problems and prospects', Bangkok Bank Monthly Re

Notes

Introduction

1. Khien Theeravit, 'The Relationship between Thailand and China -problems and prospects', Bangkok Bank Monthly Review, Vol. 19, No. 12, December 1978, p. 566.

2. Khien Theeravit, 'Nayobai lae kon1ayut khong satharanarat prachachon jin to thai (The People's Republic of China's Policies and Tactics towards Thailand)', in Jin leap sangkhom 10k (Communist China and World Society), (Bangkok, Social Science Association of Thailand Press, 1976), p. 178. See also, Khien Theeravit, 'Khosangket kieokap nayobai tangprathet khong thai (Notes on Thai Foreign Policy)" The Social Science Review (Bangkok), Vol. 13, No. I, January-March 1975.

3. Suebsaeng Promboon, 'Thai kap satharanarat prachachon jin: wikhro naeo nayobai tangprathet (Thailand and the PRC: A Foreign Policy Analysis)" The Journal of Social Sciences (Bangkok), Vol. XI, No.4, October 1974. p. 9.

4. Narumitr Sods uk, Samphanthaphap thang kanthut rawang thai leap satharanarat p rachachon jin (Diplomatic Relations between Thailand and the People's Republic of China), (Bangkok, Thai Wattanapanich Press, 1981), p. 30.

5. Thani Sukkasem, Sino-Thai Relations: An Analysis of Thai Policy Towards China, 1949-1972, M.PoI.Sc. thesis [in Thai), (Thammasat University, Bangkok, 1973), pp. 307-310.

6. Department of International Relations, Chulalongkorn University, China in Thai Perspective, Asian Studies Monograph No. 027, April 1980, p. 15.

7. Kullada Kesboonchoo, 'Patterns of Thai Diplomacy: A Historical Study', The Journal of Social Sciences (Bangkok), Vol. X, No.4, October 1973, pp. 43-46. See also E. W. Hutchinson, Adventurers in Siam in the Seventeenth Century (London, The Royal Asiatic Society, 1940), Chapters II, m, and IV, pp. 19-91.

8. D. O. E. Hall, A History of South-East Asia (London, The Macmillan Press, 1981), pp. 388- 392. See also Hutchinson, Adventurers in Siam, Chapters V and VII, pp. 92-112 and 155-178.

9. See E. W. Hutchinson, 1688 Revolution in Siam (Hong Kong, Hong Kong University Press, 1968).

10. David K. Wyatt, Thailand: A Short History (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1984), pp. 117-118.

11. M. L. Manich Jumsai, History of Anglo-Thai Relations (Bangkok, Chalermnit, 1970), p. 50.

158

Notes to pp. 6-9 159

12. James C. Ingram, Economic Change in Thailand, 1850-1970 (Stanford, Stanford University Press, 1971), p. 35.

13. Wyatt. Thailand, p. 185. 14. Ibid., p. 203. 15. Chandran Jeshurun, The Contest for Siam 1889-1902: A Study in

Diplomatic Rivalry (Kuala Lumpur, Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. 1977), p. 57.

16. Ibid., pp. 32-33. 17. Kamol Somvichian, The Thai Military in Politics: An Analytical Study,

Ph.D. thesis (University of London, 1969), pp. 28-39. 18. See Prayoon Phamonmontri, Chiwit 5 phaendin /chong khaphachao

(My Life through Five Reigns), (Bangkok, Bannakit. 1975); also Pridi Phanomyong (sic), 'Some Stories Concerning the Formation of the People's Party and Democracy', in Thak Chaloemtiarana (ed.), Thai Politics: 1932-1957, Vol. I Extracts and Documents (Bangkok, Social Science Association of Thailand Press, 1978), pp. 51-70.

19. Nicholas Tarling, 'King Prajadhipok and the Apple Cart: British Attitudes towards the 1932 Revolution', The Journal of the Siam Society (Bangkok), Vol. 64, pt. 2, July 1976, p. 9.

20. Sir Josiah Crosby, Siam: The Crossroads (London, Hallis Carter, 1945), p. 63.

2l. Chatri Ritharom, The Making of the Thai-U.S. Military Alliance and the SEATO Treaty of 1954: A Study in Thai Decision-Making, Ph.D. thesis, (Claremont, 1976), p. 100.

22. Chamvit Kasetsiri, 'The First Phi bun Government and Its Involvement in World War II', The Journal of the Siam Society (Bangkok), Vol. 62, pt. 2, July 1974, p. 38.

23. This term has been variously translated as 'Statism', 'State Creed', and 'Cultural Mandate'.

24. Thamsook Numnonda, 'Pibulsongkram's Thai Nation-Building Programme during the Japanese Military Presence, 1941-1945', Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, Vol. IX, No.2, September 1978, p. 235. See also Likhit Dhiravegin, Nationalism and the State in Thailand, Monograph Series No. 8 (Bangkok, Faculty of Political Science, Thammasat University, 1985), pp. 1-10.

25. Thamsook, 'Pibulsongkram's Thai Nation-Building Programme', p. 235; and Charnvit, 'The First Phibun Government', pp. 37-42.

26. John Coast, Some Aspects of Siamese Politics (New York, Institute of Pacific Relations, 1953), p. 15. For Luang Vichitr Vadhakarn's own work, see Sayam kap suwannaphum (Siam and the Land of Gold), (Bangkok, 1933).

27. Direk Jayanama, Thai kap songkhram 10k khrang thi song (Thailand and the Second World War), (Bangkok, Prae Pittaya, 1967), pp.42-43.

28. Edward Thadeus Flood, Japan's Relations with Thailand: 1928-41, Ph.D. thesis (University of Washington, 1967), pp. 236-238.

160 Notes to pp. 10--15

29. Apichart Chinwanno, Thailand's Search for Protection: The Making of the Alliance with the United States, 1947-1954, D.Phil. thesis (University of Oxford, 1985), p. 50.

30. Direk, Thai /alp songkhram 10k, p. 63. 31. Edward Thadeus Flood, 'The 1940 Franco-Thai Border Dispute and

Phibuun Sonkhraam's Conunitment to Japan', Journal of Southeast Asian History, Vol. X, No.2, September 1969, pp. 321-322.

32. Charnvit, 'The First Phibun Government', p. 46. 33. James V. Martin, Jr., 'Thai-American Relations in World War II',

Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. XXII, No.4, August 1963, pp. 453-454. See also Songsri Foran, Thai-British-American Relations during World War II and the Immediate Postwar Period, 1940--1946, Paper No. 10 (Bangkok, Thai Khadi Research Institute, Thammasat University, 1981), pp. 9-12.

34. Apichart, Thailand's Search for Protection, p. 52. 35. William L. Swan, 'Thai-Japanese Relations at the Start of the Pacific

War: New Insight into a Controversial Period', Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, Vol. XVIII, No.2, September 1987, p. 273.

36. Direk, Thai /alp songkhram 10k, pp. 107-116. 37. See Flood, Japan's Relations with Thailand (Chapters 12, 13 and 14),

pp. 456-595. 38. Ibid., pp. 567-569. 39. Ian Nish, Japanese Foreign Policy, 1869-1942 (London, Routledge &

Kegan Paul, 1977), p. 244. 40. Flood, Japan's Relations with Thailand, pp. 614-618. 41. Direk, Thai /alp songkhram 10k, pp. 176-180. It is probable that the

Americans continued to be suspicious of the Thai government because of their knowledge, learned through intercepted and decoded Japanese messages between Bangkok and Tokyo - as part of the MAGIC operation, of what Thai leaders were saying to the Japanese.

42. Swan, 'Thai-Japanese Relations', pp. 275-277. 43. Ibid., pp. 278-279. See also Konthi Supamongkol, Kan withesobai

khong thai (Thailand's Diplomacy), (Bangkok, Thammasat University Press, 1984), p. 41.

44. Ibid., pp. 279-281. 45. Direk, Thai /alp songkhram 10k, pp. 194-197. 46. Swan, 'Thai-Japanese Relations', p. 283. 47. Wiwat Mungkandi, 'Ready Resiliency: A Hobson's Choice in Thai

Diplomacy', The Journal of Social Sciences (Bangkok), Vol. XIII, No.1, January 1976, pp. 51-52.

48. Charnvit, 'The First Phibun Government', pp. 58- 60. 49. Netr Khemayothin, Ngan taidin khong phan-ek yothi (The Under

ground Work of Colonel Yothi), (Bangkok, Kasembannakit, 1967), p. 1.

50. J. B. Haseman, The Thai Resistance Movement during the Second World War, Center for Southeast Asian Studies Special Report No. 17


(Northern lllinois University, 1978), p. 60. 51. See Netr Kbemayothin, Chiwit naiphon (Life of a General), (Bangkok,

Kasembannakit. 1967), pp. 277-341. 52. See Thawee Bunyaket. Political Memoirs, in Jayanta Kumar Ray (ed.),

Portraits of Thai Politics (New Delhi, Orient Longman, 1972), p. 81; Netr, Ngan taidin, pp. 38-39; and Haseman, The Thai Resistance Movement, p. 68.

53. See La-iad Pibul Songgram. Political Memoirs, in Ray (ed.), Portraits of Thai Politics, p. 205; and Netr, Ngan taidin, p. 40.

54. Nicholas Tarling, 'Atonement Before Absolution: British Policy Towards Thailand During World War II', The Journal of the Siam Society (Bangkok), Vol. 66, pt. 1, January 1978, pp. 22-23.

55. Official Report Fifth Series, Parliamentary Debates (Hansard), the House of Commons 1945-46, Vol. 413, 1-24 August 1945 (London, HMSO, 1945), p. 299.

56. Nicholas Tarling, 'Rice and Reconciliation: The AnglcrThai Peace Negotiations of 1945', The Journal of the Siam Society (Bangkok), Vol. 66, pt. 2, July 1978, p. 66.

57. Netr, Chiwit naiphon, pp. 647-712. 58. Songsri, Thai-British-American Relations, Chapter V, pp. 181-220. 59. Direk, Thai leap songkhram 10k, pp. 593-643. 60. It was a 'resumption' because the Pibul government had established

diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union on 12 March 1941 after brief negotiations conducted by Prayoon Phamonmontri in Moscow between 21-28 February. The exchange of diplomatic representatives, however, was deferred because of the war situation in Europe. See Royal Gazette, Vol. 58, p. 694, 27 May 1941 (B.E.2484); and Thai Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Library and Archives Division (henceforth cited as TMFA, L&A), File 2.3.113 Memorandum on the question of Thailand's diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union, 30 April 1941; and File 2.3.512 Memorandum on the exchange of diplomatic representatives with the Soviet Union, 19 April 1948.

61. Wyatt. Thailand, p. 263. 62. Nigel J. Brailey, Thailand and the Fall of Singapore: A Frustrated

Asian Revolution (Boulder, Westview Press, 1986), p. 119. 63. Sucbin Tantikun, Ratthaprahan phoso 2490 (The Coup d'Etat of

2490), (Bangkok, Social Science Association of Thailand Press, 1972), pp. 74-75; and Thak (ed.), Thai Politics, p. 503.

64. Sucbin, Ratthaprahan, p. 123. 65. Apichart, Thailand's Search for Protection, p. 122. 66. Crosby, Siam: The Crossroads, p. 122. 67. Likbit Dhiravegin, 'Thailand Foreign Policy Determination', The Jour

nal of Social Sciences (Bangkok), Vol. XI, No.4, October 1974, p.48.

68. Wiwat. 'Ready Resiliency' , p. 45.

162 Notes to pp. 22-28

Chapter 1: Review of Sino-Thai Relations before 1949

1. Wyatt. Thailand, pp. 1-2. 2. See for example, Chen Lufan, Whence came the Thai Race? - An

Inquiry (Kunming, Yunnan Province, International Cultural Publishing Co., 1990).

3. Prince Chula Chakrabongse, Lords of Life (London, Alvin Redman Ltd., 1960), p. 16.

4. See Luang Vichitr Vadhakarn, Sayam kap suwannaphum, pp. 39-55. 5. Crosby, Siam: The Crossroad, p. 12. 6. Hall, A History of South-East Asia, p. 185. 7. Wyatt. Thailand, p. 53. 8. John King Fairbank, A Preliminary Framework, in John King Fairbank

(ed.), The Chinese World Order (Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1968), p.2.

9. Samuel S. Kim, China, the United Nations. and World Order (Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1979), p. 21.

10. Fairbank, A Preliminary Framework, in Fairbank (ed.), The Chinese World Order, p .2.

11. Mark Mancall, The Ch'ing Tribute System: An Interpretive Essay, in Fairbank (ed.), The Chinese World Order, p. 65.

12. Suebsaeng Promboon, Khwamsamphan nai rabob bannakan rawang jin kap thai 1289-1853 (Sino-Siamese Tributary Relations 1289-1853), (Bangkok, Thai Wattanapanich Press, 1982), pp. 26-27.

13. Ibid., pp. 59-72. 14. Ibid., p. 48. 15. Sarasin Viraphol, Tribute and Profit: Sino-Siamese Trade. 1652-1853

(Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1977), p. 1. 16. Wendell Blanchard et al., Thailand: Its People. Its Society. Its Culture,

Country Survey Series (New Haven, HRAF Press, 1958), p. 230. 17. Sarasin, Tribute and Profit, p. 1. 18. Ibid., p.2. 19. G. William Skinner, Chinese Society in Thailand: An Analytical

History (Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1957), p. 28. 20. Walter F. Vella, Siam Under Rama III (1824-1851), (New York, U.

Augustin Incorporated Publisher, 1957), p. 26. 21. Sarasin, Tribute and Profit, pp. 4-5. 22. Ibid., p. 237. 23. Ingram, Economic Change in Thailand, p. 176. 24. Sarasin, Tribute and Profit, p. 24l. 25. Skinner, Chinese Society in Thailand, p. 68. 26. Ibid., p. 32. 27. Ibid., p. 6l. 28. Victor Purcell, The Chinese in Southeast Asia (Oxford, Oxford Univer

sity Press, 1980), p. 84. 29. Skinner, Chinese Society in Thailand, p. 6l.


30. John Crawfurd, Journal of an Embassy from the Governor-General of India to the Courts of Siam and Cochin China (London, 1830), p.450.

31. Skinner, Chinese Society in Thailand, pp. 126-127. 32. Nopamas Dhiravegin, 'The Overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia: Com

parative Study with a Special Case Study of Thailand', The Journal of Social Sciences (Bangkok), Vol. XI, No. I, January 1974, p. 98.

33. Kenneth P. Landon, The Chinese in Thailand (New York, Russell & Russell, 1941), p. 11.

34. Ibid., p. 33. 35. Walter F. Vella, Chaiyo!: King Vajiravudh and the Development of

Thai Nationalism (Honolulu, The University Press of Hawaii, 1978), pp. 193-194.

36. Skinner, Chinese Society in Thailand, p. 161. 37. For discussions of the question of nationality, see for example, Ian

Brownlie, Principles of Public International Law (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1979), pp. 380-420.

38. See Yuparet Milligan, The Role of the Chinese in Thailand, M.PoI.Sc. thesis [in Thaij, (Bangkok, Chulalongkom University, 1967), p. 111.

39. Richard 1. Coughlin, Double Identity: The Chinese in Modem Thailand (Hong Kong, Hong Kong University Press, 1960), p. 189.

40. Ibid., pp. 81-83. 41. Nationality Act B.E.2456 (1913), Royal Gazette, Vol. 29, p. 29, 30

March 1913 (B.E.2455). 42. See, for example, Purcell, The Chinese in Southeast Asia, p. 82;

Blanchard et al., Thailand, p. 66; Virginia Thompson and Richard Adloff, Minority Problems in Southeast Asia (Stanford, Stanford University Press, 1955), p. 44; and Skinner, Chinese Society in Thailand, p.212.

43. Landon, The Chinese in Thailand, p. 23. 44. Ibid., pp. 22-23. 45. Purcell, The Chinese in Southeast Asia, p. 117. 46. David A. Wilson, 'China, Thailand, and the Spirit of Bandung (Part

I)" China Quanerly, No. 30, April-June 1967, p. 151. 47. Skinner, Chinese Society in Thailand, p. 236. 48. Wyatt, Thailand, p. 237. 49. Phuwadol Songprasert, The Thai Government's Policies Towards the

Chinese in Thailand (1932-1957), M.A. thesis [in Thaij, (Bangkok, Chulalongkom University, 1976), p. 19.

50. Immigration Amendment Act B.E.2475 (1932), Royal Gazette, Vol. 49, p. 609, 3 February 1933 (B.E. 2575).

51. Registration of Aliens Act B.E.2479 (1936), Royal Gazette, Vol. 53, p. 756, 5 July 1936 (B.E.2479).

52. Immigration Act B.E.2480 (1937), Royal Gazette, Vol. 54, p. 1001,20 September 1937 (B.E.2480).

53. Landon, The Chinese in Thailand, p. 165.

164 Notes to pp. 3~2

54. Ibid., p. 163. 55. Ibid., p. 155. 56. Press Amendment Act B.E.2475 (1932), Royal Gazette, Vol. 49, p. 404,

29 September 1932 (B.E.2475). 57. Chamvit, 'The Frrst Phibun Government', p. 33. 58. For details of these measures, see for example, Landon, The Chinese

in Thailand, pp. 215-260. 59. Skinner, Chinese Society in Thailand, p. 267. 60. Phuwadol, The Thai Government's Policies, p. 99. 61. Skinner, Chinese Society in Thailand, p. 234. 62. Landon, The Chinese in Thailand, pp. 168-169. 63. Ibid., p. 25. 64. Phuwadol, The Thai Government's Policies, pp. 112-113. 65. Skinner, Chinese Society in Thailand, p. 276. 66. Vivat Sethachuay, United States-Thailand Diplomatic Relations Dur

ing World War II, Ph.D. thesis (Brigham Young University, 1977), p.188.

67. Skinner, Chinese Society in Thailand, pp. 272-273. See also John Coast, Railroad to Death (London, Commodore Press, 1946), p. 130.

68. Charivat Santaputra. Thai Foreign Policy 1932-1946, Ph.D. thesis, (Southampton University, 1982), p. 312.

69. Dieek, Thai kap songkhram 10k, pp. 266-271. 70. British Public Record Office (henceforth cited as BPRO), F03711

46542 F2570154/40 Memorandum on 'Relations between Siam and China', 27 April 1945.

71. Martin, 'Thai-American Relations', p. 461. 72. Tarling, 'Atonement Before Absolution', pp. 29-30. 73. Konthi, Kan withesobai, p. 117. See also Nai Chantana (pseud.), X O.

Group (Bangkok, Chetburut Press, 1979), pp. 75-226. 74. Haseman, The Thai Resistance Movement, pp. 54-55. 75. Martin, 'Thai-American Relations', p. 463. 76. Andrew Gilchrist, Bangkok Top Secret: Being the Experiences of a

British Officer in the Siam Country Section of Force 136 (London, Hutchinson & Co.Ltd, 1970), p. 20.

77. Tarling, 'Atonement Before Absolution', pp. 32-35. 78. Konthi, Kan withesobai, p. 120. 79. Brailey, Thailand and the Fall of Singapore, p. 101. 80. Haseman, The Thai Resistance Movement, pp. 42-43. Nichol Smith

and Blake Clark also discussed the question of Chinese obstructionism in their book Into Siam the Underground Kingdom.

81. Ibid., pp. 57-59. 82. Charivat, Thai Foreign Policy, pp. 318-319. 83. BPRO F0371/46567 F7906/1197/40 Dening to F.O. No. 572, 5

October 1945; and F0371146567 F6072/1197/40 'Ta Kung Pao' Editorial, 28 August 1945.

84. Skinner, Chinese Society in Thailand, p. 282.


85. Konthi, /(an withesobai, pp. 286-287. 86. For full text, see United Nations Treaty Series (henceforth cited as

UNTS), 1953, Vol. 161, p. 127, Treaty No. 1:2126. 87. H. M. Spitzer, 'Siam's Political Problems', Far Eastern Survey,

Vol. XV, No.7, 10 April 1946, p. 106. 88. TMFA, L&A File 10.36.32/ 1 Thamrong Nawasawat to Sa-nguan

Tularak No. 71/2490, 16 September 1947; and Sa-nguan to Ministry of Foreign Affairs (M.F.A.) No. 62/2490,24 September 1947.

89. Phuwadol, The Thai Government's Policies, p. 145. 90. TMFA, L&A File 6.6.1 II Notification of the Ministry of Interior

concerning the fixing of number of alien immigrants entering the Kingdom of Siam.

91. TMFA, L&A File 6.6.113 Phraya Srivisar to Li Tieh-tseng No. 9411 2491,26 February 1948.

92. Phuwadol, The Thai Government's Policies, p. 149. 93. Ibid., p. 166. 94. Ibid., p. 167. 95. Skinner, Chinese Society in Thailand, p. 264. 96. Brailey, Thailand and the Fall of Singapore, p. 76. 97. George Modelski, Thailand and China: From Avoidance to Hostility, in

A. M. Halpern (ed.), Policies Toward China: Viewsfrom Six Continents (New York, McGraw Hill, 1965), p. 350.

Chapter 2: From Avoidance to HostDity, 1949-1950

1. Thak Chaloemtiarana, Thailand: The Politics of Despotic Paternalism (Bangkok, Social Science Association of Thailand Press, 1979), p.56.

2. Chatri, The Making of the Thai-U.S. Military Alliance, pp. 174-175. 3. Ibid., p. 170. 4. Thak, Thailand, p. 58. 5. Thawee, Political Memoirs, in Ray (ed.), Portraits of Thai Politics,

p.123. 6. Thak, Thailand, p. 42. 7. Ibid., p. 59. 8. BPRO F0371176277 F2404/1011/40 'Siam: Annual Review for

1948', 15 February 1949. 9. Frank C. Darling, Thailand and the U"ited States (Washington, D.C.,

Public Affairs Press, 1965), p. 67. 10. Coast, Some Aspects of Siamese Politics, p. 49. 11. BPRO F0371 184348 FSI01111 'Siam: Annual Review for 1949', 22

May 1950. 12. BPRO F0371176277 F2404/l011/40 'Siam: Annual Review for

1948',15 February 1949. 13. Darling, Thailand and the U"ited States, p. 67.


14. Thai National Archives (henceforth cited as TNA), Ministry of Interior File (henceforth cited as Ml), File 0201.2.1.5711 Chamnan-akson to Sinatyotharak No. 154/2491, 1 October 1948.

15. United States National Archives, Department o/State Files (henceforth cited as USNA, DS), 892.00/11-2248 US Embassy Report No. 419, 'Political Survey of the First Six Months of the Phibun Regime -May-October, 1948'.

16. BPRO F0371176281 F2967/1019/40 Thompson to Foreign Office (F.O.) No. 145, 25 February 1949.

17. USNA, DS 892.00B/8-2949 Stanton to State Department (S.D.) No. 753, 29 August 1949; 892.00B/9-2049 Stanton to S.D. No. 328, 20 September 1949; and 892.00BI10-1349 Stanton to S.D. No. 367, 13 October 1949; also BPRO F0371 176280 F13276/1017/40 Thompson to F.O. No. 651,4 September 1949.

18. BPRO F0371184348 FS 10 11 11 'Siam: Annual Review for 1949', 22 May 1950.

19. BPRO F0371176277 F240411011/40 'Siam: Annual Review for 1948',15 February 1949.

20. Darling, Thailand and the United States, p. 69. 21. See Arlene Becker Neher, Prelude to Alliance: The Expansion 0/

American Economic Interest in Thailand During the I 940s, Ph.D. thesis (Northern Illinois University, 1980), pp. 191-199.

22. Apichart, Thailand's Search/or Protection, pp. 176-178. 23. USNA, DS 892.002/ 11-548 Memorandum from Butterworth to Webb,

5 November 1948. 24. USNA, DS Records of the Philippine and Southeast Asia Division

1944-1952 (henceforth cited as PSAD), Box 19 Annexes 32-42: Webb to Stanton No. 314,8 June 1949.

25. USNA, DS PSAD, Box 19 Annexes 32-42: Stanton to S.D. No. 676, 2 August 1949; and Memorandum from Butterworth to Acheson, 5 August 1949.

26. USNA, DS 892.20/9-249 Acheson to Stanton No. 498, 2 September 1949; and 892.20/9-1249 Stanton to S.D. No. 798, 12 September 1949.

27. TMFA, L&A File 2.1.1/4 Memorandum by K.S. Patton, 21 July 1949. 28. TMFA, L&A File 2.1.1/3 Memorandum on the Recognition of Bao Dai,

Cambodia and Laos, 11 February 1949. 29. USNA, DS 792.00/3-1350 Stanton to S.D. No. 185, 13 March 1950;

and TMFA, L&A File 2.l.1I6 Chamnan-akson to Pote Sarasin No. 34/2493, 27 February 1950.

30. TMFA, L&A File 2.1.1/6 Communique on the 'Recognition of the Governments of Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos', 28 February 1950.

31. BPRO F037 1184363 FSI038611 Thompson to F.O. No. 166, 1 March 1950.

32. USNA, DS 792.56/3-lO50 Truman to Acheson, 10 March 1950; 792.5 MAP/4-1050 Stanton to S.D. No. 315, 10 April 1950; 792.5


MAP/4-1050 Acheson to US Embassy Bangkok No. 282. 12 April 1950; 792.5/4-1350 Stanton to S.D. No. 325. 13 April 1950; and 792.5/4-1950 Stanton to S.D. No. 337. 19 April 1950.

33. BPRO F0371 184362 FS10381 18 Whittington to F.O. No. 510.26 July 1950.

34. TMFA, L&A File 10.37.8/1 Warakan Bancha to Trygve Lie No. 11569/2493. 1 July 1950.

35. TMFA, L&A File 10.37.8/1 Trygve Lie to Warakan Bancha No. 68. 14 July 1950; and Warakan Bancha to Trygve Lie No. 12903/2493. 23 July 1950.

36. TMFA, L&A File 10.37.8/1 Wan Waitbayakon to M.F.A. No. 1331 2493.26 July 1950.

37. Prince Wan Waitbayakon was also often referred to as Prince Naradhip Bongsaprabandh.

38. TNA Ministry of Foreign Affairs Files: United Nations Affairs Files (henceforth cited as MFA/UNA), File 1.8.2.1 /1 Wan Waitbayakon to M.F.A. No. 57/2493. 6 December 1950; and Warakan Bancha to Wan Waitbayakon No. 112494.4 January 1951.

39. TNA Ministry of Foreign Affairs Files (henceforth cited as MFA). File 90/6 Chamnan-akson to Warakan Bancha No. 11249/2493. 20 December 1950.

40. TNA MFAIUNA File 1.8.2.1 /1 Chamnan-akson to Warakan Bancha No. 166/2494. 8 January 1951; and Warakan Bancha to Wan Waitbayakon No. 9/2494. 11 January 1951.

41. See Darling, Thailand and the United States, pp. 79-81. 42. See USNA, DS 792.5 MAP/l0-1750 Stanton to S.D. No. 267. 17

October 1950. 43. Brownlie, Principles of Public International Law, pp. 89-99. 44. USN A, DS 892.00/10-449 Stanton to S.D. No. A-451, 4 October 1949;

and Siam Nikorn. 3 October 1949. 45. Siam Nikom. 15 November 1949. 46. Thani, Sino-Thai Relations. p. 53. 47. USNA, DS 892.ooB 1 10-2549 Stanton to S.D. No. A-493, 25 October

1949. 48. USNA, DS 892.ooB/6-249 Memorandum of Conversation witb Pote

Sarasin by Stanton, 2 June 1949. 49. BPROF0371176280 F15381/1017/40Thompson to F.O. No. 869,26

November 1949. 50. USNA, DS 892.ooBI 10-2549 Stanton to S.D. No. A-493. 25 October

1949. 51. USNA, DS 892.OO(W)/12-849 Stanton to S.D. No. 1040,8 December

1949. 52. BPRO F0371 176280 F15381 11017/40 Thompson to F.O. No. 869,26

November 1949. 53. USNA, DS 792.5/1-650 State Department to US Embassy Bangkok

No. 16,6 January 1950.


54. South China Morning Post, 10 January 1950; and Siam Nikorn, 11 January 1950.

55. British Broadcasting Corporation: Summary of World Broadcasts (henceforth cited as BBC/SWB), Part Y, No. 41, 31 January 1950, 'Bangkok Chinese Appeal to Mao'.

56. BBC/SWB Part Y, No. 41, 31 January 1950, 'CPO Protests to Thai Government' .

57. BBC/SWB Part Y, No. 41,31 January 1950, 'Peking Radio Threatens Pibul'.

58. USNA, DS 793.00/2-350 Qubb to S.D. No. 280,3 February 1950. 59. TMFA, L&A File 10.36.34/1 Thai Permanent Delegation in New York

to UN Secretary-General No. 1146/2493,4 April 1950. 60. See Landon, The Chinese in Thailand, pp. 192-193. 61. BPRO F0371 176004 F6oo9/1017/61 Thompson to F.O. No. 315, 27

April 1949. 62. South China Morning Post, 6 February 1950. 63. BPRO F0371/84357 FS 10310/1 Thompson to F.O. No. 75, 29 January

1950. 64. Edwin F. Stanton, Brief Authority (London, Robert Hale Ltd., 1957),

p.221. 65. USNA, DS PSAD, Box 3 Southeast Asia Conference, Bangkok 1948:

Memorandum on the Chinese in Siam. 66. Skinner. Chinese Society in Thailand, p. 325. 67. USNA, DS PSAD, Box 3 Southeast Asia Conference, Bangkok 1948:

Memorandum on the Chinese in Siam. 68. USNA, DS 892.0017-2848 Stone to S.D. No. 618, 28 July 1948. 69. USNA, DS 793.00/10-950 Turner to S.D. No. 240,9 October 1950. 70. BPRO F0371/84352 FS 10 17/16 Commonwealth Relations Office to

UK High Commissioner, Australia No. 264, 14 November 1950. 71. USNA, DS 793.00/10-950 Turner to S.D. No. 240, 9 October 1950. 72. USNA, DS 692.9315-2950 Turner to S.D. No. 393, 29 May 1950. 73. USNA, DS 692.9317-3150 Turner to S.D. No. 86, 31 July 1950. 74. Skinner, Chinese Society in Thailand, p. 328. 75. BPRO F0371 176308 F10677/1822/40 Minutes by Hibbert, 28 Octo-

ber 1949. 76. BPRO F037 1184357 FS10310/3 Minutes by Hibbert, 9 March 1950. 77. USNA, DS 792.0017-350 Turner to S.D. No.5, 3 July 1950. 78. USNA, DS 792.00112-1250 Turner to S.D. No. 390, 12 December

1950. 79. Ibid. 80. O. William Skinner, Leadership and Power in the Chinese Community

in Thailand (Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1958), p. 133. 81. An interview with H. E. Somchai Anuman Rajadhon, former Thai

Charge d'Affaires in Taipei (1951-55), in Bangkok on 25 April 1986.

82. The Common Programme and Other Documents of the First Plenary


Session of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Co,gerence (Peking, Foreign Languages Press, 1950), p. 20.

83. The Constitution of the People's Republic of China (Peking, Foreign Languages Press, 1954), p. 29.

84. A. Doak Barnett, Communist China and Asia: Challenge to American Policy (London, Oxford University Press, 1960), p. 186.

85. Stephen Fitzgerald, China and the Overseas Chinese: A Study of Peking's Changing Policy 1949-1970 (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1972), pp. 1-2.

86. New China Advances to Socialism: A Selection of Speeches Delivered at the Third Session of the First National People's Congress (Peking, Foreign Languages Press, 1956), p. 38.

87. Fitzgerald, China and the Overseas Chinese, p. 1. 88. Barnett, Communist China and Asia, p. 187. 89. Harold C. Hinton, Communist China in World Politics (London, The

Macmillan Press, 1966), p. 397. 90. TNA MFA File 93117 Confidential Report of the Meeting of Parlia

mentary Committee on Foreign Policy, 5 August 1957. 91. BPRO F0371 176280 F15381 11017/40 Thompson to F.O. No. 869,20

November 1949. 92. USNA, DS 790.0015-1452 Memeorandum of Conversation between

Direk Jayanama and Norman Hannah, 14 May 1952.

Chapter 3: Towards an Anti-Communist Policy, 1951-1952

1. Records of the House of Representatives Proceedings, 8th Meeting, 1952 (B.E.2495) Session, 29 June 1952, in Orawan Pilan-Owad. Collection of the Thai Government Debates on the Question of China's Representation in the United Nations, 1950--1971 (Bangkok, Social Research mstitute, Chulalongkom University, no date), pp. 1-3.

2. Evan Luard, A History of the United Nations, Vol. I (London, The Macmillan Press, 1982), pp. 313-314.

3. Ibid., p. 316. 4. Pracha Guna-Kasem, Thailand and the United Nations (1945-1957),

Ph.D. thesis (Yale University, 1960), pp. 65-66. 5. The Banglwk Post, 13 December 1955. 6. USNA, DS 793.00/5-1251 Bushner to S.D. No. 785, 12 May 1951. 7. USNA, DS 792.00/6-1151 Bushner to S.D. No. 857, 11 June 1951. 8. R. K. Jain (ed.), China and Thailand, 1949-1983 (New Delhi, Radiant

Publishers, 1984), p. 13 (Document 12). 9. Ibid., p. 15 (Document 13).

10. Ibid., p. 15 (Document 14). 11. USNA, DS 792.00/2-1952 Brown to S.D. No. 539, 19 February 1952. 12. Alien Registration Act (No.2) B.E.2495 (1952), Royal Gazette,

Vol. 69, p. 62, 29 January 1952 (B.E.2495).


13. BPRO F0371 1 101192 FS158111 WaUinger to F.O. No. 51, 28 February 1952.

14. Skinner, Chinese Society in Thailand, p. 330. 15. BPRO F03711101192 FS1581/2 Wallinger to F.O. No. 57, 3 March

1952. 16. BPRO F0371/101192 FS1581/2 Wallinger to Pibul Songgram, 29

February 1952. 17. USNA, DS 792.00/2-1952 Brown to S.D. No. 539, 19 February 1952. 18. TMFA, L&A File 6.10/3 Memorandum on Alien Registration Fee, 11

July 1952. 19. BPRO F0371 1101192 FS158117 Wallinger to F.O. No. 133,26 May

1952. 20. TMFA, L&A File 6.10/3 Memorandum of Conversation between Wan

Waithayakon and Patrick Pichi Sun, 19 June 1952. 21. BBC/SWB Part V, No. 152, 18 March 1952, 'Persecution in Thai

land'. 22. BPRO F03711101192 FS158117 Wallinger to F.O. No. 133,26 May

1952. 23. TMFA, L&A File 6.10/3 Somchai Anuman Rajadhon to M.F.A.

No. 32/2495, 21 June 1952. 24. TMFA, L&A File 6.10/3 Memorandum of Conversation between

Wan Waithayakon and Patrick Pichi Sun, 19 June 1952; also BPRO F0371 1 101167 FS1015/48 Wallinger to F.O. No. 153,20 June 1952.

25. Skinner, Chinese Society in Thailand, p. 332. 26. Prevention of Communist Activities Act B.E.2495 (1952), Royal

Gazette, Vol. 69, p. 489, 13 November 1952 (B.E.2495). 27. BPRO F03711101169 FS1015/82 Wallinger to F.O. No. 255, 18

November 1952. As the Chief prosecution witness, Phao again repeated some of these allegations during court hearings between 18-20 May 1953. See TMFA, L&A File 12.1/8 Survey of Domestic News by the Joint Staff Department No. 10/96 (15-31 May 1953), 'AntiCommunist Measures in Thailand'.

28. USNA, DS 792.0011-1753 Spinks to S.D. No. 545, 17 January 1953; and 792.00/12-252 Stanton to S.D. No. 1003, 2 December 1952.

29. BPRO F0371 1101169 FS1015/101 Wallinger to Scott, 18 December 1952.

30. USNA, DS 792.0011-1753 Spinks to S.D. No. 545, 17 January 1953. 31. USNA, DS 792.00111-1452 Stanton to S.D. No. 863, 14 November

1952; and 792.00111-1852 Stanton to S.D. No. 882, 18 November 1952.

32. See Thak, Thailand, pp. 51-52; and Kamol, The Thai Military in Politics, pp. 160-163.

33. La-iad, Political Memoirs, in Ray (ed.), Ponraits 0/ Thai Politics, p.213.

34. Darling, Thailand and the United States, p. 90. 35. See USNA, DS 792.00110-1951 Bushner to S.D. No. 280, 19 October


1951; 792.00110-2951 Bushner to S.D. No. 294, 29 October 1951; and 792.00112-1351 Bushner to S.D. No. 399,13 December 1951.

36. Thomas Lobe, United States National Security Policy and Aid to the Thailand Police, Monograph Series in World Affairs, Vol. 14, Book 2, (University of Denver, Graduate School of International Studies, 1977), p. 23.

37. Darling, Thailand and the United States, p. 89. 38. Ibid., p. 92. 39. See BPRO F0371 1101168 FS1015172 Whitteridge to F.O. No. 253,

13 November 1952; F03711101169 FS1015175 Whitteridge to F.O. No.449a, 16 November 1952; F0371 1101169 FS1015/90 Wallinger to F.O. No. 264, 27 November 1952; also USNA, DS792.00111-1452 Stanton to S.D. No. 863, 14 November 1952; 792.00111-1852 Stanton to S.D. No. 882, 18 November 1952; and 792.0011-1753 Spinks to S.D. No. 545, 17 January 1953.

40. BPRO F03711101169 FS1015/83 Wallinger to F.O. No. 454, 22 November 1952; and F03711101169 FS1015/84 Wallinger to F.O. No. 456,24 November 1952.

41. USNA, DS 792.00111-1452 Stanton to S.D. No. 863, 14 November 1952; also BPRO F03711101169 FS1015/72 Whitteridge to F.O. No. 253,13 November 1952; and F0371 1101169 FSI015/82 Wallinger to F.O. No. 255, 18 November 1952.

42. USNA, DS 792.00117-2451 US Embassy Bangkok to S.D. No. 58, 24 July 1951, 'Communism in Thailand'.

43. Benjamin A. Batson, The End of the Absolute Monarchy in Siam (Singapore. Oxford University Press, 1984), p. 167.

44. Justus M. van der Kroef, Communism in South-East Asia (London, The Macmillan Press, 1981), p. 17.

45. Batson, The End of the Absolute Monarchy, p. 167. 46. Van der Kroef, Communism in South-East Asia, p. 18. 47. Apichart, Thailand's Search for Protection, pp. 277-278. 48. Van der Kroef, Communism in South-East Asia, p. 21. 49. J. H. Brimmell, Communism in South East Asia: A Political Analysis

(London, Oxford University Press, 1959), p. 242. 50. Van der Kroef, Communism in South-East Asia, p. 22. He quoted the

report Communist Insurgency in Thailand, issued by the Communist Suppression Operations Command (now called the Internal Security Operations Command) in 1973.

51. USNA, DS 792.00/2-2350 Stone to S.D. No. 147,23 February 1950. 52. USNA, DS 792.00117-2451 US Embassy Bangkok to S.D. No. 58, 24

July 1951. 53. Virginia Thompson & Richard Adloff, The Left Wing in Southeast Asia

(New York, William Sloane Associates, 1950), p. 52. 54. See USN A, DS 792.00110-952 Spinks to S.D. No. 294, 9 October

1952; 792.00/10-2752 Brown to S.D. No. 344, 29 October 1952; and 792.00112-852 Brown to S.D. No. 448,8 December 1952.


55. BPRO F0371184356 FS1022/8 General Headquarters Far East Land Forces to Ministry of Defence No. SEACOS 142, 18 December 1950.

56. BPRO F0371176023 F448611023/61 Dening to Syers, 18 March 1949; F0371 176024 F1313611024/61 Scrivener to Dening No. 665, 2 September 1949; F037 I /84356 FS 1022/3 Whittington to F.O. No. 669 and No. 670,4 November 1950; and F0371/84493 FZ101l4/8 Draft Note on the Position of Foreign Countries in Southeast Asia (Appendix C - Siam), Sydney Consultative Meeting on Economic Development of Asia.

57. BPROF0371/84356 FSlO22/4Harding to the War Office No. 45/CIC, 30 October 1950.

58. BPRO F0371 176280 F1327611017/40 Thompson to F.O. No. 651,4 September 1949.

59. BPRO F0371 176280 FI253511017/40 Thompson to Bevin No. 210, 16 August 1949.

60. USNA, DS 892.00B/5-249 Memorandum of Conversation with Colonel Chamrat Manthukanon by Roland Bushner, 2 May 1949.

61. USNA, DS 792.001/2-1252 Brown to S.D. No. 520, 12 February 1952.

62. USNA, DS 892.00B/12-2748 Stanton to S.D. No. 457, 27 December 1948.

63. USNA, DS 892.00B/5-549 Stanton to S.D. No. 158,5 May 1949. 64. USNA, DS792.00112-1252 Memorandum of Conversation with Luang

Suchit Phanaphaya by Robert Anderson, 30 January 1952. 65. USNA, DS 792.00111-1452 Stanton to S.D. No. 863, 14 November

1952. 66. USNA, DS 792.0011-1753 Spinks to S.D. No. 545, 17 January 1953. 67. USNA, DS 792.00111-1452 Stanton to S.D. No. 863, 14 November

1952. 68. BPRO F03711101169 FS1015/90 Wallinger to F.O. No. 264, 27

November 1952; and F03711106884 FS101512 Wallinger to F.O. No.4, 8 January 1953.

69. BPRO F03711101169 FSlO15/82 Wallinger to F.O. No. 255, 18 November 1952.

70. Ibid. 71. BPRO F0371 176280 F1327611017/40 Thompson to F.O., 3 Septem

ber 1949. 72. TMFA, L&A File 3.4.3/4 Memorandum on the Proposed Southeast

Asian Union, 10 April 1950. 73. TMFA, L&A File 3.4.3/5 Wan Waithayakon to M.F.A. No. 175/2492,

16 July 1949. 74. TMFA, L&A File 3.4.3/5 Pote Sarasin to Wan Waithayakon

No. 161/2492,27 July 1949. 75. TMFA, L&A File 3.4.3/5 Wan Waithayakon to M.F.A. No. 192/2492,

30 July 1949.


76. TMFA, L&A File 3.4.3/5 Wan Waithayakon to M.F.A. No. 2479/2492, 2 September 1949.

77. BPRO F0371176030 FI739711055/61 Permanent Under-Secretary's Committee's Top Secret Paper, 'The United Kingdom in South-East Asia and the Far East' (P.U.S.C. [32]),28 July 1949.

78. BPRO F0371 176030 FI739711055/61 Permanent Under-Secretary's Committee's Top Secret Paper, 'Regional Co-operation in South-East Asia and the Far East' (P.U.S.C.[53]), 20 August 1949.

79. TMFA, L&A File 3.4.3/5 Memorandum on the Pacific Union from Pote Sarasin to Pibul Songgram No. 12927/2492, 19 August 1949.

80. TMFA, L&A File 3.4.2/3 Memorandum on the Baguio Conference of 1950 from Bhadravadi, 1 June 1950.

81. TMFA, L&A File 3.4.2/3 Communique of the Baguio Conference of 1950, 29 May 1950.

82. TMFA, L&A File 3.711 Memorandum of Conversation with President Rhee of the Republic of Korea by Prince Predi-thepbongse, 5 January 1954.

83. TMFA, L&A File 3.71 I Y.T. Pyun to Wan Waithayakon, 12 December 1953.

84. TMFA, L&A File 3.711 Wan Waithayakon to Y.T. Pyun, No. 5311 1 2497, 23 February 1954.

85. Darling, Thailand and the United States, p. 83. 86. Wilson, 'China, Thailand and the Spirit of Bandung (Part I)', p. 158.

Chapter 4: Perception of Chinese Communist Aggression, 1953-1954

1. The spelling 'Tai' is used here in order to distinguish the Tai people of Yunnan from the Thai of Thailand.

2. George Moseley, Policy Toward Ethnic Minorities on the Southern Frontier of the People's Republic of China, D.Phil. thesis (University of Oxford, 1970), p. 88. The Tai Autonomous Area was originally set up as an 'area or region' (ch'u). It was redesignated as a 'prefecture' (chou) by the 1954 Constitution (p. 157).

3. BBC/SWB Part V, No. 223, 10 February 1953, 'Tai Autonomous Region in Yunnan'; and BPRO F0371/105341 FC1823/6 Lamb to F.O. No. 207, 23 May 1953.

4. TMFA, L&A File 10.36.35/1 Stanton to Wan Waithayakon, 24 Febru-ary 1953 - Enclosures: English Translation of NCNA News Report.

5. Stanton, Brief Authority, p. 278. 6. The Bangkok Post, 26 February 1953. 7. See, for example, Prachathipatai, 3 March 1953; Chao Thai, 5 March

1953; and Kiattisak, 7 and 9 March 1953. 8. Kiattisak, 7 March 1953. 9. TMFA, L&A File 10.36.35/1 Survey of Domestic News by the Joint

Staff Department No. 5/2496 (27 February-12 March 1953), 'Thai

174 Notes to pp. 98-102

Nationality Autonomous Area' . 10. Tiang Sirikhand, a leading politician from the Northeast, disappeared in

December 1952. Phao claimed that Tiang was a Communist and that he had fled to Bunna to escape arrest (November 1952). Newspapers soon began to print stories that Tiang had surfaced at various parts of the country, with one account showing him in a picture with Ho Chi Minh. Soon after the Tai Autonomous Area had been established, Police Colonel Ratana Wattanamahat of the Crime Investigation Division, in conversation with a US Embassy officer, remarked upon the 'coincidence' between Tiang's sudden disappearance and the establishment of the Autonomous Area. See USNA, DS 792.00/4-853 Spinks to S.D. No. 796, 8 April 1953. However, the evidence brought out during the trial of fifteen police officers, including Colonel Ratana, during 1958 and 1959, showed that Tiang and four others were in fact arrested in December 1952 and murdered by the police. Their bodies were taken to Kanchanaburi Province where they were crudely cremated and buried. See Thak, Thailand, pp. 87-90; also Chit Wipasathawat, Phao saraphap (Phao Confesses), (Bangkok, Prae Pittaya, 1960), pp.205-303.

11. TMFA, L&A File 10.36.35/1 Survey of Domestic News by the Joint Staff Department No. 7/2496 (27 March-16 April 1953), 'Thai Nationality Autonomous Area'.

12. TMFA, L&A File 10.36.3511 Li Mi to Somchai Anuman Rajadhon No. C0215, 6 March 1953; and Somchai to M.F.A. No. 8/2496, 13 March 1953.

13. USNA, DS 792.00/4-853 Spinks to S.D. No. 796, 8 April 1953. 14. New York Herald Tribune, 26 March 1953. 15. USNA, DS 792.00/4-853 Spinks to S.D. No. 796, 8 April 1953. 16. Khien Theeravit, 'Jin kap khabuankan khommiunit nai prathet thai

(China and the Communist Movement in Thailand)', The Journal of Social Sciences (Bangkok), Vol. 11, No.4, October 1974.

17. The Common Programme, p. 19. 18. Constitution of the PRC, p .4. 19. D. J. Waller, Government and Politics of Communist China (London,

Hutchinson & Co.(Publishers) Ltd., 1970), p. 147. 20. Moseley, Policy Toward Ethnic Minorities, p. 68. 21. Keesing's Contemporary Archives, 28 February-7 March 1953,

p.12785. 22. BBC/SWB Part V, No. 216, 15 January 1953, 'Autonomous Govern

ments in Yunnan'. 23. BPRO F0371 1106884 FS1015112 Pearn to Buxton, 17 March 1953. 24. USNA, DS Research and Analysis Reports: Country Files (henceforth

cited as R&A Reports) - China: Office of Intelligence Research (OIR) Report No. 6318, 3 July 1953, 'The Thai Autonomous Region in Yunnan (Sibsong Panna)', p. 3.

25. USNA, DS 792.00/4-853 Spinks to S.D. No. 796, 8 April 1953.

Notes to pp. 102-106 175

26. BPRO F03711106884 FS101517 Wallinger to F.O. No.4, 3 March 1953.

27. The Bangkok Post, 27 March 1953. 28. An interview with Police Sub-Lieutenent Sujit Suphannawat in Bang

kok on 4 May 1986. A similar account of Pridi's presence in Peking was recorded in a diary of Chiap Ampunan (Chaiyasong), which was published in Supot Dantrakun, Phan Kha Pridi (A Plot to 'Kill' Pridi), (Bangkok, Santitham Press, 1983), pp. 30-40.

29. In his account, Chiap stated that when he arrived in Peking in August 1950, Pridi had already been there for about a year. He also stated that there were seven people living in the house: Pridi, Sa-nguan, Watcharachai, Sujit, Nongyao Praphasathit, Somsak Puawet, and Chom Sang-ngoen.

30. Chiap stated that there were six soldiers. 31. Pridi Banomyong, Ma Vie Mouvementee et Mes 21 Ans d'Exil en Chine

Populaire (Paris, 1972), pp. 91-119. Pridi, while stating that he moved to Canton in 1955, did not record the exact date (p. 113).

32. Ibid., pp. 113-114. 33. Brailey, Thailand and the Fall of Singapore, p. 157. 34. An interview with Police Sub-Lieutenent Sujit Suphannawat in

Bangkok on 4 May 1986. 35. USNA, DS R&A Reports - China: OIR Report No. 6318, 3 July 1953,

'The Thai Autonomous Region in Yunnan (Sibsong Panna)', p. 1. 36. BPRO F0371 /110380 FC1823/6 British Embassy Bangkok to Office

of the Commissioner-General, Singapore, 30 March 1954. 37. The New York Times, 18 June 1954. 38. USN A, DS Bureau of Far Eastern Affairs: Records of the Office of

Chinese Affairs 1948-1956 (henceforth cited as FEICA), Box 48 Numerical Files 1954 - 320.2 Chinese Communist Relations with Other Countries: US Army Liaison Officer, Singapore to Department of the Army, Washington, 3 August 1954; and BPRO F0371/112265 DS101612 Whitteridge to F.O. No. 73, 5 August 1954.

39. TNA MFAIUNA File 1.3.2/3 Pibul Songgram to Warakan Bancha No. 23156/2497, 2 October 1954 - Translation of the Article 'The Geneva Conference and the Future of Thailand' by Pridi Banomyong; see also BBCISWB Part V, No. 337, 5 August 1954, 'Former Thai Premier in Peking'.

40. The Straits Times, 31 August 1954. 41. The Times, 10 September 1954. 42. Alfred W. McCoy et al., The Politics of Heroin in Southeast Asia (New

York, Harper & Row, Publishers, 1972), p. 128. 43. Kuomintang Aggression Against Burma (Rangoon, The Ministry of

Information, Government of the Union of Bunna, 1953), p. 9. 44. TMFA, L&A File 10.36.34/4 Mangkorn Phromyothi to Warakan

Bancha No. 1067112493, 30 July 1950. 45. TMFA, L&A File 10.36.34/4 Ram Ratchaphakdi to Wongsanuwat

Devakul No. 17922/2493, 18 November 1950.

176 Notes to pp. 106-110

46. TMFA, L&A File 10.36.34/4 U Ina Maung to Warakan Bancha No. MFAlIS, 9 January 1951.

47. TMFA, L&A File 10.36.34/4 Patrick Pichi Sun to Warakan Bancha No. 40/529, 15 January 1951.

48. TMFA, L&A File 10.36.34/4 Warakan Bancha to Pibul Songgram No. 2039/2494, 30 January 1951; and Warakan Bancha to Patrick Pichi Sun No. 1607/2494,24 January 1951.

49. TMFA, L&A File 10.36.34/4 Ram Ratchaphakdi to Wongsanuwat Devakul No. 5199/2494,5 April 1951.

50. TMFA, L&A File 10.36.34/4 Memorandum Regarding the Proposed Opening of the Chinese Assistant Military Attache's Office at Amphur Mae Sai, 5 October 1951.

51. TMFA, L&A File 10.36.34/4 Pibul Songgram to Warakan Bancha No. 2243/2494,5 February 1951.

52. TMFA, L&A File (Miscellaneous)220 Somchai Anuman Rajadhon to M.F.A. No. 3/2494, 7 June 1951.

53. TMFA, L&A File (Miscellaneous)220 Patrick Pichi Sun to Bibidh Virajakar No. 40/844, 15 June 1951.

54. TMFA, L&A File (Miscellaneous)220 Warakan Bancha to Pibul Songgram No. 12715/2494,27 June 1951.

55. BPRO F0371192962 FC102217 Whittington to F.O. No. 145, 17 March 1951.

56. TMFA, L&A File 10.36.34/4 Chamnan-akson to Warakan Bancha No. 2594/2494, 15 March 1951.

57. Apichart, Thailand's Search for Protection, p. 238. 58. The Pentagon Papers: The Defense Department History of United

States Decisionmaking on Vietnam, Senator Gravel Edition (Boston, Beacon Press, 1971), Vol. I, p. 5.

59. The Pentagon Papers, Gravel Edition, Vol. I, p. 366: [Document 3] Memorandum for the Secretary of Defense from the Joint Chiefs of Staff, 10 April 1950.

60. David Wise and Thomas Ross, The Invisible Government (New York, Random House, 1964), p. 131.

61. Robert H. Taylor, Foreign and Domestic Consequences of the KMT Intervention in Bunna, Data Paper No. 93, Southeast Asia Program (Cornell University, 1973), p. 45.

62. Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States (henceforth cited as FRUS), 1951, Vol. VI, Part I, pp. 288-289: 690B.932118-1551 Top Secret Telegram from Ambassador to Burma (Key) No. 189, 15 August 1951.

63. Wise and Ross, The Invisible Government, p. 130. 64. Kenneth R. Young, Nationalist Chinese Troops in Bunna - Obstacle

in Bunna's Foreign Relations: 1949-1961, Ph.D. thesis (New York University, 1970), p. 84.

65. USN A, DS 790B.OO/8-2952 Memorandum from McConaughy to Allison, 29 August 1952; also 790B.OO/8-152 Memorandum from

Notes to pp. 110-114 177

Allison to Matthews, 8 August 1952. 66. FRUS, 1951, Vol. VI, Part I, pp. 316-317: 790BJJO/ 11-2851 Top

Secret Memorandum from Merchant to Allison, 28 November 1951. 67. For further discussions of Phao's relationship with, and the aid given

by, the CIA, see Lobe, United States National Security Policy, pp. 15-31.

68. See Taylor, Foreign and Domestic Consequences, pp. 43-45; also USNA, DS 690B.93/4-2551 Memorandum of Conversation between U Hla Maung and Stanton, 24 April 1951; and 792.00/4-1552 Brown to S.D. No. 669, 15 April 1952.

69. Apichart, Thailand's Search/or Protection, p. 255. 70. Kuomintang Aggression Against Burma, p. 3. 71. Young, Nationalist Chinese Troops in Burma, pp. 57-58. 72. Kuomintang Aggression Against Burma, pp. 1-2. 73. Young, Nationalist Chinese Troops in Burma, p. 87. 74. TMFA, L&A File 10.36.34/4 U Hla Maung to Warakan Bancha

No. MFA63/5, 25 April 1951; and Memorandum from M.L. Peekthip Malakul to Warakan Bancha, 9 May 1951.

75. Kuomintang Aggression Against Burma, pp. 23-24. 76. Taylor, Foreign and Domestic Consequences, p. 26. 77. TNA MFA File 90.2.1 III Chanman-akson to Wan Waithayakon

No. 77 /2496, 20 March 1953. 78. TMFA, L&A File 10.36.37/3 Wan Waithayakon to Thanat Khoman

No. 20/2496, 27 March 1953. 79. The Bangkok Post, 4 April 1953. 80. TMFA, L&A File 10.36.37/3 Wan Waithayakon to Pibul Songgram

No. 8l30/2496, 24 April 1953. 81. Young, Nationalist Chinese Troops in Burma, p. 1l3. 82. TNA MFA/UNA File 11.1.5/1 Final Report of the Joint Military

Committee for the Evacuation of Foreign Forces from Burma, 2 September 1954.

83. TNA MFA/UNA File 11.1.5/1 Press Release from the Joint Military Committee for the Evacuation of Foreign Forces from Burma, 29 July 1954.

84. TNA MFA/UNA File 1.3.2/3 Pibul Songgram to Warakan Bancha No. 23156/2497, 2 October 1954 - Translation of the Article 'The Geneva Conference and the Future of Thailand' by Pridi Banomyong.

85. Hugh Toye, Laos: Buffer State or Battleground (London, Oxford University Press, 1968), pp. 84-85.

86. FRUS, 1952-54, Vol. xm, p. 514: 7511.00/4-2753 Memorandum of Conversation between Robertson, Pote Sarasin, Bonsal and Landon, 27 April 1953.

87. USNA, DS 792.5MSP/5-253 Stanton to S.D. No. 2176, 2 May 1953. 88. TMFA, L&A File 10.23.4/1 Thanat Khoman to M.F.A. No. 36/2496,

28 April 1953; and Visutr Atthayukti to M.F.A. No. 14/2496,28 April 1953.

178 Notes to pp. 114-117

89. FRUS. 1952-54. Vol. XIII. pp. 532-533: 7510J)()/4-3053 Stanton to S.D. No. 2146.30 April 1953.

90. TMFA, L&A File 10.23.411 Pote Sarasin to M.F.A. No. 69/2496. 5 May 1953.

91. TMFA, L&A File 10.23.412 Pote Sarasin to M.F.A. No. 70/2496. 8 May 1953.

92. FRUS. 1952-54, Vol. XIII, pp. 588-589: 7510.00/6-153 Memorandum of Conversation between Dulles, Bonnet and Hickerson. 1 June 1953.

93. BPRO F0371/106898 FS1071121 Aide-M6moire from the French Embassy London, 11 May 1953.

94. TMFA, L&A File 10.23.4/2 Visutr Atthayukti to M.F.A. No. 16/2496. 11 May 1953.

95. BPRO F03711106898 FS107113 Jebb to F.O. No. 362, 8 May 1953. 96. TMFA, L&A File 10.23.412 Wan Waithayakon to Pote Sarasin

No. 89/2496, 10 May 1953. 97. TMFA, L&A File 10.23.412 Pote Sarasin to M.F.A. No. 80/2496, 11

May 1953. 98. TMFA, L&A File 10.23.21 1 Chamnan-akson to Wan Waithayakon

No. 6872/2496, 20 May 1953. 99. TMFA, L&A File 10.23.211 Wan Waithayakon to Pote Sarasin

No. 101/2496,16 May 1953. 100. USNA, DS 792.00/5-2253 Memorandum of Conversation on the Sub

ject of Thailand's Appeal to the Security Council Regarding Threat to Thailand from Vieuninh Invasion. 22 May 1953.

101. BPRO F03711106899 FS1071133 Jebb to F.O. No. 393. 22 May 1953.

102. FRUS. 1952-54. Vol. XIII, pp. 588-589: 7510.00/6-153 Memorandum of Conversation between Dulles, Bonnet and Hickerson. 1 June 1953; and pp. 589-590: 75U.00/6-153 Dulles to Stanton No. 2297. 1 June 1953; also BPRO F0371 1106900 FS1071153 Makins to F.O. No. 1180,3 June 1953.

103. USNA, DS 792.00/6-2253 Memorandum of Conversation Between Dulles, Pote. Wainhouse and Landon. 22 June 1953.

104. FRUS. 1952-54, Vol. XIII, p. 639: 7510.0017-653 Memorandum of Conversation Between Dulles. Pote, Wainhouse and Landon. 6 July 1953.

105. BPRO F0371 1106899 FS1071 146 Memorandum on 'Siam's Appeal to the Security Council' by Buxton. 27 May 1953.

106. TMFA, L&A File 10.23.21 1 Pote Sarasin to M.F.A. No. 92/2496, 22 May 1953 - Draft Letter to the President of the Security Council; also BPRO F037 I 1 106899 FS1071 133 Jebb to F.O. No. 393. 22 May 1953; and F0371 1106899 FS1071134 Jebb to F.O. No. 394. 22 May 1953.

107. BPRO F03711106900 FSI071173 Wallinger to F.O. No. 428. 25 December 1953.

108. Toye. Laos, p. 89.

Notes to pp. 118-125 179

109. USNA, DS 792.00/5-1253 Translation from Norwegian Dagbladet of 7 May 1953.

110. TNA MI File 0201.2.1.15/6 [51] Under-Secretary, Ministry of Interior to Superintending Governors, Areas 1-9, No. 426/2496, 5 August 1953.

111. TNA MI File 0201.2.1.14/23 [2] Minutes of the Meeting Concerning the Situation in Indochina, 30 April 1953.

Chapter 5: Thailand and the Establmhment of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organmation, 1954

1. Leszek Buszynski, SEATO: The Failure of an Alliance Strategy (Singapore, Singapore University Press, 1983), pp. 1-2.

2. William Conrad Gibbons, The U.S. Government and the Vietnam War: Executive and Legislative Roles and Relationships, Part I: 1945-1960, (Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1986), p. 120.

3. Ibid., p. 135. 4. Toye, Laos, pp. 91-92. 5. Buszynski, SEATO, p. 2; and Gibbons, The U.S. Government and the

Vietnam War, Part I, p. 165. 6. The New York Times, 17 April 1954. 7. Stephen E. Ambrose, Eisenhower: The President (New York, Simon

& Schuster, Inc., 1985), p. 174. 8. FRUS, 1952-1954, Vol. XIII, pp. 1141-1142: 751G.00/3-2354

Memorandum by the Secretary of State to the Pr<:sident (Top Secret), 23 March 1954; see also pp. 1142-1144: 751G.00/2-2354 Memorandum of Conversation by William R. Tyler of the Office of Western European Affairs, 23 March 1954.

9. The Pentagon Papers, Gravel Edition, Vol. I, p. 460. 10. Ambrose, Eisenhower, p. 178. 11. For the full text of this speech, see American Foreign Policy,

1950-1955 (Department of State Publication 6446, December 1957). pp. 2373- 81.

12. The Pentagon Papers. Gravel Edition. Vol. I, pp. 434-443. 13. FRUS. 1952-1954. Vol. xm, pp. 1214-1217: 751G.00/4-254

Memorandum of Conversation between Dulles. Makins, Scott. Smith, MacArthur. Merchant, and Drumright, 2 April 1954; and pp. 1225-1229: 7510.00/4-354 Memorandum of Conversation between Dulles, Bonnet, MacArthur. and Bonbright, 3 April 1954.

14. Buszynski, SEATO, p. 5. 15. Gibbons. The U.S. Government and the Vietnam War. Part I.

pp.195-196. 16. FRUS. 1952-1954. Vol. xm, pp. 1238-1241: 751G.5/4-454 The

Secretary of State to the Embassy in the United Kingdom, 4 April 1954.

180 Notes to pp. 125-128

17. Ambrose. Eisenhower. pp. 178-179. 18. USNA. DS Bureau of Far Eastern Affairs: Files Relating to Southeast

Asia and the Geneva Conference 1954 (henceforth cited as FE/SEAGC). Box 13 Geneva Conference - April 1954 (I): Memorandum of Conversation between Dulles. Pote. and Landon. 5 April 1954.

19. USNA, DS FE/SEA-GC. Box 7 Thailand: Memorandum of Conversation between Dulles. Smith. Pote. and Landon. 9 April 1954.

20. USNA, DS 790.5/5-1254 Warner to S.D. No. 698. 12 May 1954. 21. USNA, DSFE/SEA-GC. Box 13 GenevaConference-Aprill954 (II):

Memorandum of Conversation on Indochina between Dulles. Aldrich. MacArthur. Eden. and Allen. 11 April 1954; and U. Alexis Johnson to the Acting Secretary. 15 April 1954.

22. BPRO F03711106886 FS1016118 Memorandum by R.B. Scott. 27 April 1954; and FRUS. 1952-1954. Vol. XIII. p. 1320: 790.5/4-1354 Dulles to S.D. No. Sectol. 13 April 1954.

23. Buszynski. SEATO. p. 9. 24. USNA, DS FE/SEA-GC. Box 13 Geneva Conference - April 1954

(II): Memorandum to the Secretary of State from MacArthur. 8 April 1954.

25. Buszynski. SEATO. p. 10. 26. USNA, DS FE/SEA-GC. Box 7 Thailand: Memorandum of Con

versation between Robertson. Pote. Thanat, and Landon. 15 April 1954.

27. FRUS. 1952-1954. Vol. XIII. pp. 1362-1363: 790.5/ 4-2254 The Secretary of State to the Department of State. 22 April 1954.

28. Sir Anthony Eden. Full Circle (London. Cassell & Co.Ltd .• 1960). p.99.

29. Buszynski. SEATO. p. 11. 30. Apichart, Thailand's Search/or Protection. pp. 312-313. 31. USNA, DS FE/SEA-Ge. Box 7 Thailand: Top Secret Memorandum

from Drumright to Murphy. 11 May 1954. 32. USNA, DS FE/SEA-Ge. Box 7 Thailand: Top Secret Memorandum for

the Secretary of State from Drumright. 12 May 1954. 33. USNA, DS FE/SEA-GC. Box 12 Summary of Decisions: Memorandum

from Matthews to Waddell. 13 May 1954. 34. FRUS. 1952-1954. Vol. XVI. pp. 801-803: Memorandum of Conver

sation by the Adviser to the United States Delegation (Bonsal). 14 May 1954; and pp. 808- 809: Memorandum of Conversation by the Deputy United States Representative (Robertson). 15 May 1954.

35. USNA, DS FE/SEA-Ge. Box 14 Geneva Conference-May 1954 (II): Memorandum of Conversation between Pote. Smith. and Robertson. 30 May 1954.

36. USNA, DS 792.00(W)/5-2154 Donovan to S.D. No. 2312. 21 May 1954.

37. USNA, DS 790.5/6-654 Donovan to S.D. No. 2424.6 June 1954. 38. USNA, DS FE/SEA-Ge. Box 14 Geneva Conference - May 1954 (II):

Notes to pp. 128-132 181

Memorandum of Conversation between Pote, Smith, and Robertson, 30 May 1954.

39. USNA, DS FE/SEA-GC, Box 14 June 1-11, 1954 (II): Department of State, Policy Information Statement for USIA (FE-I24) 'Five-Power Military Talks', 9 June 1954.

40. USNA, DS FE/SEA-GC, Box 14 Geneva Conference - May 1954 (I): Memorandum of Conversation between Prince Wan, Pote, Smith, and Robertson, 15 May 1954.

41. BPRO F0371 11 12274 DS1071116 Eden to F.O. No. 461, 26 May 1954.

42. BPRO F0371 11 12274 DS1071120 Dixon to F.O. No. 444, 27 May 1954; and F0371 11 12276 DS1071162 Dixon to Kirkpatrick, 2 June 1954.

43. TNA MFA/UNA File 1.3.1/2 Thanat Khoman to M.F.A. No. 158/ 2497, 29 May 1954; and Thanat Khoman to President of the Security Council No. 156/2497, 29 May 1954.

44. TNA MFA/UNA File 1.3.2/2 UN Press Release PM12798 - Statement by Ambassador Pote Sarasin, Representative of Thailand, to the Security Council on 16 June 1954; and UN Press Release PM12799 - Draft Resolution submitted by Thailand to the Security Council.

45. Pracha, Thailand and the United Nations, pp. 96-97. 46. Apichart, Thailand's Search/or Protection, p. 317. 47. BPRO F0371 11 11868 D10741172 Makins to F.O. No. 1428,8 July

1954. 48. FRUS, 1952-1954, Vol. XVI, p. 1503: (Editor's Note) President

Eisenhower's News Conference, 21 July 1954. 49. USNA, DS FE/SEA-GC, Box 15 Geneva Conference - July 1954 (I):

Memorandum of Conversation between Dulles, Pote, and Landon, 9 July 1954; see also Eden, Full Circle, p. 132.

50. FRUS, 1952-1954, Vol. XVI, p. 1551: (Editor's Note) The Secretary of State's News Conference, 23 July 1954.

51. Toye, Laos, p. 99. 52. TNA MFA/UNA File 1.3.2/3 Pibul Songgram to Warakan Bancha

No. 23156/2497, 2 October 1954 - Translation of the article 'The Geneva Conference and the Future of Thailand' by Pridi Banomyong and 'Open Letter - Unite to Fight for Peace, Independence and Democracy - from the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Thailand'; see also BBC/SWB Part V, No. 337, 5 August 1954, 'Former Thai Premier in Peking'.

53. BPRO F0371 11 12265 DS101617 Gage to F.O. No. 82, 21 August 1954.

54. BPRO F0371 11 12280 DS10711151 Memorandum from the Permanent Mission of Thailand to the United Nations, New York, 1 October 1954.

55. See TNA MFA/UNA File 1.3.2/3 Pibul Songgram to Wan Waithayakon No. 21582/2497, 14 September 1954 - Memorandum

182 Notes to pp. 132-137

for Thai Pennanent Delegation to the UN for Use in Thailand's Appeal for a Peace Observation Commission; and Pibul Songgram to Wan Waithayakon No. 23156/2497, 2 October 1954 - Additional Memorandum Regarding Communist Threat and Aggression Against Thailand.

56. The Times, 10 September 1954. 57. TMFA, L&A File 3.3.211 Verbatim Proceedings, Closed Session of the

First Council Meeting of the Southeast Asia Collective Defence Treaty, MP(c)(55), 23 February 1955.

58. BPRO F0371 11 12279 DS1071 1133 Dixon to Allen No. 1075/340/54, 2 August 1954.

59. BPRO F0371 11 12280 DS1071 1139 Dixon to F.O. No. 724,18 August 1954; also USN A, DS FE/SEA-GC, Box 7 Southeast Asia - August 1-31, 1954 (TS): Memorandum of Conversation between Ross and Key, 18 August 1954; and Memorandum from Bacon to Galbraith, 20 August 1954.

60. USN A, DS FE/SEA-GC, Box 10 Manila Conference (I): Texts of Statements - Opening Ceremonies of the Manila Conference of 1954, 6 September 1954.

61. USNA, DS 790.517-2854 State Department to US Embassy Bangkok No. 238, 28 July 1954.

62. FRUS, 1952-1954, Vol. xm Part 2, p. 1953: Memorandum of Con-versation by the Secretary of State, 17 August 1954.

63. Buszynski, SEATO, pp. 20-21. 64. Apichart, Thailand's Search/or Protection, p. 324. 65. USNA, DS FEICA, Box 46 Numerical Files 1954 - 306.1 (TS)

US Policy Towards the Far East: The Policy Briefing Book (Far East) compiled by the Executive Secretariat, Department of State, 12 September 1954 - Section I Southeast Asia Pact.

66. Russell H. Fifield, Southeast Asia in United States Policy (New York, Frederick A. Praeger, 1963), p. 32.

67. See UNTS, 1955, Vol. 209, p. 23, Treaty No. 1:2819, for text of the SEATO Treaty; 1949, Vol. 34, p. 243, Treaty No. 1:541, for text of the NATO Treaty; and 1952, Vol. 131, p. 83, Treaty No. 1:1736, for text of the ANZUS Treaty.

68. USNA, DS FEICA, Box 46 Numerical Files 1954 - 306.1 (TS) US Policy Towards the Far East: The Policy Briefing Book - Section 1 Southeast Asia Pact. See also Buszynski, SEATO, p. 40.

69. George Modelski (ed.), SEATO: Six Studies (Melbourne, F.W. Cheshire, 1962), pp. 142-143.

70. USNA, DS FE/SEA-GC, Box 10 Manila Conference (I): Texts of Statements - Opening Ceremonies of the Manila Conference of 1954, 6 September 1954.

71. Modelski, SEATO, p. xiv. 72. Buszynski, SEATO, p. 41. 73. Apichart, Thailand's Search/or Protection, p. 328.

Notes to pp. 137-145 183

74. USNA, DS FE/CA, Box 46 Numerical Files 1954 - 306.1 (TS) US Policy Towards the Far East: The Policy Briefing Book - Section F Thailand.

75. TNA MFA/UNA File 1.3.213 Pibul Songgram to Wan Waithayakon No. 21582/2497, 14 September 1954.

76. New York Herald Tribune, 29 September 1954. 77. BPRO F03711112280 DS10711 151 Memorandum from the Permanent

Mission of Thailand to the United Nations, New York, 1 October 1954.

78. TNA MFA/UNA File 1.3.213 Wan Waithayakon to M.F.A. No. 78/ 2497, 13 October 1954; and Memorandum of Conversation between Thanat and Ramsbotham, 15 October 1954.

79. TNA MFA/UNA File 1.3.213 Memorandum on Thailand's UN Appeal by the Department of United Nations Affairs, 20 January 1955.

80. BPRO F03711112280 DS10711152 Whitteridge to F.O. No. 324, 6 October 1954.


Cbapter 6: Complex Interaction of Factors: Tbailand's Policy towards tbe People's Republic of China

1. David A. Wilson, Thailand, Laos and Cambodia, in Wayne Wilcox, Leo E. Rose, and Gavin Boyd (eds.), Asia in the International System (Cambridge, Mass., Winthrop Publishers, Inc., 1972), p. 186.

2. Coast, Some Aspects of Siamese Politics, p. iii. 3. Joseph Frankel, International Relations in a Changing World (Oxford,

Oxford University Press, 1979), p. 85. 4. K. J. Holsti, International Politics: A Framework for Analysis (New

Jersey, Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1983), p. 124. 5. Joseph Frankel, Contemporary International Theory and the Behaviour

of States (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1973), p. 78. Frankel also identifies a third level, the 'polemical level', and notes that the logic of his classification is imperfect as the third category overlaps with the first two. Moreover, the categories suggested are 'ideal types' (p. 78).

6. David A. Wilson, Political Tradition and Political Change in Thailand, in Clark D. Neher (ed.), Modem Thai Politics: From Village to Nation (Cambridge, Mass., Schenkman Publishing Co., 1979), p. 282.

7. Ibid., p. 282. 8. Ibid., pp. 283-285. 9. John L. S. Girling, Thailand: Society and Politics (Ithaca, Cornell

University Press, 1981), p. 119. 10. Fred W. Riggs, Thailand: The Modernization of a Bureaucratic Polity

(Honolulu, East-West Center Press, 1966), p. 197.

184 Notes to pp. 146-155

11. Girling, Thailand, p. 120. 12. Ibid., pp. 122-123. 13. See Vichitr Vadhakarn, Sayam kap suwannaphum, Chapters 1 & 2,

pp. 13-81; also Thailand's Case (Bangkok, Thai Commercial Press, 1941), Chapter V, pp. 121-137.

14. Records of the House of Representatives Proceedings, 8th Meeting, 1952 (B.E.2495) Session, 29 June 1952, in Orawan, Collection of the Thai Government Debates, p. 2.


16. Charles E. Morrison and Astri Suhrke, Strategy of Survival: The Foreign Policy Dilemmas of Smaller Asian States (New York, St. Martin's Press, 1978), p. 112.

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Vichitr Vadhakam. Sayam kap suwannaphum (Siam and the Land of Gold), Bangkok, 1933.

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Wyatt, David K. Thailand: A Short History, Yale University Press, New Haven, Conn., 1984.

Yahuda. Michael B. China's Role in World Affairs, Croom Helm Ltd., London, 1978.

Articles

Batson, Benjamin A. 'The Fall of the Phibun Government, 1944', The Journal of the Siam Society (Bangkok), Vol. 62, pt. 2, July 1974.

Chamvit Kasetsiri. 'The First Phibun Government and Its Involvement in World War II', The Journal of the Siam Society (Bangkok), Vol. 62, pt. 2, July 1974.

Flood, Edward Thadeus. 'The 1940 Franco-Thai Border Dispute and Phibuun Sonkhraam's Commitment to Japan', Journal of Southeast Asian History, Vol. X, No.2, September 1969.

Khien Theeravit. 'Jin kap khabuankan khommiunit nai prathet thai (China and the Communist Movement in Thailand)', The Journal of Social Sciences (Bangkok), Vol. XI, No.4, October 1974.

--. 'Khosangket kieokap nayobai tangprathet khong thai (Notes on Thai Foreign Policy)', The Social Science Review (Bangkok), Vol. 13, No. I, January-March 1975.

--. 'The Relationship between Thailand and China - problems and prospects', Bangkok Bank Monthly Review, Vol. 19, No. 12, December 1978.

Kullada Kesboonchoo. 'Patterns of Thai Diplomacy: A Historical Study', The Journal of Social Sciences (Bangkok), Vol. X, No.4, October 1973.

Likhit Dhiravegin. 'Thailand Foreign Policy Determination', The Journal of Social Sciences (Bangkok), Vol. XI, No.4, October 1974.

Martin, James V., Jr. 'Thai-American Relations in World War n', Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. xxn, No.4, August 1963.

Nopamas Dhiravegin. 'The Overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia: Comparative Study with a Special Case Study of Thailand', The Journal of Social Sciences (Bangkok), Vol. XI, No.1, January 1974.

Sarasin Viraphol. 'The Thai Perception of China and Japan', The Journal of Social Sciences (Bangkok), Vol. XIII, No.1, January 1976.

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192 Bibliography

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Theses

Apichart Chinwanno. 'Thailand's Search for Protection: The Making of the Alliance with the United States, 1947-1954', D.Phii. thesis, University of Oxford, 1985.

Charivat Santaputra. 'Thai Foreign Policy 1932-1946', Ph.D. thesis, Southampton University, 1982.

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Newspapers & Magazines

The Banglwk Post Chao Thai Far Eastern Economic Reviews Kiattisak New York Herald Tribune The New York Times People's China People's Daily Prachathipatai Siam Nilwm South China Morning Post The Straits Times The Times

Interviews

Somchai Anuman Rajadhon. Bangkok, 25 April 1986. Police Sub-Lieutenant Sujit Suphannawat. Bangkok, 4 May 1986.

Index

Adul Detjaras, Deputy Prime Minister, 13

Amory, Robert, CIA's Deputy Director for Intelligence, 109

Anderson, Robert, US Deputy Secretary of Defence, 127

ANZUS Treaty, 134, 135, 136 Arthakit Banomyong, Foreign

Minister, 53

Bang Klang Hao of Bang Yang, 23 Banyat Thephasdin, Minister of

Interior, 88 Bao Dai government

recognition of, 54, 152, 153 Bevin, Ernest, British Foreign

Secretary, 16,87 Bidault, Georges, French Foreign

Minister, 122, 126 Bonnet, Henri, French Ambassador to

the United States, 115, 116 Bovoradej revolt (1933), 8 Bowring, Sir lohn, British envoy, 6 Burma

Kengtung, 106, 108 Monghsat, 106, 111, 112, 118 relations with Thailand, 106,

111, 112 Shan States, 98, 107, 111, 118

Casey, Richard, Australian Foreign Minister, 136

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) aid to Thai police, 82, 110 involvement with KMT troops in

Burma, 108-11, 119 Chamkad Balankura, Free Thai

agent, 40 Chaophraya Sri Suriyawong, Chief

Minister, 5 Charun Subsaeng, MP, 86 Ch'en Yi, Chinese Foreign Minister,

2

Chen Tsen Hsi, Colonel, ROC Military Attache, 106

Chiang Kai-shek, Nationalist Chinese leader, 39, 60, 63, 84, 90, 92, 97

Chinese Chamber of Commerce, 34,38,63

Chinese Communist Party, 33, 62,63,85

Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, 66

Commission for Overseas Work, 66 membership of CCP in Thailand, 63 Social Department, 66 Third Office of the Bureau of United

Front Work, 66 Chinese World Order, see tribute

system Ch'ing Dynasty

and overseas Chinese, 31, 66 Chinese Nationality Act, 31 decline of, 24 overthrow of, 1

Chou En-Iai, Chinese Premier, 66, 77, 104

Churchill, Sir Winston, British Prime Minister, 13, 124, 129, 130

Colombo Plan, 135 Communist China, see People's

Republic of China Communism in Thailand, I, 71, 84- 6

anti-Communist measures, 51-2, 64, 65,73, 80-1, 85-6, 89, 152-54

Central Labour Union, 63, 85 Central Peace Maintenance

Commission, 51, 64

194

Central Security Council, see Central Peace Maintenance Commission

Chinese community and, 33, 63, 85 Communist Party of Siam, 84, 85 Conununist Party of Thailand, 2, 84,

85, 131 Conununist Youth of Siam, 84, 85

Index 195

concern of British and American over Thai policy, 83, 86-90, 93

Democratic League, 85 Prevention of Communist Activities

Act (1933),17,84,85 Prevention of Communist Activities

Act (1952), 73, 80, 94, 153 round-up of 'leftists' in 1952,80-1,

83,98, 117, 156 Vietnam Communist Youth

Organisation, 84 Compulsory Education Act (1935), 44 constitutionalism in Thailand, 8 corveelabour, 26, 29 coup d'etat

24 June 1932,7-8,84 8 November 1947, 18,48, 148, 154 26 February 1949 (Kabat Wang

Luang),49-50, 87,102 29 June 1951 (Manhattan

Rebellion), 81, 82, 155 29 November 1951 (Silent or Radio

Coup),82 Coup Group, see Khana Ratthaprahan

Democrat Party, 18, 155 Devawongse, Prince, Foreign

Minister, 6 Direk Jayanama

Ambassador to Japan, 39 Dean of Faculty of Political

Sciences, Thammasat University, 71

Foreign Minister, 12, 13 Donovan, William, US Ambassador,

127, 128 Dulles, John Foster, Secretary of State,

114, 115, 116, 122, 123, 124, 125,126,127,128,130,133,134, 135, 137

Earl Mountbatten of Burma, 16 economic Thai-ification

Fishery Act (1939),35 Land Pertaining to Aliens Act

(1943),38 Liquid Fuel Act (1939), 35 National Economic Council, 34 policy of, 35, 38, 45

Prevention of Profiteering Act, 34 reserved occupations, 38 Salt and Tobacco Act (1939), 35 Thai Chamber of Commerce, 34, 77 Thai Rice Company, 35 Thai Vessels Act (1939), 35

Eden, Sir Anthony, British Foreign Minister, 125, 126, 128, 129, 130

Eisenhower, Dwight D., US President, 121, 123, 124, 125, 130, 134, 139

Ely, General Paul, French Chief of Staff, 123

European Defence Community, 123 extraterritorial rights, 5, 6, 14, 141 extraterritoriality, see extraterritorial

rights

Fak na Songkhla, lawyer, 86 Formosa, see Taiwan Free Thai Movement, 15, 96

and the navy, 49 purge of, 50 rumoured activities in Yunnan, 98,

104,105 war-time activities, 39-41 war-time base in Yunnan, 98

French Indochina Associated State, 112 border conflict with Thailand, 10-II Chinese supported insurgency in, 70 Dien Bien Phu, 122, 123, 127, 139 Eisenhower's policy on, 123-25 entry of Japanese troops, 10 French policy on, 121-23 French Union, 114 . Japanese mediation, II Navarre Plan, 122 US aid, 122

Geneva Conference, 122, 124, 125, 127,128,129,130,133

Geneva Settlement, 113, 129, 132, 135, 136

Gilchrist, Andrew, agent of Force 136,40

Harding, General John, Commanderin-Chief Far East Land Forces, 87

196 Index

Ho Chi Minh (Nguyen Ai-Quoe), Vietnamese leader, 84

Ho Hsiang-ning, Chairman, Overseas Chinese Mfairs Commission, 79

Hsi-shuang pan-na lai-Isu tzu-chihch'u, see Tai Autonomous Area

Immigration Aet of 1927, 33 of1932,33 of 1937,33,43

Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, 100

Jebb, Sir Gladwyn, UK Permanent Representative to the UN, 116

Joint Staff Department, Tbai Ministry of Defence, 97, 98

Kat Katsongkram, General, 18, 49 Key, David, US Ambassador to·

Burma, 109 Khana Ral (People's Party), 15,84

coup d'etat of 24 June 1932,7-8 policy on overseas Cbinese, 33-5 rallhaniyom directives, 36

Khana Ratthaprahan (Conp Group), 18,48,52,71,82,90, 154, 155

and intra-army division, 49 conflict with navy, 49, 81, 155 internal struggle, 81-3, 89, 154, 156 relationship with Pibul, 49, 154, 155

Kbarb Kunjara, M.L. Free Thai agent, 40 Director-General, Public Relations

Department, 104, 105, 132 Khuang Apbaiwong

Prime Minister, 14, IS, 18-9,41, SO opposition leader, 10

King Ananda (Rama VIII), 17 King Cbulalongkorn (Rama V), 6,

141, 146 King Mongkut (Rama IV), 5, 26, 27,

141, 146 King Narai, 5, 141 King Prajadbipok (Rama VII), 33 King Rama II, 26 King Rama III,S, 26 King Ramkambaeng, 24,147

King Sri Indraditya, 23 King U-Tbong, 24 King Vajiravudb (Rama VI)

and nationalism, 9 The Jews of lhe Orient, 30

Koo, Wellington, Nationalist Cbinese diplomat, 39

Korean War, 1,48,70,86, 102, 109, 111,138

armistice negotiations, lIS, 118, 121, 149

embargo against PRC, 76 Thailand's involvement in, 55-6,

73, 152, 153 Kublai Khan, 24 Kulap Saipradit, writer, 86 Kuomintang,I,32,45,65

and overseas Chinese, 37, 63, 67-8, ISO

brancbes in Tbailand, 32, 62 T'ung Meng Hui, 31

Kuomintang troops in Burma, 96, 98 as 'bufferforce', 108, 110, 118,

119, 155 as intelligence-gathering force,

lOS, ISS Burmese action at the UN, lOS,

111-13,119 Burmese army's offensive against,

III evacuation of, 111-13, 119 Four Nation Military Committee,

113 involvement in opium trade, 110-11 offensive against PRC, 110-11, 119 support from Tbailand, 98,104-11,

118, 153, 155 US policy on, 108-09 Yunnan Anti-Communist National

Salvation Army, 106, 110

Laotian Crises, 113-7 Frencb policy on, 114 Thailand's appeal to tbe UN, 114-6,

128-9, 137-8 UN Peace Observation Commission,

96, 115, 116, 128, 129 Vietminb invasion of, 114, 116, 121,

117, 118, 121, 129, 138

Index 197

League of Nations, 8 Li Mi, Commander of KMT troops

in Burma, 98, 106, 107, 109, 110, 156

Li Tieh-tseng, Chinese Ambassador, 42

Liang Chaiyakan, MP, 35 Lie, Trygve, UN Secretary-General, 55 Lord Rosebery, British Foreign

Minister, 7 Lovett, Robert, Acting Secretary of

State, 53 Luang Chartnakrop, General, 49 Luang Chartrakarnkosol, Director

General of the Police Department, 58

Luang Vichitr Vadhakarn and Pan-Thaiism, 9 Minister of State, 35 views on overseas Chinese, 35 writing on the origins of Tai

peoples, 22- 3

Makins, Sir Roger, UK Ambassador to the United States, 126

Manat Charupha, LieutenantCommander, 81

Manchuria (Manchukuo) occupation by Japan, 8 Thailand's recognition of. 12

Manhattan, dredger, 81 Manila Treaty, see Southeast Asia

Treaty Organisation Mao Tse-tung, Chinese leader, 57, 60 Marshall, George, Secretary of

State, 53 McCarthyism, 109 Mendes-France, Pierre, French

Premier, 129 Merchant, Livingston T., Assistant

Secretary of State for European Affairs, 134

military assistance from Western powers, 52-7

multilateral anti-Communist initiatives in Asia

Baguio Conference (1950), l)2

'Pacific Union' proposaL 90

'Southeast Asian Union' proposal, 90,91

National Assembly, 48, 74, 79, 80 National Defence Council, 97, 107 national interest, 143-4

and elite interest, 146, 154, 156 concept of, 143

national sovereignty, 146-7 nationality

Nationality Act of 1913, 32, 77 principle of jus sanguinis, 32 principle of jus soli, 32

Navarre, General Henri, French Commander-in-Chief in Indochina, 122

Netr Khemayothin, General, 15, 49 New China News Agency, 60, 79, 96,

97, 101 Nixon, Richard M., US Vice President,

123 North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, 90,

125, 126, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 139

Office of Strategic Services, 40, 51, 98 Opium War (1839-42), 5, 24 origins of Tai peoples, 22- 3 Overseas Chinese in Thailand

Alien Registration Act (1952),77 Ang Yee organisations, 30, 34 anti -J apanese boycott, 35 as 'Fifth Column', 68 assimilation of, 28-9, 3 I, 46-7,

150, 153 attitude towards PRC, 63, 65 China War Chest, 35 Chinese secret societies, st!t! Ang

Yee organisations disillusionment with PRC, 75-6 economic power of, 29, 34, 45-6,

61, 150 effects of Thai nationalism on, 30- 3 immigration fee, 77 iuunigration quotas, 43 local-born Chinese, see Lukjin Lukjin, 29, 31, 45, 47, 85 number of overseas Chinese in

Thailand, 32

198 Index

political activities of, 32, 33, 61 problem of alien registration

fee, 77-9 problem of Chinese schools, 35- 6,

43-4, 46, 62, 64 problem of dual nationality, 32, 61 problem concerning Chinese

publications,35,64 'prohibited areas' policy, 38 rate of immigration, 28-9, 33,43 remittances, 34, 65, 76 reserved occupations, 38 Thai government control measures,

27-44 travelling to PRC, 76 Yaowarat Incident, 41-2

Overseas Southeast Asia Supply Company, 82

Paknam Incident, 6 Pan-Thaiism

irridentist demands, 9 as philosophy, 9,99

peace movement China Peace Committee, 105 National Peace Committee of

Thailand, 81,86,89,94 Peking Peace Conference, 83, 99 Stockholm Peace Petition. 86

People's Party, see Khana Rat People's RepUblic of China

and Korean War, 56, 73, 76, 94, 138,148

and overseas Chinese, 48, 58, 60, 63,66-8,75-7, 149

Common Programme, 60, 66, 100 Constitution of 1954, 100 establishment of, I, 57 foreign policy of, 71-2 General Programme for the

Implementation of Regional Autonomy for the National Minorities, 100

minority policy of, 99-101 Overseas Chinese Affairs

Commission, 67, 76, 77, 79 perception of threat from, 21, 52, 93,

94,95,96-120, 132, 138-40, 147-54

recognition by Britain, 59, 70 State Council, 67 Thailand's policy of non-

recognition, 2, 48, 57-61, 69-70,73-5,93,151-2,153

UN membership of, 74-5 Pha Muang of Rat, 23 Phao Sriyanond, Police General

Director-General of the Police Department, 80, 81, 82, 83, 88, 89,94, 112, 154, 155

relationship with CIA, 82, 110, 156 relationship with left-wing

elements, 83 relationship with KMT troops in

Burma, 110, 156 Phethai Chotinuchit, MP, 58, 86 Phin Choonhavan, Field Marshal,

18,81,83 Phra Pinit Chonkhadi, Deputy

Director-General of the Police Department, 101

Phraya Manopakorn, Prime Minister, 36

Phraya Phahol Pholpayuhasena, Prime Minister, 8, 48

Phraya Sarapaipipat, former Minister of Education, 59

Phraya Song Suradet, Khana Rat leader, 8

Pibul Songgram, Field Marshal Acting Foreign Minister, 78 and US military assistance, 52-3, 57 anti-Communist policy, 51-2 Khana Rat leader, 8 Minister of Defence, 8, 107 policy of 'nation-building', 9 Prime Minister, 8, 9 10, 11, 12, 13,

18,19,48-50,51,52,53,54, 55,56,57,58,61,70,71,72, 73,74,78,81,82,83,85,89, 90,92,94,97,98,107,108, 110,112,114, ll5, 121, 127, 128, 139, 140, 146, 147, 148, 151,152,155

return to power of, 48-50 relationship with Coup Group, 49,

81-2, 154 support from US, 82, 155

Index 199

Pote Sarasin Ambassador to the United States,

114, 115, 116, 125, 127, 128 Deputy Foreign Minister, 59 Foreign Minister, 54, 58, 59, 70, 91 resignation of, 55

Prai Luang, see corvee labour Prangphet Bunyarattaphan, Squadron

Leader, 83 Prasong Wongwiwat, alleged

Secretary-General of the Communist Party of Thailand, 89

Prayoon Phamonmontri, Khana Rat leader, 8

Press Act of 1927, 35 of 1932, 35

Press Association, 85 Pridi Banomyong, 51,87,89,94,98,

99, 101, 102, 103, 105, 119, 138, 147, 149, 155

and Free Thai Movement, 15,40-1 and National Economic Policy, 36 and regicide case, 18, 104 article in len Min lih Pao, 105,

113, 131 asylum in PRC, 52, 101-4, 105,

131, 139 escape of, 18,49, 103 Finance Minister, 36 involvement in Kabot Wan!:

Luang,49-50 Khana Rat leader, 8 relationship with the navy, 49

Private School Act (1936), 36, 62 Pyun, Y.T., ROK Foreign Minister, 92

Quirino, Philippine President, 90

Radford, Admiral Arthur, Chairman of US Joint Chiefs of Staff, 123, 124, 127

Rat Thai Issara, see Tai Autonomous Area

Rallhaniyom directives, 9, 36 recognition

general principle of, 57-8 Reed, Charles, Chief of Southeast Asia

Division, State Department, 53

Republic of China (Nationalist China) and Baguio Conference, 92 and overseas Chinese, 32, 67-8, 79,

149-50 diplomatic relations with, I, 17,

41-4,65-6,70,73,79,93, 151, 152

Education Regulations (Chiao-yu fa-ling),44

election of Nan Yang representatives, 13

Information Bureau in Mae Sai, 106, 107

on Taiwan, 57, 58 role of Military Attache, 80 Treaty of Amity and Friendship,

17,42,62 wartime relations with Thailand,

15,38-41 Republic of Korea

anti-Communist initiatives, 90, 92 Robertson, Walter, Assistant

Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs, 115

Romulo, Carlos P., Philippine Permanent Representative to the United Nations, 90

Rusk, Dean, Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs, 109

Sang Pathanothai, aide to Pibul, 85 Sa-nguan Tularak, Free Thai leader,

40,99,102 Sarit Thanarat, General, 81, 82, 83, 89,

94,154 Scott, R.H., Head of Southeast Asia

Department, FCO, 80 Sea Supply, see Overseas Southeast

Asia Supply Company SEATO, see Southeast Asia Treaty

Organisation Sebald, William, US Ambassador to

Burma, 109 Second World War

declaration of war, 14 peace proclamation, 16 Thailand and, 13-16 Thai-Japanese Alliance Pact,

14

200 Index

Seni Pramoj, M.R. leader of Free Thai Movement, 15,

40 Minister to the US, 15 Prime Minister, 42

Smith, Walter Bedell, US Under Secretary of State, 127, 128

Somchai Annman Rajadhon, Thai diplomat, 98

Son of Heaven, see T'ien-tzu Sontheast Asia Treaty Organisation

assessment of, 136-37 establishment of, 113, 121,

130-36, 157 First SEATO Council meeting, 132 five-power staff talks, 128 Joint US-UK Study Group, 130 Manila Conference (1954), 131, 132,

136, 137, 139 Manila (SEATO) Treaty, 121, 134,

135, 136, 137, 138 Thailand's membership of, 2, 120,

131, 137, 138, 139, 156 treaty area, 135

Soviet Union diplomatic relations with, 17

Special Operations Executive, 40 Force 136, 40

Sri Ayudhya, navy's flagship, 81 Stanton, Edwin F., US Ambassador,

53,55,59,62,88,89,97, 108, 114

Sujit Suphannawat, Pridi's private secretary, 102, 103, 104

Sun Pi-chi, Patrick, Chinese Charge d' Affaires, 79

Sun Yat-sen, Chinese leader, 31, 32, 45, 150

Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers (SCAP), 52

Suri Thongwanit, left-winger, 83,86,98

Svasti, Prince, Free Thai agent, 40 Syng-man Rhee, ROK President. 92

Tai Autonomous Area and Thai exiles, 98 as 'competitive state', 97-8,101 Chao Ts'un-hsin, 97, WI

establishment of, 2, 96-9, lOl, 105, 117,118,121,131,138,149

reaction from Thai government, 97-9

Sibsongpanna, 96 Taiping Rebellion (1848- 65), 24, 28 Tamura, Japanese Military Attache, II,

12 Thai foreign policy

adaptation to changing balance of power, 20-21

alliance with US, 14, 21,48, 121, 139, 152, 154, 156-7

basic objectives, 141 membership of UN, 17 'open-door' policy, 20 policy of alliance, 141-3 post-War directions, 50-7,

69-72, 152 relations with Japan, 10-11, 14, 141

Thai Institute of Culture, 64 Thai Labour Union, 85 Thai Press Association, 85 Thai society

bureaucratic polity, 145- 6 socio-political characteristics

of, 144-6 Thai cosmos, 145

thalweg principle, 9 Tharnrong Nawasawat, Prime Minister,

18,49,53,62 Thanom Kittikachorn, Prime Minister,

2 Thompson, Sir Geoffrey, British

Ambassador, 50, 51, 59, 61,70,87

Tiang Sirikhand, MP, 89, 98 Tibet

'liberation of', 2, 70 tributary relations, see tribute system tribute system, 4, 23-4

Sino-Thai tributary relations, 23 -7, 147, 150

Sinocentrism, 23 trade and tribute, 25- 6 T'ien-hsia, 23 T'ien-tzu, 23

Truman, Harry S., US President, 41, 55,57, 108, 109

lruiex 201

Tsiang, T.F., ROC UN Representative, 104

Tsubokarni, Japanese Amba~sador, 12, 13

U Nu, Burmese Premier, III 'United Action' proposal

as strategy of deterrent, 124 British response to, 125- 6 French response to, 126 speech by Dulles, 124 Thailand's response to, 125-6, 128

United Nations and Korean War, 55- 6 and the China question, 58 Declaration of Human Rights, 74 First Committee, 113 General Assembly, 74, 112, 129,

132,139 Security Council, 74, 104, 115, 116,

128, 139 UN Charter, 74

US aid to Thailand deficiency in US aid policy, 82 discussions on Mutual Defence

Treaty, 127 Economic Cooperation Administra

tion (ECA), 53, 57 Economic and Technical Coopera

tion Agreement, 57 Fulbright Agreement, 56 Mutual Defence Assistance Act

(1949),55 Leased Base Agreement, 127, 128 Point Four Programme, 52 Special Technical and Economic

Mission (STEM), 57 Thai-US Military Assistance

Agreement, 57 United States Information Service

(USIS),88 Uthon Phonlakun, journalist, 86

Vichitr Songgram, General, Chief of Defence Staff, 128

Vietminh, 2,80,86,121, 122, 123, 133, 149

activities in Thailand, 86 Annamite refugees, 114 as threat to Thailand, 114, 116, 129 invasion of Laos, see under

Laotian Crises struggle against France, 121-23

Vietnam French protectorate, 6 recognition of Bao Dai government,

54 partition of, 129

Wallinger, Sir Geoffrey, British Ambassador, 78, 89

Wan Waithayakon, Prince Ambassador to US, 56,90,91 Foreign Minister, 69, 75, 79, 91, 92,

99,112,118,127,128,132, 139, 152

Wang Ching-wei regime, 39 Warakan Bancha, Foreign Minister, 55,

56, 107, 108, 155 Watcharachai Chaisithiwet, naval

officer, 102 White Lotus Rebellion (1796-1804),

24 Whitteridge, Gordon, British Charge

d' Affaires, 104 Whittington, R., British Charge

d' Affaires, 55 World Bank/IMF

admission of Thailand, 52

Ying Wei-fan, Chinese official, 107 Yunnan Province, 2, 96, 98, 99, 102,

105,106,108,111,117,118,119, 131, 138

problems and prospects', Bangkok Bank Monthly Re

Documents

Transcript of problems and prospects', Bangkok Bank Monthly Re