Some Reference Sources for Classical Studies

I. Classical Encyclopedias

The Pauly-Wissowa Family

RE

Paulys Real-Encyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft. Reihe I 47 in 48 vols, Reihe II 19

vols. Stuttgart: J.B. Metzler, 1893-1972.

Paulys Real-Encyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft: Supplement. Stuttgart: J. B. Metzler,

1903–1978. Usually referred to as the RE or the Pauly-Wissowa, this comprehensive work remains the fundamental

encyclopedia of Greco-Roman antiquity, representing the efforts of several generations of German scholars. The

exhaustive references to ancient literary sources included in most articles remain one of the key features of the

RE—in this respect it has aged very well. However, the RE for the most part lacks the thematic and conceptual

articles that are common in more recent reference works. The length and detail of many articles make it

unwieldy for ready reference—in fact, several of the “articles” on major figures amount to independent

monographs, and some have been published separately as such. It is a complicated work: the RE was

published in two series A-Q, and R-Z, as well as a separate series of supplements. Volumes often include a

section of Nachträge with corrections and additions to earlier volumes. The supplementary volumes also contain

revisions, as well as new articles. Some major articles, e.g. Jacoby on Herodotus, appear in the supplements and

are not in alphabetical sequence.

Murphy, John P. Index to the Supplements and Suppl. Volumes of Pauly-Wissowa’s R. E.: Index to the

Nachträge and Berichtigungen in Vols. I-XXIV of the First Series, Vols. I-X of the Second Series,

and Supplementary Vols. I-XIV of Pauly-Wissowa-Kroll’s Realenzyklopa die. Chicago: Ares,

1976.

Ga rtner, Hans, and Albert Wu nsch. Paulys Realencyclopädie der Classischen Alterumswissenschaft:

Register der Nachträge und Supplemente. Mu nchen: A. Druckenmu ller, 1980.

Erler, Tobias, ed. Paulys Realencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft: Gesamtregister. 1 v.

+ 2 CD-Roms . Stuttgart: J.B. Metzler, 1997. Effective use of the RE requires an index. Each of these indices list RE entries in alphabetical sequence

indicating where in the main series, supplements, and Nachträge information on the subject appears. Erler also

includes an index of authors, and, on the CD-Roms, a subject index.

Ziegler, Konrat Julius Fu rchtegott, and Walther Sontheimer, eds. Der Kleine Pauly: Lexikon der

Antike. Stuttgart: A. Druckenmu ller, 1964–1975. 5 vols. A more manageable condensation and revision of the RE. It has now largely been superseded by der Neue Pauly,

but remains a handy reference work. Due to its frequent references to the unabridged RE, it can serve as a guide

to the larger work.

Der Neue Pauly

Cancik, Hubert, and Helmuth Schneider, eds. Der Neue Pauly: Enzyklopädie der Antike. 16 vols.

Stuttgart: J.B. Metzler, 1996-2002.

Cancik, Hubert, Helmuth Schneider, and Manfred Landfester, eds. Der Neue Pauly: Supplemente.

7 vols. Stuttgart: Metzler, 2004-2010.

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BNP

Cancik, Hubert, and Helmuth Schneider, eds. Brill’s New Pauly: Encyclopaedia of the Ancient

World. 16 vols. Leiden: Brill, 2002–2008.

Landfester, Manfred, Hubert Cancik, and Helmuth Schneider, eds. Brill’s New Pauly:

Encyclopaedia of the Ancient World. Classical Tradition. 6 vols. Leiden: Brill, 2006–2011.

Cancik, Hubert, Manfred Landfester, and Helmuth Schneider, eds. Brill’s New Pauly.

Supplements. Leiden: Brill, 2007–

PaulyOnline: http://www.paulyonline.brill.nl/

While the Neue Pauly is not intended as a replacement for the Alte Pauly, it is the largest complete encyclopedia

of antiquity published since World War II. And the translation, the New Pauly, is the largest such encyclopedia

ever published in English. (Unfortunately, its English sometimes lacks polish.) It is divided into two parts: 15

volumes and an index on Greco-Roman antiquity, with some coverage of neighboring regions and cultures, and

6 volumes and an index on the reception of the classical tradition and the history of classical scholarship. The

length of the entries vary, but they tend to be closer to the OCD than the RE, as a result there are lots of

entries—even for obscure persons and places and recondite topics. (The Classical Tradition articles tend to be

longer.) While all articles provide bibliographies, their form and comprehensiveness varies. The bibliographies

are decidedly, if understandably, “Eurocentric,” though an attempt was made to include more English works in

the translation. The New Pauly is complemented by a series of supplements which now include: Chronologies of

the Ancient World: Names, Dates and Dynasties, Dictionary of Greek and Latin Authors and Texts, Historical Atlas of the

Ancient World, and Reception of Myth and Mythology. The entire encyclopedia, with the exception of the

supplements, is available through Brill Online.

The Oxford Classical Dictionary and Related Works

OCD4

Hornblower, Simon, and Anthony Spaworth, eds. The Oxford Classical Dictionary. 4th ed. Rev.

Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press, 2012

http://www.oxford-classicaldictionary3.com This is the best one-volume reference work for the study of ancient Greece and Rome—both as a reliable source

for finding facts and a place to begin more in-depth research. The bibliographies that conclude almost all

entries are especially valuable, though the extent to which they were updated for the 4th edition varies. No

illustrations or maps are included. At present, only the third edition is available online. The OCD has been the

basis of a number of subsequent smaller reference works from Oxford that you may encounter—these provide

little if any new material and can safely be passed over if you have access to the OCD. Despite some of the

editors’ claims, the OCD is largely not written for a layperson—entries typically presuppose a great deal of

background knowledge; indeed, this is one of the reasons such a concise “dictionary” can be so useful to

scholars.

Two recent encyclopedias were explicitly developed with the strengths and limitations of the OCD in mind.

They aim more squarely at an audience of general readers (and undergraduates). Nevertheless, they are works

that even a professional scholar can consult on occasion with profit.

Reference Sources for Classical Studies

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CDCC

Shipley, Graham, et al. eds. The Cambridge Dictionary of Classical Civilization. Cambridge, UK ;

New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006. Not intended as a competitor to the OCD, this work aims for accessibility and increased attention “to social,

economic, and cultural features.” It even has a list of articles for which there is no equivalent in the OCD (pp.

xxxii-xxxiv) such as “manure,” “New Testament,” and “riots,” as well as a helpful classified list of headwords.

Cambridge Dictionary of Classical Civilization, includes a substantial number of maps, tables, and illustrations, an

area where the OCD is lacking. Most articles have very brief bibliographies.

OEAGR

Gagarin, Michael, ed. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome. 7 vols. New York:

Oxford University Press, 2010.

http://www.oxford-greecerome.com/ While it runs to seven volumes, the OEAGR comprises fewer total words than the outstandingly dense OCD.

According to the editor, the “OCD contains about 1.7 million words in more than sixty-two hundred articles,

OEAGR about 1.5 million words in more than eleven hundred articles .” While it has fewer entries, they tend to

be longer and provide more in-depth overviews that presuppose less background knowledge than the OCD.

The concern is more with what aspects of classical antiquity “mean” and less on the compilation of sources and

facts. There is also some coverage of the history of reception and of classical scholarship. It is largely accessible

to the general reader and the undergraduate, but many of the articles would be of interest to a more

experienced researcher seeking an overview of a topic, as well. Full bibliographies are included, as is a 73-page

chronology

Bagnall, Roger S., et al., eds. The Encyclopedia of Ancient History. 13 vols. Malden, MA: Wiley

Blackwell, 2012.

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/book/10.1002/9781444338386 A major new encyclopedia covering the history of the ancient Mediterranean and the Near East from the late

Bronze age to the 7th Century A.D. It is scheduled to be published in the Fall of 2012 and promises to be an

extremely useful resource.

Other Encyclopedias

Andersen, Carl, et al. eds. Lexikon der Alten Welt. 3 vols. Zürich: Artemis Verlag, 1965 (rpt. 1990). Often referred to as the Artemis Lexikon, it remains a useful, larger-scale, though now somewhat dated

complement to the OCD, independent of the Pauly-Wissowa tradition. The last volume includes useful, though

far from comprehensive, lists of ancient portraits, manuscripts, papyri, and excavations. Still worth checking as

an alternative to the New Pauly.

Brodersen, Kai, and Bernhard Zimmermann, eds. Metzler Lexikon Antike. Stuttgart: Metzler,

2000. A convenient one-volume encyclopedia, not as in-depth as the OCD and with minimal bibliography. However

it has a useful series of appendices with chronologies, genealogies, tables of weights and measures, and other

miscellaneous information.

Reference Sources for Classical Studies

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Daremberg-Saglio (Dar.-Sag.)

Daremberg, Charles, and Edm. Saglio, eds. ictionnaire des nti uit s rec ues et Ro aines

d’ pr s les extes et les onu ents. 5 in 9 vols. Paris: Hachette, 1877–1919.

http://dagr.univ-tlse2.fr/sdx/dagr/index.xsp The level of detail with which this work treats Realia, the material culture of Greco-Roman Antiquity, has not

been surpassed. It is strictly an encyclopedia of antiquities, both material, social, and abstract: there are no

entries on people or places. Like the RE, references to literary sources are usually close-to-comprehensive. It is

illustrated throughout by over 7,000 graving. While reflecting the scholarship of the late Nineteenth century, it

remains the most comprehensive reference work for the material culture of classical antiquity.

Enciclopedia Classica. 11 vols. Torino ociet editrice internazionale, 1957–. A major Italian classical encyclopedia that remains incomplete—less than half of the projected volumes

have been published. Its organized topically, rather than in an A to Z sequence, hence the published parts

are often complete in themselves.

Leclant, Jean, ed. ictionnaire de l’anti uit . Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 2005. The closest French equivalent to the OCD or Metzler Lexikon. Its scope, however, includes the ancient Near-East,

Egypt, and Europe as well as the ancient Greek and Roman worlds.

Speake, Graham, ed. A Dictionary of Ancient History. Oxford: Blackwell Reference, 1994. Intended for the general reader, scholars will prefer the OCD under most circumstances.

II. Other General Works and Collections

ANRW

Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt : Geschichte und Kultur Roms im Spiegel der neueren

Forschung. Berlin: De Gruyter, 1972–1997. Originating as a Festschrift for Joseph Vogt, this project mushroomed into a massive (over five dozen volumes)

collection of survey articles on all aspects of Roman Antiquity, both Greek and Latin. Articles may be in

German, French, English, or Italian. It consists of three parts, though no volumes in the final part, on late

antiquity, have yet appeared. In fact no new new volumes have been published since the late 90’s, though a

number are still listed as in preparation. The first two parts deal with the Republic (4 volumes) and the Empire

(60 volumes). Each of these parts are further divided into the following sections: 1. Political History; 2. Law; 3.

Religion; 4. Language and Literature; 5. Philosophy and the Sciences; 6. The Arts. Tables of contents for each

volume are available online from the Institute for the Classical Tradition at Boston University, and an index is

available from the University of Kentucky: http://www.cs.uky.edu/~raphael/scaife/anrw.html.

Bowersock, G.W., Peter Brown, & Oleg Grabar, eds. Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Postclassical

World. Harvard University Press Reference Library. Cambridge: Belknap Press of

Harvard University Press, 1999. http://www.credoreference.com/vol/537 This constructed guide contains a series of synoptic essays and an A to Z encyclopedia. It covers the

Mediterranean world from 250 to 800 A.D., including early Islam and its expansion. Church History and Early

Christianity is covered less extensively, due to the ready availability of other reference works in those areas.

Brunschwig, Jacques, and G. E. R Lloyd, eds. Greek Thought: A Guide to Classical Knowledge.

Translated by Catherine Porter. Harvard University Press Reference Library.

Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2000. A translation of Savoir Grec: Dictionnaire Critique (Paris: Flammarion, 1996), consisting of thematically arranged

essays that provide an overview of all aspects of Greek thought.

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Grafton, Anthony, Glenn W Most, and Salvatore Settis, eds. The Classical Tradition. Harvard

University Press Reference Library. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University

Press, 2010. An encyclopedia of the reception of the classical tradition written by an international team of prominent

scholars. Makes for some very interesting reading.

Grant, Michael, and Rachel Kitzinger, eds. Civilization of the Ancient Mediterranean: Greece and

Rome. 3 vols. New York cribner’s, 1988. Consisting of 97 in-depth topical essays, many by distinguished scholars, this collection provides extended,

introductory overviews of aspects of Classical Civilization. The quality and approach of each essay varies, but

for the most part, they can be recommended for someone seeking for something more than an encyclopedia

article, but less than a monograph, on a particular topic. A detailed index is included.

Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft. Nordlingen, Munich: C.H. Beck, 1885– . A venerable series of comprehensive Handbücher founded by Iwan von Müller. The first edition was published

from 1885-91. It covers all aspects of the ancient Greek and Roman World. After 1920 coverage was expanded

to include the Ancient Near East as well. Many of the older volumes have been supplanted, but some remain

very useful. The subdivision of the series into Abteilungen, Banden, and Teilen can be a bit confusing. The

broadest divisions, the Abteilungen, cover the following areas: I. Introductory and Ancillary Disciplines; II.

Greek and Latin Grammar; Rhetoric; III. Ancient Near Eastern, Greek, and Roman History; IV. Greek Political

Science, Greek and Roman Military Affairs; V. History of Philosophy, Mathematics, Natural Sciences, Religion;

VI. Archaeology; VII. History of Greek Literature; VIII. History of Roman Literature; IX. History of Medieval

Latin Literature; X. Legal History; XI. Byzantine Studies. Individual volumes are generally cataloged separately

and treated as independent works, though they are usually shelved together

Klauser, Theodor, ed. Reallexikon für Antike und Christentum: Sachwörterbuch zur

Auseinandersetzung des Christentums mit der Antiken Welt. 23 vols. Stuttgart: Anton

Hiersemann, 1950–. Though focusing on the history of Christianity through the sixth-century, it includes a great deal of information

on all aspects of Greco-Roman antiquity, particularly for the Hellenistic and later periods. After sixty years,

REAC is still in progress, volume 23 (through ”Manes”) was completed in 2010.

III. Companions and Handbooks

The past fifteen years or so have seen the publication of a profusion of companions on classical

topics from an increasing number of scholarly publishers. While this may in fact be a case of too

much of a good thing, companions do provide an easy way to get an overview and sense of the

status quaestionis in the area covered. One advantage over most traditional reference works is

that they often include discussion of unsettled issues and debates on their subjects.

The major series of companions are

Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World some available in: http://www.blackwellreference.com

Brill Companions in Classical Studies

Cambridge Companions to Literature and Classics: available online http://cco.cambridge.org/

Oxford Handbooks

Some other series to note:

Approaching the Ancient World (Routledge)

Reference Sources for Classical Studies

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Aspects of Greek and Roman Life (Thames and Hudson, Cornell University Press)

Blackwell Introductions to the Classical World (Wiley-Blackwell)

Classical Foundations (Routledge)

Einführungen Altertumwissenschaften (WBG)

Enzyklopädie der griechisch-römischen Antike (Oldenbourg Verlag)

IV. General Introductions and Overviews

Ameling, Walter, and H. –G. Nesselrath, eds. Einleitung in die Griechische Philologie. Stuttgart:

Teubner, 1997. Provides a concise, authoritative overview of ancient Greek philology, history, and archaeology, including

ancillary disciplines such as papyrology. Textual transmission and the history of the discipline receive

exemplary coverage, as does the literature and history of the Byzantine world.

Barchiesi, Alessandro, and Walter Scheidel, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Roman Studies. Oxford:

Oxford University Press, 2010.

Bispham, Edward, Thomas J Harrison, and Brian A Sparkes, eds. The Edinburgh Companion to

Ancient Greece and Rome. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2006. On the whole, a very useful overview with significant attention devoted to the material remains and culture of

antiquity, though the quality and scope of individual contributions varies.

Boys-Stones, G. R, Barbara Graziosi, and Phiroze Vasunia, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Hellenic

Studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.

Graf, Fritz, ed. Einleitung in die Lateinische Philologie. Einleitung in die Altertumswissenschaft.

Stuttgart: Teubner, 1997. The Latin equivalent of Ameling and Nesselrath, which together are intended to replace Gerke and Norden’s

Einleitung (see below). Its scope includes Medieval and Neo-Latin.

Jenkins, Fred W. Classical Studies: A Guide to the Reference Literature. 2nd ed. Westport, Conn:

Libraries Unlimited, 2006. (SML Z7016 J4X 2006) Extensive annotated listing of Classical reference sources. Reference literature is construed broadly, and Jenkins

includes sections on journals, internet resources, collections of primary sources in translations, and single-

author lexicons and bibliographies. While the scholarly sources one would expect are included, so are many

popular and idiosyncratic publications—usually noted as such. It’s a very useful book, though already slightly

dated.

Schaps, David M. Handbook for Classical Research. London: Routledge, 2011. (Classics, SML Ref.

DE71 .S27X 2011) The only book in English to provide a broad overview of research areas and methods in classical studies and its

“ancillary disciplines.”

Some older books that remain useful:

Gercke, Alfred, and Eduard Norden, eds. Einleitung in die Altertumswissenschaft. 3 vols. 3rd ed.

Leipzig, Berlin: B.G. Teubner, 1914-1927 Largely replaced by Graf and Ameling’s and Nesselrath’s Einleitungen. Some noteworthy monographs began

their life as sections of Gercke-Norden, including Wilamowitz’s History of Classical Scholarship, Maas’s Textual

Criticism, and Ehrenberg’s The Greek State.

Reference Sources for Classical Studies

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Sandys, John Edwin, ed. A Companion to Latin Studies. 3rd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University

Press, 1938.

Whibley, Leonard, ed. A Companion to Greek Studies. 4th ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University

Press, 1931. While outdated, both Sandys and Whibley include chapters on some topics .e.g. on fauna and flora, that have

not been covered with the same detail in more recent reference works.

V. History

Methodological Works

Hendrick, Charles W. Ancient History: Monuments and Documents. Blackwell introductions to the

classical world. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2006. A theoretically-informed and yet conversational overview of the study of Graeco-Roman history. It emphasizes

the distance between our experience of the ancient sources (as ‘documents’) and the role of those sources in

antiquity (as ‘monuments’.)

Bengtson, Hermann. Introduction to Ancient History. Berkeley: University of California Press,

1970. A translation of the 6th edition of Bengtson’s Einführung in die alte Geschichte, first published in 1949. This book is

reaching the end of its useful life, but its account of the history of the field and overview of older, mainly

German, bibliography are still of interest.

Corvisier, Jean-Nicolas. ources et thodes en histoire ancienne. Collection Premier cycle. Paris:

Presses Universitaires de France, 1997.

Crawford, Michael H, ed. Sources for Ancient History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,

1983. With chapters on literature by Emilio Gabba, epigraphy by Fergus Millar, archaeology by Anthony Snodgrass,

and numismatics by Michael Crawford, this work provides an excellent account of the use of sources in the

study of ancient history.

Leppin, Hartmut. Einführung in die Alte Geschichte. C.H. Beck Studium. München: Beck, 2005. Chronological outline with brief, but well-selected, bibliographies.

Pelling, C. B. R. Literary Texts and the Greek Historian. Approaching the Ancient World. London:

Routledge, 2000.

Potter, D. S. Literary Texts and the Roman Historian. Approaching the Ancient World. London:

Routledge, 1999.

Major Histories

CAH

The Cambridge Ancient History. 14 vols. 2nd and 3rd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,

1970–2004. The first volume of CAH was published in 1923, and revised volumes have appeared regularly since the end of

the Second World War. Currently, all volumes are either in their second or third edition. It covers the history of

the Mediterranean area and the Near East from prehistory to 600 A.D. The CAH is the most comprehensive

history of the ancient Western world, and includes extensive bibliographies and illustrations.

Reference Sources for Classical Studies

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Bradley, Keith, and Paul Cartledge, eds. The Cambridge World History of Slavery. Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press, 2011. Vol.1: The Ancient Mediterranean World.

CHGRW

Sabin, Philip A. G, Hans van Wees, and Michael Whitby, eds. The Cambridge History of Greek and

Roman Warfare. 2 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.

Scheidel, Walter, Ian Morris, and Richard P Saller, eds. The Cambridge Economic History of the

Greco-Roman World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.

These and other Cambridge Histories are available online: http://histories.cambridge.org

Momigliano, Arnaldo, and Aldo Schiavone, eds. Storia di Roma. 4 vols. Torino: Einaudi, 1988.

Key Ancient History Book Series

Blackwell History of the Ancient World

Edinburgh History of Ancient Rome

Edinburgh History of the Greeks

Fontana History of the Ancient World (Published by Harvard University Press in the U.S.)

Routledge History of the Ancient World

VI. Literature

General

Berkowitz, Luci, and Karl A Squitier. Thesaurus Linguae Graecae Canon of Greek Authors and

Works. 3rd ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990. While no longer an accurate guide to the texts included in the TLG, this remains a very useful list of ancient

Greek writers (almost 3200 of them) and their works (more than 9400 of them), each with a citation of the

edition that was chosen by the APA Advisory Committee as of the late 80’s. The current TLG cannon is online

(http://www.tlg.uci.edu/canon), but it lacks some of the details of the print edition.

Buchwald, Wolfgang, Armin Hohlweg, and Otto Prinz, eds. Tusculum-Lexikon Griechischer und

Lateinischer Autoren des Altertums und des Mittelalters. 3rd ed. Mu nchen: Artemis, 1982. Most useful for its coverage of post-classical Greek and Latin writers.

Della Corte, Francesco, ed. Dizionario degli Scrittori Greci e Latini. 3 vols. Milano: Marzorati, 1987- In-depth essays on major classical and early Christian authors and genres. Less important authors are treated in

general collective essays, such as “Annalisti,” and “Epici latini minori.” All articles include extensive

bibliographies.

Reference Sources for Classical Studies

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Dihle, Albrecht. Greek and Latin Literature of the Roman Empire: From Augustus to Justinian.

London; New York: Routledge, 1994. Especially useful for its coverage of Empire and late-antique Greek authors, areas that are far from the center of

attention in most other histories of Greek literature.

CHCL

Easterling, P.E, et al., eds. Cambridge History of Classical Literature. 2 Vols. Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press, 1982-1985. Online at http://histories.cambridge.org/.

Howaston, M.C., ed. The Oxford Companion to Classical Literature. 3rd ed. Oxford; New York:

Oxford University Press, 2011.

http://www.oxfordreference.com/views/BOOK_SEARCH.html?book=t9 A revision of Sir Paul Harvey’s Companion first published in 1937. While not geared towards specialists and

without references and bibliography, it can be useful for it succinct explanations of literary matters.

CHLC

Kennedy, George Alexander, ed. The Cambridge History of Literary Criticism: Classical Criticism.

Vol. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989. Online at

http://histories.cambridge.org/.

Luce, T. James, ed. Ancient Writers: Greece and Rome. 2 vols. New York: Scribner, 1982. In-depth, critical essays on major ancient authors arranged chronologically

Nickel, Rainer. Lexikon der Antiken Literatur. Du sseldorf: Artemis & Winkler, 1999. (Classics,

Divinity Ref. PA31 N53 1999) Entries are by title of work, rather than author, with indexes arranging titles by author and genre.

Schu tze, Oliver, ed. Metzler Lexikon Antiker Autoren. 1st ed. Stuttgart: Metzler, 1997.

Zimmermann, Bernhard, ed. Metzler Lexikon Antiker Literatur: Autoren, Gattungen, Begriffe.

Stuttgart: Metzler, 2004. (Classics PA31 .M485 2004)

Greek

Dover, Kenneth James et al., eds. Ancient Greek Literature. 2nd ed. Opus. Oxford: Oxford

University Press, 1997. A concise history focusing on the archaic and classical periods.

Lesky, Albin. A History of Greek Literature. Translated by James Willis and Cornelis de Heer.

London: Indianapolis: G. Duckworth; Hackett Pub, 1996 (1966). Though now largely supplanted in English by the Cambridge History of Classical Literature, this translation of

Geschichte der griechischen Literatur (Bern: Francke, 1966) remains useful. Many minor authors are omitted, and

literature after the Hellenistic period is given very cursory coverage. The focus is very much on the archaic and

classical periods.

Rose, H. J. A Handbook of Greek Literature from Homer to the Age of Lucian. 4th ed. London:

Methuen, 1950. While outdated in most respects, Rose’s Handbook remains a useful source for basic biographical and historical

information, though little space is devoted to minor authors.

Reference Sources for Classical Studies

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Sai d, uzanne, and Monique Tr d . A Short History of Greek Literature. London ; New York:

Routledge, 1999.

Sai d, uzanne, Monique Tr d , and Alain e Boulluec. Histoire de la itt rature rec ue. 1st ed.

Collection Premier cycle. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1997.

Schmid-Stählin

Schmid, Wilhelm, and Otto Stählin, eds. Geschichte der Griechischen Literatur. 7 vols. Handbuch

der Altertumswissenschaft 7. Abt. München: Beck, 1920. Also cited as Christ-Schmind-Stählin, this remains most comprehensive history of Greek literature. Full details

are provided for minor authors, though major authors receive additional essays. It is now being replaced by the

Handbuch der Griechischen Literatur der Antike, edited by Bernhard Zimmermann. The first volume appeared in

2011

Zimmerman, Bernhard, ed. Die Literatur der Archaischen und Klassischen Zeit. Handbuch der

Altertumswissenschaft Abt. 7, Bd.1. Munich: C.H. Beck, 2011.

Latin

Albrecht, Michael von. Geschichte der Römischen Literatur: von Andronicus bis Boethius und ihr

Fortwirken. Dritte, verbesserte und erweiterte Auflage. 2 vols. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2012.

----------. A History of Roman Literature: from Livius Andronicus to Boethius: with Special Regard to its

Influence on World Literature. 2 vols. Leiden: Brill. 1997. [A revised translation of the

second German edition.]

Cavallo, Guglielmo, Paolo Fedeli, and Andrea Giardina, eds. Lo Spazio Letterario di Roma Antica.

5 vols. Roma: Salerno editrice, 1989-1991 An overview of ancient Roman literature that emphasizes the circulation, transmission, and reception of literary

texts in a broader social context.

Conte, Gian Biagio. Latin Literature: A History. Translated by Joseph B. Solodow. Baltimore:

Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994.

Schanz, Martin von. Geschichte der Römischen Litteratur bis zum Gesetzgebungswerk des Kaisers

Justinian. 7 vols. Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft Abt. 8. Munich: C.H. Beck, 1905-

1935 “ chanz-Hosius,” old, but still not completely replaced by Herzog-Schmidt.

Herzog-Schmidt

Handbuch der lateinischen Literatur der Antike, a subdivision of the Handbuch der

Altertumswissenchaften (Abteilungen 8), that will eventually replace Shanz-Hosius. The

following volumes have been published so far:

Herzog, Reinhart, ed. Restauration und Erneuerung: die Lateinische Literatur von 284 Bis 374 N. Chr.

Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft. Abt. 8, Handbuch der lateinischen Literatur der

Antike Abt. 8, Bd. 5. München: C.H. Beck, 1989.

Sallmann, Klaus, ed. Die Literatur des Umbruchs: Von der Römischen zur Christlichen Literatur, 117

bis 284 N. Chr. Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft 8. Abt., 4. Bd. München: C.H. Beck,

1997.

Reference Sources for Classical Studies

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Suerbaum, Werner, ed. Die Archaische Literatur: Von den Anfängen bis Sullas Tod: Die

Vorliterarische Periode und die Zeit von 240 Bis 78 V. Chr. Handbuch der Lateinischen

Literatur der Antike Abt. 8 Bd. 1. München: C.H. Beck, 2002.

Single-author Encyclopedias

While these multivolume encyclopedias each concentrate on the work of a single

ancient author, they all include plenty of material on more general aspects of classical

antiquity and its reception.

Della Corte, Francesco, ed. Virgilio: Enciclopedia Virgiliana. 5 vols. Roma: Istituto della

Enciclopedia italiana, 1984.

Finkelberg, Margalit, ed. The Homer Encyclopedia. 3 vols. Chichester, West Sussex ; Malden, MA:

Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.

Orazio: Enciclopedia Oraziana. Ed. speciale per la collana “Orsa maggiore.” Orsa maggiore. 3 vols.

Roma: Istituto della Enciclopedia italiana, 1996.

VII. Mythology and Religion

Gantz, Timothy. Early Greek Myth: A Guide to Literary and Artistic Sources. Baltimore: Johns

Hopkins University Press, 1993.

Grimal, Pierre. The Dictionary of Classical Mythology. Blackwell Reference. Oxford: Blackwell,

1985. Probably the best dictionary for quick reference, a translation of Grimal’s Dictionnaire de la mythologie grecque et

romaine, first published in 1951.

Hard, Robin. The Routledge Handbook of reek ythology: Based on H.J. Rose’s “Handbook of reek

Mythology.” London ; New York: Routledge, 2004. The most recent manifestation of Rose’s often revised and reprinted Handbook of Greek Mythology, now almost

completely rewritten. Its lack of references to secondary literature is a limitation.

Johnston, Sarah Iles, ed. Religions of the Ancient World: A Guide. Harvard University Press

Reference Library. Cambridge, Mass: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2004.

(Classics, Divinity Ref. BL687 .R47X 2004) Integrated topical presentation of ancient Mediterranean religions.

LIMC

Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae (LIMC). 8 Vols. Zu rich: Artemis, 1981–2009 Catalogs and details sources for the representation of mythological figures in both literature and art. Individual

articles may be in German, Italian, French, or English. Each volume consist of two parts: text (including line

drawings) and plates. While focused on the iconographic aspects of myth, the extensive reference and

discussion of other evidence makes this an essential reference for serious work on classical mythology in all its

manifestations. Extensive references to secondary literature, as well as primary sources are provided.

Supplemented by a number of online databases (LIMCicon, LIMCbiblio, and LIMCabrev) at http://www.limc-

france.fr.

Reference Sources for Classical Studies

12

Roscher, Wilhelm Heinrich. Ausführliches Lexikon der Griechischen und Ro mischen Mythologie. 10

vols. Leipzig: B.G. Teubner, 1884–1937 Still the most comprehensive encyclopedia of Classical Mythology. It’s extensive references to primary sources,

as they were known at the time remain useful, though the interpretations are now only of historical interest.

ThesCRA

Thesaurus Cultus et Rituum Antiquorum (ThesCRA). 7 vols. Los Angeles: Getty Publications, 2004–

2011 A sequel to the LIMC, this work catalogs ancient cults and rituals, “the substantial aspects of Greek, Roman,

and Etruscan religion, apart from any assessment of the purely spiritual or philosophical.” It is divided into a

“ evel of Dynamic Elements, of activities ,” (vols.1 to 3) and a “ evel of tatic Elements” (vol. 4-8). Entries may

be written in English, Italian, German, or French, and catalog and explicate relevant literary, epigraphic,

archaeological iconographic sources—often with illustrations. The final volume is an index of Museum,

Collections, and Sites.

Appendix: Books on Research

Altick, Richard D. and John J. Fenstermaker. The Art of Literary Research. 4th ed. New York:

Norton, 1993.

Barzun, Jacques and Henry Graff. The Modern Researcher. 5th ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1992.

Booth, Wayne C., Gregory C. Colomb and Joseph M. Williams. The Craft of Research. 3rd Ed.

Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008.

Howell, Martha C. Fro a Reliable ources” n Introduction to Historical Methods. Ithaca: Cornell

University Press, 2001.

Mann, Thomas. The Oxford Guide to Library Research. 3rd Ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press,

2005.

(Forthcoming)

VIII. Atlases and Geographic Reference

IX. Art History and Archaeology

X. Prosopography, Onomastics, and Biographical Reference

XI. Ancient Philosophy

Prepared by Colin McCaffrey, Yale Classics Library, September 2012

colin.mccaffrey@yale.edu, http://guides.library.yale.edu/classics