Refugess in Macedonia due to the War in Bosnia and Herzegovina

1st INTERNATIONALBALKAN CONGRESS

I. ULUSLARARASIBALKAN KONGRES‹

24th - 26th September 2012 / 24 - 26 Eylül 2012

SSU Publications

PROCEEDINGS / B‹LD‹R‹ K‹TABI

BALKAN STUDIES / BALKAN ARAfiTIRMALARI

1st INTERNATIONAL BALKAN CONGRESSI. ULUSLARARASI BALKAN KONGRES‹

24th - 26th September 2012 / 24 - 26 Eylül 2012

Editors / EditörlerFatih ‹Y‹YOLO¤uz URAS

‹stanbul-2012Turkey

ISBN: 978-605-63388-0-9

Eser Ad› / Name: I. Uluslararas› Balkan Kongresi Bildirileri/

I. International Balkan Congress Proceedings

Eme¤i geçenler / Editorial Board: Fatih ‹Y‹YOL - O¤uz URAS

Yay›mc› Ad› / Publisher: SÜLEYMAN fiAH ÜN‹VERS‹TES‹ / SULEYMAN SAH UNIVERSITY

Yay›n›n Tarihi / Date: 2012

Matbaa Ad› / Printed by: Servet Ofset

Matbaa fiehri / Place of Publication: ‹stanbul

Bas›m Tarihi / Date of Publication: 20.09. 2012

Kaç›nc› Bas›m/ Edition: 1st / 1

Sayfa say›s› / Page number: 2030

I. Konu / I. Topic: Balkan Yar›madas› Sosyal Bilimler / Social Sciences on Balkan Peninsula

Konu Bafll›klar› / Subject Titles: Balkanlar - Balkan Yar›madas›

Yay›n›n Dili/ Language: Türkçe - English

European Union Enlargement to Balkans the Reflections on Turkey ......................................................................... 11Ahmet Salih İKİZ, PhD ........................................................................................................................................... 11

Quality of Family Life during the communist regime in romania ............................................................................... 20S.Ahmet SALGUR, PhD ......................................................................................................................................... 20

The role of sociology on building up citizens .............................................................................................................. 30Aida Serjanaj MERHORİ ........................................................................................................................................ 30

The cultural Richness and Natural Diversity in District of Permet in Southern of Albania ........................................ 46Assoc. Prof. Dr. Albina SİNANİ .............................................................................................................................. 46

Teacher Education in Turkey and Belarus: Common Problems and Possible Solutions ............................................. 64Assist. Prof. Dr. Cengiz ŞİMŞEK, Alena LUGOVTSOV, Tatiana KRASNOVA ................................................... 64

Revisiting the Deadlock in the UN Security Council over NATO Intervention in Kosovo ........................................ 84PhD. Alexandru LUCİNESCU ................................................................................................................................ 84

The Criminal Law of Public Order as a Guardian of Public Interest .......................................................................... 110Dr. Altin SHEGANİ ................................................................................................................................................. 110

The Folk Regions of Bulgaria ...................................................................................................................................... 121Dr. Anelia Ivanova IOTOVA ................................................................................................................................... 121

A New Paradigm for Understanding Deterrence ......................................................................................................... 130Assist. Prof. Lucian Ştefânita GRIGORE, Assist. Prof. Anton SOLOI ................................................................... 130

Allowing For Diversities-A Thinking Styles Perspective ............................................................................................ 149Amir PUSİNA, Azamat AKBAROV ....................................................................................................................... 149

Turks’ Political Participation in the Western Thrace and Bulgaria .............................................................................. 156Uğur Baran HANAĞASI ......................................................................................................................................... 156

If I Could Cry: A Case Study on Marital Violence against Women in Albania ........................................................... 170Brikena Qafa-OSMANİ ........................................................................................................................................... 170

Are Shocks to Energy Consumption Permanent or Temporary? The Case of 10 Balkan States ................................. 185Assist. Prof. Dr. Burcu ÖZCAN .............................................................................................................................. 185

The Risk of Terrorism and Nuclear Proliferation in the Wider Black Sea Region. A Strategic Approach .................. 199Assoc. Prof. Cristian BARNA ................................................................................................................................. 199

Conflict Resolution in Macedonia*: The Role of Third Parties and External Actors ................................................. 211Christina Griessler, Dr. phil. .................................................................................................................................... 211

The Foreign Policy of the USA towards Yugoslavia ................................................................................................... 232Dr. Dejan MAROLOV ............................................................................................................................................. 232

Smart Defense: Opportunities for Cooperation in Southeast Europe .......................................................................... 247Assoc.Prof.Dr. Dimitar DİMİTROV, Dr. Georgi PENCHEV ................................................................................. 247

Albanian Economy: Yesterday, Today and the Change ............................................................................................... 259Dr. Donila PİPA ....................................................................................................................................................... 259

After Cold War Albania and Its Legacies of the Past: Transition and Consolidation to Democracy .......................... 266Elona Rusi-Karacalarlı, PhD Candidate .................................................................................................................. 266

Intercultural Education-Institutional Dialogue among Institutions ............................................................................. 279Assoc. Prof. Dr. Emil BUZOV ................................................................................................................................ 279

The Crucial Pamphlet:‘The Bulgarian Horrors and the Question of the East’ by William Ewart Gladstone .............. 286Fahriye Begüm YILDIZELİ, Ph.D. ......................................................................................................................... 286

The War of National Liberation Army in the Karadak of Kumanovo in 2001 (Republic of Macedonia) according tothe British Press ........................................................................................................................................................... 294

Fati Iseni, PhD Candidate ........................................................................................................................................ 294Importance of The Museums on the Cultural Identity Studies of the Balkans (1990-2011) ....................................... 305

Prof. Dr. Fethiye ERBAY ........................................................................................................................................ 305

Table of Contents / İçindekiler

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Albanian Female Memories in Region of the Attica: Understanding the Relationships and Differences betweenGenders through the Dressing of the Arvanitic Society .............................................................................................. 316

Assist. Prof. Dr. Gasouka Maria, Arvanitidou Zoi, PhD Candidate ....................................................................... 316Nation, Nationalism and National Identities in Balkan ............................................................................................... 332

Prof.Dr. Gjergj Sinani ............................................................................................................................................. 332Preservation of Turkish Language Through Literature Expressions in Balkan .......................................................... 353

Alma MILISIC, Harun BAŞTUĞ .......................................................................................................................... 353Effects of Turkish TV Series upon Public Impressions about Turkish Language in Bosnia and Herzegovina .......... 360

Harun BAŞTUĞ ..................................................................................................................................................... 360Representation of the Forced Assimilation Process (”Revival Process”) in the Literature of Bulgaria ..................... 365

Assist. Prof. Dr. Hasine ŞEN .................................................................................................................................. 365Contributions of Non-governmental and Governmental Organizations to Bosnian and Turkish Societies ................ 390

İlker AKKAYA, Assoc. Dr. Ali GÖKSU ................................................................................................................ 390The Geographical Dynamics and Characteristics of Turkish FDI in the Balkans ...................................................... 398

Assist. Prof.Dr. Istvan EGRESİ, Fatih KARA, Lecturer ....................................................................................... 398Law in the Periphery (Epitome) .................................................................................................................................. 418

Assoc. Prof. Ivo HRISTOV .................................................................................................................................... 418Albanian and Turkish Heroes in the Hungarian Historical Songs of the 16th Century .............................................. 426

Judit Papp, PhD ...................................................................................................................................................... 426Slavery, Conversion and Empire: Cross-Cultural and Inter-Religious Dialogue on the Ottoman-Venetian Borderlandin the Balkans (15th-17th c.) ......................................................................................................................................... 433

Klemen PUST ......................................................................................................................................................... 433From Rhegas Ferraios to the Europan Union; Political and Socieconomic Initiatives that United Balkans .............. 455

Kyriazis VASİLEİOS ............................................................................................................................................. 455Turkish Cultural Influences in the Urban Symbolic Ecology of Skopje ..................................................................... 472

Lea Linin, MA Student ........................................................................................................................................... 472Freedom of Expression and the Media Reality in Republic of Macedonia ................................................................ 484

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Liljana Siljanovska ....................................................................................................................... 484The Effect of Demographics on Accesibility to ICTs: Case of Albanian Youngsters ................................................. 500

Lindita Mukli, Dean / Rezarta Mersini, Lecturer ................................................................................................... 500The Oldest European Inscriptions are written in Pelasgian/Albanian Language ........................................................ 509

Prof.Dr. Luftulla PEZA, Dr. Liljana PEZA ............................................................................................................ 509(Lack Of) Return to the Divided Society: Bosnian Post-Refugee Transnationalism as a Response to Post-DaytonBosnia .......................................................................................................................................................................... 546

Maja Halilovic-Pastuovic, PhD Candidate ............................................................................................................. 546Preserving Self-Identity within the Balkan Mental Constructs ................................................................................... 567

Marius NICA, PhD ................................................................................................................................................. 567Aspects of the Model for Formation of Reflexive Picture of the Press in Bulgaria after its EU Accession ............... 576

Assoc. Prof. Mariya Aleksieva ............................................................................................................................... 576Balkan Knowledge Management: A Conceptual Model and Practical Guidelines ..................................................... 589

Prof.Dr. Meliha Handzic ........................................................................................................................................ 589IT Support: Computer-Assisted Language Learning ................................................................................................... 596

Merdzana OBRALIC, Mubera TABAKOVIC, Fatima JASAREVIC ................................................................... 596The Impact of Foreign Ownership on Wage Inequality in Macedonia ....................................................................... 603

Merita Zulfiu Alili, PhD Candidate ........................................................................................................................ 603Activist PR in Bulgaria after its EU Acquisition ......................................................................................................... 617

Assist. Prof. Milen FİLİPOV .................................................................................................................................. 617


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Scientific Construction of History and Its Mutual Acceptance as an Essential Element in the Process of BuildingBridges of Cooperation and Integration of the Peoples of the Balkan ......................................................................... 635

Dr. Sinani MİRELA ................................................................................................................................................ 635Look, they are the same as we are, but they are Muslims...So that’s it...:The Case of Macedonians with MuslimReligion Today (A Contribution to the Balkan Ethnic Identities) ............................................................................... 647

Mirjana P.Mirchevska, PhD .................................................................................................................................... 647Impact of Higher Education on Community:Case of SEEU’s Impact on Albanian Community in Macedonia .......... 659

Mirjana Sejdini and Teuta Iljazi .............................................................................................................................. 659Martyr-Artist Hasan Rıza (1858-1913):His Paintings with Balkan Subject and Their Effects to Time ...................... 677

Assoc. Prof. Mutlu ERBAY .................................................................................................................................... 677The Bulgarian Diplomat Nikola Rizov and His Book “Revival in Turkey. How can it be achieved?” ....................... 695

Nadezhda Vasileva .................................................................................................................................................. 695Exploring Community in the Balkan Context: A Case Study in Albania and Kosovo ................................................ 705

Natyra Agani, PhD Candidate / Brad Hornback, PhD Candidate .......................................................................... 705Karadjordje Petrovic: History and Myth The influence of the Epic Song on the History of Karadjordje ................... 716

Neil Innes Burns, BA (Hons), P.G.Dip, M.A. ........................................................................................................ 716Teaching Styles Preferences at Higher Educational Institutions Case Study: International Burch University,International University of Sarajevo and University Of Travnik ................................................................................. 735

Nudzejma Obralic, Msc. / Almasa Mulalic. Msc. .................................................................................................. 735What a Man Should Know According To Gjorgja Pulevski and His Dictionary-A Glimpse upon the Mentalityof a Balkan Man from 19th Century Macedonia1 ......................................................................................................... 751

Olimpia Dragouni.................................................................................................................................................... 751Cultural Heritage Projects and Pnoblems for the Historical Monuments in the Balkans ............................................ 762

Dr. Nuri Özer ERBAY ............................................................................................................................................ 762The Process of Stabilization and Reconstruction in Kosovo under the United Nations Administration Missionin Kosovo ..................................................................................................................................................................... 769

Paulina Szelag, PhD Candidate .............................................................................................................................. 769Anthropological Research of Continuity and Change in the Eastern Adriatic and the Balkan Region ....................... 783

Pavao Rudan , Anita Sujoldzic ............................................................................................................................... 783Intercultural Education and Children’s Musical Experience ....................................................................................... 795

Assoc. Prof. Penka Marcheva ................................................................................................................................. 795The Byzantine Illusion towards a Balkanic Aristocracy between Decay and the Nostalgia of Mythic Origins inMateiu Caragiale Novel “The Old Court Libertines” .................................................................................................. 802

Dr. Roxana Zanea ................................................................................................................................................... 802Why Don’t You Remember? Five Major Misconceptions on the Debate over the Ethnic Cleansing of Balkan Muslims .. 815

Assist. Prof. Şener Aktürk ...................................................................................................................................... 815The Economic Development, Understanding and Mutual Respect of Freedoms and Human Rights, Rule of Lawand Integration in Euro-Atlantic Family, are Conditions for Peace in the Balkans. The Albania Case. ..................... 827

Prof. Dr. Shezai Rrokaj ........................................................................................................................................... 827About Distinction and Transitivity between Person and Thing in the Social Context of the Balkan Subject ............. 832

Slavica SRBINOVSKA .......................................................................................................................................... 832The Balkans on Maps: The Uses of Maps through the Representation of the Peninsula from the Middle Ages to the19th century ................................................................................................................................................................... 843

Spyridon Gkounis, PhD student ............................................................................................................................. 843Business Process Management and Ranging in Higher Education in South Eastern European Countries that are notMembers of the European Union ................................................................................................................................. 857

Tarik Obralic, PhD / Bahra Plojovic, MA .............................................................................................................. 857


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Albanian University Students’Ethnic Distance and Ethnic Stereotypes towards other Balkan Nations ...................... 870Prof. Dr. Theodhori Karaj / Prof.As. Edmond Rapti ............................................................................................... 870

The Balkans as an Imaginary Place Balkanisms and discourses of metonymy ............................................................ 880Assist. Prof. Dr. Todor Todorov .............................................................................................................................. 880

The Emigration of Population in Gjirokastra Region after 1990, Impacts and Consequences ..................................... 885Associate Professor Valbona DURI, Associate Professor Bilal Draci .................................................................... 885

Pottery as a Full Time Employment: Comparative Study on Balkan, Turkish and Latvian Traditional Pottery .......... 903Valentins Petjko, Ceramist/researcher ..................................................................................................................... 903

Tradition and Modernity as Factors for Divisions and Conflicts in the Balkans .......................................................... 921Prof. DSc. Vassil Prodanov ..................................................................................................................................... 921

Ihtegrated Education in Elementary Schools as a Tool for Cohesion in Multicultural Socienties: The Case of theRepublic of Macedonia ................................................................................................................................................. 932

Violeta Petroska-Beshka, PhD / Nikolina Kenig, PhD ........................................................................................... 932Teachers and Interactive Technologies ......................................................................................................................... 946

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Yanka R. Totseva / Assoc. Prof. Dr. Vance S. Bojkov .................................................................. 946Ethnocultural Dimensions of the Labour Migrations from Bulgaria to Turkey Since 1990 ......................................... 967

Yelis Erolova Ahmedova, PhD ............................................................................................................................... 967The post-Western EU and the Western Balkans Integration Issue ................................................................................ 989

Yılmaz KAPLAN, PhD Candidate ......................................................................................................................... 989Homogeneity and Diversity of Cultural Landscape in Ethno-Geographical Region Ana E Malit ............................... 1000

Ylber Dyli ................................................................................................................................................................ 1000Refugess in Macedonia due to the War in Bosnia and Herzegovina ............................................................................. 1018

Zecir Ramcilovic, MA / Lidija Gjurkovska, MA .................................................................................................... 1018


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Gelişen Büyüyen Türkiye’nin İfadesi Olan Türkçe’nin Öğretilmesinde Balkanların Önemi ve 2023 Hedefi ............. 1041Abidin KARASU, Doktora Öğrencisi .................................................................................................................... 1041

Karadağ’a İki Farklı Tepeden Bakış: Osmanlı ve Yabancı Seyahatnamelerde Karadağ .............................................. 1050Abidin TEMİZER, Okutman ................................................................................................................................... 1050

Balkanlardan Çanakkale Cephesine Gelenler ............................................................................................................... 1067Yard. Doç. Dr. Ahmet ESENKAYA ........................................................................................................................ 1067

Şehbenderzâde Filibeli Ahmed Hilmi ve “Hikmet“ Gazetesinde Balkanlar ................................................................. 1101Öğr. Gör. Dr. Ahmet KOÇAK ................................................................................................................................. 1101

Komşuların Dostluğundan İnsanlığın Dostluğunu Uzanan Çizgide Salkan Ülkelerinde Dini Görünümler ................. 1120Yrd. Doç. Dr. Alaattin DİKMEN ............................................................................................................................ 1120

Türkiye - Makedonya İkili Ticaret’inin Yapısal Analizi ............................................................................................... 1129Ali ÇEKER .............................................................................................................................................................. 1129

Bir Bütünleşme ve “Balkanlaşma“ Alanı Olarak Güneydoğu Avrupa .......................................................................... 1147Dr. İbrahim Alper ARISOY ..................................................................................................................................... 1147

Çağdaş Kosova Türk Çocuk Edebiyatı ......................................................................................................................... 1162Aslı TARHAN / Doç. Dr. Aziz KILINÇ ................................................................................................................. 1162

Balkan Ülkelerinin Avrupa Birliği Tam Üyelik Sürecinde Ortaya Çıkan Kriz Etkileşimlerinin Kamu MaliyetiÜzerine Yansımalarının Değerlendirilmesi ................................................................................................................... 1169

Asuman ALTAY ...................................................................................................................................................... 1169The Perception of Albanian National Identity in Ismail Kemal Bey Vlora’s Memoirs ................................................ 1196

Yrd. Doç. Dr. Ateş USLU ....................................................................................................................................... 1196Bulgaristan’da Türkçe Eğitimin Güncel Sorunları ...................................................................................................... 1217

Atıf AKGÜN .......................................................................................................................................................... 1217Balkanlar’da Bir Üst Kimlik, Müslümanlık (Bosna Örneği) ve Dini Çoğulculuk Bağlamında Değerlendirilmesi .... 1224

Ayşe AMBAROĞLU .............................................................................................................................................. 1224Ömer Seyfettin ve Aka Gündüz’ün Hikayelerinde Balkan Savaşları’nda Yaşanan Acıların Yansımaları ................... 1232

Dr. Banu ALTINOVA .............................................................................................................................................. 1232Balkanlardaki Geleneksel Türk Meskenlerinin Yapısal Çeşitliliği (Bosna Hersek, Arnavutluk, Yunanistan) ............. 1240

Bekir Yüksel HOŞ, Arş, Gör. .................................................................................................................................. 1240Bulgaristan Doğu Rodoplarda Yedi Kızlar Aşı Âdeti .................................................................................................. 1259

Doç. Dr. Bojidar Alexiev ........................................................................................................................................ 1259Osmanlı Devleti’nde Cemiletler Kanunu Bağlamında İttihad-I Anasır ....................................................................... 1269

Yrd. Doç. Dr. Bülent KARA ................................................................................................................................... 1269Balkan Coğrafyasının Temel Jeopolitik Özellikleri ..................................................................................................... 1281

Doç. Dr. Deniz EKİNCİ ......................................................................................................................................... 1281Yabancı Dil Olarak Türkçe Öğrenen Balkan Uyruklu Öğrencilerin Yazılı Anlatımda Yaşadığı Zorluklar ................. 1305

Duygu AK BAŞOĞUL, Fatma Selen CAN ............................................................................................................ 1305Bulgaristan’a Gönderilen Selçuklu Türklerinin Kullandıkları Yağlıkların İncelenmesi .............................................. 1325

Yrd. Doç. Dr. Hatice HARMANKAYA, Arş. Gör. Asuman YILMAZ, Duygu ERCAN, Aslı ÇETİN .................. 1325Osmanlı - Rus Savaşı Yılları (1877-1878) ve Sonrası Bulgar Edebiyatında Yeni Arayışlar ........................................ 1340

Doç. Dr. Emine İNANIR ........................................................................................................................................ 1340Balkan Türkleri Edebiyatı ve Halk Kültürünün Türkiye’deki Üniversite Eğitiminin Yer Almasının GerekliliğiÜzerine Bazı Tespitler .................................................................................................................................................. 1353

Yrd. Doç. Dr. Rabia UÇKUN, Ertuğrul KARAKUŞ ............................................................................................. 1353Türkiye’de Öğrenim Gören Balkan Öğrencilerinin Milleyetçilik ve Kimlik Algısı .................................................... 1375

Fatih Sezgin, Doktora Öğrencisi / Erdal Gişi, Doktora Öğrencisi / Muharrem Pakel, Doktora Öğrencisi ............ 1375


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Osmanlı Devleti Sonrası Bosna’da Yaşanan Savaş ve Göçlerin Türk Edebiyatı’ndaki Yeri ........................................ 1392Ferudun Ay, Araştırma Görevlisi ............................................................................................................................. 1392

Balkan Savaşlarına Uluslararası Bir Bakış: 1914 Carnegie Vakfı Raporu ................................................................... 1409Yrd. Doç. Dr. Galip ÇAĞ ....................................................................................................................................... 1409

Bosnalı Mehmed Fâzıl Paşa Dîvânı’nda Mahallî Öğeler ............................................................................................. 1423Doç. Dr. Gencay ZAVOTÇU .................................................................................................................................. 1423

Romen ve Türk Kültürünün Ortak Değerleri ............................................................................................................... 1435Ragıp GÖKÇEL, Ph.D. .......................................................................................................................................... 1435

Balkanlarda Birinci Dünya Savaşının Yayılması Sürecinde Bulgaristan’ın Merkezi (Bağlaşık) DevletlerTarafından Birinci Dünya Savaşına Girişi ................................................................................................................... 1450

Hakan BACANLI, Dr. Öğ. b. ................................................................................................................................. 1450Representation of the Forced Assisilation Process (”Revival Process”) in the Literature of Bulgaria ........................ 1472

Assist. Prof. Dr. Hasine ŞEN .................................................................................................................................. 1472Kral Zogave Arnavutluk - Türkiye İlişkileri ................................................................................................................. 1497

M.A Ilirjana KACELİ ............................................................................................................................................. 1497Balkanlardaki Çevre Sorunlarının Çevresel Güvenlik Kavramı ile İncelenmesi ......................................................... 1512

Yrd. Doç. Dr. İlke BEZEN AYDOĞDU ................................................................................................................. 1512Bir Yaşam Tarzı Olarak Kültür: Arnavut ve Türk Gençlerin Kültür Algılayışı ve Değişim Üzerinde birSosyolojik İnceleme ..................................................................................................................................................... 1525

Matilda LIKAJ, Ph.D. Candidate ........................................................................................................................... 1525Balkan Savaşları, Narin Adası ve Azerbaycan’ın Ünlü Yazarı Hüseyin Cavid ............................................................ 1547

Doç. Dr. Lütviyye Süleymen kızı Asgerzade, Araş. Gör. Gülay. SEFERZADE .................................................... 1547Halveti Şeyhi Bali Efendi ve Sofya’daki Türbesi ........................................................................................................ 1555

Prof. Dr. Lyubomir MIKAV .................................................................................................................................... 1555Bir Alev Gibi Hasret Duyulan Yurt: Üsküp .................................................................................................................. 1577

Yard. Doç. Dr. Maksut YİĞİTBAŞ ........................................................................................................................ 1577Grigore Ureche’nin Tevarihinde Türkler ...................................................................................................................... 1590

Okut. Dr. Margareta ASLAN .................................................................................................................................. 1590Berlin Kongresi Sonrası Balkanlarda Ortaya Çıkan Yeni Siyasi Yapı ve Büyük Devletlerin Politikaları ................... 1599

Prof. Dr. Mehmet OKUR ........................................................................................................................................ 1599Tarih Ders Kitapları Balkan Savaşları ve Büyük Güçlerle İlişkisi ............................................................................... 1611

Dr. Meliha KÖSE .................................................................................................................................................... 1611Türk Dış Politikası ve Avrupa Birliği Perspektifinde Balkanlarda Türk ve Müslüman Kimliği ................................. 1629

Murat YORULMAZ, Doktora Öğrencisi ............................................................................................................... 1629Bir Balkan Şehri Olarak Üsküp’te Şikâyet Hakkının Kullanımı ve Şikayet Mekanizması (1649 - 1675) .................. 1644

Yard. Doç. Dr. Murat TUĞLUCA ........................................................................................................................... 1644Hersek’li Ârif Hikmet Bey Divanı ............................................................................................................................... 1663

Prof. Dr. Mustafa DEMİREL .................................................................................................................................. 1663Ayşe Kulin’in “Sevdalinka” ve Alexandra Cavelius’un “Leyla” Adlı Romanlarında Bosna Savaşınin İzleri ............. 1683

Mustafa YURTTUTAR ........................................................................................................................................... 1683Rumeli Türklerinde Ortak Kültürel Hafızanın İzini Sürmek ....................................................................................... 1706

Dr. Nebile ÖZMEN ................................................................................................................................................ 1706Makedonya’da Yaşayan Torbeşlerin Kimlik Sorunları ................................................................................................ 1725

Ozaj SULİMAN, Enes İDRİZİ ............................................................................................................................... 1725XX, Asırda Ahlâk Değirmenine Bilgelik Taşıyan Bir Balkanlı Düşünür: Aliya İZZETBOGOVİÇ ............................ 1733

Yrd. Doç. Dr. Rabia SOYUCAK ............................................................................................................................ 1733


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Balkanların Siyasi Coğrafyası ...................................................................................................................................... 1746Prof. Dr. Ramazan ÖZEY ....................................................................................................................................... 1746

Osman Nuri Peremeci’nin Atalar Sözleri ..................................................................................................................... 1773Prof. Dr. Recep DUYMAZ ..................................................................................................................................... 1773

İki Ülke Arasında Kültür Köprüsü, Bir Adanmışlık Öyküsü: Makbule Fatma Hanım ................................................ 1788Sadullah YILMAZ, Doktora Öğrencisi, Yrd. Doç. Dr. Adem BALABAN ............................................................ 1788

Osmanlı Devleti’nin Savaş Hazırlıkları ve Selanik’in Teslim Olma Süreci ve Sonrasındaki Gelişmeler ................... 1795Dr. Salim Aydın ...................................................................................................................................................... 1795

Osmanlı İttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti’nin Balkan Siyaseti ve Balkan Savaşları’nda Sorumluluğu .............................. 1808Satılmış GÖKBAYIR,Yüksek Lisans Öğrencisi .................................................................................................... 1808

Balkanlarda Türk Dili’nin Dünü - Bugünü Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme ...................................................................... 1824Araş. Gör. Serpil YAZICI ....................................................................................................................................... 1824

Kurgudaki Savaş Gerçeği: Bosna Savaşı ve Türk Romanı .......................................................................................... 1831Yard. Doç. Dr. Sezai COŞKUN .............................................................................................................................. 1831

14. Yüzyıldan Günümüze Batı Balkanlar ve Balkanizasyon Süreci’nde Türkiye ile İlişkiler ..................................... 1843Sibel AKOVA, Hilal KILIÇ .................................................................................................................................... 1843

Osmanlı Devleti Döneminde Balkanlardaki Cereyan Eden Olayların Türkülere Yansıması ....................................... 1861Dr. Fikri SOYSAL .................................................................................................................................................. 1861

Ortaöğretim ve Lise Öğrencilerinin Milliyetçilik ve Kahramanlık Algısı: Türkiye ve Yunanistan Örneği ................ 1873Dr. Hasan SUNGUR, Stella Kale, PhD student ...................................................................................................... 1873

Balkanların Kaybedilmesinde Selanik’in Etkileri ........................................................................................................ 1887Dr. Suat ZEYREK ................................................................................................................................................... 1887

Tarihi Belgeler Işığında Balkanlarda Birlikte Yaşama Kültürü .................................................................................... 1916Dr. Tunca ÖZGİŞİ ................................................................................................................................................... 1916

Balkan Savaşları Sonrasında Yabancı Devletler Tarafından Osmanlı Devleti’ne Yapılan Yardımlar .......................... 1928Yrd. Doç. Dr. Türkan POLATCI ............................................................................................................................. 1928

19. Yüzyılda Osmanlı Devleti’nde Yabancı İşçiler: Karadağlılar ............................................................................... 1944Yrd. Doç. Dr. Uğur ÖZCAN .................................................................................................................................. 1944

Eskiçağ Tarihinde Anadolu ve Balkan Kültürleri Arasında ki İlişkiler ........................................................................ 1966Yrd. Doç. Dr. Veli ÜNSAL ..................................................................................................................................... 1966

Balkan Paktında Beklentiler ve Bu Temelde Türkiye’nin Ortaya Koyduğu Balkan Politikası .................................... 1982Doç. Dr. Yaşar ÖZÜÇETİN .................................................................................................................................... 1982

H. 1297 / M. 1880 Tarihli Bir Belgeye Göre Kosova’da Sosyo - Ekonomik Durum ................................................... 1996Yüksel BAYIL, Araştırma Görevlisi ....................................................................................................................... 1996

Köprülü Mehmet Paşa’nın Vatanı Arnavutluk’taki Vakıf Eserleri ............................................................................... 2006Dr. Yusuf SAĞIR .................................................................................................................................................... 2006

Balkanlar’da Bir Arada Yaşama Kültürü Bağlamında Kimlik Çatışmalardan Kültürel Entegrasyona Türk Dilive Kültürünün Önemi Üzerine Bazı Tespit ve Değerlendirmeler ................................................................................ 2021

Yrd. Doç. Dr. Zülfikâr BAYRAKTAR .................................................................................................................... 2021


vii

Refugees in Macedonia due to the War in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Zecir Ramcilovic, MA Yahya Kemal College, Macedonia

[email protected] Lidija Gjurkovska, MA

Institute of National History, Macedonia [email protected]

Abstract: Not so long ago, on the ground of Europe a shocking tragedy took place, a war during which a country and its people perished in front the eyes of the whole world. The image of the Bosniak muslims running in the forest, cramming in lorries, some even being killed was carved in the conscience of people, of humane people. Whether it was carved in the conscience of the civilized society as well we are not sure. Civilized society, which allowed for all principles of the international rights to be broken at the beginning of the 21st century. Overwrought and terrified, old and young, the Bosniak people were cruising around the world like a sad river trying to find its peaceful sea. Wherever they were, they presented change, burden, difficulty, costs and were (un)wanted– they were refugees. Whatever they were called, they had one essential thing in common: they were people forced to leave their homes due to the war, they were trying to pick up the pieces of their lives together somewhere else. Some of them arrived in Macedonia. From a relatively close time reference, when the entire scientific public and all of the facts clearly indicated and condemned the people and the regime responsible for the war and pointed out the hundred thousands of dead and displaced people, a lot of writing has been done, unfortunately most of it dictated by certain daily-political circles and their interests. Without such interests, there would not be scientific work. This is why we decided to research these events, so they would not be forgotten. Besides the short introduction to the reasons and consequences of the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the main part of this work contains a chronological order of the events, the exact time of the arrival of the refugees in Macedonia, their territorial allocation and position in the new environment, and considering the social-economical condition of the Republic of Macedonia, their arrival at a third-world country. The purpose of this is to prevent this limitless evil, from happening again in another place or to another people. Although the numbers, no matter how big or small, cannot present the tragedy of the forgotten people and broken lives, they can warn. Opposite evil, good has also proven to know no limits, and Macedonia and its citizens are such an example.

Key words: Bosnia and Herzegovina, war, refugees, Bosniaks, Republic of Macedonia Independence and the beginning of the war.

The constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina defines Bosniaks, Serbs and Croats as the

“constitutional people” and “others”. According to the population census from 1991, the population

in Bosnia and Herzegovina consisted of Bosniaks (43.5%), Serbs (31.2%), Croats (17.4%),

Yugoslavs (5.5%) and others (2.4%) which were 17 representatives of national minorities (Agency

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for Statistics of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2011:21). In 1991 there were 109 municipalities in Bosnia

and Herzegovina. According to the population census, Bosniaks represented the majority in 45

municipalities: relative in 13, absolute in 31, the Serbs in 34 municipalities: 5 relative, 29 absolute,

and Croats were the majority in 20 municipalities: 6 relative, 14 absolute. (Census of the

population, the households, housing and agricultural property, 1993: 15-20).

Figure 1: National structure of the majority in the municipalities, 1991.

On the first free democratic elections in November 1990, the three biggest national parties

in the country won: Party of Democratic Action (SDA), Serbian Democratic Party (SDS) and the

Croatian Democratic Union Bosnia and Herzegovina (HDZ Bosnia and Herzegovina). The parties

divided their power according to nationality. The Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina declared its

independency on 01 March 1992. After this, on the referendum of 28 and 29 February 1992, its

citizens voted for independent, sovereign and united Bosnia and Herzegovina, a state of equal

peoples and citizens.

The first sign of war in Bosnia and Herzegovina was the destruction of Ravno village, in

south Herzegovina, by the Croats, in Serbian surrounding, in November 1991. The village was

attacked in the action of YNA (Yugoslav National Army) in the aggression towards Croatia, in the

action on Dubrovnik. Upon the destruction of the village, due to political disorderliness of the

1019

politicians from Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as the unprepared and unorganized army, there

were many incorrect statements of individual politicians, who brought disagreement and arguments

among the political leadership. From the autumn 1991 until the beginning of the war, there were

numerous incidents throughout Bosnia and Herzegovina. In March 1992 there were local shootings

(23 March in Gorazhd; 29 March in Kupres, Mostar and Dervent). And so, the conflicts spread

through the whole territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina since the beginning of April 1992. The

armed conflicts in Bosnia and Herzegovina started before the official beginning of the war, 6 April

1992, when Saraevo was attacked. During the first conflicts and the siege of Saraevo the Bosnian

authorities were urging for intervention by international community which, because it was

intervened in the intern politics, was not capable of having a clear and powerful attitude. An entire

list of truce agreements was signed only to serve as “empty words on paper”. In many international

and local circles today the role of the international community during the war in Bosnia and

Herzegovina is characterized as the biggest collective mistake in modern history (Holbrooke, 1998:

22-34). This mistake generated difficulties and complications of the conflict, leading to deeper

misunderstandings and victims. Generally, the consequences can be divided as follows:

Economic consequences. Change in the internal economic prevailing due to the war activities

and grey economy in the years after the conflict. At the end of the 1980s and the beginning of

1990s aside Macedonia, Bosnia and Herzegovina was the poorest republic in SFRY (Socialist

Federal Republic of Yugoslavia). The infrastructure of the state as well as the industry was very

poorly developed. The low industrial production in the state dropped for 80% as a direct

consequence of the war. The war also led to destruction of the infrastructure of the country. All

this led to steep rise of the unemployment and drop of the life standard of the citizens after the

war was finished.

Political consequences. Changes in the administrative structure of Bosnia and Herzegovina

which occurred as a consequence of the Dayton Peace Agreement. After the victory of the

nationally oriented parties on the first multiparty elections in Bosnia and Herzegovina there was

a general opinion that these parties would gradually leave the national rhetoric and begin to

profile themselves as most of the other European parties on the usual left-right scale. With the

beginning of the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina, this process was halted. The Deyton

Agreement put a stop on the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina but at the same time this was its

only positive aspect. The peace agreement was not righteous; it did not satisfy the underlying

condition of every right, which is justice. This can be clearly seen from all the consequences,

1020

not only from those which were directly generated from the legalization of the war and

genocide, but also from those which meant that the character of this agreement led to a total halt

of the development of the country and triggered huge difficulties in the life of its citizens. The

conflict was and remained an expression of power to impose a solution to the weakest side i.e.

victims of aggression and genocide.

Demographic consequences. Changes in the inner and outer migration of the pre-war population

of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The demographic consequences are immeasurable. After many

years, when the War in Bosnia and Herzegovina would continue to live on two pages only, even

then no one will be able to measure the lost human lives, lost childhoods, lost hopes and homes.

Generations of refugees will continue to live scattered around the world without their identity.

The tragic conflict in this region and the war activities from 1992-1995 created huge

consequences of the demographic picture of the country: around 250 000 murdered and around

17 000 missing (Ministry of Human rights and refugees, 2003:8). In the spring 1995, a

representative of the Serb Civil Council from Tuzla – Nada Mladina, presented data regarding

the balance of accounts from the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina. More than 200 000 people

were killed, 17 000 civilian were missing, 1 200 mosques were torn down, 171 catholic and 10

orthodox churches were torn down. 34 000 children were wounded, 15 000 of which in

Sarajevo. 65 000 children became refugees and more than 2 000 000 people were displaced

from their homes (Radakovich, 1997:261).

Brief review of the refugees in Bosnia and Herzegovina

According to the consensus from 1991 there were 4 364 484 citizens in Bosnia and

Herzegovina. According to gathered data from different sources only in the first year of the war 2

280 392 citizens were persecuted from their homes, i.e. 52% from the total population. At the end

of the war in December 1995, there were 1.3 million internally displaced people, around 650 000

refugees in the former Yugoslav countries, such as Croatia (200 000), Serbia (300 000), Slovenia

(70 000), Macedonia (40 000) and Montenegro with 30 000 refugees.

1021

Host Country Recorded

number of BH refugees 1992

Host Country Recorded

number of BH refugees 1992

Australia 15000 Luxemburg 1500 Austria 86500 Hungary 7000 Belgium 5500 Macedonia 9000 Check Republic 5000 Norway 12000 Denmark 17000 USA 20000 Finland 1500 Slovenia 43100 France 6000 Germany 320000 G. B. And Ireland 4100 Serbia and Montenegro 297000 Grecce 4000 Spain and Portugal 4500 Netherlanda 22000 Sweden 58700 Croatia 170000 Switzerland 24500 Italia 12100 Turkey 23500 Canada 20000 Other countries 10000 Liechtenstein 500 Total: 1200000

Table 1: Number of refugees from Bosnia and Herzegovina in the host countries (Ministry of Human Rights

and Refugees, 2003: 14).

A large number of Bosniaks and other citizens of Bosnia and Herzegovina found themselves in

many European countries and in the countries of other continents. According to some available data

there were 345 000 refugees in Germany, 80 000 in Austria, 57 000 in Sweden, 25 000 in

Switzerland, 25 000 in Turkey, 24 000 in the Netherlands, 20 000 in Denmark, 15 000 in Italy, 3

000 in the USA, and a small number of them in some other countries such as France, Great Britain,

Norway, Spain, Canada, Pakistan, Jordan (UNHCR, 2000:218-233; UNHCR, 1996:6). Depending

on the source, the number of displaced people varies from 1.2 to 1.3 million.

The data in Figure 2 are presented on the basis of sources provided by governmental and

non-governmental international organizations, especially UNHCR, U.S. Committee for Refugees

and Immigrants, ICRC, IDMC, as well as all the relevant data from the former Yugoslav republics.

Personal experience, observation, talking to the hosts of the refugees who accepted Bosniaks as

their own people here in Macedonia helped us fully understand the common tragedy of the refugees.

We also realized that the number of the refugees is always bigger than those that were helped and

sheltered by the non-governmental and governmental institutions. The research contains relevant

data about the global tragedy of the Bosniak refugees and the situation in Macedonia in the 1990s.

Of course, all these numbers are only a loose frame of the greatest refugee tragedy since World War

II in Europe, and the total number of those who tried to save themselves and their dearest by

running from home is a lot greater.

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Figure 2: Displaced Persons from Bosnia and Herzegovina

In the peak of the war the international community did not meet the challenge of its task

and made very wrong estimations. The humanitarian organizations and the United Nations were

unprepared for the situation. As a consequence there were numerous victims and displaced people.

Until 10 May 1992 only, the Crisis Headquarters Bosnia and Herzegovina declared that for the 44

days of war, 1 320 people were killed, 6 700 wounded, 1 900 missing, 350 000 refugees, 320 000

were internally displaced (Radakovish, 1997:251). The difficult choice that UNHCR had to make

was also whether they should help by evacuating civilians. In the beginning, UNHCR resisted

evacuating civilians, but it became clear that the alternative was camps where the civilians would

fight, rape, torture and kill each other. The organization started evacuating civilians whose life was

threatened. This evacuation led to UNHCR being criticized of helped the “ethnic cleansing”

(UNHCR, 2000: 222). “In the context of the conflict whose goal was to displace people, we are

facing great dilemmas. Should we convince people to stay where they are and endanger their lives

and freedom? On the other hand, if we do help them move out maybe we will become an

accomplice in the ethnic cleansing.” (UNHCR, 2000:222; Carpenter, 2006:138). The expert group

of the United Nations led by sheriff Basiunija defines “ethnic cleansing” as “ethnic homogenization

of certain areas by using force or threats, with the final goal being the people from other ethnic and

1023

religious groups to leave the place” (UN, 1994:674). This includes murdering civilians, rape, torture

and deliberate destruction of the homes of civilians, including cultural and religions property such

as churches and mosques. Still, there are important qualitative differences. Most of the

abovementioned methods were caused by the Serbs to the Bosniaks (Radovic, 2004:38). It is

estimated that during the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina 100 000 people died (Witmer, 2008:2,

Nelson, 2007:12). In this direction, the study of the Research and Documentation Centre in

Sarajevo is most often used as a source. After four years of research the Research and

Documentation Centre in Sarajevo published the Bosnian book of the dead, whose purpose was to

give identity to every victim and prevent manipulating numbers. Although the number of dead will

never be precise, by 2007 the book contained 96 895 names of citizens of Bosnia and Herzegovina

(Ball, 2007:20). The data from IDC indicate that 57 532 of the victims account for soldiers and 39

684 for civilians. Among the names there are 3 372 names of children who suffered from the war.

According to these data, 89% of the victims were men. Most of the victims were aged between 25

and 35. Most of them were Bosniaks, around 65%, 25% were Serbs, 8% Croats and 0.49% others. If

we analyze only civilians, the number of Bosniak victims is a lot larger and accounts for 85%. It is

very interesting to analyze the statistics indicating the dead according to years. The number of

victims was the biggest in 1992, but right next to it is 1995, the year when the war ended. This leads

us to the conclusion that the possible peace put a stop to the commenced plan, based on analyses, to

overtake territories and destroy Bosniaks, mostly men. These registers should be taken as a minimal

number which will constantly increase.

After the end of the war, the process begins to return the refugees and the displaced people.

In the period of the most intensive return after the war until 2006., 443 549 people returned from

abroad and 573 884 internally displaced people returned home (Federal Office of Statistics,

2008:32) or more precisely 1 017 433 refugees. Although this is only a small percent, the situation

is completely different in a negative sense on the field. A big number of the refugees did not return

in the place of their pre-war home. With that they changed their status form refugees to internally

displaced people. This mainly refers to the people who were forced to come back to Bosnia and

Herzegovina, as well as those who came back after their asylum status ceased to exist. 60-65% of

those who returned from Germany were displaced (Ministry of Human Rights and Refugees,

2003:8). The result of this is changing the ethnic picture of the country according to the inner

borderline established with the Deyton Agreement. On the other hand, annex VII of the agreement

considers the potentially annulled demographic consequences from the ethnic cleansing, from a

1024

more legally-formal side on paper because the reality is still different. Paragraph one, article one

reads: All refugees and displaced people own the right to freely come back in their homes. They

also have the right to return their properties which they were deprived of during the conflict of 1991

and a reimbursement of property that cannot be returned to them (Ministry of Human Rights and

Refugees, 2009:1-3). If we sum up the numbers and look at the relevant figures for Bosnia and

Herzegovina (4 364 574 citizens) 59.4% homes, or in other words during the war more than every

second citizen of Bosnia and Herzegovina had the destiny of a refugee. It is estimated that the

number of dead or missing citizens of Bosnia and Herzegovina is 258 000, which means a loss of

5.9% from the original population (UNDP:2003:15).

During the war, 1995 was the year with most displaced people, with data of 1 282 000. It is

estimated that the number of displaced people at the end of 1997 was 866 000, and in 1998 it was

816 000 (Papic, 2011:13). According to the estimations of UNHCR and the Ministry of Human

Rights and Refugees (MLJPI) until June 2008, the number of internally displaced people dropped

from 1.3 million to 125 000, which means that more than a million refugees and displaced people

came back to their pre-war homes. Until the end of 2009, the government declared that 114 000

people remained internally displaced people. According to the latest data of UNHCR there are still

113 000 internally displaced people in Bosnia and Herzegovina (UNHCR, 2012:248). According to

the data from the Ministry of Human Rights and Refugees 1 350 000 emigrants are still living

abroad, and according to the data from the World Bank this number is even larger and is 1 461 000

emigrants, which accounts for 38.9% of the total population. This brings Bosnia and Herzegovina at

the 8th place in Europe and Central Asia according to the total number of emigrants or at the 12th

place in the world according to the number of emigrants in relation to the total number of citizens

living in the country (Ministry of Security, 2011:63). Most of the Bosniak emigrants live in the

European countries, around 800 000 (240 000 in Germany, 150 000 in Austria, 150 000 in Slovenia,

80 000 in Sweden, 60 000 in Switzerland), then USA (around 350 000), Canada (60 0000 and

Australia (60 000) (Ministry of Security, 2011:65).

Today, Bosnia and Herzegovina is divided into ethically clean areas. The consequences of

the war migrations only became worse throughout the many years of obstruction and administrative

barriers of the government on all levels. Credible data of return cannot be confirmed on the terrain.

The owners ̀ renewed or repaired houses are being sold or exchanged (Helsinki Committee for

Human Rights in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2008:3). Ex-president and prime minister of Bosnia and

Herzegovina, Haris Siladzic, described Bosnia and Herzegovina as a patient with amputated legs.

1025

He referred to the state territory as a geo-body and the Republic of Srpska being the amputation of

previously united and healthy Bosnia and Herzegovina. After the ethnic cleansing, Bosnia and

Herzegovina is a crippled country (Tuathail, 2009:14).

Refugees from Bosnia and Herzegovina in Macedonia

At the end of 1989, at a time when the socialist order came to an end and the process of

Yugoslavia`s dissolution started, in the Republic of Macedonia the multiparty pluralism took its

place, the first multiparty parliamentarian elections happened, the first multiparty government was

constituted. On 8 September 1991, the majority - 95% of the citizens (or 72.16% of the total number

of citizens with the right to vote), came out on the referendum and responded positively at the

referendum question: "Are you in favor of independent Macedonia with the right to join a possible

future union of sovereign Yugoslav republics?" During these years Macedonia had big problems

with its neighbors, but nevertheless it managed to keep the peace and stay out of the war conflicts

which were raging in the ex-Yugoslav areas. As an oasis of peace it was a refuge of many sad

human destinies.

The instability and wars on the territory of ex-Yugoslavia also reflected on the economic

and social condition in the country. At the end of the 90s, when everybody thought that Macedonia

is going to be left out of the war ranging, the ill-feeling between the Macedonians and Albanians

was becoming deeper. In this period the Albanians in Macedonia felt marginalized and socially

isolated. Almost a third of the Macedonian population was presented in the state administration,

with only 3% Albanians (Xhaferi,2005:19). The deposited problems culminated in 2001 with a war

conflict in the north-west part of Macedonia. The tragic balance of the many months of a war

conflict between the Albanians and the police forces is around 200 victims, and 100 000 were

forced to leave their homes due to the war conflict (Brunnbauer, 2002:2). With the signing of the

Ohrid agreement a whole process of reforms began in the political and constitutional system of

Macedonia, and at the same time this prevented a possible civil war. We can conclude that all

former Yugoslav republics were directly (Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia and

Macedonia) or indirectly (Montenegro) included in war conflicts upon the dissolution of the

federation.

During the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Republic of Macedonia established its

independence despite all pressures and problems, especially its southern neighbor, Greece. In spite

of the fact that it was the poorest former Yugoslav republic, Macedonia showed its humane side and

1026

opened its door to all innocent people forces to leave their native hearths in Bosnia and

Herzegovina. A river of refugees from Bosnia and Herzegovina arrived in Macedonia.

The humanity of Macedonian citizens was awakened by the Call for accepting and helping

children from Bosnia and Herzegovina issued by Gordana Zmijanac, airing on Macedonian

television. Citizens applied at her home number, offering accommodation and help1. The air

company MAT brought the first refugees, and after that there were many buses, trains and cars. In

this period, the citizens` initiative, still the Childern`s Embassy Megjasi, worked on accepting and

helping refugees from Bosnia and Herzegovina, leaving an eternal example of humanity. Later, the

Red Cross was included in the action, as well as the state institutions, and refugees were placed not

only in families but in collective centers as well. The Children`s Consulate General kept constant

communication with all refugees centers and gave its continuous support in terms of food, clothes

and school items. It also organized education in Bosnian language, excursions and other

manifestations the purpose of which was to help them during their stay and develop the personality

of the innocent children. In the short period of their stay, a lot of charity concerts and other cultural

manifestations were organized, the income of which was used for the children refugees from the

war in the conflict area. There were also actions for collecting clothes, toys, children`s books etc,

around all elementary schools in Skopje, as well as public stands "Bosnia and Herzegovina in the

Hell of Aggression", sponsorships of working actions, tournaments and picnics. In collaboration

with Radio 2000 there was a weekly show for the children refugees.2 Besides working on improving

the status of the refugees in Macedonia, it also organized free transportation to different destinations

outside Macedonia, taking into consideration the poor conditions our young and economically weak

country could provide.

The exact number of Bosniaks who found refuge in Macedonia cannot be established

precisely. Different resources offer different data. The data from the official institute differ quite a

lot. As a witness of the events in Macedonia in this period, I could say that this number is very big,

bearing in mind the fact that not all of them sought help from the state and humanitarian

organizations. A lot of households in Macedonia accepted refugees, especially Bosniak households

which opened the door to their humble homes for their brothers from Bosnia and Herzegovina. In

the first part of the outline of the numbers of refugees from Bosnia and Herzegovina in former

1 Interview with Gordana P. Zmijanac, Program manager and Founder of the First Childern`s Embassy in the World - ''Meghashi" - Republic of Macedonia , 17/05/2011, Skopje 2 Report on the work and activities of the Children`s Consulate General for the Republic of Macedonia, 07/07/1992. Archive of the First Children`s Embassy "Megjasi", Volume 2, Skopje

1027

Yugoslavia and the world, for the number of refugees in Macedonia I used 40 000 as opposed to the

most common resources where the numbers go from 30 000 to 75 000. In continuance I will simply

mention some of these resources. Around 32 000 refugees came to Macedonia from Bosnia and

Herzegovina in 1992 (UNHCR, 1995:46). UNHCR`s office in Skopje was open in 1992 and since

then it has helped Macedonian government handle the 35 000 refugees who arrived from Bosnia

and Herzegovina (Josifovska, 2008:6). According to the data of the Ministry of Labor and Social

Policy, in the spring of 1994 there were 15 000 refugees staying in Macedonia, mostly Bosniaks.

During 1992 the number of refugees doubled. The official data say that there was a period when this

number was 30 000 (Stefanovska, 1994:1). The Red Cross of Macedonia helped around 55 000

refugees. In the statement of Aco Janevski, State Secretary of the Ministry of Labor and Social

Policy, talking about the problems with Roma refugees from Kosovo, he declared that Macedonia

accepted 64 000 refugees from Bosnia and Herzegovina and 360 000 from Kosovo (Popovska,

2005:1). According to the International Project of Coordinating the Macedonian Centre of

international Collaboration - Civikus, Article III, point 2.2: The events in the region and the country

which had a direct influence of the economic and political stability of the Republic of Macedonia,

reads: "At the beginning of the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina (March 1992) Macedonia accepted

around 75 000 refugees, who lived here for less than a year and most likely were headed towards

the western European countries and Turkey" (Klekovski, 2005:59). Different numbers can be found

in different places regarding the displaced people living in Macedonia. The reason for this is the

fact the ones who managed to go, did not check out of the municipal organization of the Red Cross

where they were registered. At the same time certain number did not even register (Stefanovska,

1994:1). Table 2 presents data from the United Nations (UNHCR, 1993:8, 1994:51, 199526,

1996:33, 1997:43, 1998:15,26, 1999:53, 2000:48) and the Committee for Refugees of the USA

(U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants , 1998 - 2005).

Refugees from Bosnia and Herzegovina in the former SFRY from 1992-2004, (in thousands) Host

Country 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Serbia and Montenegro 349.3 200.9 98.2 84.7 250.7 241.7 200.9 198.2 165.3 143.5 121 99.7 25.2

Croatia 200 287 183.6 18.6 158.7 68.3 28.7 25 20.4 20 17 14 0.9

Macedonia 32 28.7 12.8 9 5.1 3.5 1.25 0.4 0.17 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.02

Slovenia 72.4 44.3 29.2 18.8 8.3 4.6 3.5 3.1 2.4 0.18 0.02 0.01 0.01

Table 2: The number of refugees from Bosnia and Herzegovina in the former SFRY from 1992-2004.

1028

The majority of refugees form Bosnia and Herzegovina was accepted into Macedonian

families. According to unofficial resources the rest, 10 % were put in collective centers: Katlnovo,

Radusha, Chegrane, children`s holiday resort cam - "Bunec" - Mavrovo, holiday resorts Chichino

village - Saraj and Strahil Andrashov - Ljubanci owned by the company Mladost, Skopje, Center

for Acceptance, Raising and Educating Children and Youth "Ranka Milanovic" - Skopje. All

centers together could accept around 3 000 people at the same time. The care for them was taken of

over by the Red Cross and the Red Crescent Movement. The accommodation and help was not at a

very high level, but it provided security. The food was limited, milk was almost gone and the

conditions for hygiene were catastrophic. There was not a sufficient supply of medicine, the

necessary vaccines, diapers or anything that would satisfy the basic needs, especially for the

youngest children.3 On the other hand, what other countries can still be envious of is the fact that

these people did not live in ghetto conditions. They had the status of guests and the possibility to

walk freely. They did not need any special approval, nor did the entrance and leave of camp had a

time limit.

The conversation with coordinator Markovski, in the holiday camp "Bunec" only confirmed

the pleasant and nice relationship they had with the Bosniak refugees. In this camp there were 1 300

refugees, most of them from Srebrenica and its area.4 In May 1992 in the camp, there were 677

children, aged 0-18.5 In the period 1992-1994 refugees stayed here for a short period of time. Most

of them left for west European countries, and a small number for Turkey. The help, in terms of

clothes and food, arrived through the office of UNHCR in Skopje. It is interesting to mention the

fact that the management of the holiday camp gave Bosniaks total responsibility in the organization

of the life in the camp and the distribution of help. For the purpose of this, a board was organized,

with a separate office and warehouse. In this way, any manipulation by the host, regarding the

distribution of humanitarian help, was avoided. At first they ate all together in the dining room, and

later at their request, they took the food to their rooms and ate there. We accepted them as "friends,

guests" says Markovski, they moved freely, they went to Gostivar and came back, and some of

them even worked.6

3 A letter to IREX, Mr. Obrad Kesic from Lina Unkovski, Children`s Consulate General for RM, Archive of the First Children`s Embassy "Megjasi", Volume 3, 1992, Skopje 4 Conversation with Nebojsha Markovski, coordinator of the Children`s Holiday Camp"Bunec" - Mavrovo, during the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 16/05/2011, Skopje 5 Gordana Zmijanac, Report on the visit of the children`s holiday camp in Bunec village, 1992, Archive of the First Children`s Embassy "Megjasi", Volume 2, Skopje 6 Conversation with Nebojsha Markovski, coordinator of the Children`s Holiday Camp"Bunec" - Mavrovo, during the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 16/05/2011, Skopje

1029

Children were the most affected by the war conflict, without any fault of their own,

uprooted from the chaos of the war which threatened their basic right of life. Most of them had only

one parent, while 30% of the children were left without both parents. According to the registers of

the Red Cross Macedonia, where all people with a refugee status were registered from 07/05/1992,

there were 6 374 minors, 2 922 or 46% of them accounted for children at pre-school age (0-7).7 In

the summer of 1992 there were over 8 000 registered children in Macedonia.8

Figure 3: Children - refugees from Bosnia and Herzegovina

The research of the Institute of Psychology whose purpose was the confirm the current

situation of the children and their parents/guardians, in conditions of great surprise and change in

their lives, on a sample of 237 children, accommodated in 123 families the following results were

found. Regarding education, 52% of the researched had completed secondary education, 24.6 higher

education, the rest had only elementary or no education. They were unprepared and not ready for

this prolonged existential uncertainty. This is confirmed by the fact that at the beginning they

expected to go back home in two or three weeks, and now 96% of them considered their return to be

uncertain. Due to the fact that 88% of these people were supported, they withdrew in themselves

and lost their self-confidence, as well as the interest for everything that happened around them.

Even 76.6% of the parents did not show any initiative to change their state and the state of their

children, saying that they were waiting to see what will happen. The interest of the parents to send

7 A letter to IREX, Mr. Obrad Kesic from Lina Unkovski, Children`s Consulate General for RM, Archive of the First Children`s Embassy "Megjasi", Volume 3, 1992, Skopje 8 Report on the work and activities of the Children`s Consulate General for the Republic of Macedonia, 07/07/1992. Archive of the First Children`s Embassy "Megjasi", Volume 2, Skopje

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their children to school was very small. Only 20.49% of the children included in the research

attended school in our schools, and for the rest the parents made up the excuses that they did not

speak the language and that it was the end of school year (Unkovska, 1992:11-18). These results

point to a passive attitude and regressive behavior of the adults in the role of setting an example and

giving support for their children, their development and socialization.

Figure 4: A drawing by the small Sanela Lonchar in the holiday camp Bunec

The observation and analysis of the lists which were at my disposal, especially the most

relevant from the Children`s Embassy "Megjasi" from Skopje, led me to conclude that the majority

of the refugees were of Bosniak nationality. They stayed throughout Macedonia in private housing.

Most of them, around 60% were accepted by the citizens of Skopje and its area: Batinci, Dolno

Konjari, Sredno Konjari, Ljubin, Saraj, Petrovec, Studenichani, Dolno Kolichani, Orlanci,

Katlanovo , Chiflik, Rzhanichino i Krushopek. Then the Polog region, Tetovo and Gostivar and a

lot of villages: Dobri Dol, Jelovljane, Kamenjane, Pirok, Sinichane, Chelopek, Negotino, Polog

area, Raven, Chegrane, Novo Selo, Zhelino, Leshok i Podbrede. In the region of Pelagonia, in

Bitola and Prilep, especially in the villages around Prilep: Lazhani, Desovo, Borino, Lokveni,

Zhitoshe, and the Bitola village Rotino. A great number of the victims found their refuge in Veles

and its area: Gorno Orizari, Gradsko, Crkvine i Kochilari. In the lists we can also find the cities:

Kumanovo with Lopate and Lipkovo, Struga and Labunishte, Ohrid, Resen, Strumica, Shtip,

Kavadarci i Probishtip.

On the same lists there are the hosts of the refugees, half of whom were Bosniaks, or

45.28%, 24.11% Macedonians, 17.91 Albanians, 6.15% Turks, 3.91% Macedonian Muslims, 1.57

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Serbs and others 1.07%. These figures only confirm my previous findings and the examples of the

household accepting a family with four members from the Bosnian city of Rudo and the

eyewitnesses and friends of Bosniaks from Bosnia and Herzegovina around Skopje and villages

where Bosniaks from Macedonia live and work.

Macedonia has in a way started from scratch establishing institutions of a system of a

young democratic state, economically worn out, in political sense, surrounded by blockage on one

side, with a constant feeling of uncertainty and worsening of the situation in Bosnia and

Herzegovina, without a sign of ending the war on the other side, they had to find the answer in

sustainable solutions of the refugees from Bosnia and Herzegovina. Beside the state which was not

able to offer a long term solution to the problem of refugees, they themselves were very much

aware of their position and the possibilities they had in this society. When they were not able to

come back home, they started thinking about third countries, hoping for better life conditions.

Figure 5: Refugees` group passport

With the help of international organizations, after a couple of month in Macedonia, in the

summer of 1992 they started leaving Macedonia voluntarily and headed towards a third country.

Some were waiting at the borders for approval of entrance, while others were leaving Macedonia,

some stayed longer, and for others this was just a passing station. With or without documents, with

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group passports issued by our country, the first to leave the country headed towards Zagreb and

Ljubljana. Through several arrivals during 1992, 159 people went there. The same year 143 went to

Bulgaria. The biggest number in the period 16/11-07/12/1992 was 922 people who went to Spain

with the help of the Red Cross, mostly children and those staying in the worst living conditions in

collective but in private accommodation as well. The Red Cross in Spain and UNICEF allocated

them throughout the country in families, mostly in Eskoriatza, Punta Umbria and La Coruna.9 Next

year, accommodation was offered by Turkey, America, the Czech Republic, then Sweden, Austria

and many other countries which became their new home.

At the end of 1997, there were around 3 500 refugees from Bosnia and Herzegovina in

Macedonia. Around 300 refugees lived in collective centers in Katlanovo and Radusha (United

States Committee for Refugees and Immigrants, 1998:1) but most of them were still living in

private houses. At the end of next year 1998 there were 1250 refugees. As we elaborated in the first

part, peace only confirmed the ethnical division in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The fact that 1 200

refugees originated from the part in Bosnia and Herzegovina ruled by a Serbian entity only proves

the abovementioned (United States Committee for Refugees and Immigrants, 1998:1). Regardless

the state in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the repartition from Macedonia moved gradually. At the end

of 1999 there were 400 refugees, and at the end of 2000 there were 170, the following year their

number became two digital - 50 refugees. According to the data from the census in 2002, there were

43 refugees in Macedonia, 13 of whom were male. Most of them were in Skopje - 9, Ohrid - 8 and

Veles - 5 refugees (State Statistical Office, 2002:194-385). If to the number of refugees we add the

people accepted and others with an approved stay of less than a year their number in 2002 becomes

bigger for 16, or there were a total of 59 people. Latest data show that in Macedonia there are still

around 20 people with the status refugees from Bosnia and Herzegovina. This means that most of

them returned to Bosnia and Herzegovina or went to a third country. According to the data of the

same census we can see that a part of the Bosniaks who came to Macedonia as refugees integrated

in our society. Today there are 3 619 Macedonian citizens who moved in from Bosnia and

Herzegovina, which is not such a big number considering the fact that we were once part of the

same country. The biggest annual number of Macedonian citizens from Bosnia and Herzegovina

came during the war, more precisely 147 people a year or 591 person in the period 1991-1994

which are an inseparable part of the Macedonian society (State Statistical Office, 2002:101:143).

9 Travel lists, Children`s Consulate General for RM, Archive of the First Children`s Embassy "Megjasi", Volume 1, Skopje.

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Conclusion

All these numbers, no matter how big they are, cannot truly present the largest refugee

tragedy after World War II in Europe. The number of those who by running from home tried to

escape the fear of the war is endless. Due to the still quite difficult state Bosnia and Herzegovina is

in, a lot of them even today are trying to make some extra money, moving from one place to

another, from one country to another, looking for security. Security and a home in distant,

unfamiliar and above all different countries, carrying with them what they cannot leave behind:

emotions, habits, religion, customs, culture... This is exactly why there are conflicts, which the host

countries interpret as ingratitude of the refugees towards the ones who provided them home. The

socialization of the refugees is not an issue which the host countries want to deal with, and the

financial help is the basis for every analysis. What is being forgotten is that behind all numbers

there are people who are forgotten. Sometimes the Bosnian government needs them in order to

prove the status of a victim, and sometimes the rest of the countries need them to publically show

their humanity.

The war in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Herzegovina is explained by each side from their

point of view regarding their political interests. The scientific and democratic public believes that

the goal of those who conducted the aggression in Bosnia and Herzegovina was not only to conquer

territories, but also physical destruction and banishment of the population which was unwanted for

Bosnia and Herzegovina. Genocide as a notion relevant for describing the crime is defined as ethnic

cleansing, which has certain concealments of its true crime character. What we must not ever forget

is that there is one and only peace, and that after the war is finished we must come back to peace. It

can as a consequence of victory or defeat, but it can also end in a draw, like in chess. In the case of

Bosnia and Herzegovina the road to peace was necessarily complicated. Negotiations, truces and

wars were interchangeable until the peace agreement. If all sides in the conflict are not capable of

finding a solution without the use of force, than every possible solution after the war is bound to be

less fair.

After the end of the war the international community appointed the so-called Office of the

High Representative of Bosnia and Herzegovina as the highest state organ. The original intends

were to abolish this position in 2008, but it has been prolonged to an indefinite time period until

Bosnia and Herzegovina does not prove to be a peaceful and stable country on a secure way to

European integration. According to its political system Bosnia and Herzegovina is one of a kind in

the world. Its establishment is with the character of a republic, although it does not function nor it is

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defined as a republic due to the complicity of the parts it is divided in (entities and cantons). The

national tensions are still prevailing; most of the Croats and Serbs see their future in Croatia or

Serbia, and not in Bosnia and Herzegovina. On the other hand, Bosniaks in western Europe as war

refugees or right after the war, massively renounce their citizenship in order to get Austrian,

German or any other. A very small number of them returned to their original places of dwelling and

confirmed the genocide in the regions which belonged to the other entities. Not much analysis is

needed in order to conclude that the Bosniak population cannot be satisfied with the current

situation. And they have the right to feel this way, because unlike the Serbs and Croats from Bosnia

and Herzegovina who will have a privileged relationship with their native countries, the majority of

Bosniak citizens are losing their state in this way. As at the end of every war the alternative is peace

or justice, and hope or even the dogmatic claim that peace cannot happen without justice prove to

be wrong in the example of Bosnia and Herzegovina and that each sustainable peace is better than

war. If reason was given by God, if negotiations and agreements are the only solution before and

after the war, we solve problems without force and using peace. Coexistence of the nations in this

region is necessary, and we have to put great effort to overcome hatred and revenge. When lives are

lost, people`s destinies destroyed, children`s dreams crashed, all principles of religion and moral

broken, there are no happy or satisfied people on neither side in war.

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Refugess in Macedonia due to the War in Bosnia and Herzegovina

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