Preliminary investigation of Islamic Websites Design & Content Feature: A heuristic

evaluation from user perspective Mansur Aliyu Murni Mahmud Abu Osman Md Tap mansuraliyu@yahoo.com murni@iiu.edu.my abuosman@iiu.edu.my

Department of Information System Kulliyyah of Information & Communication Technology

International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, P. O. Box 10, 50728

Abstract— This paper investigates the quality ranking of current Islamic websites using nine (9) website features (i.e. navigation, interactivity, legitimacy, objectivity, authority, relevancy, attractiveness, credibility, and reliability) in order to find the highest and lowest quality scores for individual websites based on their design & content feature. A heuristic evaluation method using single-user approach was used to evaluate 50 selected Islamic websites. Google search was used to select the 50 topmost popular Islamic websites on 8th December, 2009. The findings indicate that there has been a considerable improvement in the quality of Islamic websites in terms of design and information content. The findings also show that none of the websites evaluated displayed biased contents against Islam or Islamic groups. In addition, the findings reveal that websites with the highest quality scores were rated excellent in terms of information legitimacy and objectivity, whereas those with the least quality scores were rated poor in terms of authority and interactivity features. The paper concludes that there are considerable quality variations between Islamic websites with highest and lowest percentage scores.

Keywords-components; content features, design features, Islamic websites, heuristic evaluation

I. INTRODUCTION

The rapid development and changes in internet technology brought a significant shift to Muslims religious activities online. The presence of websites about Islam and websites with Islamic contents attracts many people of different sects to engage in religious activities online. This phenomenon becomes a concrete manifestation of how technology influences and shapes the Muslim world. However, online Islamic activities typically lack complete satisfaction. This is because online religious activities are more impersonal and automated than the pre-existing face-to-face religious traditions.

Although religious websites have promised significant potential to revolutionize the way religious activities are conducted, online religion is still relatively insignificant compared to face-to-face religious traditions. In particular, the internet challenges religious authority by presenting information that can undermine the plausibility structure of a religious system or by allowing critical or schismatic leaders to emerge and challenge the ability of religious authorities to define legitimate teachings, a theme echoed by Cowan [1]. Despite these shortcomings the rise of the

Islamic websites has given Muslims a new medium to seek knowledge and interact with scholars.

The aim of the study is to identify the overall quality ranking of 50 selected Islamic websites according to user perception. In this paper, the authors reviewed previous works on website evaluation in order to identify important website design & content features with their attributes. The authors also conducted heuristic evaluation to rank the identified website’s features. The result is presented and discussed, followed by suggestions for future study which forms part of the conclusion.

II. STUDY BACKGROUND

One of the difficulties in studying religion on the

internet is keeping pace with its rapid development and changes [2]. A notable reason for the apathy expressed by some Muslims in patronising internet based religious activities is the inability to define which website is truly Islamic as well as identifying quality of design and contents features of Islamic website. This inability amplifies the difference between online and offline religious activity that is reducing the growth of internet based Islamic activities.

Offline religion activities involve various types of interactions between Muslims and learned Islamic scholars on one hand and other Muslims on the other. This is generally regarded as very satisfactory experiences. While in contrast, the online experience is usually viewed as lacking human warmth, trust, enjoyment, satisfaction, and acceptability [3], since it tends to be more impersonal [4], anonymous [5] and automated [6].

Today, many websites exist that claimed to be Islamic and continue to evolve day-by-day making it difficult for the users to actually evaluate these websites. Again, these websites exists in different categories such as: • Websites mainly for Islamic teachings (referred to as

website about Islam) • Websites owned by Muslim organizations (Islamic

banks, universities, schools, government etc) • Muslim’s commercial websites (for shopping, web-

designing, songs, etc) • Muslim’s individual and community websites (blog-

spots, forum, chat rooms, discussion boards, news network, matrimony/marriages etc). Similarly, there exist a considerable number of websites

hosted by non-Muslims primarily to discuss issues against

262

2010 International Conference on User Science Engineering (i-USEr)

978-1-4244-9049-3/10/$26.00 ©2010 IEEE

Islamic principles (Quran, Hadith, and Syariah) on rational ground. Most of these website’s contents were created to discredit Islam and are offending to Muslims as they mostly questioned the Quranic verses, traditions of the Prophet (SAW) and other Islamic practices. These websites uses the word ‘islam’ or related Arabic word as part of their domain name; therefore, when someone is searching for Islamic websites these sites constantly appear and eventually been browsed by many Muslims without knowing the integrity and legitimacy of their contents.

A. Navigation

Islamic websites navigation is being defined as the extent to which users can move around an Islamic website easily without being lost at the same time accomplishing their task. The website should possessed visible navigation button: return to homepage, current position, quick overview mechanism, search engine, downloadable options, and links to related articles.

B. Interactivity

Islamic websites interactivity is being defined as the extent to which users have access to scholars; communicate with people; get feedbacks to their asked questions; full and free access to information.

C. Legitimacy

Islamic websites legitimacy is being defined as the extent to which the Islamic website’s contents did not contradict Islamic faith, Islamic moral values, Islamic pillars, or abusive and bias documents.

D. Objectivity

Islamic websites objectivity is being defined as the extent to which Islamic websites avoids being biased towards or against other Islamic groups, or other religions.

E. Authority

Islamic websites authority is being defined as the extent to which users proven that (are satisfy with) the Islamic website content quality base on the reference provided, author’s credentials, credibility, popularity, and accessibility.

F. Relevancy Islamic websites relevancy is being defined as the extent to which users trust the information on Islamic website as authoritative, accurate, useful, and probably up-to-date G. Attractiveness

Islamic websites attractiveness is being defined as the extent to which users feels that an Islamic website met his/her aesthetic appeal of a design, motivations, requirements, and excitement invoked by the interface.

H. Credibility

Islamic websites credibility is being defined as the extent to which users perceived that Islamic website’s owners provides detailed background, mission, projects, and contact information.

I. Reliability Islamic websites reliability is being conceptualized as the

extent to which users perceived that the Islamic website’s contents are dependable, accurate, credible, and relevant.

J. Conceptual definition of Islamic Website

In order to fully understand the nature of Islamic websites, there is need to clearly define them. For example, Wan Abdul Rahim, et al. (2006) define Islamic website in general as [14]:

“Islamic website is referring to website that inflicts with Islamic beliefs, values and traditions.’’

In addition, this study proposes three (3) distinctive definitions of Islamic website: 1. Islamic website can be defined as website that conveys

the message of Islam fundamentally for Islamic teaching and learning. This may include learning about performing Solat., Rukun Iman, Rukun Islam, reading Quran. Learning Hadith, perform fasting, Hajj etc.

2. Islamic website can be defined as website that portray good values and do not go against any of the Islamic teachings and principles (Shari’ah).

3. Islamic website can be defined as website whose main objectives are to portray any of the commandments of Allah (SWA) in accordance with the teachings of Prophet Muhammad (SAW). With the deficient of research from Muslim countries on

user interface [15] and on Islamic websites compared to conventional websites. Despite, the manifestation of growing concern and demands to study Muslims online [16] requires the evaluation of Islamic websites features to see the extent to which those websites reflect the fundamental Islamic cultural values. The evaluation should include both the design and content features of Islamic websites in conformity with the Islamic teachings and principles. Different categories of Islamic websites were selected to represent different level of user from different cultures and countries [15]. The 50 websites were heuristically evaluated from user perspective and the results of only five (5) websites each with the highest and lowest quality scores were presented due to the cumbersomeness of the overall results/data. This result will provide opportunity for Muslim’s organizations and individuals to have all the necessary Islamic design features incorporated in their website construction. Again, that will assist website developers to keep in mind that Muslims are not only web users with trust and information needs, but also faith seekers with web knowledge and experiential needs.

III. METHOD

The 50 topmost popular Islamic websites were chosen

as the study sample to represent the generality of Islamic websites. The sample was taken on 8th December 2009 from Google search. A keyword ‘islamic websites” was used as the search field, and the websites were intuitively chosen from the search list sequentially as shown in table 1.

TABLE I. LIST OF SELECTED ISLAMIC WEBSITES(8TH DEC. 09)

http://abujasir.com http://bcmuslims.com/index.do http://bestmuslimsites.com

www.halalads.net www.hilalplaza.com www.iamm.org.my

263

http://granadamsa.com/ http://sisters.islamway.com/ http://uiforum.uaeforum.org http://www.islamic-life.com/ http://www.jannah.org/ www.2hijab.com www.2mfm.org www.2muslims.com www.afghan-web.com/islam/ www.alahazrat.net www.alhajowaisrazaqadri.com www.alifmusic.net/ www.barkati.net www.biharanjuman.org www.bismikaallahuma.org www.broug.com/ www.challengeyoursoul.com/ www.convertstoislam.com www.convertstoislam.org/ www.dailyhadith.co.uk/ www.easyislam.com/ www.gitgy.com/

www.irca.org.au www.islaam.net www.islam.org.hk/ www.islamashare.com/ www.islamicfaq.info/ www.islamicgarden.com www.islamicity.com www.islamic-matrimonial.com www.islamicmortgages.co.uk www.islamicthought.org www.islamicvoice.com/ www.islamicwell.com www.islamonline.net www.islamrocks.com/ www.islamtop50.com www.islamweb.net/ www.itsislam.net www.jannah.org www.lightuponlight.com/ www.matrimony.org www.mirajschool.org/ www.nikahsearch.com

Several websites were removed from the list because

they did not conform to the definition of Islamic website above. A request email was send to the selected websites owners for permission to present and use screen shots of their websites. Thereafter, the websites were heuristically evaluated using the nine (9) identified design & content features between January and February 2010. The heuristics evaluation technique is one of the most commonly used methods in HCI [7]. According to, [8] using real users can be difficult or expensive to recruit in sufficient numbers to test all aspects of all the versions of an evolving design. In order to reduce those complexities a single-user evaluator technique was used in this study for quick response, time saving, and cost reduction. In addition, single-user evaluator is capable of finding up to 35 percent of the usability problems in the interfaces [9]. In a standard usability evaluation single evaluator can find 35 percent while three to five (3 – 5) evaluators can find at least 75 percent of the usability problems [9] [10]. Since, this study only focused on investigating the visible design and content features, a single evaluator is deemed sufficient to capture the essential elements needed. The author who was a student of Master of Information Technology with moderate experience on HCI and web evaluation performed the heuristic evaluation. This will necessitate the author’s individual judgment to balance between the heuristics and the essential elements captured [12].

The study instrument was adapted from previous studies [11][12] on Islamic websites. After careful study on the adapted items the researcher modify some of the items across different features by re-grouping the items (i.e. removing & adding some items to the features they are most suited for). Some features (i.e. accuracy and accessibility) were completely removed from the adapted instrument as their items were repeated across relevance, credibility and interactivity features.

The Net Positive Value (NPV)[13] technique adopted from [17] was used to rate the extent of each item’s positivity or negativity. Microsoft Excel 2007 was used to convert the rating scores of each item into NPV in the range of high-positive (+3), medium-positive (+2), low-positive (+1), low-negative (-1), medium-negative (-2), high-negative (-3) and 0 as neutral rating. The frequency rating

of each item is then multiplied by the -3 to 0 to +3 scale and the products summed to give a value for the evaluated features [17]. Table 2 shows an example of the NPV rating [13] for website interactivity against fifteen items.

TABLE II. NPV WORKED EXAMPLE FOR RATING WEBSITE

Scale -3 -2 -1 0 +1 +2 +3 Ranking Frequency 5 0 4 1 1 0 5 Multiplication -15 0 -4 0 1 0 15 Net Positive Values (NPV) = -3

IV. RESULTS

Fifty (50) Islamic websites were heuristically evaluated,

but only five (5) websites each with highest & lowest quality scores were analyzed because they are deemed sufficient to give the picture of the overall design & contents quality of all Islamic websites evaluated.

The five websites with the highest scores were denoted as: web1, web2, web3, web4, and web5 as represented in table 3 - table 7 respectively. These Islamic websites were well standardized and owned by large Islamic organizations and were in operation for more than 10 years [11]. Similarly, web6, web7, web8, web9, and web10 denoted those websites with the least quality scores as represented in table 8 - table 12. In overall, the findings showed that web1 was ranked highest out of all the websites evaluated having the overall percentage score of (87.1%), which was remarked as very good. Conversely, the web6 website has been rated as the least quality Islamic website with the overall percentage score of (10.3%).

TABLE III. WEB1 OVERALL SCORES

No Website’s Features

NPV

% Remark

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Navigation Interactivity Legitimacy Objectivity Authority Relevance Attractiveness Credibility Reliability

30 35 12 9 16 15 24 11 10

100 77.8 100 100 88.9 100 72.7 91.7 83.3

Excellent Good Excellent Excellent Very Good Excellent Good Excellent Very Good

SubTotal 162 87.1 Very Good

TABLE IV. WEB2 OVERALL SCORES

No Website’s Features

NPV % Remark

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Navigation Interactivity Legitimacy Objectivity Authority Relevance Attractiveness Credibility Reliability

30 30 12 9 10 13 27 10 12

100 100 100 100 55.6 86.7 81.8 83.3 100

Excellent Excellent Excellent Excellent Mod. Good Very Good Very Good Very Good Very Good

SubTotal 153 81.7 Very Good

TABLE V. WEB3 OVERALL SCORES

No Website’s Features

NPV % Remark

1. Navigation 28 93.3 Excellent

264

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Interactivity Legitimacy Objectivity Authority Relevance Attractiveness Credibility Reliability

34 12 9 6 13 28 11 1

75.6 100 100 33.3 86.7 84.8 91.7 8.3

Good Excellent Excellent Mod. Good Very Good Very Good Excellent Mod. Good

SubTotal 142 76.3 Good

TABLE VI. WEB4 OVERALL SCORES

sn Website’s Features

NPV % Remark

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Navigation Interactivity Legitimacy Objectivity Authority Relevance Attractiveness Credibility Reliability

18 23 12 9 4 15 29 11 5

60.0 51.1 100 100 22.2 100 87.9 91.7 41.7

Moderate Fair Excellent Excellent Poor Excellent Very Good Excellent Poor

SubTotal 126 67.7 Mod. Good

TABLE VII. WEB5 OVERALL SCORES

No Website’s Features

NPV % Remark

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Navigation Interactivity Legitimacy Objectivity Authority Relevance Attractiveness Credibility Reliability

29 17 12 9 -6 15 30 6 0

96.7 37.8 100 100 -33.3 100 90.9 50.0 0.0

Excellent Fairly Good Excellent Excellent Mod. Bad Excellent Excellent Mod. Good Fairly Good

SubTotal 112 60.2 Mod. Good

However, the table 8 – 12 below displayed the results on the 5 Islamic websites with the least quality scores.

TABLE VIII. WEB6 OVERALL SCORES

Sn Website’s Features

NPV % Remark

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Navigation Interactivity Legitimacy Objectivity Authority Relevance Attractiveness Credibility Reliability

8 -33 12 9 -6 3 9 -3 -6

26.7 -73.3 100 100 -33.3 20.0 27.2 -25.0 -50.0

Poor Worst Excellent Excellent Fairly Bad Poor Poor Fairly Bad Bad

SubTotal -7 -3.8% Fairly Bad

TABLE IX. WEB7 OVERALL SCORES

sn Website’s Features

NPV % Remark

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Navigation Interactivity Legitimacy Objectivity Authority Relevance Attractiveness Credibility Reliability

15 -35 12 9 -12 3 17 -4 -6

50.0 -77.8 100 100 -66.7 20.0 51.5 -33.3 -50.0

Fair Worst Excellent Excellent Very Bad Poor Fair Fairly Bad Bad

SubTotal -1 -0.5 Fairly Bad

TABLE X. WEB8 OVERALL SCORES

sn Website’s Features

NPV % Remark

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Navigation Interactivity Legitimacy Objectivity Authority Relevance Attractiveness Credibility Reliability

18 -24 12 9 -6 -1 1 -1 -3

60.0 -53.3 100 100 -33.3 -6.7 3.0 -8.3 -25.0

Mod. Good Bad Excellent Excellent Mod. Bad Fairly Bad Fairly Good Fairly Bad Mod. Bad

SubTotal 5 2.7 Fairly Good

TABLE XI. WEB9 OVERALL SCORES

sn Website’s Features

NPV % Remark

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Navigation Interactivity Legitimacy Objectivity Authority Relevance Attractiveness Credibility Reliability

22 -21 6 9 -12 9 14 -4 -12

73.3 -46.7 50.0 100 -66.7 60.0 42.4 -33.3 -100

Good Bad Mod. Good Excellent Very Bad Mod. Good Mod. Good Mod. Bad Extremely Bad

SubTotal 11 5.9 Fairly Good

TABLE XII. WEB10 OVERALL SCORES

Sn Website’s Features

NPV % Remark

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Navigation Interactivity Legitimacy Objectivity Authority Relevance Attractiveness Credibility Reliability

12 3 12 9 -14 0 9 -6 -12

40.0 6.7 100 100 -77.8 0.0 27.2 -50.0 -100

Mod. Good Fairly Good Excellent Excellent Very Bad Fairly Good Fairly Good Bad Extremely

SubTotal 13 7.0 Fairly Good

V. DISCUSSION In general, all the 50 Islamic websites evaluated were considerably good and satisfying in terms of design and contents. Most importantly none of the websites had displayed any information biased against Islam or towards Islamic group. More specifically, the 5 best quality Islamic websites had the percentage scores ranging from: web1 (87.1%), web2 (81.3%), web3 (76.3%), web4 (72.7%), and web5 (60.2%). This result corroborated with the findings of [11] who evaluated 12 Islamic websites among which they found web1,web5, and web4 with the overall percentage scores of 83.46%, 74.67%, and 61.35% respectively. Also, the result indicates that there is significant increase on the percentage scores of those websites, which indicates performance improvement in terms of quality of information and design features. Again, [11] suggested that

265

web1should increase their information coverage and give more emphasis on discussing Islamic topics rather than news updates. The results of this study, clearly indicates that islamonline.net had improve on that especially with the daily live Fatwa by at least two well-known scholars. Again, the website provides several interactivity components (i.e. fatwa, cyber counsellor, parenting counsellor, Ask about Islam, Ask the scholar, discussion forum etc) discussing Islamic topics with constant and speedy feedbacks. Although, news updates is still very prominent on the web1website, majority of the news contents are focus on issues related to Islam and Muslims. Additionally, web1 is a good example of website that is consistent in colour and appearance with the site offering rich amount of features (Daniels, 2004). However, the Quick homepage loading was found to be very slow on islamonline.net, likely due to large homepage contents with information, photographs, animations, videos, and slideshows. Even though, some of the website’s functions (e.g. Reading Islam) were moved to a different portal/domain. In overall, the website was aimed at providing information about Islam and its civilization.

Generally, Islamic websites with best quality scores were found to be excellent in terms of legitimacy and objectivity of their contents. With very good structure/organization; table of contents, sitemap, site directory, and easy hyperlinks, as well as quick overview, downloadable video, audio, text, and provide search engine with quick options. On the interactivity they usually provides user with Fatwa online, Q&A, FAQ, and free access to information even without registered account.

However, there are some variations on few of their features. For example, 2muslims.com was found to be most reliable in terms of providing author’s name and contact information regarding document. Similarly, web teams and author’s credentials were not frequently provided, the only contact information always available is a blind email address.

Contrary to conventional websites, majority of the Islamic website owners and contributors do not provide vital contact information: home, office, phone numbers, business, profession, qualifications etc. Again, multi language option is only found on web5 among the 5 giant websites, although some organization provides separate website in Arabic language with nearly the same contents. Most surprising is that only islamonline.net provides users with ‘seed conversation topics’. These topics encourage users to engage in discussions on most current issues that affect Muslims and require immediate attention. A screenshot showing the homepage of two each best and least quality Islamic websites (i.e. web1 and web5) are shown in figure 1 and figure 2 respectively.

Figure 1. Web1 – homepage top part

Figure 2. Web5 – homepage top part

However, the least quality scores were recorded by

web6 (-3.8%), web7 (-1.5%), web8 (2.7%), web9 (5.9%), and web10 (7.0%). All these websites had measure weaknesses on the website’s interactivity, because other than the ‘contact us email option’ all other feedback mechanisms were hardly provided. In addition to very weak in providing full source of their posted articles, also they do not provide much information or links to related articles hosted. Out of the 5, only 2 (i.e. web6 and web7) did not provide search engine option.

The 5 least quality websites had sufficient quality performance on information legitimacy and objectivity, except web9 that frequently posted female picture displaying their beauty to all users that is considered against Islamic moral values. Again, islamic-matrimonial.com allows google.com ads on homosexual wedding constantly, which is completely against the Islamic faith. On the interactivity, the website require user to register before using the website, as such users that do not want to have their information saved on those type of websites hardly find their resources useful. Figure 3 and figure 4 highlighted some important features found on the homepage of web6 and web10 respectively.

266

Figure 3. Web6 – homepage

Figure 4. Web10 – homepage

VI. CONCLUSION

Overall, this study examined various categories of

Islamic websites and assessed the quality on design & content features of such websites. The existing and new criteria used to evaluate Islamic websites in this study extend from the level of quality assessment to a deeper aspect of Islamic web design and provides more user information. Despite the fact that Islamic websites generally demonstrate good quality performance, there are still areas that require further improvement especially on interactivity and authoritativeness. Islamic website’s owners both individuals and organizations should be bold enough to provide full contact addresses and credentials for reliability and objectivity. Additionally, the webmasters should ensure that every Islamic or related article posted provides full authors credentials and well referenced in order to achieve high credibility, relevancy and legitimacy. Generally, with the increasing number of Islamic websites almost daily, webmasters should strive hard to bridge the significant quality variation that exist between high quality and least quality Islamic websites for improve performance and usage.

However, the scope of this study is limited to single-user evaluation. As such, the findings will account for what a normal user feels about current Islamic websites performance. Therefore, further studies using a bigger sample size comprising of additional users need to be conducted to provide deeper insight on the overall quality of the popular Islamic websites. Also, the instrument used was adapted from previous studies with little modification as such the issue of validity and reliability is a limitation. Future research should further validate the instrument with additional features such as trust, security/privacy, usefulness etc. Again, not all the categories of Islamic websites were investigated due to non-standard

categorization of those websites. Subsequent research should characterize the vast number of Islamic websites either base on their design objectives or contents for easy and in-depth evaluation. Finally, similar study should be conducted using non-English Islamic websites such as Arabic, Malay, Urdu etc.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This study was supported by a IIUM Endowment Fund Type B (EDW B0905-300).

REFERENCES [1] D. Cowan, Cyberhenge: Modern Pagans on the Internet, New York:

Routledge, 2004. [2] C. Helland, “Online religion as lived religion: Methodological issues

in the study of religion participation.”, Online – Heidelberg Journal of Religions on the Internet, 2005. Retrieved May 29, 2009. http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/volltexte/2005/5823/pdf/Helland3a.pdf.

[3] D. Gefen, and D. W. Straub, “Managing user trust in B2C”, e-Service Journal, 2003, 2(2), pp. 7–24.

[4] J. Riegelsberger, Interpersonal cues and consumer trust in e-commerce. CHI2003, Ft. Lauderdale, FL: USA. 2003.

[5] H. Van der Heijden, “Factors influencing the usage of websites: the case of a generic portal in The Netherlands”, Information & Management Journal, 2003, 40(6), pp. 541–549.

[6] Y. D. Wang, and H. H. Emurian, “An overview of online trust: concepts, elements, and implications”, Computers in Human Behavior, 2005, (21), pp. 105–125.

[7] J. Nielsen, useit.com: Retrieved August 23, 2009 from Jakob Nielsen's Website: http://www.useit.com/, n.d.

[8] J. Nelsen, “Usability metrics: Tracking interface improvements”, IEEE Software, 1994, 13(6), pp. 12-14.

[9] J. Nielsen, and T. K. Landauer, “A mathematical model of the finding of usability problems”, Proceedings of the INTERACT '93 and CHI '93 conference on Human factors in computing systems, 1993, pp. 206-213.

[10] J. Nielson, Designing web usability: The practice of simplicity. USA: New Riders Publishing. 2000.

[11] M. Ahmed, and I. Suleman, “Quality ranking of selected Islamic websites and their evaluation criteria”, Journal of Islamic in Asia, 2007, 4(1).

[12] M. Danials, “Online Islamic organization and measuring effectiveness”, Online thesis and dissertation. Retrieved November 3, 2009. ProQuest database. 2004.

[13] A. Sutcliffe, “Assessing the reliability of heuristic evaluation for website attractiveness and usability” HICSS-35, Hawaii International Conference on System Science, 2002, pp. 1838–1847.

[14] W. M. I. Wan Abdul Rahim, M. N. Nor Laila, and M. Shafie, M, "Towards Conceptulization of Islamic User Interface for Islamic Website: An Initial Investigation". International Conference on Information & Communication Technology for the Muslim World (ICT4M), Kuala Lumpur, MALAYSIA, 21-23 Nov 2006.

[15] W. M. I. Wan Abdul Rahim, M. N. Nor Laila, and M. Shafie, M, "Cultural Prescription vs User Perception of Information Architecture for Culture Centred Website: A Case Study on Muslim Online Use", in A. Ant Ozok, Panayiotis Zaphiris (eds.) (2009), Online Communities and Social Computing. Social Behaviour in On-line Communities, LNCS 5621, (pp. 535-544): Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

[16] W. M. I. Wan Abdul Rahim, M. N. Nor Laila, and M. Shafie, "Inducting the Dimensions of Islamic Culture: A Theoretical Building Approach and Website Information Architecture Design Application", In C. W. Khong, C. Y. Wong & B. V. Niman (Eds.) (2008) , 21st International Symposium on Human Factors in Telecommunication: User Experience of ICTs (pp. 89-96): Prentice Hall.

[17] A. Gregoriades, J.E. Shin, and A.G. Sutcliffe, “Human-Centred Requirements Engineering,” Proc. Conf. Requirements Eng. (RE '04), pp. 154-164, 2004.

267