tip cells. 10. Cell death assay


Sl. No.





Sl. No.



neatness 5 5



38




Marks per question

Total


* Duration of examination: 2.0 hours Semester end Evaluation (SEE)- Practical



1. Lodish, H., Berk, A., Kaiser, C.A. and Krieger, M. (2013). Molecular cell biology, 7th edition. W H Freeman and Company, New York, USA.

2. Cooper, G.M. and Hausman, R.E. (2013). Cell: molecular approach, 6th edition. ASM Press, USA. 3. Alberts, B., Johnson, A., Lewis, J. and Raff, M. (2008). Molecular biology of the cell, 5th edition.

Garland Science, New York, USA. 4. Karp, G. (2005). Cell and Molecular Biology, 4th edition. John Wiley, New York, USA. 5. Pollard, T.D. and Earnshaw, W.C. (2008). Cell biology, 2nd edition. Saunders, USA. 6. Gilbert, S.F. (2014). Developmental Biology, 10th edition. Sinauer Associates Inc., Publishers,

Masachusettes, USA. 7. Subramanian, T. (2002). Developmental Biology. Alpha Science International Ltd., New Delhi,

India. 8. Wolpert, L. and Tickle, C. (2011). Principles of Development. 4th edition. Oxford University

Press, Oxford, UK. 9. Bruce Alberts etal,(2015) Molecular Biology of the Cell,(6th edition), Garland Science: New York

and Abingdon, UK 10. Scott F. Gilbert & Michael J. F. Barresi (2019) Developmental Biology (11th Edition), Sinauer

Associates Inc


39

I SEMESTER Core course C4: Basic Microbiology (21BBS14)

Preamble: Basic Microbiology course has been designed to impart knowledge relating to the basic information on microbes as well as diversity among microorganisms. The course focuses on microbial structure and microscopic and staining techniques used for visualization of these microbes. It also deals with microbial genetics particularly bacterial recombination to have in depth knowledge of reproduction in bacteria. Different physical and chemical methods for the control of microorganisms are also included. The basic knowledge acquired will provide a strong foundation to understand the applications of microorganisms in day-to-day life. Course Outcomes At the end of the course students will be able to… CO1: Acquire knowledge on fundamentals of microbiology CO2: Identify and explain the diversity of microorganism and microbial communities inhabiting a

multitude of habitats CO3: Perform the technique of staining bacterial cells CO4: Appraise the importance of microbiology in the field of Biomedical Science THEORY Total Lectures: 48 UNIT I: Fundamental Concepts (6 Lectures) Introduction and scope of microbiology; contributions of Redi, Spllanzani, Leewenhoek, Jenner, Needham, Pasteur, Lister, Tyndall, Koch and Fleming; diversity of microorganisms; general account of bacteria, fungi, protozoa, algae and viruses; five kingdom classification; three-domain concept of Carl Woese; nomenclature of microorganisms. UNIT II: Microscopy and Staining (8 Lectures) Bright field, dark field, phase contrast, fluorescence and electron microscopy. Simple staining; differential staining: Gram staining, acid fast staining, endospore staining, negative staining, capsule staining and flagellar staining. UNIT III: Structure of Bacteria, Fungi and Viruses (13 Lectures) Size, shape and arrangement of bacterial cells; bacterial structures: cell membrane, cell wall, flagella and motility, capsule, slime layers, endospore structure, formation and germination, fimbriae, cytoplasm and cytoplasmic inclusions. General properties, structure and cultivation of viruses. General structure and cultivation of fungi.


40

UNIT IV: Bacterial Growth and Reproduction (14 Lectures) Nutritional requirement of bacteria; nutritional types of bacteria; culture media: synthetic and complex media, solid, liquid and semisolid media, selective media, differential media, enriched media, enrichment media; isolation of pure culture of bacteria; preservation of bacterial cultures; bacterial growth curve; batch and continuous culture system; effect of environmental factors on growth; measurement of growth. Transverse binary fission; unusual forms of reproduction in bacteria; bacterial plasmids; transposable elements; bacterial conjugation (F+x F-, Hfr, F’); transformation; transduction (generalized and specialized). UNIT V: Control of Microorganisms (7 Lectures) Death rate of bacteria; antimicrobial agents and their mode of action; factors influencing antimicrobial action; physical agents: temperature, radiation, filtration and desiccation, chemical agents: general characteristics, phenol and phenolic agents, alcohols, halogens, heavy metals, synthetic detergents, quaternary ammonium compounds, aldehydes and gaseous agents. PRACTICAL (Whenever wet lab experiments are not possible the principles and concepts can be demonstrated through any other material or medium including videos/virtual labs etc.)

1. Demonstration of commonly used equipment in a microbiology laboratory. 2. Sterilization techniques: dry heat, moist heat, incineration 3. Wet mount preparation 4. Hanging drop method for observing bacterial motility 5. Micrometry for measurement of microbes 6. Staining methods: simple staining, Gram staining and acid fast staining 7. Preparation of different media: synthetic media, complex media (nutrient agar, Mueller- Hinton

agar, potato dextrose agar) 8. Isolation and enumeration of bacteria by total plate count method 9. Cultural characteristics of bacteria 10. Isolation and identification of the commonly occurring fungi 11. Sub-culturing and maintenance of bacterial culture


Sl. No.





41


Sl. No.



neatness 5 5





Marks per question

Total





1. Microbiology, 5th edition (2018), J. M. Pelczar, E. C. S. Chan and R. N. Krieg; Tata Mc Graw-Hill. . ISBN:9780074623206.

2. An Introduction to Microbiology 3rd edition, (2020); M G Sequeira, K K Kapoor, K S Yadav, P Tauro; ISBN: 978-93-87788-19-0

3. Prescott’s Microbiology, 11th edition (2019), J. Willey, K. Sandman and D. Dorothy; Mc


42

4. Graw-Hill. ISBN: 9780077510664. 5. Brock biology of microorganisms, 15th edition (2017), M. T. Madigan, K. S. Bender, D. H.

Buckley, W.M. Sattley and D. A. Stahl; Pearsons Benjamin Cummings, ISBN: 9780134261928. 6. Microbiology: Principles and Explorations, 10th edition (2017), J. G. Black and L.J. Black; John

Wiley & Sons, ISBN: 978111939011-4. 7. Microbiology: A laboratory manual, 10th edition (2017), J. Cappuccino and C. Welsh, Pearson

Education, ISBN: 9781292175782.


43

II SEMESTER Core course C5: Human Physiology (21BBS21)

Preamble: The course is to designed to understand and identify individual functions of all the cells and tissues and organs into functional whole, the human body. It attempts to highlight the necessary bodily balances and internal bodily control so called homeostasis as well as present their abnormal function in disease. It provides a link between basic sciences and Medicine.

Course outcomes: At the end of the course the graduates will be able to… CO1: Discuss the organ systems of the human body and their functions CO2: Explain the regulation of body internal mechanisms CO3: Identify various blood indices CO4: Measure blood pressure CO5: Integrate the functions of whole-body organ systems CO10: Compare various health conditions and their effects

THEORY Total Lectures: 48 UNIT I: General Physiology (2 Lectures)

¨ Homeostasis ¨ Body fluids ¨ Cell-Structure ¨ Transport across the cell membrane

UNIT II: Blood & Immunity (5 Lectures)

¨ Functions of Blood ¨ Plasma proteins and their functions ¨ Erythropoiesis and its regulation ¨ Haemoglobin and its fate ¨ Leucocytes -types, functions and role in immunity ¨ Haemostasis and blood coagulation

UNIT III: Cardio Vascular Physiology (7 Lectures)

¨ Structure, nerve supply of the heart ¨ Conduction system of the heart ¨ Cardiac cycle-Mechanical events and heart sounds ¨ Cardiac output -Definition and factors affecting


44

¨ Heart Rate- Definition and factors affecting ¨ Arterial blood pressure-Definition, normal values and regulation (short term and long term)

UNIT IV: Respiratory Physiology (5 Lectures)

¨ Mechanism of breathing. ¨ Lung volumes and capacities ¨ Transportation of gases: Transportation of O2 and CO2 ¨ Regulation of respiration: Chemical regulation and Neural regulation

UNIT V: Renal Physiology (4 Lectures)

¨ Nephron- structure and functions ¨ Mechanism of Urine formation: GFR and tubular functions ¨ Urinary bladder-innervation and micturition reflex

UNIT VI: Gastrointestinal Physiology (4 Lectures)

¨ Gastrointestinal secretions-Composition and functions of Saliva, ¨ Gastric juice- Composition and functions of Gastric juice ¨ Pancreatic juice - Composition and functions of Pancreatic juice ¨ Bile- Composition and functions of bile ¨ Gastrointestinal movements-Deglutition and intestinal movements

UNIT VII: Endocrine Physiology (6 Lectures)

¨ Hormones-classification ¨ Growth hormone-Source, Physiological actions and applied aspects ¨ Thyroid hormones-Synthesis, Physiological actions and applied aspects ¨ Adrenocortical hormones-Physiological actions of Cortisol and aldosterone-Applied aspects ¨ Hormonal regulation of Blood Glucose Level ¨ Hormonal regulation of Blood Calcium Level

UNIT VIII: Nerve-Muscle Physiology (3 Lectures)

¨ Neuron-Structure, Properties including RMP and AP ¨ Muscle Physiology

- Sarcomere - Neuromuscular transmission and applied aspects - Muscle contraction

UNIT IX: Nervous System (8 Lectures) ¨ Organization of Nervous system, ¨ Receptors-Classification and properties ¨ Sensory system: Ascending spinal tracts and function


45

¨ Motor pathways-Functions ¨ Functions of Basal ganglia and cerebellum Functions of Hypothalamus ¨ Cerebrospinal fluid-Formation, composition, Circulation, functions and applied aspects.

UNIT X: Reproductive Physiology (4 Lectures)

¨ Male reproductive system: Spermatogenesis, Functions of testosterone ¨ Female reproductive system: Oogenesis, Menstrual cycle ¨ Physiology of pregnancy


Sl. No.







Marks per question

Total


* Duration of examination: 2.0 hours SUGGESTED READINGS-PHYSIOLOGY

1. Basics of Medical Physiology, 3rd edition (2015), D. Venkatesh; H. H. Sudhakar; Lippincott Willimas & Wilkins, ISBN: 9788184739183.

2. Manipal manual of Physiology, 2nd edition (2014), M Chandrashekhar and N Mishra, CBS, ISBN: 9788123928906

3. Text book of Medical Physiology, 11th Edition (2006), Guyton and Hall, W B Saunders and Company, ISBN: 97814416045748

4. Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 24TH edition (2012), K.E. Barrett, S M Barman, S Boitano and H Brooks, Tata McGraw Hill, ISBN: 9780071780032


46

5. Text Book of Medical Physiology, 2nd edition (2013), A P Krishna. Medtec, ISBN: 9789384007324

6. Manual of Practical Physiology. 4th edition (2012). A K Jain, Arya Publishing house, ISBN: 8178553155


47

II SEMESTER Core Course C6: General Biochemistry (21BBS22)

Preamble: This course aims at understanding the chemical properties of the biomolecules, their structural architecture and how they fold to their native, functional forms. This paper highlights the properties of biomolecules, biological importance, metabolic pathways, bioenergetics and various analytical techniques used in characterization of the proteins. Also provide detailed account of enzyme, its activity, kinetics and inhibition.

Course Outcomes At the end of the course students will be able to... CO1: Illustrate the structure of carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids, proteins and nucleic acids CO2: Demonstrate laboratory techniques that relate to investigations of the physical or chemical

properties of different classes of biomolecules CO3: Describe the biological function of biomolecule

THEORY Total Lectures: 48

UNIT I: Carbohydrate (10 Lectures) Biological importance and classification, structure of pyranose, furanose, epimers, enantiomers, optical activity, mutarotation, glycosides, glycosidic linkage, reducing and non- reducing sugars, maltose, lactose, sucrose, inversion of sucrose, starch, dextrin, glycogen, cellulose, digestion, absorption, introduction to metabolism, glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, Krebs cycle, energetics and its regulation. UNIT II: Lipid (10 Lectures) Classification and biological function of lipids, classification and properties of lipids, triglycerides, hydrolysis, rancidity, saponification, acid value, iodine value, phospholipids, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, glycolipids, behaviour of amphipathic lipid in water, formation of micelle, digestion of lipids. UNIT III: Protein Structure (10 Lectures) Classification of amino acids, peptides, structural properties of peptide bond, protein structure: primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary, structure of human insulin, properties of protein, denaturation, digestion and absorption of protein, transamination and deamination: Urea cycle, haemoproteins, haemoglobin, immunoglobulins, plasma proteins.


48

UNIT IV: Enzyme (10 Lectures) Characteristic feature, nomenclature, classification, properties of enzymes, theories of interaction between active site and substrate, factors affecting the rate of enzyme catalysed reaction, enzyme Kinetics, Michaelis-Menten Equation, Enzyme inhibition: Competitive, non- competitive and uncompetitive inhibitions, types and function of coenzymes, allosteric enzymes. UNIT V: Nucleic Acids and Bioenergetics (8 Lectures) Nucleosides, nucleotides, properties of nucleic acids, basic structure of purine and pyrimidine, biological role and structure of DNA, denaturation, renaturation, RNA: structure of RNA, types and biological role, nucleoprotein. Overview of electron transport chain of mitochondria, oxidative phosphorylation, inhibitors of ETC and oxidative phosphorylation.

PRACTICALS

(Whenever wet lab experiments are not possible the principles and concepts can be demonstrated through any other material or medium including videos/virtual labs etc.)

1. Preparation of solutions based on molarity, normality, percentage, dilutions etc. 2. Preparation of buffer solution 3. Demonstration of working pH meter 4. Qualitative analysis of carbohydrates 5. Qualitative analysis of proteins and non-protein nitrogen 6. Estimation of proteins by Biuret method 7. Estimation of Glucose by DNS method 8. Estimation of proteins by Lowry’s method 9. Separation of amino acids by paper chromatography 10. To study the effect of temperature on the activity of enzyme 11. To study the effect pH on the activity of enzyme 12. Determine acid value of Fat 13. Estimation of glycine by Sorensen Formol titration


49


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neatness 5 5





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50

*Duration of the examination: 4.0 hours

SUGGESTED READINGS 1. Lehninger: Principles of Biochemistry, 6th edition (2013), D. L. Nelson and M. M. Cox; Freeman

Publishers, ISBN: 9781464109621. 2. Biochemistry, 4th edition (2016), P. Naik; Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers Private Limited,

ISBN: 9789351529897. 3. Biochemistry, 4th edition (2016), U. Satyanarayana and U. Chakrapani; Elsevier Publishers, ISBN:

9788131236017. 4. Text Book of Biochemistry, 2nd edition (2014), K. Rambabu, P. Sivkumar and P. Kameswari;

AITBS Publishers, ISBN: 9788174733610. 5. Text book of Biochemistry for Medical Students, 4th edition (2016), D. M. Vasudevan, S.

Sreekumari and K. Vaidyanath; Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers Private Limited, ISBN: 9789385999741.

6. Practical Biochemistry, 3rd edition (2014), G. Rajgopal and B. D. Toora; Ahuja publishers, ISBN: 9789380316314


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II SEMESTER Core Course C7: Developmental Biology (21BBS23)

Preamble: The journey from totipotency to pluripotency and further differentiation towards functional specialization making a complex and self-propagating system is developmental biology. This course will describe concepts of developmental biology, gametogenesis, developmental organization, axis formation, germ layer formation, organogenesis, model systems and their implications. Course Outcomes At the end of the course students will be able to… CO1: Explain the basic concepts of development CO2: Demonstrate the concept of gametogenesis, fertilization and early development CO3: Describe the development of the organism CO4: Discuss the developmental related disorders THEORY Total Lectures: 48 UNIT I: Introduction to Developmental Biology (10 Lectures) Basic concepts of development: Potency-concept of embryonic stem cells, commitment, specification, induction, competency, determination and differentiation, morphogenetic gradients, cell fate and cell lineages, genomic equivalence and the cytoplasmic determinants. UNIT II: Early Embryonic Development (10 Lectures) Gametogenesis, fertilization and early development: Production of gametes, cell surface molecules in sperm-egg recognition in animals, zygote formation, cleavage, blastula formation, embryonic fields, gastrulation and formation of germ layers in animals, embryogenesis. UNIT III: Morphogenesis and Organogenesis (10 Lectures) Axis and pattern formation in Drosophila and Amphibia Organogenesis: Development of the mammalian brain-cerebral cortex-cell lineages, Lens development-fibre differentiation and limb development UNIT IV: Programmed Cell Death, Aging and Senescence (10 Lectures) Cell death: types and characteristics; apoptosis in embryonic development; aging: concept and theories, senescence: concept and role in mammalian embryonic development Unit V: Developmental Anomaly (8 Lectures) Malformations and disruptions, teratogenesis: Teratogenic agents and effect of teratogens on embryonic


52

development, Environmental oestrogens. PRACTICALS: (Whenever wet lab experiments are not possible the principles and concepts can be demonstrated through any other material or medium including videos/virtual labs etc.)

1. Drosophila embryo development: a. Collection of Drosophila embryo b. Identification of embryonic stages

2. Drosophila larvae development: a. Identification of larval stages b. Larval imaginal discs identification and dissection c. Pupa and its development d. Identification of male and female: From larvae and adult Drosophila

3. Zebrafish early development a. Zebrafish breeding set up b. Collection of embryos and identification of fertilized/unfertilized embryos c. Identification of seven broad stages of embryogenesis-zygote, cleavage, blastula,

gastrula, segmentation, pharyngula and hatching 4. Zebrafish late development

a. Identification of larval stages: morphogenesis and patterning of organs, pigmentation, tail fin, dorsal fin, and anal fin patterning

b. Juvenile morphology- fin fold and scaling pattern c. Adult morphology- identification of male and female zebrafish

5. Effect of toxicants/diet on Drosophila development 6. Effect of toxicants on zebrafish development: Embryonic Toxicity (FET) assay


Sl. No.




Total CIE marks (Theory) 50 * Duration of sessional test: 1.5 hours


53

Continuous Internal Evaluation (CIE)- Practical

Sl. No.



neatness 5 5





Marks per question

Total





SUGGESTED READINGS

1. Developmental Biology, 12th edition (2020), Michael J.F. Barresi, Scott F. Gilbert OUP USA, ISBN-13: 978-1605358741.

2. Developmental Biology, 10th edition (2013), S. F. Gilbert; Sinauer Associates, Inc. Massachusetts, USA, ISBN: 978-0878939787. 7.

3. Essential Developmental Biology, 3rd edition (2012), Jonathan M. W. Slack Wiley-Blackwell, ISBN-13: 978-0470923511


54

4. Developmental Biology, 2nd edition, (2002), T. Subramoniam; Alpha Science International, Ltd, ISBN: 9781842650707. 8. Principles of Development, 4th edition, (2011), L. Wolpert and C. Tickle; Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, ISBN: 978-0199549078


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II SEMESTER Core Course C8: Fundamental Genetics (21BBS24)

Preamble: The course aims to communicate the pivotal role of Mendelian concepts in the development of the science of genetics and also the fact that nature is full of examples that deviate from Mendelian laws starting with linkage groups. Introduction of models and their contribution to our understanding of genetics will provide a perception of forward genetics used to understand the basis of continuity of information transfer, applicable not only to the simple life forms but also to humans. Most of the topics are at the introductory level, to motivate the students to understand the molecular basis of genotype to phenotype correlation. Course Outcomes

At the end of the course students will be able to… CO1: Discuss the different methods available to study genetics CO2: Describe genes structure, chromosomes and proteins CO3: Describe the different methods of genetic testing CO4: Construction of pedigrees and analysis of pattern of inheritance in the families CO5: Updating current knowledge regarding genetics, genomics, genomic medicine etc.

THEORY Total Lectures: 48 UNIT I: Introduction and Pattern of Inheritance (12 Lectures) Classical, Molecular and Evolutionary genetic, Scope and significance of genetics. Methodologies used in genetics. Mendel’s experiments. Terminologies: phenotype, genotype, dominant, recessive, back cross, test cross and reciprocal cross. Principle of segregation; Monohybrid cross. Principle of independent assortment: Dihybrid cross. Concept of alleles, Allelic interactions: incomplete dominance, co-dominance, multiple alleles, gene-gene interactions. Recombination and complementation. Non-mendelian inheritance- cytoplasmic and extranuclear inheritance (mitochondrial and chloroplast). UNIT II: Genetic and Physical Basis of Inheritance (8 Lectures) Chromosomal theory of inheritance. Concept of linkage and crossing over, cytological proof of crossing over, significance of crossing over. Linkage maps and gene order: two and three- point cross over. UNIT III Structure and Organization of Chromosome (10 Lectures) Organization of genomes in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, nucleosomes organization and assembly, regulation of chromatin structure. Euchromatin, heterochromatin- constitutive and facultative heterochromatin. Chromosome structure, Karyotype, Idiogram


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UNIT IV: Chromosomal Basis of Sex Determination (8 Lectures) Sex determination-sex chromosomes, XY system, genic balance in Drosophila, sex determination in human beings, and other chromosomal systems. Environment and sex determination. Dosage compensation, Lyon hypothesis, Barr body, calico cat. Dosage compensation for Drosophila UNIT V: Genetic Inheritance in Human (6 Lectures) Pedigree analysis: pedigree symbols and construction of pedigrees. Patterns of inheritance for monogenic traits eg. autosomal inheritance, sex-linked inheritance, sex-limited and sex-influenced traits, mitochondrial inheritance. UNIT VI: Basic Population Genetics (4 Lectures) Gene pool and gene frequency, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium- factors affecting the equilibrium, calculating allelic frequency, assumptions and proof of H-W equilibrium. PRACTICALS (Whenever wet lab experiments are not possible the principles and concepts can be demonstrated through any other material or medium including videos/virtual labs etc.

1. Preparation of culture media and study of life cycle of Drosophila melanogaster. 2. Observation of wild type and mutant phenotypes in D. melanogaster. 3. Study of male and female external characteristics of Drosophila and mounting of sex comb. 4. Separation of eye pigments of D. melanogaster 5. Study of polytene chromosomes in D. melanogaster 6. Barr body preparation for demonstration of dosage compensation in humans 7. Study of polyploidy in onion root tip by colchicine treatment. 8. Identify and characterize karyotypes: male, female, normal and abnormal 9. Pedigree charts demonstrating inheritance patterns of blood group, colour blindness and other

common diseases. 10. Genetics practice problems


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Total CIE marks (Theory) 50


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* Duration of sessional test: 1.5 hours Continuous Internal Evaluation (CIE)- Practical

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neatness 5 5





Marks per question

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1. Principles of Genetics, 6th edition (2011), D. P. Snustad and M. J. Simmons; John Wiley and Sons, Inc, ISBN: 9780470903599.

2. Human Molecular Genetics, 3rd edition (2003), T. Strachan and A. Read; Garland Science Publishers, ISBN: 9780815341826.

3. Concepts of Genetics, 10th edition, (2011). W. S. Klug, M. R. Cummings, C. A. Spencer and M. A. Palladino; Pearson Education, ISBN: 9780321724120.


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4. Principles of Genetics ,7th Editions (2004). Robert H. Tamarin and R. W. Leavitt, Tata Mc Graw Hill Edition. ISBN:9780071243209

5. Genetics: Analysis of genes and genomes, 7th Edition (2009). Hartl LD and B. Jones, Jones and Bartlett Publishers, USA. ISBN 9780763758684

6. An introduction to Genetic Analysis, 10th edition (2010), A. J. F. Griffith, J. H. Miller, D. T. Suzuki, R. C. Lewontin and W. M. Gilbert; W. H. Freeman and Co. New York, ISBN: 978429229432.


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B.Sc. (Hons) Course in

Biomedical Science

II Year

Semester III and IV


III Semester

C9 Fundamentals of Immunology

C10 Radiation Biology

C11 Clinical Biochemistry

GE3 Generic Elective

DSE3 Discipline Specific Elective

IV Semester

C12 Basics of Molecular Biology

C13 Medical Microbiology

C14 Clinical Genetics




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III SEMESTER Core Course C9: Fundamentals of Immunology (21BBS31)

Preamble: Immunology is the study of the immune system. The immune system is an integrated network of cells, molecules, and organs, and that each component relies on the rest to function properly. Malfunctioning of the immune system leads to a number of disorders and diseases. Understanding the biology of the immune system is, therefore, key to developing strategies towards prevention and cure to a number of disorders and diseases that result due to interference in the functioning and regulation of the immune system. This subject covers the structure, organization and how the body defends itself from constant assault by parasites and pathogens. Course Outcomes At the end of the course students will be able to... CO1: Discuss the different organs, cells and molecules of immune system CO2: Illustrate types of immune response and the processes involved CO3: Describe the different types of vaccines and vaccination methods CO4: Demonstrate knowledge and practical skills in undertaking simple immunological experiments CO5: Perform different immunological diagnostic assay such as agglutination, precipitation, enzyme-

linked immunosorbent assay CO6: Illustrate research activities in the field of immunology and possible applications in biomedical

science THEORY Total Lectures: 48 UNIT I: History and Introduction to Immune cells and Organs (12 Lectures) Historical perspective, general concepts of the immune system, immunity, innate and adaptive immunity, cellular and humoral response. Organs of immune system: Primary and Secondary Lymphoid organs. Cells of immune system: Hematopoiesis, Hematopoietic stem cells, B cells and T cells, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, mast cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, NK cells. UNIT II: Innate and Adaptive Immune Response (14 Lectures) Overview of the innate defenses, Components of Innate Immunity: Anatomical barriers, antimicrobial substances, normal flora, Cell Surface Receptors, Cytokines, adhesion molecules, Phagocytosis, Inflammation, Complement system. Adaptive immune response: Overview of humoral and cellular immunity. Properties of antigen, Types of antigens, Epitope and its types. Antibodies: structure, function and properties of the antibodies, different classes of ant ibody. Concept of polyclonal and monoclonal antibody. UNIT III: Immunological Principles of Various Reactions and Techniques (8 Lectures)


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Affinity and avidity, cross reactivity, precipitation, agglutination, immunodiffusion, ELISA: direct, indirect, sandwich and competitive, ELISPOT assay, Western blotting, immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy. UNIT IV: Vaccines (6 Lectures) Principles of immunization: Active immunity and passive immunity. Vaccines and their types: Heat killed, attenuated, subunit, recombinant and DNA vaccine, routes of immunization, adjuvants. UNIT V: Dysfunctions of Immune System (8 Lectures) Hypersensitivity: General overview, types of hypersensitivity with one example each. Immunodeficiency disorders: General overview and types. Basic understating of autoimmunity and transplantation rejection. PRACTICALS (Whenever wet lab experiments are not possible the principles and concepts can be demonstrated through any other material or medium including videos/virtual labs etc.)

1. Preparation and staining of peripheral blood smear 2. Estimation of differential white blood cell count 3. Antibody identification by slide agglutination reaction 4. Quantitative estimation of antibody titre by tube agglutination reaction 5. Antigen identification by agglutination assay 6. Ouchterlony double immunodiffusion test for antigen-antibody patterns 7. Dot ELISA for the detection of pathogen from clinical samples 8. Immunochromatography assay for the rapid detection of analytes from clinical samples 9. Sandwich ELISA


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Sl. Component Marks Weight IA Marks


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No. 1 Practical assessment Tests One practical test 15* Total 15 1.0 15 2 Continuous assessment Involvement in practicals 5 5 Record maintenance and

neatness 5 5





Marks per question

Total





1. Kuby Immunology, 8th Edition (2018), Jenni Punt, Sharon Stranford, Patricia Jones, Judith A Owen. WH Freeman, NY. ISBN:9781319114701.

2. Nester's Microbiology: A Human Perspective, 8th edition (2015). D. Anderson, S. Salm and D. Allen; McGraw-Hill Education, ISBN:0073522597.

3. Immunology, 2nd edition (2005). C.V. Rao; Narosha Publishing House, ISBN: 8173193347. 4. Brock Biology of Microorganisms, 11th edition (2006). M. T. Madigan; Pearson Prentice

Hall, ISBN: 0131443291. 5. Ananthanarayan and Panikers textbook of microbiology, 10th edition (2017), R.

Kanungo, University Press Private Limited; ISBN: 978-9386235250.


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III Semester Core Course C10: Radiation Biology (21BBS32)

Preamble: To provide a fundamental knowledge on radiation-induced biological responses to ionizing and non-ionizing radiations through the study of the effects of radiation at molecular, cellular and tissue levels. The course will develop the ability to make objective decisions regarding the relative risks and benefits of radiation use in a variety of applications. Course Outcomes At the end of the course students will be able to... CO1: Comprehend the basics of radiation including the beneficial and harmful effects of radiation CO2: Relate with the applications of radioisotopes in living systems, therapeutics and diagnostics,

agriculture, food processing and industry CO3: Perform, analyze and interpret the results of both conventional and advanced molecular techniques

employed in determining the ill effects of radiation on living cells CO4: Gain competence in in taking up advance studies/research in the field of radiation biology CO5: Make objective decisions about beneficial and harmful aspects of radiation THEORY Total Lectures: 48 UNIT I: Introduction to Radiation (10 Lectures) Types of radiation, Electro-magnetic spectrum, energy from radioactive particles, concept of radioisotopes, half-life, units of radiation and radioactivity, methods of measurement of radioactivity based upon ionization, methods based upon excitation. Interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter, Interaction of light (electrons and positrons) and heavy charged particles with matter. UNIT II: Radioisotopes in Cell Biology (8 Lectures) Use of radioisotopes in cell biology in understanding of DNA replication (bidirectional and theta replication), transcription (labeling of RNA) and translation (labeling of protein). Use of radioisotopes in biology: Autoradiography. UNIT III: Applications of Radioisotopes in Medicine (10 Lectures) Concept of nuclear medicine, applications in diagnosis, imaging techniques using radioisotopes-principles and mechanisms, Radiation in cancer treatment (radiotherapy) - principles and types. UNIT IV: Effects of Radiation on Living Systems (10 Lectures) Cellular effects of radiations (chromosome and DNA damage), acute radiation effects; process of mutagenesis by ionizing and non-ionizing radiations, Precautions and safety measures in handling


64

radioisotopes. UNIT V: Other Applications of Radioisotopes (10 Lectures) Industrial applications: Uses in Agriculture (genetic improvement, pest control, tracers); Uses in Food Processing (disinfestation, sprout inhibition, delayed ripening, extension of shelf life, microbial decontamination, hygeinization, sterilization); Uses in Archaeology; (dating), Radiation disasters in history. PRACTICALS (Whenever wet lab experiments are not possible the principles and concepts can be demonstrated through any other material or medium including videos/virtual labs etc.)

1. Effect of UV radiation on cells and tissues 2. Measurement of DNA damage upon exposure to radiation 3. Genetic changes due to exposure to radiations 4. Effect of UV radiation on onion root tip cells 5. Videos and tutorials on ill effects of radiation exposure and radiation disasters 6. Virtual labs on use of radio imaging techniques 7. Virtual labs on radiotherapy for cancer treatment 8. Videos/tutorials on safety precautions in handling radioisotopes


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Sl. No.


1 Practical assessment Tests One practical test 15* Total 15 1.0 15 2 Continuous assessment Involvement in practicals 5 5


65

Record maintenance and neatness

5 5





Marks per question

Total





1. Handbook of Radiobiology, 1st edition (2017), T. Kuppusamy; Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers, ISBN: 9789386107435.

2. An introduction to Radiobiology, 2nd edition (1998), A. H. W. Nias; Wiley Blackwell, ISBN: 9780471975908.

3. Radiobiology for the Radiologist, 7th edition (2011), E. J. Hall and A. J. Giaccia; Lippincottt Williams & Wilkins, ISBN: 9781608311934.


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III SEMESTER

Core Course C11: Clinical Biochemistry (21BBS33)

Preamble: Clinical biochemistry is the study of biochemical mechanisms of the body in relation to disease, mostly through the analysis of body fluids such as blood or urine. Diseases generally show significant changes in the composition of body fluids. Biochemical tests help in detection of the disease and its onset. It involves detecting changes quantitatively or qualitatively and comparing with the results from normal healthy people. Some routine tests include measurement of raised blood sugar or measurement of elevated enzyme levels released from heart muscle after a heart attack. Laboratory procedures and methods are important to the understanding of students of Biomedical Science. Spectrophotometric analysis, molecular diagnostics, measurement of enzyme activities, electrophoresis, the separation of molecules based on physical characteristics and immunoassays are commonly used in understanding the results from clinical specimens. Course Outcomes At the end of the course students will be able to... CO1: Discuss the fundamental biochemistry knowledge related to health CO2: Explain the clinical significance of the laboratory tests CO3: Diagnosis of clinical disorders by estimating biomarkers CO4: Determine various substances including substrates, enzymes, hormones, etc and their use in

diagnosis and monitoring of disease are applied CO5: Evaluate the abnormalities which commonly occur in clinical field CO6: Review the information from each category of tests and develop a protocol for disease diagnosis CO7: Create awareness of different lifestyle diseases increasingly found in present day THEORY Total Lectures: 48 UNIT I: Sample Collection and Preservation (8 Lectures) Sample collection and preservation: collection and preservation procedures of blood, plasma, serum, cerebrospinal fluid, urine, faeces, pleural fluid, peritoneal fluid, Familiarization of biochemical charts from clinical labs. UNIT II: Hematology (15 Lectures) Blood analysis and Hematology: principles of estimation, normal values and clinical significance of the following parameters of blood -glucose, hemoglobin, uric acid, lipid profiles, acid phosphatase, creatine phosphokinase, Na+& Cl-. Principles of determination, clinical significance of the following parameters- total count, differential count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, packed cell volume (hematocrit) and prothrombin time. Brief study of blood groups, anticoagulants, storage and transfusion of blood.


67

UNIT III: Organ Function Tests (15 Lectures) Organ function tests: function of liver, biochemical mechanism of detoxification with examples. Principles of the following test of liver function and the interpretation of the results: total protein, albumin, globulin, albumin– globulin ratio. Total and conjugated bilirubin, AST, ALT, alkaline phosphate, glucose tolerance test. Thyroid function test: T3, T4, TSH. Renal function tests: Urea, creatinine, urea clearance test, creatinine clearance test. UNIT IV: Analysis of Urine (5 Lectures) Analysis of urine, normal and abnormal constituents, procedures of qualitative analysis, interpretation and their clinical significance, proteinurea, glycosuria, ketone bodies. UNIT V: Endocrine Disorders-Adrenal (5 Lectures) Endocrine disorders: disorders of adrenal cortex & medulla, primary hyperaldosteronism, renin-dependent aldosteronism, dexamethasone suppression tests, ACTH stimulation tests, saline suppression tests

PRACTICALS (Whenever wet lab experiments are not possible the principles and concepts can be demonstrated through any other material or medium including videos/virtual labs etc.)

1. Quantitative estimation of glucose 2. Quantitative estimation of total protein 3. Quantitative estimation of albumin 4. Quantitative estimation of urea 5. Quantitative estimation of creatinine 6. Estimation of serum bilirubin 7. Quantitative estimation of cholesterol 8. Serum enzyme analysis of aminotransferases 9. Qualitative tests for the normal and abnormal constituents of urine 10. Hematology; determination of hemoglobin, packed cell volume, erythrocyte sedimentation

rate, total count, differential count


Sl. No.


1 Sessional Tests Two written tests (average of two) 40 Total 40 0.75 30* 2 Continuous assessment Assignments/Online 20 1.0 20


68

modules/Quizzes/Regularity/Punctuality Total CIE marks (Theory) 50

* Duration of sessional test: 1.5 hours Continuous Internal Evaluation (CIE)- Practical

Sl. No.



neatness 5 5





Marks per question

Total





SUGGESTED READINGS

1. Biochemistry, 4th edition (2013), U. Satyanarayana and U. Chakrapani; Elsevier Inc, ISBN:9788131236017.

2. Textbook of Biochemistry for medical students, 7th edition (2013), D. M. Vasudevan, Sreekumari and K. Vaidyanathan; Jaypee Brothers, ISBN: 9789350905302.


69

3. Clinical Biochemistry: Metabolic and Clinical Aspects, 3rd edition (2014), W. Marshall, M. Lapsley, A. Day and R. Ayling; Elsevier, Churchill Livingstone, ISBN: 9780702051401.

4. Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics. 5th edition (2012), A. Burtis, E. R. Ashwood and D.A. Bruns; Elsevier Inc., ISBN:9781416061649.

5. Practical Biochemistry for Medical, Dental and Allied courses. 3rd edition (2014) Rajgopal and B.D. Toora; Ahuja Publishers, ISBN: 9789380316314


70

IV SEMESTER Core Course C12: Basics of Molecular Biology (21BBS41)

Preamble: Basics of Molecular Biology provide fundamental concepts of DNA, RNA, replication, transcription and translation process in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. It provides insight into the regulation of prokaryotic and eukaryotic gene regulation. Course Outcomes At the end of the course students will be able to… CO1: Explain the structure/function of DNA, replication, damage and repair of DNA with analysis of

both prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems CO2: Describe the structure/function of RNA, transcription and synthesis of polypeptide chain in both

prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems CO3: Perform the techniques used to study molecular biology in the context of these major biological

mechanisms CO4: Perform the extraction of DNA, RNA and protein CO5: Visualize molecules using gel electrophoresis techniques CO6: Recognize the structure and function of biological macromolecules, in particular nucleic acids CO7: Describe the regulation of prokaryotic and eukaryotic genes THEORY Total Lectures: 48 UNIT I: Organization of Genetic Material in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (10 Lectures) Chemical composition of DNA, DNA as the carrier of genetic information, DNA structure-single stranded DNA, double stranded DNA-A DNA, B DNA, Z DNA, and circular DNA. Organization of genetic material in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. DNA denaturation and renaturation UNIT II: Replication of DNA in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (10 Lectures) General principles- bidirectional replication, semi-conservative, discontinuous. RNA priming, Theta mode of replication and rolling circle model, replication of linear dsDNA, replicating the 5’ end of linear chromosome, enzymes involved in DNA replication: DNA polymerases, DNA ligase, primase, telomerase and other accessory proteins. In-vitro amplification of DNA: Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). UNIT III: Mutability and Repair of DNA (8 Lectures) Replication errors (transitions, transversion and thymine dimer), DNA damage (deamination, depurination and dimerization) and their repair: mismatch repair, SOS response, recombination repair, excision repair, photoreactivation.


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UNIT IV: Mechanism of Transcription (12 Lectures) Basic transcription apparatus (promoters and regulatory elements), initiation, elongation and termination of transcription in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, types of RNA polymerases. Transcriptional regulation: positive and negative; operon concept-lac and trp operons. Split Genes, concept of introns and exons. Cap formation, polyadenylation. RNA splicing: spliceosomes and self-splicing introns, alternative splicing, RNA editing, mRNA transport. UNIT V: Mechanism of Translation (8 Lectures) Features of genetic code, Universal genetic code, Wobble hypothesis, Ribosome structure: rRNA and proteins, charging of tRNA, aminoacyl tRNA synthetases. Mechanism of protein biosynthesis in prokaryotes and eukaryotes: Initiation, elongation, termination PRACTICALS (Whenever wet lab experiments are not possible the principles and concepts can be demonstrated through any other material or medium including videos/virtual labs etc.)

1. Safety consideration in a molecular biology laboratory 2. Preparation of various buffers and reagents for molecular biology 3. Preparation of culture medium (LB) for E. coli (both solid and liquid) and raise

culture of E. coli. 4. Extraction and quantification of genomic DNA from prokaryotic cell 6. Extraction and quantification of genomic DNA from eukaryotic cell 7. Extraction and quantification of plasmid DNA from bacterial cell 8. Quantitative estimation of DNA/RNA using spectrophotometer 9. Extraction and quantification of total RNA 10. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay and variants 11. Synthesis of c-DNA and Reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) 12. Agarose gel electrophoresis of PCR product 13. Extraction of protein prokaryotic and eukaryotic (animal) cell 14. Estimation and separation of proteins by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide

gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) Continuous Internal Evaluation (CIE)- Theory

Sl. No.


1 Sessional Tests Two written tests (average of two) 40 Total 40 0.75 30* 2 Continuous assessment


72

Assignments/Online modules/Quizzes/Regularity/Punctuality

20 1.0 20


Sl. No.



neatness 5 5





Marks per question

Total






73

SUGGESTED READINGS

1. Molecular Biology of the Gene, 7th edition (2013), J. D. Watson, T. A. Baker, S. P. Bell, Gann, M. Levine. and R. Losick; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. CA, USA, ISBN:9780805395921.

2. Molecular cell biology, 9th edition (2021), H. Lodish., A. Berk., C.A. Kaiser and M. Krieger, W H Freeman and Company, New York, USA. ISBN-13:978-1319208523

3. Freifelders Essentials of Molecular Biology, 4th edition (2015), G. M. Malacinski; Published by Jones & Bartlett, ISBN: 9789384323059.

4. Cell and Molecular Biology, 3rd edition (2010), S. C. Rastogi; New Age International publishers, India, ISBN: 9788122430790.

5. Principles of Molecular Biology, 1st edition (2014), B. E. Tropp; Jones & Bartlett Learning, ISBN: 9781449689179.

6. Cell and Molecular Biology, 5th edition (2013), G. Karp; G. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN: 9781118301791

7. Lewin's Genes XI, (2013), J. E. Krebs, S. T. Kilpatrick and E. S. Goldstein; Jones and Bartlett Publishers, ISBN: 9781449659851.

8. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, 6th edition (2013), D. L. Nelson, and M. M. Cox; W. H. Freeman and Company, NY, USA. ISBN: 9781464109621.

9. Molecular Biology, 3rd edition (2018), D. Clark and N. J. Pazdernik; Elsevier Academic Press. USA, ISBN: 9780128132883, 9780128132883


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IV SEMESTER Core Course C13: Medical Microbiology (21BBS42)

Preamble: Medical Microbiology course provides a comprehensive knowledge of pathogenic microbes significant to public health and the diseases caused by them. The course focuses on mechanisms of microbial pathogenesis and the host response together with lab diagnosis, treatment and control strategies. It also deals with the relationship between indigenous flora and the host. Host defense mechanisms against microbial invasion and also microbial mechanisms for escaping host defenses have also been included to broaden the perspective of the subject. Course Outcomes At the end of the course students will be able to… CO1: Discuss the importance of host defenses in preventing infection CO2: Describe the clinical symptoms of microbial diseases in humans CO3: Perform and interpret the results of laboratory diagnostic tests for the identification of pathogens THEORY Total Lectures: 48 UNIT I: Fundamental Concepts (5 Lectures) Indigenous flora of the human host, infection, primary and opportunistic pathogen, pathogenicity, virulence, carriers and their types, nosocomial infection, stages of an infectious disease, infectious disease cycle, signs, symptoms and syndromes of a disease. UNIT II: Defense Mechanisms (7 Lectures) Host defense against microbial invasion: general, physical, chemical and biological barriers. Microbial mechanism for escaping host defenses: antiphagocytic factors, exotoxins, microbial iron chelators and biofilm formation. UNIT III: Bacterial Diseases (13 Lectures) Causative agent, virulence factors involved, clinical symptoms, diagnosis and prevention of Respiratory tract diseases: tuberculosis, diphtheria and pneumonia by Streptococcus pneumoniae, Gastrointestinal diseases: typhoid, cholera, E. coli gastroenteritis and staphylococcal food poisoning, Urogenital and sexually transmitted diseases: gonorrhea and syphilis, diseases of the nervous system: Hansen’s disease and botulism. UNIT IV: Viral Diseases (clinical symptoms, lab diagnosis and prevention) (10 Lectures) Diseases by Retroviruses (HIV), Picornaviruses (poliovirus), Hepatitis viruses (HAV, HBV), Arboviruses (dengue virus), Orthomyxoviruses (influenza virus), Rhabdovirus (rabies) and Paramyxoviruses (measles)


75

UNIT V: Medical Mycology and Parasitology (13 Lectures) Superficial infections, subcutaneous infections, systemic infections (coccidiomycosis, histoplasmosis) and opportunistic infections (cryptococcosis, aspergillosis, candiadiasis) Classification of medically important parasites, Structure, life cycle, clinical symptoms and diagnosis of Protozoan parasites: Plasmodium spp., Entamoeba histolytica, Leishmania donovani, Intestinal nematodes: Ascaris lumbricoides, Tissue nematodes: Wuchereria bancrofti, Trematodes: Fasciola hepatica, Cestodes: Taenia solium. PRACTICAL (Whenever wet lab experiments are not possible the principles and concepts can be demonstrated through any other material or medium including videos/virtual labs etc.)

1. Use of selective media for the isolation of pathogenic bacteria from hospital samples 2. Gram’s staining and acid fast staining 3. Estimation of bacteria in urine sample by calibrated loop streak method 4. Identification of bacteria from urine sample by IMViC test 5. Identification of pathogens from blood sample by urease and TSIA test 6. Identification of pathogens from stool sample by oxidase, O/F and sugar fermentation test 7. Detection of dengue virus by lateral flow assay 8. Microscopic examination of opportunistic fungi 9. Identification fungus by slide culture technique 10. Identification of Candida albicans by germ tube technique 11. Microscopic examination of parasites (permanent slides)


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Sl. Component Marks Weight IA Marks


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No. 1 Practical assessment Tests One practical test 15* Total 15 1.0 15 2 Continuous assessment Involvement in practicals 5 5 Record maintenance and

neatness 5 5





Marks per question

Total





SUGGESTED READINGS

1. Medical Microbiology a guide to microbial infections: Pathogenesis, immunity, laboratory investigation and control, 19th Edition (2018), Barer, M.A., Irving, W, Swann, A., Perera, N., Elsevier Limited; ISBN: 978-0702072000.

2. Ananthanarayan and Panikers textbook of microbiology, 10th edition (2017), R. Kanungo, University Press Private Limited; ISBN: 978-9386235250.

3. Jawetz, Melnick and Adelbergs Medical Microbiology, 27th edition (2015), K.C. Carroll, S.A. Morse, T. Mietzner, S. Miller; McGraw Hill Companies, ISBN: 978-0071824989.

4. Principles of Virology, 5th edition (2020), J. Flint, V. R. Racaniello, G.F. Rall, T. Hatziioannou and A. M. Skalka; John Wiley & Sons, Inc; ISBN: 978-1-683-67358-3.

5. Medical Parasitology, 5th edition (2018), D.R. Arora and B.B. Arora, CBS Publishers and


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Distributors; ISBN: 978-8123923185. 6. Panikers Textbook of Medical Parasitology, 8th edition (2018), C. K. J. Paniker and S.

Ghosh; Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd, ISBN: 978-9352701865. 7. Microbiology: A laboratory manual, 10th edition (2017), J. Cappuccino and C. Welsh,

Pearson Education, ISBN: 9781292175782.


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IV SEMESTER Core Course C14: Clinical Genetics (21BBS43)

Preamble: This course is designed as groundwork to gain an insight into mechanisms of human genetic diseases. It has been built on the numerous genetic studies carried out over decades to contribute to the understanding of relationship between genotype and phenotype. The course will also introduce the methods for genetic testing, prenatal diagnosis and gene therapy. Course Outcomes At the end of the course students will be able to... CO1: Discuss inheritance of genetic disorders in humans CO2: Illustrate the molecular mechanisms underlying genetic diseases CO3: Describe the recent advances in diagnostics and therapeutics CO4: Demonstrate knowledge and practical skills of molecular genetic analysis of genetic diseases CO5: Construction of pedigrees and analysis of pattern of inheritance in the families CO6: Discuss reproductive genetics and its importance in medical genetics CO7: Discern prenatal testing and counselling needs in humans. THEORY Total Lectures: 48 UNIT I: Introduction to Medical Genetics (2 Lectures) History and impact of genetics in medicine: Origins of medical genetics, impact of genetic diseases, Major new developments. UNIT II: Application of Cytogenetics in Medical Genetics (12 Lectures) Chromosome abnormalities and human genetic diseases: Structural and numerical abnormalities, Karyotyping: banding pattern and nomenclature (G and Q banding), common syndromes due to numerical chromosome changes (Downs, Klinefelter and Turner syndrome), common syndromes due to structural alterations (translocations, duplications, inversions, deletions). Advanced Molecular Cytogenetic Techniques: primer in situ labeling (PRINS), comparative genome hybridization (CGH), spectral karyotyping (SKY), FISH (mFISH), multicolor banding (mBAND), procedures and applications.


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UNIT III: Monogenic Disorders and Diagnostic Techniques (8 Lectures) Identifying human diseases: Cystic fibrosis, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Huntington’s disease. Position-Independent identification of human disease genes, Positional cloning, The human genome Project, Identifying the Genetic aetiology of monogenic disorders by next-generation sequencing. Laboratory Techniques for Diagnosis of Monogenic Disorders: PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction), Application of DNA Sequence Polymorphisms, Nucleic Acid Hybridization Techniques, Mutation Detection, Sequencing-Based Methods, Dosage Analysis, Towards Genome Sequencing as a Clinical Diagnostic Test. UNIT IV: Common Disease, Polygenic and Multifactorial Genetics (8 Lectures) Types, Mechanisms and approaches of Genetic Susceptibility, Polygenic inheritance and the Normal Distribution, Identifying genes that cause multifactorial disorders, Disease Models for Multifactorial Inheritance: Diabetes Mellitus (DM), Crohn Disease, Coronary Artery Disease, Schizophrenia, Alzheimer Disease. UNIT V: Reproductive Genetics (12 Lectures) Conditions affecting the mother: genetic and infections, consanguinity atopy, prenatal nutrition and food allergies. Maternal Age: Downs syndrome (trisomy 21), maternal drug therapy, effect of radiation, drug and chemicals, infertility: types of infertility and causes for infertility. Spontaneous abortion, neural tube defects and the role of folic acid in lowering the risks. UNIT VI: Prenatal Testing and Genetic Counselling (6 Lectures) Genetic testing in the neonates and children, prenatal diagnosis: non-invasive methods and invasive methods, gene therapy: viral and non- viral methods, Counselling: Definition, Establishing the diagnosis, Calculating and presenting the risk, Communication and support, and outcomes. Special issues in counselling. PRACTICALS (Whenever wet lab experiments are not possible the principles and concepts can be demonstrated through any other material or medium including videos/virtual labs etc.)

1. Karyotyping: Induction of Human leukocyte culture, Preparation of Human chromosomes and G Banding

2. Creation of pedigrees and study on patterns of inheritance 3. DNA Isolation from Blood, quantification, PCR amplification and molecular diagnosis of

genetic diseases 4. Polymorphism analysis using PCR


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5. Video based demonstration of tools for prenatal diagnosis 6. Demonstration of DNA fingerprinting 7. Web based analysis: retrieval of a desired human sequence from NCBI database and

sequence alignment using BLAST Continuous Internal Evaluation (CIE)- Theory

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Semester end Evaluation (SEE)- Practical



1. Emery’s elements of medical genetics, 15th edition (2017), P. D. Turnpenny and S. Ellard; Elsevier Limited, ISBN: 978-0-7020-6685-6

2. Medical genetics at a glance, 3rd Edition (2013), Pritchard D. J. and Korf B. R; Willey-Blackwell, ISBN: 9780470656549.

3. Principles of Genetics, 8th edition (2012), E. J. Gardner, M. J. Simmons and D.P. Snustad; John Wiley & Sons, ISBN: 9789971513467.

4. Human Molecular Genetics, 4th edition (2010), T. Strachan and Andrew; Garland Science, ISBN: 9780815341499.


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B.Sc. (Hons) Course in

Biomedical Science

III Year

Semester V and VI


V Semester

C15 Genetic Engineering

C16 Human Pathology

C17 Basic Research Methods and Biostatistics



VI Semester

C18 Biophysics and Instrumentation

C19 Cancer Biology

C20 Bioinformatics




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V SEMESTER Core Course C15: Genetic Engineering (21BBS51)

Preamble: Genetic engineering are playing an increasingly important role in various sectors, including modern medicine, agriculture, biomedical engineering, etc. The knowledge of gene manipulation, cloning, and expression of desire gene, polymerase chain reactions, hybridization methods, etc. are some techniques that will be dealt in detail. Thus, the course aims to provide knowledge and practical skills about genetic engineering and biotechnology and its broad applications. Course Outcomes At the end of the course, students will be able to... CO1: Perform DNA extraction from bacterial cell CO2: Illustrate the process of gene manipulation CO3: Perform amplification of targeted DNA using PCR assay CO4: Describe the process of hybridization and DNA fingerprinting methods CO5: Apply molecular techniques in genetic engineering and biotechnology THEORY Total Lectures: 48 UNIT I: DNA Manipulating Enzymes (8 Lectures) Introduction to biotechnology: Brief history and importance. Principle of isolation and purification of genomic and plasmid DNA from bacteria, agarose gel electrophoresis. Restriction enzymes in genetic engineering, DNA modifying enzymes: Transferase, kinases and phosphatases, DNA ligases, DNA polymerases, and reverse transcriptase. Adaptors and linkers. UNIT II: Cloning and Expression (12 Lectures) Cloning vectors: Definition, types and properties of vectors: plasmid as vectors: pBR and pUC series, phage vectors: lambda and M13, cosmids, BACs and YACs; shuttle vectors and expression vector. Ligation, transformation and selection procedures- blue/white and antibiotic selection methods. Factors affecting the expression host cell physiology UNIT III: Nucleic Acid Amplification Methods (10 Lectures) Polymerase chain reaction (PCR): Principle, component of PCR, and applications. General overview of various PCR variants: Multiplex, nested PCR, and reverse transcriptase PCR. Real-time PCR: Basic principles and applications. Isothermal amplification of nucleic acids: definition and concepts


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UNIT IV: DNA Libraries & Screening (8 Lectures) Nucleic acid hybridization principles: preparation of probe, type of hybridization techniques: southern and northern hybridization. Genomic and cDNA libraries: Construction and uses, screening of libraries by colony hybridization and colony PCR. Unit V: DNA Fingerprinting and Sequencing (10 Lectures) DNA fingerprinting by Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD), Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP), and Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) techniques. Maxam-Gilbert’s and Sanger’s method of DNA sequencing, automated sequencing. Introduction to genome sequencing using NGS methods. PRACTICALS (Whenever wet lab experiments are not possible the principles and concepts can be demonstrated through any other material or medium including videos/virtual labs etc.)

1. Isolation of genomic DNA from prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells 2. Digestion of DNA using restriction enzymes 3. PCR amplification of DNA 4. Multiplex PCR 5. Reverse Transcriptase PCR 6. RAPD analysis of bacterial cells 7. Ligation of DNA fragments 8. Preparation of competent cell 9. Transformation and cloning 10. Isolation of recombinant vectors


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1. Gene cloning and DNA Analysis: An introduction, 8th edition (2020) T. A. Brown; Wiley-Blackwell, ISBN: 978-1-119-64078-3.

2. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (Three-volume set), 4th edition (2014), M. R. Green and J. Sambrook; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, ISBN: 9781936113422.

3. An introduction to genetic engineering, 3rd edition (2013), D.S.T. Nicholl; Cambridge University press, USA, ISBN: 9780521615211.


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4. Principles of gene manipulation and genomics, 7th edition (2006), S.B. Primrose and R. Twyman; Wiley-Blackwell, ISBN: 9781405135443.

5. Introduction to Biotechnology. 4th edition (2018), W. J. Thieman and M. A. Palladino; Pearson publications, ISBN-13: 9780134650197.

6. An Introduction to Biotechnology. 1st edition (2015), W. T. Godbey; Woodhead Publishing, ISBN: 9781907568282.


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V SEMESTER Core Course C16: Human Pathology (21BBS52)

Preamble: The curriculum of pathology aims at preparing the students in basic understanding of diseases and their pathogenesis. The topics are of introductory nature and build the concepts of how human system work in altered and diseased stage under the influence of various internal and external stimuli Thus the syllabi of pathology compliments and supplements the necessary knowledge students have gained in Physiology. Consequently, it incorporates topics like cellular adaptations, inflammation, neoplasia, cellular ageing and other infectious diseases. Laboratory exercises have been designed to substantiate and clarify the theoretical concepts.

Course Outcomes At the end of the course students will be able to… CO1: Discriminate the diseases and their pathogenesis CO2: Apply the concepts gained during study of human body CO3: Differentiate between health and diseased state CO4: Perform practical skills with regard to visualization of diseased states CO5: Identify the functions of whole body organs and their mechanisms in diseased states CO6: Explain various health conditions and their effects in diseased state THEORY Total Lectures: 48 UNIT I: Introduction (1 Lectures) History of pathology, basic definitions and familiarization with the common terms used in pathology, techniques used in pathology. UNIT II: Cellular Adaptations, Cell Injury and Cell Death (6 Lectures) Causes and mechanisms of cell injury: reversible and irreversible injury, Cellular responses: hyperplasia, hypertrophy, atrophy, metaplasia, necrosis, apoptosis, subcellular and intracellular response, (with suitable examples of diseases), cellular ageing. UNIT III: Role of Inflammation in Diseases (6 Lectures) General features of acute and chronic inflammation: vascular changes, cellular events, termination of acute inflammatory response. Cells and molecular mediators of inflammation, morphological effects and outcome of acute inflammation. Systemic effects of chronic inflammation, granulomatous inflammation. UNIT IV: Tissue Renewal and Repair, Healing and Fibrosis (4Lectures) Mechanism of tissue regeneration, role of ECM, repair by healing, scar formation and fibrosis, cutaneous wound healing, tissue remodelling in liver (mechanism of fibrosis and cirrhosis). UNIT V: Hemodynamic Pathology (7 Lectures) Edema, hyperaemia, congestion, haemorrhage, haemostasis and thrombosis, Embolism, Infarction and shock and hypertension. UNIT VI: Nutritional Diseases (6 Lectures) Protein energy malnutrition, deficiency diseases of vitamins and minerals, nutritional excess and


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imbalances. Role and effect of metals (Zinc, Iron and Calcium) and their deficiency diseases UNIT VII: Cell Proliferation: Cancer (8 Lectures) Definitions, nomenclature, characteristics of benign and malignant neoplasms, grading and staging of cancer, biology of tumor growth, mechanism of tumor invasion and metastasis, carcinogens and cancer, concept of oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, DNA repair genes and cancer stem cells. UNIT VIII: Pathophysiology Diseases (10 Lectures) Aetiology and Pathophysiology of: diabetes, arteriosclerosis, myocardial infarction, restrictive and obstructive respiratory diseases (COPD), parkinson, schizophrenia, silicosis B. Infectious diseases: Pathogenesis of diseases and overview of modes of infections, prevention and control with suitable examples like typhoid, dengue. PRACTICALS (Whenever wet lab experiments are not possible the principles and concepts can be demonstrated through any other material or medium including videos/virtual labs etc.)

1. Urine analysis: Gross examination of urine for colour, odour etc. Abnormal constituents like protein, ketone bodies, glucose, blood, urea (any three)

2. Tissue processing, embedding, sectioning. Staining and preparation of permanent histological slide

3. Study of histological slides showing hypertrophy, hyperplasia, dysplasia, leukemia, cirrhosis and any common cancer

4. Diagnostic tests for detection of various Diseases – CRP, VDRL, RA, Pregnancy, Dengue and HIV (any four)

5. Physiological data acquisition like Temperature EEG 6. PCR based diagnostics (for any one disease) 7. Measurement of Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate


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SUGGESTED READINGS 1. General Pathology Review, 2nd edition (2012), M. L Gupta; CBS,

ISBN:9788123922027. 2. A short textbook of pathology, 2nd edition (2013), T. R. Sajal, H. A. T. Charu, T. T. Sajani,

T. T. Sarnali; Jaypee Brothers, ISBN:9789350904640. 3. Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease, 8th edition (2009), V. Kumar, A K. Abbas,

J. C. Aster, N. Fausto; Elsivier, ISBN: 9781416031215. 4. Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th edition (2012), V. Kumar, A. K. Abbas, N. Fausto and

Mitchell; Elsivier, ISBN: 9781437717815. 5. Medical Laboratory Technology Methods and Interpretations Volume 1 and 2, 6th edition

(2009), R. Sood; Jaypee Brothers, ISBN: 9788184484496. 6. Pathophysiology, 3rd edition (2012), Lee-Ellen C Copstead-Kirkhorn, J. Banasik; Saunders,

ISBN: 9781455726509.


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V SEMESTER Core Course C17: Basic Research Methodology and Biostatistics (21BBS53)

Preamble: The basic insight into research methodology will familiarize a student to the methods, materials and scientific tools relevant for conducting research. Additionally, the course is aimed at providing the student the necessary training for collection, classification, tabulation and basic statistical analysis of data. Course Outcomes At the end of the course students will be able to... CO1: Design and organize a research process CO2: Represent data in tabular and graphical forms CO3: Calculate measures of central tendency and dispersion for a given data set CO4: Comprehend statistical inferences THEORY Total Lectures: 48 UNIT I: Basic concepts of Research Methodology (10 Lectures) Introduction to research methodology: Definition of research; difference between research method and research methodology; Research processes. Types of research: quantitative and qualitative research. Types of research designs: Experimental design, Quasi- experimental design, and non-experimental designs. Experimental designs: Two group experimental design, Factorial design and Latin square design. Descriptive and analytical study designs: Case reports, Case series, Cross - sectional, Case control, Cohort, and Randomized controlled trials Sampling techniques: characteristics of a good sample; random sampling and non-probability sampling. Methods of data collection: Personal interview, telephone interview, self-administered questionnaire survey, mail questionnaire, focus group discussion, schedule, checklist. Concept of validity and reliability. UNIT II: Descriptive Statistics and Data Presentation (10 Lectures) Variables in biology, Random variables: discrete and continuous; Accuracy and precision, Measures of Central Tendency: Arithmetic, mode, median and partition values. Measures of dispersion: Range, Inter quartile range, Quartile deviation, Mean deviation, Variance and Standard deviation, and coefficient of variation. Tabular representation of data; graphical representation of data: Histogram, Frequency polygon, Ogive, Line diagram, Pie diagram, and bar diagrams. UNIT III: Probability and Distribution (8 Lectures) Probability: Basic concepts, addition and multiplication rules of probability, conditional probability, Bayes’ theorem and its applications in biostatistics. Probability distributions: Probability mass function, Probability density function and distribution function. Properties of Binomial distribution, Poisson distribution and Normal distribution. Skewness and Kurtosis. UNIT IV: Correlation and linear regression (8Lectures) Relation between two variables, scatter diagram, definition of correlations, Karl Pearson’s coefficient of correlation, Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient, Basic concepts of simple and multiple linear regression. UNIT V: Hypothesis Testing and Tests of Significance (12 Lectures)


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Null and Alternate hypothesis, concept of type I & II errors, Power of the test, level of significance, p-value, Standard error, and concept of confidence interval estimation. Parametric tests: Unpaired and paired t- test, One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Non-parametric tests: Mann-Whitney U test, Wilcoxon signed rank test and Chi-square test of association PRACTICALS


1. Graphical data representation

a. Histograms b. Ogive c. Pie diagrams d. Frequency curve

2. Calculating measures of central tendency a. Arithmetic mean b. Median c. Mode

3. Measures of dispersion a. Mean deviation b. Standard deviation c. Coefficient of variation

4. Student’s t- test (Unpaired and paired t test) 5. Chi-square test of association 6. ANOVA


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SUGGESTED READINGS

1. Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques, 4th Edition (2019), C. R. Kothari and Gaurav. Garg., New Age international (P) Ltd. ISBN: 9789386649225.

2. Biostatistics: A Foundation for Analysis in the Health Science, 11th Edition (2019), W. W. Daniel and Chad.L. Cross. Wiley. ISBN: 9781119496700

3. Principles of Biostatistics, 2nd edition (2018), M. Pagano and K. Gauvrean., Chapman and Hall. eISBN: 9780429489624

4. Biostatistical Analysis, 5th edition (2010), J. H. Zar, Pearson. ISBN: 9780321656865 5. Research Methods and Statistics: A Critical Thinking Approach,5th Edition (2016) S.L.

Jackson.Cengage Learning.ISBN 9781305257795


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VI SEMESTER Core Course C18: Biophysics and Instrumentation (21BBS61)

Preamble: An integrative approach of physical, chemical and biological insights are required to completely understand biological phenomena. Biophysics is an interdisciplinary frontier of science in which the principles and techniques of physics are applied to understand biological problems at every level, from atoms and molecules to cells, organisms and environment. This course covers various physical principles responsible for maintaining the basic structure-function and integrity of biomolecules. Spectroscopy, chromatography and other modern imaging techniques are included to enhance hands on training. Course Outcomes At the end of the course students will be able to… CO1: Illustrate the basic principle and techniques involved in purification and characterisation of

biomolecules CO2: Compare and discriminate different methods of bioanalytical methods CO3: Identify the bio-physical principles responsible for maintaining the biomolecule structure CO4: Practices the techniques of Chromatography and Spectroscopy CO5: Describe various basic and advanced microscopic techniques and their importance THEORY Total Lectures:48 UNIT I: Physico-Chemical Separation Techniques (12 Lectures) Biophysical techniques: Basic principles of chromatography, experimental set- up, methodology and applications of adsorption and partition chromatography methods i.e. paper chromatography, thin layer chromatography, HPLC and GLC. Electrophoresis: Principle, electrophoretic mobility (EPM) estimation, factors affecting EPM, instrument design and set up, methodology and applications, paper electrophoresis and gel electrophoresis. UNIT II: Spectroscopic Techniques (12 Lectures) Electromagnetic radiation: Energy, wavelength, wave numbers and frequency. UV-visible spectrophotometry: Beer Lambert law, light absorption and its transmittance, factors affecting absorption properties of a chromophore, Spectroscopy: principle, instrumentation and application of spectroscopic instruments, UV Visible, fluorescence, IR spectroscopy, principles and applications of CD, mass spectrometry, Structural analyses of DNA/ protein using absorption of UV light. UNIT III: Hydrodynamic Methods (14 Lectures) Viscometer: Methods of measurement of viscosity, specific and intrinsic viscosity, relationship between viscosity and molecular weight, measurement of viscoelasticity of DNA. Definition of viscosity coefficient, expression for viscosity coefficient of gases (with derivation). Sedimentation: physical basis


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of centrifugation, Svedberg equation, differential and density gradient centrifugation, preparative and analytical ultracentrifugation techniques, fractionation of cellular components using centrifugation with examples. Unit IV: Optical Imaging Methods (10 Lectures) Fluorescence microscope, confocal microscope, scanning optical microscope, advanced fluorescence techniques: Fluorescence Lifetime, Fluorescence Resonant Energy Transfer (FRET), Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy (FCS), Electron microscopy (EM): SEM and TEM. PRACTICALS


1. Basic laboratory skill of handling and use of pH meter and Colorimeter. 2. To study the characteristics of UV absorption spectra of aromatic Amino Acids. 3. Paper Electrophoresis of amino acids. 4. One-dimensional ascending & descending paper chromatography of amino-acids & sugars. 5. Electrophoresis techniques: SDS-PAGE of Protein. 6. Experimental verification of Beer Lambert law 7. Spectrophotometry: Experimental verification of hyper chromic shift in denatured DNA as

compared to native double stranded DNA. 8. Spectro-fluorimetry: Experimental verification of protein absorption and emission properties. 9. Demonstration of HPLC 10. Demonstration of ultracentrifugation 11. Demonstration of fluorescent microscopy


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1. Atkins, de Paula. (2011) Physical Chemistry for the Life Sciences (2nd Edition). W.H. Freeman. 2. Biophysical Chemistry: (principles and techniques) by Upadhyay, Avinash; Nath, Nirmalendu;

Upadhyay, Kakoli; 2009 3. Keith Wilson, John Walker Principles and Techniques of Biochemistry and Molecular

Biology.2010. Cambridge University Press


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VI SEMESTER Core Course C19: Cancer Biology (21BBS62)

Preamble: Cancer is collective term used for a group of diseases that affect a large proportion of global population. Despite tremendous progress in the last several decades, the disease is still far from being completely understood. The cancer biology course is designed to introduce the students to the general aspects of the cancer and to familiarize them with the tools and techniques available for diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Most of the modules will be introductory in nature aimed at communicating the basics of the disease development through innovative teaching-learning methods. The introduction to this course is fundamental to the concept of offering a comprehensive skill and knowledge base for the students specializing in the field of biomedical science. Course Outcomes At the end of the course students will be able to… CO1: Comprehend the basics of cancer and identify with the concept of cancer as a disease and the

process of carcinogenesis CO2: Perform the basic and the advanced molecular techniques used in cancer diagnostics and

interpret the results CO3: Choose advanced studies in the field of oncology CO4: Make objective decisions about harmful effects of cancer-causing agents and create awareness

about them among common man THEORY Total Lectures: 48 UNIT I: Introduction to Cancer (8 Lectures) Definition of cancer, Influential factors in human carcinogenesis: environment, reproductive life, diet, alcohol, smoking, classification of cancer, hallmarks of cancer: growth signal autonomy, evasion of growth inhibitory signals, avoiding immune destruction, unlimited replicative potential, genome instability and mutation, evasion of cell death, reprogramming energy metabolism, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis, carcinogenic agents: radiation, chemical, infectious pathogens; sporadic and familial cancer syndromes UNIT II: Genome Stability and Cancer (8 Lectures) Gene structure, mutations: transition, transversion, insertion, deletion, DNA repair mechanisms: one-step repair, nucleotide excision, base excision repair, mismatch repair, recombinational repair; DNA repair genes, epigenetic regulation: histone modification, DNA methylation, micro-RNA. UNIT III: Cancer Genetics (8 Lectures)


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Oncogenes-definition, classifications: growth factors, growth factor receptors, intracellular signal transducers, transcription factors; mechanism of activation, tumor suppressor genes- definition, knudson’s two-hit hypothesis, examples. UNIT IV: Cell Signaling and Cancer (8 Lectures) Growth factor signaling: Epidermal growth factor (EGF) signaling, chromosomal translocations, apoptosis: extrinsic and intrinsic pathways, tumor suppressor pathways: p53 and Rb. UNIT V: Host-Tumor Interactions (8 Lectures) Immune system and cancer: Immuno surveillance and immunoediting, reprograming energy metabolism: Warburg effect, inflammation and cancer, tumorigenesis: initiation and progression: invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis. UNIT VI: Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy (8 Lecturers) Diagnostics techniques: principles, biomarkers, imaging, molecular techniques, types of therapy: surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, principles of conventional therapies, types of cancer drugs. PRACTICALS (Whenever wet lab experiments are not possible the principles and concepts can be demonstrated through any other material or medium including videos/virtual labs etc.)

1. Distinguishing features of cancer cells 2. Isolation of nucleic acids and proteins from blood and tissue samples 3. DNA laddering assay 4. Apoptotic assay 5. Effects of carcinogens on cells and animal models 6. Evaluation of toxicity of anticancer agents. 7. Determination of DNA and protein sequence of cancer gene through bioinformatics analysis. 8. Sequence analysis of vector DNA. 9. Detection of single nucleotide polymorphism by PCR-RFLP. 10. Determination of DNA damage by COMET assay. 11. Observation of histopathological features of cancer cells


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Total SEE Marks - Practicals 25* *Duration of the examination: 4.0 hours SUGGESTED READINGS

1. Molecular Biology of Cancer: Mechanisms, Targets, and Therapeutics, 4th Edition (2016), L. Pecorino; Oxford University Press, ISBN: 9780198717348.

2. The Biology of Cancer, 2nd edition (2013), R. A. Weinberg; Garland Science, ISBN: 9780815342205.

3. The Biology of Cancer, 2nd edition (2007), J. Gabriel; Wiley-Blackwell, ISBN: 9780470057599. 4. Principles of Cancer Biology (2006), L. J. Kleinsmith; Pearson Benjamin Cummings, ISBN:

9780321432841. 5. Cancer Biology, 3rd Edition (2006), J. B. K. Roger and M. W. Robins; Pearson Benjamin

Cummings, ISBN: 9780131294547.


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VI SEMESTER

Core Course C20: Bioinformatics (21BBS63) Preamble: Bioinformatics is an interdisciplinary field comprising biology, biotechnology and computer science. The course is aimed at analyzing biological data which is critical for understanding life sciences. Vast amounts of data are generated and stored in public databases which need to be analyzed. The course also aims at studying and analyzing data which is generated in wet labs. Computational analysis of molecular biology data including biotechnology find applications in various fields related to Biomedical Science. The knowledge acquired in bioinformatics will help the students to understand the meaning of the genetic code hidden in DNA, RNA and transcribed into proteins. Certain questions like why infections occur leading to diseases, the possibility of designing any vaccine, drugs for the future to treat diseases or toxicogenomic. Thus, an advanced systems generated approach will help in understanding of life sciences with the help of advanced technology. Course Outcomes At the end of the course students will be able to... CO1: Review the databases used in analysis CO2: Explain the various tools used in bioinformatics CO3: Correlate the results after filtering using specific parameters CO4: Perform experiments using genomics and proteomics tools CO5: Prepare to solve biological problems using in silico analysis CO6: Predict the function of biomolecules THEORY Total Lectures: 48 UNIT I: Introduction to Bioinformatics (6 Lectures) Introduction to bioinformatics, internet and bioinformatics, applications of bioinformatics, chemoinformatics. UNIT II: Biological Databases and Genome Browsers (12 Lectures) Introduction to various databases and their classification; primary and secondary databases: NCBI, DDBJ, EMBL, ENSEMBL, UCSC and their use in laboratories; Protein sequence databases: SWISSPROT, TrEMBL, EMBL, and PDB; Genome Databases: NCBI, EBI, TIGR, and UCSC Genome browser; Literature database: PubMed.


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UNIT III: Sequence Analysis (12 Lectures) Various file formats for bio-molecular sequences: GenBank, and FASTA. Basic concepts of sequence similarity, identity and homology, definitions of homologues, orthologues, paralogues, sequence alignment, concept of gap, gap penalty, Scoring matrices: basic concept of a scoring matrix, PAM and BLOSUM series. Sequence-based database searches: sequence-based database searches, FASTA and BLAST, various versions of Basic BLAST. UNIT IV: Sequence Alignments & Phylogenetic Analysis (12 Lectures) Multiple sequence alignments: basic concepts of sequence alignment, Needleman & Wunsch, Smith & Waterman algorithms for pairwise alignments, interpretation of results. Basics and tools for phylogenetic analysis, tree-building methods (character and distance based methods), construction of phylogenetic trees and identifying homologs. UNIT V: Overview of Drug Development (6 Lectures) Introduction to drug databases, PubChem and their use in drug development, Lipinski’s rule of five, introduction to rational drug design using example. PRACTICALS (Whenever wet lab experiments are not possible the principles and concepts can be demonstrated through any other material or medium including videos/virtual labs etc.)

1. Information retrieval- referring journals, PubMed & Medline 2. Retrieving nucleotide and protein sequences from database 3. Restriction cut site analysis of given DNA sequence 4. Translation of a nucleotide sequence to a protein sequence 5. Searching for open reading frames in the DNA sequence 6. Prediction of the presence of signal peptides in given protein sequence 7. Designing primers for the given gene sequences for PCR assay 8. Searching for homologs using BLAST program 9. Performing multiple sequence alignment using suitable tool 10. Generating phylogenetic tree using suitable tool 11. Browsing genome database 12. Basic principles of ‘R’ software for tabulation and graphical representations


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Total SEE Marks - Practicals 25* *Duration of the examination: 4.0 hours SUGGESTED READINGS

1. Discovering genomics, proteomics and bioinformatics, 2nd edition (2007), A. M. Campbell, and L. J. Heyer; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Pearson, ISBN: 9788131715598.

2. Bioinformatics sequence and genome analysis, 2nd edition (2004), D. W. Mount; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, CBS Publishers, ISBN: 0879697121.

3. Bioinformatics: Concepts, skills and applications. 2nd edition (2014). S. C. Rastogi, N. Mendiratta, P. C. Rastogi; CBS publishers, ISBN: 8123914822.

4. Developing Bioinformatics Computer Skills. 1st edition. (2013) C. Gibas and P. Jambeck. O'Reilly Media, ISBN: 9788173662423.

5. Molecular modeling - Principles and Applications, 2nd edition (2003), A. R. Leach; Pearson Education Limited, UK, ISBN: 9780582382107.


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B.Sc. (Hons) in

Biomedical Science

IV Year

Semester VII and VIII


VII Semester

IAI Industry/Academia Internship

VI Semester

C18 Project work


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VII SEMESTER Industry-Academia Internship (21BBS71)

Preamble: The internship program provides an opportunity for employability-oriented training in industry/academia. The internship program also helps in imparting contemporary training at industry or premier research institutions, which is aligned with the curriculum aimed at skill development in health science sector. Course Outcomes At the end of the course students will be able to... CO1: Develop and demonstrate industry relevant skills CO2: Apply their classroom learning in professional environment CO3: Gain work experience and design better career goals CO4: Build professional network in the competitive world CO5: Gain confidence of working in the professional world CO6: Develop collaborative skills by working in a team The duration of the internship will be of 4 months in the seventh semester and will carry 12 credits. The list of industries/academic institutions willing to accommodate interns will be made available to the students at the end of sixth semester. The assessment criteria will include both formative (CIE) and summative (SEE) parameters with equal (50%) weightage for both CIE and SEE. The CIE will be based on a continuous work place-based assessment by the supervisors using an assessment rubric provided by the institution. The SEE will be based on the evaluation of internship completion reports submitted to the institution by the students at the end of the internship.


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VII SEMESTER

Course: Project work (21BBS81) Preamble: The project is aimed at developing research aptitude at undergraduate level in order to make them competent in research methodology and techniques in their post graduate level. A Project work includes identification of the problem, formulation of hypothesis, review of literature, designing of research study, collection data, critical analysis of the results obtained and drawing conclusions. A Project/ Dissertation work would be of 20 credits. Course Outcomes At the end of the course students will be able to... CO1: Review the literature related to project work CO2: Develop and demonstrate research questions and ideas CO3: Conduct research activities CO4: Employ the skills to communicate effectively CO5: Demonstrate clearly and coherently in both the written and oral forms CO6: Collate data and utilise critical thinking of analysis data CO7: Develop collaborative skills by working in a team The students can opt for a project either in the institution or outside. However, the prior approval from the institution/university will be necessary for carrying out the project in an outside institution. Only those institutions that have adequate research infrastructure will be approved. The selection of the project topic, the selection of the guide and the development of the research protocol will have to be completed before the commencement of the eight semester. The project will carry 20 credits and will be evaluated for a total of 100 marks. The CIE component will be 50% while the SEE will constitute the remaining 50%. The CIE component will include evaluation of the development of protocol at the end of 7th semester and execution of the proposal at the end of 8th semester with the weightage of 50% for each component. The final evaluation (SEE) will be conducted at the end of eight semester. The student will have to submit a project report as per the guideline given below and will also have to highlight their work in the form of a presentation, to be evaluated by the university appointed external and internal examiners, with the weightage of 50% for each examiner. Preparation of Project Report

1. A candidate is required to carry out a study on a selected research project. The results of such a study shall be submitted in the form of a report.

2. The report should be written under the following headings and order i. Introduction

ii. Aims and Objectives of the Study iii. Review of Literature


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iv. Materials and Methods v. Results

vi. Discussion vii. Summary and Conclusion

viii. References ix. Tables x. Annexures

3. The written text of the report shall not exceed 50 pages excluding references, tables and annexures. It should be neatly typed with 1.5 line spacing on both sides of the paper (A4 size 8.27” x 11.69”) and bound properly.

4. Two copies of the project report complete in all respects and duly certified by the faculty guide and the Head of the Institution should be submitted to the University within the notified date.


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AECC: Ability Enhancement Compulsory Courses


I Semester

AECC1 Communicative English

II Semester

AECC2 Environmental Studies


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I SEMESTER Course AECC1: Communicative English (21BBS15)

Preamble: Communication is a very important aspect of formation of an individual. The quality of language reflects the clarity in thought and action. The objective of making students par excellence at national as well as international level is achieved by enhancing their language skill and expression through communicative English. THEORY: Total Lectures: 32 UNIT I: Grammar Elements (5 Lectures) Objectives: Produce grammatically accurate language Content: Review of grammar, remedial study of grammar, building vocabulary, pronunciation, and public speaking. Teaching learning Activities: Exercise on use of grammar, emphasis on pronunciation, and vocabulary, practice public speaking. Assessment methods: objective type, Fill in the blanks UNIT II: Reading and Understanding (11 Lectures) Objectives: Develop ability to read, understand and express meaningfully, the prescribed texts Content: Exercise on: Reading and Comprehension Teaching learning Activities: Read purposefully and critically: Passage, questions, and answer choices from texts Assessment methods: Short Answers, Essay type, Para Phrasing, Summarising UNIT III: Writing Skills (5 Lectures) Objectives: Develop writing skill Content: Various forms of composition- Letter writing, Note taking, Academic Writing, Essay writing, Reports on health problem etc, Interpretation of graphs Teaching learning Activities: Exercise on writing: letter writing, Note Making, Academic, Resume /CV, Essay Writing, Interpretation of graphs Assessment methods: Applications, short reports to be written, Essay writing, Academic Writing, Interpretation of graphs UNIT IV: Speaking Skills (5 Lectures) Objectives: Develop skill in spoken English Content: Spoken English Oral Report, Discussion, Debate, Telephonic Conversion Formal & Informal Conversation: Agreeing, Emphasising, interrupting, polite conversation, opinions, Interviews, Visual


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Presentation Teaching learning Activities: Participating in Seminar, Telephonic Conversion, Conversation in different situations, practice public speaking Assessment methods: Assessment of the skills based on the checklist. UNIT V: Language of Communication (6 Lectures) Objectives: Develop skill in listening comprehension Content: listening to podcasts, videos, and speeches. Definition of listening, Types of Listening Purposes of listening Obstacles for listening Contexts of listening, to be a good listener, listening to a Lecture etc Teaching learning Activities: Exercise on: Listening to podcasts and identifying the key points Assessment methods: Practical test of listening and filling out the blanks, essay type. Examination: There shall be an examination for 100 marks at the end of the academic year, which will be conducted by the college Continuous Internal Evaluation (CIE)- Theory

Sl. No.







Marks per question

Total


* Duration of examination: 2.0 hours SUGGESTED READINGS:

1. Cornick, Lesley and Philipot, Sarah, (2011). Headway Academic English Level III. Oxford University Press.


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2. Soars, Liz. Soars, John. (1998). New Headway Advanced: Student's Book. Oxford University Press.

3. Bailey, Stephen. (2003). Academic Writing: A Practical Guide. Routledge Falmer. 4. Black, Christopher. Anestis Mark. 2010. McGraw-Hills SAT. McGraw Hills.


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II SEMESTER Course AECC2: Environmental Studies (21BBS25)

Preamble: This paper is to create awareness regarding a variety of environmental concerns. It attempts to create a pro-environmental attitude and a behavioural pattern in society that is based on creating sustainable lifestyles. Conservation is best brought about through creating a love for nature. It is to expose every college student to the wonders of the Indian wilderness to create new ethics towards conservation. Course Outcomes

At the end of the course students will be able to...

CO1: Evaluate events of Climate change, global warming, ozone layer depletion, acid rain and its impacts on human communities and agriculture on the basis of case studies

CO2: Compare various ecosystems such as forest, grassland, desert and aquatic case studies CO3: Integrate and analyse the various natural and manmade factors that affect forests, environment

and tribal populations CO4: Propose alternative sources of energy to meet the growing energy needs of our population THOERY Total Lectures: 32 UNIT I: Introduction to Environmental Studies (2 Lectures) Multidisciplinary nature of environmental studies; Scope and importance; Concept of sustainability and sustainable development; Environmental components: Atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, biosphere; Impact of Development on Environment; Concept of sustainability and sustainable development, UN Goals of sustainable development. UNIT II: Ecosystems (4 Lectures) What is an ecosystem? Structure and function of ecosystem; Energy flow in an ecosystem: food chains, food webs. Biogeochemical cycles: Carbon, Water, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorous, Sulphur. Ecological succession.

Ecosystem: Biotic and Abiotic factors of the following types a) Terrestrial ecosystem: Biomes: Tundra, Grassland, Desert, Forest b) Aquatic ecosystems : Pond, Ocean, Estuarine


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UNIT III: Natural Resources: Renewable and Non-renewable Resources (5 Lectures)

Land resources and land use change: Land degradation, soil erosion and desertification; Forest resource: Types in India, Deforestation: Causes and impacts due to mining, dam building on environment, forests case study: Narmada project; Water: Surface water, Wetlands, Ground water. Floods, droughts, conflicts over water (international & inter-state);Mineral resources: Renewable and non-renewable, Environmental impact of mining; Food resources: India’s food resource types and impact of modern agriculture; Energy resources: Renewable and non-renewable energy sources, use of alternate energy sources, growing energy needs, case studies. UNIT IV: Biodiversity and Conservation (5 Lectures) Levels of biological diversity: genetic, species and ecosystem diversity; Values of Biodiversity. Biogeographic zones of India; Biodiversity patterns and global biodiversity hot spots; India as a mega-biodiversity nation: Endangered and endemic species of India; Threats to biodiversity: Habitat loss, poaching of wildlife, man-wildlife conflicts, biological invasions: Conservation of biodiversity: In-situ and Ex-situ conservation of biodiversity. Biological invasion;Ecosystem and biodiversity services: Ecological, economic, social, ethical, aesthetic and Informational value. UNIT V: Environmental Pollution (6 Lectures) Environmental pollution: types, causes, effects and controls; Air, water, soil and noise pollution; Nuclear hazards and human health risks;Solid waste management: Control measures of urban and industrial waste;Pollution case studies. UNIT VI: Environmental Policies and Practices (4 Lectures) Climate change, global warming, Greenhouse effect, ozone layer depletion, acid rain and impacts on human communities and agriculture; Environment Laws: Environmental legislations, Constitutional provisions of India for environment, Environment Protection Act; Air (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act; Water (Prevention and control of Pollution) Act; Wildlife Protection Act; Forest Conservation Act. International agreements and protocols: Montreal and Kyoto protocols and Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD); Nature reserves, tribal populations and rights, and human wildlife conflicts in Indian context.

UNIT VII: Human Communities and the Environment (3 Lectures)

Human population growth: overpopulation, human health and welfare; Resettlement and rehabilitation of project affected persons; case studies; Disaster management: floods, earthquake, cyclones and landslides; Environmental movements: Chipko, Silent valley, Bishnois of Rajasthan; Environmental ethics: Role of Indian and other religions and cultures in environmental conservation; Environmental communication and public awareness, case studies (e.g., CNG vehicles in Delhi).


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UNIT VIII: Field Work (Equal to 3 Lectures) Visit to an area to document environmental assets: river/ forest/ flora/fauna, etc; Visit to a local polluted sites -Urban/Rural/Industrial/Agricultural; Study of common plants, insects, birds and basic principles of identification; Study of simple ecosystems-pond, river, Delhi Ridge, etc. Continuous Internal Evaluation (CIE)- Theory

Sl. No.







Marks per question

Total


* Duration of examination: 2.0 hours SUGGESTED READINGS

1. Carson, R. (2002). Silent Spring. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2. This Fissured Land: An Ecological History of India. (1993). Gadgil, M., & Guha, R.. Univ. of

California Press. 3. Global Ethics and Environment, ( 1999). Gleeson, B. and Low, N. (eds.) London,

Routledge. 4. Water in Crisis. Pacific Institute for Studies in Dev., Environment & Security. (1993). Gleick,

P. H. Stockholm Env. Institute, Oxford Univ. Press. 5. Principles of Conservation Biology. Groom, Martha J., Gary K. Meffe, and Carl Ronald Carroll

(2006). Sunderland: Sinauer Associates, 6. Threats from India’s Himalaya dams (2013). Grumbine, R. Edward, and Pandit, M.K..

Science, 339: 36-37.


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7. AECC Environmental Studies (2019). NandiniN, Sunitha N and Tandon Sucharita. Sapna book house, Bangalore

8. Fundamentals of Ecology (1971). Odum, E.P., Odum, H.T. & Andrews, J. Philadelphia: Saunders.

9. Environmental and Pollution (2011). Pepper, I.L., Gerba, C.P. & Brusseau, M.L. Science. Academic Press.

10. Environment. 8th edition. (2012). Raven, P.H., Hassenzahl, D.M. & Berg, L.R. John Wiley & Sons.

11. Environmental law and policy in India. (2001). Rosencranz, A., Divan, S., & Noble, M. L. Tripathi 1992.

12. Ecology and economics: An approach to sustainable development (2003). Sengupta, R. OUP. 13. Ecology, Environmental Science and Conservation.Singh, (2014). J.S., Singh, S.P. and

Gupta, S.R. S. Chand Publishing, New Delhi. 14. Conservation Biology: Voices from the Tropics. (2013). Sodhi, N.S., Gibson, L. & Raven, P.H.

(eds). John Wiley & Sons. 15. Land of the Tiger: A Natural History of the Indian Subcontinent. (1998). Thapar, V. 16. Biology and Water Pollution Control. (1971). Warren, C. E. WB Saunders. 17. The Creation: An appeal to save life on earth (2006). Wilson, E. O. New York: Norton. 18. World Commission on Environment and Development. (1987). Our Common Future.

Oxford University Press.


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Skill Enhancement Elective Courses (SEE)


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SEC: Skill Enhancement Elective Courses

(Whenever wet lab experiments are not possible the principles and concepts will be demonstrated through any other material or medium)


III Semester

SEE3-1 Cell Based Assays in Biomedical Research

SEE3-2 Techniques in Forensic Science

IV Semester

SEE4-1 Diagnostic Lab Techniques

SEE4-2 Methods in Ecotoxicology


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III SEMESTER Course SEE3-1: Cell Based Assays in Biomedical Research (21BBS36-1)

Preamble: Cell based tools are essential for studying cellular mechanisms in a biological system. These assays have the potential to provide more information about intracellular molecular targets and have the advantage of being performed in a true biological context. This subject covers variety of cell-based assays using modern cellular and molecular technologies to cover many applications including assessing cellular functions and processes in biological research and/or toxicity studies. Course Outcomes At the end of the course students will be able to... CO1: Explain various cell-based assays to study cellular mechanisms CO2: Perform qualitative and quantitative cell analysis CO3: Perform cell proliferation and viability tests CO4: Discuss the properties and limitations of each cell-based assay CO5: Illustrate the use of cell-based assays in high throughput screening

Number of Sessions: 16 (Each Session has 2/4 Lab hours) UNIT I: Cell Structure (4 Sessions) Laboratory 1: Introduction to microscopic techniques Laboratory 2: Microscopic examination of cells Laboratory 3: Cell counting Laboratory 4: Quantitative analysis of cell size and distribution Introduction to microscopic techniques, types of microscopic techniques, Principles of cell staining, types of staining, evaluation of cell morphology, cell measurement, cell counting methods

UNIT II: Cell Disruption Techniques (4 Sessions) Laboratory 5: Experiment on osmotic lysis of cell Laboratory 6: Hands on experiment on mechanical homogenization of cell Laboratory 7: Detergent lysis of cell Laboratory 8: Disruption of cell using sonication Traditional methods of cell lysis, physical disruption vs. solution-based cell lysis, additives and methods to facilitate physical disruption, disadvantages of traditional lysis methods, types of chemical disruption methods


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UNIT III: Cell Proliferation and Viability (4 Sessions) Laboratory 9: Experiment on various cell viability assays Laboratory 10: Experiment on metabolic cell proliferation assays Laboratory 11: Measurement of cytotoxicity by LDH assay Laboratory 12: Neutral red uptake assay for the estimation of cytotoxicity Introduction to cell viability assays, types: trypan blue dye exclusion, tetrazolium reduction, resazurin reduction, types of metabolic proliferation assays, lactase dehydrogenase activity for cytotoxicity estimation.

UNIT IV: Analysis of DNA Damage and Cell Death (4 Sessions) Laboratory 13: Analysis of DNA fragmentation in agarose gels Laboratory 14: Examination of DNA damage by comet assay Laboratory 15: Assessment of cell morphology during apoptosis Laboratory 16: Analysis of early and late apoptotic events

Sources of DNA damage, introducing DNA damage with oxidizing agents, UV light, cisplatin, smoke etc, analysis of DNA fragmentation, morphological and biochemical hallmarks of cell death, analysis of changes in nuclear morphology and cell distribution following induction of apoptosis Continuous Internal Evaluation (CIE)- Practical

Sl. No. Component Marks Weight IA Marks 1 Practical assessment Tests One practical test 30* Total 30 1.0 30 2 Continuous assessment Involvement in practicals 10 10 Record maintenance and

neatness 10 10

Total 10 1.0 20 Total CIE marks (Theory) 50

*Duration of practical test: 3.0 hours Semester end Evaluation (SEE)- Practical



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Total SEE Marks 50* *Duration of practical examination: 6.0 hours

SUGGESTED READINGS 1. Animal Cell Culture Techniques, 1st edition (1998): M. Clynes; Springer, ISBN:

9783642804120. 2. Cell and Molecular Biology: A Lab Manual, 1st edition (2013): K.V. Chaitanya; PHI

Learning Press, ISBN: 8120348001. 3. Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments, 7th edition (2013): G. Karp;

Wiley, ISBN: 9781118206737.


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III SEMESTER Course SEE3-2: Techniques in Forensic Science (21BBS36-2)

Preamble: Forensic science is the application of scientific knowledge to questions of civil and criminal law. Interest in forensic science has grown considerably in recent years. Keeping this in view, the present forensic science course is designed for students to explore how forensic scientist’s work, the tools and techniques they use and how they reach the conclusions they present in court. The course will engage students in using a creative, problem solving and inquiry based approach to investigate the crime scene. It also explains the characteristics of a fingerprint collect, process, and analyse fingerprint evidence and explain DNA analysis. Course Outcomes At the end of the course students will be able to… CO1: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of some of the basic facts of forensic science CO2: Summarise how forensic scientists operate and use scientific evidence in a legal context CO3: Perform different forensic tools and techniques

Number of sessions: 16 (Each session has 2/4 hours)

Unit I: General Introduction (2 Sessions) Laboratory 1: Basics of forensic science Laboratory 2: Application of forensic science in the society Introduction and principles of forensic science Unit II: Applied Forensic Biology (4 Sessions) Laboratory 3: Introduction of blood groups and blood grouping Laboratory 4: To examine Barr bodies from blood sample Laboratory 5: Morphology of human scalp hair (Microscopic examination) Laboratory 6: Identification of microorganisms of forensic significance Application of forensic science to find out biological evidences Unit III: Forensics and Finger Printing Analysis (4 Sessions) Laboratory 7: Types and classification of finger printing Laboratory 8: Extraction and isolation of DNA from different body fluids Laboratory 9: Principle of DNA fingerprinting, Types (RFLP, STR) application of DNA profiling


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Laboratory 10: Investigate method for developing fingerprints on Porous surfaces by Iodine crystals/Ninhydrine/Silver Nitrate Laboratory 11: Investigate method for developing fingerprints on non-Porous surfaces by Powder methods Fundament principles of fingerprinting, classification of fingerprinting, development of fingerprints as science for personal identification Unit IV: Applied Forensic Chemistry (3 Sessions) Laboratory 12: Analysis of alcohol from blood Laboratory 13: Identification of food adulteration. -vegetable oil, non-alcoholic beverages, meat and fish Laboratory 14: Colour Tests for identification of poisons, drugs Introduction to forensic Chemistry, preliminary and confirmatory methods used in forensic chemistry Unit V: Cyber Forensic Investigation (3 Sessions) Laboratory 15: Digital evidence collection, digital image tempering/manipulation Laboratory 16: Email investigation, Email tracking, IP tracking, Password tracking, Email recovery, Recovering deleted evidences Investigation tools, eDiscovery, Evidence preservation, Search and seizure of computers, Introduction to cyber security Continuous Internal Evaluation (CIE)- Practical


neatness 10 10



Type of question No. of questions Marks per question Total Major experiment 1 20 20 Minor experiment 1 15 15


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Spotters 5 1 05 Viva voce - 10 10 Total SEE Marks 50*

*Duration of practical examination: 6.0 hours SUGGESTED READINGS

1. Forensic Science: An introduction to Scientific and Investigative Techniques, 3rd edition (2009), S. H. James, J. J Nordby and S. Bell; CRC Press, ISBN: 9781439877906.

2. Practical Forensic Microscopy: A laboratory manual, 1st edition (2008), W. Barbara and J. W. Lori; Bios Scientific Publisher, ISBN: 978-0470031766.

3. Forensic Handwriting Identification: Fundamentals, Concepts and Principals, 1st edition (2000), N. M Ronald; Academic press, ISBN: 978-0125076401.

4. Handbook of Firearms and Ballistics: Examining Interpreting Forensic Science by Brian, 2nd edition (2008), J. Heard; John Wiley and Sons, ISBN: 9780470694602.

5. Principles of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, 1st edition (2011), B. Rajesh; Jaypee Brothers Medical Pub, ISBN: 9789350254936.

6. Practical Crime Scene Processing and Investigation, 2nd edition (2011), M. G. Ross; CRC press, ISBN: 9781439853023.

7. Fundamentals of Forensic Science, 2nd edition (2010), M.M Houck, and J. A. Siegel; Academic Press, ISBN: 9780123749895.

8. Criminalistics- An Introduction of Forensic Science, 10th edition (2010), S. Richard; Prentice Hall Inc, ISBN: 9780135045206


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IV SEMESTER Course SEE4-1: Diagnostic Lab Techniques (21BBS46-1)

Preamble: Diagnostic lab techniques is a course where students will be introduced to the various tools and techniques in lab diagnosis. The primary focus of this course is to provide a hands-on training to the students and to enrich their skill based knowledge in modern diagnostic techniques. This course will cover various types of diagnosis techniques targeting either cell, DNA or RNA or proteins to understand more rapid, sensitive and specific way of laboratory diagnosis. Course Outcomes At the end of the course students will be able to...

CO1: Demonstrate various diagnostic lab techniques such as identification of causative agent of disease using DNA or protein based methods, microscopic analysis, and rapid immunoassay

CO2: Perform molecular techniques which includes the isolation of DNA and genetic manipulation, Rapid immunoassay, DNA fingerprinting analysis

CO3: Appraise the significance of sensitive and accurate diagnosis in the detection of disease Total sessions: 16 (Each session has 2/4 hours)

UNIT I: Overview of Laboratory Diagnosis (1 Session) Laboratory 1: Introduction to laboratory diagnosis

An introduction to laboratory and laboratory diagnosis; concept about sensitivity, specificity and rapidity of diagnostic assays; advancement in various diagnostic lab techniques. UNIT II: Cell Based Diagnosis (3 Sessions) Laboratory 2: Microscopic analysis Laboratory 3: Preparation of media and inoculation methods Laboratory 4: Culturing and identification Essentials of microscopic analysis in laboratory diagnosis; importance of culturing methods for identification of pathogens; Use of selective and differential medium.


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UNIT III: Nucleic Acid Based Diagnosis (6 Sessions) Laboratory 5: Isolation of genomic DNA Laboratory 6: Purity analysis of genomic DNA Laboratory 7: Designing of primers for PCR Laboratory 8: Preparation of PCR master mix Laboratory 9: PCR assay and end product detection Laboratory 10: RAPD assay Principle, applications and modifications of PCR; genomic DNA isolation and purity analysis of using spectrophotometer; designing of PCR primers; agarose gel electrophoresis. UNIT IV: Protein Based Diagnosis (6 Sessions) Laboratory 11: Agglutination assay Laboratory 12: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) Laboratory 13: Lateral flow immunochromatographic assay Laboratory 14: SDS-PAGE analysis: Protein sample preparation Laboratory 15: SDS-PAGE analysis: Preparation of gels and separation of protein bands Laboratory 16: SDS-PAGE analysis: Detection of protein bands and analysis Use of various immunoassay in laboratory diagnosis; importance of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies in lab diagnosis; detection of antigen and antibody interations; rapid immunoassay; SDS-PAGE analysis of proteins. Continuous Internal Evaluation (CIE)- Practical


neatness 10 10



Type of question No. of questions Marks per question Total


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Major experiment 1 20 20 Minor experiment 1 15 15 Spotters 5 1 05 Viva voce - 10 10 Total SEE Marks 50*

*Duration of practical examination: 6.0 hours

SUGGESTED READINGS 1. Gene cloning and DNA Analysis: An introduction, 7th edition (2015), T. A. Brown;

Wiley-Blackwell, ISBN:9781119072560. 2. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (Three-volume set), 4th edition (2012), M.

R. Green and J. Sambrook; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, ISBN: 9781936113422.

3. Westwood Practical Immunology, 4th edition (2002), H. C. Hay and. M. R. Olwyn; Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN: 9780865429611.

4. Microbiology, 5th edition (2013), M. J. Pelczer, E. C. S. Chan and N. R. Krieg; Tata McGraw-Hill, ISBN:9780074623206.

5. Hand Book of Practical and Clinical Immunology, 2nd edition (2006), G. Talwar; CBS publication, ISBN: 9788123900179.

6. Prescotts Microbiology, 10th edition (2016), J. Willey, L. Sherwood and C. Woolverton; McGraw-Hill, Inc, USA, ISBN:9781259281594.


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III SEMESTER Course SEE4-2: Methods in Ecotoxicology (21BBS46-2)

Preamble: There is increasing public interest and concern over matters of human health and environmental quality. We commonly hear news reports of health problems that may be associated with some chemical(s), but few people have sufficient background to understand the problems in detail. Ecotoxicology, the study of adverse effects of chemical contaminants on biological systems, forms the basis of our ability to predict and prevent adverse effects to human health and the environment. The emphasis will be to understand a broad overview of different aspects of ecotoxicology and the evaluation of toxicity of ecotoxicants. Course Outcomes

At the end of the course students will be able to...

CO1: Explain toxicology, ecology and environmental chemistry CO2: Illustrate the impact of pollutants on the ecosystem CO3: Analyze the adverse effects of pollutants on the ecosystem CO4: Examine the impact of pollutant at organismal levels CO5: Analyze the water quality CO6: Appraise ecotoxicity and provide a safe and healthy environment for our present and future

generations Number of Sessions: 16 (Each Session has 2/4 hours)

UNIT I: General Introduction to Ecotoxicology (1 Session) Laboratory1: Basics of ecotoxicology Laboratory 2: Ecotoxicity test: short and long term test The ecotoxicology concept, Source, types and properties of ecotoxicants, environmental ethics and ecotoxicology, ecosystem integrity and human health, ecological scales relevant to ecotoxicology. UNIT II: Introduction to Danio rerio : An Ecotoxicology Model (2 Sessions) Laboratory 3: General description zebrafish Laboratory 4: Developmental cycle of zebrafish Laboratory 5: Rearing and maintenance of zebrafish Laboratory 6: Zebrafish breeding The zebrafish has been widely used as a prominent model organism in different fields including ecotoxicology because of its small size, low cost, diverse adaptability, short breeding cycle, high fecundity, and transparent embryos.


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UNIT III: Ecotoxicant and Acute Toxicity (2 Sessions) Laboratory 7: Preparation of test/toxicant solution Laboratory 8: Determine the LC50 in ecotoxicant(s) exposed organism Acute toxicity describes the adverse effects of a substance that result either from a single exposure or from multiple exposures in a short period of time. LC50 is the amount of a material, given all at once, which causes the death of 50% (one half) of a group of test animals. The LC50 is one way to measure the short-term poisoning potential (acute toxicity) of ecotoxicant. UNIT IV: Developmental Toxicity (4 Sessions) Laboratory 9: Assessment of embryo lethality Laboratory 10: Coagulation of fertilized eggs Laboratory 11: Lack of somite formation Laboratory 12: Heart-beat analysis Laboratory 13: Assessment of growth retardation Developmental stage is one of the crucial steps in the life of an organism for its survival and also for propagation. During development, environment plays a crucial role due to the important paradigm of gene-environment interaction. The timing of the toxicant exposure during different life stages of an organisms are the limiting factor to induce the toxic effect of the toxicants. UNIT V: Behavioural Response to Toxicants (3 Sessions) Laboratory 14: Assessment of locomotor behaviour The behaviour of an organism against cellular and organismal toxicity reflects its normal physiological activity. Thus behaviour abnormalities is an early warning signal to assess environmental quality. UNIT VI: Analysis of Water Quality (4 Sessions) Laboratory 15: Determination of Dissolved Oxygen (DO) of water by Winkler's method Laboratory 16: Determination of Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) of water Objective, material required, procedure and result interpretation.


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neatness 10 10



Type of question No. of questions Marks per question Total Major experiment 1 20 20 Minor experiment 1 15 15 Spotters 5 1 05 Viva voce - 10 10 Total SEE Marks 50*

*Duration of practical examination: 6.0 hours

SUGGESTED READINGS 1. Principles of Ecotoxicology, 4th edition (2012), C. H. Walker, R. M. Sibly, S. P.

Hopkin and D. B. Peakall; CRC Press, ISBN: 9781439862667. 2. Fundamentals of Ecotoxicology, 3rd edition, (2009), C. N. Michael; Kindle Edition,

ISBN: 9781420067040. 3. Atlus of Zebrafish Development, (2011), R. B. Richardson, B. Silke and P. Currie;

ISBN: 9780123740168. 4. The Zebrafish Book: A Guide for the Laboratory Use of Zebrafish (Danio Rerio), 5th

edition (2007), M. Westerfield; University of Oregon Press, ISBN: 9789994860579


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DSE: Discipline Specific Elective Courses

(Whenever wet lab experiments are not possible the principles and concepts will be demonstrated through any other material or medium.)


III Semester

DSE3-1 Antimicrobial Agents

DSE3-2: Epidemiology and Surveillance

IV Semester

DSE4-1 Toxicology

DSE4-2 Nano-biotechnology

V Semester

DSE5-1 Medical Virology

DSE5-2 Model Systems in Biomedical Research

VI Semester

DSE6-1 Medical Biotechnology

DSE6-2 Systems Genetics


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III Semester Course DSE3-1: Antimicrobial Agents (21BBS35-1)

Preamble: The course outlines the various antimicrobial agents that can be effectively used to control the growth of microorganisms. This course aims to provide knowledge on the various antimicrobial agents, their mode of action and mechanisms of resistance in microorganisms. Students studying this course will acquire skills to measure minimum inhibitory concentration of specific drugs, determine antibiogram of pathogens, isolate resistant mutants, and study drug resistance transfer mechanisms.

Course Outcomes At the end of the course students will be able to…

CO1: List the methods to control the growth of microorganisms CO2: Discuss the mode of action of antimicrobial drugs CO3: Determine antimicrobial susceptibility CO4: Assess the mechanisms of drug resistance THEORY Total Lectures: 32 UNIT I: Introduction to Antimicrobial Agents (8 Lectures) General characteristics of antimicrobial agents, methods to determine antimicrobial activity. Factors influencing effectiveness of antimicrobial agents. Antimicrobial agents: general mechanisms of actions, physical (heat, radiation, osmotic pressure and filtration) and chemical (inorganic-halogens, heavy metals, quaternary ammonium compounds, oxidising agents and organic – phenols, acids, alcohols, aldehydes and ethylene oxide) agents. UNIT II: Antibacterial Drugs and its Mode of Action (10 Lectures) Inhibitors of cell wall: three stage inhibitors, Vancomycin, beta-lactams, isoniazid Inhibitors of protein synthesis: Aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, macrolides and chloramphenicols, Inhibitors of membrane function: Lipopeptides (polymyxins), Antimetabolites: Sulfonamides and trimethoprim, Inhibitors of nucleic acid synthesis: quinolones and fluoroquinolones and rifampicin UNIT III: Antiviral, Antifungal and Antiparasitic Drugs (8 Lectures) Antiviral drugs: Purine and pyrimidine analogs, NNRTIs, amantadine, entry inhibitors and protease inhibitors. Antifungal drugs: Azoles, polyenes, echinocandins, griseofulvin and flucytosine. Antiprotozoal drugs: Chloroquine, primaquine and metronidazole. UNIT IV: Mechanisms of Drug Resistance (6 Lectures) Drug resistance: Origin and transmission of drug resistance, mechanisms of drug resistance. Plasmids, transposons, bacteriophages, and integrons as mediators of drug resistance.


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PRACTICALS (Whenever wet lab experiments are not possible the principles and concepts can be demonstrated through any other material or medium including videos/virtual labs etc.) 1. Preparation of antibiotic discs of appropriate strength 2. Determination of minimum inhibitory concentration 3. Determination of minimum lethal concentration 4. Phenol coefficient test 5. Disc diffusion assay for antimicrobial activity 6. Determination of antimicrobial activity of natural compounds 7. Isolation of Plasmids in resistant cultures 8. Gradient plate technique to isolate resistant mutants 9. Identification of drug resistance genes in bacteria using PCR 10. Transfer of drug resistance by conjugation 11. Transfer of drug resistance by transduction 12. Transfer of drug resistance by transformation Continuous Internal Evaluation (CIE)- Theory

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1. Antibiotics: Simplified, 4th edition (2016), J. C. Gallagher and C. MacDougall, Burlington, Mass; Jones & Bartlett Learning, ISBN:9781449639402.

2. Understanding antibacterial action and resistance, 2nd edition (1996), A. D. Russell, and I. Chopra; Ellis Horwood Ltd, ISBN: 0131248278.

3. Antimicrobial agents: antibacterials and antifungals, 1st edition (2005). A. Bryskier; ASM Press, ISBN: 1555812376.

4. Biochemistry of antimicrobial action, 1st edition (1989). T.J. Franklin and G. A. Snow; Springer, ISBN: 0412302608.

5. Prescotts Microbiology, 10th edition (2016), J., Willey, L. Sherwood and C. Woolverton; McGraw-Hill, Inc, USA, ISBN: 9781259281594.

6. Medical Microbiology, 28th edition (2019), G.F. Brooks, K.C. Carroll, J.S. Butel, A.S. Morse and T.A. Mietzner, McGraw Hill Companies; ISBN: 978- 0071790314, ISBN 978-1-260-01202-6

7. Medical Microbiology a guide to microbial infections: Pathogenesis, Immunity, Laboratory diagnosis and Control, 18th edition (2012), D. Greenwood, R. Slack, J. Peutherer and M. Barer; Elsevier Limited, ISBN: 9780702040894.

8. Handbook of Antimicrobial Agents 1st edition (2015), L. Hunt; Callisto Reference, ISBN: 9781632393685.


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III Semester Course DSE3-2: Epidemiology and Surveillance (21BBS35-2)

Preamble: Epidemiology is very valuable in all branches of Health Sciences. The course introduces the basic principles and methods of epidemiology, with an emphasis on critical thinking, analytic skills, and application to research. Topics include outcome measures, methods of adjustment, surveillance, quantitative study designs, and sources of data. Designed for those with a clinical background, the course will provide tools for critically evaluating the literature and skills to practice evidence-based medicine. Course Outcomes At the end of the course students will be able to…

CO1: Describe the basic principles, methods and various designs of epidemiology CO2: Discuss the research applications of epidemiology and integrate the research into clinical medicine CO3: Explain the need of surveillance in epidemiology CO4: Correlate various health data during analysis CO5: Review knowledge on epidemiology and interpret in various studies THEORY Total Lectures: 32 UNIT I: Epidemiological Concept of Disease (10 Lectures) Introduction, data sources for epidemiology Introduction to epidemiology, various determinants & distribution of health-related events, know various data sources. Epidemiological concept of disease, measures of disease frequency Calculation & interpretation of various rates, ratio, incidence, prevalence, mortality rates. UNIT II: Epidemiological Methods (6Lectures) Epidemiological methods: Descriptive epidemiology, analytical epidemiology Key features & application of descriptive & analytical epidemiology. UNIT III: Experimental Epidemiology (8Lectures) Experimental epidemiology: Uses and types: Screening in health and disease: Principles underlying screening program Uses, types, screening in health and disease: Principles underlying screening program. Outbreaks and epidemic investigations, prevention and control Steps involved in outbreak investigation. UNIT IV: Surveillance (8 Lectures) Surveillance; Types and aims of surveillance, key elements of surveillance system, steps in setting up surveillance, criteria for undertaking surveillance, need for surveillance, IDSP. Types and aims of surveillance, key elements of surveillance system, steps in setting up surveillance, criteria for undertaking surveillance, need for surveillance, IDSP.


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1. Short epidemiological study 2. Planning and investigation of an epidemic of communicable diseases in a community

setting 3. Secondary data analysis with appropriate qualitative research 4. Descriptive study designs 5. Analytical study designs 6. Designing data collection tools 7. Conducting clinical trials


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SUGGESTED READINGS: 1. Epidemiology for undergraduates, 1st edition (2007), M. R. Joseph; Wiley Interscience,

ISBN:8180619176. 2. Basic epidemiology, 2nd edition (2006), R. Bonita and R. Beaglehole and T. Kjellstreom,

World Health Organization, ISBN: 9789241547079. 3. Primer of Biostatistics, 7th edition (2011), S. Glantz; McGraw-Hill Medical, ISBN:

9780071781503. 4. Biostatistics: A Foundation for Analysis in the Health Sciences, 10th edition (2013), W. W.

Daniel and C. L. Cross; John Wiley & Sons Inc, ISBN: 9781118302798. 5. Parks text book of preventive and social medicine, 24th edition (2017), K. Park; Bhanot,

ISBN: 9789382219125.


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V Semester Course DSE4-1: Toxicology (21BBS45-1)

Preamble: To provide graduate students with increased knowledge about the many facets of toxicology, especially the principles, concepts, response and their role in various areas such as food, analytical, forensic and clinical relevance to human health

Course Outcomes At the end of the course students will be able to... CO1: Demonstrate the basic principles of toxicology CO2: Discuss toxicants, dosage, exposure and target specificity CO3: Illustrate toxicity risk assessment and fate of toxicants in humans CO4: Evaluate acute and chronic toxicity of environmental chemicals CO5: Integrate theoretical and practical knowledge acquired in toxicology for advanced studies THEORY Total Lectures: 32 UNIT I: Introduction, Exposure and Response (10 Lectures) Brief history, classification of toxicology, classification of toxic substances Spectrum of undesired effects: Allergic reaction, idiosyncratic reactions, immediate versus delayed toxicity, reversible versus irreversible toxic effects, local versus systemic toxicity, interaction of chemicals. Effect of duration, frequency, route and site of exposure of xenobiotics on its toxicity. Characteristic and types of toxic response.

UNIT II: Evaluation of Toxicity (8 Lectures) Dose response curve: components, graded and quantal dose response curves, various types of dose response relationships, assumptions in deriving dose response, LD50, LC50, Methods to determine LD50 or LC50: Karber’s method, Lorke method, up and down procedure, fixed dose method. UNIT III: Metabolism and Assessment (10 Lectures) Fate of xenobiotics in human body. Disposition of toxicants: absorption, distribution, and excretion of toxicants. Metabolism of toxicants: phase I and Phase II reactions, factor affecting toxic response. Toxic agents: mechanism of action and resultant toxicity; Heavy metal: cadmium and chromium, Endocrine disruptors: Bisphenol A, Nanomaterials toxicity. UNIT IV: Application of Toxicology (4 Lectures) Food toxicology: Safety of food, tolerance setting for substances in foods, unavoidable Contamination during growth, storage, or processing; Analytical toxicology: detection, identification, and measurement of foreign compounds, Forensic toxicology: doping, drug testing test, Clinical toxicology: clinical strategy for treatment of the poisoned patient


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1. General screening of alcohols, acetone, methanol and formaldehyde 2. Testing for phenol toxicity 3. Estimation of LD50 value of an insecticide 4. Use of reporter gene assay in estimating xenobiotic toxicity 5. Analysis of water:

a. Determination of dissolved oxygen of water by Winkler's method b. Determination of Biochemical oxygen demand of water c. Determination of Chemical oxygen demand of water

6. Estimation of LD50 /LC50 value of toxicant 7. Evaluation of developmental toxicity of toxicants 8. Evaluation of behaviour toxicity of toxicants


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1. Cassarett and Duoll's Toxicology: The basic science of poison. 8th edition (2013) C. D. Klaassen; McGraw Hill Publishers, NewYork. ISBN: 9780071769235.

2. Cassarett and Doull’s “Essentials of Toxicology”, 7th Edition (2010), C. Klaassen and J B. Whatkins; McGraw Hill Publisher, ISBN: 978-0071622400.

3. Principles of Toxicology. (2015) 2nd edition, K. E. Stine and T. M. Brown; CRC press, ISBN: 9781466503427.

4. Lu's Basic Toxicology: fundamentals, target organs, and risk assessment. (2012) 6th edition, S. Kacew and B. Lee; CRC Press, ISBN: 9781841849539.

5. Introduction to Toxicology, 3rd edition (2001) J. Timbrell; Taylor and Francis Publishers. ISBN: 9780415247627


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III Semester Course DSE4-2: Nano-Biotechnology (21BBS45-2)

Preamble: The course aims at general and detailed introduction to multi-disciplinary field of nanotechnology. It will familiarize students with the combination of the top-down and bottom-up approach of chemistry/biochemistry for the development that is creating new and exciting cross-disciplinary research fields and technologies. The course will also give an insight into complete systems where nanotechnology can be used to improve our everyday life. Course Outcomes At the end of the course, students will be able to… CO1: Describe basic science behind the properties of materials at nanometre scale. CO2:Describe the principles behind advanced experimental techniques for studying nanomaterials. CO3: Explain nanobiotechnology and its applications in the field of modern bioimaging, therapy, and

biosensors. THEORY Total Lectures: 32 UNIT I: Introduction to Nanobiotechnology (8 Lectures) Introduction, history and timeline of nanobiotechnology; Properties of Nanomaterials: Gold, silver, magnetic nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, quantum dots, polymeric, liposomes, cellular nanostructures, bioinspired nanostructures and biomolecular motors; Ethical perspectives. UNIT II: Synthesis and Characterization of Nanomaterials (8 Lectures) Top-down approach: Basics of MEMS and photolithography; Bottom-up approach: chemical reduction, emulsification, nanoprecipitation, thin film hydration methods; Green synthesis; characterization: DLS and zeta, XRD, electron microscopy, spectroscopy: UV-visible, photoluminescence and FTIR. UNIT III: Applications of Nanomaterials in Biosensing and Bioimaging (10 Lectures) Nanoparticles for diagnostics and imaging (theranostics): quantum dots as an imaging probe, paramagnetic particles for magnetic resonance imaging, implications in cancer therapy: photothermal and hyperthermia. Nanodevices for biosensor development: Principle and components of biosensors, types and applications in nanoscale sensing of biomolecules; FRET based nanobiosensor, colorimetric and electrochemical sensors. UNIT IV: Pharmaceutical Nanobiotechnology (6 Lectures) Concept of controlled drug delivery: Thermosensitive, pH sensitive, enzyme triggered drug release, hydrogels: Natural and synthetic; Cancer nanotechnology: surface functionalization and Targeted drug delivery; Strategies for cellular internalization and long circulation, strategies for enhanced permeation


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through various anatomical barriers. PRACTICALS (Wherever wet lab experiments are not possible the principles and concepts can be demonstrated through any other material or medium including videos/virtual labs etc.)

1. Laboratory safety and handling procedures of Nanoparticles 2. Synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles using trisodium citrate method 3. Determination of antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles 4. Synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles using co-precipitation 5. Synthesis and characterization of CdTe quantum dots 6. Experimental demonstration of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between

CdTe quantum dots (QDs) and Rhodamine 6G Continuous Internal Evaluation (CIE)- Theory

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to be set to be answered question Answers in Brief 8 6 5 30 Short Answers 12 10 2 20 Total SEE Marks - Theory 50*



*Duration of the examination: 4.0 hours SUGGESTED READINGS:

1. Nanotechnologies for the Life Sciences Vol. 10 (2011), Edited by Challa S. S. R. Kumar, Copyright 2007 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim, ISBN: 9783527331147.

2. David S. Goodsell, (2004); Bionanotechnology: Lessons from Nature; Wiley-Liss 3. Neelina H. Malsch (2005), Biomedical Nanotechnology, CRC Press 4. Greg T. Hermanson, (2013); Bioconjugate Techniques, (3rd Edition); Elsevier 5. Melgardt M.deVilliers, Pornanong Aramwit, Glen S.Kwon, Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery,

Springer-American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists Press 2009.


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V Semester Course DSE5-1: Medical Virology (21BBS55-1)

Preamble: This course will provide a comprehensive knowledge of medical virology including basic properties and replication strategies of viruses. These topics will be covered in more depth by looking at representative groups of viruses affecting human along with the pathogenesis and symptoms of major diseases, diagnosis and treatment. Course Outcomes At the end of the course students will be able to... CO1: Explain viruses including their classification, morphology, and laboratory diagnosis and disease

prevention measures CO2: Perform the laboratory investigations for the diagnosis of infectious diseases caused by viruses CO3: Identify various viral diseases of human, different diagnostic techniques and methods involved in

infection control THEORY Total Lectures: 32 UNIT I: Introduction to Virology (10 Lectures) Principles of virology, virus taxonomy, properties of viruses, introduction to replication strategies. Virus structure and morphology. Principles of bio-safety, containment facilities, and requirements of virology laboratory. In vivo and in vitro systems for virus growth (Embryonated eggs, Animal cell culture and Laboratory animals), methods for purification of viruses with special emphasis on ultracentrifugation methods. Virus assays: Electron microscopy, haemagglutination assay, plaque assay. UNIT II: Human Viral Diseases (8 Lectures) Clinical presentation, epidemiology, prevention and control of viral infection. Introduction to viral enteric diseases (Rotavirus and poliovirus); Introduction to viral respiratory diseases (Influenza, Coronavirus); Introduction to viral encephalitis (HSV1, HSV2, Rabies, Japanese encephalitis); Introduction to viral haemorrhagic fevers (Dengue virus); Introduction to viruses causing cancer and hepatitis (HPV, Hepatitis B and C); Introduction to HIV/AIDS; Introduction to spongiform encephalopathies. UNIT III: Vaccines and Antivirals (6 Lectures) Viral Vaccines: Conventional vaccines: killed and attenuated, modern vaccines-recombinant proteins, subunit vaccine, DNA vaccines, delivery and adjuvants. Antivirals: Interferons, Anti-sense RNA, siRNA. UNIT IV: Diagnostic Methods (8 Lectures) Immunodiagnosis, haemagglutination-inhibition tests, neutralization, western blot, immunohistochemistry. Nucleic acid-based diagnosis: Nucleic acid hybridization, polymerase chain reaction, and nucleotide sequencing. Microscopic techniques: Fluorescence, confocal and electron


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microscopic techniques - principles and applications. PRACTICALS (Whenever wet lab experiments are not possible the principles and concepts can be demonstrated through any other material or medium including videos/virtual labs etc.)

1. General laboratory procedures, equipment use, and safety considerations in viral laboratory 2. Isolation of DNA from virus (DNA virus) and PCR 3. Isolation of RNA from virus (RNA virus) 4. Detection of RNA virus by RT-PCR 5. Estimation of virus yields by plaque assay 6. Isolation and enumeration of bacteriophages from water/sewage sample using double agar

layer technique 7. Isolation and propagation of animal viruses by cell culture techniques 8. Detection of viral antigens: ELISA/lateral flow


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1. Principles of Virology (2020), Jane Flint, Vincent R. Racaniello, Glenn F. Rall, Theodora Hatziioannou, Anna Marie Skalka, ISBN: 9781683673583, 1683673581.

2. Virology, 1st edition (2012), V. N. Tiwari; Agrobios (India), ISBN: 978817754477. 3. Fields Virology. 6th edition (2007), D. Knipe and P. Howley; Lippincott Williams and Wilkins,

ISBN: 9780781760607. 4. Medical Microbiology a guide to microbial infections: Pathogenesis, Immunity, Laboratory

diagnosis and Control, 18th edition (2012), D. Greenwood, R. Slack, J. Peutherer and M. Barer; Elsevier Limited, ISBN: 9780702040894.

5. Prescotts Microbiology, 10th edition (2016), J. Willey, L. Sherwood and C. Woolverton; McGraw-Hill, Inc, USA, ISBN: 978-1259281594.

6. Guides for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. National Research Council 8th edition (2011), National Academy Press, ISBN: 9780309154000

7. Laboratory Biosafety Manual, WHO, http://www.who.int/csr/resources publications/biosafety/who_cds_csr_l yo_20034/en


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V Semester

Course DSE5-2: Model Systems in Biomedical Research (21BBS55-2) Preamble: This course aims to give the students an introduction to different model organisms, what they are used for, which techniques that can be applied to modify their genome, and how the students may use these organisms employing modern technological approaches for research and understanding of biology. Course Outcomes At the end of the course students will be able to…

CO1: Demonstrate types and application of different model system in biomedical research CO2: Illustrate the need and use of model system in biomedical research CO3: Master the act of rear and maintenance of model system CO4: Perform an experimental set up with different model system CO5: Demonstrate the effective use of model organism in the field of biomedical research THEORY Total Lectures: 32 UNIT I: Introduction to Model Organisms (4 Lectures) Concept of model system in biomedical research, need to study models, characteristic of a model system, impact of using models in research on human health. UNIT II: Escherichia coli (7 Lectures) Life cycle, plasticity and diversity in E. coli genome, culture conditions/maintenance, advantages and disadvantages of the organism as a model, fundamental discoveries made so far using these organisms. Utilization in discovery of fundamental metabolic pathways. UNIT III: Drosophila melanogaster (7 Lectures) Drosophila as a model system: Introduction, general feature, life cycle, rearing, culturing and maintenance, applications in biomedical research and limitations of Drosophila. UNIT IV: Danio rerio (7 Lectures) Zebrafish as a model system: Introduction, general feature, life cycle, rearing and maintenance, key contributions in biomedical science, zebrafish genetics, tools, applications in biomedical research and limitations of zebrafish. UNIT V: Mus musculus (7 Lectures) Life cycle, culture conditions/maintenance, advantages and disadvantages of the organism as a model, fundamental discoveries made so far using these organisms “Premier” model organism for studying


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complex physiological processes. Generation and application of knock out and transgenic mice as disease models. Knockout database. PRACTICALS (Whenever wet lab experiments are not possible the principles and concepts can be demonstrated through any other material or medium including videos/virtual labs etc.)

1. Preparation of Drosophila culture medium, maintenance of Drosophila. 2. Identification of male and female Drosophila 3. Study of different stages of the life cycle of Drosophila, male and female

differentiation. 4. Preparation of competent cell (E. coli) and cloning 5. Zebrafish maintenance, identification of developmental stages and applications


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SUGGESTING READINGS 1. Models for the Study of Human Disease, 1st edition (2013), P. Michael Conn;

Academic Press, ISBN: 9780124158948. 2. Culture of Animal Cells: A Manual of basic techniques and specialized application, 6th

edition (2011), R. I. Freshney; Wiley-Liss Inc. USA, ISBN: 9780470528129. 3. Drosophila: A Laboratory Handbook, 2nd edition (2005), M. Ashburner, K. Golic and R. C.

Hawley; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, ISBN: 9781936113699. 4. Westerfield, M. (2007) THE ZEBRAFISH BOOK, 5th Edition; A guide for the laboratory

use of zebrafish (Danio rerio), Eugene, University of Oregon Press. Paperback.


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VI Semester Course DSE6-1: Medical Biotechnology (21BBS65-1)

Preamble: This course aims to provide a comprehensive knowledge about medical biotechnology and its broad application in the field of biomedical science. The concepts of cloning and expression of the desired gene is explored in the course. Student studying this course will gain knowledge about DNA finger printing, mutant preparation, probe preparation and hybridization methods and in biomedical field. Course Outcomes At the end of the course students will be able to…. CO1: Explain various aspects of medical biotechnology and its applications in

biomedical science CO2: Perform DNA finger printing, gene cloning, restriction digestion, mutant

preparation as a part of diagnostics CO3: Practice various techniques used in disease diagnosis and prevention THEORY Total Lectures: 32 UNIT I: Introduction to Recombinant DNA Technology (6 Lectures) Introduction to medical biotechnology. PCR amplification of DNA, restriction digested fragment. Cloning & expression vectors, host cells for gene expression. Method of gene cloning & expression. UNIT II: DNA Profiling and Mutagenesis (10 Lectures) DNA profiling: General methodology and application. RFLP, VNTRs, SNPs, minisatellites and microsatellites and their applications. Mutagenesis: definition & types, chemical mutagenic agents, deletion and point mutations. Generation of mutants, Mutation detection methods. UNIT III: Biotechnology and Health Care (8 Lectures) Gene therapy: somatic and germ line gene therapy. RNA interference (RNAi) in therapy and gene silencing, CRSPR- cas9 system. Application of biotechnology in vaccines designing: Recombinant vaccines (Protein Vaccine and DNA vaccine) UNIT IV: Application of Medical Biotechnology (8 Lectures) Production of recombinant biomolecules: recombinant insulin and recombinant human growth hormones. Principle and application of gene knockouts, knocking in, conditional knockouts. Human genome project and its influence on medical biotechnology, In vitro fertilization (IVF) and embryo transfer in humans


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1. PCR amplification of DNA 2. Detection of SNPs using PCR-RFLP analysis 3. Mismatch match amplification PCR assay 4. Demonstration of rare mutation detection by digital PCR 5. Reporter gene assays 6. Transformation of eukaryotic cells (by electroporation) 7. Demonstration of gene knockdown by siRNA 8. Recombinant protein analysis 9. Demonstration of CRISPR Cas12 assay for pathogen detection


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1. Gene cloning and DNA Analysis: An introduction, 8th edition (2020) T. A. Brown; Wiley-Blackwell, ISBN: 978-1-119-64078-3.

2. A text book of Biotechnology. 6th edition (1993), R. C. Dubey; S. Chand Publishing, ISBN: 9788121926089.

3. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 4th edition (2012), M. R. Green and J. Sambrook; Three-volume set by; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, ISBN: 9781936113422.

4. An introduction to genetic engineering, 3rd edition (2013), D. S. T Nicholl; Cambridge University press, USA, ISBN: 9780521615211.

5. Principles of gene manipulation and genomics, 7th edition (2006), S.B. Primrose and R. Twyman; Wiley-Blackwell, ISBN: 9781405135443.

6. Introduction to Biotechnology. 4th edition (2018), W. J. Thieman and M. A. Palladino; Pearson publications, ISBN-13: 9780134650197.

7. An Introduction to Biotechnology. 1st edition (2014), W. T. Godbey; Woodhead Publishing, ISBN: 9781907568282.


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V Semester Course DSE6-2: Systems Genetics (21BBS65-2)

Preamble: The objectives of this course is to provide introductory knowledge concerning different ‘omics’ including genetics, genomics, proteomics and their applications. Students should be able to acquire knowledge and understanding of fundamentals of genetics and its integration with other molecular omics data and their applications in various applied areas of biology, particularly in the field of human infectious diseases. Course outcome At the end of the course students should be able to... CO1: Discuss concept and various aspects of prokaryote and eukaryote genomics. CO2: Apprehend how genome sequencing has revolutionized the healthcare sector. CO3: Create an awareness on pharmacogenomics and role in functional genomics. CO4: Develop knowledge on genetic tests and personalized health solutions CO5: Perform techniques involved in genome analysis, annotation and interpretations CO6: Updating current knowledge regarding theoretical and practical knowledge about human genome sequencing, NGS data analysis, disease pathway analysis.

THEORY Total Lectures: 16 UNIT I : Introduction (3 Lectures) Structural organization of genome in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes; Organelle DNA-mitochondrial, chloroplast; DNA sequencing-principles and translation to large scale projects; Recognition of coding and non-coding sequences and gene annotation; Tools for genome analysis-RFLP, DNA fingerprinting, RAPD, PCR, Linkage and Pedigree analysis-physical and genetic mapping. UNIT II: Genome Sequencing Projects & Genetics (4 Lectures) Concept of genome-wide association studies, Genetic markers of diseases and the implications of identifying such risk genes. Microbes, plants and animals; Accessing and retrieving genome project information from web; Comparative genomics, Identification and classification using molecular markers-16S rRNA typing/sequencing, ESTs and SNPs. UNIT III: Transcriptomics and Proteomics (6 Lectures) Protein analysis (includes measurement of concentration, amino-acid composition, N-terminal sequencing); 2-D electrophoresis of proteins; Microscale solution isoelectricfocusing; Peptide fingerprinting; LC/MS-MS for identification of proteins and modified proteins; MALDI-TOF; SAGE and Differential display proteomics, Protein-protein interactions, Yeast two hybrid system.


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UNIT IV: Pharmacogenetics & Systems Genetics (3 Lectures) High throughput screening in genome for drug discovery-identification of gene targets, Pharmacogenetics and drug development. Analysis of microarray data; Protein and peptide microarray-based technology; PCR-directed protein in situ arrays; Structural proteomics. Applications of systems approach to integrate human genetic data with transcriptional and proteomics data. PRACTICALS (Wherever wet lab experiments are not possible, the principles and concepts can be demonstrated through any other material or medium including videos/virtual labs etc.)

1. Human gene, protein, variant nomenclature and databases 2. Various file formats (including .vcf), databases, process, tools and pipelines (open source) for

clinical and personal genome/exome analysis, annotation, and interpretation for personalized diagnosis and therapy

3. Genome-wide association analysis to identify disease risk genes for tuberculosis ( using plink tool or ‘R’ statistical language)

4. Polygenic risk score and its implementation in disease (cancers, diabetes, obesity, CVDs, diabetes), nutrition, fitness, sports, and other health and wellness traits, adverse drug reaction (PGx) prediction

5. Use of transcriptome, epigenome, and metagenome in precision health: case studies 6. Data and text manning, scoring, used in precision systems 7. Virtual doctor/pharmacist and decision support systems / precision health systems: components,

architecture and functions 8. Artificial intelligence and big data analysis in precision medicine 9. Demonstration of eHealth systems/ expert systems and their uses in personalized healthcare

decision making 10. Case studies on various aspects of personalized health: nutrition, fitness, sports etc.


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1. Progress and Challenges in Precision Medicine. 1st Edition (2017), M. Verma and D. Barh, Elsevier, ISBN: 9780128094112

2. Clinical Genomics. 1st Edition (2014), S. Kulkarni and J. Pfeifer, Elsevier, ISBN: 9780124047488

3. Essentials of Genomic and Personalized Medicine. 1st Edition (2010), G.S. Ginsburg and H.F. Willard, Elsevier, ISBN: 9780123749345


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4. Omics for Personalized Medicine. 1st Edition (2013), D. Barh. D. Dhawan and N.K. Ganguly, Springer, ISBN: 9788132211846

5. Computational Exome and Genome Analysis. 1st Edition (2017), N.P. Robinson, R.M. Piro and M. Jager, Taylor and Francis, ISBN: 9781498775984

6. Genome Annotation. 1st Edition (2012), J. Soh, P.M.K. Gordon and C.W. Sensen, Taylor and Francis, ISBN 9781439841174

7. Medical Applications of Artificial Intelligence. 1st Edition (2017), A. Agah, Taylor and Francis, ISBN: 9781138072275


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Generic Elective (GE) Courses


GE: Generic Elective Courses

(Whenever wet lab experiments are not possible the principles and concepts will be demonstrated through any other material or medium.)


III Semester

GE3-1 Bioprocess Technology

GE3-2 Food Spoilage and Preservation

IV Semester

GE4-1 Principles of Pharmacology

GE4-2 Nutrition and Dietetics

V Semester

GE5-1 Herbal Medicines-Principles and processes

GE5-2 Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering

VI Semester

GE6-1 Plant Biotechnology

GE6-2 Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine


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III SEMESTER Course GE3-1: Bioprocess Technology (21BBS34-1)

Preamble: The objectives of this course are to educate students about the fundamental concepts of bioprocess technology and its related applications, thus preparing them to meet the challenges of the new and emerging areas of biotechnology industry. This course aims to provide a comprehensive knowledge about biotechnological applications in industries. It will enable students acquire theoretical and practical knowledge about concepts of fermentation and its application in biotechnology. Course Outcomes At the end of the course students will be able to…

CO1: Discuss the basic principles of fermentation using different microbes. CO2: Illustrate the techniques and methods of biochemical engineering. CO3: Describe the recent advances in applications of bioprocess engineering. CO4: Demonstrate knowledge and practical skills on the use of microbes in food process operation

and production.

THEORY Total Lectures: 32

UNIT I: Basic Principle of Biochemical Engineering (3 Lectures)

Characteristics of an industrially important microorganisms. Isolation, screening and maintenance of industrially important microbes; Microbial growth and death kinetics with regard to industrial products. Methods for strain improvement.

UNIT II: Concepts of Basic Mode of Fermentation Processes (12 Lectures)

Bioreactor designs; Types of fermentation and fermenters; Concepts of basic modes of fermentation - Batch, fed batch and continuous; Conventional fermentation v/s biotransformation; Solid substrate, surface and submerged fermentation; Large scale animal and plant cell cultivation; Upstream processing: Media formulation; Sterilization; Aeration and agitation in bioprocess; Measurement and control of bioprocess parameters; Scale up and scale down process.

UNIT III: Downstream Processing (10 Lectures) Bio-separation techniques- filtration, centrifugation, sedimentation, flocculation; Cell disruption; Liquid-


liquid extraction; Purification by chromatographic techniques; Reverse osmosis and ultra-filtration; Drying; Crystallization; Storage and packaging; Treatment of effluent and its disposal. UNIT IV: Applications of Bioprocess Engineering (7 Lectures) Industrially important enzymes: sugar converting enzymes - amylases and glucose oxidase, proteases – hydrolysed protein and cheese making, lipases. Industrially important primary metabolites – ethanol, citric acid , lactic acid and acetic acid. Industrially important microbial secondary metabolites – antibiotics and atropine. Plant and Animal cell culture products – hormones and growth regulators, enzymes, cytokines, antibodies, and fusion protein therapeutics.


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SUGGESTED READING:

1. Bioprocess Engineering in Biotechnology (1991). Jackson AT. Prentice Hall, Engelwood Cliffs, ISBN: 0335158102.

2. Bioprocess Engineering: Basic concepts, 2nd Edition, (2002). Shuler ML and Kargi F., Prentice Hall, Engelwood Cliffs, ISBN: 0130819085, 9780130819086.

3. Principles of Fermentation Technology, 2nd Edition, (1997), Stanbury RF Whitaker A.and Hall SJ, Pergamon press, Oxford,. ISBN: 0080361323.

4. Biochemical Engineering fundamentals, 2nd Edition, (1986). Baily JE and Ollis DF. McGraw-


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Hill Book Co., New York, ISBN-13:978-0-07-070123-6 5. Biochemical Engineering, 2nd Edition, (1973). Aiba S, Humphrey AE and Millis NF,

University of Tokyo press, Tokyo. 6. Comprehensive Biotechnology: The Principles, Applications and Regulations of

Biotechnology in Industry, Agriculture and Medicine, Vol 1, 2, 3 and 4. Young M.M., Reed Elsevier India Private Ltd, India, 2004. ISBN 0-080-32510-6 (Vol 2), ISBN 0-08-026204- X (4-Vol.Set).

7. Fermentation Microbiology and Biotechnology, 4th Edition, (2020). El-Mansi EMT, Nielsen J, Mousdale D, Carlson RP, CRC press, ISBN 9780367656706.


III SEMESTER Course GE3-2: Food Spoilage and Preservation (21BBS34-2)

Preamble: The course has been formulated to impart knowledge on spoilage of food and the different methods of preserving food. It gives an overview of different types of food spoilage with an emphasis on microbial degradation of food and the fundamentals of various food preservation techniques. Course Outcomes At the end of the course students should be able to… CO1: Acquire knowledge on the different types of food spoilage CO2: Identify the role of microorganisms in the spoilage of different food CO3: Recognize the importance and need for preservation of food CO4: Summarize and compare different preservation techniques based on the food types THEORY Total Lectures: 32 UNIT I : Types of Food Spoilage (4 Lectures) Factors causing food spoilage, Types of spoilage- Physical, chemical and biological. Sources of contamination, factors affecting growth of microorganisms in food UNIT II: Spoilage of Different Food Types (8 Lectures) Fruits and Vegetables, Eggs and poultry, Meat and Meat products, Milk and Milk products, Fish and Seafood, Spoilage of canned food; food borne disease, food intoxication and infection. UNIT III: Methods of Food Preservation (10 Lectures) Principles of food preservation, Household preservation methods- Brining, Pickling, smoking, fermentation, Food Preservation by high temperature- pasteurization, sterilization, Canning, Low Temperature food preservation- refrigeration, freezing, Food preservation by moisture removal - Drying and evaporation, Food preservation by additives (chemical preservatives). UNIT IV: Food Packaging and Minimal Processing (10 Lectures) Food Packaging, Functions of packaging, different types of packaging (paper, glass, metal, polymers), Aseptic Packaging, Modified Atmosphere Packaging, Minimal Processing, Hurdle Technology


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1. Food Science, 6th edition (2015), B. Srilakshmi, New age International, New Delhi, ISBN: 978-81-224-3809-3.

2. Food Science, 5th edition (2012), N. P. Norman and H.H. Joseph, Springer, , ISBN: 1461372631

3. Foods- Facts and Principles, N. S. Manay, and Shakuntala; 3rd edition (2008), New Age International (P), ISBN: 978-81-224-2215-3.

4. Food Packaging: Principles and Practice, 2nd edition (2006), G. L. Robertson, Taylor & Francis, ISBN: 9781439862414.

5. Technology of Food Preservation,4th edition (1977), N. W. Desrosier, AVI Pub. Co. edition, ISBN: 9780870552328.

6. Food Processing and Preservation, 1st edition (2018), N Khetarpaul, Daya Publishing House, New Delhi. ISBN: 9351240592.

7. Essential of food science, 2nd edition (2013), Elizabeth W. Christian, Vickie A. Vaclavik, Springer US, ISBN: 9781475751765.

8. Food Microbiology. 4th edition (1996), W.C. Frazier and D.C. Westhoff, Tata McGraw Hill Publication, New Delhi, ISBN: 978-1-25-906251-3.

9. Modern Food Microbiology, 7th edition (2014), J.M. Jay, M.J. Loessner and D.A. Golden, Springer; ISBN: 978-0387231808.


10. Food Microbiology, 4th edition (2015), M.R. Adams and M.O. Moss, The Royal Society of Chemistry; ISBN: 978-1849739603.


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IV SEMESTER Course GE4-1: Principles of Pharmacology (21BBS44-1)

Preamble: The course provides basic insight into principles of pharmacology and toxicology. It also highlights the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics aspect of drugs in general. The emphasis will be on evaluation of toxicity and mechanism of toxicity of xenobiotics. Course Outcomes At the end of the course students will be able to…

CO1: Demonstrate the principles of pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics CO2: Discuss drug dosage, exposure and target specificity CO3: Demonstrate the experimental approach for analysing drug action CO4: Develop competence in handling drugs and toxic materials CO5: Integrate knowledge acquired in pharmacology for advanced studies THEORY Total Lectures: 32 UNIT I: Introduction to Pharmacology (4 Lectures) Introduction, definitions and scope of pharmacology. Nature and source of drugs, routes of drug administration and their advantages, receptor and receptor subtypes. UNIT II: General Pharmacology (10 Lectures) Drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion, bioavailability, first pass metabolism, excretion and kinetics of elimination, bioavailability, biological half- life of drug and its significance, drug-drug interactions. Principles and mechanism of drug action, factors affecting drug action. General considerations, pharmacological classification, mechanism of action and uses of following classes of drugs acting on various systems. UNIT III: Pharmacology of Drugs Acting on CNS (10 Lectures) Drugs acting on CNS: (a) Mechanism of general anaesthesia, (b) Sedative and hypnotics drugs (phenobarbitone, diazepam), (c) Opioid analgesics (morphine), (d) CNS stimulants (strychnine, amphetamine).(c)Localanesthetics

UNIT IV: Autocoids, Antimicrobial, Hormones and Hormone Antagonists (8 Lectures) Drug therapy of inflammation, antibacterial (sulfonamides), antifungal (amphotericin B). Insulin and oral hypoglycaemic agent (tolbutamide, rosiglitazone), thyroid and anti-thyroid drugs (eltroxin,carbimazole), estrogen and progestins (progesterone, hydroxy progesterone caproate).



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* Duration of examination: 2.0 hours SUGGESTED READING

1. Essentials of Medical Pharmacology, 7th edition (2010), K. D. Tripathi; Jaypee Brothers, ISBN: 9788184480856.

2. Pharmacology, 7th edition (2011), H.P. Rang, M. M. Dale, J. M. Ritter and P. K. Moore; Churchill Livingstone, ISBN: 9780702045042.

3. Introduction to Toxicology, 3rd edition (2001) J. Timbrell; Taylor and Francis Publishers. ISBN: 9780415247627.


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IV SEMESTER Course GE4-2: Nutrition and Dietetics (21BBS44-2)

Preamble: Nutrition and dietetics is a discipline that integrates the biomedical course. The knowledge acquired in this course helps biomedical students to understand the biochemical basis of nutrition in human beings and to describe the various nutritional deficiency states. The emphasis is on describing the food categories for a balanced diet and modification of normal diet for therapeutic purposes. Course Outcomes At the end of the course students will be able to… CO1: Explain the principle of food science to health CO2: Measure the proximate analysis of food CO3: Illustrate the principles of diet therapy THEORY Total Lectures- 32 UNIT I : Introduction to Nutrition (6 Lectures) Definitions (Health, nutrition, nutrients, food, diet, RDA, balanced diet, malnutrition, undernutrition, overnutrition, optimum nutrition), factors effecting food intake, functions of food, classification of nutrients, five food groups, levels of nutritional status, changing concepts of nutrition., BMI, BMR. UNIT II: Introduction to Biomolecules (8 Lectures) Water: Functions, Sources, requirement, dehydration and toxicity. Carbohydrates: classification, sources, dietary importance, functions, deficiency, relationship between dietary fiber and various health problems. Fats: classification, function, sources, requirements, deficiency and excess, essential and non- essential fatty acids, cholesterol, LDL and HDL and their health importance. Proteins: composition, classification, sources, functions, requirement and deficiency, concept of protein balance, comparative quality of food proteins. UNIT III: Vitamins and Minerals (8 Lectures) Vitamins: Classification, sources, requirements and functions, deficiency and toxicity of Vitamin A, D, E, K, C and ‘B’ complex and their implications of on health. Minerals: Minerals in human health macro and micro minerals, trace minerals, Mineral distribution in body functions, clinical applications, food sources and requirements (calcium, phosphorus, iron and iodine). UNIT IV: Introduction to Dietetics (10 Lectures) Definition, dietician as part of the nutrition and health care team. Nutrition care process and diet counselling: nutritional assessment, nutritional diagnosis, nutrition intervention, monitoring and evaluation of nutritional care. Objectives of diet therapy- regular diet and rationale for modifications of


nutrients for meeting therapeutic needs. Special nutritional support: Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition, transitional feeding, nutrition support in stress and critically ill conditions – surgery, infections and burns.


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1. Food Science, 6th edition, (2007), B Srilakshmi, New Age International. ISBN-978-81-224-3809-3.

2. Foods- Facts and Principles, 3rd edition, (2008), N Shakuntala and M. Shadaksharaswamy, New Age International. ISBN- 9788122422153.

3. Nutritive value of Indian foods, 2nd edition (1989) C Gopalan, BV Ramasastri and SC Balasubramanian. NIN-ICMR, New Delhi. Printed by NIN. (Published by the research institute therefore there is no ISBN no. available for this book)

4. Fundamentals of food and Nutrition and diet therapy, 6th edition (2012), SR Mudambi and MV Rajagopal. New Age International. ISBN- 978-81-224-3349-4.

5. A Review of: Quality control, 5th edition (1998), DH Besterfield, Prentice Hall. ISBN- 0-13-632571-8.

6. Total Quality Assurance for the Food Industries, 5rd edition (1988). WA Gould and RW Gould, CTI Publications. ISBN- 978-1-84569-600-9.

7. Principles of Food Sanitation, 5rd edition (2006) N Marriot, Chapman and Hall, New York. ISBN


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978-1-4419-2038-6. 8. Food Sciences, 5th edition (1996), N Potter and JH Hotchkiss, CBS publishers and Distributors.

ISBN-81-2239-0472-X. 9. Essential of Food Sanitation, 1st edition (1997), NG Marriot, Chapman and Hall. ISBN 978-1-

4615-6045-6. 10. Text book of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics, 3rd edition (2008), MB Raheena, Sterling publishers

Pvt. Ltd. ISBN-978-81-207-3714-3. 11. Mahan, L.K. and Escott-Stump, S. (2000): Krause’s Food Nutrition and Diet-Therapy,

10thEdition, W-13 Saunders Ltd.


V SEMESTER Course GE5-1: Herbal Medicines-Principles and Processes (21BBS54-1)

Preamble: The course provides basic knowledge on use of plants in different medicine systems, their preparations, their properties and action on human health and wellbeing. It deals with specific target-based actions including allergies of various plants. Adulteration is a rampant problem in herbal medicines. The course addresses the means and methods for detection. Course Outcomes At the end of the course students will be able to…

CO1: Recognize and co-relate various terms used in plant-based medicine such as Siddha, Unani, Ayurveda and Homeopathy

CO2: Demonstrate the preparation of crude plant-based drugs using conventional methods used in plant based medicinal system

CO3: Analyse and detect adulteration in plant-based medicines using qualitative and quantitative methods

CO4: Identify the use of alternative forms of medicines and well-equipped and informed about pro and cons of herbal drugs

CO5: Perform organoleptic study of common medicinal plants THEORY Total Lectures: 32 UNIT I: Introduction to Plant Based Medicines (8Lectures) Terminologies – Definitions – Classification of medicinal plants based on their effects– Ecological status with special reference to India. Use of plants in Systems of Indian Medicines– Siddha, Unani, Ayurveda, Homeopathy; Terminologies. Classification of Crude drugs – Taxonomical, Morphological, Pharmacological and chemical classifications. UNIT II: Preparation of Crude and Commercial Drugs (8 Lectures) Making infusion, decoction, lotion, washers, insect repellents, suppositories, tincture, making herbal syrups, compresses, poultice, plasters, ointments, herbal oils and herbal salves. Surgical fibres, sutures and dressing. Organoleptic study of the following medicinal plants: Fruit – Amla, Bulb – Garlic, Rhizome – Ginger, seed – castor, Bark – Cinchona, Leaves – Neem and Flower – Clove. UNIT III: Effect of Drugs (8 Lectures) Drugs acting on brain and nervous system: Psychoactive drugs – Depressants, Stimulants, hallucinogens – sources, effects. Cardiovascular diseases – blood pressure – cardiac drugs of plant origins – alkaloids, anticoagulants. Pulmonary / respiratory disorders – asthma – bronchitis – common cold; Remedy from


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plants. Drugs for urinogenital disorders – roots of Withania somnifera, Drugs for dissolving kidney stones – Musa paradisica (pseudostem). UNIT IV: Allergens, Adulteration Issues (8 Lectures) Allergens – types – sources – active principles – Chemical nature – Cell modifiers – Lectins mutagens, teratogens – Allergic reactions with known examples. Drug adulteration and detection: Biological testing of herbal drug. Phytochemical investigations with reference to secondary metabolites of locally available medicinal plants.


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SUGGESTED READINGS

1. Pharmacognosy, 13th edition (2007), S. B. Gokhale, C. K. Kokate and A. P. Purohit; Publ: N. Prakasham, Pune, ISBN: 9788185790091.

2. Herbal Cure for Common Diseases. (2004), A. V. Rao; Diamond pocket books, ISBN 9788171821013.

3. Phytochemical Methods: A Guide to Modern Techniques of Plant Analysis, 1973. J. B. Harborne; Springer Science & Business Media, ISBN: 9789400959217.

4. An Introduction to Medicinal Botany and Pharmacognosy (2004), N. C. Kumar,


Emkay Publications, Delhi, ISBN: 9788185712130.


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V SEMESTER Course GE5-2: Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering (21BBS54-2)

Preamble: The course deals with the evolution of concepts in biomaterials and their use in tissue engineering. Various types of biomaterial such as natural, synthetic and bionanomaterials will be elaborated. The principles of tissue engineering, scaffolds, invitro culture of cells are discussed in the context of application of implants and the regulation involved in clinical use of biomaterials. Course Outcomes At the end of the course students will be able to… CO1: Acquire knowledge on various biomaterials including natural, synthetic and nanomaterials CO2: Explain the synthesis of scaffolds and their application CO3: Explain the methods involved in cell/tissue culture using biomaterials CO4: Critically evaluate the role of scaffolds in organ regeneration THEORY Total Lectures 32 UNIT I: Introduction to Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering (6 Lectures) The history and scope of biomaterials, cells and in-vitro culture of cells, challenges in imitating natural process, bio-compatibility, biomaterials as scaffolds, cell-biomaterial interaction, immunological response for implants, ethical and regulatory issues. UNIT II: Biomaterials (8 Lectures) Variables involved in scaffold design, biodegradable materials: Natural polymeric materials (polypeptides, polysaccharides and polynucleotide scaffolds), synthetic polymers: Polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA), Chitosan, Alginate and poly-ethylene glycol (PEG) scaffolds. Hydrogels as scaffolds: Synthesis by crosslinking and biodegradability. Nano-biomaterials: Nanofibers, nanotubes and functionalized nanomaterials. UNIT III: Tissue Engineering (8 Lectures) Interfacing cells with nanomaterials: advantages and limitations. Principles of engineering a tissue in vitro, Scaffolds: Design, fabrication, properties and characterization, In vitro culture of cells: cell seeding, cell adhesion, migration, aggregation, cell proliferation and differentiation, cell–scaffold construct & its characterization. Types of tissue culture and scaffolds: 2D and 3D systems. UNIT IV: Application of Biomaterials in Implants (10 Lectures) Online-monitoring of diabetes using implants, In-vivo cell and tissue engineering case studies: Artificial skin, bone and cardiomyocytes. Commercial polymer scaffolds for tissue engineering: Collagen, Silk, Chitosan, poly-glycolic acid (PGA). Challenges involved in translation of tissue engineering materials to


clinical applications: Preclinical, design and regulatory controls. Continuous Internal Evaluation (CIE)- Theory

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1. Pignatello, Rosario, ed. Biomaterials science and engineering. BoD–Books on Demand, 2011. 2. Burdick, Jason A., and Robert L. Mauck, eds. "Biomaterials for tissue engineering applications: a

review of the past and future trends." (2010). 3. Lanza, Robert, Robert Langer, Joseph P. Vacanti, and Anthony Atala, eds. Principles of tissue

engineering. Academic press, 2020. 4. Joon B. Park & Roderic S. Lakes: Biomaterials: An Introduction, Plenum Press, New York, 1992 5. Donald L. Wise...[et al.] eds.: Encyclopedic Handbook of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (4

vols.), Marcel Dekker, New York,1995 6. Fredrick H.Silver: Biomaterials, Medical Devices & Tissue Engineering: An integrated approach.

Chapman & Hall, 1994.


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VI SEMESTER Course GE6-1: Plant Biotechnology (21BBS64-1)

Preamble: The course provides a comprehensive account of biotechnological applications in plant sciences. It deals with aspects of plant tissue culture, crop improvement, secondary metabolites and transgenics. Course Outcomes At the end of the course students will be able to… CO1: Identify the fundamental principles and applications in plant biotechnology CO2: Demonstrate the basic techniques used in plant tissue culture CO3: Identify with the concept of bioremediation, biofuels at an advanced level CO4: Elucidate the role of secondary metabolites in plant systems. CO5: Explain and discuss organization of organellar genome in plants CO6: Define the role of transgenics and its application in plant biotechnology THEORY Total Lectures: 32 UNIT I: Plant Genome Organization (6 Lectures) Plant genome organization, Organization of chloroplast genome and mitochondrial genome, Cytoplasmic male sterility. Intergenomic interaction. UNIT II: Plant Tissue Culture (10 Lectures) Plant tissue culture: - History, Laboratory organization, Sterilization methods, Media preparation, Plant Growth Regulators, Totipotency, Micro propagation, Callus culture, Cell Culture, Protoplast Culture and Fusion, Organogenesis and Somatic embryogenesis. germplasm conservation and cryopreservation; synthetic seed production; protoplast culture and somatic hybridization - protoplast isolation; culture and usage; somatic hybridization UNIT III: Plant Genetic Engineering (8 Lectures) DNA delivery methods: vector mediated method – Agrobacterium tumefaciens and direct DNA delivery methods, Agrobacterium mediated method - Agrobacterium biology; Ti plasmid-based transformation; crown gall and hairy root disease, Ti and Ri plasmids, T-DNA genes, borders, overdrive, chromosomal and Ti plasmid virulence genes and their functions, vir gene induction, mechanism of T-DNA transfer; Ti pasmid vectors, binary vector; Floral dip transformation; Direct DNA delivery methods - protoplasts using PEG; electroporation; particle bombardment. UNIT IV: Transgenic Plants (8 Lectures) Applications of transgenic crop technology - Herbicide resistance; Pest resistance, Bt toxin, Protease


inhibitor; and other plant derived insecticidal genes; nematode resistance; Crop Engineering for disease resistance; genetic improvement of abiotic stress tolerance. Delayed fruit ripening; polygalacturanase, ACC synthase, ACC oxidase. Engineering for nutritional quality: enhancement of micro-nutrients – beta carotene (Golden rice) Bio-safety concerns of transgenic plants; Global status of transgenic plants Continuous Internal Evaluation (CIE)- Theory

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* Duration of examination: 2.0 hours SUGGESTED READING:

1. Introduction to Plant Biotechnology by Chawla, H. S. (2011). CRC Press, 2011.ISBN 978-1-57808-636-8

2. Introduction to Plant Tissue Culture by Razdan, M. K. (2003). Enfield, NH: Science. ISBN 0-444- 81623-2.

3. Plant Biotechnology: An Introduction to Genetic Engineering by Slater, A., Scott, N. W., & Fowler, M. R. (2008). Oxford: Oxford University Press.ISBN:978-0-19-928261-6.

4. Biochemistry & Molecular Biology of Plants by Buchanan, B. B., Gruissem, W., & Jones, R. L. (2015). Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN9780470714218.

5. Phytochemical Methods A Guide to Modern Techniques of Plant Analysis By JB Harborne. Springer, 1998.


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VI SEMESTER Course GE6-2: Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine (21BBS64-2)

Preamble: Stem cells offer tremendous potential in treating various diseases and disorders, and also play a significant role in the advancement of medical research. The stem cell-based regenerative medicine approach provides hope to patients who have no other alternative treatments. In this view, the course is intended to introduce the students to the theoretical aspects of stem cells and regenerative medicine, and allow them understanding the techniques and processes involved in stem cell research. Course Outcomes: At the end of the course, students will be able to… CO1: Describe the basics of stem cell biology. CO2: Define the array of stem cell types at different stages of development from embryogenesis to

senescence. CO3: Interpret the biological properties and mechanisms of action of stem cells for clinical use. CO4: Describe the applications of stem cells in regenerative therapies and tissue engineering. CO5: Explain the ethical and regulatory requirements related to stem cell research. THEORY Total Lectures 32 UNIT I: Stem Cell Basics (8 Lectures) Stem cells- Basic concepts and definition, self-renewal, potency and clonality; Types of stem cells: Embryonic stem cells (ESCs)- Defining properties, derivation and characterization of human ESCs; Tissue specific or adult stem cells (ASCs)- Defining properties, phenotype and plasticity of ASCs, ASCs in the bone marrow and blood and in other tissues/organs; Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)- Generation and methods for reprogramming in iPSCs, Disease modeling and research using human iPSCs; Potential applications and challenges in stem cell research and therapy. UNIT II: Biological, Molecular and Immunological Properties of Stem Cells (8 Lectures) Mesodermal, ectodermal and endodermal differentiation of stem cells; Signaling pathways and molecular mechanisms involved in differentiation of stem cells; Trophic factors and mechanisms of action of stem cells for clinical use; Immunomodulatory properties of adult stem cells; Stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) and their therapeutic opportunities. UNIT III: Stem Cell-based Regenerative Therapies and Tissue Engineering (8 Lectures) Autologous and allogeneic cell therapy; Clinical studies using autologous and allogeneic stem cells; Considerations for manufacturing process and clinical applications of stem cells; Tissue engineering, scaffold and scaffold-free approaches; Evaluation of stem cell-based therapies in animal models; Current status of stem cell based therapies.


UNIT IV: Stem Cell Culture Basics, Ethics and Regulations (8 Lectures) Stem cell culture laboratory practices; Culture methods- Establishment of primary culture, Maintenance of cultured cells, Subculture of adherent and suspension cells, Freezing (Cryopreservation) and Thawing; Safety and regulations of biomedical waste disposal; Techniques in molecular biology; Ethical considerations from the perspective of health and safety of donors; Responsibility for conduct of stem cell research; Exchange of biological material for research; Regulatory process and practices related to basic and translational research on stem cells in India. Continuous Internal Evaluation (CIE)- Theory

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SUGGESTED READING 1. Essentials of Stem Cell Biology, 3rd Edition, (2014), Edited by Robert Lanza and Anthony

Atala. Elsevier Academic Press. 2. Stem Cells Handbook, 2nd Edition, (2013), Edited by Stewart Sell. Humana Press. 3. Essential Stem Cell Methods, First Edition, (2009), Edited by Robert Lanza and Irina

Klimanskaya. Elsevier Academic Press. 4. Stem Cells, 1st Edition, (2011), Edited by Eapen Cherian, Co-authors: G. Nandini and

Anil Kurien. JayPee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd. 5. Mesenchymal Stem Cell Assays and Applications, (2011), Edited by Mohan C.

Vemuri, Lucas G. Chase and Mahendra S. Rao. Humana Press. 6. Molecular Biology and Genomics, 2007, By Cornell Mulhardt. Elsevier Academic

Press. 7. Culture of Animal Cells: A Manual of Basic Technique, 7th Edition, (2016), R. Ian

Freshney, Wiley Publications. 8. Cell Culture Basics- Handbook, Gibco-Invitrogen by Life Technologies. 9. National Guidelines for Stem Cell Research, ICMR, DHR and DBT

Regulations and Curriculum – B.Sc. Biomedical Science - Nitte

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