Physics for the Nation - ANSTO Publications Online

Physics for the Nation

16th National Congress 2005AUSTRALIAN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS

Manning Clark CentreAustralian National University Canberra

Sunday 30 January to Friday 4 February 2005

Congress Proceedings Handbookand Abstracts

http://aipcongress2005.anu.edu.au

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16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics

1Congress Handbook and Abstracts

Sponsors

Principal Sponsor

Nobel Prize Winner Sponsor (Chu)

Nobel Prize Winner Sponsor (Leggett)

Major Sponsor (Physics in Industry Forum,Synchrotron Science Sessions)

Major Sponsor

The Congress would like to acknowledge the generous support of all our sponsors from across Australia.

Australian Institute of Physics

Major Sponsor (Plenary Sponsor [van Leeuwen] andGeophysics Session Sponsor)

Major Sponsor

Plasma Physics Session Sponsor

Major Sponsor (Plenary Sponsor [Danzmann] and AOS Session Sponsor)

Satchel Sponsor

Media Sponsor

Welcome Reception Sponsor

Major Sponsor

Research School of Physical Sciences and Engineering (RSPhysSE), ANU

Major Sponsor (Outreach Program)

Major Sponsor (Internet Café Sponsor and Poster Session Sponsor [Wednesday])

Major Sponsor (CMMSP Session Sponsor)

Plenary Speaker Sponsor (Pearman)

Poster Session Sponsor

Dinner Sponsor

Morning and Afternoon Tea Sponsor (Monday)

National Institute of Physical Sciences

AVT Services Pty Limited



2 Congress Handbook and Abstracts

The following organisations haveprovided underwriting support forthe AIP Congress 2005:


Australian National University

—National Institute for Physical Sciences

—H-1NF Heliac Major National Facility

Australian Optical Society

Australian Society of Exploration Geophysicists

Participating Societies


A S G R G

Associated Conferences Australian Institute of Physics (AIP)

—Atomic and Molecular Physics & QuantumChemistry Group (AMPQC)

—Physics Education Group (PEG)

—Women in Physics Group (WIP)

Astronomical Society of Australia (ASA)

Australasian Society for General Relativity andGravitation (ASGRG)

Australian Acoustical Society (AAS)

Australian Institute of Nuclear Science andEngineering Plasma Science and TechnologyCongress (AINSE—Plasma)

Australian Institute of Nuclear Science andEngineering Nuclear & Particle Physics Group(AINSE—NUPP)

Australian Meteorological and OceanographicSociety (AMOS)

Australian Optical Society (AOS)

Australian Society of Exploration Geophysicists(ASEG)

Australian Synchrotron Research Program(ASRP)

Condensed Matter and Materials “Wagga”Meeting (CMM)

Science Educators’ Association of the ACT(SEACT)

Solar, Terrestrial and Space Physics Group (STSP)

Specialist Group on Solid Earth Geophysics,Geological Society of Australia (GSA)

Vacuum Society of Australia (VSA)

Welcome from the Congress ChairDear Colleagues,

In this, the 2005 International Year of Physicsdeclared by the UN, the AIP Congress will bringtogether for the first time15 Physics-based societiesand topical meetings to commence celebrations forthe 2005 IYP in Australia. With over 750 abstractsreceived and more than 850 participants, this will bethe largest ever gathering of Australian physicists.

In the 100 years since Einstein’s miraculousdiscoveries, Physics has changed our lives. Australia has made an important contribution to this change, and we have exemplified this in theCongress theme Physics for the Nation.

During the Congress, we hope that you willcontribute to this process and hear of the excitingadvances made by our colleagues, and by the stellarcast of international speakers. I hope that you willalso be able to participate in the Congress Dinner inthe magnificent setting of the Great Hall of ParliamentHouse, and witness the presentations there on thebenefits Physics has brought to Australia’s economic,cultural and environmental wellbeing.

The quality of the scientific and social programme forthe Congress has only been made possible throughthe major financial backing of our Congress sponsorsand exhibitors. Many of them are also contributors tothe Congress theme, so I invite you to view theirtechnical presentations at the Congress Exhibitionand at the Great Hall.

This theme is also being brought to the generalpublic through our Outreach Programme in which Iwould encourage you all to participate. This includesthe William Sutherland lecture on Monday, theNational Press Club lunch on Tuesday, the Outreachsessions on Wednesday afternoon, and the publiclecture on Thursday evening.

I hope you will enjoy the week’s events, and welcometo the 16th Biennial Congress of the AustralianInstitute of Physics!

Ken BaldwinCONGRESS CHAIR



Welcome from the Programme ChairDear Colleagues,

The Congress programme covers almost all aspects ofPhysics, and we are pleased that so many associationshave chosen to hold their annual meetings as part ofthe Congress. This ensures that we have arepresentation from many disciplines, and it offers youthe opportunity to find interesting, new informationoutside your own subject.

The plenary sessions in the mornings will give youoverviews in a wide spectrum of topical issues, rangingfrom fundamental to Applied Physics. Further detailedtopic areas are covered in six parallel sessions—withover 70 keynote speakers. For your convenience theyappear either at the beginning or the end of session,so you can change from one topic to another andsample a wide variety of keynote addresses. Pleasecelebrate the achievements of Physics in all its different forms.

The topics represent all the traditional areas, but alsospan wider topics, such as Quantum Physics orComplex Systems, which are included in many of thesessions. Many of the presentations have beenincluded as proceedings on the CD that you havereceived with this handbook.

The poster sessions provide a forum of discussions,with up to 50 posters per topic area where you will findmany interesting ideas and enthusiastic presenters.Enjoy this opportunity to show your work and find outinformation in detail through personal contact.

We are pleased to find such strong support fromEurope and the US for our sessions. This merges wellwith the excellent work we are producing in Australia.In many categories the selection has been verycompetitive, and this shows the lively activity in theAustralian Physics community.

Hans BachorPROGRAMME CHAIR

Welcome from the AIP PresidentDear Colleagues,

On behalf of the Australian Institute of Physics (AIP) I should like towelcome you to the 16th Biennial Physics Congress in Canberra.The AIP supports and promotes Australian Physics and physicistsand this Congress is an important element of this mission. Thisyear’s Congress will also launch the AIP’s celebration of thecentenary of Einstein’s ‘miraculous’ year, the year in which he laidthe foundations for much of modern Physics.

The AIP Congress is the largest domestic Physics conference inAustralia and the 2005 meeting will see around 800 delegatesmeet in Canberra to present and discuss the latest developmentsin their specific fields. The programme will include some 750 oraland poster presentations, an impressive list of keynote speakersand an outstanding collection of national and international plenaryspeakers, including two Nobel Prize winners. A dedicatedoutreach session for students and the general public is alsoscheduled for Wednesday afternoon and will officially begin theAIP’s ‘International Year of Physics (IYP2005)’ activities.

The Congress also provides an excellent opportunity to publiclyacknowledge the contributions of outstanding individuals and will include the presentation of AIP prizes and awards. These will be presented at a special ceremony on Fridayafternoon, and will include: the 2003 Bragg Gold Medal for thebest PhD thesis (Dr Michael Bromley—CDU), the 2004 Alan WalshMedal for service to industry (Dr Brian Sowerby and Dr JamesTickner—CSIRO), the inaugural AIP Education Medal (Dr MarioZadnik—Curtin), the 2004 Walter Boas Medal (Prof. GeorgeDracoulis—ANU), the 2004 Women-in-Physics Lecturer Award (Dr Nanda Dasgupta—ANU), and the Harrie Massey Medal, a joint IOP-AIP award for outstanding contributions to physics(Prof. Peter Drummond—UQ).

Finally, I should like to take this opportunity to thank all those whohave contributed their time and effort to ensuring the success ofthe 2005 Congress. This includes members of the Organising andProgramme Committees, the Congress secretariat, and the manyothers who have made formal and informal contributions. However,special thanks are reserved for Dr Ken Baldwin, the Chair of theOrganising Committee, and Prof. Hans Bachor, the Chair of theProgramme Committee for their prodigious efforts in coordinatingthe overall event.

I hope you enjoy the AIP’s 16th Biennial Congress.

Robert EllimanAIP PRESIDENT



Organising Committee Chair Ken Baldwin, RSPhysSE, ANU

Treasurer John Howard, RSPhysSE, ANU

Exhibition John Close, Faculties, ANUAidan Byrne, Faculties/RSPhysSE, ANU

Sponsorship David Pulford, DSTO

Website & IT Steve Gibson, RSPhysSE, ANUBob Dewar RSPhysSE, ANU

Graphics Tim Wetherell, RSPhysSE, ANU

Proceedings editor Massimiliano (Max) Colla, Faculties, ANU

Publicity Charles Barton, RSES, ANU

EX. OFFICIO

AIP President Rob Elliman, RSPhysSE, ANU

2002 Congress liaison John Love, RSPhysSE, ANU

Programme Committee Chair Hans Bachor, Faculties, ANU

Secretary Mukunda Das, RSPhysSE, ANU

Acoustics and Music (AAS) Marion Burgess,UNSW@ADFA, Neville Fletcher, RSPhysSE, ANU

Astronomy (ASA) Brian Schmidt, RSAA, ANU

Atomic, Molecular Physics & Quantum Chemistry(AMPQC) Julian Lower, RSPhysSE, ANU

Bio/medical Physics (BMP) Tim Senden,RSPhysSE, ANU

Complex Systems, Computational andMathematical Physics (CSCMP) Murray Batchelor,RSPhysSE/MSI, ANU

Condensed Matter/Surface (CMMSP)Glen Stewart, UNSW@ADFA, Rob Elliman,RSPhysSE, ANU

Education (PEG) Sandra Box, Dickson College, David Low, UNSW@ADFA

Environmental Physics (EP) John Finnigan, CSIRO

Geophysics (GP) Ross Griffiths, RSES, ANU, Charles Barton, RSES, ANU

Meteorology, Climate Change (AMOS)John Finnigan, CSIRO and Oceanography Ross Griffiths, RSES, ANU

Nuclear & Particle Physics (NUPP) Aidan Byrne,Faculties/RSPhysSE, ANU

Optics, Photonics, Lasers (AOS) Neil Manson, RSPhysSE, ANU

Plasma Physics (PP) Jeff Harris, RSPhysSE, ANU, John Howard, RSPhysSE, ANU

Relativity and Gravitation (ASGRG)David McClelland, Faculties, ANU

Renewable Energy (RE) Andrew Blakers, CSES,Engineering, ANU

Solar, Terrestrial & Space (STSP) Iver Cairns,University of Sydney

Synchrotron Science (ASRP) Mark Ridgway, RSPhysSE, ANU

Women in Physics (WIP) Anna Wilson, RSPhysSE,ANU



Sponsors 1

Participating Societies andAssociated Conferences 2

Welcome from the Congress Chair 3

Welcome from the Programme Chair 3

Welcome from the AIP President 4

Organising and Programme Committees 4

Events Programme 6

Physics in Industry Forum 6

Young Australian Physics

Researchers’ Forum 11

Welcome Reception 13

Sutherland Lecture 13

National Press Club Luncheon 14

Outreach Programme 15

Congress Dinner 15

Questacon Public Lecture 15

AIP AGM and Medal Ceremony 16

Laboratory Tours and BBQ 16

Society Meetings 16

Sponsor Contact Details 19

Exhibitor Listing 19

Exhibition Floor Plan 21

Exhibitor Contact Details 22

General Information 24

Registration at the Congress 24

Registration Desk Contact Details 24

Name Badges 24

Internet Facilities 24

Speaker Information 24

Transport 24

Car Parking 24

Accommodation 25

Maps 25

Programme and Abstracts Contents 27

Programme at a Glance 29

Programme in Detail 34

Plenary Speakers 45

Medals and Awards 57

Topic Areas and Highlights 63

Book of Abstracts 71

Author Index 256

Table of Contents



Events Programme1030–1115 hrs Liz Towns-Andrews

CCLRC—Daresbury Laboratory, Warrington, Cheshire,UK, [email protected]

Industrial Applications of the DaresburySynchrotron Radiation Source (SRS) The SRS provides state-of-the-art analytical techniquesfrom infrared to hard X-ray wavelengths. Thecharacteristics of synchrotron radiation are ideal foranalytical problems that require high spatial or temporalresolution or problems that are simply intractable usingconventional instruments. An increasing number oflarge scale facilities exist worldwide, but aretraditionally used by universities and higher educationinstitutions for pure R&D. In recognition of the needs ofcommercial customers, Daresbury Laboratory hasestablished DARTS (Daresbury Analytical Researchand Technology Service). DARTS offers unique servicestailored to the needs of the customer, allowing accessto synchrotron analytical facilities and also thesignificant expertise and knowledge of staff on site. Theanalytical portfolio offered by DARTS encompassesimaging, spectroscopic and structural characterisationtechniques. The nature of problems and issues solvedby DARTS is varied and includes: investigations ofproduct failure and non-conformance, manufacturingissues, basic R&D and information used in expertwitness cases. This presentation will outline theconcept of DARTS and the approach taken at the SRStowards industrial customers. It will provide practicalexamples and case histories of how an analyticalservice such as DARTS can help to improve industrialprocesses in a range of business sectors.

1115–1145 hrs Gerard Roe

Australian Synchrotron ProjectDepartment of Innovation, Industry and RegionalDevelopment (Victoria), Melbourne [email protected]

The Australian Synchrotron—Industry Engagement through thePhysics CommunityThe Australian Synchrotron will be a national facility thatwill provide world class capability to a broad cross-section of Australian scientists and technologists,including the physics community. A synchrotron lightsource provides the capability to access andmanipulate a major part of the electromagneticspectrum, enabling new research, development andinnovation. The Australian Synchrotron Project iscommitted to driving processes that enable industryusers to generate valuable outcomes by engagementwith the facility.

Physics in Industry ForumSunday 30 January

1000–1800 hrs

Manning Clark 1 (MC1), ANU

In keeping with the Congress theme Physics for theNation, the Physics in Industry Forum aims to highlightthe application of Physics in the economy. In consultationwith industry, a range of Physics contributions withcommercial outcomes will be presented, with discussionon enhancing commercialization prospects.

0930–1000 Registration and morning tea

1000–1015 Opening and Welcome

MORNING SESSIONChair: Mark Ridgway

1015–1030 Richard Garrett—“Introduction toSynchrotron Radiation and the AustralianSynchrotron—a 10 Minute Primer”

1030–1115 Liz Towns-Andrews—“IndustrialApplications of the Daresbury SynchrotronRadiation Source (SRS)”

1115–1145 Gerry Roe—“The Australian Synchrotron—Industry Engagement through the PhysicsCommunity”

1145–1215 Chris Davies—“Synchrotron RadiationInvestigation of Twinning in ExtrudedMagnesium Alloy AZ31”

1215–1330 Lunch

AFTERNOON SESSIONChair: John Love

1330–1400 Grant Griffiths—“What is Industrial Physicsin the 21st Century?”

1400–1430 Tony Farmer—“Sub-Surface Radar—FromCoal to SiroPulse II”

1430–1500 Tony Lindsay—“Self-Organising UAVFormations—DSTO R&D”

1530–1600 Afternoon tea

EVENING SESSIONChair: David Thorncraft

1600–1630 Martin Elias—“Manufacturing PhotonicComponents”

1630–1700 Bluescope Steel—Bryan Scott—“FromInnovation to Application—a Case Study inIron Making”

1700–1730 Davies Collison Cave—“Patents and TheReal World”

1800 Welcome Reception



The central feature of a synchrotron is an electronstorage ring that produces electromagnetic radiation(light) that is many orders of magnitude more intensethan from conventional laboratory sources. The light isdirected down beamlines to endstations wheresamples are analysed. The Australian Synchrotron willhave capacity for as many as 35 beamlines operatingsimultaneously and independently. Availablemeasurements will include X-ray absorptionspectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction,small angle X-ray scattering, X-ray imaging electronemission and infrared spectroscopy. These techniquescan be used to characterise composition and structure,from the atomic level through to the macroscopic, andso a synchrotron provides tools to elucidaterelationships between structure, composition,properties and function of samples.

In order for the physics community to deliver value toindustry, there must be engagement between thepublic and private sectors. Communication must beencouraged, and the types of opportunities discussedmust be proactively pursued. The AustralianSynchrotron will provide a unique forum wherescientists and technologists from across sectors anddisciplines will interact, and industry programmes willbe driven forward. The physics community is a keystakeholder group, and physicists will play crucial rolesin the development of this national collaborativeresearch infrastructure.

1145–1215 hrs Chris Davies

C.H.J. Davies*‡, S. Yi§‡, J. Bohlen‡, K.U. Kainer‡, H.-G. Brockmeier§‡.* School of Physics and Materials Engineering, MonashUniversity, Victoria, Australia; § Institut für Werkstoffkunde undWerkstofftechnik, der Technischen Universität Clausthal,Germany; ‡GKSS-Forschungszentrum, Geesthacht, Germany.

[email protected]

Synchrotron Radiation Investigation of Twinning in Extruded Magnesium Alloy AZ31If predictions are to be believed, the use of wroughtmagnesium is set to increase dramatically over thenext five to ten years as auto manufacturers and othersseek to lightweight components. However, thisincreased use will rely in part on improvedunderstanding of the deformation of these metals.Many alloys with a hexagonal close packed crystalstructure show a marked anisotropy of yield whencomparing compression with tension, and while thecause of this anisotropy is known in a qualitative sense,the effect has yet to be adequately quantified. Theimportance of this can be illustrated by imagining a car

component made from magnesium. In an impact thecomponent will typically have a tensile and acompression face, and in magnesium—unlikealuminium and steel—differential yielding will occur,with the compressive face yielding first and aconsequent shift in the neutral axis of the component.Car designers must be able to model such behaviour ifmagnesium is to be used in large volumes inautomotive applications.

AZ31 is a commercially available magnesium extrusionalloy containing 3 wt% aluminium, 1 wt% zinc and 0.3 wt% manganese. The initial texture of the bar is onein which the hexagonal unit cell c axes are principallynormal to the extrusion direction, but with a slightspread in the extrusion direction, coupled with acomponent with a significant spread towards thetransverse direction. Using synchrotron radiation withan energy of 70 keV, and wavelength 0.196Å, in situroom temperature tension and compression tests wereconducted at HASYLab in Hamburg. The results ofthese experiments are presented for each orientation,and the implications for the anisotropy of yield intextured magnesium alloys is discussed.

1330–1400 hrs Grant Griffiths

Assistant Chief, CSIRO Industrial Physics, LindfieldNSW, [email protected]

What is Industrial Physics in the 21st Century?Grant will highlight some of the significant changes that have taken place in CSIRO in the last two yearsand the new directions for the Industrial Physicsdivision. He will explore some of the exciting physics-based research and current innovation in theorganisation and look forward to how this work willhave its impact on industry.

1400–1430 hrs Tony Farmer

CSIRO Industrial Physics, Lindfield NSW,[email protected]

Sub-Surface Radar—from Coal toSiroPulse IIThe techniques of Sub-Surface Radar, SSR, (or GroundProbing Radar, GPR) have been applied to manypractical problems since the middle of the 20th centuryand CSIRO Industrial Physics has been an activeplayer in this field since the 1980's. Our research hascovered a wide variety of potential application areasand this presentation will attempt to trace the path oftechnology development leading to commercialproducts. The range of research problems will bediscussed along with some of the difficultiesencountered in commercialising scientific research.

Events Programme



(cont.) The success of our current product in themarket-place will be presented along with futureprospects in a range of application spaces.

1430–1500 hrs Tony Lindsay

Electronic Warfare and Radar Division, Defence Science and Technology Organisation, Edinburgh [email protected]

Self-Organising UAV Formations—DSTO R&DUninhabited Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have foundincreasing utility in Defence and security applications.Technology advances that enable smaller and cheaperpayloads (including sensors, processors andcommunications systems) are stimulating totally newconcepts and opportunities. Investigating the trade-offsfor utilising small, expendable formations ofcooperating vehicles versus large, multifunctionvehicles is an area rich in R&D challenges includingpayload design (eg miniaturisation and system-on-chipintegration concepts), autonomous agent algorithms for“swarm” control, technologies for distrbuted datafusion and algorithms for network optimisation(scheduling strategies for space, time, frequency, . . .(n-dimensional) coverage).

This talk will describe the R&D being undertaken in thefield of distributed UAVs for electronic warfare, and therole being played by Australian industry in turning themodelling and simulation into reality.

1600–1630 hrs Martin Elias

Technical Director, AOFR Pty LimitedCanberra BC ACT [email protected], www.aofr.com

Manufacturing Photonic ComponentsThe resurgence of the telecommunications industry isgenerating increasing demand for fibre optic networkcomponents. AOFR has been developing andmanufacturing photonic components for 20 years usingproprietary equipment designed for high volume, lowcost production. The design of the products includes anumber of features that ensure high reliability underharsh environmental conditions. Automatedmanufacturing equipment and processes enable closecontrol of the optical characteristics of the productsand flexibility in meeting a wide variety ofspecifications. The presentation will cover some keyaspects of product and process design that enable thecompany to meet the evolving demands of the market.

1630–1700 hrs Bluescope Steel

Bryan Scott, Senior Development Engineer, Ironmaking Technology & Development, Bluescope Steel, Port Kembla

From Innovation to Application—a CaseStudy in Iron MakingThere is no single clear path from research innovationto industrial application. Academia is at the forefront ofdiscovering new knowledge, often outside the contextof real-world problems and oblivious to potentialapplications. Industry is in the business of addressingand solving challenging real-world problems, but isoften blind to potential solutions already existing in theacademic world. Clearly stronger interaction betweenacademia and industry would benefit both parties.

This presentation describes the evolution of an“innovation-to-application” pathway between theAustralian National University and Bluescope Steel, inrelation to the development of coherence imagingsystems , a spin-off from basic plasma physicsresearch, for high-temperature pyrometry within theheavy industry environment of an integratedsteelworks. The role of industry in providing focusedapplication (direction) for further development ofacademic innovation is discussed, together with theequally important and complementary requirement foracademia to showcase innovation in a readilyaccessible and “industry-friendly” way.

1700–1730 hrs Leon Allen

Davies Collison Cave, Melbourne, [email protected], http://www.davies.com.au

Patents and The Real WorldA practical look at the monopoly conferred by patentsfocusing on the importance of the wording of patentclaims and how they are interpreted by the courts. Thefactors that can determine the final form of claimwording and the consquences for the resultingprotection will be examined through some casestudies.

Events Programme



1030–1100 hrs Anne Barnett

Physics Department, Macquarie University, Sydneye-mail: [email protected]

Optical Micro-characterisation Research GroupAs science and technology moves into the 21stcentury, an important focus is the ability of scientistsfrom all areas to create new and exciting researchopportunities through the merging of fields andinterdisciplinary co-operation. With this in mind ourresearch group has focused on the development andrefinement of optical micro-characterisation techniquesand their application to state-of-the-art technologies.Our specific focus is on techniques aimed at thecharacterisation of spectroscopic information fromphysical, chemical and biological systems on themicrometre and nanometre scales. Our ability to marrypure physics research with applications in the frontierof biotechnology, along with strong collaborative links,has placed Australia as a front-line player in these newand exciting fields.

1100–1130 hrs Elizabeth Angstmann

School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW, [email protected]

Constraining Variation of FundamentalConstantsTheories beyond the standard model, such as grandunified theories, predict the variation of fundamentalconstants. Our group performs calculations that placelimits upon the variation of fundamental constants suchas the fine structure constant (α), the binding energy of deuterium, and the ratio of the quark mass to theQCD scale (mq/∆QCD). These limits are derived fromprimordial Big Bang nucleosynthesis, the Oklo naturalnuclear reactor, quasar absorption spectra, and atomicclock experiments. We have already found hints that α and (mq/∆QCD) may vary. The improved precision offuture experiments and calculations will allow theplacement of more stringent limits on the variation ofconstants.

1130–1200 hrs Andrew Wroe

Centre for Medical Radiation Physics, University of Wollongong, [email protected]

A New Millennia of Medical PhysicsResearch at the CMRPAs we move into the new millennium, the use ofradiation within our society is ever increasing and somust our knowledge of this important medical andscientific tool. The Centre for Medical Physics (CMRP)

Young Australian PhysicsResearchers’ ForumSunday 30 January

1020–1800 hrs


A group of Australia’s best and brightest postgraduatestudents will showcase their research in a series ofpresentations organized by the students themselvesthat will complement the main Congress programme. The cost of attending is included in all Congressregistration fees.

0930–1020 Registration and Morning Tea

1020–1030 Welcome Opening

1030–1100 Anne Barnett (Macquarie University)“Optical Micro-characterisation ResearchGroup”

1100–1130 Elizabeth Angstmann (University of NewSouth Wales)“Constraining Variation of FundamentalConstants”

1130–1200 Andrew Wroe (University of Wollongong)“A New Millennia of Medical PhysicsResearch at the CMRP”

1230–1330 Lunch

1330–1400 Rebecca Scott (University of Melbourne)“Nuclear Physics in the Modern World”

1400–1430 Benjamin Johnston (Macquarie University)“Laser Assisted Fabrication of Periodically-poled Optical Crystals”

1430–1500 Ilana Klamer (University of Sydney)“Galaxies at the Edge of the Universe”

1500–1530 Ryan Springall (RMIT University)“Dispersion Interactions and the Adiabatic Connection”

1530–1600 Peter Brooke (Macquarie University)“The Physics behind the QuantumComputer”

1600–1630 Afternoon Tea

1630–1800 Discussion Forum Prominent international and localscientists will discuss the topic“Australia as a Global Leader inResearch”.

Events Programme



(cont.) at the University of Wollongong, is conductingvaluable and innovative research into many aspects ofthe use of radiation within medicine and science. Thisground-breaking research is being conducted in anumber of areas including the measurement ofradiation effects on a cellular and DNA level, medicalimaging, space exploration and improvements toradiation therapies including magnetically enhancedradiotherapy, brachytherapy, intensity modulatedradiotherapy (IMRT), microbeam radiation therapyusing synchrotron radiation and proton therapy. Manyof these projects utilise novel detection methods andinstrumentation as well as Monte Carlo simulationstudies to achieve an outcome that will be beneficial tothe wider society.

1330–1400 hrs Rebecca Scott

School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC, [email protected]

Nuclear Physics in the Modern WorldIn Australia, and around the world, the face of nuclearphysics is changing fast. As technology advancesrapidly, many new and exciting areas of research arebeing born, and the line between nuclear physics andother branches of physics is becoming blurred.Measurements on exotic halo nuclei, experimental testsof the standard model and land mine identification arejust some of the exciting areas that are currently beingresearched by the Photonuclear Group at theUniversity of Melbourne. Our group is also developingnovel detector signal digitisation and analysistechniques that will have a significant impact on thepath of nuclear physics in the coming decade.

1400–1430 hrs Benjamin Johnston

Physics Department, Macquarie University, [email protected]

Laser Assisted Fabrication ofPeriodically-poled Optical CrystalsPeriodically poled optical materials have becomepopular over the past decade as media for achievingefficient quasi-phase-matched frequency conversion oflaser light. The materials used for periodic poling aregenerally ferroelectric optical crystals such as lithiumniobate and its isomorphs. Lithography is commonlyused to lay down the electrode patterning used whenperiodically poling ferroelectric crystals. We haveexplored an alternative method that uses laser directwrite methods to fabricate a topographical electrodepattern which guides the domain pattern. The use ofperiodically poled materials is an innovative means offurthering the field of non-linear optics in spectroscopy,laser displays and all-optical-processing in futureoptical networks.

1430–1500 hrs Ilana Klamer

School of Physics, University of Sydney.Sydney, NSW, [email protected]

Galaxies at the Edge of the UniversePowerful radio emission from a galaxy points to thepresence of a central supermassive (> 1 billion solarmasses) black hole, and is the most efficient tool forfinding galaxies at the edge of the Universe. We haverecently embarked on the first large scale search in theSouthern Hemisphere for the most distant radiogalaxies in the Universe, which, due to the finite speedof light, are also those which existed when theUniverse was barely 10% of its current age (13 billionyears). In this talk, I will outline the search techniquewe use and the results thus far, including the discoveryof at least nine new radio galaxies more than 10 billionlight years away. I will show how observations likethese constrain the physics of black hole and galaxyformation and discuss the direction that AustralianAstronomy needs to be heading in the next decade toenhance its reputation for doing world-class research.

1500–1530 hrs Ryan Springall

Computational and Condensed Matter Physics Group,Department of Applied Physics, RMIT [email protected]

Dispersion Interactions and theAdiabatic ConnectionIn this recently funded ARC project, some of the mostaccurate calculations ever performed will be used tostudy in detail the effects of electron correlationbeyond the 2 body Coulombic interaction. Electroncorrelation is seen as being responsible for vanderWaals interactions in condensed matter systems,and current non-perturbative models are unable toaccount for this. Further, an understanding of the non-asymptotic behaviour of these forces is seen as aprimary constituent in the modeling of technologies inthe nanoscale regime. Powerful theoretical methods willbe employed to achieve this, including the adiabaticconnection formula, where the non-interacting systemis mapped onto a fully interacting system, extracting allelectron correlation, and the Quantum Monte Carlocode developed at Cavendish laboratory, Cambridge.

Events Programme



1530–1600 hrs Peter Brooke

Centre for Quantum Computer Technology, Department of Physics, Macquarie University, [email protected]

The Physics behind the QuantumComputer

Utilising quantum states as a basis for informationprocessing, storage, and transfer has shown that, insome cases, quantum information (QI) has significantadvantages over its classical counterpart. However, italso has real disadvantages, namely, decoherence,gate implementation, and readout. Here, at MacquarieUniversity, the physics research concentrates on thetrying to overcome the disadvantages. Specifically, weare performing a comprehensive study (with Dr K-PMarzlin, University of Calgary, and R. Karasik, UCBerkeley) of decoherence-free subspaces, without anyrestrictive physical assumptions. This is a muchneeded examination of the limitations imposed bypurely physical contraints on QI processing. Theresults also help quantify the difficulty of constructing alarge QI processor, and, if a such a processer is tobuilt, show a need for physicists, both in Australia andworldwide, to examine mathematical results from aphysical perspective.

Sutherland LectureMonday 31 January

1300–1400 hrs


Welcome ReceptionSunday 30 January

1800–2000 hrs

Melville Hall, ANU

The Congress Welcome Reception is sponsored byInstitute of Physics (UK) and will be held in the tradeexhibition and poster venue in Melville Hall at theAustralian National University. The cost of attending isincluded in the registration fees for full registrants andexhibitor aides. The cost for day-only registrants anddelegates’ guests is $35.

This is a great chance to catch up with colleagues andmeet new contacts in your area—a terrific networkingopportunity.

Presenting Author: R. W. Home

R.W. Home was Professorof History and Philosophy ofScience at the University ofMelbourne, 1975–2003, andis now Professor Emeritus.He has written extensivelyon the history of physics,especially on eighteenth-century theories ofelectricity and magnetismand on the history ofphysics in Australia. He is a

Fellow of the Australian Academy of the Humanitiesand a member of the International Academy of theHistory of Science. In 2004 the Australian Academy ofScience awarded him its Academy Medal for hiscontribution to the Academy as editor since 1984 of thejournal Historical Records of Australian Science.

Speculating about Atoms in Early20th-century Melbourne: WilliamSutherland and the ‘Sutherland-Einstein’ Diffusion RelationR.W. Home

Department of History & Philosophy of Science,University of Melbourne, [email protected]

In his biography of Einstein, ‘Subtle is the Lord…’,Abraham Pais noted, while describing Einstein’s routeto his well-known diffusion relation, that the samerelation had been discovered ‘at practically the sametime’ by the Melbourne physicist William Sutherland,following similar reasoning to Einstein’s, and had beensubmitted by him for publication shortly before Einsteincompleted the doctoral thesis in which he firstannounced the relation. Pais therefore proposed thatthe relation be called ‘the Sutherland-Einstein relation’.

In this paper I discuss Sutherland’s researchprogramme that led him to the diffusion relation, andcomment on structural factors within the internationalphysics community of the day that led to his workbeing over-shadowed by Einstein’s and soon forgotten.

Events Programme

SPONSORED BY



National Press ClubLuncheon Address:Professor Graeme PearmanTuesday 1 February

1200–1400 hrs

National Press Club, BartonCost $55

Plenary speaker Professor Graeme Pearman will bepresenting an address at the National Press Club onTuesday 1st February as part of the CongressOutreach Programme. This is a prestigious occasionand will generate considerable media coverage.Delegates are invited to attend the luncheon to hear aprominent speaker on this important topical issue.

Tickets for the lunch will be available from theCongress registration desk for $55 and must bebooked and paid for in advance. Buses from theCongress will depart from outside Llewellyn Hall at1200 hrs sharp to reach the Press Club at 1215 hrs in time for guests to be seated for lunch by 1230 hrs.The address will commence at 1300 hrs and buses will return delegates to the Congress at 1400 hrs toarrive by 1430 hrs.

Events ProgrammeFrom Physics to Policy: The Scienceof Climate Change UnderpinningPrivate and Public Policy DecisionsAnalyses of countries around the world demonstrate agrowing need through this century for energy inresponse to increasing life-style expectations andpopulation. At least for some time, these needs can bemet only by a continued utilisation of fossil-fuel energythat in turn results, with current technologies, in theemission of carbon dioxide.

The accumulation of this gas in the earth’s atmospherehas already changed the climate of the earth and morechange is likely. In 2001, the international sciencecommunity reported it is now clear that the earth warmed through the last century; most of this warmingwas likely due to increasing levels of greenhouse gases; the demand for energy will ensure that carbondioxide continues to accumulate in the atmosphere and thus the climate warm through this century; and there are many observed and anticipated impacts ofthis warming on natural ecosystems and humanactivities around the world.

Since that time, the science has progressed further andhere in Australia, evidence for warming, other climaticchanges and impacts is growing.

So what is the solution to this apparent conflict for thefuture? Is it in new technologies? Is there a singleresponse that will save the day? Or is there a demandfor a new portfolio of energy production and utilisationtechnologies that meet the demands for the amenity thatenergy delivers, but does not compromise the future?

Are there economic gains to be made through earlyengagement in a new vision of energy futures? Can weusefully extrapolate our existing energy systems into thefuture? Or is the solution in behavioural change, andnew expectations for economic growth and socialsecurity?

Graeme Pearman will outline some of the more recentevidence for climate change; address the issue of howmuch change might turn out to be “dangerous”; discussthe dynamic between a still incomplete and developingscience and the perceived need for intervention andlegislative action to deal with climate change; and therisks that this imposes on the operating environment ofthe commercial and industrial world, both through theimpact of climate change itself and through the need foradaptive and mitigative responses to the issue.

He will discuss also the nature of a new paradigm forthe development of policy, both private and public, thatmaximise delivery of these needs.



Outreach ProgrammeWednesday 2 February

1330–1830 hrs

Llewellyn Hall, ANU

A Congress highlight will be the Outreach Programmeon Wednesday afternoon, open to school students, thegeneral public and Congress delegates. It willdemonstrate the wide-ranging benefits of Physics toscience, the economy, and the community. This specialsession will feature outstanding individuals with abackground in Physics including Nobel Prize winners,who have gone on to make important contributions tothe advancement of knowledge and society. Thespeakers have been selected for their ability to articulatethe benefits of Physics both to experts and to a generalaudience, highlighting the energy and dynamism whichmotivates Physics and physicists. A special celebrationof 100 years since Einstein’s achievements will highlightthe 2005 International Year of Physics. The OutreachProgramme will be hosted by ABC Catalyst presenterKarina Kelly.

The Outreach Programme will commence with apresentation by His Excellency Major General MichaelJeffery AC CVO MC, Governor-General of theCommonwealth of Australia, who will present theANZAAS Medal to Professor David Blair (see Medalistssection).

1330–1430 Physics in 100 Years’ TimeFind out what physics will be like in 100 years’ time. Together with Nobel Prizewinners and other famous physicists, thepanel will discuss the future with the fourschool finalists of the NIPS Physics TimeWarp competition.

1430–1530 Entertaining PhysicsExperience interactive demonstrationsprovided by Questacon.

1530–1630 Physics as a Life SkillHear from prominent Australian physicists,Nobel Prize winners and others with aPhysics background about how Physics hasenlightened their career and prepared themfor all walks of life.

1630–1730 Entertaining PhysicsMore entertaining Physics activities withQuestacon.

1730–1830 Public Lecture—Einstein’s RevolutionDiscover how we test Einstein’s theories inmodern Physics and how this will lead to newtechnologies such as quantum computing.

The cost of attending the above sessions is included in allfull Congress registration fees.

Events ProgrammeCongress DinnerWednesday 2 February

1900 for 2000 hrs

Great Hall, Parliament House

A highlight of the Congress will be the Congress Dinner inthe magnificent Great Hall at Parliament House. The Dinner will reflect the Congress theme Physics for the Nation and will highlight—in the meeting place of the nation’s leaders—the many contributions that Physics has made to this country. A high-quality posterpresentation by our major sponsors will demonstrate themany benefits that Physics provides in the modern world.

Delegates will have a chance to mingle with“Parliamentarians and with opinion leaders in the sciencearena over a fine meal in a magnificent setting. Dinner“tickets must be purchased from the Congress organisers at the registration desk.

Please check the notice board for dinner transfer times from Congress hotels. Entrance is by ticket only.

Questacon Public Lecture: Professor Helen QuinnThursday 3 February

1900 hrs

Questacon Science Centre

One of the plenary speakers, Helen Quinn will give a publiclecture at Questacon—The National Science and Technology Centre on Thursday 3 February at 1900 hrs aspart of the Congress Outreach Programme. Helen Quinnworks extensively with secondary school teachers inCalifornia to make physics fun and exciting for students and accessible to the broader community.

The public lecture provides an opportunity for the students,parents and members of the Canberra community tounderstand something of the fundamental nature of matterand energy and the important role of physics in modern life.

The Mystery of Missing Antimatter: The Asymmetry Between Matter andAntimatter in the Universe and in the Laws of PhysicsA major outstanding puzzle at the intersection of particlephysics and cosmology is the asymmetry between matterand antimatter. The Universe contains significant amounts ofmatter and an insignificant amount of antimatter. The puzzle ishow this can occur when the laws of physics for matter andantimatter are very close to identical. Unless it arises from avery finely tuned initial condition that is maintained by anabsolute conservation law, the matter–antimatter asymmetryof the Universe can only occur due to an asymmetry betweenmatter and antimatter in the laws of physics.



Events ProgrammeSociety Meetings

Humboldt SocietySunday 30 January0900–1400 hrsManning Clark 6 (MC6)

AIP CouncilMonday 31 January1800–2000 hrsManning Clark 4 (MC4)

AMOSWednesday 2 February1220–1330 hrsManning Clark 5 (MC5)

ITER ForumWednesday 2 February1230–1330 hrsManning Clark 6 (MC6)

AOS CouncilWednesday 2 February1530–1700 hrsManning Clark 6 (MC6)

Thursday 3 February1230–1400 hrsManning Clark 6 (MC6)

AIP Physics Education Group(PEG)Thursday 3 February1220–1400 hrsManning Clark 4 (MC4)

STSP GroupThursday 3 February1300–1400 hrsManning Clark 5 (MC5)

COSNet Systems Meeting Friday 4 February1230–1330 hrsManning Clark 6 (MC6)

AIP AGM and Medal CeremonyFriday 4 February1300–1330 and 1330–1400 hrsManning Clark 1 (MC1)

AIP AGM and Medal CeremonyFriday 4 February

AGM 1300–1330 hrs

The AIP AGM will be held in Manning Clark 1 (MC1).

Medal Ceremony 1330–1400 hrs

The Congress will highlight discipline contributions toPhysics for the Nation through the awarding of prizesfor excellence. The AIP will have a special awardsceremony immediately preceding the closing Plenary session, and will present the Massey, Boas,Education, Bragg and Walsh medals, together with theWomen in Physics Lecturer award. The individualdiscipline societies will be encouraged to present theirawards within the discipline sessions. All winners ofAustralian medals (including those awarded by theAIP) will have their presentations highlighted at theOpening Ceremony.

Laboratory Tours and BBQ

Wednesday 2 February1530 hrs

and

Friday 4 February1530 hrs

Physics Department, the Faculties, and the ResearchSchool of Physical Sciences and Engineering

The experimental Physics facilities of the ANU will beopen for inspection.

A BBQ will follow the Friday afternoon tour at theResearch School of Physical Sciences and Engineeringat around 1800 hrs.

The cost of the tours and the BBQ is included in allCongress registration fees. However, you need to signup for the laboratory tours and for the BBQ with theCongress organisers at the registration desk.

Take the online Guided Tour of LabVIEW. Visit ni.com/info and enter auqzqt.Freecall AUSTRALIA 1800 300 800 • NEW ZEALAND 0800 553 322

Academic Discounts ofup to 90% available on Software.Freecall 1800 300 800 for details

Australian SynchrotronLighting the path to innovation

melbourneaustralia

Key contacts:

The Australian Synchrotron will open in 2007 and will offerresearchers access to diverse techniques and capabilitiesbeyond those currently available within Australia.

Nobel Prize Winner Sponsor(Leggett)

The Ian Potter FoundationThe Ian Potter Cultural TrustLevel 3, 111 Collins StMelbourne VIC 3000 AustraliaTel +61 3 9650 3188Fax +61 3 9650 7986www.ianpotter.org.au



Sponsor Contact DetailsPrincipal Sponsor

Australian NationalUniversity

Major Sponsor

National Institute of PhysicalSciences (NIPS)Executive Officer: Christine DennyResearch School of PhysicalSciences and EngineeringAustralian National University ACT 0200 AustraliaTel +61 2 6125 5469Fax +61 2 6125 5190Email [email protected]

Major Sponsor

Research School of PhysicalSciences and Engineering(RSPhysSE), ANUAustralian National UniversityCanberra ACT 0200 Australiawww.rsphysse.anu.edu.au

Major SponsorOutreach Programme

QuestaconPO Box 5322Kingston ACT 2604 AustraliaTel +61 2 6270 2800Fax +61 2 6270 2808Freecall 1800 020 603

Major Sponsor—Plenary Sponsor (Danzmann) andAOS Sessions Sponsor

Coherent Scientific Pty Ltd116 Sir Donald Bradman DriveHilton SA 5033 AustraliaTel +61 8 8150 5200Fax +61 8 8352 2020Email [email protected]

Major Sponsor—Plenary Sponsor (van Leeuwen) andGeophysics Session Sponsor

BHP BillitonBHP Billiton—Exploration and Mining Technologies180 Lonsdale Street Melbourne VIC 3000 AustraliaTel +61 3 9609 4470Fax +61 3 9609 4472

Major SponsorInternet Café Sponsor and Poster Session Sponsor

National InstrumentsP.O. Box 382North Ryde NSW 2113 AustraliaTel +61 2 9889 1033 Toll free 1800 300 800Fax +61 2 9888 6611

Major Sponsor

Australian Nuclear Science &Technology Organisation Private Mail Bag 1Menai NSW 2234 AustraliaTel +61 2 9717 3111Email [email protected] Sponsor

Physics in Industry Forum andSynchrotron Science SessionsSponsor

Australian SynchrotronLevel 17, 80 Collins StMelbourne VIC 3000 AustraliaTel +61 3 9655 3315Fax +61 3 9655 8666Email [email protected]

Nobel Prize Winner Sponsor (Chu)

BusinessACTChief Minister’s DepartmentPO Box 243Civic Square ACT 2608 AustraliaTel +61 2 6207 2599Fax +61 2 6205 0597Email [email protected]


Research School of Physical Sciencesand Engineering (RSPhysSE)

Dinner Sponsor

CSIRO Industrial PhysicsBradfield Road, West LindfieldPO Box 218Lindfield NSW 2070 AustraliaTel +61 2 9413 7000Fax +61 2 9413 7631www.cip.csiro.au

Major Sponsor

Australian Institute of Physics (AIP)PO Box 82Parkville VIC 3052 AustraliaTel +61 3 9326 6669Fax +61 3 9326 7272Email [email protected]



Sponsor Contact DetailsPlasma Physics SessionSponsor

National Plasma FusionResearch Facility (H-1 MNRF) Prof. J HarrisResearch School of Physical Sciencesand EngineeringThe Australian National University ACT 0200 AustraliaTel +61 2 6125 2480Fax +61 2 6125 8316


Davies/Collison/Cave1 Nicholson StreetMelbourne VIC 3000 AustraliaTel +61 3 9254 2777Fax +61 3 9254 2770

Other Offices: Sydney, Brisbane,Canberra

Welcome Reception Sponsor

Institute of Physics 76 Portland Place London W1B 1NT United KingdomTel +44 20 7470 4800Fax +44 20 7470 4848Email [email protected]

Satchel Sponsor

Defence Science andTechnology Organisation(DSTO)PO Box 1500West AvenueEdinburgh SA 5111 AustraliaTel +61 8 8259 6923Fax +61 8 8259 6191Email [email protected]

Morning and Afternoon TeaSponsor (Monday)

AVT Services Pty LimitedUnit 16, 35 Foundry RoadSeven Hills NSW 2147 AustraliaTel +61 2 9674 6711Fax +61 2 9674 7358Email [email protected]

Media Sponsor

New ScientistJeff Sapier, Marketing ManagerBuilding 2, 475 Victoria AvenueChatswood NSW 2067 AustraliaTel +61 2 9422 2556 Mob +61 402 870 473Fax +61 2 9422 2725Email [email protected]

ExhibitionBooth 1 Oxford Instruments Pty Ltd

Booth 2 Warsash

Booth 3 SIA

Booth 4 Lastek Pty Ltd

Booth 5 Lastek Pty Ltd

Booth 6 Scitek Australia Pty Ltd

Booth 7 Stanton Scientific

Booth 8 AVT Services

Booth 9 Coherent Scientific Pty Ltd

Booth 10 Coherent Scientific Pty Ltd

Booth 11 Javac Pty Ltd

Booth 12 CSIRO Industrial Physics

Booth 13 CSIRO Industrial Physics

Booth 14 Institute of Physics

Booth 15 Thermo Electron Corporation

Booth 16 Photon Engineering Pty Ltd

Booth 18 NewSpec Pty Ltd

Booth 19 NewSpec Pty Ltd

Booth 20 SciTech Pty Ltd

Booth 21 Australian Nuclear Science andTechnology Organisation

Booth 22 Australian Synchrotron

Booth 25 Australian Institute of Physics

Booth 26 Australian Institute of Physics

Booth 28 Kohzu Precision

Booth 29 Taylor & Francis Australia

Booth 30 ETP Semra Pty Ltd

Booth 32 Australian National University and National Institute of Physical Sciences

Exhibition Opening Hours

Poster Session Sponsor(Monday)

NewSpec Pty LtdGraeme Jones, Managing Director83 King William RoadUnley SA 5061 AustraliaTel +61 8 8273 3040Email [email protected]


Plenary Speaker Sponsor(Pearman)

Silicon Graphics (SGI) Level 4, 11–18 Khartoum RoadNorth Ryde NSW 2113 AustraliaTel +61 1300 364 744Fax +61 2 8875 9480Email [email protected]

Sunday 30 January 1800–2000 hrs

Monday 31 January 0830–1830 hrs

Tuesday 1 February 0830–1830 hrs

Wednesday 2 February 0830–1400 hrs

Thursday 3 February 0830–1630 hrs

T E A

T E A

Inte

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Caf

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Exhibition Floor Plan

Exhibitor Contact Details



Booth 1

Oxford Instruments Pty LtdPO Box 7Pennant Hills 1715 NSW AustraliaTel +61 2 9484 6108Fax +61 2 9484 1667Email [email protected]

Booth 6

Scitek Australia Pty Ltd10–18 Cliff StreetMilsons Point NSW 2061 AustraliaTel +61 2 9954 1925Fax +61 2 9954 1939Email [email protected]

Booth 11

Javac Pty Ltd—H.O.54 Rushdale StreetKnoxfield VIC 3180 AustraliaFree call 1300 786 771Tel +61 3 9763 7633Fax +61 3 9763 2756Email [email protected]

Booth 2

Warsash Scientific Pty LtdUnit 7, The Watertower1 Marian StreetRedfern NSW 2016 Australia(adj. to The Australian Technology Park)Tel +61 2 9319 0122Fax +61 2 9318 2192Email [email protected]

Booth 7

Stanton ScientificPO Box 9282/75 Jonson StreetByron Bay NSW 2481 AustraliaTel +61 2 6685 6902Fax +61 2 6685 8530Email [email protected]

Booths 12 and 13

CSIRO Industrial PhysicsBradfield Road, West LindfieldPO Box 218Lindfield NSW 2070 AustraliaTel +61 2 9413 7000Fax +61 2 9413 7631www.cip.csiro.au

Booth 3

Science Industry Australia Inc.Alan Lawrenson, Executive DirectorPO Box 600Eastwood NSW 2122 AustraliaTel +61 2 9487 8453Fax +61 2 9487 8100Email [email protected]

Booth 8

AVT Services Pty LimitedUnit 16, 35 Foundry RoadSeven Hills NSW 2147 AustraliaTel +61 2 9674 6711Fax +61 2 9674 7358Email [email protected]

Booth 14

Institute of Physics 76 Portland Place London W1B 1NT United KingdomTel +44 20 7470 4800Fax +44 20 7470 4848Email [email protected]

Booths 4 and 5

Lastek Pty LtdUni of Adelaide, Thebarton Campus10 Reid StreetThebarton SA 5031 AustraliaTel +61 8 8443 8668Fax +61 8 8443 8427Toll Free 1800 882 215www.lastek.com.au

Booths 9 and 10

Coherent Scientific Pty Ltd 116 Sir Donald Bradman DriveHilton SA 5033 AustraliaTel +61 8 8150 5200Fax +61 8 8352 2020Email [email protected]

Booth 15

Thermo Electron Corporationt/a Thermo Optek (Australia) Pty LtdUnit 14, 38—46 South StreetRydalmere NSW 2116 AustraliaTel +61 2 8844 9500Fax +61 2 8844 9599Email [email protected]

S][S



Booth 32

Australian NationalUniversity/National Instituteof Physical SciencesMarketing and CommunicationsDivisionAustralian National UniversityCanberra ACT 0200 AustraliaTel +61 2 6125 4170Email [email protected]

National Institute of Physical SciencesChristine DennyExecutive OfficerAustralian National UniversityCanberra ACT 0200 AustraliaTel +61 2 6125 5469Fax +61 2 6125 5190



Exhibitor Contact DetailsBooth 16

Photon Engineering Pty LtdPO Box 122 Rundle Mall Adelaide SA 5000 AustraliaTel +61 8 8232 3444Fax +61 8 8232 9333Email [email protected]

Booth 22

Australian SynchrotronLevel 17, 80 Collins StMelbourne VIC 3000 AustraliaTel +61 3 9655 3315Fax +61 3 9655 8666Emailcontact.us@synchrotron.vic.gov.auwww.synchrotron.vic.gov.au

Booth 30

ETP Semra Pty Ltd244 Canterbury RoadCanterbury NSW 2193 AustraliaTel +61 2 9718 1444Fax +61 2 9718 8222Email [email protected]

Booths 18 and 19

NewSpec Pty LtdGraeme Jones, Managing Director83 King William RoadUnley SA 5061 AustraliaTel +61 8 8273 3040Email [email protected]

Booths 25 and 26

Australian Institute ofPhysicsPO Box 82Parkville VIC AustraliaTel +61 3 9326 6669Fax +61 3 9326 7272Email [email protected]

Booth 20

SciTech Pty Ltd—The Imaging Specialists!Unit 4, 72–74 Chifley DrivePRESTON VIC 3072 AustraliaTel +61 3 9480 4999Fax +61 3 9416 9959Email [email protected]

Booth 28

Kohzu Precision Co Ltd2-6-15 Kurigi, Asao-KuKawasaki, Kanagawa 215-8521JapanTel +81 44 981 2131Fax +81 44 981 2181Local Agent:Moreton Bay ScientificPhilip Boxall166 Gordon ParadeManly QLD 4179Tel/Fax +61 7 3393 [email protected]

Booth 21

Australian Nuclear Science &Technology Organisation Private Mail Bag 1Menai NSW 2234 AustraliaTel +61 2 9717 3111Email [email protected]

Booth 29

Taylor & Francis AustraliaPO Box 775Bentleigh East VIC 3165 AustraliaTel +61 3 9570 2917Fax +61 3 9570 2337Mobile 0405 622 623Email [email protected]



General InformationRegistration at the CongressThe Congress registration desk will be located in thefoyer of the Manning Clark Centre and staffed duringthe following times:



Tuesday 1 February 0800–1815 hrs



Friday 4 February 0800–1530 hrs

Registration Desk Contact DetailsThe Congress registration desk staff will takemessages for delegates during the registration deskopening hours.

Tel +61 2 6125 3905

Please check the message board adjacent to theCongress registration desk daily for messages.

Name badgesPlease wear your name badge to gain access to allCongress sessions, exhibition and social functions.

The coloured category slips indicate under whichregistration code the delegate is attending theCongress.

Blue Full delegate (Member, non-member,student/teacher/retiree)

Blue Committee

Red Exhibitor aide

Red Media

Red Visitors

Red Physics in Industry only

Green Monday

White Tuesday

Orange Wednesday

Purple Thursday

Yellow Friday

Pink Congress Staff

Internet FacilitiesInternet access for delegates is provided by NationalInstruments, sponsor of the Internet Café in MelvilleHall. Alternatively, delegates can use computer labG016 in the Crisp Building (see map on page 25).

Speaker Information

SPEAKERS' PREPARATION ROOM

The speakers' preparation room will be located inHanna Neumann G064 (Crisp Building) and will beopen during the following times:



Tuesday 31 January 0800–1800 hrs



Friday 3 February 0800–1400 hrs

ORAL PRESENTATIONS

It is important that all speakers check in at thespeakers' preparation room at least two hours prior tothe commencement of their allocated session. Anaudiovisual technician will be available to assist withdata projection or other technical requirements. If yourequire assistance from a technician, please ensureyou arrange this during one of the breaks prior to yourpresentation. Speakers in early morning sessionsshould check in at the speakers' preparation room theday/afternoon prior to their session.

POSTER SESSIONS

Poster presenters must check the notice boardadjacent to the Congress registration desk fordirections to their allocated poster area and to collectvelcro and/or pins (if required). Presenting authorsmust be present at their posters during their allocatedposter session on either Monday 31 January, Tuesday 1 February or Thursday 3 February from 1930 hrs to 2130 hrs to answer any questions. On Wednesday 2 February the poster session isscheduled for 1330 hrs to 1530 hrs.

Posters can be on display from 1230 hrs and removedby 1030 hrs on the following day or they will beremoved by Congress staff.

Transport

AIRPORT TO CITYServices depart the airport from 0715 to 1800 hrs.

CITY TO AIRPORTServices depart the city (Civic interchange, platform 6)from 0730 to 1830 hrs.

Telephone enquiries: +61 2 6299 3722.

CITY TO ANUTo catch the bus from the City Interchange to the ANU,take Action Bus 34. It stops at various points alongLennox Crossing, Liversidge St, Garran Rd and DaleyRd and returns along the same route.

Information about bus timetables is available at ActionBus Services, telephone 13 17 10



Car ParkingParking is limited on the campus. There are public ‘payand display’ parking areas on Childers and Huttonstreets within a short walk from Manning Clark Centreand Melville Hall. Access to these parking areas is offBarry Drive or Marcus Clark Street.

AccommodationNovotel

65 Northbourne Avenue

Distance to Congress venue: 20 minute walk

Tel +61 2 6245 5000Fax +61 2 6245 5100

Rydges Lakeside

London Circuit

Distance to Congress venue: 20 minute walk

Tel +61 2 6247 6244Fax +61 2 6257 3071

University House

Cnr Balmain Cr & Liversidge St, ANU Campus

Distance to Congress venue: 10 minutes walk

Tel +61 2 6125 5211Fax +61 2 6125 5252

Ursula HallBuilding 50, Daley Road. ANU Campus

Distance to Congress venue: 10 minutes

Tel +61 2 6279 4300Fax +61 2 6279 4320

John XXIII CollegeBuilding 51 Daley Road, ANU Campus


Tel +61 2 6279 4999Fax +61 2 6248 6734

Bruce HallBuilding 40, ANU Campus


Tel +61 2 6125 6007Fax +61 2 6125 6010

DALEY ROAD

BA

RR

YD

RIV

E

UN

IVE

RS

ITY

AV

E

WILLOWSOVAL

NORTHOVALFELLOWS

OVAL

SOUTHOVAL

DALEY ROAD

WARD

ROAD

FELLOWS ROAD

SU

LLIVAN

’S

GA

RR

AN

RO

AD

CREEK ROAD

NORTH ROAD

KINGSLEY STREET

CHILDERS STREET

LONDON CIRCUIT


LIVERSIDGE STREET

GORDON STREET

ELL

ER

YCRESCENT

1

2

7

45

6

8

9

10

3

7

Novotel

Rydges Lakeside


John XXIII College

Ursula Hall

Bruce Hall

University House


Public Carpark

Melville Hall

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

CrispBuilding

Programme at a Glance 29

Detailed Programme 34

Plenary Speakers 45

Medals and Awards 57

Topic Areas and Highlights 63

Abstracts Book 71

Accoustics and Music (AAS) 72

Meteorology, Climate Change and

Oceanography (AMOS) 76

Atomic and Molecular Physics

and Quantum Chemistry (AMPQC) 88

Australian Optical Society and

Quantum Physics (AOS) 99

Astronomy (ASA) 139

General Relativity and Gravitation

(ASRG) 141

Synchrotron Science (ASRP) 146

Biophysics and Medical

Physics (BMP) 151

Condensed Matter and Materials

Surface Physics (CMMSP) 159

Complex Systems, Computational and

Mathematical Physics (CSCMP) 206

Environmental Physics (EP) 210

GeoPhysics (GP) 212

Nuclear and Particle Physics (NUPP) 217

Education (PEG) 228

Plasma Physics (PP) 231

Renewable Energy (RE) 237

Solar, Terrestrial and Space

Physics (STSP) 239

Women in Physics (WIP) 255

Author Index 256

Programme and Abstracts Contents



The AustralianInstitute of Physics

Program at a GlanceMonday 31 January

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Monday 31 January

MC1 MC2 MC3 MC4 MC5 MC6

0830–0915 Congress Opening

0915–1000 Plenary: (Chair: K. Baldwin) Cold Dilute Alkali Gases—Bose Condensation Meets Cooper Pairing—Leggett

1000–1040 Morning Tea

AOS/spectroscopy STSP ASRP NUPP AMOS BMP

Chair: N. Manson Chair: I. Cairns Chair: R. Garrett Chair: L. Peak Chair: R. Griffiths Chair: S-H. Chung

1040–1100 MOA11 van Stryland MOB11 Basu MOC11 Boldeman MOD11 Urquijo MOE11 England MOF11 Schoenborn1100–1120 MOF12 Krausz1120–1140 MOA13 He MOB13 Reid MOC13 Peele MOD13 Parslow MOE13 Hughes MOF13 Powell1140–1200 MOA14 Sidiroglou MOB14 Mlynczak MOC14 Townes-Andrews MOD14 Parappilly MOE14 Power MOF14 Gilmore1200–1220 MOA15 Warrington MOB15 Kozyra MOD15 Lasscock MOE15 Muller MOF15 Corry

1220–1400 Lunch Break

1300–1400 Sutherland Lecture: Speculating about Atoms in Early 20th-century Melbourne: William Sutherland and the ‘Sutherland–Einstein’ Diffusion RelationR.W. Home

AOS/nonlinear photonics STSP CMMSP NUPP AMOS ASRP

Chair: J. Love Chair: M. Parkinson Chair: M. Das Chair: K. Fifield Chair: J. Taylor Chair: M. Ridgway

1400–1420 MOA21 Buchler MOB21 Maher MOC21 Oitmaa MOD21 Maier MOE21 Roderick MOF21 Kluth1420–1440 MOB22 Ables MOF22 Dhal1440–1500 MOA23 Weily MOB23 Morley MOC23 Jakovidis MOD23 Lane MOE23 Baines MOF23 Kempson1500–1520 MOA24 Lyytikainen MOB24 Horton MOC24 Court MOD24 Gladkis MOE24 Trewin MOF24 Liss1520–1540 MOA25 Aruldoss MOC25 Clarke MOD25 Wilcken MOE25 Henderson-Sellers

1540–1620 Coffee Break

AOS/new faces 1 STSP CMMSP NUPP AMOS BMP

Chair: J. Dawes Chair: M. Duldig Chair: G. Collins Chair: D. Leinweber Chair: W. Drosdowsky Chair: P. Robinson

1620–1640 MOA31 de Vine MOB31 Cane MOC31 Neumann MOD31 Atkinson MOE31 Vincent MOF31 Chelkowska1640–1700 MOA32 Mok MOE32 Pope MOF32 Gray1700–1720 MOA33 Harvey MOB33 Knock MOC33 Robinson MOD33 Loan MOE33 Ballinger MOF33 Rennie1720–1740 MOA34 Briedis MOB34 Mitchell MOC34 Daniels MOD34 Dasgupta MOE34 May MOF34 Steyn-Ross1740–1800 MOA35 Baker MOB35 Newell MOC35 Henderson MOD35 Sowerby MOF35 Drysdale

1800–1930 Dinner Break

1930–2130 Posters: Melville Hall

Note: Keynote Speakers in bold. Medal winners underlined.

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Program at a GlanceTuesday 1 February

Tuesday 1 February


0830–0915 Plenary: (Chair: D. McClelland)Gravitational Wave Detectors on the Earth and in Deep Space—Danzmann

0915–1000 Plenary: (Chair: R. Elliman)“Reaction Microscopes”: The “Cloud Chambers” of Atomic and Molecular Physics—Ullrich


AOS/nonlinear photonics 2 AMOS CMMSP NUPP ASGRG PEG

Chair: W. Krolikowski Chair: A. Henderson-Sellers Chair: J. Williams Chair: B. McKellar Chair: P. Veitch Chair: M. Sharma

1040–1100 TUA11 Eggleton TUB11 Cleugh TUC11 Sze TUD11 Hedditch TUE11 Blair TUF11 Swan1100–1120 TUC12 Sellar TUD12 Wilson TUE12 Brooks1120–1140 TUA13 Akhmediev TUB13 Goergen TUC13 Goh TUD13 Stutchbery TUE13 Gray TUF13 Logan1140–1200 TUA14 Petersen TUB14 Hallal TUC14 Hill TUD14 Leinweber TUE14 Ashley TUF14 Merchant1200–1220 TUA15 Canning TUB15 M. Box TUE15 Ware TUF15 Kruhlak


1200–1400 Pearman National Press Club Lunch (for further information, please see section Events Programme)

AOS/appetizer AMOS CMMSP NUPP ASGRG PEG

Chair: G. Milburn Chair: S. Power Chair: S. Butcher Chair: D. Hinde Chair: D. McClelland Chair: K. Wilson

1400–1420 TUA21 A. White TUB21 Hogg TUC21 Dzurak TUD21 Dracoulis TUE21 Hartnett TUF21 Guenther1420–1440 TUA22 Longdell TUB22 Dupre TUE22 Scott1440–1500 TUA23 Savage TUB23 Kiss TUC23 Reusch TUD23 Watanabe TUE23 Davies TUF23 Roberts1500–1520 TUA24 Kivshar TUB24 Wijfells TUC24 Vickers TUD24 Nieminen TUE24 Whale TUF24 Greaves1520–1540 TUC25 Lay TUD25 Cole TUE25 Van Putten TUF25 Low


AOS/quantum systems AMOS CMMSP NUPP BMP PEG

Chair: P.K. Lam Chair: A. Hogg Chair: R. Elliman Chair: B. Robson Chair: C. Charles Chair: D. Mills

1620–1640 TUA31 Drummond TUB31 Tomczak TUC31 Enderby TUD31 Bouriquet TUE31 Burden TUF31 Zadnik1640–1700 TUB32 Turner TUD32 Boinepalli TUE32 Ramdutt1700–1720 TUA33 Pryde TUB33 Kaempf TUC33 Stevens-Kalceff TUD33 Low TUE33 Rosenfield TUF33 Muller1720–1740 TUA34 Lance TUB34 Bye TUC34 Singh TUD34 Hinde TUE34 Vella TUF33 Wilson1740–1800 TUA35 Ralph TUB35 Frederickson TUC35 Lee TUE35 Boyd TUF35 O’Connor




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Program at a GlanceWednesday 2 February

Wednesday 2 February


0830–0915 Plenary: (Chair: J. Finnigan)From Physics to Policy: The Science of Climate Change Underpinning Private and Public Policy Decisions—Pearman

0915–1000 Plenary: (Chair: H. Bachor)What Can Physics Say about Life?—Chu


AOS/AMPQC PP CMMSP NUPP AMOS GP

Chair: P. Hannaford Chair: R. Tarrant Chair: M. Spencer Chair: R. Delbourgo Chair: B. Trewin Chair: L. Moresi

1040–1100 WEA11 Denschlag WEB11 Goldston WEC11 Russo WED11 McCaw WEE11 Platt WEF11 Sandford1100–1120 WEC12 Kluth WED12 Blankleider WEE12 Borlace WEF12 Kennett1120–1140 WEA13 Hall WEB13 Hole WEC13 Larsson WED13 Tobar WEE13 Andersen WEF13 Miller1140–1200 WEA14 Vale WEB14 Hora WEC14 Rode WED14 Flambaum WEE14 Alves WEF14 Jackson1200–1220 WEA15 Ostrovskaya WEB15 Howard WEF15 Xing


1330–1530 Posters: Llewellyn HallMelville Hall Schools Outreach:

1330–1430 Future of Physics

1430–1530 Entertaining Physics

1530–1630 Physics as a Life Skill

1530 Tour of the Physics Department and Research School 1630–1730 Entertaining Physicsof Physical Sciences and Engineering

1730–1830 Einstein’s Revolution

1900 for 2000 Congress DinnerGreat Hall, Parliament House (for further information, please see section Events Programme)


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Program at a GlanceThursday 3 February

Thursday 3 February


0830–0915 Plenary: (Chair: C. Barton)Airborne Gravity Gradiometry Applied to Mineral and Hydrocarbon Exploration—van Leeuwen

0915–1000 Plenary: (Chair: B. Schmidt)A Golden Age for Astronomy—Cesarsky


AOS/AMPQC PP CMMSP GP PEG ASA

Chair: A. Truscott Chair: J. Harris Chair: E. Mitchell Chair: J. Freeman Chair: D. Low Chair: B. Schmidt

1040–1100 THA11 Shlyapnikov THB11 McMillan THC11 Macfarlane THD11 Kerr THE11 Livett THF11 McClelland1100–1120 THB12 Meige THC12 Deslandes THD12 Müller THF12 Clay1120–1140 THA13 Martin THB13 Ostrikov THC13 Polonski THD13 Moresi THE13 Workshop–Pollard THF13 Storey1140–1200 THA14 Robins THB14 Tarrant THC14 Schmitt THD14 Lenardic THF14 Couch1200–1220 THA15 Davis THB15 Xia THD15 Davies THF15 Boyle


AOS AMPQC CMMSP GP AAS ASA/ASGRG

Chair: B. Oreb Chair: R. McEachran Chair: T. Finlayson Chair: K. Dodds Chair: E. LePage Chair: S. Scott

1400–1420 THA21 Gilchrist THB21 Bray THC21 Foley THD21 Mason THE21 Inta THF21 Huber1420–1440 THA22 Zvyagin THD22 GreenHalgh THE22 Poulton THF22 Reitze1440–1500 THA23 Plakhotnik THB23 Stevenson THC23 Ling THD23 Gurevich THE23 Wolfe THF23 Searle1500–1520 THA24 Kane THB24 Ginges THC24 Crew THD24 Freeman THE24 Parncutt THF24 Manchester1520–1540 THB25 Chantler THC25 Tettamanzi THD25 Zhao THF25 Bailes


AOS/new faces 2 AMPQC CMMSP CSCMP AAS WIP/HOP

Chair: J. Hope Chair: B. Lohmann Chair: L. Hollenberg Chair: R. Dewar Chair: N. Fletcher Chair: J. Pollard

1620–1640 THA31 McKenzie THB31 Mueller THC31 Das Sarma THD31 Di Matteo THE31 LePage THF31 Binnie1640–1700 THA32 Dodd THB32 Campbell THF32 Stevens-Kalceff1700–1720 THA33 Atkins THB33 Wang THC33 Butcher THD33 Gunner THE33 Pax THF33 Feteris1720–1740 THA34 Doherty THB34 Lawrance THC34 Wahyu Utami THD34 Robins THE34 Hamilton THF33 Foley1740–1800 THA35 O’Brien THC35 Dorsett THD35 O’Kane THE35 Buick



2000 Public Lecture: Questacon


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Program at a GlanceFriday 4 February

Friday 4 February


AOS/laser & applications STSP CMMSP CSCMP AMPQC EP/RE

Chair: M. Hamilton Chair: B. Fraser Chair: R. Lewis Chair: M. Batchelor Chair: R. Robson Chair: J. Finnigan

0820–0840 FRA11 Arkwright FRB11 Chaston FRC11 Frenken FRD11 Moylan FRE11 Stelbovics FRF11 Drake0840–0900 FRA12 Huntington FRD12 Quenette FRE12 Ivanov FRF12 Collings0900–0920 FRA13 Delaubert FRB13 Terkildsen FRC13 King FRD13 Maruno FRE13 Sullivan FRF13 Aberle0920–0940 FRA14 McManamon FRB14 Foroutan FRC14 Broekman FRD14 Kurniawan FRE14 Bromley FRF14 Richards0940–1000 FRB15 Li FRC15 Stampfl FRD15 Barjaktarevic FRF15 Plumb


AOS/quantum information STSP CMMSP CSCMP AMPQC AOS/Laser Dev

Chair: P. Drummond Chair: R. Vincent Chair: G. Stewart Chair: D. Evans Chair: R. Sang Chair: J. Munch

1040–1100 FRA21 Carmichael FRB21 Conde FRC21 Olivero FRD21 Sevick FRE21 Bieske FRF21 Hosken1100–1120 FRC22 Khalil FRF22 Barriga1120–1140 FRA23 Bartlett FRB23 Yizengaw FRC23 Doolan FRD23 Carberry FRE23 Orr FRF23 Pask1140–1200 FRA24 Wiseman FRB24 Getley FRC24 Marcus FRD24 Wang FRE24 Cavanagh FRF24 Englich1200–1220 FRA25 Brooke FRB25 Green FRD25 Williams FRE25 Uhlmann FRF25 Slagmolen


1300–1330 AIP AGM

1330–1400 AIP PRIZES AND MEDALS

1400–1445 Plenary: (Chair: G. Stewart)Plasma Physics enters the Nano-Age—Bilek

1445–1530 Plenary: (Chair: A. Byrne)The Asymmetry Between Matter and Antimatter—in the Universe and in the Laws of Physics—Quinn

1530 Close

1530 Tour of the Department of Physics and Research School of Physical Sciences and Engineering

1800 ANU BBQ


Detailed ProgramMonday 31 January

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Monday 31 January MC1 MC2 MC3 MC4 MC5 MC6

0830–0915 Congress Opening

0915–1000 Plenary: (Chair: K. Baldwin)Cold Dilute Alkali Gases—Bose Condensation Meets Cooper Pairing—Leggett


Topic area AOS/spectroscopy STSP ASRP NUPP AMOS BMP

Chair N. Manson I. Cairns R. Garrett L. Peak R. Griffiths Shin-Ho Chung

1040–1100

1100–1120

1120–1140

1140–1200

1200–1220

MOA11Nonlinear Optical Spectroscopyvan Stryland

MOB11Climate and Weather of theSun-Earth System (CAWSES):SCOSTEP’s New Inter-disciplinary Research ProgramBasu

MOC11The Australian Synchrotron—A Status ReportBoldeman

MOD11Hints of New Physics fromMeasurements of CP ViolationUrquijo

MOE11Southern Ocean Circulationand Global ClimateEngland

MOF11Protein Crystallography withSpallation NeutronsSchoenborn

MOF12The Most Energetic Processin BiologyKrausz

MOA13Cavity Ringdown Spectroscopywith Widely Tunable Swept-Frequency LasersHe

MOB13The Intensity of 558 nm Airglowat Adelaide, AustraliaReid

MOC13X-ray Lithography—AnAustralian PerspectivePeele

MOD13Measurement of BR(B->rho l nu)and Vub via NeutrinoReconstruction at BelleParslow

MOE13The Role of Buoyancy in theEnergetics of the Global Over-turning Circulation of the OceansHughes

MOF13The Melanins: form Experiment toQuantum Chemistry to Many-Body Quantum TheoryPowell

MOA14Micro-characterisation of ErbiumDoped Optical FibersSidiroglou

MOB14Expanding Our Understanding ofAtmospheric Ozone throughCAWSESMlynczak

MOC144GLS: the UK’s FourthGeneration Light Source atDaresburyTownes-Andrews

MOD14Quark Propagator in Full QCDfrom the LatticeParappilly

MOE14The Predictability of InterdecadalChanges in ENSO Activity andENSO teleconnectionsPower

MOF14Quantum Decoherence ofElectronic Excitations ofBiomoleculesGilmore

MOA15A Microwave Frequency Standardin the 1015 Accuracy RangeUsing 171Yb+ IonsWarrington

MOB15Geospace System Behavior fromGlobal Observing Campaigns:Science at the Core of theCAWSES Space Weather FocusKozyra

MOD15Pentaquark Interpolating Fieldsin Lattice QCDLasscock

MOE15Do Massive Corals Reflect GlobalChange? Coral Reconstructionsof Changes in Temperature andCarbonate Saturation State of theSurface OceanMuller

MOF15Electrostatic Basis of ValenceSelectivity in Biological IonChannelsCorry


1300–1400 Chair: D.JamiesonSutherland Lecture: Speculating about Atoms in Early 20th-century Melbourne: William Sutherland and the ‘Sutherland-Einstein’ Diffusion Relation (MC1)R.W. Home

Topic area AOS photonics 1 STSP CMMSP NUPP AMOS ASRP

Chair J.Love M.Parkinson M.Das K.Fifield J.Taylor M.Ridgway

1400–1420 MOA21Near-field Imaging andManipulation of PhotonicCrystalsBuchler

MOB21Nowcasting and Forecasting atthe Australian Space ForecastCenterMaher

MOC21Quantum Mechanics RulesOitmaa

MOD21Shell Model Interaction around208Pb Derived fromExperimental DataMaier

MOE21The Causes of Declining PanEvaporation and Consequencesfor the Surface MoistureBalance over the Last 50 YearsRoderick

MOF21Structural Characterization of IonImplanted Au Nanocrystals UsingSynchrotron-based AnalyticalTechniquesKluth


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1440–1500

1500–1520

1520–1540

MOB22Observing the Open-closedBoundary Using Pc5 ULF WavesAbles

MOF22Imaging on Nanocluster UsingCoherent X-ray Diffraction andComputational Phase RetrievalTechniqueDhal

MOA23Output Couplers for 3D PhotonicCrystal WaveguidesWeily

MOB23The Ionospheric ConvectionResponse to TransientReconnectionMorley

MOC23The Locus of High TemperatureSuperconductivity in YBa2Cu3O7Jakovidis

MOD23Search for ‘Doorway States’Relevant to the Production andSurvival of Ta-180 in StarsLane

MOE23Long-term Variations in WinterRainfall of Southwest Australiaand Rapid Climate Change in theLate 1960sBaines

MOF23Applications of Synchrotron X-Ray Sources for ForensicCharacterisation of GlassKempson

MOA24Fabircation of Advanced Air-SilicaStructured Optical FibresLyytikainen

MOB24Solar Wind Driven Storms andSubstorms with High EnergyElectron Injections into theInner MagnetosphereHorton

MOC24Toward Quantum-limitedDetection with an AluminiumSQUID AmplifierCourt

MOD24The AMS Technique for 53MnGladkis

MOE24An Extended High-qualityTemperature Data Set forAustraliaTrewin

MOF24High Energy Synchrotron X-rays:A Tool for Bulk Investigations inPhysics and Materials ScienceLiss

MOA25Characterisation of OpticalWavefields Propagated throughScattering MediaAruldoss

MOC25Evolution of the Bilayer nu=1Quantum Hall State under ChargeImbalanceClarke

MOD25Characterizing Uranium Oreswith 236U and 239PuWilcken

MOE25Atmospheric Isotopes: Evolutionof Stable Water Isotopologues asan Applicable Data SourceHenderson-Sellers

MOA31Cavity-enhanced, Noise-canceling Saturation LaserSpectroscopyde Vine

1620–1640

1640–1700

1700–1720

1720–1740

1740–1800

MOB31Diagnosing Solar ParticleAcceleration and PropagationUsing Radio EmissionsCane

MOC31Inelastic Neutron Scattering andthe Dynamics of BiomoleculesNeumann

MOD31Atlas Status and PhysicsProgramAtkinson

MOE31Constant Pressure Balloon Studiesof Gravity Wave Momentum Fluxesin the Tropical and High-latitudeLower StratosphereVincent

MOF31Visualising the Genetic CodeChelkowska

MOA32Ultra-slow Light in Fibre GratingsMok

MOE32Deep Convection in theAustralian TropicsPope

MOF32Stability and Connectivity of theBrainGray

MOA33Holographic Mode Converters:Laser Beams Are not PlaneWavesHarvey

MOB33Type II Radio Bursts: TheoreticalPredictions of Dynamic Spectraand Source Regions Knock

MOC33Opportunities for ScientificResearch at Australia’sReplacement Research ReactorRobinson

MOD33Lattice Study of Possible Proton Anti-proton Bound Stateand H-dibaryonLoan

MOE33On the Height Distribution ofConvection in the TropicsBallinger

MOF33A Model-based Approach to EEGSpectral AnalysisRennie

MOA34Vortex Solitons in Nonlocal Kerr-like MediaBriedis

MOB34Timing of the 2–3 kHz RadioEmission within the Solar CycleMitchell

MOC34Time Resolved Studies of NeutronDiffraction Intensities inAssociation with Phase TransitionsDaniels

MOD34Fusion Mechanism of LightWeakly Bound NucleiDasgupta

MOE34Tropical Convective Systems—The Tropical Warm PoolInternational Cloud ExperimentMay

MOF34A Phase-transition Model for theCycles of Natural SleepSteyn-Ross

MOA35Nanofabrication Using StandingWave Optical Masks forMetastable Atom LithographyBaker

MOB35The Ion Aurora and Its SeasonalVariationsNewell

MOC35Neutron Reflectivity of Titania andZirconia-based Films Self-assembledat the Solid/Liquid InterfaceHenderson

MOD35Scanner for the Detection ofContraband in Air CargoContainersSowerby

MOF35BOLD Responses to Stimuli:Dependence on Frequency, StimulusForm, Amplitude and RepetitionDrysdale


Topic area AOS/new faces 1 STSP CMMSP NUPP AMOS BMP

Chair J. Dawes M.Duldig G.Collins D.Leinweber W.Drosdowsky P.Robinson


1930–2130 Posters Melville Hall


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Tuesday 1 February MC1 MC2 MC3 MC4 MC5 MC6

0830–0915 Plenary: (Chair: D. McClelland)Wave Detectors on the Earth and in Deep Space—Danzmann

0915–1000 Plenary: (Chair: R. Elliman)“Reaction Microscopes”: The “Cloud Chambers” of Atomic and Molecular Physics—Ullrich


Topic area AOS/photonics 2 AMOS CMMSP NUPP ASGRG PEG

Chair W. Krolikowsky Henderson-Sellers J. Williams B. McKellar P. Veitch M. Sharma

1040–1100

1100–1120

1120–1140

1140–1200

1200–1220

TUA11Microphotonic Crystal FibresEggleton

TUB11Terrestrial Carbon and WaterCycles in AustralianLandscapes: A Multi-scaleApproach usingMicrometeorology, RemoteSensing and Mesoscale ModelsCleugh

TUC11Conducting Ni Nanoparticles inan Ion-modified PolymerSze

TUD11A Broad Look at Mesons withLattice QCDHedditch

TUE11The Australian InternationalGravitational ObservatoryBlair

TUF11Key to ParticipationSwan

TUA13Multiple Dissipative SolitonInteractions in a Passively Mode-Locked Fiber LaserAkhmediev

TUB13The Impact of Abrupt LandCover Changes by Savannah Fireon Northern Australian ClimateGoergen

TUC13Nano-assembly of ConjugatedPolymer on Carbon Nanotubes:An STM StudyGoh

TUD13Shell Structures in Exotic Nucleifrom Magnetic Moment Measure-ments on Radioactive BeamsStutchbery

TUE13Advanced Interferometry forGravitational Wave DetectionGray

TUF13The Missing Factor for Studentsin 1st Year Physics?Logan

TUA14Dark Soliton Formation andInteraction in Nonlocal NonlinearThermal MediaPetersen

TUB14Seasonal Variations in Size-Resolved Properties of Aerosolsin the Sydney RegionHallal

TUC14Nanoporosity in a Self-Assembled Drug DeliverySystem Detected by PositronAnnihilation LifetimeSpectroscopyHill

TUD14Visually Revealing the Secretsof QCDLeinweber

TUE14Tracking the Unity GainFrequency of the Open Loop GainFunction in LIGO InterferometersAshley

TUF14Using Student Authored Questions to Encourage DeeperLearning in PhysicsMerchant

TUA15Air-clad Fibres with DiffractiveIntra-modal Cross CouplingCanning

TUB15Satellite Investigations of AerosolEffect on CloudM. Box

TUE15Measuring LISA PhaseWare

TUF15Online assessment in first yearphysics coursesKruhlak


1200–1400 Pearman National Press Club Lunch(for further information, please see section Events Programme)

Topic area AOS/appetizer AMOS CMMSP NUPP ASGRG PEG

Chair G. Milburn S. Power S. Butcher D. Hinde D. McClelland K. Wilson

1400–1420 TUA21Optical Quantum Computing:Science-fiction, Horror-story orNews?A. White

TUB21Ocean-atmosphere Dynamics inthe Southern OceanHogg

TUC21Silicon-based QuantumComputing using Buried DonorArchitecturesDzurak

TUD21Deformed Nuclear IsomersDracoulis

TUE21Carmeli’s Cosmology IndicatesNo Dark Matter in the UniverseHartnett

TUF21Comprehensive PhotonicsEducation Model—TheAlbuquerque LadderGuenther

TUC12Investigation of the Growth andSpontaneous Alignment ofLanthanum Gallate Self-AssembledMicrodots on SI(111) SurfaceSellar

TUD12Excitation Energy and Spin of theYrast Superdeformed Band in196PbWilson

TUE12Off-axis Wavefront Sensors inHigh Power Gravitational WaveInterferometersBrooks


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1420–1440

1440–1500

1500–1520

1520–1540

TUA22Quantum Optics with Solid StateOptical CentresLongdell

TUB22Impacts of Latitude Shifts in theSouthern Ocean Westerly Windson Past and Present ClimatesDupre

TUE22Curvature Singularity Theoremsfor Space-timeScott

TUA23BEC Analogues of Quantum FieldTheory in Curved Space-timeSavage

TUB23Non-linear Resonance and Chaosin an Unstable Western BoundaryCurrent under Periodic ForcingKiss

TUC23Differentiating Dpoant and Resistin Device Fabrication on theAtomic ScaleReusch

TUD23Lifetime of a New High-spinIsomer in 150DyWatanabe

TUE23Transit Time of a Freely-fallingQuantum Particle in aBackground Gravitational FieldDavies

TUF23Mathematics Transfer of FirstYear Science StudentsRoberts

TUA24Nonlinear Light Propagation in Periodic Structures—Experiment vs. TheoryKivshar

TUB24New Insights into theIndonesian Throughflow: ItsVariability and Role in GlobalHeat BalancesWijfells

TUC24Magnetospectroscopy to 18T ofPhosphorous Donor in SiliconVickers

TUD24Structure of 188TINieminen

TUE24Causal Geodesics in Space-timeand the Existence of SingularitiesWhale

TUF24Developing InvestigativeSkills Through a ‘Challenge’ExperimentGreaves

TUC25Kelvin Probe Force MicroscopyStudy of Ion Implanted ThermalOxide Thin Films on SiliconLay

TUD25Measurement of BR(B–>π l ν)and Vub Using NeutrinoReconstruction at BelleCole

TUE25Cosmological Gamma-rayBursts: Singlets, Doublets?Triplets!Van Putten

TUF25Back to the Future: CafeteriaLaboratories in First YearPhysicsLow

TUA31Quantum Phase-space Appliedto Ultra-cold AtomsDrummond

1620–1640

1640–1700

1700–1720

1720–1740

1740–1800

TUB31Mixing at the SubtropicalFront in the Indian OceanSouth of AustraliaTomczak

TUC31Liquid Semiconductors: Is Mottor Anderson LocalisationRelevant?Enderby

TUD31How Can We Discover NewChemical Elements?Bouriquet

TUE31Oligonucleotide Microarrays andLangmuir Adsorption TheoryBurden

TUF31Changing Times—ChangingTeachingZadnik

TUB32The Melting of Ice in the ArcticOcean: Double-DiffusiveTransport of Heat from BelowTurner

TUD32Electromagnetic Properties ofOctet BaryonsBoinepalli

TUE32Nano-structured Surfaces for GuidedActomyosin Motility to Develop NewToxin-indicating BiosensorsRamdutt

TUA33Quantum Nonlocality withoutEntanglementPryde

TUB33Cascading-Induced Upwelling inSubmarine Canyons: A NewUpwelling MechanismKaempf

TUC33Investigation of SubsurfaceSpecimen Charging Induced inBuried Oxide Layers by ElectronBeam IrradiationStevens-Kalceff

TUD33Family Symmetries and thePeculiar Neutrino Mixing MatrixLow

TUE33Research and Development ofSemiconductor-based Instrumentationwith Application to Medical PhysicsRosenfield

TUF33Video Physics Education: FallingCats and Terminal VelocityMuller

TUA34Experimental Demonstration ofCoherent State ContinuousVariable Quantum CryptographyLance

TUB34Control of Mean Sea Level Changeby Net Oceanic Evaporation duringGreenhouse WarmingBye

TUC34Photo-excitation InducedProcesses in AmorphousSemiconductorsSingh

TUE34The Key Factors which Determinethe Cooling Effect of Blood FlowNear Ultrasonically Heated BoneVella

TUF34The RTASO Physics OlympiadProgram Wilson

TUA35Quantum Non-DemolitionMeasurements on QubitsRalph

TUB35Seasonal Variability ofAtmospheric TeleconnectionPatternsFrederickson

TUC35Electrical Conduction Mechanism ofZnO Thin FilmsLee

TUD34Reaching the Super-heaviesHinde

TUE35Application of the Lattice BoltzmannModel to Hemodynamics withArterial Stenosis GrowthBoyd

TUF35The Science and EngineeringChallengeO’Connor


Topic area AOS AMOS CMMSP NUPP BMP PEG

Chair P.K. Lam A. Hogg R. Elliman B. Robson C. Charles D. Mills




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Wednesday 2 February MC1 MC2 MC3 MC4 MC5 MC6

0830–0915 Plenary: (Chair: J. Finnigan)From Physics to Policy: The Science of Climate Change Underpinning Private and Public Policy Decisions—Pearman

0915–1000 Plenary: (Chair: H. Bachor)What Can Physics Say about Life?—Chu


Topic area AOS/AMPQC PP CMMSP NUPP AMOS GP

Chair P. Hannaford R. Tarrant M. Spencer R. Delbourgo B. Trewin L. Moresi

1040–1100

1100–1120

1120–1140

1140–1200

1200–1220

WEA11BEC of 6Li2 Molecules:Exploring the BEC-BCSCrossoverDenschlag

WEB11Advances in Magnetic FusionScience and the ITER ProjectGoldston

WEC11Prediction of Surface FreeEnergy and Surface PhononModes in Nanodiamond ClustersRusso

WED11An Analysis of the Spectrum forthe Time Evolution of aPeriodically Rank-N KickedHamiltonianMcCaw

WEE11Cloud Properties from theCALIPSO Satellite Lidar andRadiometerPlatt

WEF11A Most Remarkable SurfaceSandiford

WEA13Bose Einstein Condensation witha Permanent Magnetic FilmAtom ChipHall

WEB13Equilibrium and Stability ofthe Mega Ampere SphericalTokamakHole

WEC13On the Structure of Self-assembled BiomimeticPrecipitatesLarsson

WED13New Methods of Testing LorentzViolation in ElectrodynamicsHartnett

WEE13Mapping Australia’s Oceans withOver-the-Horizon RadarAnderson

WEF13Imaging Subducting Slabs alongthe Western Pacific MarginMiller

WEA14Bose-Einstein Condensates onan Atom ChipsVale

WEB14New Type of Laser ProducedIons for Simplified FusionHora

WEC14Magnetic-Carbon Nanofoam Rode

WED14Effects of Variation ofFundamental Constants fromBig Bang to Atomic ClocksFlambaum

WEE14Ocean-atmosphere CoupledForecast ModelsAlves

WEF14Seismological Applications ofLaboratory Measurements ofDispersion and Attenuation ofUpper-mantle MaterialsJackson

WEA15Vortices in Bose-EinsteinCondensates Confined by OpticalLatticesOstrovskaya

WEB15Imaging Plasma SpectroscopyUsing Novel High-resolution,High-speed Optical Coherence-based MethodsHoward

WEF15Finite Element Modelling ofCrustal Dynamics with theImaging Information of the EarthXing


WEC12Ion-Irradiation-Induced Porosityin GaSb and InSbKluth

WED12In-matter Three-body ProblemBlankleider

WEE12Effects of Air-sea Interactions onthe Development of Intrusions atthe Subtropical Front South ofAustraliaBorlace

WEF12Imaging the Earth—the Nature of SeismicHeterogeneityKennett


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1330–1530 Posters: Schools OutreachMelville Hall Llewellyn Hall

1330–1430 Future of Physics

1430–1530 Entertaining Physics

1530–1630 Physics as a Life Skill

1530 Tour of the Physics Department and Research School 1630–1730 Entertaining Physicsof Physical Sciences and Engineering

1730–1830 Einstein’s Revolution

1900 for 2000 Congress DinnerGreat Hall, Parliament House(For further details, please see section Events Programme)

Detailed ProgramWednesday 2 February

Detailed ProgramThursday 3 February

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0830–0915 Plenary: (Chair: C. Barton)Airborne Gravity Gradiometry Applied to Mineral and Hydrocarbon Exploration—van Leeuwen

0915–1000 Plenary: (Chair: B. Schmidt)A Golden Age for Astronomy—Cesarsky


Topic area AOS/AMPQC PP CMMSP GP PEG ASA

Chair A. Truscott J. Harris E. Mitchell J. Freeman D. Low B. Schmidt

1040–1100

1100–1120

1120–1140

1140–1200

1200–1220

THA11New Physics with DegenerateFerni GasesShlyapnikov

THB11Stability for Kinetic BallooningModes in StellaratorsMcMillan

THC11Helium Vapour PressureThermometry by UltrasoundAttenuationMacfarlane

THD11The Dynamics of ShearedMantle Plume TailsKerr

THE11Key Findings of the NationalPhysics Project on Learningand TeachingLivett

THF11Interferometric GravitationalWave AntennaMcClelland

THA13Reflection of Dilute Gas BoseEinstein Condensates off aSilicon SurfaceMartin

THB13Reactive Plasma-assistedNanofabrication: Unique Featuresand Future Challenges Ostrikov

THC13Application of Optical Near-fieldsfor Dry EtchingPolonski

THD13The Influence of RheologicalStructure in the Deformation ofthe LithosphereMoresi

THE13Implications of the NationalPhysics Project for Teaching andLearning Workshop-Pollard

THF13Antarctic AstronomyStorey

THA14Limits to the Flux of aContinuous Atom LaserRobins

THB14High-Density Pulsed CathodicArc PlasmasTarrant

THC14Acoustic Reflectivity of LiquidSaturated Porous MaterialsSchmitt

THD14Paradoxical Behavior in a PartiallyInsulated Thermally ConvectingSystem with Application to theThermal History of the EarthLenardic

THF14ELTs: The Next Generation ofExtremely Large Optical/Infrared TelescopesCouch

THA15Dynamical Tunneling with Bose-Einstein Condensates onAtom ChipsDavis

THB15Self-organization in Turbulenceas a Route to Order in Plasmaand FluidsXia

THD15Tectonic DriversDavies

THF15Future Radio FacilitiesBoyle


1300 ITER Meeting (MC6)

Topic area AOS AMPQC CMMSP GP AAS ASA/ASGRG

Chair B. Oreb R. McEachran T. Finlayson K. Dodds E. LePage S. Scott

1400–1420 THA21Stable Phase Imaging andMeasurementGilchrist

THB21Close Coupling Approach toElectron-hydrogen IonisationBray

THC21Superconducting QuantumEngineering at the CSIROFoley

THD21The Physics of Imaging Faultsin Precious Mineral ReefsMason

THE21A Study of Ageing and PlayingEffects on Violins: The FirstThree YearsInta

THF21Testing Foundations of Physicsin Space — and European Plansin this MatterHuber

THB12One-dimensional PIC Simulationof a Current-free Double-layer inan Expanding PlasmaMeige

THC12Crystallinity in Lumogen OpticalThin FilmsDeslandes

THD12The Effect of Mantle Cconvectionon Surface Topography over theLast 120 Million Years: AnEvaluation of Model PredictionsBased on the Geological RecordMüller

THF12Future High Energy CosmicRay Detection FacilitiesClay


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Detailed ProgramThursday 3 February

1420–1440

1440–1500

1500–1520

1520–1540

THA22Experimental Study of Full-fieldFourier-Domain OpticalCoherence TomographyZvyagin

THD22Seismic Imaging of ComplexGeological StructuresGreenhalgh

THE22An Analysis of UndercutToneholes in WoodwindsPoulton

THF22The Current Status of LIGOReitze

THA23Impurity Centers in Solids:Suppression and Enhancementof Matrix Induced Dephasing inStrong Optical FieldsPlakhotnik

THB23(e,2e) Measurements Using aMagnetic Angle ChangerStevenson

THC23Competing Types of Long-range3D Magnetic Order in the LayeredMolecular Network Compounds||M(NCO)2(pyz), M=Mn, Fe or CoLing

THD23Seismic Wave Attenuation andDispersion in HeterogeneousPorous RocksGurevich

THE23Singing Strategies: HowTenors and Sopranos ‘Tune’Their Vocal TractsWolfe

THF23Correlated Global Noise inGravitational Wave AstronomySearle

THA24When is a Transparent Particlenot Transparent?Kane

THB24Violations of Parity and Time-rever-sal in Heavy Atoms: Calculationsfor Cesium and RadiumGinges

THC24Studying AntiferromagnetsUsing an Exchange Bias BilayerThin FilmCrew

THD24Thermal Convection with a WaterIce RheologyFreeman

THF24Detection of GravitationalWaves Using a PulsarTiming ArrayManchester

THB25Measurement of Two-electronQED in Helium-like TitaniumChantler

THC25Surface Studies of Horse-spleenFerritinTettamanzi

THD25Regional Strain Pattern in theAustralian Plate Revealed by GPSZhao

THE25An Unnatural Test of a NaturalModel of Pitch Perception: TheTritone Paradox and SpectralDominanceParncutt THF25

Pulsar Timing and GeneralRelativityBailes

THA31Squeezing in the Audio Gravita-tional Wave Detection BandMckenzie

1620–1640

1640–1700

1700–1720

1720–1740

1740–1800

THB31Electrical Conduction ofSingle Organic MoleculesMueller

THC31Tidbits about Qubits: SpinComputation in NanostructuresDas Sarma

THD31Econophysics: from StatisticalPhysics to EconomicsDi Matteo

THE31The Potency of OtoacousticEmissions: The Auditory EvaluationTool for the Twenty-first Century?LePage

THF31A History of the Australian AtomicEnergy CommissionBinnie

THA32Universality for QuantumComputation of Many-BodySystems with Fast Local ControlDodd

THB32Electron Cross Sections inModelling of Auroral EmissionsCampbell

THF32Maximising Potential in PhysicsStevens-Kalceff

THA33Classical Robustness ofQuantum UnravellingsAtkins

THB33On the Changes of TidalCharacteristics due to Sediment-induced Stratification in a Macro-tidal Coastal SeaWang

THC33Fabrication of Nano-Devices inSilicon Using Scanning TunnelingMicroscopyButcher

THD33Asymmetry of Returns in theAustralian Stock ExchangeGunner

THE33Dynamics of SAG/AG Mills asMeasured by Non-ContactAcoustic MeasurementPax

THF33Seating in Laboratory Classes:Achieving Critical MassFeteris

THA34Population Inversion in a StronglyDriven Two-level SystemDoherty

THB34Interatomic and IntermolecularInteractions Studied by ImagingTechniquesLawrance

THC34Quantum Electro-MechanicalSystem (QEMS)Wahyu Utami

THD34From Hyperbolic Patterns toEuclidean StructuresRobins

THE34Interference Fringes with aStochastic OriginHamilton

THF34Status of Women in Physics inAustralia and OverseasFoley

THA35Quantum NondemolitionMeasurement of the Polarisationof a Single PhotonO’Brien

THC35Electron MomentumSpectroscopy of Some SimpleCondensed MaterialsDorsett

THD35Renormalization, Regularizationand the Statistical Mechanics ofTopographic Rossby WaveTurbulenceO’Kane

THE35Investigation of the RadiationForce on Particles in anUltrasound FieldBuick


Topic area AOS/new faces 2 AMPQC CMMSP CSCMP AAS WIP/HOP

Chair J. Hope B. Lohmann L. Hollenberg R. Dewar N. Fletcher J. Pollard



2000 Public Lecture Questacon


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Friday 4 February MC1 MC2 MC3 MC4 MC5 MC6

Topic area AOS/laser & applications STSP CMMSP CSCMP AMPQC EP/RE

Chair M. Hamilton B. Fraser R. Lewis M. Batchelor R. Robson John Finnigan

0820–0840

0840–0900

0900–0920

0920–0940

0940–1000

FRA11Fabrication of Large ApertureFabry Perot Etalons with Sub-nanometer Thickness UniformityArkwright

FRB11The Alfvénic AuroraChaston

FRC11Scanning Tunneling Microscopyof Real Time Defect Motion onSurfacesFrenken

FRD11Verified Computing in GRWorkbenchMoylan

FRE11Calculation of StokesParameters for e-H(2P)ExcitationStelbovics

FRF11Radar Interrogation ofHigh-flying Insects: What Bug Is That?Drake

FRA13TEM01 Homodyne as an OptimalSmall DisplacementMeasurement SchemeDelaubert

FRB13Fine-scale Field-aligned CurrentStructures: Distribution andRelation to Dayside Magneto-spheric Particle BoundariesTerkildsen

FRC13Analysis of Peptides Desorbedfrom Silicon by a Free ElectronLaserKing

FRD13Soliton Resonance and WebStructure in Discrete IntegrableSystemsMaruno

FRE13Positron Studies for Atomic andMolecular Physics and MaterialsScienceSullivan

FRF13Crystalline Silicon Thin-filmSolar Cells on Glass - CheapElectricity from the Sun?Aberle

FRA14Optical Phased ArrayTechnology DevelopmentMcManamon

FRB14Gasdynamical Description versus Quasilinear Simulationsfor a Hot Electron BeamPropagating in a PlasmaForoutan

FRC14Photoelectron Diffraction fromCu(111) SurfacesBroekman

FRD14Pathwise Solution of a Class ofQuantum Filtering EquationsKurniawan

FRE14The Exotic World of Low-energyPositron-atom InteractionsBromley

FRF14Modifying the Solar Spectrum:Bridging the Gap between Firstand Third GenerationPhotovoltaicsRichards

FRB15Quasilinear Simulation of SecondHarmonic ElectromagneticEmissionLi

FRC15Bio-molecule Adsorption Studiedusing Micro-beamPhotoemission SpectroscopyStampfl

FRD15Quantum Teleportation byMeasurements on a Large Classof WavefunctionsBarjaktarevic

FRF15Photoelectrochemical HydrogenProductionPlumbGlasscock


FRD12Achieving Scalable ComputationalModelling through Frameworks ofInterchangable NumericalMethods: StGermain-SnarkQuenette

FRE12Lippmann-SchwingerDescription of MultiphotonIonizationIvanov

FRF12Ultrasonic Destructionof Contaminants in SoilCollings

FRA12Ultra High Throughput OpticalFiber ProbesHuntington


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Topic area AOS/Quantum Inf STSP CMMSP CSCMP AMPQC AOS/Laser Development

Chair P. Drummond R. Vincent G. Stewart D. Evans R. Sang J. Munch

1040–1100

1100–1120

1120–1140

1140–1200

1200–1220

FRA21Quantum TRajectort Treatmentof the Continuous VariableTelportation of Quantum FieldsCarmichael

FRB21Implications of Height-varyingVertical Winds in Earth’sAuroral ThermosphereConde

FRC21Micromachining of SingleCrystal Diamond using a NovelLift-off TechniqueOlivero

FRD21Experimental Demonstrationsof a New Second Law-likeTheoremSevick

FRE21Trapped Clusters andNanoparticlesBieske

FRF2110W, Single Frequency,CW Nd:YAG LaserHosken

FRA23Relativistically InvariantQuantum InformationBartlett

FRB23Tomographic Observations of thePlasmasphere using FedSatDyson

FRC23Modification of Surface & BarrierProperties of PolyethyleneTerephthalate and PolycarbonatePlastics by Ion ImplantationDoolan

FRD23The Optical Tweezers “Capture”Experiment to Demonstrate theTransient Fluctuation Theorem andthe Kawasaki IdentityCarberry

FRE23Rovibrational Energy Transfer inthe 4nuCH Manifold ofAcetylene, Viewed by||IR-UVDouble Resonance SpectroscopyOrr

FRF23Solid-state Raman Lasers:Efficient Multi-wavelength Lasersfor the Green-yellow-red RegionPask

FRA24The Preferred Ensemble Factwith Applications to QuantumFeedback ControlWiseman

FRB24A Comparison of Observed andModelled Aircraft RadiationDose Rates during Cosmic RayTransient VariationsGetley

FRC24Nanoelectronics for QuantumInformation ProcessingMarcus

FRD24Demonstration of the Steady-State Fluctuation Theorem Using a Colloidal Particle in aTranslating Optical TrapWang

FRE24High-resolution PhotoelectronSpectroscopy via Velocity-mapImaging of Anion Radicals: A Window into ChemicalReaction DynamicsCavanagh

FRF24Stimulated Raman Gain CavityRingdown (SRG-CRD)Spectroscopy for High-ResolutionGas SensingEnglich

FRA25Quantum Logic in aDecoherence-suppressedSubspace with Aatomic QubitsBrooke

FRB25Comparison of Large-scaleField-aligned Currents Calculatedfrom SuperDARN and IridiumGreen

FRD25Statistical Mechanics Applied toan Undercoooled MetastableLiquidWilliams

FRF25First Locking of a 80m BaselineSuspended Fabry-Perot CavitySlagmolen


1300–1330 AIP AGM

1330–1400 AIP PRIZES AND MEDALS

1400–1445 Plenary: (Chair: G. Stewart)Plasma Physics Enters the Nano-Age—Bilek

1445–1530 Plenary: (Chair: A. Byrne)The Asymmetry Between Matter and Antimatter—in the Universe and in the Laws of Physics—Quinn

1530 Close

1530 Tour of the Physics Department and Research School of Physical Sciences and Engineering

1800 BBQ at the end of the Tour

FRC22Observation of Track Formationand Track Annealing in SwiftHeavy Ion Irradiated InPKhalil

FRF22Design of an Optical Fiter forSuppresion of High OrderModes in High PowerContinuous Mode LaserBarriga

FRE25Towards Electron MomentumSpectroscopy Studies ofClusters—A New ApparatusNixon




Plenary Speakers

Professor Tony Leggett

FRS, FAPS, FAIPDepartment of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USAwww.physics.uiuc.edu/People/Faculty/profiles/Leggett/

2003 Nobel Prize winner in Physics “for pioneeringcontributions to the theory of superconductors andsuperfluids”

Anthony J. Leggett was born in London, England inMarch 1938. He attended Balliol College, Oxford wherehe majored in Literae Humaniores (classical languagesand literature, philosophy and Greco-Romanhistory),and thereafter Merton College, Oxford wherehe took a second undergraduate degree in Physics. He completed a D.Phil. (Ph.D.) degree in theoreticalphysics under the supervision of D. terHaar. Afterpostdoctoral research in Urbana, Kyoto and elsewherehe joined the faculty of the University of Sussex (UK) in1967, being promoted to Reader in 1971 and toProfessor in 1978. In 1983 he became John D. andCatherine T. Macarthur Professor at the University ofIllinois at Urbana-Champaign, a position he currentlyholds. His principal research interests lie in the areas ofcondensed matter physics, particularly high-temperature superconductivity, glasses and ultracoldatomic gases, and the foundations of quantummechanics.

Ultracold Fermi Alkali Gases: BoseCondensation Meets Cooper Pairing

For many years, condensed-matter theorists haveappreciated that Bose-Einstein condensation ofdiatomic molecules and Cooper pairing of degeneratefermions are in some sense opposite ends of the samecontinuous spectrum, and the problem of the“crossover” between these two limits has beenintensively studied, in particular because of its possibleconnection with issues in cuprate superconductivity.

Recent experimental work on the ultracold Fermi alkaligases (6-Li and 40-K) has made it extremely plausiblethat this crossover actually occurs in these systems.However, both the physical conditions and theproperties most easily investigated experimentally arerather different from those traditionally assumed in thetheoretical literature. I review the salient properties ofthese new systems, and discuss the experimentalresults so far obtained and some of the challenges theypresent to theory.



Gravitational Wave Detectors on theEarth and in Deep Space

Gravitational waves have been predicted more than 80years ago by Einstein as a consequence of his Theoryof General Relativity. Although gravitational waves havenot yet been seen directly, their indirect influence canbe observed in the binary pulsar PSR 1913+16. Thisbinary's two neutron stars are spiralling together at justthe rate predicted by gravitational radiation reaction.

Gravitational waves, once observed, promise us aradically new view of the universe.

Electromagnetic waves are incoherent superpositionsof emission from individual electrons, atoms ormolecules in low-density regions. But gravitationalwaves will tell us about the coherent motion of hugeamounts of mass-energy and the vibrating, non-linearspacetime curvature itself.

Several kilometres-sized laser interferometricgravitational wave detectors have been underconstruction in the US and Europe over the last fewyears (LIGO, VIRGO, GEO600). LIGO and GEO600have gone into operation in 2004 and VIRGO will join inthe near future, forming a world-wide network ofground-based detectors to perform routineobservations of gravitational waves in the high-frequency band between a few Hz and 10 kHz, aimingat sources such as coalescing binaries or supernovae.

The low-frequency band from 1 Hz down to less than amilli-Hertz is populated by waves emitted by sourcesas diverse as supermassive black holes at large red-shifts to short period binaries in our own galaxy. Thisband will never be observable on the ground due tothe unshieldable background of Newtonian gravitygradients on earth. This is the domain of detectorsflown in space. The European Space Agenca (ESA)and NASA in the US have reached agreement on aspaceborne laser interferometric gravitational wavedetector (LISA) as a collaborative ESA/NASA missionwith a launch date in 2013.The technologydemonstrator mission LISA Pathfinder has entered intoits final Implementation Phase in October of 2004,aiming at a launch date in 2008.

Professor Karsten Danzmann

Director, Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics,Hannover, Germanywww.geo600.uni-hannover.deLead scientist for the European space-based LISAgravity wave observatory and Co-Director of the GEOground based gravity wave detector project

Karsten Danzmann obtained his diploma and PhDfrom the Universität Hannover in Germany with work onplasma spectroscopy. Next he joined the PhysikalischeTechnische Bundesanstalt (PTB) concentrating onoptical precision measurements. From 1986–89 he wasan Assistant Professor at Stanford University where heworked on high resolution spectroscopy. He returned toGermany in 1990 as the leader of the project fordetecting gravitational waves (GW) at the Max-Planck-Institut for Quantenoptik (MPQ) in Garching. Since1993 he is full Professor at the Universität Hannover. In2002 he became the founding Director of the Hannoverbranch of the Max-Planck-Institut for Gravitationsphysik(Albert-Einstein-Institut) and devotes his time to thedetection of gravitational waves with earth-based andouterspace instruments.



Professor Joachim Ullrich

DirectorMax Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics, Heidelberg,Germanywww.mpi-hd.mpg.de/ullrich/

Leibniz Award winner, 1999

Joachim Ullrich studied physics and geo-physics atthe Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe Universität in Frankfurt.His PhD, about novel methods to detect small recoil-momenta in atomic or molecular fragmentationreactions (Recoil-Ion Momentum Spectroscopy), wasawarded the Best Thesis Prize in 1988. At theBEVALAC of the LBL, Berkeley and as scientific staffmember at the GSI, Darmstadt he explored energeticheavy-ion atom collisions and, later, photon interactionsat the ALS, Berkeley or at DESY, Hamburg. For thedevelopment of many-particle imaging techniques, so-called “Reaction-Microscopes”, he received theGerman Leibniz-Award in 1999. From 1997 to 2000 heheld a Full Professor position at Freiburg University andwas appointed Director at the Max-Planck-Institute forNuclear Physics (MPI-K), Heidelberg in 2001. He isHonorary Professor at the University of Heidelbergsince 2001, Managing Director at the MPI-K since2002, Consultant Professor at the Shanghai FudanUniversity since 2003 and has published about 250articles. His main current interest is in atomic andmolecular many-particle dynamics in ultra-fast intenselasers, free electron lasers, in collisions with electrons,heavy ions and antiparticles. He is developing storagetechniques, like ion-traps and sources (EBIT) as well asnovel storage rings for molecular ions, heavy ions andantiprotons.

“Reaction Microscopes”: The “Cloud Chambers” of Atomic and Molecular PhysicsReaction-Microscopes, developed 10 years ago in orderto investigate ultra-fast electronic dynamics in ion-atomcollisions[1], allow one to determine the complete vectormomenta of several electrons and ions resulting from thefragmentation of atoms, molecules or clusters. In aunique combination, large solid angles close to 4π andsuperior momentum resolutions around a few percent ofan atomic unit are typically reached in state-of-the artmachines corresponding to energy resolutions of a fewµeV for ions and sub-meV for electrons. Thus, these“cloud chambers” deliver precise images of thecomplete final-state many-particle wave function inmomentum space essentially for any atomic andmolecular fragmentation reaction[2]. Consequently, thetechnique has been tremendously expanding in recentyears beyond the investigation of ion-atom collisions andwas successfully used by an increasing number ofgroups to explore the interaction of photons, electrons,antiprotons and, most recently, of intense ultra-shortlasers with atoms, molecules and clusters[3,4]. It turnsout, that Reaction-Microscopes enable to follow inunprecedented detail and completeness correlatedelectronic and nuclear quantum dynamics on ultra-fasttime scales from tens of femto- to sub-attoseconds.

In the talk the working principle of newest machines willbe highlighted. Benchmark experiments will bepresented in the various areas that have been exploredwhere atoms, molecules or clusters interact withindividual eV up to 100 keV photons, with singly up tohighly-charged U92+ ions at eV to 200 GeV energies,with ultra-fast lasers at 1013 to 1016 W/cm2 intensities,with electrons from threshold to keV energies or withantiprotons at any velocity.

Finally, the rich future potential of the method will beenvisaged ranging from the investigation of correlatedelectron emission from (super-conducting) solids andsurfaces, the possible study of single-particle (molecule)properties of Bose-Einstein-Condensates to protonexchange (chemical) reactions at thermal energies andthe possible control of ultra-fast correlated electronicmotion in laser assisted reactions using few-cycle phase-controlled laser pulses or future free-electron lasers.

[1] R. Moshammer et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 73 (1994) 3371

[2] J. Ullrich et al., J. Phys. B 30 (1997) 2917

[3] R. Dörner et al., Phys. Rep. 330 (2000) 95

[4] J. Ullrich et al., Rep. Prog. Phys. 66 (2003) 1463



Professor Graeme Pearman

AM, FAA, Chief of Sustainability Science, MonashUniversity, Australia; formerly Chief, CSIRO Division ofAtmospheric Researchwww.dar.csiro.au/profile/pearman.html

CSIRO Medal, 1988UNEP Global 500 Award, 1989

Professor Graeme Pearman obtained his degreesfrom the University of Western Australia where he wastrained as a biologist. He joined CSIRO, in 1971 wherehe was Chief of the CSIRO Division of AtmosphericResearch for ten years 1992–2002. He established anactive research team looking at the biogeochemicalcycles of climatically active trace gases.

He contributed over 150 scientific journal papersprimarily on aspects of the global carbon budget. In2003 he established the CSIRO CLIMATE program athirteen-Division CSIRO wide research activity in climatechange and variability. In 2004 he joined the AustralianClimate Group and left CSIRO to start a consultancycompany and to develop Sustainability Science atMonash University.

He was awarded a United Nation’s EnvironmentProgram Global 500 Award in 1989 for his involvementin a national awareness program on the climate changeissue. He was elected to Fellowship of the AustralianAcademy of Science in 1988 and to Fellowship of theRoyal Society of Victoria in 1997 for his contribution toscientific knowledge.

In 1999 he was awarded the Australian Medal of theOrder of Australia for his services to atmosphericscience and promotion of the science of climatechange to the public. In 2002 he was a finalist in PrimeMinister’s Environmentalist of the Year, and in 2001 hewas awarded a Federation Medal in 2003.

Examples of his membership are: Past member of theNational Greenhouse Science Advisory Committee; PastPresident of the Australia Meteorological andOceanographic Society; Past Co-Chairman of theScience Advisory Group for the Asia Pacific Network forglobal change (Kobi); Past Chairman of the JointAustralian Academies Committee for Sustainability; PastChairman of the National Committee for Sustainability(AAS); current Chairman of START International(Washington; System for Analysis, Research andTraining of the IGBP, WCRP and IHDP international

programs); Acting Chair of the Board of GreenfleetAustralia; Deputy Chair of the ICSU Committee for StrategicPlanning and Review (Paris). He currently serves on theAdvisory Bodies of WWF and Environment BusinessAustralia and Chairs the Antarctic Research AssessmentCommittee (Physical Sciences) of the Australian AntarcticDivision.

From Physics to Policy: The Science ofClimate Change Underpinning Privateand Public Policy DecisionsAnalyses of countries around the world demonstrate agrowing need through this century for energy in responseto increasing life-style expectations and population. At leastfor some time, these needs can be met only by a continuedutilisation of fossil-fuel energy that in turn results, withcurrent technologies, in the emission of carbon dioxide.

The accumulation of this gas in the earth’s atmosphere hasalready changed the climate of the earth and more changeis likely. In 2001, the international science communityreported it is now clear that the earth warmed through the last century; most of this warming waslikely due to increasing levels of greenhouse gases; the demand for energy will ensure that carbondioxide continues to accumulate in the atmosphere and thus the climate warm through this century; and there are many observed and anticipated impacts of thiswarming on natural ecosystems and human activitiesaround the world.

Since that time, the science has progressed further andhere in Australia, evidence for warming, other climaticchanges and impacts is growing.

So what is the solution to this apparent conflict for thefuture? Is it in new technologies? Is there a single responsethat will save the day? Or is there a demand for a newportfolio of energy production and utilisation technologiesthat meet the demands for the amenity that energy delivers,but does not compromise the future?

Are there economic gains to be made through earlyengagement in a new vision of energy futures? Can weusefully extrapolate our existing energy systems into thefuture? Or is the solution in behavioural change, and newexpectations for economic growth and social security?

Graeme Pearman will outline some of the more recentevidence for climate change; address the issue of howmuch change might turn out to be “dangerous”; discuss thedynamic between a still incomplete and developing scienceand the perceived need for intervention and legislativeaction to deal with climate change; and the risks that thisimposes on the operating environment of the commercialand industrial world, both through the impact of climatechange itself and through the need for adaptive andmitigative responses to the issue.

He will discuss also the nature of a new paradigm for thedevelopment of policy, both private and public, thatmaximise delivery of these needs.



Professor Steven Chu

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and Stanford University, USAwww.stanford.edu/group/chugroup

1997 Nobel Prize winner in Physics “for developmentof methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light”

Steven Chu is the Director of the Lawrence BerkeleyNational Laboratory and a Professor of Physics andMolecular and Cellular Biology at the University ofCalifornia, Berkeley.

His thesis and postdoctoral work was the observationof parity non-conservation in atomic transitions. Whileat Bell Laboratories he and Allen Mills did the first laserspectroscopy of positronium and muonium. Chu led agroup that showed how to first cool and then trapatoms with light. The “optical tweezers” trap is alsowidely used in biology. Other contributions include thedemonstration of the magneto-optic trap, the theory oflaser cooling (also by Claude Cohen-Tannoudji andJean Dalibard), the first atomic fountain, and precisionatom interferometry based on optical pulses of light.Using the optical tweezers, Chu introduced methods tosimultaneously visualize and manipulate single bio-molecules in 1990. His group is also applying methodssuch as fluorescence energy transfer, optical tweezersand atomic force microscope methods to study thebiology at the single molecule level.

Chu has been awarded numerous prizes that includeco-winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics with WilliamPhillips and Claude Cohen-Tannoudji (1997). He is amember of the National Academy of Sciences, theAmerican Philosophical Society, the AmericanAcademy of Arts and Sciences, the Academia Sinica,and a foreign member of the Chinese Academy ofSciences and the Korean Academy of Science andEngineering.

What Can Physics Say about Life?An increasing number of physical scientists arebeginning to devote considerable attention tobiological problems. As more physical/mechanisticunderstandings of biological systems emerge, we arebeginning to develop a deeper, quantitativeunderstanding of how biological systems work. Withthis understanding, we are beginning to appreciate theextraordinarily clever ways living systems have chosento solve can be though of as essentially engineeringproblems. I will present examples of the engineeringproblems and solutions that life has taken that allow usto hear music and make proteins. Finally, if timepermits, I will discuss how nature can give us insightsinto how we might solve the challenge of realizing asustainable, CO2 neutral source of energy before outfossil fuel supply is depleted.



Dr Edwin Hans van Leeuwen

FAAManager Exploration Technologies, BHP Billiton,Melbourne, Australia. http://falcon.bhpbilliton.com/

Clunies Ross National Science and TechnologyAward winner, 2002Leader, development team for the FALCON airbornegravity gradiometer

Dr Edwin van Leeuwen is the Global Manager of BHPBilliton’s Exploration and Mining Technologies Group andis responsible for developing new exploration and miningtechnologies to ensure BHP Billiton stays at the forefrontof its competitive business’s.

Dr van Leeuwen has held several senior positions withBHP Billiton managing the Advanced SystemsEngineering Group, BHP’s External Research andDevelopment Portfolio and Business DevelopmentGroup. Prior to his career with BHP Billiton he spent fiveyears working in the Australian Defence Department.

He currently serves on the Board of several internationalconsortia involving Australia, Japan, USA, Canada, SouthKorea and Europe and is the international chairman of aprogram on Advanced Systems. He also sits on severalUniversity Boards and Research Centres in Australia.

In 2000, Dr van Leeuwen was elected a fellow of theAustralian Academy of Technology Science andEngineering. In 2002 he was awarded the CentenaryMedal for services to Australian Society in Research andDevelopment and the prestigious ATSE Clunies RossAward for his contributions to exploration geophysics.

He is also responsible for leading the team thatdeveloped the world’s first airborne gravity gradiometersystem for mapping mineral and hydrocarbon structuresfrom a light aircraft. This technology has won the teamthe CSIRO award for excellence in science and theGraham Sands award from the Australian Society forExploration Geophysics.

Airborne Gravity Gradiometry Applied toMineral and Hydrocarbon Exploration Gravity, the most ubiquitous of all forces, is difficult tomeasure with the accuracy needed for both fundamentalresearch, and for applications such as geodesy, mineralexploration, and defence. The reason is easy tounderstand, the variations in gravity from point to point

on the earth’s surface are of the order of 10–6 of the averagevalue of 9.81 ms–2. Even today, that is a major measurementchallenge.

The instrumentalists of the late 1800s solved the problem the way all good instrumentalists approach such a problem;they turned it into a differential measurement. Thus theEotvos gradiometer was developed that measured thedifference between the gravitational attractions at two points about a meter apart. While excruciatingly slow to use(8 hours per measurement), and very sensitive to externalinfluences (eg. temperature), this remained the standardtechnology for five decades.

By the 1950s, gravimeters (that measure the gravitationalacceleration directly) had been developed to the point thatthey replaced the gravity gradiometer for most applications.However, a new need arose in the 1970s, when it wasrecognised that the accuracy with which a missile would hitit’s target was strongly influenced by the gravity gradient atthe point of launch. This drove a new wave of research thatled to an entirely new generation of gravity gradiometers.

While the gravimeter had satisfied many of the needs ofmineral and petroleum explorers since 1950, it had failedalmost totally in one important application; namely inairborne geophysics. Once again it is easy to understandwhy; the gravitational signals of interest are a factor of <10–7

of the accelerations of the aircraft and are indistinguishablefrom them at a point measurement.

Starting in 1991, BHP Billiton surveyed all the known gravitytechnologies and in particular gravity gradiometertechnologies to assess the practicability of developing anoperational airborne system with the sensitivity, reliability, andoperating costs required by the minerals industry. The goalof the team was to determine whether BHP Billiton couldachieve a competitive advantage in mineral andhydrocarbon exploration industry by building the ‘worlds first’airborne gravity gradiometer system.

Since 1999, BHP Billiton has successfully built and deployedthree airborne gravity gradiometer systems, (Newton,Einstein, and Galileo) based upon the Bell Aerospace (nowLockheed Martin) Gravity Gradient Instruments. A second-generation digital gravity gradiometer (Feynnman) ispresently undergoing airborne testing. The GGI technologyis based on groups of four (4) accelerometers where theaccelerometers are equi-spaced on a circle with the sensingaxis tangential to the circle. The configuration successfullyrejects both common mode accelerations and rotationsabout the axis perpendicular to the plane of the complement.

The BHP Billiton AGG technology provides high qualitygravity maps with a resolution and sensitivity to map gravity anomalies associated with both minerals andhydrocarbon deposits.

This paper presents an overview of the technology andtechnical challenges in developing an airborne gravitygradiometer by using a partially declassified militarytechnology and the success BHP Billiton has achieved indeploying technology for the detection of mineral andhydrocarbon targets.



Dr Catherine Cesarsky

Director-General, European Southern Observatory,Garching, Germanywww.europa.eu.int/comm/research/eurab/cvcesarsky.html

COSPAR Space Science Award winner, 1998President of the International Astronomical Union, 2006

Born in France, Catherine Cesarsky graduated inPhysics from the University of Buenos Aires in 1965and obtained a Doctorate in Astronomy in 1971 fromHarvard University. She then worked at the CaliforniaInstitute of Technology, before returning to France in1974. She spent the major part of her career at the“Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique (CEA)”. She hasbeen the Head of the Service d’Astrophysique from1985 to 1993, and the Directeur des Sciences de laMatiére, responsible for all activities in basic researchin physics and chemistry at CEA from 1994 to 1999.She was the Principal Investigator of the ISOCAMinstrument on board of the ESA ISO satellite.

Since September 1999, Catherine Cesarsky is DirectorGeneral of the European Southern Observatory (ESO)which has the La Silla Observatory, four 8m telescopes(VLT) at Monte Paranal, and is constructing in a worldwide collaboration the ALMA Observatory, all in Chile.

She is a member of many national and internationalassociations and organisations within physics,astrophysics and space sciences, as well as ofAcademia Europeae and of the National Academy ofSciences (USA, as foreign associate). She is thepresident elect of the International Astronomical Union.

A Golden Age for AstronomyWe live in a truly exceptional age of discovery inastronomy and cosmology. Revolutionary advanceshave taken place in our knowledge in these fields,ranging from our local galactic environment to theentire Universe. Thanks to new and powerfulobservational facilities, on the ground and in space,virtually every stage of evolution of the universe and itscomponents is now within reach.

Following the discovery of the first planets outside oursolar system a decade ago, well over a hundred arenow known. At the other end of the scale, the large-scale properties of the Universe have been determinedwith astonishing precision over just the last few years.The existence of pervasive dark matter has beenconfirmed, and new discoveries have revealed theexistence of a mysterious dark energy that dominatesthe expansion of the Universe. The presence of blackholes in the centers of galaxies, including our own, theMilky Way, has been ascertained.

While several of the classic questions of the lastcentury have been answered, a whole host of new andprofound questions has arisen. Will we find earth-likeplanets, capable of sustaining life, as we know it? Howdo stars and planets form and how do they evolve?What are the dark matter and dark energy thatcomprise 96% of our Universe? The ultimate questioncan now begin to be addressed: What is the origin andfate of our Universe?



Professor Marcela Bilek

University of Sydney, Australiawww.physics.usyd.edu.au/~mmmb/

Malcolm McIntosh Prize for Physical Scientist of the Year, 2002Federation Fellow, 2003

Marcela Bilek was appointed Professor of AppliedPhysics at the University of Sydney in 2000 andawarded an ARC Federation Fellowship in 2003. Sheholds a PhD in Engineering from the University ofCambridge, UK, a B.Sc. in Physics from the Universityof Sydney and an MBA degree from the RochesterInstitute of Technology, USA. Prior to her presentappointment she held a visiting Professorship at theTechnische Universität Hamburg-Harburg, Germany,and a Research Fellowship at Emmanuel College,University of Cambridge, UK. She also worked as avisiting Research Scientist at the Lawrence BerkeleyLaboratory, University of California, USA. Aside fromher academic experience, Marcela has spent timeworking in industry as a Research Scientist at ComalcoResearch Centre, Melbourne, and at the IBM AsiaPacific Group Headquarters in Tokyo, Japan. Herresearch focus is plasma processing for materialssynthesis and surface modification. She has publishedover 60 referred journal articles and won a number ofprizes, including the Malcolm McIntosh Prize forPhysical Scientist of the Year in 2002, an MIT TR100Young Innovator award in 2003, and the AustralianAcademy of Science’s Pawsey Medal in 2004.

Plasma Physics Enters the Nano-AgeIons, the positively charged species extracted from aplasma, have an established role as the work horse ofthe microelectronics age. Their use as machining andfabrication tools in the microelectronics and now in theMEMs industries is well established. Ions arecommonly used for deposition of thin film layers andthe etching of features which make up sub micronscale devices. Because of their charge, their energiesare easily controlled by the application of electricfields. With control of ion energy, it is relativelystraightforward to tailor the microstructure and

properties of thin films deposited from plasma sourcesand to control the directionality of reactive ion etchingprocesses. Recently, research has been focused onthe development of devices with features at thenanoscale. Whether ion based technologies willcontinue to dominate this new field is uncertain. Scaledown of top-down machining methods, such as mostion based methods, is difficult, with control of theprocess on such a fine scale presenting the biggestproblem.

The creation of nanostructures in nature occurs bybottom-up processes, such as self-assembly, wherethe molecular building blocks organize themselves intothe final structures. Self assembly is based on theconcept that a system will move under natural forces tothe minimum energy state it can reach given the timeand energy available to it. Control can be achieved byensuring that the properties of the system and thenanoscale building blocks in it are such that energyminimization under the applied external constraintsleads to the desired structures. An example of such anapproach is the self organization, in water, of adispersion of nanoparticles with hydrophobic andhydrophilic surfaces, produced by polymer grafting orco-polymerisation. These particles self assemblebecause energy minimization principles dictate that thehydrophobic parts cluster together away from thesolution while the hydrophilic surfaces make contactwith the solution. Structures such as spheres, rods andplanes have been demonstrated depending on theratios of hydrophobic to hydrophilic surfaces on theself-assembling nanoparticles. Plasma processing hasthe potential to play an important role in the productionof nanoscale devices in treating or grafting thesurfaces of particles or in producing substrates andtemplates with anchoring, control and readoutfunctions for the devices.

This paper will review recent applications of ionsextracted from plasma with controlled energy toproduce structure at the nanoscale. Strategies,systems and processes to create nanoscalemultilayered structures, nanocomposites and patternedsurfaces will be presented. The experimental resultspresented show the range of structures which can beachieved and in particular the power of these methodsto produce preferred crystallographic orientations andmetastable phases within nanostructured materials.Plasmas can be used to control thehydrophilic/hydrophobic properties of surfaces toprepare them for interaction with molecules andparticles in solution. Plasma methods to producefunctional groups on surfaces for interaction with self-assembling particles and biomolecules, such asproteins and antibodies, will also be discussed.



Professor Helen Quinn

FAPS, FAAASStanford Linear Accelerator, USAwww.slac.stanford.edu/slac/faculty/hepfaculty/quinn.html

Dirac Prize winner, 2000President of the American Physical Society, 2004

Helen Rhoda (Arnold) Quinn was born in Melbourne.After matriculating from Tintern CEGGS in 1959, sheattended Melbourne University for two years. Sheemigrated to the United States in 1962 with her family,following a career opportunity for her father. Sheenrolled at Stanford University where she received a B.Sc. in 1963 and a Ph.D in Physics in 1967. She wasa postdoctoral researcher at the Deutches ElektronenSynchrotron in Hamburg in 1968–69. Returning to theUnited States she had one year with no employmentand then took a postdoctoral position at HarvardUniversity, and later became Assistant and thenAssociate Professor. In 1976 she followed her husbandback to California and to Stanford using a SloanFoundation Fellowship to support her research for theyear. She took up a staff position at Stanford LinearAccelerator Center in 1977 and in 2003 was promotedto Professor of Physics.

Her research has been recognized with a Dirac Medalfrom the International Center for Theoretical Physics inTrieste, Italy in 2000 and by election to both theAmerican Academy of Arts and Sciences (1998) andthe (US) National Academy of Science (2003).

Helen married Daniel Quinn in 1966. They have twochildren and two grandchildren.

The Asymmetry between Matter andAntimatter—in the Universe and inthe Laws of PhysicsA major outstanding puzzle at the intersection ofparticle physics and cosmology is the asymmetrybetween matter and antimatter. The Universe containssignificant amounts of matter and an insignificantamount of antimatter. The puzzle is how this can occurwhen the laws of physics for matter and antimatter arevery close to identical. Unless it arises from a veryfinely tuned initial condition that is maintained by anabsolute conservation law, the matter-antimatterasymmetry of the Universe can only occur due to anasymmetry between matter and antimatter in the lawsof physics. In technical terms this asymmetry in thelaws of physics is known as CP violation, where C isthe operation that interchanges all particles andantiparticles and P is the operation that reverses allspatial coordinate directions (mirror reflection plusrotation about an axis perpendicular to the mirror).

I will review how CP violation can arise in particletheories. In the current (extended) Standard Model ofparticle physics CP violation can appear in only twoplaces, one affecting heavy quark decays and theother, which enters only after the theory is expanded toinclude neutrino masses, affecting heavy neutrinodecays. Extensions of the theory can add additionalCP violating effects. I will explain why this is so.

I will also discuss the status of experiments aimed atinvestigating these features of the theory in furtherdetail. I will then discuss scenarios for the evolution ofmatter-antimatter asymmetry in the Universe based oneach of these possibilities. In either case it seems thatthe current Standard Model theory must be extended insome way to give the observed Universe.

Australian SynchrotronLighting the path to innovation

melbourneaustralia

Key contacts:

The Australian Synchrotron will open in 2007 and will offerresearchers access to diverse techniques and capabilitiesbeyond those currently available within Australia.

Medals and Awards AIP Walsh MedalThis award recognizes significant contributions by apracticing physicist to industry in Australia. It is namedfor the late Sir Alan Walsh, Kt, FAA, FTS, FRS, one ofAustralia’s most eminent and distinguished scientists,who was the originator and developer of AtomicAbsorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) and pioneered itsapplication as a tool in chemical analysis.

Born in Lancashire in 1916 and educated at DarwenGrammar School, Sir Alan studied physics atManchester University. After a few years in industry inthe UK, he was recruited in 1946 to join the newly-created Chemical Physics Section of the CSIR (nowCSIRO) Division of Industrial Chemistry in Melbourne.In 1952 he had the idea of using atomic absorptionspectra, rather than atomic emission and molecularabsorption spectra, in spectrochemical analysis. Thesubsequent development of AAS as a simple, rapidand inexpensive method for the analysis of minutetraces of metals (and some non-metals) is a tribute toSir Alan’s extraordinary creativity, his business acumenand his infectious enthusiasm. He promoted theestablishment of an Australian manufacturer of theatomic absorption spectrophotometer, the originalcompany Techtron Pty Ltd eventually growing intoVarian Australia, now one of the world’s leadingspectroscopic instrument companies.

The award consists of a Medal and is open tocompetition every second year among personsresident in Australia for at least five of the seven yearspreceding the closing date for applications. The awardwill be given for physics research and/or developmentthat has led to patents, processes or inventions which,in the opinion of the judging panel, have led tosignificant industrial and/or commercial outcomes,such as devices that are being manufactured or haveinfluenced a major industrial process.

Winners: Brian Sowerby and James Tickner (NUPP MOD35)

Brian SowerbyBrian Sowerby is currently Chief Research Scientist,On-Line Analysis and Control in CSIRO Minerals atLucas Heights. He holds a B.Sc. (Hons. 1) in Physicsfrom the University of NSW and a Ph.D. in NuclearPhysics from the Australian National University.

Awards for Excellence

The Congress will highlight disciplinecontributions to Physics for the Nationthrough the awarding of prizes forexcellence. The AIP will have aspecial awards ceremony immediatelypreceding the closing plenary sessionon the Friday, and will present theMassey, Education, Boas, Bragg andWalsh medals and the Women inPhysics Lecturer Award. Theindividual discipline societies will beencouraged to present their awards inthe discipline sessions. All winners ofAustralian Medals (including thoseawarded by the AIP) will have theirpresentations highlighted at theopening ceremony.



Following post-doctoral work in Canada he has, since1969, carried out research and development on theapplication of nuclear and ultrasonic techniques in themineral and energy industries in the Australian AtomicEnergy Commission and CSIRO. This work has led tothe commercialisation of techniques for the bulkanalysis of copper and nickel ores, the on-line analysisof coal (two of the Coalscan gauges) and the on-beltdetermination of coke moisture. His work also led to thedevelopment of the UltraPS particle size analysers, theUltraPF coal mass flow measurement system andvarious on-conveyor belt analysers. His current mainresearch interest is the development and application oftechniques to detect contraband in air cargo. He hasreceived ten awards for his work including theinaugural Sir Ian McLennan Achievement for IndustryAward (1985) and the 1992 Australia Prize (shared withWatt, Cutmore and Howarth). He was elected a Fellowof the Australian Academy of Technological Sciencesand Engineering in 1986.

James TicknerJames read physics at Oxford University, graduating in1994. He completed his DPhil at the same institution,measuring proton structure functions at the ZEUSexperiment based at the DESY laboratory in Hamburg.In 1998 he moved to Australia to join the On-lineAnalysis and Control group at CSIRO Minerals. Sincethen he has worked on the development of nuclearinstrumentation for the minerals industry and morerecently for security applications, specialising in thedevelopment of Monte Carlo methods for designingand optimising nuclear analysers. In 1999 he joined theInternational Atomic Energy Agency’s coordinatedresearch project on the application of nucleartechnologies for humanitarian demining, developingthe concept for a hand-held, 3-dimensional gamma-raycamera capable of one-sided imaging. In 2002 he co-developed the fast-neutron/gamma-ray radiographymethod for cargo screening which is due to be trialledat Brisbane airport next year. James has authored over70 publications and patents in the fields of particlephysics and nuclear instrumentation.



Malcolm McIntosh MedalThe Malcolm McIntosh Prize for Physical Scientist ofthe Year is awarded for an outstanding achievement inscience that advances, or has the potential toadvance, human welfare or benefits society. This Prizeis awarded only to an individual. The Malcolm McIntoshPrize is comprised of a silver medallion and a grant of $50,000.

The objectives of the Prize are to recognise and rewardoutstanding research by younger scientists; and todemonstrate to the public, and to school students andscience undergraduates in particular, that early-stagecareer achievement in science can be of world-classimportance.

Winner: Ben Eggleton (AOS TUA11)

Benjamin J. Eggleton is currently an ARC FederationFellow and Professor of Physics at the University ofSydney and the Director of CUDOS, an ARC Centre ofExcellence. In 1996, he joined Bell Laboratories,Lucent Technologies as a Postdoctoral Member of staffthen transferred to the Optical Fiber ResearchDepartment. In 2000 he was promoted to ResearchDirector within the Specialty Fiber Business Divisionwhere he was responsible for forward-looking researchsupporting Lucent Technologies business in opticalfiber devices. Prof. Eggleton has co-authored over 100journal publications and numerous conference papersand was the recipient of the 2004 Malcolm McIntoshPrize, the 2003 ICO prize from the InternationalCommission on Optics, the 1998 Adolph Lomb Medalfrom the OSA the distinguished lecturer award from theIEEE/LEOS, is an OSA fellow and recipient of anR&D100 award.



ANZAAS MedalHis Excellency Major General Michael Jeffery AC CVOMC, Governor-General of the Commonwealth ofAustralia will be presenting the medal at 1330 hrs atLlewellyn Hall at the opening of the Outreachprogramme.

The ANZAAS medal is awarded for services in theadvancement of science or administration andorganisation of scientific activities, or the teaching ofscience throughout Australia and New Zealand and incontributions to science which lie beyond normalprofessional activities. The ANZAAS Medal is onlypresented to the recipient at a suitably prestigiousscientific gathering or event.

Winner: David Blair (ASRG TUE11)

In recognition of his outstanding contribution to worldscience through his pioneering research work ongravity waves, the Council of the Australian and New Zealand Association for the Advancement ofScience has awarded the ANZAAS Medal to ProfessorDavid Blair.

Professor Blair, from the School of Physics at theUniversity of Western Australia, is a high profilescientist who has researched gravity waves for morethan 25 years. This research has led to thedevelopment of the world’s most accurate clock and tothe development of a new form of astronomy—gravitational wave astronomy—the spectrum of whichis awaiting discovery. When harnessed, gravitationalwaves will offer a powerful new probe of the universe.This research has received has much media attentionand captured the public’s imagination.

Professor Blair is Director of the Australian International Gravitational Research Centre at Gingin,approximately 80 km north east of Perth, in WesternAustralia. The Centre involves collaboration betweenAustralian and international scientists and incorporatesone of the largest astronomy centres in the southernhemisphere, the Australian International GravitationObservatory. The public arm of the Observatory is theGravity Discovery Centre which features scienceeducation and tourist displays designed to stimulateinterest in science.

Professor David Blair’s commitments to theadvancement of science and to the promotion ofscience for secondary and tertiary students make himan outstanding role model and worthy recipient of theANZAAS Medal.

Boas MedalThe Medal was established in 1984 to promoteexcellence in research in Physics and to perpetuatethe name of Walter Boas. The award is for physicsresearch carried out in the five years prior to the dateof the award, as demonstrated by both publishedpapers and unpublished papers prepared forpublication, a list of which should accompany thenomination.

Winner: Professor George Dracoulis(NUPP TUD21)

George Dracoulis is a graduate of MelbourneUniversity and has been on the staff at the AustralianNational University since 1973. He has been Head ofthe Department of Nuclear Physics since 1991. ThatDepartment operates a major facility based on aHeavy Ion Accelerator, which is used for a broad rangeof research, from basic studies in nuclear physics andnuclear reactions, to innovative applications.

His main interests, pursued at both the local andvarious international facilities, are in the structure ofunusual nuclear states populated in heavy ionreactions and studied with time-correlated, gamma-rayspectroscopy. The recent focus of this work has beenon the identification of metastable states, or Isomers,and in their use as a probe of the underlying nuclearstructure, including elucidation of the mechanismswhich control the formation of multi-quasiparticle statesin deformed nuclei, and the orbital-dependencecontrolling nuclear shape co-existence.

He was awarded the 2003 Lyle Medal of the AustralianAcademy of Science



2004 AIP Massey MedalThe Massey Medal was proposed at the AIP Congressin 1988 as a gift from the Institute of Physics, UK, to theAIP, to mark the 25th anniversary of the founding of theAIP as a separate institution in 1963. It was firstawarded in 1990.

Sir Harrie Massey, born near Melbourne in 1908, had adistinguished career in the UK and in 1931 withEdward Bullard, published the first experimentalevidence for electron diffraction in gases. He saw thepotential of using direct rocket probes of theatmosphere layers and eventually, as Chairman of theBritish National Committee for Space Research, heguided the entire UK space research program. From1960 to 1964 he was President of the EuropeanPreparatory Commission for Space Research. He wasknighted in 1960.

The medal is awarded every two years for contributionsto physics or its applications made by an Australianphysicist working anywhere in the world, or by a non-Australian physicist resident in and for work carried outin Australia.

Winner: Peter Drummond (AOS TUA31)

Peter Drummond is the Professor of Theoretical Physicsat the University of Queensland, and UQ Director of theAustralian Centre for Quantum-Atom Optics. He hasdegrees from Auckland, Harvard and WaikatoUniversities, and is a Fellow of the AIP, APS and AAS.

He has worked on: techniques and tests of quantumtheory, theory of quantum and classical solitons,computational physics, physics of communication andinformation, laser physics, Bose-Einstein condensationand atom lasers.

He has published over 135 research papers in refereedjournals, with more than 4100 citations. Thecalculations are generally closely related toexperiments—and have been verified in manylaboratories in the USA, Europe, Japan and elsewhere.

The most significant work was the development ofnovel theoretical phase-space representations ofquantum operators. A practical application of thistechnique was the prediction of the first evidence forquantum solitons in optical fibers.

This was verified in several laboratories, and featuredon Nature’s front cover.

In addition, he has contributed to the field ofcomputational physics, through the development ofnew programs and algorithms, which are widelyavailable to the physics community. He is currentlyworking on new techniques for correlated fermions.

AIP Education MedalThe purpose of the prize is to recognize an outstandingcontribution to physics education in Australia. It wasproposed as an initiative of the Physics EducationGroup at the 2002 AIP Congress in Adelaide. The prizeis awarded to any member of the AIP who is judged tohave made a significant contribution to physicseducation in Australia. In determining the recipient ofthe award, the quality of the work, the significance tophysics education, and the creativity displayed will betaken into account. The inaugural prize will bepresented at the 2005 AIP Congress in Canberra.

Winner: Marjan Zadnik (PEG TUF31)

Marjan Zadnik is the inaugural Professor and Dean ofTeaching and Learning in the Division of Engineering,Science and Technology at Curtin University ofTechnology. Prior to this position he taught and carriedout research in the Department of Applied Physics atCurtin. Before joining Curtin he carried out research onthe isotopic composition of noble gases trapped inmeteoritical and terrestrial samples at the Enrico FermiInstitute, University of Chicago, and at the Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, in Germany. He has a strongcommitment to student learning and supporting staffimprove their teaching. He has been a co-investigator

on over 40 competitive research and developmentgrants totalling over $1.2 M. These include 5 nationalCommittee for the Advancement of University Teachingand the Committee for University Teaching and StaffDevelopment grants, plus a large ARC research grant.Awards and honours include the Vice-Chancellor’sAward for Excellence in 1993, a CAUT NationalTeaching Fellowship in 1996, the inaugural CurtinStudent nominated Guild Award for Excellence inTeaching (1999), the Dean of Science Medal (2000),the Most Valuable Paper published in 2000 in the AustScience Teachers Journal and was a National Finalistfor the Australia Awards for University Teaching, in2002. He has published over 120 papers andpresented at over 100 conferences.

2003 AIP Bragg MedalThe Bragg Medal was established in 1992 as aninitiative of the South Australian Branch, tocommemorated Sir Laurence Bragg and his father SirWilliam Bragg. The medal is awarded annually to thestudent who is judged to have completed the mostoutstanding PhD thesis in Physics under the auspicesof an Australian university.

Nominations from each university are submitted to the State Branch Committee, which selects a statewinner. A national selection panel then selects thenational winner.

The medal will be presented to the winner at thecongress by the President of the AIP.

Winner: Michael Bromley(AMPQC FRE14)

Michael completed his PhD on “Positron-atominteractions studied using configuration-interactionmethods” in 2002 for which he was awarded the 2003Australian Institute of Physics Bragg Gold Medal forExcellence in Physics. His computer-based research,on anti-matter/matter interactions, was performed underthe supervision of Dr. Jim Mitroy at the Northern



Territory University in Darwin. The main result of thisresearch was the identification of a number of newpositronic atoms (i.e. atoms which could stably bind apositron to them).

Post-PhD, he has been a Research Associate atKansas State University (U.S.A.) investigating atomoptical elements (“atom chips”) with Prof. Brett Esry. Herecently returned to Australia for a short-termPostdoctoral Fellow position at the (now renamed)Charles Darwin University, while looking for furtherwork. He was a Young Australian of the Year winner in2001 (Northern Territory, Science and Technologycategory) and, as of October 2004, has published 23scientific papers with an emphasis on computationalatomic physics; ranging from the electronic structure ofatoms through to matter-wave (eg. Bose-Einsteincondensate) propagation and manipulation.



Topic Areas andHighlightsCelebrating Einstein’sMiraculous Year 1905: The International Year ofPhysics 2005The year 2005 is the 100th anniversary of AlbertEinstein’s “MiraculousYear” of 1905 when Einsteinpublished four revolutionary ideas that forever changedthe way we see the world. To celebrate thisanniversary, the year 2005 has been declared theInternational Year of Physics by the United Nations.This provides Australian physicists with an opportunityto raise the public awareness of physics and Einstein’s revolutionary contributions to our society(see http://www.physics2005.org/). The four ideaswere: (i) The idea of the light quantum, (ii) the idea ofmolecular motion leading to the very useful diffusionrelation, (iii) the theory of special relativity and (iv) theidea that mass and energy are linker by E=mc2.

Throughout the Congress you will find manypresentations of current research that have extendedthese ideas. They include also topics relating toEinstein’s later work, such as the use of quantumentanglement and Bose-Einstein Condensation. Thesethemes will be covered by several of the plenarylecture and in the topical areas.

In addition we have a special lecture, lunchtimeMonday, which shows the historical link to early work inAustralia and we have an outreach program onWednesday featuring future work in relativity andquanta of light.

The highlights listed by the individualdiscipline groups include:

Acoustics and Music (AAS)You’re not the only one who is listening to your ears!Once you know that the human ear has a dynamicrange of over 120 dB and a frequency range of 10 octaves and a precision of a fraction of a percent,it’s no suprise to learn that the cochlea, its acoustical-electrical and analogue-digital converter, has activeelements. And active elements mean that, yes, the ear can make sounds too. Come to an invited talk byEric LePage .

Do violins really get better with age, and how could youtell? Whether it is the passage of time, the exposure tothe atmosphere, or the amount of playing, manyviolinists believe that oldies are goodies, and spurn

inexperienced instruments. When the PowerhouseMuseum wanted to buy for its collection an instrumentfrom renowned maker Harry Vatiliotis, an opportunityarose to examine these questions. Three years ago,two very similar instruments were made from seasonedwooden plates that had originally been intended tomake a cello. They were subjected to acoustical,playing and listening tests. Since then, one has beenmaintained in museum conditions, unplayed, while theother belongs to busy Sydney musician RomanoCrivici. How have they changed? Ra Inta will explainthat on Thursday.

Did the pitch rise or fall? And what does that say aboutthe nature of pitch perception? A range of oddpsychophysical results are produced by octave-complex tones—tones whose frequency componentsare spaced one octave apart. When such tones jumpby half an octave (a dissonant interval that alsocorresponds to the maximum harmonic distancebetween two musical keys), listeners may disagree onwhether it rose or fell. Richard Parncutt usesexperiments like these to test different theories on theway humans perceive pitch.

Atomic and Molecular Physicsand Quantum Chemistry(AMPQC)Topics to be covered in the Atomic and MolecularPhysics and Quantum Chemistry (AMPQC) sessionsspan the full research spectrum from the fundamentalto the applied.

At the fundamental level, Michael Bromley (Bragg Medal Winner 2004) will discuss recentprogress made in the theoretical treatment of theinteraction of positrons with isolated atoms. This talk iscomplimented by James Sullivan describing the newexperimental positron facility presently underconstruction. Igor Bray will review the longstandingdifficulties in describing the Coulomb few-bodybreakup problem and describe how resolution ofoutstanding problems has led to unprecedentedagreement between theory and experiment. Asubsequent talk by Andris Stelbovics will describe indetail their development of a new formulation of thetheory of electron-impact ionization of atoms. ChrisChantler will describe measurements performed onhighly charged titanium ions which provide critical testsof QED in a new regime. Results for many-body atomicstructure calculations probing violations of parity andtime reversal will be presented by Jacinda Ginges.Linda Uhlmann will present results for the scattering ofelectrons from trapped metastable helium atoms.

The interaction of photons with matter will beaddressed by a number of speakers. Evan Bieske will



discuss the dynamics of trapped clusters and nano-particles probed with infrared light and describeand how information regarding molecular bonds and intra-molecular energy transfer can be extractedfrom experiment.

Brian Orr (OSA William F. Meggers Award 2004) willspeak on intramolecular dynamics studied by time-resolved infrared-ultraviolet double resonancespectroscopy. The powerful technique of velocity mapimaging will be reviewed by Warren Lawrence. He willdescribe how it can be applied to determine thebinding energies of van der Waals molecules andprovide insights into the dissociation process. Thevelocity map imaging technique is also being pursuedin Canberra with first results to be presented by SteveCavanagh. On the theoretical front, Igor Ivanov willdiscuss a formalism and computational procedure totreat the process of multiphoton ionization in stronglaser fields.

Environmental and technological applications of atomicand molecular physics also form a key theme of oursessions. Recent advances in computational modelsdescribing auroral emissions will be presented byLaurie Campbell. The question of whether a detailedcomparison between predictions and measurementscan be used to discriminate between different cross-section measurements will be discussed. Results ofinvestigations into the electrical conduction propertiesof single organic molecules will be addressed in thetalk of Karl-Heinz Mueller with the development ofmolecular electronics depending crucially on theunderstanding of such phenomena. Finally, the resultsof calculations on different tautometric forms of thebiologically important molecule adenine will bepresented by Feng Wang.

Meteorology, Climate Changeand Oceanography (AMOS)The AMOS program includes contributions from thefields of meteorology, climate and oceanography and,by extension, ocean-atmosphere interactions.

The oceanography part of the program begins insession 1 with keynote speaker Matthew Englandexploring the role of the Southern Ocean in climatechange using climate models. Susan Wijffels, also akeynote speaker (in session 5), will presentmeasurements of the Indonesian Throughflow, theocean current system which transports heat betweenthe Pacific and Indian oceans. Other oceanographytalks will cover the dynamics of the global thermohalinecirculation, nonlinearity and chaos in the wind-drivenocean circulation and methods for the reconstruction ofpalaeo-climate changes from coral reefs.

Keynote speakers in meteorology and climate includeMichael Roderick (session 2), who will offer a physicalexplanation for the measured global trend ofdecreasing pan evaporation rate despite climatewarming, and Peter May (session 3), who will discussobservations of tropical convection and clouds. Insession 4, Helen Cleugh will talk about interactionsbetween climate and land processes, including theterrestrial carbon cycle and its relationship to the water cycle. There are additional contributions on therole of aerosols in climate and weather, evidence for along-term trend of decreasing rainfall over southernAustralia and the nonlinear relationship betweenAustralian climate and the El Niño-Southern Oscillationphenomenon.

Oscar Alves, will unite the two AMOS threads ofoceanography and meteorology. Specifically, he willhighlight current efforts to use ocean data assimilationmodels to help with seasonal climate predictions. Anumber of other talks on coupled ocean-atmosphereinteractions, covering a range of temporal and spatialscales (from small-scale wind-driven mixing to oceanbasin climate variability), are included in the AMOSsessions.

Australian Optical Society andQuantum Physics (AOS)The special feature of the Australian Optical Societymeeting is its breadth and depth. It starts on theMonday with a session on aspects of spectroscopy,including a keynote address by Eric van Stryland(USA) and followed by sessions on the Monday andTuesday with talks showing new developments in non-linear optics and photonic crystals. You can find outwhat’s happening in the field of optics and lasers, laserdevelopment and laser applications from the sessionson Thursday and Friday mornings.

Quantum physics, quantum information, quantumcontrol and quantum logic are fields of considerableinterest which flourish in Australia and New Zealand.This topic has two sessions on Tuesday and Friday.Similarly quantum & atom optics, with an emphasis onBose Einstein Condensation and Fermi gases, has twofull sessions, jointly organised with atomic physics, onWednesday and Thursday. These topics feature severalkeynote speakers from Australia, New Zealand, plusGora Schlapnikov (France) and Johannes Denschlag(Austria).

On the Tuesday and Thursday we hold a session which is restricted to ‘new faces’: early career andstudent speakers. Another session on Tuesdayafternoon has a less conventional format in that theaudience will be given an introduction to fourinteresting and separate topics.



Within the AOS program there are Keynote talks fromwinners of significant scientific awards: Ben Eggleton,winner of the Australian Government Malcolm McIntoshPrize, and Peter Drummond, winner of the AIP MasseyMedal. Keynote and contributed papers also featurePresidents-elect of our sister societies OSA (Eric vanStryland) and SPIE (Paul McManamon) and threeFederation Fellows.

All the presentations could be highlights but you haveto be there to find out!

General Relativity andGravitation (ASRG)General Relativity and Gravitation features in threesessions during the Congress, two on Tuesday and ajoint session with Astronomy on Thursday. David Blair(ANZAAS medal winner) will lead off with the biggerpicture of research and public outreach in WesternAustralia. Optical techniques the US LIGO project andthe international LISA project are all featured. Look outfor other presentations on gravitational waveinterferometry in the AOS sessions on Monday,Thursday and Friday and Tuesday’s poster session.

The afternoon session on Tuesday is devoted togeneral relativity theory. John Hartnett kicks off with anovel application of 5D cosmology to the issue of darkmatter in the Universe. The long-standing question ofwhether the famous cosmological singularity theoremby Hawking actually predicts a curvature singularity willbe resolved by S. Scott. The well-known author andscience communicator Paul Davies will presentinteresting consequences of the study of the transittime of a freely-falling particle in a backgroundgravitational field.

Thursday’s joint session with Astronomy continues thetheme of the earlier Astronomy session by featuringlarge projects. Martin Huber, Switzerland, provides anoverview of the ESA program in fundamental physics.David Reitze’s update on the US LIGO Project willreport that LIGO is close to its design sensitivity. Thegravitational wave theme will then move to the ultra lowfrequency regime with talks by Robert Manchester fromCSIRO and Matthew Bailes from Swinburne Universityon pulsar timing and the detection of gravitationalwaves using a pulsar timing array.

Australian SynchrotronScience (ASRP)The Australian Synchrotron is now under constructionin Melbourne with a scheduled opening date of March2007. Despite the historical lack of a domestic facility,Synchrotron science is well established in Australiawith researchers utilizing numerous synchrotrons world-

wide. The AIP Congress will feature two sessionsdedicated to synchrotron science. The first will focuson the future and includes an update on the designand construction of both the Australian Synchrotronand the Fourth Generation Light Source planned for theUK. The second will highlight the present and includesAustralian examples of the application of synchrotron-radiation-based techniques to materials-science/condensed-matter research. Two years timewill see the opening of a new national and regionalfacility that will transform the agenda for Australianscience. Our two sessions of synchrotron science atthe AIP Congress are but one step in preparing thephysics community for March 2007 and beyond.

Astrophysics (AAS)The coming decade will see a range of newastronomical instrumentation covering the wholeelectromagnetic spectrum from gamma rays to themetre-wave radio, and including other areas such asgravitational wave and high-energy cosmic raydetection. In the sessions on Thursday, we have fiveeminent leaders of the Australian Astronomicalcommunity describing ongoing and proposed work inthe key areas of new instrumentation. John Storey ofUNSW will discuss Australian plans for buildingtelescopes in Antarctica. The Director of the AustralianTelescope National Facility, Brian Boyle will describethe new generation of Australian radio telescopefacilities. Roger Clay of Adelaide will describe High-energy cosmic ray Facilities. David McClelland of ANUwill describe Australian involvement in GravitationalWave Facilities. Warrick Couch UNSW will talk aboutthe next generation of Extremely Large Telescopes.

Biophysics and MedicalPhysics (BMP)The collection of material to be presented paints a vividpicture of the crucial role of physics plays in modernbiology. The first session looks chiefly at how proteinsprovide a rich opportunity for physicists to bridge-buildtowards biology. From the very structure of thesecomplex biopolymers (Benno Schoenborn) to thecooperative higher functions such as signaltransduction (Ben Corry). The influence of quantummechanics is also discussed in light of electronic andphotonic properties in a number of systems rangingfrom photosynthesis, to the role of melanin, and to actof vision .

The second session draws upon the physics of signalprocessing and visualisation of fundamental patterns inbiology. The scene is set with an analysis of geneticpatterns. The brain is the next source of complexsignals and presents a dynamic network which begs



visualisation. The electrical activity of the brain is oneof the key experimental quantities that lends itself tophysical interpretation. MRI allows the brain to bemonitored for a response to a given stimulus, bloodoxygen levels for example.

An important role for physics is to develop noveldevices, techniques and algorithms to extend thepossibilities for biologists. In the final session, it isshown that silicon-based biosensors and microarraysare greatly increasing throughput and scope of testingregimes for protein and gene-based screening. Thesafe operation of medical devices relies on a practicalphysical understanding, not in the least the ultrasonicheating of bone or the hydrodynamics of blood arounda stent. The Biophysics and Medical Physics sessionsspan the spectrum of physics and should be both ofgeneral and specific interest.

Condensed Matter andMaterials and Surface Physics(CMMSP)The program in Condensed Matter, Materials andSurface Physics highlights many of the contemporaryfrontiers in condensed matter physics and itsapplications including nanomaterials, quantumcomputing, superconductivity and novel magneticsystems, along with scientific opportunities arising fromthe development of the Replacement ResearchReactor, a major new facility for Australian research.

Over two hundred individual contributions will bepresented in eleven oral sessions and twocomprehensive poster sessions. The program has astrong international character with contributions fromEurope and North America—too numerous to list herein detail. At the same time the full cross section ofAustralian research is included, including many earlycareer and student presenters.

Excellence in presentation is encouraged, and prizeswill be awarded for best poster, best oral presentationsand best student oral presentation.

Complex Systems,Computational andMathematical Physics (CSCMP)This topic covers related themes not supported by asingle society. The study of complex systems sciencein Australia has been invigorated by recent fundinginitiatives in CSIRO and the University sector.

The Thursday session highlights include overviews of the new field of econo-physics and recentexperimental demonstrations of the Fluctuation

Theorem, with further contributions in computationaland mathematical physics.

The topic of econo-physics is a new and rapidlydeveloping field of activity in which principles ofstatistical physics and nonlinear dynamics, dealingwith correlations and complexity, are being used touncover universal laws in economic phenomena.Details can be found at www.econophysics.org

The Friday sessions are mainly devoted to theFluctuation Theorem, including the recent experimentaldemonstrations using a colloidal particle in an opticaltrap. This is groundbreaking work which has generatedgreat interest in the international press, with reportsappearing in The New York Times and The Wall StreetJournal among others.

Environmental Physics/Renewable Energy (EP/RE)Nearly all solar modules use crystalline silicon solarcells. The cost of the silicon wafer is half of the cost ofthe module, with solar cell fabrication andencapsulating comprising the other half of the cost.Large reductions in cost of PV electricity require thatthe cost of the solar cell substrate be reduced.

Armin Aberle and Andrew Blakers will present a paperon the use of thin crystalline silicon solar cells toreduce the amount of expensive pure silicon by 90% ormore. Bryce Richards will talk about alternativematerials that might be capable of very highefficiencies. And Ian Plumb’s paper deals with theproduction of hydrogen directly from water.

Special Insect Monitoring Radars have been used totrack swarming or migrating insects for quite a fewyears. A key problem is to decide what insects arebeing observed. Alistair Drake will describe advancesin beam modulation and retrieval techniques that allowus to tell what bug is in the beam.

Soil decontamination can be an intractable problemwhen reclaiming industrial sites for reuse. Recentresearch by Tony Collings and colleagues has shownthe potential of a novel technique that uses ultrasoundto generate regions of high temperature within soilpores, thereby denaturing the contaminants.

Education (PEG)The Australian Universities Teaching Committee(AUTC) and The Carrick Institute for Learning andTeaching in Higher Education are funding a review of“Learning Outcomes and Curriculum Development inPhysics” through 2004–2005. As part of the Stage Onereview, Michelle Livett will present “Key Findings fromthe National Physics Project on Learning and



Teaching”, which will be followed by a one-hourWorkshop/Panel Session (led by Judith Pollard, with theAUTC Project Team) .

The inaugural AIP Education Medallist, Marjan (Mario)Zadnik, will present a keynote entitled “Changing Time-Changing Teaching”, where he will discuss hispersonal teaching philosophy and present somepractical strategies that individuals and groups maywish to consider. Mario promises to challenge theaudience to critically review their own attitudes andbeliefs regarding teaching and learning, in light of thechanges he identifies have occurred in recent times.

Arthur Guenther, Past President for the InternationalCommission for Optics, will present a “ComprehensivePhotonics Education Model” established inAlbuquerque in direct response to the needs of thelocal optics and photonics sector (both industry andgovernment). This model enables individuals to enter and return to the workforce routinely as theyascend the educational chain, starting from highschool and progressing through the degree stream tothe doctoral level.

Secondary teachers will find much to interest themthroughout the programme. There are contributions on the Rio Tinto Australian Science Olympiads (Kate Wilson), the Science and Engineering Challenge (John O’Connor), the transfer of mathematicsknowledge and understanding from high school touniversity (Andrew Roberts).

GeoPhysics (GP)The first session focuses on understanding the Earth of today. The agonizingly slow dynamics of the Earth’s interior records easily discernible patterns in the changing modern landscape. We examine how geoscientists image the inaccessibledeep interior of the planet with seismic tomography asa key to understanding the long geological history ofplate motions, and explore into the Earth’s mantle tosee what happens when the tectonic plates areswallowed up.

The second session probes the planetary engines thatpower geology on the billion year timescale. Just howdoes heat escaping from the Earth organize platemotion and continental drift? Are the continents justpushed around by convection in the deep Earth or dothey control what goes on down below? What wouldthe Earth have looked like 2 billion years ago—a placewhere we could feel at home or an alien world with asurface like Venus?

Nuclear and Particle Physics(NUPP)The meeting has presentations from the full spectrumactivities of Australia’s active Nuclear and ParticlePhysics community. These range from the theory offundamental interactions and reports from largeinternational collaborations to advances in theunderstanding of nuclear reaction dynamics andnuclear structure and the applications of nucleartechniques to other areas. The keynote speakers belowhave been selected to reflect this diversity.

The presentation by Victor Flambaum will explore thenature of the fundamental constants and DerekLeinweber will provide a rare visual presentation of thebasic strong interaction physics of quark confinement,which is notoriously difficult to analyze, usingadvanced computer graphics to represent results fromlattice gauge theory calculations.

The talks by Tom Atkinson and Phill Urquijo will look atlarge the international facilities at CERN and KEK, withTom discussing the Large Hadron Collider, the largestparticle accelerator ever constructed, which will begintaking data in late 2007. It hopes to discover the Higgsboson and hence begin to solve the problem of theorigin of mass. An overview of the LHC and the ATLASdetector will be provided, including the substantialcontribution being made by Australian physicists. Phill will review some of the many exciting results inthis area emerging from the Belle experiment whichhas over the last several years has collected some 300 million decays of pairs of particles known as B mesons. Using these, subtle differences between the behaviour of matter and antimatter have beenestablished, through a process known as CP violation.

David Hinde will be discussing the presentunderstanding of the mechanisms controlling nuclearfusion reaction, in particular the implication that theresults that recent measurements on light systems havefor the formation super-heavy elements. GeorgeDracoulis will be showing how nuclear metastablestates (isomers) can be used as powerful probes in theunderstanding of fundamental nuclear properties andHugo Maier will show how the nuclear shell model canbe used to explain the behaviour of nuclei near theheaviest doubly magic system.

The meeting will also celebrate the recent AIP awardsto G. Dracoulis (Boas Medal) and B. Sowerby/J. Tickner(Walsh Medal).



Plasma Physics (PP)Laboratory plasma physics encompasses studies ofionised gases from a few thousand degrees C forplasma materials processing to hundreds of millions ofdegrees for fusion energy development. On Fridayafternoon, Prof. Marcela Bilek, a Federation Fellow fromthe University of Sydney, will give a plenary lecture on"Plasma Physics Enters the Nano-Age" describing themany uses of plasmas in producing nano-structuredmaterials. At the opposite end of the temperaturescale, Prof. Robert Goldston, the Director of PrincetonPlasma Physics Laboratory in the United States willgive a keynote lecture on “Advances in MagneticFusion Science” on Wednesday morning whichdescribes advances in understanding of the complexbehaviour of high energy confined plasmas, itsrelationship to astrophysical phenomena, and its role indeveloping the basis for the large InternationalThermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) project, forwhich final site selection is imminent.

Other oral (Wednesday and Thursday mornings) andposter presentations will cover the plasma confinementin stellarator, spherical torus and compact torusdevices, the physics of laser-compressed fusionplasmas, plasma thrusters for space propulsion,innovative diagnostic techniques for high and lowtemperature laboratory plasmas, and the use ofplasmas for efficient production of high-value thin filmsand other material. Plasmas being highly non-equilibrium complex physical systems, the theory,modelling, and experimental study of plasma stabilityand turbulence is represented and forms a cross-disciplinary link with space and astrophysical plasmaphysics, fluid dynamics and complex systems theory.

Solar-Terrestrial and SpacePhysics (STSP)These sessions address the physics of phenomenaranging from Earth’s neutral atmosphere andmagnetosphere to the Sun and the outer boundaries ofour solar system, where the Sun’s solar wind meets thelocal interstellar medium. A major focus for thesesessions is the international program CAWSES (Climateand Weather of the Sun Earth System), whichcombines research on solar and interplanetary physicswith magnetospheric, ionospheric, and atmosphericphysics, and with cosmic rays and the solar system’sinterstellar environment. Observational data areobtained from spacecraft, including Australia’s FedSat,and ground-based sources, while the interpretative andtheoretical work primarily involves plasma physics.Invited Keynote presentations

and contributed talks will be given in five sessions onMonday and Friday. The bulk of the Australian STSPcommunity will be present at the poster session onThursday. In addition a lunchtime meeting for the STSPGroup will be held.

The CAWSES program will be summarised and Janet Kozyra (USA) discusses magnetosphericphysics. The theme of space weather in Earth’sionosphere and magnetosphere continues into thesecond session, including predictions of transientevents and a presentation by Wendell Horton (USA) ona new integrated theory for electron acceleration andmagnetic substorms. The third session focuses on thephysics of the Sun and interplanetary medium and theirlinks with auroral activity. Hilary Cane (Australia) willdiscuss solar flares, coronal mass ejections, radioemissions, and particle acceleration.

The first Friday session addresses the plasma physicsof Earth’s auroral region and the generation andpropagation of energetic particles, starting with aKeynote talk by Christopher Chaston (Australia). Thefinal session links the neutral atmosphere with theionosphere and magnetosphere. It includes a reviewby Mark Conde (Australia) and presentations ontomographic reconstruction and the radiation dose onairplanes due to energetic particles.

Women in Physics (WIP)The level of involvement of women in this year’sCongress is quite remarkable, with high profile femalephysicists making a mark in many of the disciplinegroups. The Women in Physics Group of the AIPparticularly welcomes the large proportion of womenplenary and keynote speakers, illustrating the highquality contribution that women make to physicsresearch in Australia and overseas.

This year’s Women in Physics Group program has beenspecially designed to mesh with the Physics EducationGroup, as there are many topics of interest to bothstreams. Our parallel session (Thursday afternoon)includes contributions on ways to improve retentionrates for female undergraduate students and alsoequity issues facing women later in an academic/research career. All those interested in these andrelated issues are encouraged to attend the keynotetalk by Cathy Foley which will close the WiP session.

This session includes the History of Physicspresentations.

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• Intelligent sensing and response systemsSmart measurement systems in acoustics, ultrasonics, superconductors, nanoscience and optics, along with robust intelligent self-governing networks for structural health monitoring

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Book of AbstractsAbstracts have been organised by topic area acronym in alphabeticalorder. Within the topic area, oral presentations are in program order. Keynotes and medalists are highlighted in blue background.

Posters follow the oral presentations on the day of presentation. Presenting authors are underlined.

Proceedings are available on a CD Rom provided to each delegate as asatchel insert. Submission of papers was optional.

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Acoustics and Music(AAS)AAS THE21Thursday 1400–1420 hrs

A Study of Ageing and PlayingEffects on Violins: The First Three YearsR. Inta, J. Smith and J. WolfSchool of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydneye-mail of corresponding author: [email protected]

We have begun a long-term experiment designed tomeasure the changes over time in two very similar violins.One is stored under controlled conditions and not played,while the other is played regularly by a professionalmusician. Vibro-acoustic measurements were performedon the instruments and parts thereof during and afterconstruction. Playing and listening tests by a panel ofexperienced violinists were conducted at completion, afterthree years with no adjustment, and then after sound-postand other adjustments were made on the played violinonly. The results in all cases were consistent with thehypothesis that the violins were identical.

AAS THE22Thursday 1420–1440 hrs

An Analysis of Undercut Toneholesin WoodwindsGeoffrey T. PoultonCSIRO ICT Centre, Sydneye-mail of corresponding author: [email protected]

An analysis is presented for undercut toneholes inwoodwind musical instruments of circular cross-section,extending previous results for cylindrical toneholesperpendicular to the axis of the instrument[1]. Theundercut region takes the form of a sloped elliptical cone,representing the most common types of undercutting.

A hybrid analysis technique combining moment and finitedifference methods is used to generate three-portscattering matrices for single tonehole/bore junctions. Asimple equivalent circuit is derived which approximatesthe scattering matrices quite well over a range of toneholeparameters, and this model is used to comment on theeffects of undercutting on the fine tuning of woodwinds.

[1] V. Dubos et al, Acustica, 85, 153–169 (1999).


Singing Strategies: How Tenors andSopranos ‘Tune’ Their Vocal TractsN. Henrich1,2, E. Joliveau1, J. Smith1 and J.Wolfe1

1. School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney2. Laboratoire d’Acoustique Musicale, Parise-mail of corresponding author: [email protected]

The vocal tract is a horn transmitting periodic, harmonic-rich signals from the vocal folds to the radiation field[1].The tract resonances transmit some frequency bands(formants) more effectively than others. What happenswhen the pitch frequencies (and therefore the spacing ofharmonics) approaches or exceeds that of theresonances? It has been suggested[2] that sopranos mightsometimes ‘tune’ tract resonances to the fundamental.Using technology we developed for speech[3], we showthat this is the case[4,5], and we compare this with the lessobvious strategies used by tenors.

[1] G. Fant. Speech Sounds and Features. MIT, Cambridge, Mass (1973)

[2] J. Sundberg, The Science of the Singing Voice, Northern IllinoisUniv. Press. (1987)

[3] J. Epps, J. Smith and J. Wolfe, Measurement Science andTechnology, 8, 1112 (1997)

[4] Joliveau, E., Smith, J. and Wolfe, J. Nature, 427, 116. (2004)

[5] www.phys.unsw.edu.au/~jw/soprane.html


An Unnatural Test of a Natural Modelof Pitch Perception: The TritoneParadox and Spectral Dominance Richard Parncutt and Amos TanUniversity of Graze-mail of the corresponding author: [email protected]

Octave-complex tones (OCTs, cf.[1]) elicit paradoxicalpitch effects, e.g. C-F# may rise or fall[2]. Speech-basedexplanations are problematic[3]. Terhardt[4] assumedsensitivity to naturally occurring sounds; e.g. partialsaround 700 Hz strongly influence virtual pitch becausethey also determine speech vowels. Variations in this“dominance region” may explain the “tritone paradox”. Ourlisteners (i) indicated whether tritones of OCTs rose or fell,(ii) rated the absolute pitch height of individual OCTs, and(iii) compared the pitch of OCTs and pure tones. Results of(ii) and (iii) mostly predicted results of (i), supporting[4].

[1] Shepard, R.N. (1964). Circularity in judgments of relative pitch.Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 36, 2346–2353.

[2] Deutsch, D. (1986). A musical paradox. Music Perception, 3,275–280.

[3] Repp, B. H. (1994). The tritone paradox and the pitch range ofthe speaking voice: A dubious connection. Music Perception,12, 227–255.

[4] Terhardt, E., Stoll, G., & Seewann, M. (1982). Algorithm forextraction of pitch and pitch salience from complex tonalsignals. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 71,679–688.

Bob Champion

PDF Link

Bob Champion

PDF Link

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The Potency of OtoacousticEmissions: The Auditory EvaluationTool for the Twenty-first Century?E.L. LePage, N.M. Murray, J.D. SeymourNational Acoustic Laboratories, Chatswood, NSWe-mail of corresponding author: [email protected];[email protected]

Otoacoustic emissions (sounds produced by the ear itself,due to outer hair cell activity) have emerged from curiositystatus, to a powerful tool for evaluating the performance ofany ear and its response to noise trauma. It also quantifiesbinaural interactions involved in stereo perception. Thistalk will review recent history and present hot topics inaudiological evaluation, using data from musicians to coalminers. It will show how the technique, now part of anAustralian Standard[1], may be used to estimate howmuch normal hearing any person has left.

[1] AS/NZS 1269.4:2004 Occupational noise management.APPENDIX H — OTOACOUSTIC EMISSIONS (Informative)Using Early Warning Properties Of Click-Evoked OtoacousticEmissions For Application To Hearing Loss Prevention. (2004)


Dynamics of SAG/AG Mills asMeasured by Non-Contact AcousticMeasurementR. A. PaxJulius Kruttschnitt Mineral Research Centre, University ofQueensland, Brisbane, Australiae-mail of corresponding author: [email protected]

Mineral processing operations use semi autogenous(SAG) and fully autogenous (AG) grinding mills to provideliberated valuable minerals for subsequent separationfrom waste. These unit operations are hostile toconventional instrumentation. Significant acousticemissions occur to allow a non-contact measurementapproach that allows the determination the mechanisms ofthe internal operation of these mills. By understanding theinformation that is available from the acoustic emissionsemanating from mills, the physical processes that occurinside the mills can be determined. The information thusobtained can then be used for optimisation and control ofthis unit operation. Key processes that can be identifiedare the impact breakage, abrasion as well as some of thedetails of charge composition. In this paper animplementation for non-contact acoustic measurement as well as some results of studies conducted using avariety of acoustic arrays on a number of industrial millswill be presented.


Interference Fringes with aStochastic OriginM.W. Hamilton and B-L NguyenPhysics Dept., The University of Adelaide, SA, Australiae-mail of corresponding author: [email protected]

An acoustic experiment is described in which interferencefringes are observed that have maximum visibility forpartial field coherence[1]. These fringes arise frommeasurements of fourth order field correlations; this is ofhigher order than the usual second order correlationmeasured in ordinary interference experiments. The originof the fringes is stochastic, rather than due to theoscillation of the sign or direction of the field withchanging phase, as will be explained in this presentation.

These fringes may also be observed with a wave to whichpseudorandom modulation has been applied, rather thana truly random modulation, in order to produce partialcoherence. Such modulation is used by GPS satellites, for example.

In this presentation, we will focus on the limitations tomeasurement of distances with this high order interferencethat are imposed by the use of pseudorandom modulation.

[1] M.W. Hamilton, Physical Review Letters, vol89, 173901, (2002)


Investigation of the Radiation Forceon Particles in an Ultrasound Fieldusing the Lattice Boltzmann ModelJ.M. BuickPhysics and Electronics, School of Biological, Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, The University of New England,Armidale, NSW, Australiae-mail of corresponding author: jbuick@une

The lattice Boltzmann model (LBM) is a relatively recentdevelopment in computational fluid dynamics which isincreasingly being recognized as an alternative to moretraditional numerical techniques. The application of theLBM to acoustical studies can benefit from the features ofthe method which have been utalised in fluid dynamics;however, it has only been utalised in a limited number ofstudies. In this paper the background to the LBM and itsapplication to acoustics is reviewed. The LBM is thenapplied to study the radiation force on particles in anultrasound field. Finally future applications are brieflyconsidered.

Bob Champion

PDF Link



POSTERS

AAS PTH 1

“Virtual” Flutes and Clarinets:Acoustic Modelling at the Service ofPerforming MusiciansA. Botros, J. Smith and J. WolfeSchool of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydneye-mail of corresponding author: [email protected]

To be useful to musicians, acoustic applications mustexhibit a high degree of accuracy. The virtual woodwindproject at UNSW provides technical advice to hundreds ofmusicians per day. It applies a waveguide model of thewoodwind acoustic response to every fingering of theinstrument (tens of thousands), guided by an extensivedatabase of measurements. An expert system searchesthe resultant spectra for notes and multiphonics, to whichit ascribes pitch and playability predictions. These areaccessed via a musician-friendly web interface[1]. Thispaper reports the success of the original flute project[2], its extensions and work on a Virtual Clarinet.

[1] “The Virtual Flute”—http://www.phys.unsw.edu.au/music/flute/virtual

[2] A. Botros, J. Smith and J. Wolfe, Acoustics Australia, 30 (2002).

AAS PTH 2

Modeling the Acoustics of WoodwindInstruments: A New Tool for Makers.P. Dickens1, T. McGee2, J. Smith1 and J. Wolfe1

1. School of Physics, University of New South Wales, SydneyNSW; 2. Flutemaker, 61 Calder Crescent, Holder ACTe-mail of corresponding author: [email protected]

The study of acoustics is as old as physics itself, and theacoustics of woodwind instruments is in general wellunderstood. Only recently, however, have measurementand modeling techniques become precise enough to beof benefit to makers. This work combines precisemeasurements of acoustic impedance with a one-dimensional model of woodwind instruments to producean interactive tool for instrument makers to use indesigning new instruments. In collaboration with Australianflute maker Terry McGee and the Powerhouse Museum,the work will bring many insights in both contemporaryand historical instrument making, and may influence thecontinuing development of musical instruments.

AAS PTH 3

Spectral Content of Pianoforte TonesK.R. DoolanSchool of Engineering & Industrial Design, University ofWestern Sydney, Penrithe-mail of corresponding author: [email protected]

An experimental study has been undertaken to record andcompare spectral content of musical tones produced by avariety of grand and upright pianos. Certain tonesproduced by a piano have a distinctly different timbre andaudio spectrum from most of the other tones played onthat piano. The difference in timbre, which is detectable by

the human ear, is clearly evident when the spectralcontent of the tones produced by the piano is examined.

A microphone with flat frequency response from 100Hz to12 kHz was placed at a distance of 0.5m from each pianostring while it was being struck repetitively several times.Microphone output was fed to an audio spectrum analyserwhich detected a time averaged spectrum of each tone.All pianos tested, including Steinway, Boesendorfer,Yamaha, Kawai, Stuart & Steinbach grand pianos,possessed 8–12 notes in the third & fourth octaves wherethe fundamental had much lower intensity than one ormore overtones. The Boesendorfer piano produced thelargest number of these tones. Of all pianos examined theStuart pianos produced “tones” in the first octave withsimplest detected spectral content.

AAS PTH 4

Designing Musical Plates UsingNumerical OptimisationJ.Petrolito and K.A. LeggeDepartment of Physical Sciences and Engineering, La TrobeUniversity, Bendigoe-mail of corresponding author: [email protected]

Numerical techniques have often been used to analysethe vibrational patterns of musical structures, less often forthe actual design of a structure. The authors havepreviously applied numerical optimisation techniques to apercussive bar modelled as a one-dimensional beam. Inthis paper we extend the technique to a two-dimensionalmodel through the design of plates with specifiedcharacteristic frequencies. The technique is illustratedusing a circular plate, which is tuned through variations inits thickness.

AAS PTH 5

A New Independent ComponentAnalysis Algorithm: JointApproximate Diagonalization ofSimplified Cumulant Matrices Xianhua Liu and R. B. Randall

School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering

The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia

e-mail of corresponding author:[email protected]

This paper proposes a new algorithm to improverobustness, reliability and efficiency for blind signalseparation[1–8] with a different diagonal cumulantmaximization criterion. It calculates a fraction of the fourthorder cumulant set and avoids the eigenmatrixdecomposition to considerably reduce the separation costfor large-scale problems. Experimental separation showsthat the new algorithm is robust, reliable and efficient forboth large and small-scale separation problems, thus hascombined merits of the well-known JADE and FastICAalgorithms. Mixed music and speech signal separation ispresented in this paper.

[1] P. Comon, C. Jutten, and J. Herault, “Blind separation ofsources, part II: problems statement”, Signal Processing, 24,pp. 11–21 (1991)

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[2] P. Comon, ‘Independent component analysis: A new concept?’Signal Processing, 36, pp. 287–314 (1994)

[3] X. Liu, R. B. Randall and J. Antoni, “Blind source separation ofinternal combustion engine vibration signals,” The 4thAustralian Congress on Applied Mechanics, ACAM, Melbourne,Australia (2005)

[4] J. F. Cardoso and Antoine Souloumiac, “Blind beamforming fornon Gaussian signals”, Journal of IEE Proceedings-F, 140(6),pp. 362–370 (1993)

[5] A. Hyvärinen, J. Karhunen and E. Oja, IndependentComponent Analysis, New York, Chichester, John Wiley & Sons(2001)

[6] J. F. Cardoso and P. Comon, “Tensor base independentcomponent analysis,” in Pro. EUSIPCO (1990)

[7] G. H. Golub and C. F. Van Loan, Matrix Computations, TheJohns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 3rd ed. (1996)

[8] X. Liu and R. B. Randall, “Redundant data elimination: A newway of simplifying blind source separation from a differentinformation point of view,” International Journal of Acousticsand Vibration, submitted October (2004).

AAS PTH 6

Effects of the Player’s Vocal Tract on Sound Production in WindInstrumentsA.Z. Tarnopolsky1, J. Wolfe1, N.H. Fletcher2, L.C.L. Hollenberg3, J. Smith1

1. University of New South Wales, Sydney; 2. AustralianNational University, Canberra; 3. University of Melbourne,Melboubnee-mail of corresponding author: [email protected]

In brass instruments and the didjeridu, the lips are acontrol oscillator, which interacts with the strongresonances of the instrument and the weaker resonancesof the player’s vocal tract. Vocal tract changes (especiallytongue position) clearly change timbre in the didjeridu,and brass players claim that they affect timbre and pitch.It is difficult to control parameters independently in liveplayers, so we report measurements using artificial lipsand vocal tracts whose geometrical and mechanicalproperties are well controlled and defined. Wedemonstrate changes in pitch, register and timbre, whichwe relate to the impedance spectra of the tract.

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AMOS MOE11Monday 1040–1120 hrs

Southern Ocean Circulation andGlobal ClimateM.H. England

Centre for Environmental Modelling and Prediction (CEMAP),University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia

e-mail of corresponding author: [email protected]

The role of the Southern Ocean in the Earth’s climatesystem is assessed. This first involves exploring a seriesof climate model simulations employing differentgeometries in the Drake Passage gap[1]. A profound andsurprising global climate response is obtained[2]. Apartfrom this paleo-perspective, the Southern Ocean’s role inclimate and climate change is explored on time scales ofyears to centuries. Of particular interest is: (i) the responseof the climate system and the ocean carbon cycle tolatitude shifts in the subpolar westerly winds[3,4], (ii)Antarctic water-mass variability and its role in regionalclimate[5] and (iii) the response of the Southern Ocean toAntarctic meltwater changes[6].

[1] Sijp, W.P., and M.H. England, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 34,1254–1266 (2004)

[2] Sijp, W.P., and M.H. England, J. Climate, accepted (2004)

[3] Oke, P.R., and M.H. England, J. Climate, 17, 1040–1054 (2004)

[4] England, M.H. et al., Geophys. Res. Lett., submitted (2004)

[5] Santoso, A., and M.H. England, J. Phys. Oceanogr., in press(2004)

[6] Bates, M., W.P. Sijp, and M.H. England, Met. Atmos. Phys.,submitted (2004)


The Role of Buoyancy in theEnergetics of the Global OverturningCirculation of the OceansG.O. Hughes and R.W. Griffiths

Research School of Earth Sciences, The Australian NationalUniversity, Canberra ACT, Australia


Laboratory observations show that convection driven by agradient of temperature or heat flux along one horizontalboundary produces a localized turbulent plume and anotherwise stably stratified circulation. We develop a modeldescribing the energetics of this convection and examinethe implications for the zonally-averaged meridionaloverturning (thermohaline circulation) of the oceans. Given the meridional heat flux at the ocean surface, wepredict the rate of production of available potential energy(0.5 x 1012 W), the average vertical turbulent diffusivity (k = O(10–5) m2/s) and a thermocline depth (300–530 m),in agreement with measurements.


The Predictability of InterdecadalChanges in ENSO Activity and ENSOTeleconnectionsScott Power

Bureau of Meteorology

Email of corresponding author: [email protected]

The character of year-to-year changes in the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and ENSO’s impact onAustralian climate both vary on interdecadal time-scales inthe observational record and in the BMRC global coupledatmosphere-ocean climate model. Sensitivity experimentswith this model indicate that these interdecadal changeshave low levels of predictability. The apparent modulationof ENSO and ENSO’s impact on Australia can be at leastpartially attributed to a surprising but robust nonlinearrelationship between ENSO and Australian climate.Implications for climate prediction and climate predictionservices are discussed.


Do Massive Corals Reflect GlobalChange?—Coral Reconstructions ofChanges in Temperature andCarbonate Saturation State of theSurface OceanA. Müller1, M.K.Gagan2 and J.M.Lough3

1. Department of Earth Sciences, The University ofQueensland, Brisbane, Australia; 2. Research School of Earth Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra,Australia; 3. Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Australia


Anticipated future effects of the global warming scenarioinclude an increase of ocean surface temperature as wellas changes in surface ocean chemistry resulting inreduced coral calcification. In massive corals fromWestern Australia, early marine diagenesis results in anapparent ~25% decrease in skeletal density towards thepresent, which misleadingly matches the nonlineartwentieth century decrease in coral calcification predictedby recent modelling and experimental studies. A nonlineardecrease in coral _13C towards the present mimics thedecrease expected from the oceanic Suess effectbecause diagenetic aragonite is enriched in 13C relativeto coral aragonite. From Sr/Ca and _18O values, we alsosee an apparent temperature decrease. Based on ourresults we suggest that a number of global climate changestudies relying on observational data from massive coralsmay need revision.

Meteorology and Climate Change, andOceanography (AMOS)

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The Causes of Declining PanEvaporation and Consequences forthe Surface Moisture Balance overthe Last 50 YearsM. L. Roderick and G. D. Farquhar

CRC for Greenhouse Accounting, Research School ofBiological Sciences, The Australian National University,Canberra, ACT, Australia


It has long been assumed that surface warming as aconsequence of the enhanced greenhouse effect wouldresult in increasing evaporative demand over terrestrialsurfaces. However, while the surface has steadily warmedover the last 50 years, the evaporative demand hassteadily declined. We know this because the evaporationof water from meteorological pans has been decreasingalmost everywhere over the past 50 years[1]. Why has thishappened while it has been warming—is there somethingwrong with the pan evaporation measurements? A simplephysical analysis shows that there is nothing wrong withthe pan evaporation measurements. The analysis showsthat pan evaporation, and hence evaporative demand, isnot very sensitive to changes in average temperature.Instead, pan evaporation is mostly sensitive to variations insunlight, vapour pressure deficit and wind speed. Whenviewed from a physics-based perspective, the trend fordecreasing pan evaporation is consistent withobservations from around the world showing decreasingsunlight[2] and possibly wind speed. In this talk, wesummarise the observations and present a physical basisfor understanding them. When combined with rainfallmeasurements, the same physical arguments show thatthe terrestrial surface has become less arid. One analogyis that the terrestrial surface is more like a gardener’sgreenhouse[3].

[1] T.C. Peterson, V.S. Golubev, P.Y. Groisman, Nature, 377, 687 (1995)

[2] M.L. Roderick, G.D. Farquhar, Science, 298, 1410 (2002)

[3] M.L. Roderick, G.D. Farquhar. International Journal ofClimatology, 24, 1077 (2004)


The Long-term Rainfall Decrease inSouthwest WA and the Rapid GlobalClimate Change of the Late 1960sPeter G. Baines

School of Mathematics, Bristol, UK, and Dept. of Civil andEnvironmental Engineering, University of Melbourne, Australia


The rainfall of southwest Western Australia (SWWA)suffered a 20% long-term decrease in the late 1960s,which continues to the present day. This changeapproximately coincides with the well-known long-termdecrease of rainfall in the African Sahel. It is demonstratedhere by a combination of statistical and dynamical

relationships that these two substantial changes areconnected, the latter change being the consequence ofthe former. These changes in Sahel and SWWA rainfall arepart of a coordinated rapid global change in the late1960s that seems to be largely independent of globalwarming and ENSO, and has only recently beenrecognised.


An Extended High-qualityTemperature Data Set for AustraliaBlair C. Trewin

National Climate Centre, Australian Bureau of Meteorology,Melbourne


A long-term daily temperature data set has beenproduced for Australia. This includes daily maximum andminimum temperatures for 103 locations, with 50 locationshaving data from 1910 to the present. These data havebeen homogenised to make them suitable for use inclimate change research. The new set extends theprevious version[1], which covered the period from 1957 to1996, by including recent data and pre-1957 daily datawhich have recently been digitised, and complements theexisting 1910–2003 data set of homogenised annual meantemperatures[2]. Results will be presented using the newdata set to determine trends in the frequency oftemperature extremes in Australia.

[1] B.Trewin, 11th Symposium on Meteorological Observations andInstrumentation, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 14–18 January2001, 279–284 (2001)

[2] P. Della-Marta, D. Collins and K. Braganza, Aust. Meteor. Mag.,53, 73–94 (2004)


Atmospheric Isotopes: Evolution ofStable Water Isotopologues as anApplicable Data SourceA. Henderson-Sellers1, K. McGuffie2

1. Environment, Australian Nuclear Science and TechnologyOrganisation, Lucas Heights, NSW; 2. Department of AppliedPhysics, University of Technology, Sydney


Stable water isotopes have been employed as a means ofchallenging, validating and improving numerical models ofbasin-scale water processes since the 1980s. Two rare butnaturally occurring isotopologues of water, 1H2

18O and1H2H16O, are coming to be of practical use in diagnosis of water cycle system changes. Recent developmentshave served to illustrate how detection and attribution ofboth human impacts and natural variations in surface-atmosphere water exchanges can beneficially exploitstable water isotope observations and simulations. The promise for isotopic finger-printing of near-surfacewater cycle changes is illustrated here for three important basins.

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Constant Pressure Balloon Studiesof Gravity Wave Momentum Fluxes inthe Tropical and High-latitude LowerStratosphereR. A. Vincent1, A. Hertzog2, F. Vial2

1. Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Australia;2. LMD, École Polytechnique, Paris, France


Constant pressure balloons provide a unique method ofstudying the properties of gravity waves in the lowerstratosphere. We describe observations made on long-duration flights launched from sites in South America andin the Arctic. Measurements of pressure, temperature andposition using GPS techniques allow important waveparameters, including momentum fluxes, to be measuredas a function of intrinsic frequency. Using wavelettechniques we show that it is also possible to obtainintrinsic phase speeds, which provides a complete pictureof the wave field. Considerable spatial and temporalintermittency in wave activity are found and the results arerelated to possible wave sources. The results will bediscussed with relevance to the VORCORE campaignusing constant pressure balloons to study the Antarcticstratosphere in spring 2005.


Deep Convection in the AustralianTropicsM. Pope1, C. Jacob2 and M. Reeder3

1. Bureau of Meteorology Training Centre, Bureau ofMeteorology, Melbourne; 2. Bureau of Meteorology ResearchCentre, Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne; 3. Centre forDynamical Meteorology and Oceanography, MonashUniversity, Melbourne


This paper reports on the early stages of a study thatseeks to understand how tropical convection contributesto the large-scale radiation and precipitation budget. Thisinvolves the study of cloud systems using a dataset ofhourly observations of GMS5 IR1 (10.5–11.5 µm) fromSeptember to April (seasons 1995–96 to 2000–01). OverNorthern Australia, this entails a “build up” period, activeand break monsoon conditions and following transitionseason. Cloud regimes are identified with a view to findingobjective classifications and their representativeness forthe study area. Preliminary results on the identification andclassification of cloud systems will be presented.


On the Height Distribution ofConvection in the TropicsA.P. Ballinger1

1. Department of Mathematical Sciences, Monash University,Melbourne


This report gives a brief analysis of a storm datasetcovering the 2003/2004 wet season. An extensivedatabase of storm characteristics measured with theBerrimah (Darwin) and Marburg (Brisbane) radars,covering the period from November 2003 until February2004 was assembled.

The report investigates the distribution of the maximumheight of convective clouds over Darwin and Brisbane. Itseeks to give some insight into the diurnal evolution ofcloud-top heights, and the variation between the modes ofconvection seen in monsoonal flow regimes, comparedwith that in ‘break’ periods. It will also briefly discuss theimpact of these observations on the concept of a ‘Trimodaldistribution’[1] of convection in the tropics.

[1] Johnson et al. 1999: Trimodal Characteristics of TropicalConvection. Journal of Climate: Vol. 12, No. 8, pp. 2397–2418.


Tropical Convective Systems—TheTropical Warm Pool InternationalCloud ExperimentPeter May

Bureau of Meteorology Research Centre

email of presenting author: [email protected]

A major international field experiment to study theevolution, structure and impact of tropical convectiveclouds is being undertaken around Darwin in early 2006.The scientific issues behind this experiment will bediscussed followed by the science objectives and then theexperimental design will be described. The aim will be tofollow the cloud evolution and impact from the initialconvective clouds through to the remnant cirrus and theirimpact on the chemical, water and radiative budgets ofthe troposphere and lower stratosphere.

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POSTERS

AMOS PMO 1

Seasonal Cycles in Aerosol OpticalThickness in Sydney and DarwinZ. Bouya and G.P. Box

School of Physics, University of NSW, Sydney


Aerosol optical thickness measurements provide a way ofmonitoring the temporal variation of aerosol columnloading. Analysis of radiometer measurements of aerosoloptical thickness from Sydney and the AtmosphericRadiation Measurement site in Darwin show clear annualcycles for both cities. In Sydney the highest aerosolloading occurs during the summer months, while theannual cycle for the Angstrom coefficient indicates largerparticles in the autumn. The Darwin data shows a strongseasonal cycle in aerosol optical thickness, with markedperiods of low optical depth during March–August, whileperiods of high optical depth coincide with the biomass-burning season (September–November).

AMOS PMO 2

CSIRO Mk3 Climate System ModelIntegrations for IPCC AR4: Statusand ResultsMark Collier, Tony Hirst, Martin Dix

CSIRO Atmospheric Research

Contact e-mail: [email protected]

CSIRO is in the process of finalising a minimum of 10experiments with the Mk3 Climate System Model (CSM) forcontribution to the Intergovernmental Panel on ClimateChange Data Distribution Centre. This data archive has akey role in the writing of the influential IPCC 4thAssessment Report on Climate Change.

We will provide most of the requested high priority fields.The most important deficiency in our submission is thelack of ensembles, overcoming this would help reduceuncertainty in estimates of model trends and variability.

This paper will describe basic features of the Mk3 CSM,our data processing methodology and some key resultsdescribing model sensitivity and performance.

AMOS PMO 3

Retrieval of Higher Order OceanSpectra from SunglintGeoff P. Cureton1, Mervyn J. Lynch1, Brendan T. McGann1

and Stuart J. Anderson2

1. Dept. Applied Physics, Curtin University of Technology, WA,Australia; 2. Defence Science and Technology Organisation,SA, Australia


We employ Monte Carlo methods to generate multiplerealisations of the nonlinear ocean surface, from whichsunglint realisations, and the correponding bicoherence,can be simulated. A forward model is developed, based

on a linear model[1], which relates the sunglintbicoherence and cumulants with the corresponding slopebicoherence and cumulants. This model is then invertedand applied to the simulated sunglint bicoherence toretrieve the slope bicoherence and cumulants. Theretrieved slope bicoherence is then Fourier transformed toobtain the slope bispectrum. We examine the retrievedslope bispectrum to infer such quantities as the ratio ofprimary to quadratically coupled wave power at particularwavenumbers, and the sign of the slope skewness, whichprovides an indication of the direction of wave travel.

[1] J. Alvarez-Borrego, Wave height spectrum from sunglintpatterns: an inverse problem, J. Geophys. Res., 98, C6 (1993)

AMOS PMO 4

Classification of the AustralianSummer Monsoon using SOMAnalysisW. Drosdowsky

Bureau of Meteorology Research Centre, Melbourne


Self Organising Maps (SOMs) are used to classifysynoptic scale circulation patterns associated with thesummer monsoon over Indonesia and northern Australia.SOMs are a class of artificial neural networks whichproduce similar groupings to, but have some advantagesover, those obtained by traditional statistical clusteringtechniques. Experimentation with different sized arraysproduced generally similar results, with the final solutionbeing a 5 by 3 SOM array. While all nodes show strongpersistence, the transition matrix depicts the preferredevolution between relatively inactive heat low and moreconvectively active monsoon situations.

AMOS PMO 5

Enhancement of a SeabreezeCirculation Due to UpwellingC.M. Ewenz1 and W. Lieff2

1. School of Chemistry, Physics and Earth Sciences, FlindersUniversity, Adelaide; 2. CWLabs Environmental Research andConsulting, Bridgewater, South Australia


Coastal upwelling causes cooler sea surface temperatures(SST) in a limited region offshore by as much as 5˚Ccompared to the surrounding ocean. The increase in land-sea contrast thus enhances the sea breeze circulation[1].To evaluate the change in strength and initial developmentof the seabreeze due to upwelling, model simulations arecarried out with a limited area model[2]. Atmosphericconditions favourable for upwelling off southern EyrePeninsula[3] are simplified to extract the change due to theupwelling signal. A characteristic sea breeze during theseconditions exhibits a weak front and propagates fastinland. In comparison, a case with no-upwelling shows asignificant change in the ocean surface fluxes in theproposed region. During upwelling an earlier developmentof the seabreeze and an enhanced propagation over landas well as a stronger front are evident.

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[1] S.H. Franchito, Rao, V.B., Stech, J.L., Lorenzzetti, J.A., Theeffect of coastal upwelling on the sea-breeze circulation atCabo Frio, Brazil: a numerical experiment. Ann. Geophysicae,16, 866–881 (1998)

[2] Y. Shao, Sogalla, M., Kerschgens, M.J., Brücher, W., Effects ofland surface heterogeneity upon surface fluxes and turbulentconditions. Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, 78, 157–181 (2001)

[3] J. Kämpf, Doubell, M., Griffin, D., Matthews, R.L., and Ward, T.,Evidence of a large seasonal coastal upwelling system alongthe southern shelf of Australia. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31,L09310, doi:10.1029/2003GL019221 (2004)

AMOS PMO 6

Application of Artificial NeuralNetwork Forecasts to Predict Fog at Canberra AirportD. Fabbian and R. de Dear

Department of Physical Geography, Division of Earth andPlanetary Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia

Corresponding author e-mail: [email protected]

The occurrence of fog and low level stratus cloudsimpinge upon aviation safety. The prediction of fogoccurrence remains difficult despite improvement innumerical guidance and models. This research aims toexplore the ability of a relatively new approach, namelyArtificial Neural Networks, to provide accurate forecasts ofsuch events. Canberra International Airport experiencesan average of 46 fog days per year. Extensive consultationwith representatives from the Bureau of Meteorology hasestablished a requirement for increased fog forecast skill.A forward feeding Multi Layer Perceptron, utilising theback propagation of errors during batch training on a40year dataset (obtained from the Bureau of Meteorology)was employed in the development of several fogforecasting aids. At present, preliminary modelling hasshown this methodology capable of analogous forecastskill, versus traditional methods, and further developmentshould offer increased forecasting ability.

AMOS PMO 7

A “Recycling Box” Model of theGlobal Overturning Circulation of theOceans: Replacing the MissingMixing with a Missing ProcessR.W. Griffiths and G.O. Hughes

Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian NationalUniversity, Canberra ACT


Warm equatorial surface waters are cooled as they arecarried polewards by the global overturning circulation inthe oceans. These waters sink in turbulent plumes againsthigh-latitude continental margins, replenishing abyssalwaters of the oceans. In order to examine the roles ofbuoyancy, entrainment (into the descending plumes) andinterior mixing, we develop an analytical model describingthe steady circulation in an ocean driven by a surface heatflux. Given realistic surface fluxes and the measuredocean mixing rate this model successfully predicts anoverturning circulation that is consistent with a wide rangeof observations from the global oceans.

AMOS PMO 8

TROMP: Detecting Water PropertyChanges from a Time Series ofOceanographic DataA.G. Henry-Edwards1 and M. Tomczak2

1. School of Chemistry Physics & Earth Sciences, FlindersUniversity of South Australia, Adelaide


A constrained minimisation technique is used to identifyvariations in the properties of source water types (SWT)present in a time series of oceanographic data. Twosimulated data sets are analysed with small variations intemperature and salinity being successfully identified. It isfound that by targeting which water properties are allowedto vary within the minimisation small changes in individualsource water properties can be identified. Analysis of atime series collected in the Sargasso Sea in the NorthAtlantic Ocean is ongoing.

AMOS PMO 9

A Historical Monthly Pan-evaporationDataset for AustraliaBranislava Jovanovic1, David A. Jones1, Neville Nicholls2

1. National Climate Centre, Bureau of Meteorology,Melbourne, Australia; 2. Bureau of Meteorology ResearchCentre, Melbourne, Australia

It is known that discontinuities in climatological time-seriescan be caused by a range of factors. Station moves,changes in the type of instrument or exposure, andcalibration of instruments all feature prominently in theliterature. For monitoring long-term climate fluctuationsand trends, it is thus important to develop homogenousseries that are adjusted for such factors.

In this paper we will present a newly developed high-quality monthly pan-evaporation dataset produced in orderto monitor long-term pan-evaporation trends in Australia.Necessary adjustments of time-series were determinedusing station metadata and an objective analysis methodbased on Barnes successive correction technique.

AMOS PMO 10

Numerical Study of SeasonalVariations of the Circulation in thePersian GulfM. Sadrinasab and J. Kämpf

School of Chemistry, Physics and Earth Sciences, FlindersUniversity, Adelaide, Australia


A three-dimensional hydrodynamic model is employed tostudy the seasonal cycle of water mass properties andcirculation in the Persian Gulf. Findings are in generalagreement with previous hydrographic data but giveadditional information of processes during autumn andearly winter where field data are sparse. In particular, wefind that a gulf-wide cyclonic circulation establishes duringsummer, but this becomes dynamically unstable anddevelops into mesoscale eddies during autumn and

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Bob Champion

PDF Link

Bob Champion

PDF Link



winter. The exchange circulation through the Strait ofHormuz, however, appears to be largely unaffected by thisseasonal collapse of the circulation.

AMOS PMO 11

Mesoscale Variations in NeargroundImpuritiesO.G. Khutorova, G.M. Teptin, P.V. Pestryakov, A.M. Bashenov

Department of Physics, Kazan State University, Kazan, Russia

[email protected]

Local wave structure of variations in concentrations ofaerosol and minor gaseous impurities as well asmeteoparameters is investigated. Simultaneousmeasurements at five stations placed one from anotherwithin 1–6 km allow us to calculate parameters ofmesoscale wave variations in concentration such as:wavelengths (1–150 km), periods (1–16 hours), azimuthsand phase speeds. Wavelet analysis is used for revealingthe characteristics of time variations for each stationsimultaneously. It is shown that internal gravity wavescaused by orography are the reason of meteopametersand impurities variations. This work is supported by RFBR(04-05-64194, 03-05-96211)

AMOS PMO 12

Nuclear Geophysiology: Stable Water Isotopes as Evaluators ofHydroclimate Predictions in theMurray-Darling BasinAnn Henderson-Sellers1, Kendal McGuffie2, Peter Airey1

1. Environment, Australian Nuclear Science and TechnologyOrganisation, Menai NSW, Australia; 2. Applied Physics,University of Technology, Sydney, NSW, Australia

e-mail: [email protected]

Isotopic data from two end-range and one central aquiferin the Murray Darling Basin are used to determineprecipitation intensity thresholds for evaluation of GCMpredictions. Applying these to ‘good’ and ‘poor’Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP)simulations of the Murray Darling gives rise to largedifferences in rainfall amount (30% to 62%). Selecting only‘good’ models shows a >150mm annual groundwaterrecharge loss in El Niño cf. La Niña climates. Theseisotopic techniques are applicable to future modelscenarios of basin-scale hydrology, especially in difficult tosimulate semi-arid basins.

AMOS PMO 13

The Effect of Coastal DiabaticHeating Gradients on the Dynamicsof Cold FrontsL.Muir1 and M.Reeder2

1. School of Mathematical Sciences, Monash University,Melbourne; 2. Centre for Dynamical Meteorology andOceanography, Monash University, Melbourne


The present paper examines how the cold fronts that formin a confluent deformation model are affected by sharpheating gradients associated with coastlines. For example,cold fronts commonly develop over the ocean and sweeponshore in the southern part of the continent.

The numerical model is two-dimensional mesoscale modelformulated in sigma coordinates on an f-plane. Forsimplicity moist processes are neglected.

The results from 4 numerical experiments will bediscussed.

1. The first numerical experiment investigatesfrontogenesis due to confluent deformation above ahomogeneous land surface.

2. The second numerical experiment adds sea to thecalculation, but without a synoptic cold front.

3. The third numerical experiment examines theinteraction of a cold front with a heated land mass andsea breeze. In this experiment the cold front is offshoreinitially.

4. The fourth numerical experiment examines theinteraction of a continental front as it approaches acoastline and interacts with the sea breeze and themaritime boundary layer.

AMOS PMO 14

Coherence and Shock in Sea WavesBryan Ruxton

University of Canberra, ACT


Only 40% of coastal seawater is hydrogen bonded. Some of the remainder is hydrophobic about abundanttiny bits, hydrophilic clustering around hydration shells, orhave high polymers in patchy weak gels. This structure-making can cause coherence with some slab-like lips inplunging waves.

Oblique wave trains give nodes where accelerating singlejets emanate from concave wave faces. Negative pressurecauses cavities and cavitation in the jet with shock andspray in mid-air. Near parallel wave trains reinforce attimes giving initial throw upwards.

Prior to breaking the noses of cuspate horns may emit aseries of visible shock waves into the atmosphere. There isa venturi shape in plan and a log spiral shape in section.The nose ends in a coil of spume.

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AMOS PMO 15

Towards an Understanding of theFlushing of Bass StraitPaul A. Sandery1

1. School of Chemistry, Physics and Earth Sciences FlindersUniversity Adelaide-Australia


This study investigates winter-spring flushing of Bass Straitwith a two-dimensional non-linear depth-averagedshallow-water model. An advection-diffusion scheme forseveral tracers is used to reveal the flushingpattern/timescale of the region. The study considers how external water masses flush strait waters. Resultsshow that the central area of the strait is a stagnation-area of weak currents and relatively long flushing times(>160 days). The influence of external water masses onthe stagnation-area is estimated. The findings haveimplications for marine ecosystems, residence times, air-sea modifications of water mass properties and densewater formation in the region.

AMOS PMO 16

Observations of New ParticleFormation in Response to a FrontalPassageJustin Peter1, Steve Siems2, Jorgen Jensen3

1. School of Environmental and Earth Science, University ofLeeds; 2. Centre for Dynamical Meteorology andOceanography, Monash University; 3. National Center forAtmospheric Research

Airborne measurements of condensation nuclei with radiusgreater than 1.3 nm were measured in the vicinity of acold front passing over southern Japan during the ACE-Asia experiment. Measurements were made in both theboundary layer and free troposphere, before and after thecold front. The observations suggest that existing particlesurface area is not a determinant in the production of newparticles, but rather mixing processes appear to be themain process accompanying new particle production. Thegeneral effect of the front was found to decrease theaerosol concentration in both the free troposphere and theboundary layer.

AMOS PMO 17

Verification of a Mesoscale Model using Boundary Layer WindProfiler DataJ.R. Taylor1, P. Zawar-Reza2, D.J. Low1 and P. Aryal3

1. School of Physical, Environmental and MathematicalSciences, UNSW@ADFA, Australian Defence Force Academy,Canberra, ACT; 2. Department of Geography, University ofCanterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand; 3. Genesis SoftwarePty. Ltd., North Adelaide, SA


We present an evaluation of the mesoscale model TAPMby comparing simulations with sodar and electromagneticwind profiler observations. The remote sensing instrumentsthemselves were verified against standard balloon data.

Averaged over one month, the model displays good skill,giving confidence that is it well suited to simulating longer-term effects such as the average impact of emissions onair quality. However, a case study approach shows thatthe model has shortcomings in reproducing the details ofboundary layer evolution accompanying mesoscale eventssuch as a frontal passage. This may make TAPM lessuseful as a forecasting tool for specific episodes.

AMOS PMO 18

On the Changes of TidalCharacteristics due to Sediment-induced Stratification in a Macro-tidal Coastal SeaX.H. Wang1, D.S. Byun1,4, X.L. Wang2 and Y.K. Cho3

1. School of Physical, Environmental and MathematicalSciences, University of New South Wales at AustralianDefence Force Academy, Canberra; 2. Department ofMechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; 3.Department of Oceanography, Chonnam National University,Gwangju, Korea; 4. Department of Resource Research,Jeollanam-do Fisheries Research Institute, Jeonnam, Korea


A numerical modelling study on the effects of sedimentinduced stratification on tidal currents is conducted for theregion of the western tip of the southwest muddy coast ofKorea. The numerical model is a three dimensionaloceanic sediment transport model capable of predictingdynamics of Newtonian fluid mud layers due to couplingof the sea water density and suspended sedimentconcentration. The model uses a re-parameterized bottomdrag coefficient that incorporates a linear stability functionof flux Richardson number. The study has shown that thesediment induced stratification in the bottom boundarylayer (BBL) reduces the vertical eddy viscosity and bottomshear stress. In response to these apparent reductions,the tidal current shear is increased in the water column.

AMOS PMO 19

Multiple Equilibria in BarotropicFlows over TopographyM. Zidikheri1, J. Frederiksen2, and T. O’Kane2

1. Department of Theoretical Physics, RSPhysSE (ANU), ACT,Australia; 2. CSIRO Division of Atmospheric Research,Aspendale, Victoria, Australia


Several investigations using severely truncated models, aswell as high resolution ones, have shown that more thanone equilibrium state is possible for atmospheric flowsover topography, for certain ranges of parameters. Oneequilibrium state is typically dominated by transient eddyactivity while the other is dominated by large scale zonalflow. We attempt to reproduce these results using a model similar to that used in[1]. Preliminary findingsconfirm the existence of multiple equilibria for realisticvalues of parameters. We aim to investigate this issuefurther using both an ensemble of flows andInhomogeneous Closure Theory.

[1] G. Holloway and J. Eert, 1987: Intransitive multiple equilibria ineddy-active barotropic flows, J.Atmos.Sci., 44, 2001–2005.

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Bob Champion

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Bob Champion

PDF Link



AMOS TUB11Tuesday 1040–1120 hrs

Terrestrial Carbon and Water Cycles in Australian Landscapes: A Multi-scale Approach UsingMicrometeorology, Remote Sensingand Mesoscale Models Helen A Cleugh

CSIRO Atmospheric Research, Pye Laboratory

The coupled cycles of carbon and water in the terrestrialbiosphere are a critical element of our climate system. Forexample the future trajectory of atmospheric CO2concentrations depends on the longevity and vulnerabilityof the terrestrial sink, while climate change will almostcertainly modify the terrestrial water balance—especiallylosses via land surface evaporation. Local and regionalclimates can be altered by changes in land cover, asdemonstrated for SW Australia by Pitman et al (2004). Thisinterest in the terrestrial biosphere—especially its role inthe global carbon cycle—has led to an enhanced effort toquantify the cycling of carbon and water in terrestrialecosystems, at scales that range from individual plants toextensive canopies; and from regions to continents.

Atmospheric techniques, where land-air exchanges ofcarbon and water are inferred from measurements ofatmospheric concentrations, have contributed much to thiseffort at both global and local scales (1–10 km2). Inparticular, micrometeorological methods have beenimplemented to obtain long-term and continuousmeasurements of evaporation and net carbon exchangesin a global network (Fluxnet) of over 200 flux stationsacross a diverse range of ecosystems and climates.

This presentation will describe, and present key resultsfrom, the multi-scale approach that has been used overthe last 5 years to quantify the terrestrial carbon and watercycles in Australian landscapes at multiple space andtime scales—combining atmospheric measurements,modelling and remote sensing. Particular focus will be onthe methodological challenges and strengths of usingmicrometeorology to determine fluxes of water, CO2 andnon-CO2 greenhouse gases in real landscapes; and theapproaches being developed to extrapolate from local toregional scales.


The Impact of Abrupt Land CoverChanges by Savannah Fire onNorthern Australian ClimateK. Görgen1, A. Lynch1, C. Enticott, J. Beringer1, D. Abramson3, N. Tapper1

1. School of Geography and Environmental Science, MonashUniversity, Melbourne; 2. Distributed Systems TechnologyCentre, Monash University, Melbourne; 3. School of ComputerScience and Software Engineering, Monash University,Melbourne


Dry season fires in northern Australia annually causeabrupt changes in vegetation properties, influencing localboundary layer processes. Some evidence also suggestsimpacts on the monsoon development. In the last 50years, a tendency to more destructive late dry season firesis evident. Vegetation succession after fire is analyzedusing a GCM. In addition, preliminary results of parallelexperiments with varying fire properties using NIMROD/Gare presented. Integrative output metrics are combinedwith the forcing to express the response as a multi-dimensional reduced-form non-linear model; an efficientway to explore the physical relationships between firesand the Australian Monsoon.


Seasonal Variations in Size-ResolvedProperties of Aerosols in the SydneyRegionT. Hallal and G.P. Box

School of Physics, University of NSW, Sydney


Size resolved chemical composition of atmosphericaerosols is important in determining their opticalproperties, which in turn affect the way radiation isscattered and absorbed as it passes through theatmosphere. Aerosol samples (PM2.5 and PM10) werecollected at four sites around Sydney during 2003 andhave been analysed using Ion Beam Analysis (IBA) andScanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). IBA analysesindicate seasonal differences within sites, and betweensites, as well as differences between PM2.5 andPM10–PM2.5 composition at particular sites. SEM resultsare currently being analysed to obtain information aboutparticle size and shape.

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Satellite Investigations of AerosolEffect on CloudsMichael A. Box1, Anju Thiruna Vukarasu1, Janet Yu1, andSundar A. Christopher1,2

1. School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney;2. Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University ofAlabama in Huntsville, Alabama


Atmospheric aerosols are among the most heterogeneousof the Earth’s atmospheric components and influence theEarth’s climate, at both global and regional scales.Aerosols scatter sunlight back to space, leading to aplanetary cooling and act as cloud condensation nucleithereby altering the reflective properties of clouds. Usingmultiple sensors on the Terra satellite we examine therelationship between aerosol optical thickness and cloudparticle size, and the top of atmosphere radiative fluxes,quantified for polluted and unpolluted cases. Preliminaryresults indicate that in high aerosol loading cases thecloud droplet sizes decrease.


Ocean-atmosphere Dynamics in theSouthern Ocean A. McC. Hogg1 and J. R. Blundell2

1. Research School of Earth Sciences, The Australian NationalUniversity; 2. Southampton Oceanography Centre,Southampton, UK


In this study we present results from QGCM[1], anidealised coupled ocean-atmosphere model whichemphasises the role of nonlinear ocean dynamics andturbulence in the climate system. We concentrate on therole of ocean eddies in governing both the mean flow andthe variability of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC)in the Southern Ocean. It is demonstrated that the meanflow pattern of the ACC is strongly dependent uponparameters which govern turbulence. In strongly turbulentparameter regimes, ocean and climate variability at alltime scales is enhanced by the explicit simulation ofocean eddies.

[1] A. McC. Hogg, W. K. Dewar, P. D. Killworth & J. R. Blundell,Mon. Weather Rev., 131, 2261 (2003)


Impacts of Latitude Shifts in theSouthern Ocean Subpolar WesterlyWinds on Past and Present ClimatesS. Dupre and M.H. England

Centre for Environmental Modelling and Prediction, School ofMathematics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia

Corresponding author e-mail: [email protected]

The climate response to an equatorward and polewardshift in the latitude of the mid-latitude westerlies in theSouthern Hemisphere is analysed in a coupled climatemodel of intermediate complexity. This has relevance tothe interpretation of past and future climates, as windshifts are projected under enhanced greenhouse forcing,and the wind axis appears to oscillate in paleoclimaterecords. The long term response of the ocean’sthermohaline circulation and CO2 uptake are examined.We find an increase (decrease) in the formation ofAntarctic Intermediate Water and a lower (higher) oceanicuptake of CO2 for a poleward (equatorward) shift,respectively. Other important adjustments are noted inregional ocean and climate patterns, confirming thatsubtle latitude shifts in the mid-latitude westerlies cansignificantly alter our climate system.


Nonlinear Resonance and Chaos inan Unstable Western BoundaryCurrent under Periodic ForcingA.E. Kiss

School of Physical, Environmental and MathematicalSciences, University of New South Wales at ADFA, Canberra,ACT Australia


Heat transported by western boundary currents (WBCs) isimportant in the global climate system, and WBCvariability is implicated in climate fluctuations. Results arepresented from a numerical study of WBC variability underperiodic wind forcing. The model WBC has a periodicoscillation under steady forcing, but under periodic forcingit may lock onto a rational multiple of the forcing period(nonlinear resonance), or be quasiperiodic (unlocked), orchaotic (partially locked, with variability on longertimescales than either the natural or forcing periods). Thelocking mechanism is discussed in terms of Rossby wavesand the theory of forced nonlinear oscillators.

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New Insights into the IndonesianThroughflow: Its Variability and Rolein Global Heat BalancesSusan Wijffels

CSIRO Marine Reseach, Hobart TAS Australia

In the early 1980’s a network of frequently repeatedeXendable BathyThermograph (XBT) sections wereestablished in the eastern South Indian Ocean as part ofthe Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere experiment. Nearlytwenty years later these lines are still operating and areshedding light on the mean structure of the IndonesianThroughflow and its interannual variability. In particular,seasonal anomalies of subsurface temperature variabilityin the Throughflow region can be seen as largely due tothe interaction of remotely wind driven waves originatingalong the Indian and Pacific Ocean equators. Transportvariability is less easily understood. The barotropic IslandRule cannot account for the observed baroclinic transportchanges. Mean transports relative to 800m are near 9Sv(geostrophic plus Ekman), with the Throughflowcharacterized by a subsurface velocity maximum near100m. Comparisons with moored transport estimatesguide estimates of the deep portion of the Throughflow,and thus allow exploration of implications for global heatbalances. Unprecedented observations of the Throughfloware being collected by the five-nation INSTANT program.Some early results of its field phase will be shown.


Mixing at the Subtropical Front inthe Indian Ocean South of AustraliaM. Tomczak1, L. Pender2 and S. Liefrink1

1. School of Chemistry, Physics and Earth Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA; 2. CSIRO Marine Research,Hobart, TAS


A detailed high resolution survey of a small region (68 by68 km) of the Subtropical Front south of Australia is usedto study the interaction between the mixed layer and thepermanent frontal structure underneath. Intrusions andwater mass parcels are found just below the mixed layer,produced as a result of the relative movement of the frontin and below the mixed layer. The results suggest that anystudy aimed at understanding the interaction between themixed layer and the layers below in oceanic fronts willhave to address wind-driven dynamics and frontaldynamics together.


The Melting of Ice in the ArcticOcean: Double-Diffusive Transport ofHeat from BelowJ. Stewart Turner

Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian NationalUniversity, Canberra, Australia


Observations have shown that over several decades alayer of warm water has been advancing across the ArcticOcean below the halocline, and that currently the sea iceis melting at an increased rate. Recent laboratoryexperiments[1] suggest that these two phenomena couldbe linked, and that the expected heat flux due to double-diffusive convection will be larger when the salinitygradient is smaller. Ocean data, laboratory results andvarious theories are used to quantify this transport, andcompare it with the heat flux from the atmosphere to thesurface layer.

[1] J.S. Turner & G. Veronis, J. Marine Systems, 45, 21–37 (2004).


Cascading-Induced Upwelling inSubmarine Canyons: A NewUpwelling MechanismJ. Kämpf

School of Chemistry, Physics and Earth Sciences, FlindersUniversity, Adelaide, Australia


Findings of process-oriented modelling confirm my initialresearch hypothesis stating that dense water cascadingdown a submarine canyon induces localised upwelling ofdeeper water onto the shelf. This process, not describedbefore, is associated with internal deformation radiiinherent with the cascading process being less thecanyon width and geostrophic adjustment of a densityfront that establishes along the canyon axis. Sincesubmarine canyons are common to continental margins,this paper has identified a key process triggering therenewal of shelf waters at high latitudes.


Control of Mean Sea Level Changeby Net Oceanic Evaporation duringGreenhouse WarmingJ.A.T. Bye1 and J-O. Wolff2

1. School of Earth Sciences, The University of Melbourne,Parkville; 2. ICBM, The University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg,Germany


A study of the dynamics of the coupled atmosphere-ocean-ice global system, using an analytical model, willbe presented which takes account of the embedding of

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Bob Champion

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Bob Champion

PDF Link



the greenhouse warming event in the glacial-interglacialenvironment. In a short period warming, occurring on atime scale much less than the geological time scales setby the dynamics of the ice fields, it is found that the netoceanic evaporation anomaly is the main control on sealevel, and that the likely impact of anthropogenic warmingwill be to increase evaporation sufficiently to cause sealevel to fall after the maximum heat flux has occurred.


Seasonal Variability of AtmosphericTeleconnection PatternsJ.S. Frederiksen1 and G. Branstator2

1. CSIRO Atmospheric Research, Aspendale, Victoria,Australia; 2. National Center for Atmospheric Research,Boulder, Colorado, USA


The seasonal variability of 300-hPa global streamfunctionfields taken from a 40-year observational data set isanalysed in terms of empirical orthogonal functions,principal oscillation patterns and finite-time principaloscillation patterns (FTPOPs). The leading FTPOPs arelarge-scale teleconnections patterns that have similarseasonal cycles of relative growth rates and amplitudes tothe leading finite-time normal modes of the barotropicvorticity equation with basic states that change with theannual cycle. We find a close relationship between theboreal spring predictability barrier for climate predictionand the amplitudes of large-scale instabilities andteleconnection patterns of the atmospheric circulation.

AMOS WEE11Wednesday 1040–1100 hrs

Cloud Properties from the CalipsoSatellite LidarC. Martin Platt

Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO USA and CSIRO,Atmospheric Research, Aspendale, VIC

Email of correspondence: [email protected]

The NASA ‘Cloud and Aerosol Lidar and InfraredPathfinder Satellite Observations’ (CALIPSO) satelliteinstrument, to be launched in mid 2005, will be used toretrieve cloud and aerosol optical properties globally.Values of cirrus ice cloud extinction-to-backscatter ratio,and their variation with temperature, have been obtainedby CSIRO in Australia using ground-based observations ofmid-latitude and tropical cirrus clouds with lidar and filterradiometers. These will be used to retrieve cirrus cloudextinction from CALIPSO data. Extinction to backscattervalues obtained from the scattering phase functions ofvarious ice crystal habits are compared with thoseobtained theoretically.


Effects of Air-sea Interactions on theDevelopment of Intrusions at theSubtropical Front South of AustraliaM. Tomczak and S.J. Borlace

Flinders Institute for Atmospheric and Marine Sciences, TheFlinders University of South Australia


High resolution observational data collected at theSubtropical Front south of Australia by the RV Franklin,between the 16th February and 6th March 2001, clearlydisplay evidence of intrusive water parcels, characteristicof the mixed layer water, at depths below the mixed layer.These intrusions are believed to be the result of relativefrontal movement both in and below the mixed layer. Ahigh resolution (kilometre scale) atmospherically forcedupper ocean model has been used in this investigation togain a further understanding of how intrusions develop inthe region, with particular emphasis placed on the effectsof wind and heat flux on both frontal dynamics andconvective frontal mixing.


Mapping Australia’s Oceans withover-the-Horizon RadarS.J. Anderson

Defence Science and Technology Organisation, Edinburgh, SA


The scattering of HF radar signals from the sea surfacecan be described in terms of a highly selective resonancemechanism which links the resulting radar Dopplerspectrum directly to the autocorrelation structure of thesea surface and hence with the directional wavespectrum. Of the various HF radar configurations whichexploit this effect, two have been developed to the pointwhere they can claim some degree of operational status—HF surface wave radar and HF skywave radar. The formercan measure the directional wave spectrum at ranges oftypically 100–200 kilometres, while the latter may provideestimates at ranges up to several thousand kilometres.But, whereas signals processed by the formerconfiguration have been modulated almost exclusively bythe sea surface dynamics of interest, signals fromskywave radars are inevitably subjected to a wide varietyof additional modulations imposed in the course of theirpropagation via the ionosphere. The key to practical HFradio oceanography is the combination of ionosphericdistortion correction, sophisticated mathematical inversiontechniques, detailed electromagnetic scattering modelsand rigorous consideration of the physics of the oceansurface.

This paper will survey the distinctive remote sensingcapabilities of HF radar, illustrated with results fromseveral of Australia’s current menagerie of over-the-horizonradars.

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Bob Champion

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Ocean-atmosphere Coupled Forecast ModelsOscar Alves

Bureau of Meteorology Research Centre


Most major climate modelling centres now have dynamicalseasonal prediction systems. The POAMA (PredictiveOcean Atmosphere Model for Australia) system wasdeveloped jointly by BMRC and CSIRO Marine Research.A review of dynamical seasonal prediction systems will be presented.

A description of the POAMA system will also bepresented. The first version, POAMA-1, went operationalduring October 2002. The model is based on the latestversion of BMRC’s unified climate/NWP atmosphere model(BAM) and the Australian Community Ocean Model

(ACOM2). The POAMA-1 system uses a sophisticatedocean data assimilation system that incorporates the latestoceanic observations into the initialisation procedure forthe model forecasts. It is also one of the few models thatuses real atmospheric data, taken from the Bureau’soperational weather forecast system.

The initial focus of POAMA is the prediction of El Nino. The operational system and latest results will bedescribed. Results show that the skill of POAMA forecastsis at least as good as the best international models. Alsodiscussed is the model’s unique ability to simulate andpredict intra-seasonal variability, such as, the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO).

A new version, POAMA-2, is being developed foroperational implementation in 2005. For POAMA-2 a largecomprehensive set of ensemble hind-casts will beperformed to assess the model skill and to develop newproducts. POAMA-2 will be used to forecast Australianrainfall and temperature anomalies in addition to El Ninoconditions.

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Atomic and MolecularPhysics and QuantumChemistry (AMPQC)AMPQC THA11Thursday 1040–1120 hrs

See AOS THA11

New Physics with Degenerate Fermi GasesG.V. Shlyapnikov

AMPQC THA13Thursday 1120–1140 hrs

Reflection of Dilute Gas Bose-Einstein Condensates off a SiliconSurfaceA.M. Martin1, R.G. Scott2, T.M. Fromhold2 and F.W. Sheard2

1. School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville VICAustralia; 2. School of Physics and Astronomy, University ofNottingham, U.K.e-mail of corresponding author: [email protected]

As a Bose-Einstein condensate approaches a Siliconsurface it experiences an abrupt (attractive) change in thepotential (Casimir-Polder). We show through numericalinvestigation of the Gross-Pitaevskii equation that this abruptchange can cause a condensate to partially reflect at lowincident velocities. We compare our results to recentexperiments[1] and find good qualitative agreement. We alsoshow that for low velocities and high condensate densities, itis possible for the condensate to form solitons and vortexrings, which disrupt the reflected cloud significantly. This isanalogous to the production of excitations within acondensate as it Bragg reflects in an optical lattice[2].

[1] T.A. Pasquini, Yong-Il Shin, C. Sanner, M. Saba, A. Schirotzek,D. Pritchard and W. Ketterle, cond-mat/0405530.

[2] R.G. Scott, A.M. Martin, T.M. Fromhold, S. Bujkiewicz, F.W.Sheard and M. Leadbeater, Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 110404 (2003).


See AOS THA14

Limits to the Flux of a ContinuousAtom LaserN.P. Robins, A. Morrison and J.D. Close


See AOS THA15

Dynamical Tunneling with Bose-Einstein Condensates on Atom ChipsM. Lenz, M. J. Davis, G. J. Milburn, and C. A. Holmes

AMPQC THB21Thursday 1400–1440 hrs

Close Coupling Approach toElectron-hydrogen IonisationI. Bray1, K. Bartschat2 and A. T. Stelbovics1

1. Physics & Energy Studies, Murdoch University, Perth,Western Australia; 2. Department of Physics, DrakeUniversity, Iowa, USAe-mail of corresponding author: [email protected]

Accurate calculation of electron-impact ionisation of atomshas been an intractable problem for many decades. Thefundamental problem is due to the long-ranged Coulombinteraction between three charged particles continuing outto infinite distances. Though the formal treatment of thisproblem has been recently given[1], it followed only after twocomputational approaches were developed[2,3]. Here we will present the most general approach to atomiccollisions, the convergent close-coupling (CCC) method,and apply it to fully differential measurements of electron-hydrogen ionisation, yielding unprecedented agreement withexperiment.

[1] A. S. Kadyrov, A. M. Mukhamedzhanov, A. T. Stelbovics, and I.Bray, Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 253202 (2003).

[2] T. N. Rescigno, M. Baertschy, W. A. Isaacs, and C. W.McCurdy, Science 286, 2474 (1999).

[3] I. Bray, K. Bartschat, and A. T. Stelbovics, Phys. Rev. A 67,060704(R) (2003).


(e,2e) Measurements Using aMagnetic Angle ChangerM.A.Stevenson and B.LohmannCentre for Quantum Dynamics, Griffith University, Nathan, Qld, AustraliaE-mail of corresponding author: [email protected]

(e,2e) triple differential cross section measurements havebeen performed on the inner 3s orbital of argon for anincident energy of 113.5 eV and several low ejectedelectron energies. Large structures are predicted bytheory in regions which have been previously inaccessibleexperimentally due to angular constraints of theapparatus. A magnetic angle changer was used to deflectthese regions to angles which were accessible to with ourapparatus. This represents the first (e,2e) measurementsusing this technique.


Violations of Parity and Time-reversal in Heavy Atoms:Calculations for Cesium and RadiumV.A. Dzuba, V.V. Flambaum, and J.S.M. GingesSchool of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australiae-mail of corresponding author: [email protected]

High-precision measurements of violations of fundamentalsymmetries (e.g., parity and time-reversal) in heavy atoms

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provide an effective and relatively inexpensive means oftesting the standard model of elementary particles andsearching for new physics. Atomic structure calculationsare required for interpretation of these measurements. We present our atomic many-body calculations for twosystems of current interest: parity violation in cesium, forwhich the most precise measurements and calculationsexist; and the (parity and time-reversal violating) electricdipole moment in radium, under experimental investigationat two major laboratories.


Measurement of Two-electron QED in Helium-like TitaniumC. T. Chantler, M. Kinnane, J. Kimpton, G. Christodoulou,C-H. SuSchool of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC Australia

We have measured the resonance lines for the two-electron titanium ion at the NIST Electron-Beam Ion Trap.Results show a statistical precision of 6 ppm, well inadvance of earlier work. This allows a critical test of QEDin a new regime.


Electrical Conduction of SingleOrganic MoleculesK.-H. Müller, J. Herrmann, T. Böhme, B. Raguse, M.Roberts, G. Wei and L. WieczorekCSIRO, Industrial Physics, Sydney, Australiae-mail of corresponding author: [email protected]

An essential initial requirement for developing molecularelectronics is a detailed understanding of the electricalconduction properties of molecules placed between twometal electrodes. We have used first-principle quantummechanical calculations based on the density functionaltheory and non-equilibrium Green’s function techniques tocalculate the conduction of single organic molecules. Our results are compared with experiments wheremolecules in solution bridge the gap between goldelectrodes of a break-junction. Our calculations reveal astrong dependence of the conduction on the atomicconfiguration of the electrodes.


Electron Cross Sections in Modellingof Auroral EmissionsL. Campbell, M.J. Brunger and P.J.O. TeubnerSchool of Chemistry, Physics and Earth Sciences, FlindersUniversity, Adelaide, SA, Australiae-mail of corresponding author: [email protected]

Accurate cross sections are vital for predictions of auroralemissions produced by electron impact excitation ofmolecules. Verification of the role of the cross sections isdifficult due to other interacting processes (such as

collisional quenching, predissociation and chemicalreactions) and the variability of auroral and atmosphericparameters. Here predictions of auroral ultravioletemissions from molecular nitrogen are compared withmeasurements, in order to evaluate the accuracy andsignificance of different electron impact cross sections. Itis found that using more recent electron impact crosssections gives better agreement with measurements thanusing a previous set.


Proton Transfer of AdenineTautomers Studied in Configurationand Momentum SpacesF. Wang1 and M. Sykes2

1. Centre for Molecular Simulation, Faculty of Information &Communication Technology, Swinburne University ofTechnology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; 2. Department ofChemistry, The Universiy of Sheffield, UKe-mail of corresponding author: [email protected]

The existence of “rare” tautomeric forms of DNA basesincreases the possibility of mispairing of purine andpyrimidines that may lead to spontaneous point mutations[3]. The information of adenine tautomersprovided by even high level quantum mechanicalcalculations in configuration space is not so sensitive withrespect to the proton transfer[2]. When the orbital aremapped into momentum space using a Fourier transform,which is also known as the dual space analysis (DSA)approach[1], the orbital momentum distributions of thetautomers are sensitive to orbitals related to the protontransfer. In this work, we present our most recent resultsfor a detailed understanding of adenine tautomerism.

[1] F. Wang, J. Phys. Chem. A, 107, 10199 (2003).

[2] F. Wang, M. Downton and N. Kidwani, J. Theor. & Comput.Chem., (accepted, 2004).

[3] J. Gu, J. Leszczynski, J. Phys. Chem. A, 103, 2744 (1999).


Interatomic and IntermolecularInteractions Studied by ImagingTechniquesW. D. LawranceSchool of Chemistry, Physics and Earth Sciences, FlindersUniversity, Adelaide SA


Non-covalent interatomic and intermolecular interactionsgovern behaviour in a wide variety of environments. Forexample, they determine the aggregation of atoms andmolecules, govern the structure of polymers and biologicalmolecules, determine solvation properties, and modifychemical reactions in solution. The fundamentalunderstanding of these interactions can be approachedparticularly well via spectroscopic probing of van derWaals molecules, with small model systems providinginsights into the essential interaction mechanisms. Van derWaals molecules are dimers, or larger aggregates, of two

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AMPQC PTH 8

Evolution of the UWA Solid Nitrogen Dual Mode SapphireOscillator, JULIAJ.D. Anstie, J.G. Hartnett, M.E. Tobar, E.N. Ivanov, P.L. StanwixSchool of Physics The University of Western Australia,Crawley, WA, Australiae-mail of corresponding autho:r [email protected]

Operating at the quantum limit of an atomic fountain clockrequires an extremely stable fly-wheel oscillator withfractional frequency instability (FFI) on the order of 10–14

over 1s integration time. Helium cooled sapphireoscillators are the current standard, with FFI on the orderof 10–15 at 1s, but are expensive to run. A new dual-modetemperature compensation technique has been used inconstructing a 50K solid nitrogen cooled sapphireoscillator, nicknamed JULIA. This method, along with anovel temperature control technique, has given FFI of 4.3 x 10–14 at 1s dropping to 3.5 x 10–14 at 30 sintegration time.

AMPQC PTH 9

Isotope Shift and the Search forVariation of the Fine StructureConstantJ.C. Berengut1, V.A. Dzuba1, V.V. Flambaum1 and M.G. Kozlov2

1. School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; 2.Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute,Gatchina, Russiae-mail of corresponding author: [email protected]

Recent studies of quasar absorption spectra suggest thatthe fine structure constant, α, was different in an earlierepoch. A dangerous systematic effect in these studies isthat the isotope abundances in the gas clouds sampledmay differ from terrestrial abundances, introducingfrequency shifts that could mimic α variation. To helpresolve these systematic effects, we have calculated theisotope shift in a variety of astronomically important atoms,using relativistic Hartree-Fock as a zero-approximationand adding core-correlation and configuration-interactioneffects. Our calculations can also be used to studyvariation of isotope abundances in the Universe and testcosmic evolution theories.

AMPQC PTH 10

Close Coupling Approach toElectron-hydrogen IonisationI. Bray1, K. Bartschat2 and A. T. Stelbovics1

1. Physics & Energy Studies, Murdoch University, Perth,Western Australia; 2.Department of Physics, Drake University,Iowa, USAe-mail of corresponding author: [email protected]

Accurate calculation of electron-impact ionisation of atomshas been an intractable problem for many decades. Thefundamental problem is due to the long-ranged Coulombinteraction between three charged particles continuing out

or more species held together by non-covalent interactions.

A crucial experimental value is the binding energy of thevan der Waals molecules, which measures the strength ofthe intermolecular bond. This is difficult to measure. Forexample, the benzene-Ar complex has been studied forover 20 years because it is one of the simplest examplesof dispersion interactions involving an aromatic, and suchinteractions are important in a biological context, yet itsbinding energy has remained elusive.

Our group has used the technique of velocity mapimaging to investigate the translational energy released inthe dissociation of van der Waals molecules. The cut-off inthe translational energy release distribution allows thebinding energy of the complex to be determined. Thisapproach has been applied to a number of van der Waalsspecies. The translational energy released, in combinationwith spectroscopic probes, allows the distribution ofrotational energy in the fragments to be determined, whichprovides insights into the dissociation process. Thepresentation will review the method and give a number ofexamples from the systems studied to date.

Recently, we have begun velocity map imaging studies ofNO-Ar dissociation as a precursor to studies of thedissociation of NO-diatomic species. The aim of this workis to determine the correlated product distributions,thereby providing detailed data for comparison withtheoretical calculations. A summary of progress in thisproject to date will be presented.

POSTERS

AMPQC PTH 7

Atomic Clocks and the Search forVariation of the Fine StructureConstantE. J. Angstmann, V. A. Dzuba and V. V. FlambaumSchool of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydneye-mail of corresponding author: [email protected]

Analyses of quasar absorption spectra suggest that thefine structure constant, α, may be varying[1]. In thepresence of α variation relativistic effects cause spectrallines to shift relative to each other. No observation of α variation has yet been obtained from a laboratoryexperiment, possibly because of the small size of thespectral line shifts. However, the shift of the spectral linescan be larger in heavier atoms. Our results indicate usefulatomic transitions to use in atomic-clock-type experimentsdesigned to test whether α varies in time. We performcalculations using the relativistic Hartree-Fock method withmany-body perturbation theory and configurationinteraction methods to calculate how a varying α wouldshift different spectral lines.

[1] J. K Webb, M. T. Murphy, V. V. Flambaum, V. A. Dzuba, J. D.Barrow, C. W. Churchill, J. X. Prochaska, and A. M. Wolfe,Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 091301 (2001).

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to infinite distances. Though the formal treatment of thisproblem has been recently given[1], it followed only aftertwo computational approaches were developed[2,3]. Here we will present the most general approach to atomiccollisions, the convergent close-coupling (CCC) method,and apply it to fully differential measurements of electron-hydrogen ionisation, yielding unprecedented agreementwith experiment.

[1] A. S. Kadyrov, A. M. Mukhamedzhanov, A. T. Stelbovics, and I. Bray, Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 253202 (2003).

[2] T. N. Rescigno, M. Baertschy, W. A. Isaacs, and C. W.McCurdy, Science 286, 2474 (1999).

[3] I. Bray, K. Bartschat, and A. T. Stelbovics, Phys. Rev. A 67,060704(R) (2003).

AMPQC PTH 11

X-Ray Extended-Range Technique forPrecision Measurement of the X-RayMass Attenuation Coefficient andIm(F) for Molybdenum UsingSynchrotron RadiationC. T. Chantler, M. D. de Jonge, Z. Barnea, C. Q. TranSchool of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia

The accuracy of atomic form factors has long been aconcern of the International Union of Crystallography. Wepresent our latest results for Molybdenum featuring anabsolutely calibrated energy scale, harmonic componentdetermination to 1 photon in 104 and sample thicknesscalibration. The range of the attenuation measurement farexceeds the Nordfors range of 2 < ln (Io/I) < 4, resultingin a precision and accuracy below 0.1% in the range from13.5 keV to 41.5 keV. The new result challenges availabletheoretical calculations and challenges us to develop atheory of XAFS capable of understanding the absolutemagnitude of fine structure oscillations.

AMPQC PTH 12

X-Ray Absorption Near-EdgeStructure Calculations for SilverC. T. Chantler, E. C. Cosgriff, C. Witte, L.F. Smale, C Q. Tran, M. D. de Jonge, Z. BarneaSchool of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia

New calculations of atomic-cluster x-ray absorptionspectra are compared to high precision measurements ofthe x-ray mass attenuation coefficient for silver. The near-edge region is considered in order to examine theapplicability of the finite difference method. Discrepanciesbetween the theory and experimental results arediscussed. The results indicate that the method proposedby Joly is relevant and useful in the near-edge region.Additionally, the periodicity of the peaks and the variationof the widths are not predicted by the theory, invitingfurther research.

AMPQC PTH 13

Electron Impact Excitation of ZincAtoms Studied by the Electron—Photon Polarization CorrelationMethodS. Napier, D. Cvejanovic, and J.F. Williams Department of Physics, University of Western Australia,Nedlands e-mail of corresponding author: [email protected]

A high resolution electron impact spectrometerincorporating both the unpolarised and polarized electronbeams is developed to study excitation of multi-electronmetal atoms, initially zinc. Choice of electron polarization(zero, 28 or 75%) will highlight the spin-dependent effects.Detection of the scattered electron and polarized decayphoton will be used to measure differential Stokesparameters and spin up-down asymmetries. Symmetry-and spin-forbidden excitation of the 41D and 43D states ofzinc is expected to show a full range of many-electroneffects which need to be adequately modelled. Details of experiment and preliminary results will be presented atthe Congress.

AMPQC PTH 14

Quantum State Tomography of BECsand Atom LasersJ.J. Hope and A.J. FerrisARC Centre of Excellence for Quantum Atom OpticsDepartment of Physics, The Australian National University,Canberrae-mail of corresponding author: [email protected]

We investigate the possibilities of reconstructing thequantum state of ultracold atomic sources. In optics thequantum state of a single mode can be reconstructedusing a series of homodyne detection experiments, butthis process depends on the existence of a strong localoscillator, which does not exist for atomic fields. We aim toshow how to construct a quasi-probability distribution,such as the Wigner function, by adapting methods used inquantum optics where no local oscillator field is available.Using a full non-relativistic field theory description of thesystem, we have found that there are limitations on what ismeasurable depending on the available resources.

AMPQC PTH 15

The Polarisation of RadiationEmitted from Molecular StatesExcited by Polarised Electrons andPolarised Synchrotron RadiationJohn E. Furst1 And Timothy J. Gay2

1. School of Applied Sciences, University of Newcastle,Ourimbah, NSW; 2. Department of Physics and Astronomy,University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USAe-mail of corresponding author: [email protected]

Recent experiments[1–3] have investigated the transfer ofspin angular momentum into molecular systems, usingspin-polarised electrons and observing the circular

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polarisation of the emitted radiation. The results have beeninteresting since circular polarization has been observedin fluorescence from molecular hydrogen[1] and fromatomic fragments created in the photo-dissociation ofmolecular hydrogen[1,3] but not in the fluorescence frommolecular nitrogen[2]. This paper discusses the way inwhich angular momentum is shared in molecular systemsand compares the results obtained in electron scatteringexperiments with measurements of the circular polarizationobtained from various molecular states in H2 and N2excited with circularly-polarised synchrotron radiation.

[1] A. S. Green, G. A. Gallup, M. A. Rosenberry, and T. J. Gay,Physical Review Letters 92, 093201 (2004).

[2] G. F. Hanne, in Novel Aspects of Electron Molecule Collisionsedited by K. Becker (World Scientific, Singapore, 1998).

[3] J. F. Williams and D. H. Yu, Physical Review Letters 93, 073201 (2004).

AMPQC PTH 16

Predissociation in the B3Σ u- – X3Σg-Spectrum of S2S.T. Gibson1, S.J. Cavanagh1, E.H. Roberts1, B.R. Lewis1

and G. Stark2

1. Research School of Physical Sciences and Engineering,The Australian National University, Canberra ACT;2. Department of Physics, Wellesley College, Wellesley MA, USAe-mail of corresponding author: [email protected]

As well as being observed in planetary atmospheres, theB 3Σu

- – X3Σg- transition in S2 plays a key role in the white

light emission produced by high-efficiency sulfurdischarge lamps. However, its spectrum has yet to be fully explained.

We have applied a coupled-channel Schrödinger equationmodel to examine the mechanisms for dissociation. Thecalculations clearly identify the role of each of theelectronic states responsible for predissociation, andillustrate that, contrary to another study, the 3πu state playsa key role in the dissociation process. A diverse variationof resonance widths and line-shapes arises from thecomplex interplay between the electronic states of S2.

AMPQC PTH 17

Spin-Polarised Electron Scatteringfrom Rubidium Atoms: A Search forRelativistic EffectsW.E. Guinea1, G.F. Hanne3, M.R. Went4, M.L. Daniell1, B. Lohmann1 and W.R. Macgillivray1,2

1. Centre for Quantum Dynamics, Griffith University, Nathan,Qld, Australia; 2. Faculty of Sciences, University of SouthernQueensland, Toowoomba, Qld, Australia; 3. PhysikalischesInstitut, Universität Münster, Germany; 4. Atomic andMolecular Physics Laboratories, Research School of PhysicalSciences and Engineering, Australian National University,Canberra ACT, AustraliaE-mail of corresponding author: [email protected]

A search for relativistic effects in electron-alkali scatteringis currently underway. The A2 spin asymmetry is a directmeasure of relativistic effects in the collision process, as it is entirely dependent on the spin-orbit effect. We

present measurements of the A2 spin asymmetry forinelastic and elastic scattering of spin-polarised electronsfrom rubidium, at intermediate energies. Our resultsindicate that under these collision conditions, relativisticeffects are measurable, in qualitative agreement with theavailable theory.

AMPQC PTH 18

The Squeezed Atom LaserS. A. Haine and J. J. HopeARC COE for Quantum-Atom Optics, The Australian NationalUniversity, Canberra, ACT Australiae-mail of corresponding author: [email protected]

We theoretically investigate how to produce an atom laserwith a nonclassical output by using squeezed light. Weshow that by outcoupling atoms using a Raman transitionwith squeezed light, under appropriate conditions, that thequantum statistics of the light are almost entirely mappedto the atoms, and that entangled atom laser beams couldbe produced by using two-mode squeezed light. Weinvestigate the possibility of measuring quantumcorrelations in the atomic beam with a realisticexperimental set up.

AMPQC PTH 19

Advances in the Spectroscopy ofMolecular RadicalsL.R. Hargreaves1, T.M. Maddern1, M.J. Brunger1, P.J.O. Teubner1 and S.J. Buckman2

1. School of Chemistry, Physics and Earth Sciences, FlindersUniversity, Adelaide SA, Australia; 2. Atomic and MolecularPhysics Labs, Australian National University, Canberra ACT,Australiae-mail of corresponding author: [email protected]

We report a novel technique for measurement of low-energy elastic differential cross sections for electronscattering from molecular radicals. A pulsed target beamis photolysed, forming a mixed radical beam. Thedifferential scattering cross sections of the mixed beam,σmixed, are determined by the Relative Flow Techniqueusing a fixed multi-analyser array. Time-of-flight massspectroscopy then provides the fractional composition, Ii, of species i in the mixed beam. The cross sections ofindividual radicals, σi, are then given by:

σmixed = Σi

Iiσi [1]

AMPQC PTH 20

Electron Collisions with Molecules ofEnvironmental and TechnologicalInterestMilica JelisavcicAustralian National University

Electron-driven processes are known to be importantacross a vast range of everyday processes, from thoseeffecting our living environment to applications intechnologies that are based around discharge and plasmadevices. This paper will discuss recent experimentalmeasurements of electron scattering in molecules such

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as NO, C2F4, C4F8, and H2O, all of which haveapplications in our contemporary lives. We shall alsodiscuss plans for measurements in the near future onbiologically relevant molecules.

AMPQC PTH 21

Stabilisation of an Atom Laser UsingFeedbackM. T. Johnsson and J. J. Hope1

1. ARC Centre of Excellence for Quantum Atom Optics,Faculty of Science, The Australian National University, ACT,Canberra, Australiae-mail of corresponding author: [email protected]

To obtain an atom laser exhibiting temporal coherenceand high spectral density requires that it is continuouslypumped and comes to a steady state. It has been shownthat increasing the nonlinear coupling between atoms in acondensate encourages stability[1], as does choosing aspatially dependent pumping method[2]. We presentdetailed numerical simulations of an pumped, outcoupledatom laser using Gross-Pitaevski equations, includingspatially dependent pumping and a feedback stabilisationscheme.

[1] S. A. Haine, J. J. Hope, N. P. Robbins, C. M. Savage, Phys.Rev. Lett. 88, 170403 (2002)

[2] S. A. Haine and J. J. Hope, Phys. Rev. A, 68, 023607 (2003)

AMPQC PTH 22

An Electron Momentum Spectroscopy,Density Functional and Greens Function Theories Study of the OuterValence Electronic Structure ofBicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2,5-dioneD.B. Jones1, S. Knippenberg2, F. Wang3, R. Gleiter4, P. Loeb4, D.A. Winkler5, J-P. Francois2, M.S. Deleuze2

and M.J. Brunger1

1. School of Chemistry, Physics & Earth Sciences, FlindersUniversity, Adelaide, SA, Australia; 2. Department SBG,Limburgs Universitair Centrum, Belgium; 3.Centre forMolecular Simulation and School of Information Technology,Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria,Australia; 4. Organic Chemistry Institute, University ofHeidelberg, Germany; 5.CSIRO Molecular Science, ClaytonSouth, Victoria, Australiae-mail of corresponding author: [email protected]

We report our preliminary results for an electronmomentum spectroscopy (EMS) study of the outer valenceelectronic region of bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2,5-dione. Themeasured binding energy spectra are presented for theazimuthal angles 0˚, 10˚ and 0˚ + 10˚ and are comparedto new He(Iα) photoelectron spectroscopy results. Thesedata are then compared with results from theoreticalcomputations, using Greens Function theories. Derivedmomentum distributions are compared against thoseobtained by calculations which employ the plane-waveimpulse approximation. These calculations use basis setsobtained from Density Functional Theory calculations atthe triple zeta valence polarization level with a collection ofdifferent exchange correlation functionals.

AMPQC PTH 23

Theory of Ionization of Atoms byElectron Impact and the CoulombThree-Body Breakup ProblemA. S. Kadyrov1, A. M. Mukhamedzhanov2, A. T. Stelbovics1 and I. Bray1

1. Centre for Atomic, Molecular and Surface Physics, MurdochUniversity, Perth; 2. Cyclotron Institute, Texas A&M University,College Station, Texas, USAe-mail of corresponding author: [email protected]

The Peterkop-Rudge formalism for electron-impactionization of atoms was given almost four decades ago.Despite the knowledge that this formulation suffers from anumber of serious formal problems little progress hasbeen made in their resolution. At the congress we report adevelopment of a new formulation of the theory ofelectron-impact ionization of atoms[1,2] that addressesthese issues. In particular, we show that the ionizationamplitude has four alternative, but equivalent, surface-integral forms ideally suited for practical calculations. Wethen extend the formulation to amplitudes of all possiblescattering processes taking place in an arbitrary three-body system. A well-defined post form of the breakupamplitude valid for arbitrary potentials including the long-range Coulomb interaction is also presented.

[1] A. S. Kadyrov, A. M. Mukhamedzhanov, A. T. Stelbovics and I.Bray, Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 253202 (2003).

[2] A. S. Kadyrov, A. M. Mukhamedzhanov, A. T. Stelbovics and I.Bray, Phys. Rev. A 70 (2004) in press.

AMPQC PTH 24

Isotopic Vacuum-Ultraviolet LaserSpectroscopy of O2M. Kono1, B.R. Lewis1, and K.G.H. Baldwin1

1. Research School of Physical Sciences and Engineering,The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australiae-mail of corresponding author: [email protected]

Molecular oxygen plays an important role in thephotochemistry of the terrestrial atmosphere, and itsspectroscopy is complicated by perturbations near thesecond dissociation limit. Analysis of isotopic spectra canimprove the state of knowledge of these perturbations. Wepresent the results of a high-resolution (~0.1 cm–1)photoabsorption study of the B3Σu

– ← X 3Σg– transition of

18O2, applying a laser-based two-photon-resonantdifference-frequency four-wave mixing technique. Theresults are analyzed to provide new spectroscopicparameters for the B state of 18O2 which help toinvestigate the perturbations between the B and otherelectronic states.

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AMPQC PTH 25

Measurements of Differential, Near-Threshold Electron Excitation CrossSections Using Time-of-FlightTechniquesMichael LangeAustralian National University

We have developed a new, pulsed-electron, time-of-flightscattering technique for the measurement of near-threshold, absolute electron excitation cross sections foratoms and molecules. A crossed beam geometry is used,together with a large area position sensitive detector,which enables the simultaneous detection of scatteredelectrons over a wide angular range in order to greatlyenhance the sensitivity and efficiency of themeasurements. Design considerations and preliminarymeasurements will be presented.

AMPQC PTH 26

High Resolution XUV LaserSpectroscopy and Coupled-ChannelStudies of Isotopic MolecularNitrogenJ.P. Sprengers1, B.R. Lewis2, W. Ubachs1, S.T. Gibson,K.G.H. Baldwin2 and H. Lefebvre-Brion3

1. Department of Physics and Astronomy, Laser Centre, VrijeUniversiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; 2. Atomic andMolecular Physics Laboratories, Research School of PhysicalSciences and Engineering, Australian National University,Canberra, ACT; 3. Laboratoire de Photophysique Moleculaire,Universite de Paris-Sud, Orsay, Francee-mail of corresponding author: [email protected]

Molecular nitrogen is a major absorber of extremeultraviolet (XUV) solar radiation in the Earth’s atmosphere,and is associated with 1Σu

+ and 1πu states[1] whichundergo strong predissociation via 3πu states. Knowledgeof the spectroscopy and dissociation dynamics of N2 arealso vital to analyse data from, e.g., the current encounterof Cassini with Titan.

We have determined new N2 isotopic lifetimes viaultrahigh resolution XUV + UV laser ionization (resolvingpower 107). The lifetimes depend strongly on thevibrational level and the isotope. A coupled Schrodingerequation model for the linewidths reveals new informationabout the predissocation processes that determine theselifetimes.

[1] J.P Sprengers, W. Ubachs, K.G.H. Baldwin, B.R. Lewis and W.-U. L. Tchang-Brillet, J. Chem. Phys. 119 (6), 3160–3173 (2003).

AMPQC PTH 27

Signatures of Mott-InsulatorTransition of Ultracold Fermions inOne-Dimensional Optical LatticesXia-Ji Liu1, Hui Hu2 and Peter. D. Drummond1

1. ARC Centre of Excellence for Quantum-Atom Optics,Department of Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane,Australia; 2. NEST-INFM and Classe di Scienze ScuolaNormale Superiore, Pisa, Italye-mail of corresponding author: [email protected]

Using the Luttinger Liquid theory and local densityapproximation, we show that the measurement ofcollective oscillations of the atomic mass density providesa useful diagnosis for the phase boundary between themetallic and the Mott-insulator phases.

AMPQC PTH 28

Quantum-State Resolved ElectronAtom/Molecule Collision ExperimentsSusan Bellm1, Julian Lower1, Jake Parks2 and Don Madison2

1. Research School of Physical Sciences and Engineering,Canberra, ACT, Australia; 2. University of Missouri, Rolla, MO, USA e-mail of corresponding author: [email protected]

Electron collisions with atoms and molecules yieldinformation on bound state electron motion and probe themany-body behaviour of many-electron systems. Byemploying beams of spin-polarized electrons and/or spinpolarized laser-excited atoms and coincidencemeasurement techniques, contributions from electronexchange, relativity and angular momentum transfer canbe untangled from the measurement. We will presentrecent experimental and theoretical results for the electron-xenon system which show the sensitivity of calculation tothe treatment of exchange and electron correlation.Planned experiments probing the spin dependence ofmolecular cross sections will also be discussed.

AMPQC PTH 29

Characterisation of a Ne* MOTK.J. Matherson, J.P. Ashmore, W.R. MacGillivray and R.T. SangCentre for Quantum Dynamics, Griffith University, Nathan,Brisbanee-mail of corresponding author: [email protected]

We will present the results from the characterisation of ourmetastable neon magneto optical trap with a comparison ofdifferent methods used. Fluorescence imaging is currentlyused to obtain volume and atom number information in thetrap. This will be combined with the implementation of aphotodiode to measure the fluorescence from the atomiccloud as well as the use of multi-channel plates todetermine the density distribution across the trap. Thecombination of these techniques will give a measure of theexcited state fraction across the trap.

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AMPQC PTH 30

Uncertainties in CO2 VUV ExtinctionCross Sections: Impact on Venusand Mars Atmospheric ModellingF.P. Mills1, M. Allen2 and Y.L. Yung1. Research School of Physical Sciences and Engineering andCentre for Resource and Environmental Studies, AustralianNational University, Canberra; 2. Jet Propulsion Laboratory,California Institute of Technology, Pasadena; 3. Division ofGeological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute ofTechnology, Pasadenae-mail of corresponding author: [email protected]

A key question in studies of the Venusian and Martianatmospheres is what chemical mechanism(s) stabilizetheir primary constituent (CO2) against ultraviolet (UV)radiation. The efficiency of the chemistry required tobalance CO2 photolysis depends on the photolysis rate,so accurate laboratory measurements of the VUV crosssections for CO2 are required. Based on numericalsensitivity analyses, existing uncertainties in these crosssections, particularly near 200 nm, lead to atmosphericmodel uncertainties ~100% in the CO2 photolysis ratenear its maximum. The overall impact of theseuncertainties and comparisons among the most recentlaboratory measurements will be presented.

AMPQC PTH 31

Electron Impact Ionization of H2 atIntermediate EnergiesD.S. Milne-Brownlie and Birgit LohmannCentre for Quantum Dynamics, Griffith University, Nathan,Queensland, Australiae-mail of corresponding author: [email protected]

Theoretical studies of the Triple Differential Cross Section(TDCS) for the ionization of H2 by photon impact havepredicted an oscillatory structure due to interferenceeffects[1]. More recently, studies have shown thatinterference effects are also predicted for ionization byelectron impact at incident energies of around 4 keV[2].We will present experimental results for the electronimpact ionization of H2 for a range of intermediate incidentelectron energies. The scattering angle and ejectedelectron energies are varied to reveal whether observationof interference effects in the TDCS for the intermediateelectron energy range is possible.

[1] M. Walter and J. Briggs, J. Phys. B, 32, 2487 (1999)

[2] C.R. Stia, O.A. Foj(n, P.F. Weck, J. Hannssen and R.D. Rivarola,J. Phys. B, 36, L257 (2003)

AMPQC PTH 32

Progress Towards the Creation ofIron Nanodots Using AtomLithographyA.J. Palmer, M.Baker and R.T. SangCentre for Quantum Dynamics, School of Science, GriffithUniversity, Nathan, QLD Australiae-mail of corresponding author: [email protected]

Iron structures with dimensions below the minimumdomain size of 5nm may provide us with a new, high-density data storage medium[1]. Several limitations have

been observed in existing depositional atom lithographyschemes for producing these structures[2].

We will present an alternative scheme to circumvent theseproblems, whereby a metastable neon beam damages aself-assembled monolayer (SAM) resist on a gold and ironcovered silicon substrate through a grid-patterned maskwith pitch of 40µm[3]. We have developed an etchingprocess that is then implemented to produce 40µm irondots on the substrate. This proof-in-principle experimentholds promise for reduction in feature dimensions by wayof standing wave atom lithography methods

[1] J. I. Martín, J. Nogués, K. Liu, J. L. Vicent, and I. K. Schuller, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 256 449 (2003)

[2] E. Te Sligte, B. Smeets, R.C.M. Bosch, K.M.R. van der Stam, L.P. Maguire, R.E. Scholten, H.C.W. Beijerink, K.A.H. vanLeeuwen, Microelectronic Engineering 67–68 (2003) 664–669

[3] M. Baker, A.J. Palmer, W.R. MacGillivray and R.T. SangNanotechnology 15 (2004) 1356.

AMPQC PTH 33

The Dissipative Dicke Model: CavityFluorescence and the QuantumPhase TransitionB. Estienne1,2, F. Dimer1, S. Parkins1, and H. Carmichael1

1. Department of Physics, University of Auckland, Auckland,New Zealand; 2. Department of Physics, Ecole NormaleSupérieure, Paris, Francee-mail of corresponding author: [email protected]

The Dicke Model of an ensemble of two-state atomsinteracting with a single quantised cavity mode exhibits azero-temperature quantum phase transition to a super-radiant state at a critical atom-cavity coupling strength. Wepropose and analyse a scheme based on multilevel atomsand cavity-mediated Raman transitions to realise aneffective Dicke system operating in the phase transitionregime. Cavity fluorescence provides a measurable outputchannel from the system and displays clear signatures ofcritical behaviour in the transition regime. The schemeshould be realisable with existing experimental parametersand also offers possibilities for investigations of quantumchaos and atom-field entanglement.

AMPQC PTH 34

Polarised Electron Inner-Shell andOuter-Shell Excitation and Ionisationof Zinc AtomsL. Pravica and J. F. WilliamsDepartment of Physics, University of Western Australia, Perthe-mail of corresponding author: [email protected]

The excitation with ionisation collision process for theinner-shell 3d9 4s2 2D3/2 and outer-shell 3d10 4d2D3/2states of zinc atom have been investigated using incidentpolarised electrons with near-threshold energies. Theobserved Stokes parameters of the emitted photons(589.4 nm and 602.2 nm) show that the electron exchangeis the dominant collision mechanism, even for the inner-shell ionisation. Furthermore, the residual ions are not onlyaligned but also oriented through electron exchange andfine-structure coupling. The contributions from variouspartial waves to the ionisation with excitation process are discussed.

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AMPQC PTH 36

Reaction-Induced Duality inTransport Coefficients: TheTagashira-Sakai-Sakamoto EffectR.E. RobsonResearch School of Physical Sciences, Australian NationalUniversity, Canberrae-mail of corresponding author: [email protected]

Using simplified kinetic theory it is shown that the reaction-induced duality in transport properties, first noted byTagashira et al [1] for electron-impact ionisation andattachment in gases, and spectacularly evident in therecently observed phenomenon of negative absolutemobility[2], should be observable for a range of physicalproblems.

[1] H. Tagashira, Y. Sakai and S. Sakamoto, J. Phys. D 10, 1051(1977)

[2] R.E. Robson et al, J. Chem. Phys. 119, 11249 (2003)

AMPQC PTH 37

Photoionisation Cross Section of the((2P5(3P))3D3 State of Cold NeonB.J. Claessens1, J.P. Ashmore2, H.C.W. Beijerinck1, W.R. MacGillivray2, R.T. Sang2 and E.J.D. Vredenbregt1

1. Eindhoven Department of Applied Physics, EindhovenUniversity of Technology, The Netherlands; 2. Centre forQuantum Dynamics, School of Science, Griffith University,Nathan QLD Australia


We report on a new measurement of the photoionisationcross section from the ((2P5(3P))3D3 state of neon atphotoionisation wavelengths of 351nm and 363nm. Themeasurement is accomplished utilising a modified versionof the technique pioneered by Dinnen et. al.[1]. Thistechnique measures the absolute photoionisation crosssections of optically trapped atoms via observation of themodification of the loss rate of atoms in an optical trapdue to interaction with a photoionising laser beam. We willreport on the results of this measurement.

[1] T.P. Dinneen, C.D. Wallace, K.Y.N. Tan and P.L. Gould, Opt.Lett. 17, 1706 (1992).

AMPQC PTH 38

Electronic State Excitations in H2OP. A. Thorn, M. J. Brunger, L. Campbell and P. J. O. TeubnerSchool of Chemistry, Physics and Earth Sciences, FlindersUniversity, Adelaide, Australia e-mail of corresponding author: [email protected]

We are measuring absolute differential cross sections forelectronic state excitation in water vapour by electronimpact. After consideration of the results from previousstudies on the spectroscopy of water, it has been decidedto focus on excitation of electronic states with energy-lossthresholds less than 12eV. The energy loss spectra aremeasured with a crossed beam spectrometer of angular

resolution 1˚ and energy resolution about 60meV. Theangular range of the results will be 10˚ to 95˚ and the impactenergy range will be 20 to 50eV. Progress of ourmeasurements will be presented at the meeting.

AMPQC PTH 39

Towards Electron MomentumSpectroscopy Studies of Clusters—A New ApparatusKL Nixon, G Hewitt, B Gilbert, A Dunn, R Northeast, M Ellis,WD Lawrance and MJ Brunger

School of Chemistry, Physics and Earth Science, FlindersUniversity, Adelaide, SA


Electron momentum spectroscopy (EMS) has beensuccessfully applied to atoms, molecules and solidtargets[1]. The targets, applications and apparatus of (e,2e)experiments are constantly being expanded and improved.EMS studies of the intramolecular bonding of largemolecules[2] demonstrate the success in applying EMS toincreasingly complex targets. Therefore, investigation of theintermolecular bonding in van der Waals molecules andsmall clusters should also be feasible.

A new apparatus under construction at Flinders Universityhas been designed to study van der Waals molecules andclusters with EMS. This triple coincidence experimentcaptures the residual ion as well as the two outgoingelectrons from the electron impact ionisation event, ie, it is an(e,2e+ion) experiment. Here we present the details andperformance of this new spectrometer along with somepreliminary results.

[1] E Weigold and IE McCarthy, Electron Momentum Spectroscopy,Kluwer Academic/Plenum Press, New York (1999)

[2] H Mackenzie-Ross, MJ Brunger, F Wang, W Adcock, N Trout, IE McCarthy and DA Winkler, J. Electron. Spectroc. and Relat.Phenom., 123, (2002), 389.

AMPQC PTH 40

Ultracold Atomic Collisions in TightAnisotropic Traps with Application toSpin-Polarized Metastable HeliumT.J. Beams1, G. Peach2 and I.B. Whittingham1

1. School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, James CookUniversity, Townsville; 2. Department of Physics and Astronomy,University College London, Londone-mail of corresponding author: [email protected]

An understanding of ultracold collisions between neutralatoms is crucial to the design and operation of atom traps,and to the development of novel quantum processes usingtrapped atoms. Tight trapping environments, in which theexternal trapping field cannot be treated as uniform duringcollisions, are expected to significantly modify thesecollisions.

We recently developed several techniques to studymetastable helium under tight isotropic harmonicconfinement and report here an extension of thesetechniques to anisotropic traps. Results obtained by using aspherical harmonic expansion will be compared with those inwhich the asymmetry is treated as a second order perturbation.

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AMPQC FRE11Friday 0820–0840 hrs

Calculation of Stokes Parameters fore-H(2P) ExcitationP.L. Bartlett, A.T. Stelbovics and I. BraySchool of Engineering Science, Murdoch University, Perthe-mail of corresponding author: [email protected]

Recent measurements[1] of the reduced Stokesparameters and excitation coherence parameter for the1S-2P excitation of hydrogen using 54.4eV incidentelectrons are in disagreement with accepted convergentclose-coupling (CCC) calculations[2]. The authors[1]

suggest that spin exchange plays a more significant rolethan current theoretical methods predict. We haveaccurately calculated these parameters by solving the fullSchrödinger equation for this collision system using themethod of propagating exterior complex scaling[3] andobtained good agreement with the CCC calculations. Thediscrepancy between this experiment and theoreticalcalculations cannot be accounted for, and suggest thatindependent measurements are required.

[1] M.L. Gradziel and R.W. O’Neill, J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys.,37, 1893 (2004)

[2] I. Bray and A.T. Stelbovics, Phys. Rev. A, 46, 6995 (1992)

[3] P.L. Bartlett, A.T. Stelbovics and I. Bray, J. Phys. B: At. Mol.Opt. Phys., 37, L69 (2004)


Lippmann-Schwinger Description ofMultiphoton IonizationIgor IvanovResearch School of Physical Sciences and Engeneering, [email protected]

We develop a formalism and a computational procedure totreat the process of multiphoton ionization (MPI) of atomictargets in strong laser fields. We treat the MPI processnonperturbatively as a decay phenomenon by solving acoupled set of the integral Lippmann-Schwingerequations. As the basic building blocks of the theory weuse a complete set of field-free atomic states, discrete andcontinuous. This approach enables us to provide both thetotal and differential cross-sections of MPI of atoms withone or two electrons. As a test of the approach we apply itto study the multiphoton ionization of atomic hydrogen.


Positron Studies in Atomic andMolecular Physics and MaterialsScienceJ. P. Sullivan1, S. J. Buckman1 and A. Hill2

1. AMPL, RSPhysSE, ANU; 2. CSIRO Manufacturing &Infrastructure Technology, Claytone-mail of corresponding author: [email protected]

A new experimental positron facility is under constructionfor use in experimental studies. Experiments are plannedin both atomic and molecular physics and materialsscience. The Australian Positron Beamline Facility usesbuffer gas trap technology developed by Prof. Cliff Surkoat UCSD[1] to make a magnetised positron beam of highresolution (<25 meV). This beam can then be used tostudy positron scattering from gaseous targets andannihilation of the positrons within materials will giveinformation about material structure and properties. Thedesign of the experiment and an overview of the analysistechniques to be used will be presented.

[1] Murphy and Surko, Phys. Rev. A 46, 5696 (1992)


The Exotic World of Low-energyPositron-atom InteractionsM.W.J. Bromley, S.A. Novikov, J. MitroyFaculty of Technology, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia e-mail of corresponding author: [email protected]

The interactions of low-energy positrons with atomsprovides a host of problems for both experimentalists andtheorists alike. For example, even one of the mostfundamental questions in positron physics, whether apositron can form an electronically stable bound state with a neutral atom, was only in 1997 theoretically resolvedas a ‘yes’[1].

I will discuss the application of the configuration-interaction (CI) method to the study of various positronicatoms and ions, demonstrating the stability and structureof the bound states of PsH, e+Li, e+Be, e+Mg, e+Ca,e+Cu, CuPs, e+Zn, e+Sr and e+Cd. The CI method hasalso been used in conjunction with the Kohn variationalmethod to examine low-energy positron scattering andannihilation from H, He+ and Cu. The presence oflocalised electron-positron pairing means that these CIcalculations are extremely demanding. I will also mentionthe prospects for using positron scattering from metalvapours as a signature to detect their bound states.

[1] “Positron binding to atoms and ions”, J.Mitroy, M.W.J.Bromleyand G.G.Ryzhikh J.Phys.B 35 (2002) R81.

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Trapped Clusters and NanoparticlesEvan Bieske

School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, 3010,Australia

Advances in the spectroscopic interrogation of chargedmolecular clusters and nanoparticles will be discussed. Acommon aspect of the experiments is the use of electrody-namic ion traps and guides to confine the target speciesso that they can be probed in vacuum, free from environ-mental influences. The first part of the talk will focus onstudies of simple anion complexes and clusters wherespectra are obtained by exposing mass-selected ion com-plexes to tuneable infrared light in an octopole ion guide,with photo-absorption inferred through production ofcharged photofragments. The focus will be on the Cl–-H2,Br–-H2, and I–-H2 dimers where spectra in the 2.5 µm H-Hstretch region provide information on the length and forceconstant of the intermolecular bonds, and on the rate atwhich the vibrational energy, originally localised in the H-Hstretch mode, is transferred into the weak intermolecularbond. The second part of the talk will describe spectro-scopic studies of single charged fluorescent nanoparticlesconfined in a quadrupole trap. The particle's mass tocharge ratio is measured by determining its oscillation fre-quency within the trap, while its radius and refractive isfound by observing morphological dependent resonancesin the fluorescence.


Rovibrational Energy Transfer in the4νCH Manifold of Acetylene, Viewedby IR-UV Double ResonanceSpectroscopyM.A. Payne1, A.P. Milce1, M.J. Frost1,2 and B.J. Orr1

1. Centre for Lasers and Applications, Macquarie University,Sydney; 2. School of Engineering and Physical Sciences,Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton, Edinburgh, UKe-mail of corresponding author: [email protected]

Rovibrational states of the linear polyatomic acetylenemolecule (C2H2) are not as simple as might be supposed.For example, the 4νCH manifold at ~12 700-cm–1 in theelectronic ground-state of C2H2 is congested and affectedby anharmonic, l-resonance and Coriolis couplings. This complicates intramolecular dynamics and yieldsunusual forms collision-induced state-to-state molecularenergy transfer. Rotational J-states of the (ν1 + 3ν3) or (1 0 3 0 0)0 vibrational combination level are monitored bytime-resolved infrared-ultraviolet double resonance (IR-UVDR) spectroscopy, addressing the influence ofintramolecular perturbations on J-resolved collision-induced energy transfer with both even and odd ∆J[1-3].

[1] M.A. Payne, A.P. Milce, M.J. Frost and B.J. Orr, Chem. Phys.Lett., 324, 48 (2000)

[2] M.A. Payne, A.P. Milce, M.J. Frost and B.J. Orr, J. Phys. Chem.A, 107, 10759 (2004)

[3] M.A. Payne, A.P. Milce, M.J. Frost and B.J. Orr, submitted to J.Phys. Chem. A (August 2004)


High-resolution PhotoelectronSpectroscopy via Velocity-mapImaging of Anion Radicals: AWindow into Chemical ReactionDynamics S.J. Cavanagh, S.T. Gibson, E.H. Roberts, and B.R. LewisAtomic and Molecular Physics Laboratories, Research Schoolof Physical Sciences and Engineering, The Australian NationalUniversity, Canberra ACT e-mail of corresponding author: [email protected]

Photoelectron spectroscopy, in all its forms, is a powerfultool for gleaning structural and dynamical information fromatomic and molecular targets and chemical processes.However, many targets and processes have been out ofreach due to the inefficiencies, or poor resolution, of thetechniques used. To reliably study difficult systems highresolution, efficiency, signal-to-noise and robustness isessential. We have recently developed a co-axial velocity-map imaging spectrometer, which address all of theseissues. The performance and operation of thisspectrometer will be outlined, together with recentphotoelectron spectra from anion radicals.


Electron Scattering from ColdMetastable HeliumL.J. Uhlmann, T. Pask, R.G. Dall, K.G.H. Baldwin and S.J. BuckmanAtomic and Molecular Physics Laboratories, Research Schoolof Physical Sciences and Engineering, Australian NationalUniversity, Canberrae-mail of corresponding author:[email protected]

Electron scattering experiments involving atoms ormolecules in excited states are challenging as targets ofthis type are difficult to prepare in appreciable quantities.However, with the advent of laser cooling and trappingtechniques, the possibility to do electron collision studieson such target species now exists. In our laboratory, tworelated, yet distinct, experiments for electron scatteringfrom metastable helium are being undertaken. The firstutilizes a magneto-optical trap (MOT) of 23S Helium atomsas the target for a grand total cross-section measurement.Results of scattering from the 23S and 23P levels of Heliumwill be presented in the energy range from 5-75eV. Thesecond set of experiments is designed to determine thedifferential electron scattering cross-section by using thebright beam line as the source of target atoms1 andemploying a technique referred to as Metastable AtomRecoil Spectroscopy (MARS). Progress towards thecollection of this data will be discussed.

[1] M.D. Hoogerland, D. Milic, W. Lu, H.A. Bachor, K.G.H. Baldwinand S.J. Buckman, Aust. J. Phys., 49, 567 (1996).

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Optics, Photonics, LaserPhysics (AOS)AOS MOA11Monday 1040–1120 hrs

Nonlinear Optical SpectroscopyEric van Stryland

College of Optics and Photonics: CREOL & FPCE, Universityof Central Florida, Orlando, USA


With the advent of tunable short-pulsed high-irradianceoptical-parametric devices and the ability to create shortwhite-light continua (WLC), nonlinear optical (NLO)spectroscopy is greatly facilitated. We have developed avariety of techniques for measuring two-photon absorption(2PA) and excited-state absorption spectra ofsemiconductors, dielectrics and organic materials. Usinga WLC pump-probe method gives the nondegenerateNLO spectrum which for 2PA gives the dispersion of thenonlinear refraction from Kramers-Kronig relations. This isnot possible with techniques such as Z-scan that givedegenerate nonlinearities. These complementarytechniques on various time scales allow a fairly completecharacterization and understanding of the nonlinearprocesses occurring in these materials.

AOS MOA13Monday 1120–1140 hrs

Cavity Ringdown Spectroscopy withWidely Tunable Swept-frequencyLasersY. He and B.J. Orr

Centre for Lasers and Applications, Macquarie University,Sydney, NSW


A novel approach to cavity ringdown (CRD) spectroscopybased on swept-frequency (SF) lasers enables rapidmeasurement of CRD absorption spectra. Our new SFCRD spectrometer incorporates a miniature widely-tunablecontinuous-wave SF laser[1] and requires less than 1 s torecord wide-ranging absorption spectra with highsensitivity in a single rapid sweep of the laser frequency.The spectrometer has a single-ended transmitter-receiverconfiguration based on retro-reflected optical-heterodynedetection[2], and yields a simple, compact, versatileinstrument for efficient sensing of gases. The performanceof the spectrometer is demonstrated by measuring weakabsorption spectra of carbon dioxide gas at 1.5–1.6 µm.

[1] J.D. Berger and D. Anthon, Optics and Photonics News, 14 (3),42, 62 (2003)

[2] Y. He and B.J. Orr, Chem. Phys. Lett., 335, 215 (2001); Appl.Phys. B, 75, 267 (2002)


Micro-Characterisation of ErbiumDoped Optical Fibres F. Sidiroglou1, S. T. Huntington1, R.Stern2, G. W. Baxter3,N.M. Dragomir1, and A. Roberts1

1. School of Physics, University of Melbourne, VIC; 2. Schoolof Electrical Engineering, Victoria University of Technology,Melbourne; 3. Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis,M010, The University of Western Australia


Rare-earth-doped optical fibres continue to play a centralrole in optical telecommunications and are findingincreasing application as optical fibre sensors and high-power lasers. Optimising the performance of devicesbased on these fibres requires high-spatial resolutioninformation about the distribution of active ions within thefibre. Here we present experimental results demonstratingthe application of two microscopic imaging techniques,Raman Fluorescence Intensity Confocal OpticalMicroscopy and Nano-Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy,to the determination of the relative erbium ion distributionin fibres. The extension of these techniques to the study ofother rare-earth doped fibres will also be discussed.


A Microwave Frequency Standard inthe 10–15 Accuracy Range Using171Yb+ IonsR. B. Warrington, P. T. H. Fisk, M. J. Wouters and M. A. Lawn

National Measurement Institute (formerly NationalMeasurement Laboratory, CSIRO), Sydney


Microwave frequency standards of the highest stabilityand accuracy have been under development at CSIRO’sNational Measurement Laboratory for many years, basedon the ground-state hyperfine interval of trapped 171Yb+

ions (the analogous interval for 133Cs defines the SIsecond). Laser cooling reduces or eliminates systematicshifts. Recent work includes designing a non-magneticUHV chamber in novel materials, and loading the trap byphotoionization. We are working towards a frequencyaccuracy of 4x10–15 or better, comparable to the best Csfountain standards. Though our interest is metrology, thestandard also opens up various possibilities for tests offundamental physics.


Near-field Imaging and Manipulationof Photonic CrystalsBen Buchler

Photonic crystals have applications ranging fromminiaturised photonic devices to cavity quantumelectrodynamics. The aim of our work is to use scanning

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probe techniques to characterise and manipulate thebehaviour of photonic crystals and explore the possibilityof controlled coupling between single emitters andphotonic crystals. We present optical near-field images of2D microcavities and comparison to numerical models.Further numerical modelling also shows how scanningprobes can be used to modify a high-Q cavity. Recentexperiments demonstrate the use of scanning probes toaffect the spontaneous emission of single emitters.Application of these techniques to photonic crystals will bediscussed.


Output Couplers for 3D PhotonicCrystal WaveguidesA.R. Weily1, K.P. Esselle1, B.C. Sanders2,3 and T.S. Bird4

1. Department of Electronics, Macquarie University, Sydney,NSW, Australia; 2. Institute for Quantum Information Science,University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; 3. Centre ofExcellence for Quantum Computer Technology, MacquarieUniversity, Sydney, NSW, Australia; 4. CSIRO ICT Centre,Epping, NSW, Australia


One crucial practical problem facing 3D photonic crystalapplications is finding a way to couple electromagneticenergy efficiently into and out of a 3D photonic crystalwaveguide. We investigate two approaches for solving thisproblem: the photonic crystal horn antenna[1],[2]; and theconventional waveguide to 3D photonic crystal waveguidemode coupler[3]. We demonstrate both approachestheoretically using numerical simulations, andexperimentally using prototypes operating at microwavefrequencies. Both methods succeed in providing highlyefficient coupling into and out of the 3D photonic crystalwaveguide over a wide bandwidth, thereby demonstratingtwo solutions to the output coupling problem.

[1] A.R. Weily, K.P. Esselle, and B.C. Sanders, Phys. Rev. E, 68,16609 (2003)

[2] A.R. Weily, K.P. Esselle, and B.C. Sanders, Phys. Rev. E, 70,37602 (2004)

[3] A.R. Weily, K.P. Esselle, B.C. Sanders, and T.S. Bird(unpublished)


Fabrication of Advanced Air-Structured Silica Optical FibresK. Lyytikäinen, J. Canning, J. Digweed, M. Åslund and S. Jackson

Optical Fibre Technology Centre, University of Sydney andAustralian Photonics CRC


Structuring of optical fibres using air-holes offers analternative method of tailoring the properties of opticalfibres. These fibres include photonic crystal fibres, Fresnelfibres, and air-clad fibres for high NA fibres and highpower fibre lasers. The control of the geometry is critical tofibre performance. Drawn into lengths over hundreds ofmeters, retaining such micro- and nano-structures is

challenging. This work describes techniques for producingair-structured fibres and parameters that can be used tocontrol fibre geometry. Examples include fibres with<2dB/km losses at 1mm, hi-birefringence photonic crystal fibres and high NA air-clad fibres with bridgethickness <350nm.


Characterisation of OpticalWavefields Propagated throughScattering MediaC.K. Aruldoss, N. M. Dragomir, R.E. Scholten, K.A. Nugent and A. Roberts

School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010,AUSTRALIA


Knowledge of changes in a wavefield as it propagatesthrough a turbid medium is critical to a completeunderstanding of optical imaging in biological tissue. As an optical wavefield propagates through such amedium, its Mutual Optical Intensity (MOI), which fullydescribes a quasi-monochromatic spatially partiallycoherent field, is changed. The aim of this work is todetermine the MOI of optical fields that have propagatedthrough a variety of controlled scattering media applyingphase-space tomography. Experimental results will bepresented and discussed.


Pump-probe Differencing Techniquefor Cavity-enhanced, Noise-cancelling Saturation LaserSpectroscopyG. de Vine1, J. Close2, D.E. McClelland1 and M.B. Gray1

1. Centre for Gravitational Physics, Department of Physics,Faculty of Science, Australian National University, Canberra,ACT, Australia; 2. Centre for Quantum Atom Optics,Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Australian NationalUniversity, Canberra, ACT, Australia


We present an experimental technique enablingmechanical-noise free, cavity-enhanced frequencymeasurements of an atomic transition and its hyperfinestructure. We employ the 532nm frequency doubledoutput from a Nd:YAG laser and an iodine vapour cell. Thecell is placed in a traveling-wave Fabry-Perotinterferometer (FPI) with counter-propagating pump andprobe beams. The FPI is locked using the Pound-Drever-Hall (PDH)[1] technique. Mechanical noise is rejected bydifferencing pump and probe signals. In addition, thisdifferenced error signal gives a sensitive measure ofdifferential non-linearity within the FPI.

[1] R. W. P. Drever, J. L. Hall, F. V. Kowalski, J. Hough, G. M. Ford,A. J. Munley and H. Ward, Laser phase and frequencystabilization using an optical resonator, Appl. Phys. B, 31, 97, (1983).

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Ultra-slow Light in Fibre GratingsJ.T. Mok, M.W. Verdon, I.C. Littler and B.J. Eggleton

Centre for Ultrahigh bandwidth Devices for Optical Systems,School of Physics, University of Sydney


We present the design and characterisation of fibregratings for ultra-slow light application using Bragg gratingsolitons[1]. We simulate pulse propagation through auniform grating and a Moiré grating[2] fabricated for thisapplication. Effects of grating imperfections on slow lightpulse propagation are evaluated.

[1] B. J. Eggleton, C. M. de Sterke and R. E. Slusher, J. Opt. Soc.Am. B, 16, 4 (1999).

[2] J. B Khurgin, Phys. Rev. A, 62, 013821 (2002).


Holographic Mode Converters: Laser Beams Are not Plane WavesMichael Harvey1, Nathan Langford1,2, Rohan Dalton1,2, Agatha Branczyk1, Paul Cochrane1

and Andrew G. White1,2

1. Department of Physics, The University of Queensland;2. Centre for Quantum Computer Technology, The Universityof Queensland


Holographic mode converters are widely used totransform laser beams into more useful beam profiles[1,2].In many instances these devices are realised as thincomputer-generated holograms. Typically, these arecalculated assuming that one (or more) of the interferingfields are plane wave. And, typically the resulting outputdoes not map at all well onto the desired mode. Wepresent theoretical and experimental studies of thediscrepancies between these plane-wave holograms andthe modes they are intended to produce. We demonstratethat these discrepancies are reduced substantially byGaussian (as opposed to plane wave) fields.

[1] N K Langford, et al, Physical Review Letters 93, 053601 (2004)

[2] N R Heckenberg, et al, Optics Letters 17, 221 (1992)


Vortex Solitons in Nonlocal Kerr-like MediaD. Briedis1, D.E. Petersen1, D. Edmundson2, W. Z. Królikowski1, O. Bang3 and J. Wyller4

1. Laser Physics Centre, Research School of PhysicalSciences and Engineering, Australian National University,Canberra ACT; 2. ANU Supercomputing Facility, ResearchSchool of Physical Sciences and Engineering, AustralianNational University, Canberra ACT; 3. Research Centre COM,Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark;4. Department of Mathematical Sciences, AgriculturalUniversity of Norway, Ås, Norway


Spatial optical solitons are optical beams that propagate in nonlinear materials without changing their shape. The so-called bright vortex soliton is a localized opticalbeam with a singular phase structure existing in bulkcrystals, which has attracted a considerable attentionrecently. It is known that this particular type of spatialsoliton is unstable in spatially local nonlinear materials andwill break up into fragments during propagation, whileconserving angular momentum. Here we discuss thepropagation of cortex beams and solitons in nonlocalfocussing materials. We show that spatial nonlocalitystabilizes the propagation of vortex beams and allows forthe formation of stable solitons.


Nanofabrication Using StandingWave Optical Masks for MetastableAtom LithographyM. Baker, A.J. Palmer and R.T. Sang

Centre for Quantum Dynamics, School of Science, GriffithUniversity, Nathan, QLD


We present here details of optical masking techniquesapplied to a Ne* metastable atomic beam source for atomlithography[1,2]. In this scheme, metastable noble gasatoms, focused in an optical standing wave, are used tomodify the chemical properties of various resist coveredsubstrates to form nanoscale structures. In previous work,physical masks were used to create patterns in thiolateSAM and oil contaminated resist surfaces[3,4].

Recent improvements to our system include an opticalcollimation section to improve beam brightness andreduce transverse velocities. We have undertaken Monte-Carlo simulations to model the dipole force on Ne* atomsin an optical standing wave[5]. Results will be presentedshowing our initial attempts with Ne* using an opticalstanding wave to create periodic structures.

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POSTERS

AOS PMO 20

Modulational Instability andGeneration of Pulses in Cubic-Quintic Complex Ginzburg-LandauModelsK. Maruno1, A. Ankiewicz2 and N. Akhmediev2

1. Faculty of Mathematics, Kyushu University, Hakozaki,Higashiku, Fukuoka, Japan; 2. Optical Sciences Group,Research School of Physical Sciences and Engineering, TheAustralian National University, Canberra ACT


We investigate modulational instability (MI) for severaldiscrete cubic-quintic complex Ginzburg-Landau(CQCGL) models and compare with MI for the continuousCQCGL equation. The MI of a discrete cubic-quinticcomplex Ginzburg-Landau model, which was recentlyproposed by us, depends on the wave number of a planewave. We also study, analytically and numerically, brightsolitons of the discrete CQCGL model which may begenerated by MI.

AOS PMO 21

‘Fast-light’ Atomic Media with GiantKerr NonlinearityA.M. Akulshin, A.I. Sidorov, R.J. McLean, and P. Hannaford

Centre for Atom Optics and Ultrafast Spectroscopy,Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC


Light-induced ground-state atomic coherencessignificantly enhance dispersion dn/d_ and nonlinearsusceptibility χ(3) of an atomic gas. Such ‘coherent’ controlof the optical properties of atomic media makes thempotentially suitable for storage of quantum informationthrough ‘storage of light’[1].

We discuss a link between nonlinearity at the few-photonintensity level and light propagation with negative groupvelocities in a ‘fast-light’ atomic medium, which ischaracterized by a steep negative dispersion. Also anexperimental study of the noise properties of new opticalfields generated by nonlinear wave mixing assisted bygreatly enhanced Kerr nonlinearity is presented.

[1] C.H. van der Wal et al., Science 301 (5630), 196 (2003); A.Kuzmich et al., Nature 423, 731 (2003).

AOS PMO 22

Optical Rephasing Using The StarkEffectA. Alexander1, J. Longdell1 and M. Sellers1

1. Laser Physics Centre, Research School of PhysicalSciences and Engineering, Australian National University,Canberra, ACT, Australia

email of corresponding author: [email protected]

There is great interest in developing a quantum memorycapable of storing non-classical light fields. In this paper ithas been demonstrated that it is possible to rephaseoptical coherence through switching the polarity of an

applied DC electric field. This experiment uses a narrowinhomogeneous optical transition in a solid-state hostdoped with rare-earth ions. The applied DC field causes abroadening of the narrow inhomogeneous transition. Aweak pulse is input to the crystal and the sample isallowed to evolve before the electric field is switched inpolarity. We have seen we are able to rephase opticalcoherence without the use of intense driving pusles.

AOS PMO 23

Progress Towards Bose-EinsteinCondensation of He*Robert G Dall, Kenneth G H Baldwin, Andrew G Truscott

ARC Centre of Excellence for Quantum-Atom Optics,Research School of Physical Science and Engineering,Australian National University, ACT


We report on our progress towards Bose condensingmetastable helium (He*). To date, we have demonstrated a magneto-optic trap (MOT) of He*, which contains up to 3 x 109 atoms. Due to the high background pressure inour main MOT vacuum chamber, the atoms aretransported out of the main chamber into a second high vacuum chamber, at a rate ~ 1x109/s using acombination of light pressure and magnetic guiding.These atoms will be captured in a novel magnetic trapand subsequent evaporation should lead to Bose-Einsteincondensation of He*.

AOS PMO 24

Quantum Control of a SinglePhotonic QubitAgatha Branczyk1, Alexei Gilchrist1,2 and Stephen D. Bartlett1

1. School of Physical Sciences, The University of Queensland;2. Centre for Quantum Computer Technology, The Universityof Queensland


Quantum control involves repeated measurement of aquantum system, altering the dynamics of the systembased on the measurement results. The crucial distinctionbetween classical and quantum control is the back-actionnoise due to measurement. In quantum feedback control itis possible to know too much. We present the design of aprototype single-photon optics experiment demonstratingquantum control. The experiment consists of a sequenceof weak measurements[1] of the photon’s polarisationfollowed by correction. The performance of the quantumcontrol system in protecting the quantum state from noiseis characterised theoretically, and we investigate theoptimal measurement sensitivity.

[1] G J Pryde, J L O’Brien, A G White, S D Bartlett and T C Ralph,Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 190402 (2004)

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AOS PMO 25

Matter Wave Propagation throughMicrostructured Waveguides*M.W.J. Bromley1,2, M. Koehler2 and B.D. Esry2

1. Faculty of Technology, Charles Darwin University, Darwin,NT, Australia; 2. Department of Physics, Kansas StateUniversity, Manhattan, KS, USA


Significant experimental progress in recent years hasbeen seen in the field of “atom chips”, ie. integrated atomoptics, where trapping, propagation and manipulation ofultracold atoms have all been done above a singlemicrochip surface. Our theoretical efforts have beenfocussed on exploring the nature of wave propagationthrough such microstructured waveguides. We presenthere a smorgasbord of fundamental physics, ranging fromwave excitations and quantum/classical correspondence,through to interference-based vortex production anddispersion management.

*Supported by the U.S.A. Department of the Navy, Office of NavalResearch, and in part by the Research Corporation.

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Customised Three-flat CalibrationMethod for a Large-aperture FizeauInterferometer with Vertical Optical AxisJan Burke and Bozenko (Bob) Oreb

CSIRO Industrial Physics, Lindfield, NSW, Australia


We describe a modified version of the traditional three-flatcalibration method, which we have used to calibrate the320 mm diameter reference flat of the Large ApertureDigital Interferometer (LADI) at the CSIRO’s AustralianCentre for Precision Optics. The salient feature of the newmethod is a combination of rotational averaging andutilisation of symmetry properties to infer absolute surfacerelief data. We present the data acquisition andprocessing schemes and show the results of the firstexperimental calibration run. The results validate themethod, establish an accuracy better than 1 nanometrerms and highlight additional practical issues.

AOS PMO 27

Efficient Method for Modelling out ofPlane Transmission Loss in PhotonicCrystal Slab WaveguidesS. Campbell1, L.C. Botten2, C. Martijn de Sterke1 and R.C. McPhedran1

1. School of Physics, Centre of Excellence for Ultrahigh-bandwidth Devices for Optical Systems, University of Sydney,Sydney; 2. School of Mathematical Sciences, Centre ofExcellence for Ultrahigh-bandwidth Devices for OpticalSystems, University of Technology, Sydney


Photonic crystal (PC) slab waveguides confine light usinga photonic bandgap in one lateral direction, and effective

index guidance in the other. These waveguides haveapplications in guiding light, dispersion compensation,and optical delay lines in integrated photonic devices. A critical issue associated with these waveguides is theloss due to out-of-plane leakage. We have developed amethod that can accurately and efficiently model suchloss, and which can be extended to model other 2D PCbased devices. The method is based on modaltechniques developed to model diffraction gratings[1].

[1] L. Li, J. Mod. Optics, 40, 553 (1993)

AOS PMO 28

Entanglement Cycles andConditional Quantum EvolutionMile Gu, S. Parkins, and H.J. Carmichael

Department of Physics, University of Auckland, Auckland,New Zealand


Entanglement cycles are exhibited by systems thatoscillate between a number of pure entangled states viathe stochastic emission of photons. We demonstrate theexistence of such behavior within a cascaded cavitysystem using quantum trajectory methods, and show thatunder appropriate conditions the system oscillatesindefinitely between two perfectly entangled Bell states.Such systems may show vastly different behaviour along asingle trajectory, although they possess a uniquely definesteady state. The phenomenon has various possibleapplications; for example, in the generation ofentanglement and quantum measurement.

AOS PMO 29

Optical Fibre and Its Role in High-Power Lasers and AmplifiersA.L.G. Carter, B.Samson, K.Tankala and D.P.Machewirth

Nufern, East Granby, CT, USA


First invented in the 1960’s, the fibre laser is almost as oldas the laser itself[1][2]. Moreover it has a number of distinctadvantages over alternative solid state laser technologiesincluding size, reliability, wavelength selectivity, heatdissipation, wall-plug efficiency and operational cost.Nevertheless, immature optical design of the fibre hadmeant that fibre lasers were sidelined from real worldapplications. Very recently a series of advances in bothfibre and pump-diode design have facilitated a revival ininterest, with diffraction-limited, single-polarisation, kW-level output powers from a single fibre laser[3]. In thispaper we discuss the technological advancements in fibredesign that underpin this revolution.

[1] E.Snitzer, “Neodymium glass laser”, Proc. 3rd InternationalConference of Quantum Electronics, Paris, 999 (1963)

[2] C.J.Koester and E.Snitzer, “Amplification in a fiber laser”, App.Opt., 3, 1182 (1964)

[3] C.-H.Liu, A.Galvanauskas, B.Ehlers, F.Doerfel, S.Heinemann,A.Carter, K.Tankala, J.Farroni, “810-W single transverse modeYb-doped fiber laser”, Advanced Solid-State Photonicsconference, PD2 (2004)

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AOS PMO 30

Latest Results for Silver AtomicForm Factors in the RelativisticRegime—a New FrontierC. T. Chantler, Z. Barnea, C Q. Tran, M. D. de Jonge

School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC Australia

Complex X-Ray form factors are used in crystallography,material science, medical diagnosis, refractive indexstudies and XAFS. Determinations of the complexcomponent for silver typically differ by over 10% or 10standard deviations. We apply the X-Ray Extended-RangeTechnique [Phys. Lett. A286 (2001) 338, PRA 69 (2004)022717–1, PRL 90 (2003) 257401–1] for accuratemeasurements of the mass attenuation coefficient and theimaginary component of the atomic form factor. Theaccuracy of 0.3% challenges available theoreticalcalculations and suggests that new methods ofcomputation are required to approach the accuracy of theexperimental data.

AOS PMO 31

New Experimental Approach to QEDTests in Medium-Z SystemsJ. Kimpton, M. Kinnane, G. Christodoulou, C-H. Su, C. T. Chantler

School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC Australia

We have installed, built, aligned and operated a new X-rayspectrometer to our new specifications on the NISTElectron Beam Ion Trap. This has major advances overprevious spectrometry, especially regarding the stability ofthe system in response to mechanical and thermalfluctuations, and the capacity for accurate absolutecalibrations over the full range of its dispersion function.Other developments include a novel multiple detectorinvestigation of systematics. Early signs of significantadvances with respect to the analysis of systematic andstatistical error budgets will be presented. Opportunitiesfor further and future developments will be discussed.

AOS PMO 32

Two-photon Induced Photo-enhancement of Densely PackedCdSe/ZnSe/ZnS Nanocrystal Solidsand Its Application to Multi-layerOptical Data StorageJames W. M. Chon and Min Gu

Centre for Micro-Photonics, School of Biophysical Sciencesand Electrical Engineering, Swinburne University ofTechnology, Hawthorn, VIC Australia

We report on a two-photon absorption induced photo-enhancement effect on a densely packed CdSe/ZnSe/ZnScore-shell semiconductor nanocrystal solid film. Theenhancement is found to be irreversible without anoticeable blue-shift in emission spectra, hence we

attribute the enhancement to the photo-annealing ofinterface defects rather than to the photo-oxidation orsurface passivation by other molecules. The two-photonenhancement allows us to record the enhanced spotsthree-dimensionally, hence demonstrating the feasibility ofits application to multi-layered optical data storage basedon NC solids.

AOS PMO 33

Resonant Photothermal Dynamics inFiber Fabry Perot CavitiesJong. H. Chow1, Ian L. M. Littler2, David E. McClelland1,Malcolm B. Gray1

1. Centre for Gravitational Physics, Department of Physics,Faculty of Science, Australian National University; 2. CUDOS(Centre for Ultrahigh Bandwidth Devices for Optical Systems),School of Physics, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW


Resonant photothermal effects in fiber Fabry-Perot cavitiesare caused by the conversion of circulating optical energyinto heat due to absorption. This results in thermal changein resonator optical path length, the roundtrip phase, andhence the resonance condition. These effects impact onthe performance of DFB lasers, characterisation of passivefiber resonators, as well as frequency stability when theseresonators are used as optical filters. We describe asimplified dynamic numerical model for photothermaleffects in passive fiber Bragg grating resonators, andpresent results of their experimental observation.

AOS PMO 34

Energy Transfer up-conversion inTm-doped Silica FibresD. A. Simpson1, G. W. Baxter1, S. F. Collins1, K. Gibbs2,W. Blanc3, B. Dussardier3, G. Monnom3

1. Optical Technology Research Laboratory, VictoriaUniversity, Melbourne VIC Australia; 2. Centre for Imagingand Applied Optics, Swinburne University, Hawthorn, VICAustralia; 3. Laboratoire de Physique de la MatièreCondensée, Universite de Nice—Sophia Antipolis, Nice,France


Thulium-doped glasses have attracted considerableinterest in recent years, due to their potential use asoptical amplifiers and mid infrared lasers sources. As aresult, a significant amount of research has been focusedon the spectroscopy of the Tm3+ ion. In this work, wereport the observation of up-conversion luminescencefrom the 3H4 level of thulium-doped silica fibres whenexcited at 1586 nm. The up-conversion luminescence wasobserved with modest pump powers, in fibres withrelatively low thulium concentrations. The decaycharacteristics of the up-conversion luminescence verifythat the energy transfer up-conversion process (3F4, 3F4 ‡3H4, 3H6) participates in populating the 3F4 energy level.

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AOS PMO 35

Chirped Fibre Bragg GratingDistributed Temperature SensorA. Nand1, D. J. Kitcher1, S. A. Wade1,2, S. F. Collins1 andG. W. Baxter1

1. Optical Technology Research Laboratory, VictoriaUniversity, Melbourne VIC, Australia; 2. Department ofMechanical Engineering, Monash University, VIC, Australia


A Chirped Fibre Bragg Grating (CFBG) distributedtemperature sensor based on the analysis of the reflectedpower spectrum to extract nonuniform temperaturedistribution along the grating will be presented. Thetechnique uses a combination of a discrete FourierTransform (FFT) and a CFBG sensor. The measuredreflectivity of the CFBG due to localised temperaturechange was simulated using the FFT grating design modelrepresentative of an applied temperature disturbance.Accuracies of a three-parameter function-fitting algorithm,operating on position, width and amplitude of temperaturechange, to a temperature disturbance to the measuredspectra, will be discussed.

AOS PMO 36

Annealing Dynamics of ErbiumDoped Fiber Bragg GratingsD. J. Kitcher, S. Trpkovski, M. Dagher, G. W. Baxter and S. F. Collins

Optical Technology Research Laboratory, Victoria University,Melbourne VIC, Australia


Experimental annealing curves of fiber Bragg gratings(FBG) written in H2 loaded Er doped fiber can deviatefrom those expected by conventional power law fitting orlog-time aging curves that model thermal removal ofphotorefractive contributions from a density of statesfunction with an initially Gaussian population vs. activationenergy. Annealing dynamics of Er doped Bragg gratingswith a non-Gaussian and mobile defect population areexamined. The process of creating erbium doped FBGsfor high temperature sensors composed only of states witha high activation energy is discussed.

AOS PMO 37

States for Phase Estimation J. Combes and H. M. Wiseman

Centre for Quantum Computer Technology, Centre forQuantum Dynamics, School of Science, Griffith University,Brisbane, Queensland, Australia


For a single shot measurement of the phase ϕ of aquantum state with no prior information the spin squeezingparameter, ξ2 [1,2], is not a good figure of merit. This isdue to the fact that the uncertainty of a phase estimate φis what is relevant in a single shot measurement—not thesignal to noise ratio. In light of this understanding a new

phase squeezing parameter is introduced, ζ2 = 2N(1-S),where N is the number of spins in the ensemble and the sharpness of the phase distribution is labelled as S = <exp[iφ-ϕ]> An experimental realisation of maximallyphase-squeezed states is opportune in light of recentmode-mashing experiments[3]. It is also noted that statesgenerated by the two axis counter-twisting Hamiltonian[1]

are practically optimally phase-squeezed and easier togenerate than their maximally spin-squeezed counterstates.

[1] M. Kitagawa and M. Ueda, Phys. Rev. A, 47, 5138 (1993)

[2] D. J. Wineland et al Phys. Rev. A, 46, R6797 (1992)

[3] W. M. Mitchell, J. S. Lundeen and A. M. Steinberg, Nature, 409, 161 (2004)

AOS PMO 38

Solving the Hubbard Model withPhase-space MethodsJ. F. Corney and P. D. Drummond

ARC Centre of Excellence for Quantum-Atom Optics, Schoolof Physical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane


The Hubbard model is the simplest model of interactingFermions on a lattice. Of importance in solid-state physics,it also provides an accurate model of ultracold fermionicatoms in an optical lattice. While solutions of the Hubbardmodel are known in 1D, first-principle results in higherdimensions have relied on Quantum Monte Carlo methods,which suffer from intractable ‘Fermi sign’ problems. We introduce an exact method for simulating many-bodyquantum systems based a Gaussian phase-spacerepresentation for Fermions[1]. The method can performdynamical or thermal equilibrium calculations. We use it tosolve higher-dimensional Hubbard models without signproblems.

[1] J. F. Corney and P. D. Drummond, quant-ph/0404052.

AOS PMO 39

Multi-Wavelength Sources for ColourHigh Speed Imaging ApplicationsP.B. Evans and D.W. Coutts

Department of Physics, ICS, Macquarie University, Sydney


A novel 3-d high speed imaging technique we havedeveloped requires a multi-wavelength source spanningthe visible spectrum. Here we describe such sourcebased on cascaded stimulated Raman scattering inoptical fibres. An essential source requirement is an evenenergy distribution amongst at least seven Stokes orders(+ pump). Modelling results show that while CWconversion in single mode fibres predicts sequentialgeneration of each Stokes order with complete depletionof the pump and each previous order, a Gaussian pulseproduces multiple orders. Multiple order output spectraare obtained with mJ pulse energies suitable for the highspeed imaging application.

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AOS PMO 40

Interaction of Matter-wave GapSolitons in Optical LatticesBeata J. Dabrowska, Elena A. Ostrovskaya and Yuri S. Kivshar

Nonlinear Physics Centre and ARC Centre of Excellence forQuantum-Atom Optics, RSPhysSE, Australian NationalUniversity, Canberra ACT, Australia


We study mobility and interaction of matter-wave gapsolitons in a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) confined bya periodic potential of an optical lattice. Such localizedwavepackets can exist only in the gaps of the matter-waveband-gap spectrum, and their interaction properties areshown to serve as a measure of discreteness imposedonto a BEC by the lattice potential. We show that inelasticcollisions of two weakly localized near-band-edge gapsolitons can generate strongly localized in-gap solitonsthrough soliton fusion[1]. Furthermore, for a broad range ofincident velocities, inelastic collisions with an immobilesoliton can lead to a total energy transfer that can beimplemented in a soliton-based switching scheme andapplied in atomic interferometry. In addition, weinvestigate a novel method for generating trains of gapsolitons, and show that the BEC gap solitons can emergeas a result of nonlinear evolution of a periodic matter wavetriggered by its modulational instability.

[1] B. J. Dabrowska, E. A. Ostrovskaya and Yu. S. Kivshar, J. Opt.B: Quantum Semiclass. Opt. 6, 423 (2004)

AOS PMO 41

Two-Mode Theory of BECInterferometryB J Dalton

ARC Centre of Excellence for Quantum-Atom Optics andCentre for Atom Optics and Ultrafast Spectroscopy,Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

A theory of BEC interferometry for modest boson numbersin an unsymmetrical double-well trap has been developedusing the two-mode approximation, extending previouswork[1]. Possible fragmentations into separate BEC statesin each well during the splitting/recombination process areallowed for. Self-consistent sets of equations for theamplitudes of fragmented states and for the two singleboson orbitals are obtained, the latter being coupledGross-Pitaevski equations. Another version of the two-mode theory extending other work[2] has also beendeveloped, treating the BEC as a giant spin system.Numerical studies are aimed at finding conditions whereBEC interferometry is possible.

[1] C Menotti, J R Anglin, J I Cirac & P Zoller, Phys. Rev. A 63,023601 (2001)

[2] G J Milburn, J Corney, E M Wright & D F Walls, Phys. Rev. A55, 4318 (1997).

AOS PMO 42

Quantum Computing with OpticalClustersC. M .Dawson1,3 and M. A. Nielsen1,2

1. Department of Physics, University of Queensland,Queensland, Australia; 2. Department of InformationTechnology and Electrical Engineering, University ofQueensland, Australia; 3. SRC for Quantum ComputerTechnology, University of Queensland, Australia


The theoretical potential of quantum computers and thetechnical challenges in their construction have seenextensive efforts to build working prototypes of the basictechnology. One promising proposal involves the encodingof quantum data in the spatial modes of a single photon[1],and recently a key component of such a computer hasbeen demonstrated[2].

Any quantum computer, however, will inevitably be subjectto noise which will cause its basic components tooccasionally malfunction. In this presentation we willdiscuss recent work[3],[4] on techniques for successfullyoperating an optical quantum computer in the presence of noise.

[1] E. Knill, R. Laflamme, G. J. Milburn, Nature, 209, 46–52 (2001)

[2] J L O’Brien, G J Pryde, A G White, T C Ralph, D Branning,Nature, 426, 264 (2004)

[3] M. A. Nielsen, Phys. Rev. Lett, 93, 040503 (2004)

[4] M. A. Nielsen and C. M. Dawson, arXiv:quant-ph/0405134(2004). Submitted to Phys. Rev. A

AOS PMO 43

Optimising the Length of DopedPolymer Light MixersC.A. Deller, J. Franklin

Department of Applied Physics, University of TechnologySydney, Broadway NSW Australia


Transparent Refractive Index Matched Micro-particles(TRIMM) in polymer rods are highly efficient light mixers[1].This paper addresses the problem of readily estimatingthe optimum length for the mixing rods, for a givenTRIMM-to-matrix refractive index ratio and concentration.Light mixing can thus be maximised and loss minimised,without computer ray tracing simulations. The probabilitydensity function and mean angle for a single TRIMMsphere ray deviation are derived, and are used inmodelling an expression for a critical mixer length for raysof normal incidence. Similar models could be very usefuldesign tools with further development.

[1] C. Deller, G. Smith, J. Franklin, Opt. Express, 12 (15), 3327(2004)

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AOS PMO 44

Two-dimensional Optically IndusedAnisotropic Nonlinear PhotonicLatticesA.S. Desyatnikov1,2, D.N. Neshev1, Yu.S. Kivshar1, N. Sagemerten2, D. Traeger2, J. Jaegers2, and C. Denz2

1. Nonlinear Physics Centre and Centre for Ultra-highbandwidth Devices for Optical Systems, Research School ofPhysical Sciences and Engineering, Australian NationalUniversity, Canberra, ACT, Australia; 2. Institute of AppliedPhysics, Westfaelische Wilhelms-Universitaet Muenster,Germany


Periodic modulation of the refractive index modifies thelinear spectrum and wave diffraction and consequentlystrongly affects the nonlinear propagation and localizationof light[1]. Self-trapped periodic waves are used to createnonlinear photonic lattices by optical induction andprovide a simple realization of the concept of flexiblenonlinear photonic crystals[2]. We describe theoreticallyand generate experimentally two-dimensional flexiblephotonic lattices in a nonlinear photorefractive medium.We demonstrate that the light-induced periodicallymodulated nonlinear refractive index is highly anisotropicand nonlocal, and it depends on the lattice orientationrelative to the crystal axis. We discuss stability of theseinduced photonic structures and their guiding properties.

[1] Yu.S. Kivshar and G.P. Agrawal, Optical Solitons: From Fibersto Photonic Crystals (Academic, San Diego, 2003).

[2] A.S. Desyatnikov, E.A. Ostrovskaya, Yu.S. Kivshar, and C.Denz, Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 153902 (2003).

AOS PMO 45

Ultracompact MicrofluidicInterferometerP. Domachuk1, C. Grillet1, V. Ta’eed1, E. Mägi1, J. Bolger1,B.J. Eggleton1, L.E. Rodd2, J. Cooper-White2

1. CUDOS, School of Physics, University of Sydney, NSWAustralia; 2. Department of Chemical Engineering, Universityof Queensland, Australia

Email: [email protected]

We present the compact, single beam, microfluidic Mach-Zender interferometer. Phase delay is achieved through abeam divided across a fluid meniscus, the compactnessarising from the high refractive index contrast between thefluid and the surrounding air (Dn = 0.33). The opticaleffect of meniscus curvature is explored using the threedimensional Beam Propagation Method. We engineer aflat meniscus using mono-layer surface chemistry and findthat the experimental spectrum corresponds well withsimulation. The device has a resonance at 1.3 mm whose25 dB extinction ratio can be tuned by shifting themeniscus position, using a pressure gradient.

AOS PMO 46

Energy as an Entanglement Witnessin Quantum Many-Body SystemsMark R. Dowling1, Andrew C. Doherty and Stephen D. Bartlett

1. School of Physical Sciences, The University of Queensland,St Lucia, Queensland


In quantum many-body systems, such as spin lattices,entanglement plays an important but poorly-understoodrole. We study systems where all low-energy states areentangled, and utilise a correspondence between theHamiltonian and the concept of an entanglement witnessfrom the theory of mixed-state entanglement[1]. Forbipartite spin lattices we prove that the difference inenergy between the lowest-energy classical configurationand the true ground state necessarily decreases as thecoordination number increased. On frustrated lattices weshow that the low-energy states can be entangled, eventhough this entanglement cannot be detected bymeasuring any two neighbouring spins.

[1] Mark R. Dowling, Andrew C. Doherty and Stephen D. Bartlett,arXiv: quant-ph/0408086

AOS PMO 47

Quantitative Phase Imaging-BasedMethod for Investigation of Arc-Fusion Spliced Single-ModeOptical FibresN. M. Dragomir1, A. Roberts1, G. W. Baxter2 and A. Stevenson3

1. School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne;2. School of Electrical Engineering, Victoria University ofTechnology, Melbourne; 3. Photonics Institute Pty Ltd,Canberra


Conventional electric-arc fusion splicing of optical fibres isa common method for permanently joining optical fibres. A ‘good’ fibre splice should exhibit both low insertion lossand low back reflection from any features in the junction.Controlling the splicing process, while achieving thelowest power-loss, represents a big challenge. A non-destructive and simple technique to examine arc fusionsplicing based on quantitative phase imaging technique ispresented in this work. The method is used to investigatethe refractive index changes of various arc-fusion splicedsingle-mode optical fibres. The results provide a way toquantify the effects of thermal dopant diffusion for variousdopants and host species.

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AOS PMO 48

Molecular BEC via the Association ofUltracold Fermionic AtomsG.J. Duffy, J. Fuchs, B.J. Dalton, P. Hannaford, and W.J. Rowlands

ARC Centre of Excellence for Quantum-Atom Optics andCentre for Atom Optics and Ultrafast Spectroscopy,Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne


A relatively new advance in ultracold quantum gasesinvolves the use of fermionic, rather than bosonic, atoms.Recent investigations[1] have produced stable BECs of6Li2 molecules, exhibiting lifetimes of tens of seconds. Wewill give details of our work towards the production of amolecular BEC of 6Li dimers. In our experimental set-up aZeeman slowed beam of atoms loads the MOT, which arethen transferred to a far-off-resonant optical dipole trap(FORT). Atoms and molecules are evaporated from theFORT, where the scattering length can be controlled viaFeshbach resonances in high magnetic fields.

[1] See e.g. S. Jochim et al., Science 302, 2101 (2003)

AOS PMO 49

Extraction of Trapped Light FromLuminescent Solar ConcentratorsA.A. Earp, J.B. Franklin and G.B. Smith

Department of Applied Physics, University of Technology,Sydney


A number of modern light sources, such as luminescentsolar concentrators (LSC’s), and LED’s utilise radiationemitted within a light-guiding structure of high refractiveindex. Unless the system is carefully designed, half of theemitted light may be unable to escape. A variety ofdevices to extract trapped light from a LSC have beenstudied experimentally and by computer simulation. Thecomputer models show that one can expect a luminousgain of 1.6–1.8 compared to a standard rectangular LSCsheet. Gain values in the range 1.15–1.30 were achievedexperimentally. An improved joining method gives closerto the theoretical predictions.

AOS PMO 51

Effect of Distortion on thePerformance of Large-ApertureEtalon FiltersJ. Zhang1, J. Arkwright2 and D. I. Farrant2

1. On leave from Harbin Institute of Technology, China;2. CSIRO Industrial Physics, Lindfield, Australia


Fabry-Perot etalon filters are widely used as tunable,narrow-bandpass optical filters. One area of application isin spectroscopic astronomy, where the presence ofhydrogen, nitrogen, etc. are measured through theirabsorption bands. To achieve a high finesse (the ratio of

spectral range to spectral width), the two sides of theetalon must be flat and parallel to within nanometres. We show that distortion of an etalon (for example, due tocoating or mounting stress) can significantly degrade theperformance and the effect is exacerbated for increasingangles of incidence. This is demonstrated through boththeory and experiments.

AOS PMO 52

Windowed Fourier WavefrontReconstructionD. I. Farrant

CSIRO Industrial Physics, Lindfield, Australia


Fast, accurate wavefront reconstruction from shearedphase maps is important for a number of applications, forexample, in astronomical adaptive optics systems, and inspeckle shearing interferometry. Numerical solutionmethods typically cast the problem as a least-squaresminimisation, requiring iterative calculation of apseudoinverse matrix. This scales poorly with data size.The integration problem can be solved instead by aFourier method, taking advantage of numerically-efficientimplementations, as well as the orthogonality of the Fouriertransform (hence also allowing efficient differentiation). TheFourier method, however, suffers from periodicityconstraints. A windowed approach is proposed thatimproves the fidelity and accuracy.

AOS PMO 53

Bistability and Diode Action in Left-handed Band-gap StructuresM.W. Feise, I.V. Shadrivov, and Yu.S. Kivshar

Nonlinear Physics Centre and Centre for Ultra-high bandwidthDevices for Optical Systems (CUDOS), Research School ofPhysical Sciences and Engineering, Australian NationalUniversity, Canberra, ACT


Periodic structures made from layers of right-handed andleft-handed material exhibit in addition to the conventionalBragg-scattering band-gap a novel band gap around the frequency of vanishing average refractive index[1,2].Using the transfer-matrix method and the pseudospectraltime-domain method we study the properties of linear andnonlinear defect layers in this novel band gap andcompare them with a Bragg gap. The defect modes inthese two types of band gaps show differences withrespect to sensitivity to defect layer position, bistability,transmission tunability, and diode effects[3].

[1] J. Li, L. Zhou, C.T. Chan, and P. Sheng, Phys. Rev. Lett. 90,08901 (2003)

[2] I.V. Shadrivov, A.A. Sukhorukov, and Yu.S. Kivshar, Appl. Phys.Lett. 82, 3820 (2003)

[3] M.W. Feise, I.V. Shadrivov, and Yu.S. Kivshar, Appl. Phys. Lett.85, 1451 (2003)

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AOS PMO 54

Tracking Energy TransferMechanisms in Er-doped CrystallineSiliconManuel Forcales1 and Tom Gredorkiewicz2

1. Australian National University, Research School of PhysicalScience and Engineering, Canberra, ACT, Australia; 2. Vander Waals-Zeeman Institute, University of Amsterdam,Amsterdam, The Netherlands


A detailed study of energy transfer mechanisms inerbium(Er)-doped crystalline silicon is presented, sincethe trivalent Er ion emits at a wavelength of 1.54 µm that issuitable for telecommunication applications.Spectroscopic investigations at helium temperatures havebeen done in a two-color experiments using the Nd:YAGpulsed laser as a primary band-to-band excitation and atunable mid infrared radiation (7–17 µm) from a freeelectron laser as the secondary beam. Changing the delaytime and pump power, we reveal afterglow and opticalmemory effect which are directly linked to defects in thesilicon band gap. Finally and based on recent results inFZ-Si, a new excitation mechanism is proposed.

AOS PMO 55

Cell Micromechanics:Micromanipulation of a Cell ModelSystemG. Knöner1, S. Parkin1, W. Singer1, N.R. Heckenberg1,and H. Rubinsztein-Dunlop1

1. Centre for Biophotonics and Laser Science, School ofPhysical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia


The knowledge about viscoelasticity inside a living cell ishighly valuable information. Changes in the viscosity arethought to occur during metabolic and functionalprocesses and their measurement would give an insightinto these complex mechanisms.

We approach this problem by using laser tweezers androtating micron sized particles to access viscosities insmallest amounts of liquid. The laser tweezers trap theprobe particle stably in three dimensions and rotate it bytransfer of angular momentum. The drag torque which theparticle experiences is measured by optical means. Weapplied this method to measure viscosities insidemicelles[1]. Now we take it one step further and investigatethe viscosity inside a cell model system (liposome). Infuture experiments, we will inject our probe particles intoliving cells.

[1] A.I. Bishop et al., Phys. Rev. Lett, 92(19), 198104-1 (2004)

AOS PMO 56

Study on Correlation betweenRayleigh Scattering, Absorption andInhomogeneous Birefringence inLarge-size Single Crystal SapphireZewu Yan1 , Slawomir Gras1, Li Ju1, Chunnong Zhao1,David G. Blair1, Masao Tokunari1, Kazuaki Kuroda2

1. School of Physics, University of Western Australia,Nedlands, WA Australia; 2. Institute for Cosmic RayResearch, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba Japan

Advanced laser interferometric gravitational wavedetectors require very high laser power to minimize thephoton shot noise. The use of a high power requiresextremely low loss optical materials. Sapphire is one of themost promising test mass materials for advanced laserinterferometric gravitational wave detectors.

However, it is difficult for manufacturers to grow large-sizehigh-quality samples. Due to point defects andinhomogeneity in test masses, the interaction betweenhigh-optical power and defect test mass materials isusually resulted in various thermal effects that can lead todamage, introducing excess noise and thus reducing thesensitivity. It is essential to evaluated high-grade largesapphire test mass samples to ensure that an adequatehigh level of optical performance is achieved.

Optical properties such as absorption, Rayleighscattering, and, in the case of sapphire, inhomogeneousbirefringence are related to impurity and defects in thematerial, and thus are not independent process. Here wepresent the study of correlation between Rayleighscattering, absorption and inhomogeneous birefringencein bulk sapphire samples.

AOS PMO 57

Tunable Lens for Thermal LensingCompensation in Laser GravitationalWave DetectorsJ. Degallaix1 C. Zhao2 L. Ju1 and D. Blair1

1. AIGRC—School of Physics, University of Western Australia,Crawley WA; 2. Computer and Information Science, EdithCowan University, Mount Lawley WA


Experimental results from a tunable focal length lensprototype are presented. This low cost adaptive systemwill be essential to compensate dynamically thermallensing occurring in high optical power laser gravitationalwave detectors. The lens is composed of a fused silicawindow encircled with a heating mount. The heatingpower generates a temperature gradient inside the platesubstrate which induces a refractive index gradient due tothe thermo-optic effect. A focal length ranging from infinityto –210 meters has been measured depending on theheating power.

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AOS TUA11Tuesday 1040–1120 hrs

Microphotonic crystal fibresBenjamin J. Eggleton

Centre for Ultrahigh-bandwidth Devices for Optical Systems(CUDOS); School of Physics, University of Sydney NSW 2006Australia; www.physics.usyd.edu.au/cudos


After maturation in long-haul telecommunications, fibreoptic technology is enjoying a renaissance in the form ofmicrostructured optical fibres (MOF). These fibres, unlikeconventional single mode fibres, have air inclusionsrunning along their length, which can dramatically modifythe transmission nature of the fibre, providing a degree ofcontrol over the propagation of the light and enablingimportant new applications.

Whilst MOFs have many interesting properties in and oftheir own right, a whole host of varied devices may berealized through post-fabrication engineering of thesefibres[1]. Additional functionality is achieved bymodification of the MOF itself, via tapering[2], theintroduction of fluids into the microstructure of the fiber(microfludics)[3,4] or using the MOFs in novel geometries[5].In this paper, we review our recent progress in the post-engineering of MOFs, via tapering and microfluidics anddemonstrate a new class of photonic devices fabricatedusing these post-engineering techniques[5–8].

[1] B. J. Eggleton, et al., Microstructured optical fiber devices,”Optics Express vol. 9, pp 698–713 (2001).

[2] E. C. Mägi, P. Steinvurzel, B. J. Eggleton, “Tapered photoniccrystal fibers,”Optics Express Vol. 12, pp. 776 (2004).

[3] P. Domachuk, H.C. Nguyen, B. J. Eggleton, M. Straub, M. Gu,“Microfluidic tunable photonic band-gap device,” AppliedPhysics Letters Vol. 84 (11): pp.1838–1840 (2004).

[4] P. Steinvurzel et al., “Long wavelength anti-resonant guidancein high index inclusion microstructured fibers,” Optics Express,Vol. 12 Issue 22 pp. 5424 (2004).

[5] H.C. Nguyen et al., “Experimental and finite difference timedomain technique characterization of transverse in-linephotonic crystal fiber”IEEE Photonics Technology Letters Vol.16 (8): 1852–1854 (2004).

[6] C. Grillet et al., “Compact tunable Microfluidic Interferometer”Optics Express, Vol. 12 Issue 22 pp. 5440 (2004).

[7] Y. K. Lize et al., “Microstructured optical fiber photonic wireswith subwavelength core diameter,” Optics Express Vol. 12(14): pp.3209–3217 (2004).

[8] A.Fuerbach, P. Steinvurzel, J. Bolger, A. Nilson, B. J. Eggleton,“Nonlinear pulse propagation in arrow photonic crystal fibers,”in press Optics Letters (2005).


Multiple Dissipative SolitonInteractions in a Passively Mode-Locked Fiber LaserN. Akhmediev1 and Ph. Grelu2

1. Optical Science Group, Research School of PhysicalSciences and Engineering, The Australian National University,Canberra ACT, Australia; 2. Laboratoire de Physique del’Université de Bourgogne, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5027 duCentre National de Recherche Scientifique, Dijon, France


In integrable systems, two bright solitons having differentvelocities undergo elastic collision, but they cannot form astable bound state. In the case of dissipative solitons,stable asymmetric soliton pairs can be formed, when wemodel the system by the complex Ginzburg-Landauequation[1]. These stable soliton pairs were observedexperimentally[2]. The key feature of asymmetric solitonpairs with their phases in quadrature is their group velocitythat is different from the group velocity of a single soliton.When the soliton pair and a soliton singlet existsimultaneously in the cavity they must collide. We studiedsuch interactions in a fiber laser.

[1] N. Akhmediev, A. Ankiewicz, and J. M. Soto-Crespo, J. Opt.Soc. Am. B 15, 515 (1998).

[2] Ph. Grelu, F. Belhache, F. Gutty and J. M. Soto-Crespo, Opt.Lett. 27, 966 (2002).


Dark Soliton Formation andInteraction in Nonlocal NonlinearThermal MediaD.E. Petersen1, W. Z. Królikowski1, D. Neshev2 , O. Bang3, and J. Wyller4

1. Laser Physics Centre, Research School of PhysicalSciences and Engineering, Australian National University,Canberra ACT, Australia; 2. Nonlinear Physics Centre,Research School of Physical Sciences and Engineering,Australian National University, Canberra ACT, Australia; 3.Research Centre COM, Technical University of Denmark,Kongens Lyngby, Denmark; 4. Department of MathematicalSciences, Agricultural University of Norway, Ås, Norway


This paper investigates formation of dark solitons and theirmutual interaction in nonlocal bulk thermal media throughnumerical simulation and experiment. A model for theabsorption of light and diffusion of thermal energy in themedium by means of the heat equation is presented. This process for creating the self-induced waveguides that support the formation and propagation of darksolitons is investigated in simulation and experiment. Themutual attraction of dark solitons due to nonlocal effectspredicted by simulation is investigated in experimentinvolving propagation of an intense laser beam in weaklyabsorbing liquids.


Air-clad Fibres with Diffractive Intra-modal Cross CouplingM. Åslund, S. Jackson, J. Canning and K. Lyytikäinen

Optical Fibre Technology Centre, University of Sydney, NSW Australia


Recent advances in nano-structured air-claddingtechnologies used in optical fibre manufacturing haveallowed the development of ultra-high numerical aperture(NA) fibres. As a second cladding in high-power fibrelasers, these fibres can accept unprecedented levels ofhard-to-focus low coherence pump light, thus promising to

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Bob Champion

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enable lasers operating in the multi kW regime. Tounderstand in detail how different components of the low-coherence pump light propagates inside the fibre; wepresent experimental results examining the lengthdependency of the transmissivity of light with large skewray components in the fibre as a function of input angle.We also show far-field images of concentric ringsemerging from the fibre other than the specular. These areproposed to originate from diffraction off the periodicallycorrugated surface of the air-clad core.


Optical Quantum Computing:Science-fiction, Horror-story orNews?A. Gilchrist, N.K. Langford, J.L. O’Brien, G.J. Pryde, T.C. Ralph, T. Weinhold, and A.G. White

Centre for Quantum Computer Technology and Department ofPhysics, The University of Queensland


Quantum computing requires massive nonlinearinteractions between particles, which is notoriously difficultto achieve with photons. Consequently, there is a flurry ofinterest in the futuristic idea that optical quantumcomputing is possible using measurement-inducednonlinearities[1]. Indeed, the first unambiguousexperimental demonstration of quantum controlled-NOTgate operation, and the first complete characterisation of a quantum gate, have both been achieved optically[2,3].To achieve fault-tolerance, current schemes require horrificnumbers of physical gates to implement just one logicalgate. We highlight the benefits for our experimentalprogram of recently proposed schemes that reducerequirements from the order of 10,000 to 50 [4–6].

[1] E. Knill, R. Laflamme, and G. J. Milburn, Nature 409, 46 (2001).

[2] J. L. O’Brien, G. J. Pryde, et al., Nature 426, 264 (2003) .

[3] J. L. O’Brien, G. J. Pryde, et al., Physical Review Letters 93,080502 (2004).

[4] M. A. Nielsen, Physical Review Letters 93, 040503 (2004).

[5] D. E. Browne and T. Rudolph, quant-ph/0405157 (2004).

[6] K. Nemoto and W. J. Munro, quant-ph/0408118 (2004).


Quantum Optics with Solid StateOptical CentresJ. J. Longdell, A. L. Alexander and M. J. Sellars

Laser Physics Centre, Research School of Physical Sciences& Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT


Recent schemes[1] for manipulating and generating fewphoton states using “atomic” ensembles are attractivebecause of their simplicity of implementation and becausethe interaction of a photon with a collective mode of manyatoms can be much larger that than with a single atom.We describe the unique advantages of implementing theschemes not with atoms but with solid state optical

centres and present the results of experiments workingtoward the implementation of these schemes.

[1] M. D. Lukin, Reviews of Modern Physics, 75, 257, (2003)


BEC Analogues of Quantum FieldTheory in Curved Space-timeJohn Close, Craig Savage, Susan Scott, Tracy Slatyer,Angela White, Sebastian Wüster

Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, The AustralianNational University, Canberra, ACT, Australia


Hawking’s prediction of radiation from black holes is oneof the most surprising outcomes of the quest to unifyquantum mechanics and general relativity[1]. It isproblematic that such an important theoretical predictionhas no immediate prospect of direct experimentalinvestigation. Consequently, Unruh’s observation of a deep analogy between quantum fields in curved space-time and sound waves in fluids has stimulated muchtheoretical work[2].

We discuss the kinds of experiments that might beperformed in realistic dilute gas BECs, the associateddifficulties, and how they might be overcome[3,4].

[1] S.W. Hawking, Nature 248, 30 (1974); Commun. Math. Phys.43, 199 (1975).

[2] W.G. Unruh, Phys. Rev. Lett. 46, 1351 (1981).

[3] M. Visser, in Artificial Black Holes, edited by M. Novello,M.Visser and G. Volovik (World Scientific, Singapore, 2002).

[4] L.J. Garay, J.R. Anglin, J.I. Cirac, and P. Zoller, Phys. Rev. Lett.85, 4643 (2000); Phys. Rev. A 63, 023611 (2001).


Nonlinear Light Propagation inPeriodic Structures—Experiment vs. TheoryD. Neshev1, A. A. Sukhorukov1,2, B. Hanna3, W. Krolikowski2,3, and Yu. S. Kivshar1,2

1. Nonlinear Physics Centre; 2. CUDOS, and 3. Laser PhysicsCentre, Research School of Physical Sciences andEngineering, Australian National University, Canberra


Nonlinear wave propagation in periodic structures is ageneric phenomena appearing in many branches ofphysics, such as biological molecules, solid-statesystems, Bose-Einstein condensates, and arrays of opticalwaveguides. Only in optics, however, the nonlinear effectscan be directly observed and examined in close details.By using the optically-induced lattice in photorefractivecrystals we are able to demonstrate experimentally novelnonlinear phenomena of light localization and beaminteraction. In particular we demonstrate generation ofdiscrete, gap and multi-gap optical solitons. These arebelieved to be the building blocks for the future high-bandwidth all-optical technology that would allow controland manipulation of light on an optical chip.

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Quantum Phase-space Applied toUltra-cold AtomsP. D. Drummond

The world of ultra-cold atoms is an extraordinary one. Inonly a decade, experimentalists have thrown out the rule-book of cryogenics, broken every temperature record, andmoved the finish-line for cooling experiments down to thenano-Kelvin arena.What does this mean for physics? Thefirst thing one can say is that we don’t know yet. Suchenormous changes in experimental conditions havealways in the past led to major new discoveries, either infundamental science or in new technology.

I’ll review some of the possibilities, with an emphasis onhow these developments will challenge theorists in thefuture, and what progress we are making to meet thechallenges. In particular, I’ll focus on the question of first-principles calculations. I introduce a new unified quantumoperator representation for cold atoms, using the mostgeneral possible multi-mode Gaussian operator basis. Therepresentation extends phase-space approaches to Boseand Fermi systems, enabling first-principles simulations.

This idea maps exponentially complex many-bodyoperator equations into nonlinear stochastic differentialequations. These can be simulated numerically, withoutincurring the huge memory costs associated with number-state based matrix calculations. Applications to the Fermisign problem—and experiments—will be included.


Quantum Nonlocality withoutEntanglement G. J. Pryde1,2, J. L. O’Brien1,2, S. D. Bartlett2 and, A. G. White1,2

1. Centre for Quantum Computer Technology, The Universityof Queensland; 2. Department of Physics, The University ofQueensland


Quantum nonlocality was thought to arise solely throughthe use of entanglement, until the recent theoreticalprediction of a complementary form of nonlocality inunentangled systems. In contrast to nonlocality usingentanglement, where locally-prepared systems exhibitnonlocal correlations when measured separately, thisnonlocality without entanglement arises whenindependently-prepared systems are measured jointly,revealing more information than can be obtained bymeasuring them separately. We present a demonstrationof quantum nonlocality without entanglement: two photonsare prepared in classically correlated but unentangledstates, and a joint measurement is shown to provide moreinformation about the correlations than is possible usinglocal measurements.

[1] A. Peres and W. K. Wootters, Phys. Rev. Lett. 66, 1119 (1991).

[2] C. H. Bennett, D. P. DiVincenzo, C. A. Fuchs, T. Mor, E. Rains,P. W. Shor, J. A. Smolin, and W. K. Wootters, Phys. Rev. A 59,1070 (1999).


Experimental Demonstration ofCoherent State Continuous VariableQuantum CryptographyAndrew M. Lance1, Tomas Symul1, Vikram Sharma1,Christian Weedbrook1,2, Timothy C. Ralph2 and Ping Koy Lam1

1. Quantum Optics Group, Department of Physics, Faculty ofScience, Australian National University, Canberra ACT,Australia; 2. Department of Physics, University ofQueensland, St Lucia, Australia


We experimentally demonstrate a new coherent statequantum key distribution protocol that eliminates the needto randomly switch between measurement basis[1]. In thisprotocol, the sender (Alice) encodes information onto theamplitude and phase quadratures of a bright light beam.The beam is transmitted through a potentially insecurequantum channel to the receiver (Bob), whosimultaneously measures both quadratures of the beam.We demonstrate that by using post-selection keydistillation techniques[2] we can achieve a positive secretkey for line transmission efficiency of greater than

[1] C. Weedbrook, A. M. Lance, W. P. Bowen, T. Symul, T. C. Ralphand P. K. Lam, Phys. Rev. Lett. (To be published).

[2] Ch. Silberhorn, T. C. Ralph, N. Lutkenhaus, and G. Leuchs,Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 167901 (2002).


Quantum Non-DemolitionMeasurements on QubitsT.C. Ralph1, G.J.Pryde1, J.L.O’Brien1, S.D.Bartlett2,A.G.White1 and H.M.Wiseman3

1. Centre for Quantum Computer Technology; 2. Departmentof Physics, University of Queensland, St Lucia Australia;3. Centre for Quantum Computer Technology, School ofScience, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland Australia


Quantum Non-Demolition (QND) measurements, in whichinformation about a quantum observable is obtained non-destructively, have been performed in the continuousvariable regime of optics[1]. QND measurements on thequbit states of single photons are more difficult[2].Recently we have demonstrated a non-deterministicscheme for making such measurements[3]. We will discussthis scheme and particularly focus on the fundamentaltests of quantum mechanics that can be made when thescheme is used to make generalized QND measurements.In this situation only partial information is extracted fromthe quantum system, but is done so coherently.

[1] For example: B.C.Buchler, P.K.Lam, H.-A.Bachor,U.L.Andersen, and T.C.Ralph, Phys Rev A 65, 011803 (2002).

[2] Nogues et al, Nature 400 239 (1999).

[3] G.J.Pryde, J. L. O’Brien, A.G.White, S.D.Bartlett, and T.C.Ralph,Phys Rev Lett 92 190402 (2004).

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POSTERS

AOS PTU 1

An Electromagnetics Simulator forthe NanoscaleB.Thomas1, M.J. Ford1 and G. Anstis2

1. Institute for Nanoscale Technology, University ofTechnology,. Sydney, NSW, Australia; 2. Dept of AppliedPhysics, University of Technology, Sydney, NSW, Australia.


An overview of nanoscale electromagnetic analysis ispresented investigating the use of Frequency DependentFinite Difference Time Domain and Frequency DependentVector Potential Time Domain algorithms for the analysis ofNanoscale Electromagnetic Structures. In these algorithmsZ transform methods are applied to empirical data toobtain expressions that enable frequency dependentmaterial properties to be modelled using popular timedomain techniques. Traditionally used for the analysis ofbiomedical and geological problems, the use of thesetechniques for nanoscale electromagnetics offers thepromise of new insights into optical and electronicproperties of nano structures.

AOS PTU 2

Vortex Pairing in Two-dimensionalBose-Einstein CondensatesC. J. Foster1, M. J. Davis1, and P. B. Blakie2

1. ARC Centre of Excellence for Quantum-Atom Optics,School of Physical Sciences, University of Queensland,Brisbane, Australia; 2. Department of Physics, University ofOtago, Dunedin, New Zealand.


The classical field method is increasingly becomingaccepted as a computational tool for investigating theproperties of Bose-Einstein condensates at finitetemperature[1,2,3]. To date it has been shown to reproducecondensate fractions, critical temperature shifts, andcorrelation functions. However, a condensate itself is notpredicted to form in a homogeneous Bose gas in two-dimensions. Instead another type of phase transitionknown as the Kosterlitz-Thouless transition can take place,which involves the pairing of vortices with oppositecirculations[4]. In this paper we investigate the formationand dynamics of vortices in a two-dimensional Bose gasin the quantum degenerate regime using the classical field method.

[1] M. J. Davis, S. A. Morgan and K. Burnett, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87,160402 (2001).

[2] M. J. Davis, S. A. Morgan and K. Burnett, Phys. Rev. A 66,053618 (2002).

[3] K. Goral et al., Phys. Rev. A 66, 051602, (2002).

[4] M. Kosterlitz and D. Thouless, J. Phys. C 6, 1181 (1973).

AOS PTU 3

Experimental Observation ofScattering in Gratings at ExtremeAnglesM.L. Kurth, S.J. Goodman, E.A. Jaatinen and D.K. Gramotnev

Applied Optics Program, Queensland University ofTechnology, Brisbane


We present an experimental and theoretical investigationof scattering of electromagnetic waves in volumeholographic gratings at grazing angles, i.e. when the +1 diffracted order propagates almost parallel with thegrating boundaries. A grating was written inphotorefractive lithium niobate via two-wave mixing. A wide beam, normally incident onto the grating, wasscattered at a grazing angle. The profile of the scatteredbeam registered at about 1 m away from the grating wasobserved to be asymmetric in nature. The non-steady-state coupled wave theory for scattering at grazing anglesand Fourier analysis were used to interpret theexperimental results.

AOS PTU 4

Investigation of Surface Diffusion ofAtoms and Nanoparticles in thePresence of Surface Plasmon-induced Temperature PatternsD.R. Mason and D.K. Gramotnev



Using the Ermak algorithm for Brownian dynamics, weinvestigate diffusion of atoms and nanoparticles on aperiodically heated surface by means of interferingsurface plasmons. Particle trajectories are obtained bysolving the Langevin equation in the case of a two-dimensional periodic potential and the periodictemperature distribution. The resultant redistribution ofparticles and their localisation (trapping) on non-uniformlyheated smooth surfaces are investigated numerically.Equivalent trapping forces resulting from non-uniform andanisotropic surface diffusion are determined. Possibility ofmanipulation of nanoparticles using non-uniform surfacetemperature distributions for applications to controlledformation of micro- and nano-structures is discussed.

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AOS PTU 5

Theoretical and Numerical Analysesof a New Type of Sub-wavelengthPlasmonic Waveguide with StronglyLocalized Gap PlasmonsD. K. Gramotnev1, D. F. P. Pile2 and K. C. Vernon1

1. Applied Optics Program, School of Physical and ChemicalSciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane,Australia; 2. Department of Optical Science and Technology,Faculty of Engineering, University of Tokushima, Japan


A new type of sub-wavelength plasmonic waveguideusing gap plasmons strongly localised in two dimensionsare proposed and analysed. Finite-difference time-domainalgorithm and analytical method based on effectivemedium approach and Fourier analysis are developed and justified for the description of such waveguides.Plasmon dispersion, dissipation, and field structure areconsidered. Typical structural parameters ensuring sub-wavelength waveguiding are determined. Comparison ofdifferent methods of analysis is carried out, and theapplicability conditions are derived. Stability of theconsidered plasmons with respect to structuralimperfections is investigated. Feasible applications are inthe area of nano-optics, nano-photonics, optical sensors,etc. are considered.

AOS PTU 6

Optimal Estimates and JointMeasurement Uncertainty RelationsM.J.W. Hall1

1. Theoretical Physics, RSPSE, Australian National University,Canberra ACT


Consider an estimate of some quantum observable, A,made on the basis of the measurement of a secondobservable, M=Σm m |m><m|, on quantum state |y>.There is a fundamental lower bound for the inaccuracy ofany such estimate[1]:

< (A-Aest)2 > ≥ Σm [Im <m|A|y>/<m|y> ]2 ,

which is far stronger than the Heisenberg uncertaintyrelation for A and M. The lower bound is achievable whenthe state prior to measurement is known, yielding an`exact’ uncertainty relation. Applications include optimalquadrature estimates from heterodyne detection.

Further, any measurement M can be used as the basis for simultaneously estimating the values of any twoobservables A and B (this is the most general possibledefinition of a joint measurement). Universal jointuncertainty relations have been obtained for such pairs ofestimates, and applied to joint measurements on EPR-correlated particles[1].

[1] M.J.W. Hall, Phys. Rev. A, 69, 052113 (2004)

AOS PTU 7

Mini-Differential Absorption Lidar forAtmospheric Water Vapour Profiling MW Hamilton1, A Heitmann1, C Baer1, Y Mao1, RA Vincent1, R. Atkinson2

1. Physics, The University of Adelaide; 2. Australian Bureau of Meteorology

We report on progress towards developing a smallDifferential Absorption Lidar system for measuring theprofile of water vapour concentration in the lowertroposphere. Because of the extreme variability of watervapour concentration, there is a lack of data formeteorological modelling and quantitative precipitationforecasting. Our aim is to develop a sufficiently low costsystem that measurements can be made routinely withwith both greater temporal and spatial frequency than ispresently the case. The compromises that are necessaryto achieve a low-cost instrument will be discussed, andwe will present our scheme for achieving accuratewavelength control of the two laser sources.

AOS PTU 8

Photostability of Nitrogen-VacancyCentres in DiamondN. B. Manson and J. P. Harrison1

1. Research School of Physical Sciences & Engineering,Australian National University, Canberra


The nitrogen-vacancy colour centre is of interest as apotential single photon source[1,2] and for solid statequantum computing applications[3,4]. The centre can existin both a neutrally charged, [NV]0, and negativelycharged, [NV]–, state. Both centres are readily identifiedby their emission spectra, with characteristic zero phononlines at 575nm and 637nm respectively, and both areconsidered to be photostable. We have investigated thephotostability of single [NV]- centres using confocalfluorescence microscopy and the results are presentedhere. These results, along with those from ealier ensembleaveraged measurements, lead us to conclude that the NVcentre is not photostable.

[1] C. Kurtsiefer et al., PRL, 348, 285 (2000)

[2] R. Brouri et al., Optics Lett., 25, 1294 (2000)

[3] J. Wrachtrup et al., Optics and Spectra, 91, 459 (2001)

[4] P. R. Hemmer et al., Optics Lett., 26, 261 (2001)

AOS PTU 9

Measuring Thin Films byTransmission SpectroscopyMichael Harvey and Paul Meredith

Department of Physics, The University of Queensland,Australia


The refractive index, extinction coefficient and thickness ofthin dielectric films are important parameters for devicemanufacturers and experimenters. We have developed amethod which allows these values to be determined from

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a single transmission spectrum of the film as deposited ona known substrate. The technique exploits the interferencefringes seen in such a transmission spectrum to establishenvelope functions of the turning points in the spectrum[1].From these envelope functions the refractive index andextinction coefficient of the film is determined at eachturning point. Consequently we can determine the film’sthickness with a single measurement step.

[1] P Meredith, et al, Applied Optics 32, 5619 (1993)

AOS PTU 10

Entanglement, Correlations, andError-correction in the Ground Statesof Many-body SystemsH. L. Haselgrove1,2, M. A. Nielsen1,3, and T. J. Osborne4

1. School of Physical Sciences, The University of Queensland,Brisbane, Australia; 2. Information Sciences Laboratory,Defence Science and Technology Organisation, Edinburgh,Australia; 3. School of Information Technology and ElectricalEngineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane,Australia; 4. School of Mathematics, University of Bristol,University Walk, Bristol, United Kingdom


What generic properties are shared by the ground statesof all physically realistic many-body quantum systems? Westart with simple physically-motivated assumptions aboutthe locality of interactions in the (otherwise arbitrary)system Hamiltonian. We show that this imposes strictconditions on the type of correlations and entanglementthat can appear in the ground state[2]. Also, all suchphysically-reasonable ground states are provably far awayfrom an important class of states known as nondegeneratequantum error-correcting codes[2]. Thus, nature placessevere restrictions on the type of state which can act as amany-body ground state.

[1] H. L. Haselgrove, M. A. Nielsen, and T. J. Osborne, Phys. Rev.Lett. 91, 210401 (2003)

[2] H. L. Haselgrove, M. A. Nielsen, and T. J. Osborne, Phys. Rev.A 69 (3), 032303 (2004)

AOS PTU 11

Er:Yb:glass Coherent Laser RadarMatthew C. Heintze, Jesper Munch and Peter J. Veitch

Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, SA


Q-switched Er:glass lasers that are injection seeded by acw master laser are useful for eye-safe (1.535µm)coherent laser radars (CLR). Previously, we used aninjection seeded, Q-switched, lamp-pumped Er:glasslaser, obtaining velocity measurements of a hard targetwith a single shot resolution of about 1ms–1 [1]. Thetransmitted pulse energy was only about 1mJ however,which severely restricted the range of the radar.

We shall describe the development and performance of anew, Q-switched, diode-pumped Er:Yb:glass slab laserthat can produce gain-switched, transform limited, TEM00pulses. The spectral content of the laser output, suitablefor CLR will be discussed.

[1] A.McGrath, et. al.: Injection-seeded, single frequency, Q-switched Er:glass laser for remote sensing, Appl. Optics 37,5706–5709, 1998

AOS PTU 12

Non-crystalline Diffraction: A Methodfor Beam CharacterisationC.A.Henderson, H.M.Quiney, K.A.Nugent

Optics Group, School of Physics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville

[email protected]

X-ray Free Electron Lasers are being developed aroundthe world. A major application is the possibility of imaginga single molecule, which disintegrates on interaction withthe beam. We have developed a new phase recoveryalgorithm suitable for this application. However, it requiresprecise knowledge of the phase curvature across thebeam illuminating the sample.

Characterisation of the phase across a beam has beenachieved. This is done by imaging a well characterisedobject placed in the beam’s path and using the abovealgorithm. Experimental results are presented.

AOS PTU 13

Stationary and DynamicEntanglement in a Coupled SpinsSystemAndrew P. Hines1,2, G.J. Milburn1,2 and Ross H.McKenzie2

1. Centre for Quantum Computer Technology, The Universityof Queensland, Australia; 2. School of Physical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Australia


With the advent of quantum information theory,entanglement is now regarded as a physical resource thatcan be utilized to perform numerous quantumcomputational and communication tasks[1]. This hasmotivated the study of the entanglement characteristics ofquantum systems, and in turn, how these characteristicsrelate to other properties of the system. Using the exampleof coupled giant spins, we consider both the stationaryand dynamic entanglement and its relation to theunderlying classical dynamics of the system. Specifically,we demonstrate how the entanglement between the spinsin ground state corresponds to a pitchfork bifurcation ofthe classical fixed points. Furthermore, we consider therole of classical chaos in the dynamical generation ofentanglement and spin-tunnelling.

[1] M.A. Nielsen and I.L. Chuang, Quantum computation andinformation (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2000).

AOS PTU 14

Cooling and Trapping of RubidiumAtoms: Progress on the Way to a BECS. Wayper, W. Simpson and M.D. Hoogerland



We report progress on the construction of a BEC ofrubidium atoms in a dipole trap, which is formed by afocused CO2 laser. We have constructed a double MOT

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setup, which emphasises good optical access to the BEC.We describe the optical set-up, loading efficiencies andsizes of both traps, along with the construction andimaging of the dipole trap to date. We discuss theexperiments planned involving the condensate, whichinclude ramping up a standing wave component to thedipole trap, effectively separating the atoms into groups.These can then be individually addressed by usingfocused laser beams, and used as qubits for quantuminformation experiments.

AOS PTU 15

Diffusion Resonances in the AtomOptics Kicked Rotor: Experimentsfor Small Numbers of KicksS. Wayper, W. Simpson, M. Sadgrove and M.D. Hoogerland



The classical delta kicked rotor, a point mass freelyrotating about a fixed pivot subjected to gravity beingpulsed on and off, shows chaotic behaviour. In a quantumsystem, the linearity of quantum mechanics prohibitschaos. We realise a quantum kicked rotor system in alaser cooled cloud of atoms subjected to a pulsedstanding wave of laser light. In this system, thecommutator between the reduced position and momentumoperators, establishing an effective Planck’s constant,depends on the kick period, which is an easily accessibleexperimental parameter. Thus we are able to vary thedegree of `classicality’ in the experiment.

We present our latest results in which we experimentallyverify the analytical expressions that exist for the diffusionrate in the quantum delta kicked rotor system for smallnumbers of kicks. We show that the results are periodic inthe effective Planck’s constant. For larger numbers ofkicks, our experimental results show some novel detailsaround the ‘quantum resonances’.

AOS PTU 16

Quantum Trajectories for Many-atomCavity Quantum ElectrodynamicsL. Horvath and H. J. Carmichael

Department of Physics, University of Auckland, New Zealand


In this paper we report on the deficiencies of the weak-field formulas used to describe second-order correlationmeasurements (SCMs) in cavity quantum electrodynamics(CQED). To characterise SCM, we present a rigoroustheoretical modeling of many-atom CQED experimentsusing a quantum trajectory treatment valid in the vicinity ofthe weak-field limit. Effects due to the atomic motion areconsidered in detail, for both standing and traveling wavecavities. We also demonstrate sensitivities of themeasured correlations to atomic beam fluctuations anddiscuss the effects of spontaneous emission as the weak-field limit is relaxed.

AOS PTU 17

Polarisation Self-Rotation OpticalSqueezing with Hot AtomsMagnus T. L.Hsu, Amy Peng, Mattias Johnsson, Joseph J. Hope, Charles C. Harb, Hans-A. Bachor andPing Koy Lam

ARC COE for Quantum-Atom Optics, The Australian NationalUniversity, Canberra, ACT 0200 Australia


Recently there has been a lot of interest in the study ofinteractions between non-classical light states and atomicsystems. The applications of this research range from therealisation of quantum memory[1,2] to single atom lasers[3].It has been demonstrated that squeezed light can beproduced via atomic Kerr non-linearity. Usually, coldtrapped atoms has to be generated to enhance this non-linear process[4,5]. Recently, Ries et al.[6] demonstratedthat squeezing can also be achieved in hot atomicsystems. In our experiment, light is transmitted single-passthrough a 87Rb cell heated to 70˚C. An intensitydependent polarisation rotation is observed without anyapplied magnetic field. We present the latest results in thegeneration of optical squeezing via this polarisation self-rotation phenomenon.

[1] L. M. Duan, M. D. Lukin, J. I. Cirac and P. Zoller, Nature 414,413 (2001).

[2] D. Akamatsu, K. Akiba and M. Kozuma, Phys. Rev. Lett. 92,203602 (2004).

[3] J. McKeever, A. Boca, A. D. Boozer, J. R. Buck and H. J.Kimble, Nature 425, 268 (2003).

[4] A. Lambrecht, T. Coudreau, A. M. Steimberg and E. Giacobino,Europhys. Lett. 36, 93 (1996).

[5] V. Josse, A. Dantan, L. Vernac, A. Bramati, M. Pinard and E.Giacobino, Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 103601 (2003).

[6] J. Ries, B. Brezger and A. I. Lvovsky, Phys. Rev. A 68, 025801(2003).

AOS PTU 18

Verdet Constants of ChalcogenideGlassesRuth A. Jarvis1, Yinlan Ruan1,2, Steve Madden, Andrei Rode1, and Barry Luther-Davies1,2

1. Laser Physics Centre, and 2. CUDOS, Research School ofPhysical Sciences and Engineering, The Australian NationalUniversity, Canberra


The wavelength dispersion of the magneto-opticalproperties of bulk As-S, As-Se-S, Ge-As-Se and Ga-La-S-based chalcogenide glasses have been investigated atvisible and infrared wavelengths. Ge33As12Se55 was foundto have the highest Verdet constant, corresponding to thelowest band gap energy compared with the otherchalcogenide glasses. Its Verdet constant is 0.0485min/G_cm at 1550nm, 30 times that of silica, and is thehighest Verdet constant reported to date for chalcogenideglasses. Further improvement of the Verdet constants ofthe Ge-Se-based chalcogenide glasses by engineering oftheir compositions will make them a very promisingmaterial for future integrated magneto-optical devices.

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AOS PTU 19

Production of MacroscopicSuperposition States with Small Kerr NonlinearityAuthors: H. Jeong, M.S. Kim, T.C. Ralph, and B.S. Ham

Department of Physics, University of Queensland, St Lucia,Australia


Production of macroscopic superposition states(Schrodinger cat states) is not only of fundamental interestbut have potential usefulness for quantum informationprocessing. Even though it has been theoretically knownthat macroscopic superposition states can be generatedusing Kerr media, nonlinearity of currently available media is too small to produce such states. We suggest ascheme to generate macroscopic superposition states offree-traveling optical fields using a beam splitter,homodyne measurement and a very small Kerrnonlinearity (quant-ph/0405041). Our scheme enables oneto considerably reduce the required nonlinearity togenerate optical macroscopic superposition states usingsimple and efficient optical elements.

AOS PTU 20

Direct Characterization of a PureEvanescent Focus of a HighNumerical Aperture Objective LensBaohua Jia, Xiaosong Gan, and Min Gu

Centre for Micro-Photonics, School of Biophysical Sciencesand Electrical Engineering, Swinburne University ofTechnology, Hawthorn, Australia


In this paper, intensity distributions of the tightly focusedevanescent field generated by a centre blocked highnumerical aperture (NA=1.65) objective lens areinvestigated by a scanning near-field optical microscope.The pure focused evanescent field is mapped and asplitting phenomenon of the focal spot along the directionof polarization, caused by depolarization, is observed. Themeasurement result is compared with the calculationbased on vectorial diffraction theory; a good match hasbeen found. The decaying nature of the focusedevanescent wave also shows a good agreement with thetheoretical predication, indicating that the field is purelyevanescent and does not contain significant contributionfrom the propagating component.

AOS PTU 21

Entanglement Distribution by anArbitrarily Inept Delivery ServiceSteve Jones, Damian Pope and Howard Wiseman

Centre for Quantum Computer Technology, Centre for QuantumDynamics, School of Science, Griffith University, Australia


Say an entanglement-manufacturing firm (call it C, inCanberra), produces entangled pairs of qubits (in bulk)and, for each pair, ships one qubit to one customer and

the other to another customer. This should allow twocustomers, say A in Albuquerque and B in Brisbane, toundertake nonlocal quantum information tasks such asteleportation[1], or violating a Bell inequality[2]. Weconsider what happens if the delivery service used by C is incompetent, so that with probability 1– F either A or B end up with somebody else’s qubit. Surprisingly, no matter how close the distribution fidelity F is to zero, it is still possible for C to distribute entanglement. This can be achieved by manufacturing non-maximallyentangled qubits

|ψ> = α|0,0> + √1–α2|1,1>,

if (if and only if) α < F (without loss of generality, weconsider only α ∈ [0,1/ √2]). In the limit F << 1, theentanglement of formation[3] per pair is maximized for α = F /2, and equals [F 4log2(F –1)]/4. Thus in this limit,more than 4/[F 4log2(F –1)] deliveries are required for A and B to distill a single Bell pair. If A and B wish to usetheir undistilled pairs, then F cannot be arbitrarily small.For example, they can violate the CHSH-Bell inequality[4]

if F > 1/√2.[1] C.H. Bennett, G. Brassard, C. Crépeau, R. Jozsa, A. Peres, and

W. K. Wootters, Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 1895 (1993)

[2] J.S. Bell, Physics 1, 195 (1964).

[3] W.K. Wootters, Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 2245 (1998).

[4] J.F. Clauser, M.A. Horne, A. Shimony, and R.A. Holt, Phys. Rev.Lett. 23, 880 (1969).

AOS PTU 22

Chaotic Semiconductor LasersJ Toomey, R Katti and D M Kane

Department of Physics, Macquarie University, Sydney NSWAustralia


Many dynamically diverse outputs, including chaoticoutput, can be obtained from semiconductor lasersystems using various methods such as optical feedback,optoelectronic feedback or optical injection. Analysis oflong time streams of the output power versus time fromchaotic semiconductor lasers, recorded using ameasurement bandwidth of up to 4 GHz, has shown timevariation in the dynamical output from these systems whenoperated in a constant configuration. Such dynamics inthe dynamics has not been reported previously andrepresents a new complexity in these complex systems.

AOS PTU 23

Einstein-Podolsky-RosenCorrelations via Dissociation of aMolecular Bose-Einstein CondensateK. V. Kheruntsyan, M. K. Olsen, and P. D. Drummond

ARC Centre of Excellence for Quantum-Atom Optics,Department of Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane,QLD Australia


We combine two of Einstein’s contributions to twentiethcentury physics, Bose-Einstein condensation and theEinstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) paradox, to propose a test

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of local realism with mesoscopic numbers of massiveparticles. Using dissociation of a condensate ofhomonuclear diatomic molecules into the constituentbosonic atoms, we demonstrate that strongly entangledoutput atomic beams may be produced which possessnonlocal EPR correlations in particular field quadratures.These are directly analogous to the position andmomentum correlations originally considered by EPR. Theproposal employs mode-matched local oscillators and isapplicable to realistic nonuniform condensates, includingmolecular condensate depletion, s-wave scatteringinteraction and one-body losses.

[1] K. V. Kheruntsyan, M. K. Olsen, and P. D. Drummond, cond-mat/0407363.

AOS PTU 24

The Superfluidity—Mott InsulatorQuantum Phase Transition as anInstance of a Quantum AdiabaticAlgorithm for Hilbert’s Tenth ProblemTien D. Kieu

Centre for Atom Optics and Ultrafast Spectroscopy,Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Australia


We point out that the superfluidity—Mott insulator quantumphase transition[1] can be regarded as a physicalrealisation of an instance of a quantum adiabatic algorithmfor Hilbert’s tenth problem[2,3,4,5] with simple linearDiophantine equations. This connection originates from thefact that the quantum phase transition itself is a quantumadiabatic process, which is also the process employed inthe algorithm.

[1] S. Sachdev, Quantum Phase Transition, CUP (1999)

[2] T.D. Kieu, Contemporary Physics, 44, 51 (2003)

[3] T.D. Kieu, Int J Theo Phys, 42, 1461 (2003)

[4] T.D. Kieu, Proc Roy Soc, A 460, 1535 (2004)

[5] T.D. Kieu, quant-ph/0310052: “Quantum adiabatic algorithm forHilbert’s tenth problem: I. The algorithm.”

AOS PTU 25

Multi-Channel Dispersion/DispersionSlope Compensating Fibre BraggGratings K. Kolossovski1, A.V. Buryak2, R.A. Sammut1, and Z. Brodzeli2

1. School of PEMS, University of New South Wales at ADFA,Canberra; 2. Bandwidth Foundry Pty. Ltd., Sydney


Expansion of the capacities of optical fibre transmissionsystems towards 160 Gbit/s[1] requires both dispersion anddispersion slope compensation of the lines. Usingfundamental properties of the Fourier transform, applyingdephasing approach, and using functional optimization, wederive and optimise aperiodic sampling function, whichplays pivotal role in multi-channel FBG design. We use thisdesign to fabricate a sample multi-channel dispersion/dispersion slop compensating fibre Bragg grating.

[1] R. Ludwig et al, “Enabling transmission at 160 Gbit/s,” inOptical Fiber Communications (OFC 2002) Anaheim, CA, 2002, pp. 1–2.

AOS PTU 26

Demonstration of Bell MeasurementUsing a Linear Optics CNOT GateN. K. Langford, J. L. O’Brien, G. J. Pryde and A. G. White

Centre for Quantum Computer Technology, University ofQueensland, Brisbane


Tasks such as teleportation and entanglement swappinghave vital implications in quantum information processingfor producing a scaleable quantum computer—currently atopic of great interest. Central to these tasks is the abilityto discriminate the four maximally-entangled two-qubitstates—the Bell states. A quantum controlled-NOT gate isa fundamental quantum gate[1]; it can perform Bellmeasurements by turning the Bell states into easilydistinguishable, unentangled states. Using a simplifiedversion of the post-selected CNOT gate demonstratedin[2], we provide the first experimental demonstration of acomplete linear optics Bell measurement, characterise itsoperation, and discuss scale-up.

[1] M. A. Nielsen and I. L. Chuang, Quantum Computation andQuantum Information (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2004)

[2] J. L. O’Brien, G. J. Pryde, A. G. White, T. C. Ralph, D. Branning,Nature, 426, 264 (2003)

AOS PTU 27

Squeezed Matter-wave Gap Solitonsin Optical LatticesR.-K. Lee1,2, E. A. Ostrovskaya1, Yu. S. Kivshar1, and Y. Lai2

1. Nonlinear Physics Centre and ARC Centre of Excellence forQuantum-Atom Optics, Research School of Physical Sciencesand Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra,ACT, Australia; 2. Institute of Electro-Optical Engineering,National Chiao-Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan


We study quantum squeezing of matter-wave gap solitonsin optical lattices by employing a linearized quantumtheory based on the mean-field Gross-Pitaevskii equationwith a periodic potential. We find that optical latticepotential induces atom number squeezing in localizedstates inside the gap. In general, quantum fluctuations ofgap solitons are more squeezed compared with thesolitons in a lattice-free case. The quantum correlations ofgap solitons in momentum space show high correlatedpatterns induced by the nature of Bloch waves. Thesqueezing effect is most profound near the band edgesand is reduced in the depth of the gap.

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AOS PTU 28

Quantum Cryptography: SecurityCriteria ReexaminedDagomir Kaszlikowski1, Ajay Goopinatahn1,2, Yeong Cherng Liang1,3, L. C. Kwek1,2, and Berthold-Georg Englert1

1. Department of Physics, National Univeristy of Singapore,Singapore; 2. National Institute of Education, NanyangTechnological University, Singapore; 3. Department ofPhysics, University of Queensland.


We find that the generally accepted security criteria areflawed for a whole class of protocols for quantumcryptography. This is so because a standard assumptionof the security analysis, namely the so-called square-rootmeasurement is optimal for eavesdropping purposes, isnot true in general. There are rather larger parameterregimes in which the optimal measurement extractssubstantially more information than the square-rootmeasurement.

[1] D. Kaszlikowski, A. Gopinathan, Y. C. Liang, L. C. Kwek, and B-G. Englert, Phys. Rev. A, 70, 032306 (2004)

AOS PTU 29

Controlling Matter-wave Solitons inOptical SuperlatticesPearl J.Y. Louis, Elena A. Ostrovskaya, and Yuri S. Kivshar

Nonlinear Physics Centre and ARC Centre of Excellence forQuantum-Atom Optics, Research School of PhysicalSciences and Engineering, The Australian National University,Canberra ACT, Australia


Optical lattices with multiple periodicities, such as opticalsuperlattices, support the existence of nonlinearlylocalised states in a repulsive Bose-Einstein condensate(BEC)—matter-wave gap solitons. Employing the mean-field model of a condensate in a periodic potential, weshow how changing the shape of an optical superlatticeallows us to control the properties and interactions ofthese solitons[1,2]. We also demonstrate a method forcontrolled generation of matter-wave gap solitons in astationary lattice by using the interference of two BECs[2].The efficiency of this method is compared with that of gapsoliton generation in a moving lattice recentlydemonstrated experimentally[3].

[1] P.J.Y. Louis, E.A. Ostrovskaya, and Yu. S. Kivshar, J. Opt. B 6,S309 (2004).

[2] P.J.Y. Louis, E.A. Ostrovskaya, and Yu. S. Kivshar, cond-mat/0408291 (2004).

[3] B. Eiermann, Th. Anker, M. Albiez, M. Taglieber, P. Treutlein, K.-P. Marzlin, and M.K. Oberthaler, Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 230401(2004).

AOS PTU 30

Adiabatic 3-Wavelength PlanarMultiplexer/De-multiplexerA.W. Molloy, A. Ankiewicz and J.D. Love

Optical Sciences Group, Australian Photonics CooperativeResearch Centre, Research School of Physical Sciences &Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra, ACTAustralia


A novel approach to the simultaneous multiplexing or de-multiplexing of 3 wavelengths for coarse wavelengthchannel separation is based on the geometrical evolutionand transformation of the modes of a single few-modeplanar device. An input fundamental mode is transformedinto a particular higher-order mode, depending on itswavelength, and that is transformed and directed in turninto the fundamental mode of a particular output port. Thefunctionality of the device is quantified and itsperformance optimised through appropriate design. Thedevice overall size is minimised, taking into account thecore spacing requirements for fibre pigtailing.

AOS PTU 31

Random Mixtures of Gaussian StatesA. P. Lund and T.C. Ralph

Centre for Quantum Computer Technology, Department of Physics, University of Queensland, St Lucia,Queensland, Australia


The generation of non-Gaussian states in optics is ofinterest for their various uses in experiments concernedwith quantum information theory. We examine theproperties of mixtures of Gaussian states of the form ppvac+ (1 – p)pTMS where pvac represents a two-mode vacuumstate and (pTMS) a two-mode squeezed state. This state isnon-Gaussian and entangled. It could be produced byrandomly blocking a two-mode squeezed state withprobability p and hence is an experimentally accessiblenon-Gaussian state. Although it has a positive W-representation it exhibits unique behaviour. In particularwhen this state and a pure two-mode squeezed vacuumhave the same level of inseparability[1,2] the mixed versiongives higher fidelity when used for continuous variableteleportation[3].

[1] L.-M. Duan, G. Giedke, J. I. Cirac and P. Zoller, Phys. Rev. Lett.84, 2722 (2000).

[2] W. P. Bowen, R. Schnabel, P. K. Lam and T. C. Ralph, Phys.Rev. Lett. 90 043601 (2003).

[3] A. Furusawa, J. L. Sørensen, S. L. Braunstein, C. A. Fuchs, H.J. Kimble and E. S. Polzik, Science 282 706 (1998).

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AOS PTU 32

Nitrogen-vacancy Centre—Why the Interest?Neil B Manson and Joanne P Harrison

Laser Physics Centre, Research School of Physical Scienceand Engineering

Australian National University, Canberra, ACT

There is interest in the nitrogen-vacancy centre in diamonddue to the demonstration of quantum logic operations ofsingle centres at room temperature[1]. The demonstrationwas possible because the centre emits when in one spinstate (MS = 0) but not the other (MS = ±1). However, thisexceptional selection rule is brought into question throughstudies of single centers and ensembles. A new model ofthe electronic structure of the centre is proposed toaccount for the observations.

[1] F Jelezko, T Gaebel, I Popa, A. Gruber and J Wrachtrup, Phys.Rev. Letters 92 076401-1 (2004)

AOS PTU 33

Bloch Oscillations of Optical Beams in Spatially Varying Periodic GratingsG. McCarthy and W. Krolikowski

Laser Physics Centre, Australian National University, Canberra


Bloch oscillations of optical beams have been observed inchirped waveguide gratings where the total internalreflection effect arises from a refractive index gradientacross the grating.[1,2]

Here we present numerical simulations of Blochoscillations of optical beams in periodic gratings wherethe period is spatially varied in the transverse direction.The effect of the total internal reflection required for theseoscillations is achieved by the different coupling constantsbetween adjacent waveguides. We show that Blochoscilllations can be observed when the period of thegratings varies both in a linear and exponential manner.The Bloch oscillations are demonstrated for gratingscomposed of waveguides with a fixed width and also inthose where the width of the waveguides variescontinuously.

[1] C. de Sterke, J. Bright, P. Krug and T. Hammon, Phys. Rev. E57, 2365 (1998)

[2] U. Peschel, T. Pertsch and F. Lederer, Optics Letters 23,1701(1998)

AOS PTU 34

Measurement of Thermal Lensing ina Diode-pumped Nd:YVO4 LaserUsing a Hartman Wavefront AnalyserT. McGregor, J.M. Dawes, P. Dekker, D. Coutts

Centre for Lasers and Applications, Department of Physics,Macquarie University


We measured the thermal distortion[1] induced on anoptical probe beam passing through a diode-end-pumped

Nd:YVO4 laser crystal under lasing and non-lasingconditions. A Hartmann wavefront analyser[2] was used tomeasure the probe beam wavefront, which was analysedwith a Zernike polynomial basis. The resulting thermaldistortions were compared with a model of thermallensing[3]. For high pump powers, good agreement wasfound. Some limitations in the use of the Hartmannanalyser were identified. Our ultimate goal is to use adeformable mirror to compensate in real time for the beam distortions.

[1] Chenais, S., Druon, F., Balembois, F., Lucas-Leclin, G., Fichot,Y., Georges, P., Gaumé., Viana, B., Aka, G.P., Vivian, D.,Thermal lensing measurements in diode-pumped Yb-dopedGdCOB, YCOB, YSO, YAG and KGW. Optical Materials, 22129–137 (2003)

[2] Kingslake, R., The Absolute Hartmann Test. Transactions of theOptical Society, 29 133 (1927–1928).

[3] Innocenzi, M.E., H.T. Yura, C.L. Fincher, and R.A. Fields,Thermal modeling of continuous-wave end pumped solid-statelasers. Applied Physics Letters, 56 1831–1833 (1990).

AOS PTU 35

Low Noise Photonic-based TuneableMicrowave SourceA. McKay, J.M. Dawes, D.W. Coutts and P. Dekker

Centre for Lasers and Applications, Department of Physics,Macquarie University, Sydney


Photomixing the output of a two-frequency solid-statelaser[1,2] on a PIN photodiode generates a microwavesignal, leading to a photonic-based microwave source.This is a potential alternative to traditional low-powerbroadband microwave generators such as voltagecontrolled oscillators (VCO)[3] where low noise and widefrequency tuneability are required. The intensity noise(RIN) and optical modulation index (OMI) are importantquantities qualifying the noise spectrum near themicrowave region of interest and are experimentallyinvestigated using a two-frequency diode-pumpedNd:YAG laser. Using a variable birefringent intra-cavityelement the frequency of the beat-note is controlled and inthis case greater than 2 GHz bandwidth is shown.

[1] G. W. Baxter et al., IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 8, 1015 (1996)

[2] M. Brunel et al., IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 16, 870 (2004)

[3] N.-M. Kwak et al., Microwave and Optical Technology Letters42, 3 (2004)

AOS PTU 36

Magneto-optical Film-based GroovedMicrostructures for ManipulatingCold AtomsC.H. Wolff, D.S. Gough, J.Y. Wang, S.M. Whitlock, A.I. Sidorov, P. Hannaford and R.J. McLean

Centre for Atom Optics and Ultrafast Spectroscopy,Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC

E-mail of corresponding author: [email protected]

In our ongoing program to develop permanent magnet-based atom optical elements, we have recently fabricateda microstructure by depositing a film of GdTbFeCo

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magneto-optical material onto a 1.5 mm-period groovedsilicon substrate. The magneto-optical material exhibitscharacteristics that are attractive for magnetic atom optics,including perpendicular magnetisation, high remanentmagnetic field (~ 3.8 kG), high coercivity (~ 2.5 kOe) andexcellent magnetic homogeneity. Progress on testing themicrostructure by observing the specularity of thereflection of cold rubidium atoms from the mirror surfacewill be reported. The prospects of applying suchmicrostructures as diffraction grating-based atomic matter-wave beamsplitters will be discussed.

AOS WEA11Wednesday 1040–1120 hrs

BEC of 6Li2 Molecules: Exploring theBEC-BCS CrossoverC. Chin1, M. Bartenstein1, A. Altmeyer1, S. Riedl1, S. Jochim1, R. Geursen1, J. Hecker Denschlag1, R. Grimm1,2

1. Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck,Innsbruck, Austria; 2. Institut für Quantenoptik undQuanteninformation, Österreichische Akademie derWissenschaften, Innsbruck, Austria


We report on recent experiments with an ultracolddegenerate Fermi gas of 6Li atoms. We start with Bose-Einstein condensation of Li2 molecules in an optical trap[1].Using a Feshbach resonance we can then investigate theBEC-BCS crossover where the molecular condensate istransformed into a strongly interacting gas of fermions. We probe the crossover with several methods likemeasurements of the trapped cloud size[2], collectiveoscillation excitations[3] and binding energy measurementswith radio frequency[4]. In these measurements we havebeen able to show the existence of a pairing gap[4] on theBCS side of the resonance. This strongly suggests thepresence of a superfluid phase on the BCS side of thecrossover.

[1] S. Jochim et al., Science 302, 2103 (2003); Published online 13November 2003; 10.1126/science.1093280

[2] M. Bartenstein et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 120401 (2004).

[3] M. Bartenstein et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 203201 (2004).

[4] C. Chin et al., Science 305, 1133 (2004); Published online 22July 2003;


Optimal Estimates and JointMeasurement Uncertainty RelationsM.J.W. Hall

Theoretical Physics, RSPSE, Australian National University,Canberra ACT


Consider an estimate of some quantum observable, A,made on the basis of the measurement of a secondobservable, M=Σm m |m><m|, on quantum state |ϕ>.There is a fundamental lower bound for the inaccuracy ofany such estimate[1]:

< (A-Aest)2 > ≥ Σm [Im <m|A|ϕ>/<m|ϕ> ]2 ,

which is far stronger than the Heisenberg uncertaintyrelation for A and M. The lower bound is achievable whenthe state prior to measurement is known, yielding an‘exact’ uncertainty relation. Applications include optimalquadrature estimates from heterodyne detection.

Further, any measurement M can be used as the basis forsimultaneously estimating the values of any twoobservables A and B (this is the most general possibledefinition of a joint measurement). Universal jointuncertainty relations have been obtained for such pairs ofestimates, and applied to joint measurements on EPR-correlated particles[1].

[1] M.J.W. Hall, Phys. Rev. A, 69, 052113 (2004)


Bose-Einstein Condensates on Atom ChipsC. J. Vale, A. Ratnapala, S. Holt, D. Turk, T. Campey, M. J. Davis, N. Heckenberg and H. Rubinsztein-Dunlop

School of Physical Sciences, University of Queensland, St.Lucia, QLD, Australia


Atom chips are a reliable and versatile tool for theproduction and control of Bose-Einstein Condensates(BECs). They also offer the possibility of realising new,chip-based quantum devices. We have recently producedBECs on an atom chip fabricated with silver foil[1].Because of its high current capacity, our chip can producemoderately tight traps at distances further from the chipsurface, avoiding losses and fragmentation ofcondensates seen on other experiments[2,3]. We will alsoreport on our progress towards efficient atom detectionusing a STIRAP based photoionisation scheme.

[1] C. J. Vale et al., J. Phys. B 37, 2959 (2004)

[2] M. P. A. Jones et al., Phys. Rev. Lett 91, 080401 (2003)

[3] J. Estéve et al., Preprint physics/0403020 (2004).


Vortices in Bose-EinsteinCondensates Confined by OpticalLatticesE. A. Ostrovskaya1,2, T. J. Alexander1,2, A. A. Sukhorukov1, and Yu. S. Kivshar1,2

1. Nonlinear Physics Centre, Research School of PhysicalSciences and Engineering, The Australian National University,Canberra, Australia; 2. Australian Research Council Centre ofExcellence for Quantum-Atom Optics


We study the band-gap spectrum and nonlinearlocalization of coherent matter waves in two- and three-dimensional periodic potentials formed by optical lattices.We predict the existence and dynamical stability of gapvortices[1]—novel types of matter-wave solitons with aphase singularity, localized within a complete Bragg-reflection gap of a multidimensional periodic structure.

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Stability of localized vortices of truly three-dimensionalnature as well as of two-dimensional vortex lines in three-dimensional lattices is considered. Finally, we explorepossible routes to dynamical generation of gap vortices in“square” optical lattices from the viewpoint of currentexperimental capabilities.

[1] E. A. Ostrovskaya and Yu. S. Kivshar, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93(2004), in press.

POSTERS

AOS PWE 1

Athermal Birefringence in a PhotonicCrystal FibreAndrew Michie1, John Canning1, Katja Lyytikäinen1,Mattias Åslund1, and Justin Digweed1

1. Optical Fibre Technology Centre, University of Sydney &Australian Photonics Cooperative Research Centre,Eveleigh1430 NSW Australia


A highly birefringent (HiBi) photonic crystal fibre (PCF) hasbeen characterised as a function of temperature.Temperature independent birefringence was observedfrom –25 to 800°C. PCFs that offer the design flexibility forspecial properties such as birefringence but without theneed for athermal packages may greatly reduce themanufacturing costs of some photonic devices. The fibrewas characterised with an improved, all fibre, crossedpolariser configuration that operates in reflection ratherthan transmission[1]. This configuration allowed the entiretest fibre sample to be placed inside a 600mm long tubefurnace, as alignment optics were not required.

[1] Ortigosa-Blanche, J.C. Knight, W.J. Wadsworth, J.Arriaga,B.J.Mangan,T.A. Birks, and P.St.J. Russell, “Highly birefringentphotonic crystal fibers,” Opt. Lett. 25 (18), 1325–1327 (2000).

AOS PWE 2

Fano Resonance with PhotonicCrystalsA.E. Miroshnichenko1, Yu.S. Kivshar1 and S.V. Mingaleev2

1. Nonlinear Physics Centre, Research School of PhysicalSciences and Engineering, The Australian National University ,Canberra, ACT, Australia; 2. University of Central Florida,Orlando, USA


Fano resonance[1] is well-known across different branchesof physics as “asymmetric lineshape”. We show theexistence of Fano resonance in variety of Photonic Crystalconfigurations[2–3]. Based on the Fano-Anderson model,we study the Fano resonance as a simple “destructiveinterference” phenomenon, which manifests itself as“resonant reflection”. This model gives a very goodqualitative agreement with real numerical calculations ofPhotonic Cristals, and it can be used to show how to tunethis resonance for a desired configuration.

[1] U. Fano, Phys. Rev., 124, 1866 (1961).

[2] S. Fan, Appl. Phys. Lett,. 80, 908 (2002).

[3] V. Lousse and J. P. Vigneron, Phys. Rev., B 69, 155106 (2004).

AOS PWE 3

Selective Area Epitaxy of Quantum DotsS.Mokkapati1, P.Lever1, K.Stewart1, H.H.Tan1, C.Jagadish1

K.E. McBean2 and M.R.Phillips2

1. Department of Electronic Materials Enigineering, TheAustralian National University, Canberra; 2. MicrostructuralAnalysis Unit, University of Technology, Sydney


We investigate selective-area-epitaxy (SAE) as a tool forselectively controlling the physical and optical propertiesof quantum-dots (QDs), aiming at integration of QDdevices. MOCVD growth of InGaAs/InAs QDs on GaAswafers patterned with pairs of SiO2 stripes is studied.Atomic force microscopy and cathodoluminescence areused for characterisation of these QDs. We show thatInGaAs QD luminescence can be tuned over a range of100nm by varying the dimensions of and/or spacingsbetween the SiO2 stripes. Growth of InGaAs quantum-welland QDs on different parts of the same wafer, withoutusing etch and regrowth techniques is also demonstrated.Results for the InAs/GaAs system are also presented.

AOS PWE 4

Surface Modes and DirectedEmissions from Photonic Crystals S.K. Morrison1 and Y.S. Kivshar1

1. Nonlinear Physics Centre, The Australian NationalUniversity, Canberra


A new twist in the study of surface modes in photoniccrystals is the recent discovery of enhanced transmissionand highly directed emission from photonic crystalwaveguides using surface modes[1]. We demonstrate thatby engineering the surface structure of photonic crystalswe can control and enhance the directed emissions.These improvements are achieved by controlling thecoupling to the surface and radiating modes, and bycontrolling the phase and amplitude of the diffracted light from the photonic crystal surface. Additionally, wesuggest a method to provide control over the directedemission, through manipulation of the refractive index ofthe surface structure.

[1] E. Moreno, F. J. Garcia-Vidal and L. Martin-Moreno, Phys. Rev.B, 69, 121402(R) (2004)

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High Power, Double-Clad, CWNd:YAG Slab LaserDamien Mudge, Peter J. Veitch and Jesper Munch

Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA


We describe a new zigzag end-pumped, double-clad cwNd:YAG slab laser. A five layer composite slab and pumpgeometry optimises the gain distribution and thermal lensbehaviour, while minimizing the effects of thermallyinduced birefringence. The power scalable slab design

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supports a folded zigzag laser mode[1] and is side-cooled, with the top and bottom temperature controlled. It is designed to produce >100W single frequencydiffraction-limited output for remote sensing applications ingeneral and for the Australian Consortium forInterferometric Gravitational Astronomy (ACIGA), inparticular. Lasing performance will be reported.

[1] J. Richards and A. McInnes, Opt. Lett. 20, 371, 1995.

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Radiation Dynamics in TaperedPhotonic Crystal FibresS.J. Myers1, J.M. Dawes1, M.J. Withford1, E. Mägi2, B.J. Eggleton2, D. Fussell2, R.C. McPhedran2, C.M. de Sterke2

ARC Centre for Ultrahigh-bandwidth Devices for OpticalSystems CUDOS; 1. Centre for Lasers and Applications,Macquarie University, Sydney; 2. School of Physics,University of Sydney, Sydney


Photonic crystals were originally conceived of to suppressspontaneous emission within the structure[1]. We reportthe transverse optical characterisation of tapered hollow-core photonic crystal fibre, in order to study spontaneousemission of dye molecules from the hollow core of thefibre. Broadband transmission measurements of thestructure have been carried out in tapered fibres, andweak stopgaps have been observed and compared totheoretically predicted stopgaps. After selectivelyintroducing laser dye into only the central hole of the fibre, we observe the effect of the stopgaps on thefluorescence spectra.

[1] E. Yablonovitch, Phys Rev Lett 58, 2059–2062 (1987)

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Control and Steering of Gap Solitonsin Optically-induced LatticesD. Neshev1, A. A. Sukhorukov1,2, B. Hanna3, W. Krolikowski2,3, and Yu. S. Kivshar1,2

1. Nonlinear Physics Centre; 2. CUDOS, and 3. LaserPhysics Centre—Research School of Physical Sciences andEngineering, Australian National University, Canberra


Optical gap solitons exist in the transmission gaps ofnonlinear periodic structures, where no linear waves canpropagate. They possess unique properties not presentfor conventional solitons, and hold promises for realizing ofnovel schemes for light control. By inducing a periodicstructure in a biased photorefractive crystal and using atwo-beam excitation scheme, we excited immobile spatialgap solitons[1]. This opens the possibility to study theirunique properties. In this work we demonstrate theinteraction of gap solitons with beams originating fromother bands and test the possibilities to control gapsolitons mobility by modifying the magnitude of therefractive index modulation. We believe this opens the wayfor realizing novel all-optical switching devices.

[1] D. Neshev, A. A. Sukhorukov, B. Hanna, W. Krolikowski, and Yu.S. Kivshar, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 083905(4) (2004).

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Application of Cascaded Four-WaveMixing to Optical Signal to NoiseMonitoringT.T. Ng, J.L. Blows and B.J. Eggleton

CUDOS, School of Physics, University of Sydney, NSWAustralia


Monitoring the signal to noise ratio of an optical signal(OSNR) is important to maintaining high-speed opticalnetworks. At ultra-high bit-rates, when electronics are nolonger practical, OSNR monitoring will be performed usingoptical techniques. We propose an OSNR monitor basedon ultra-fast nonlinear effects in an optical parametricamplifier (OPA). OPAs generate cascaded four-wavemixing terms which have a quadratic response to the inputsignal[1,2], allowing the OSNR of the signal to bemonitored through a simple average powermeasurement[3]. Experiments show that changing theOSNR produces an error function response fromcascaded four-wave mixing at the OPA output.

[1] T. Ng, J. Blows, J. Mok, P. Hu, J. Bolger, P. Hambley and B.Eggleton, Opt. Exp., 11, 3122 (2003).

[2] T. Ng, J. Blows, J. Mok, R. McKerracher and B. Eggleton, J.Lightwave Technol. (in Press)

[3] S. Wielandy, M. Fishteyn and B. Zhu, J. Lightwave Technol., 22, 784 (2004)

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Entangled Photonic QutritsR. B. Dalton, N. K. Langford, M. D. Harvey, J. L. O’Brien,G. J. Pryde. A. Gilchrist, S. D. Bartlett, and A. G. White

Centre for Quantum Computer Technology, Department ofPhysics, The University of Queensland, QLD


We produce and holographically measure entangledqutrits encoded in transverse spatial modes of singlephotons[1]. With the novel use of a quantum statetomography method that only requires two-statesuperpositions, we achieve the most completecharacterization of entangled qutrits to date. Ideally,entangled qutrits provide better security than qubits inquantum bit commitment: we model the sensitivity of thisto mixture and show experimentally and theoretically thatqutrits with even a small amount of decoherence cannotoffer increased security over qubits. Finally, we implementan entanglement concentration protocol.

[1] N K Langford, R B Dalton, M D Harvey, J L O’Brien, G J Pryde,A Gilchrist, S D Bartlett and A G White, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93,053601 (2004)

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Small Quantum Circuits for OpticalQuantum ComputingT. J. Weinhold, J. L. O’Brien, G. J. Pryde and A. G. White

Centre for Quantum Computer Technology, Department ofPhysics, The University of Queensland, QLD


The recent demonstration of a non-deterministic two-photon controlled-NOT gate[1,2] paves the way for therealisation of simple quantum circuits[3]. We havedesigned and experimentally implemented aninterferometer-free simplified CNOT gate operatingaccording to the same principles. The advantage comesfrom using custom-designed partially polarising beamsplitters that operate asymmetrically on the twopolarisation modes of the qubits. We describe theperformance of this CNOT gate in isolation and in simplequantum circuits designed to generate multi-qubit cluster state entanglement. Cluster state generation is the starting point for measurement based optical quantum computing[4].

[1] J L O’Brien, G J Pryde, A G White, T C Ralph and D Branning,Nature 426, 264 (2003)

[2] J L O’Brien, G J Pryde, A Gilchrist, D F V James, N K Langford,T C Ralph and A G White, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 080502 (2004)

[3] T C Ralph, Phys. Rev. A 70, 012312 (2004)

[4] M A Nielsen, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 040503 (2004)

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Quantum Phase-space Analysis ofthe Pendular CavityM.K. Olsen1,2 A.B. Melo2,3, K. Dechoum2 and A.Z. Khoury2

1. ARC Centre of Excellence for Quantum-Atom Optics,School of Physical Sciences, University of Queensland,Australia; 2. Instituto de Física da Universidade FederalFluminense, Niterói-RJ, Brazil; 3. Instituto Nacional deMetrologia, Normalização e Qualidade Industrial, RioComprido-RJ, Brazil


Using the positive-P representation, we show that, in theanalysis of an optical cavity with one oscillating mirror, thequantum state of the mirror must be taken into account.This is somewhat surprising as the mirror is a macroscopicobject, but we show that linearised analyses which treatthe mirror as a classical object can lead to faultypredictions. This work may be of importance for proposedgravitational wave detectors.

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Ultra-Narrowband, Nanosecond-Pulsed OPO-OPA SpectroscopicSystemR.T. White1, M. Kono2, Y. He1, K.G.H. Baldwin2 and B.J. Orr1

1. Centre for Lasers and Applications, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW; 2. Research School of PhysicalSciences and Engineering, The Australian National University,Canberra, ACT


A novel nonlinear-optical source of pulsed tunablecoherent light is designed for wide-ranging applications tohigh-resolution spectroscopy from the mid-infrared to thevacuum ultraviolet. It comprises a periodically poledKTiOPO4 optical parametric oscillator (OPO) and one ormore LiNbO3 optical parametric amplifier (OPA) stages.The high-performance injection-seeded OPO generatescontinuously tunable narrowband output pulses with ~25-ns duration and ~18-MHz Fourier-transform-limitedoptical bandwidth. Optical heterodyne techniques areused to control its frequency chirp (as low as ~10 MHz)[1]

and to optimise its single-longitudinal-mode operation[2].Recent experiments indicate that OPA stages do notdegrade this performance appreciably.

[1] R.T. White, Y. He, B.J. Orr, M. Kono and K.G.H. Baldwin, Opt.Lett., 28, 1248 (2003); J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, 21, 1577 (2004); J.Opt. Soc. Am. B, 21, 1586 (2004)

[2] R.T. White, Y. He, B.J. Orr, M. Kono and K.G.H. Baldwin,submitted to Optics Express (September 2004)

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Rotational MicrorheologyS.J.W. Parkin, G. Knöner, T.A. Nieminen, N.R. Heckenberg,H. Rubinsztein-Dunlop

Centre for Biophotonics and Laser Science, School of PhysicalSciences , The University of Queensland, St. Lucia


To investigate the local viscoelastic response of a complexfluid, such as a polymer network, a microscopic probeparticle is necessary. Such particles can be manipulatedusing optical tweezers[1]. Translational motion of a trappedparticle can probe the rheology of the surroundingfluid[2,3,4], however the optical properties of the surroundingmust be determined to make any measurements. Wemeasure rotational motion of a birefringent particle bymonitoring the polarisation of the trapping beam, with theadvantage that the torque on the particle depends only onthe refractive indices of the probe particle[5].

[1] A. Ashkin, J.M. Dziedzic, J.E. Bjorkholm, and S. Chu, Opt. Lett.11, 288 (1986).

[2] F. Gittes, B. Schnurr, P.D. Olmsted, F.C. MacKintosh, and C.F.Schmidt, Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 3286 (1997).

[3] T.G. Mason, K. Ganesan, J.H. van Zanten, D. Wirtz, and S.C.Kuo, Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 3282 (1997).

[4] J.C. Crocker, M.T. Valentine, E.R. Weeks, T. Gisler, P.D. Kaplan,A.G. Yodh, and D.A. Weitz, Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 888 (2000).

[5] A. I. Bishop, T. A. Nieminen, N. R. Heckenberg, and H.Rubinsztein-Dunlop, Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 198104 (2004).

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Multipartite Entanglement inQuantum OpticsDamian Pope1, Gerard Milburn2

1. Centre for Quantum Dynamics and School of Science,Griffith University; 2. Centre for Quantum ComputerTechnology and School of Physical Sciences, The Univesity of Queensland

According to Schrödinger, entanglement is “thecharacteristic trait of quantum mechanics”. It is also aresource that allows us to perform technological feats thatare impossible within classical physics.

In this paper, we investigate the multipartite entanglement(entanglement involving three or more particles) present ina certain pure state involving numerous trapped atoms.The state is analogous to the steady-state intracavity stateof the optical parametric amplifier. We show that itpossesses interesting multipartite entanglement, which wethen partially quantify.

We also explore multipartite entanglement constrained bysuperselection rules, showing how they reduce the amountof entanglement present in practice.

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Method of Improving CouplingEfficiency between Laser Diodes andTapered Single Mode Optical FiberS. Kumaran and Faidz A. Rahman

Centre for Photonics Research, Innovation & Applications,Faculty of Engineering, Multimedia University, Malaysia


This paper discusses a method to change thehemispherically lensed tapered single mode fiber’s (SMF)numerical aperture (NA) to improve coupling efficiencyfrom a 1550 nm wavelength laser diode (LD). The taperedlenses were fabricated using a fusion splicer and modifiedusing chemical etching. From the work, we haveexperimentally observed an improvement of couplingefficiency as high as 11.46% from its initial coupling value.The results indicate that the combination of both thesetechniques allow for a further increase in the couplingefficiency between the LD and SMF tapered fiber ascompared to just tapering alone.

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Phase-modulation Interferometry for the Detection of Bose-EinsteinCondensates L. Longchambon, N. P. Robins and J.D.Close

ARC Centre of Excellence for Quantum-Atom Optics, Facultyof Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACTAUSTRALIA.


Bose-Einstein Condensate dynamics have beenextensively studied[1], but most experimental detectionsystems lead to condensate destruction. Non-destructiveand highly sensitive techniques are essential for the

understanding and achievement of a number ofoutstanding problems in cold atom physics, including theproduction of a continuous atom laser[2]. We propose herea non-destructive, high-speed continuous detectionscheme for Rb BEC dynamics using phase-modulationinterferometry. By using a heterodyne detection techniquewith a strong local oscillator and very low noisephotodetectors we expect to achieve a shot-noise limitedmeasurement of the BEC density fluctuations.

[1] W. Ketterle et al., PRL 77, 998 (1996)

[2] J. Lye et al., PRA 69, 023601 (2004)

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Mode-matching Effects in LinearOptics Quantum ComputingPeter P. Rohde, Timothy C. Ralph, Geoffrey J. Pryde,Jeremy L. O’Brien

Centre for Quantum Computer Technology, Department ofPhysics, University of Queensland, Brisbane


We construct a model of a linear optics quantumcomputing controlled-NOT gate, which allows for arbitrarymode-matching effects. The model is shown to havesuperior predictive power over existing, ideal gate models.Using the model we demonstrate that it is possible to non-intrusively estimate the mode-matching characteristics ofexperimental gates, a powerful diagnostic tool. The modelrelies on parameters with an elegant, direct physicalinterpretation. The techniques described are non-specificand could easily be applied to other optical circuits.

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Beam Quality from a Large ModeArea Fibre LaserR.A. Sammut1 and D.J. Richardson2

1. School of Physical, Environmental & MathematicalSciences, UNSW @ ADFA, Canberra; 2. OptoelectronicsResearch Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK


The quality of a laser beam can be described in a numberof ways but the single figure most commonly used is theM2 parameter which measures the product of spatialvariance of the beam at its waist and angular variance ofthe beam departing from the waist. Most discussions ofthis parameter are restricted to Laguerre-Gaussian beamsfrom bulk lasers. But with the growing importance of fibrelasers, it is necessary to understand how M2 varies fordifferent fibre designs and operating regimes. We willpresent results on the calculation of M2 for several high-power fibre laser designs.

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Continuous Quantum ErrorCorrectionMohan Sarovar and G. J. Milburn

Centre for Quantum Computer Technology adn School ofPhysical Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia


Quantum error correction is an essential ingredient forquantum computation. The standard descriptions of howto implement active error correction assume idealresources such as projective measurements andinstantaneous gate operations. Unfortunately in practicesuch resources are not realizable in most quantumcomputing architectures. Motivated by this we examineschemes for implementing active error correction that usea more modest set of resources. This leads to newimplementations of error correction that are continuous intime, and thus described by continuous dynamical maps.We evaluate the performance of such schemes usingnumerical simulations and comment on the applicabilityand effectiveness of continuous error correction forquantum computing.

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Superradiant Scattering from aHydrodynamic VortexT.R.Slatyer and C.M. Savage

Australian Centre for Quantum Atom Optics, AustralianNational University, ACT Australia


We show that sound waves scattered from ahydrodynamic vortex may be amplified. Such superradiantscattering follows from the physical analogy betweenspinning black holes and hydrodynamic vortices[1].However a sonic horizon analogous to the black holeevent horizon does not exist unless the vortex possessesa central drain, which is challenging to produceexperimentally. In the astrophysical domain superradiancecan occur even in the absence of an event horizon: weshow that in the hydrodynamic analogue, a drain is notrequired and a conventional vortex scatters soundsuperradiantly. Possible experimental realisation in dilutegas Bose-Einstein condensates is discussed[2].

[1] M. Visser, in Artificial Black Holes, edited by M. Novello,M.Visser and G. Volovik (World Scientific, Singapore, 2002).

[2] L.J. Garay, J.R. Anglin, J.I. Cirac, and P. Zoller, Phys. Rev. Lett.85, 4643 (2000); Phys. Rev. A 63, 023611 (2001).

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Near-Field Optical Properties of Thin Randomly NanostructuredSilver FilmsS. Schelm, A. I. Maaroof and G.B. Smith

Department of Applied Physics, University of Technology,Sydney, NSW


We will present AFM-SNOM measurements for randomlystructured thin silver films, prepared by inversenanosphere lithography to create circular holes in themetal film. Care is taken to create continuous films, whichshow none of the “worm”-like structures of semi-continuous metal films. Two sphere/hole concentrationsare studied. The higher hole concentration samples showa strong similarity between the near-field intensity andtopology, while the low hole concentration samples showalmost no correlation between intensity and topology, butrather wave-like patterns which originate from surfaceprotrusions or holes. Possible mechanisms and reasonsfor the differences will be discussed.

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Coherent Blue Light from a RubidiumVapour CellM Jeppesen1, JD White2, KFEM Domen3 and RE Scholten1

1. School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne,Australia; 2. Department of Physics, Juniata College,Huntingdon, Pennsylvania, USA; 3. Department of Physics,Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, TheNetherlands


We have demonstrated efficient production of 420nm bluelight from a rubidium vapour cell, using the method ofZibrov et al.[1]. An atomic coherence is created in thevapour using two infrared low-power (~10mW) laserstuned to the two-photon 5S-5P-5D step transition in Rb.Some atoms decay to the 6P level and then via 420nmemission to the ground state. The latter is coherentlyamplified because the ground state is effectivelyunpopulated. We have measured the optical coherence ofthe 420nm output by two-slit diffraction, and modelled thesystem using semiclassical optical Bloch equations.

[1] AS Zibrov, MD LUkin, L Hollberg and MO Scully, Phys. Rev. A65, 051801 (2002)

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Frequency Feedback Control Theoryfor External Cavity Diode LasersLD Turner1, A Slavec1,KP Weber1, KFEM Domen2

and RE Scholten1

1. School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne,Australia; 2. Department of Physics, Eindhoven University ofTechnology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands


External cavity diode lasers are an integral component ofmany experiments in physics and chemistry. Such lasershave short-term linewidths of below 100kHz, but typicallyachieve linewidths not much better than 2 MHz formeasurement times of a few seconds, even when lockedto an atomic or molecular reference. We have carefullyinvestigated the origins of the frequency noise[1], andapplied detailed control theory to design an effective two-channel servo feedback system. Our implementationprovides a robust and user-friendly controller withdramatically improved performance.

[1] LD Turner, KP Weber, CJ Hawthorn, RE Scholten, Opt.Commun. 201 391 (2002)

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Diffraction-contrast Phase Imagingof Cold AtomsLD Turner1, KFEM Domen2 and RE Scholten1

1. School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne,Australia; 2. Department of Physics, Eindhoven University ofTechnology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands


Diffraction of coherent light is inherently invertible: that is,if a known propagating field is scattered by an object andthen measured after some distance, it is possible tocomputationally back-propagate and determine the field atthe object, and hence determine the object structure. Inpractice, only the intensity of a field can be measured andthus the inversion is not unique, leading to Gabor’s famoustwin image problem. We show that, for monomorphousobjects in which both the phase retardance andabsorption are linearly related to the object density, thepropagation can be linearised and algebraically inverted(in Fourier space). That is, the object structure can beretrieved from a single diffracted intensity image, with nooptical elements such as lenses, apertures or phaseretarders. The method is valid for weakly-absorbingobjects and is particularly well suited to non-destructiveimaging of cold atom clouds. It is inherently aberrationfree, quantitative, and has holographic depth of field,allowing post-acquisition refocussing.

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An Achromatic Lens for AtomsLP Maguire, R Anderson, and RE Scholten

School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne,Australia


Light can be used to focus thermal neutral atom beams tonanometre-scale dimensions[1,2]. We demonstrate asimple lens for atoms based on a travelling TEM01-modelight field[3]. The lens is more convenient than previoussimple lenses[1] because it uses light propagatingperpendicular to the atomic beam rather than coaxially. By tilting the lens, the Doppler effect can be used tocompensate chromatic aberrations[3]. We present detailedtrajectory simulations and experimental results forfocussing a slightly supersonic atom beam.

[1] JJ McClelland and MR Scheinfein, J Opt Soc Am B 8, 1974 (1991)

[2] JJ McClelland, RE Scholten, EC Palm and RJ Celotta, Science262, 877 (1993)

[3] RE Scholten, TJ O’Kane, TR Mackin, TA Hunt and PM Farrell,Aust J Phys 52, 493 (1999)

[4] M Drewsen, RJC Spreeuw, and J Mlynek, Opt Commun 125, 77 (1996)

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Quantum Computing Using FullyConcentrated Crystals ContainingEuropiumM. J. Sellars and R. Mills

Research School of Physical Sciences & Engineering,Australian National University, Canberra


The main obstacle to quantum computing experimentsusing ensembles of solid state optical centres is theresidual randomness in the ensemble[1]. In earlier work wehave demonstrated one and two qubit quantum gateoperations using crystals randomly doped with rare-earthions[2,3]. In these demonstrations the disorder in theensemble was removed using optical pumpingtechniques. These techniques have little scope for scaling.To scale to higher qubit numbers we propose to producehighly order ensembles using fully concentrated samples.In this work we describe the growth and characterizationof EuCl3.6(H2O) and report on its suitability for quantumcomputing.

[1] M. J. Sellars, E. Fravel, and J. J. Longdell, “Investigation ofstatic dipole-dipole coupling induced optical inhomogeneousbroadening in in Eu3+:Y2SiO5”, J of Lumin. 107, 150–154(2004)

[2] J.J. Longdell, and M. J. Sellars, “Experimental demonstration ofquantum-state tomography and qubit-qubit interactions forrare-earth-ion-based solid-state qubits”, Phys. Rev. A, 69,032307–311(2004).

[3] J. J. Longdell, M. J. Sellars, and N. B. Manson , “Demonstrationof Conditional Quantum Phase Shift Between Ions in a Solid”,Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 130503 (2004)

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Experimental Demonstration of Arm-Locking for the LaserInterferometer Space AntennaB.S. Sheard1, M.B. Gray1, D.A. Shaddock2 and D.E. McClelland1

1. Centre for Gravitational Physics, Department of Physics, The Australian National, University, Canberra;2. Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, USA


The Laser Interferometer Space Antenna is a space-basedgravitational wave detector[1]. In this interferometer thefree-running laser frequency noise is so enormous in thegravitational wave signal that a combination of techniqueswill likely be needed to remove it. Recently an additionaltechnique for stabilization of the laser frequency tointerferometer arm-lengths was proposed[2]. We presentresults from an experiment which stabilizes the frequencyof a Nd:YAG NPRO laser to a Mach-Zehnderinterferometer with an optical path length difference of 30km. The control bandwidth encompasses approximately ahundred nulls in the interferometer frequency response,demonstrating the arm-locking technique.

[1] The LISA Study Team Laser Interferometer Space Antenna forthe detection and observation of gravitational waves: Pre-PhaseA Report, 2nd Edition Max-Plank-Institüt für QuantenoptikMPQ233 (1998).

[2] B.S. Sheard, M.B. Gray, D.E. McClelland, and D.A. Shaddock,Phys. Lett. A, 320, 9 (2003)

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Analytic Properties of PhotonicCrystal SuperprimsM. J. Steel1,2, R. Zoli2,3, C. Grillet2, R. C. McPhedran2, C. M. de Sterke2, A. Norton4, P. Bassi3, and B. J. Eggleton2

1. RSoft Design Group, Inc., 65 O’Connor St, ChippendaleNew South Wales, Australia; 2. Centre for Ultrahigh-bandwidth Devices for Optical Systems (CUDOS) and Schoolof Physics, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; 3. DEIS-Dipartimento di Elettronica Informatica e Sisemistica,University of Bologna, Italy; 4. Centre for Ultrahigh-bandwidthDevices for Optical Systems (CUDOS) and Dept. of AppliedMathematics, University of Technology, Sydney, NSW,Australia


We study the analytic properties of the photonic crystalsuperprism resolution parameters introduced by Baba etal [1]. We find closed form expressions for these quantitiesthat greatly simplify their accurate evaluation and lead tosignificant insights about their behaviour. The expressionsreveal general properties of the parameters which are truefor all bands and all photonic crystals. In this way, wedemonstrate that all three exhibit infinite resolution atcertain points in any photonic band. Moreover, the angularresolution parameter p is shown to be given by theproduct of a Snell’s law factor and the curvature of theequi-frequency contours.

[1] T. Baba and T. Matsumoto, Appl. Phys. Lett., 81, 2325 (2002)

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The Orbital and Spin Components ofthe Angular Momentum of a GeneralElectromagnetic FieldA.M.Stewart

Research School of Physical Sciences and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra


By means of the Helmholtz theorem, the angularmomentum of the general classical electromagnetic field isdecomposed, in a general and manifestly gauge invariantmanner, into a spin component and an orbital component.

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Fibre Optic Distributed TemperatureSensor (DTS) with IntegratedBackground Correction FunctionP.R. Stoddart, P.J. Cadusch, J.B. Pearce, B. Smith andD.J. Booth

Centre for Imaging and Applied Optics, School of BiophysicalSciences and Electrical Engineering, Swinburne University ofTechnology, Hawthorn, VIC


Distributed temperature sensing based on Ramanscattering in optical fibres is now a relatively maturetechnology. However, more widespread industrialapplication of the technology continues to be restricted bycost, accuracy and fibre degradation issues. We report aprototype DTS system that incorporates optical time-domain reflectometry functionality for fibre backgroundcorrections. The system is cost competitive as it is basedon a single, fixed optical filter and a single light source forboth measurement modes. This arrangement has beenshown to provide an accuracy of about 1–2˚C overdistances of 2–3 km, independent of fibre transmissionfluctuations and environmental changes.

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Coherence Controlled SolitonInteractionsAndrey A. Sukhorukov1, Ting-Sen Ku2, Ming-Feng Shih2,and Yuri S. Kivshar1

1. Nonlinear Physics Centre and Centre for Ultra-highbandwidth Devices for Optical Systems (CUDOS), ResearchSchool of Physical Sciences and Engineering, AustralianNational University, Canberra ACT, Australia; 2. Department ofPhysics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan


Spatial optical solitons are nonlinear localized beamswhich do not diffract[1]. Solitons interact as particles, andmay experience mutual attraction or repulsion dependingon the relative phase. We demonstrate theoretically andsubsequently observe in experiment a novel type of solitoninteraction when a pair of closely spaced spatial opticalsolitons as a whole is made partially incoherent. Weexplain how the character of the soliton interaction can becontrolled by the total partial incoherence, and show a

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possibility to change the soliton interaction from attractiveto repulsive, or vice versa, near a certain threshold in thecoherence parameter.

[1] Yu. S. Kivshar and G. P. Agrawal, Optical Solitons: From Fibersto Photonic Crystals (Academic Press, San Diego, 2003).

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Packing Density in ConventionalWaveguides and Photonic CrystalsS. Tomljenovic-Hanic1, M. de Sterke1 and M. J. Steel2

1. Centre for Ultra-high-bandwidth Devices for OpticalSystems, School of Physics, University of Sydney, NSW;2. RSoft Design Group, Inc., Chippendale, NSW


Waveguides that are in close proximity to each otherexhibit evanescent coupling. While crucial in the operationof directional couplers, here we consider a situation inwhich this effect is minimized, so that light in thewaveguides propagates essentially independently. Subjectto this condition, we compare the minimum mutualdistance between conventional planar waveguides andwaveguides in one-dimensional photonic crystals, to findwhich of these guides can be spaced more closely. UsingBloch-mode analysis for photonic crystal basedwaveguides[1] and standard analytical results forconventional structures, we find that photonic crystalwaveguides can be packed more tightly.

[1] P. Yeh, A. Yariv, and C-S. Hong, J. Opt. Soc. Am., 67, 423 (1977).

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Coupling between Low IndexDissimilar Defects in PhotonicCrystalsS. Tomljenovic-Hanic1 and A. Ankiewicz2

1. CUDOS, School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney,Australia; 2. Optical Sciences Group, RSPhysSE, ANU,Canberra, Australia.


Photonic crystals containing multiple defects exhibitinteresting coupling behaviour. We investigate couplingbetween low index (dissimilar) defects in periodic mediausing two models. This situation is not possible inconventional waveguides where a high index core guidesthe light. We obtain coupling from a fundamental mode toanother fundamental mode or a higher-order one. Westudy a 1D model and another based on a square latticeof rods. We compare coupling lengths with high-to-highindex cases[1,2]. The field width can be changedconsiderably. This work can allow realization of new typesof spot size converters and mode converters.

[1] S. Tomljenovic-Hanic and A. Ankiewicz, Optics Communic.,237, 351, (2004).

[2] S. Tomljenovic-Hanic and A. Ankiewicz, ICTON, Wroclaw,Poland, 1, 105 (2004).

AOS PWE 35

Correlations in Synchrotron BeamsMeasured using Phase-spaceTomographyC Q Tran1, A G Peele1, A Mancuso1, B B Dhal1, D Paterson2, Z Cai2, B Lai2, I McNulty2, A Roberts1

and K A Nugent1

1. School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Victoria,Australia; 2. XOR, APS, Argonne National Laboratory,Argonne, Illinois, US

Understanding coherent properties of photon beams iscrucial for information retrieval processes. For thermalsources, the second-order correlation function (or themutual coherence function) gives all extractableinformation, of both the source and the object, containedin the beam. We will discuss our recent investigations ofcoherence properties of x-ray beams produced from athird generation synchrotron using the phase-spacetomography technique. The results are far more completeand accurate compared to those obtained from alternativetechniques.

AOS PWE 36

The He* LVIS: An UltracoldMetastable Atomic BeamJames A Swansson, Robert G Dall, Andrew G Truscott

ARC Centre of Excellence for Quantum-Atom Optics.

Research School of Physical Science and Engineering,Australian National University, ACT


We present the results of experiments on a compact He*MOT experiment and “Low Velocity Intense Source” (LVIS)of metastable helium atoms. Our system produces up to 7 x 109 He* atoms/sec at a velocity of ~ 30 m/s, making itthe coldest continuous beam of metastable He atoms everreported. The beam is ideal for loading metastable heliumatoms into magnetic guides and traps, or delivering a highdensity beam to electron scattering experiments.

AOS PWE 37

Pulse Propagation in a Medium with Opposite Signs of Self- andCross-Phase Modulation TermsE. N. Tsoy1,2 and N. Akhmediev1

1. Optical Sciences Group, RSPhySSE, The AustralianNational University, Canberra, ACT; 2.Phys.-Tech. Inst. ofUzbek Acad. Sci, Tashkent, Uzbekistan


We study the pulse dynamics in the modified Manakovmodel with different signs of cross-phase and self-phasemodulation. Depending on the signs on the nonlinearterms the system describes wave propagation in themedium with either focusing or defocusing nonlinearity.The mixed case is also possible. In all of these cases, theequations are integrable. The initial value problem can be

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Bob Champion

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Bob Champion

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Bob Champion

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solved using the inverse scattering transform technique.We calculated the asymptotic values of soliton parametersas well as the field profile in the non-solitons regime atlarge distances of propagation.

AOS PWE 38

Planar Microcavity Modes Observedin Woodpile Type Void ChannelPhotonic Crystal LatticesMichael James Ventura, Martin Straub and Min Gu

Centre for Micro-Photonics, Faculty of Engineering andIndustrial Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology andCentre for Ultrahigh Bandwidth Devices for Optical Systems.Hawthorn,VIC Australia.

[email protected]

Woodpile-type photonic crystals consisting of stacks ofsubmicron-size void channels generated in a transparentsolid polymer using femtosecond-pulsed focused laserlight feature pronounced photonic bandgaps at mid-infrared wavelengths[1,2]. The introduction of localisedmicrocavities into these structures is an important steptowards the realisation of photonic crystal micro-devices.Here we report on woodpile-type photonic crystalstructures with planar microcavities. Woodpile-type cavitystructures were fabricated, then examinedspectroscopically and exhibited a sharp mode peak intransmission within the main photonic bandgap. Byvarying the planar cavity height, the position of the peakcould be tuned throughout the bandgap.

[1] M. J. Ventura, M. Straub, and M. Gu, Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 1649 (2003).

[2] M. Straub, M. Ventura, and M. Gu, Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 043901 (2003).

AOS PWE 39

Quantum Cryptography withoutSwitching of Measurement BasisC. Weedbrook1, A. M. Lance1, W.P. Bowen1, T. Symul1,T.C. Ralph2, and P.K. Lam1

1. Quantum Optics Group, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Australian National University, ACT, Australia;2. Department of Physics, University of Queensland, St Lucia,Queensland, Australia


Quantum cryptography[1] is a form of secretcommunication between two parties that guaranteesabsolute security. The original quantum cryptographyscheme was developed in 1984 which utilised discretevariables[2] while a continuous variable version wasconceived in 1999[3]. One common step of both theseprotocols involves the random switching of measurementbases by one party. We present a new continuous variablequantum cryptography protocol that does not requirerandom switching. Furthermore we show that theelimination of switching results in a significantly highersecret key rate than any other known quantumcryptographic protocol[4].

[1] N. Gisin, G. Ribordy, W. Tittel, and H. Zbinden, Rev. Mod.Phys. 74, 145 (2002)

[2] C. H. Bennett and G. Brassard, in Proceedings IEEEInternational Conference on Computers, Systems and SignalProceedings (Bangalore) (IEEE, New York, 1984), pp. 175–179;S. Wiesner, SIGACT News 15, 78 (1983).

[3] T.C. Ralph, Phys. Rev. A 61, 010303 (1999).

[4] Our work has been accepted for publication in Phys. Rev. Lett.(ls9383 2004).

AOS PWE 40

Small Quantum Circuits for OpticalQuantum ComputingT. J. Weinhold, J. L. O’Brien, G. J. Pryde and A. G. White

Centre for Quantum Computer Technology, Department ofPhysics, The University of Queensland


The recent demonstration of a non-deterministic two-photon controlled-NOT gate[1,2] paves the way for therealisation of simple quantum circuits[3]. We havedesigned and experimentally implemented aninterferometer-free simplified CNOT gate operatingaccording to the same principles. The advantage comesfrom using custom-designed partially polarising beamsplitters that operate asymmetrically on the twopolarisation modes of the qubits. We describe theperformance of this CNOT gate in isolation and in simplequantum circuits designed to generate multi-qubit clusterstate entanglement. Cluster state generation is the startingpoint for measurement based optical quantumcomputing[4].

[1] J L O’Brien, G J Pryde, A G White, T C Ralph and D Branning,Nature 426, 264 (2003)

[2] J L O’Brien, G J Pryde, A Gilchrist, D F V James, N K Langford,T C Ralph and A G White, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 080502 (2004)

[3] T C Ralph, Phys. Rev. A 70, 012312 (2004)

[4] M A Nielsen, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 040503 (2004)

AOS PWE 41

Atom Interferometry with anAsymmetric Double-well PotentialS. M. Whitlock, F. Scharnberg, B. J. Dalton, T. Kieu, B. R.Hall, R. J. McLean, P. Hannaford and A. I. Sidorov

ARC Centre of Excellence for Quantum-Atom Optics, Centrefor Atom Optics and Ultrafast Spectroscopy, SwinburneUniversity of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC


The creation of Bose-Einstein condensates usingmicrofabricated magnetic structures has stimulated agreat interest towards the implementation of an on-chipatom interferometer. We discuss the effect of asymmetricpotentials on single atom double-well interferometry. Asmall asymmetric component to the double-well potentialhas a negative influence on interference contrast. A Blochsphere model adequately describes the dynamics of theinterferometer within the two-mode approximation. Fullnumerical simulations of the time-dependent Schrödingerequation highlight multi-mode effects. The study findsoptimal conditions for splitting and recombinationprocesses for a broad range of asymmetries.

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AOS PWE 42

Towards Robust Quantum FeedbackControl for Cooling and ConfinementS.D.Wilson and M.R.James

Department of Engineering, Australian National University,Canberra


The continuous position measurement of an atom in acavity is described by a stochastic master equation(SME), and under a gaussianity assumptions, is describedby the evolution of a five parameter gaussian state[1].There exists an exact correspondence with the LQGproblem[2], for which the Kalman filter, or best stateestimate, is the solution. Here the SME corresponds to theKalman filter for a classical particle in a noisy potentialwith a noisy signal. Classical robust control is applied tothe corresponding classical system, while a quantumformulation of robust control[3] is applied to the SME. Adistinction is noted in the resulting modified Kalman filters.

[1] A.C. Doherty and K. Jacobs, Phys. Rev. A,60, 2700 (1999)

[2] H. Wiseman and A.C.Doherty, arXiv:quantum-ph/0408099,Sept. (2004)

[3] M.R. James, Phys. Rev. A, 69, 032108 (2004)

AOS PWE 43

Collapsing Bose-EinsteinCondensates beyond the Gross-Pitaevskii ApproximationS. Wüster1,2, J.J. Hope1,2, M.J. Davis1,3, B.Blakie4 andC.M. Savage1,2

1. ARC Centre of Excellence for Quantum-Atom Optics;2. Department of Physics, Australian National University,Canberra ACT, Australia; 3. School of Physical Sciences,University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; 4. PhysicsDepartment, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand


We investigate the collapse of a 85Rb Bose-Einsteincondensate, controlled by a Feshbach resonance[1], bynumerically solving the equations of motion for the lowestorder correlation functions in a case with sphericalsymmetry[2] as well as treating the condensate in thetruncated Wigner approximation[3]. We are motivated bythe observation, that the discrepancy between predictionsof the Gross-Pitaevskii (GP) equation and experimentalresults for the collapse time could be attributed to thestronger mean field interaction between condensed anduncondensed atoms[4]. Our results show, that for realistictemperatures collapse occurs slightly accelerated, butexclude the explanation of the discrepancy as a finitetemperature effect. Thus an open question remains: whatexplains the deviation of the measured collapse times fromthose predicted by GP theory?

[1] E.A. Donley et al., Nature, 412, 295 (2001)

[2] J.N. Milstein et al., New. J. Phys., 5 52 (2003)

[3] M.J. Steel et al., Phys. Rev. A, 58, 4824 (1998)

[4] C.M. Savage et al., Phys. Rev. A, 67, 014304 (2003)

AOS PWE 44

Modulational Instability in theNonlocal (2- model J. Wyller1, W.Krolikowski2, O. Bang3, D.E. Petersen2 andJ. J. Rasmussen4

1. Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology,Agricultural University of Norway, Ås, Norway; 2. LaserPhysics Centre, Research School of Physical Sciences andEngineering, Australian National University, Canberra, ACTAustralia; 3. Research Center COM, Technical University ofDenmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; 4. Risø National Laboratory,Optics and Plasma, Research Department, Roskilde, Denmark


We investigate the modulational instability (MI) propertiesof the plane waves of the nonlocal χ2– model formulatedby Nikolov et. al.[1] as a function of the effective degree ofnonlocality and the squared normalized carrier wavenumber. Regions in the parameter space for whichfundamental gain band, higher order gain bands andmodulational stability exist are identified. The stabilityresults are shown to be consistent with MI of the full χ2–model by means of a singular perturbational approach.

[1] N .I. Nikolov, D. Neshev, O. Bang and W. Krolikowski,Phys.Rev.E 68 036614 (2003)

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Joint AOS/AMPQC Session

AOS THA11Thursday 1040–1120 hrs

New Physics with Degenerate Fermi GasesG.V. Shlyapnikov

Laboratoire Physique Th\’eorique et Mod\`eles Statistiques,Universit\’e Paris Sud, B\^at. Orsay Cedex, FranceVan der Waals—Zeeman Institute, University of Amsterdam,The Netherlands

I will discuss two-component ultracold atomic Fermigases, on both sides of the Feshbach resonance for theinterspecies interaction. On the side where the scatteringlength is positive, fermionic atoms of different speciesform weakly bound (vibrationally excited) molecules. I willshow how the interaction between these bosonicmolecules provides their remarkable collisional stabilityand supports Bose-Einstein condensation, observed inrecent experiments. I then turn to mixtures of heavy andlight fermions, such as fermionic isotopes of K and Li.

I will demonstrate that for a very large scattering length forthe interaction between heavy and light atoms, the lightfermions mediate an attractive long-range interactionbetween the heavy atoms, which provides newpossibilities for superfluid pairing and phase transition.


See AMPQC THA13

Reflection of Dilute Gas Bose-Einstein Condensates off a SiliconSurfaceA.M. Martin1, R.G. Scott2, T.M. Fromhold2 and F.W. Sheard2


Limits to the Flux of a ContinuousAtom LaserN.P. Robins, A. Morrison and J.D. Close

ARC Centre of Excellence for Quantum-Atom Optics, Faculty of Science, The Australian National University,Canberra, ACT Australia


We present a detailed study of a quasi-continuous atomlaser derived from a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC). Aprevious investigation revealed that there is a trade offbetween flux and fluctuations in an atom laser due tocomplex interactions between the BEC and atom laseroutput[1]. A recent upgrade of our BEC apparatus hasallowed us to extend this work into the weak-couplingregime of a quasi-continuous atom laser, allowing us totest the flux-limiting hypothesis of our previous strongcoupling studies.

[1] Fluctuations and flux: The limits of multistate atom lasers, N. P.Robins , C. M. Savage , J. J. Hope , J. E. Lye , C. S. Fletcher ,S. A. Haine , and J. D. Close, Phys. Rev. A 69 , 051602 (2004)


Dynamical Tunneling with Bose-Einstein Condensates on Atom ChipsM. Lenz, M. J. Davis, G. J. Milburn, and C. A. Holmes

School of Physical Sciences, University of Queensland,Brisbane, Australia


A generic feature of conservative classical dynamicalsystems with two or more degrees of freedom is that theirtrajectories form complicated phase-space structureswhere chaos and regular motion are closely intertwined.Among these structures are islands of regular motion thata classical system can not escape from but betweenwhich a quantum particle may tunnel.

Dynamical tunneling of ultra-cold atoms in standing wavehas previously been observed[1,2] but deep inside thequantum dynamical regime. Here we investigate theprospects for improved experiments with Bose-Einsteincondensates on atom chips that are closer to the classicalregime. In particular we concentrate on the effect ofclassical chaos on the tunnelling, an issue of somecontroversy in the literature[3].

[1] W. K. Hensinger et al., Nature 412, 52 (2001).

[2] D. A. Steck, W. H. Oskay, and M. G. Raizen, Science 293, 274 (2001).

[3] A. Mouchet and D. Delalande, Phys. Rev. E 67, 046216 (2003)and references within.

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Stable Phase Imaging andMeasurementAlexei Gilchrist1,2, Michael Harvey1, and Andrew G. White1,2

1. Department of Physics, The University of Queensland;2. Centre for Quantum Computer Technology, The Universityof Queensland


We present a novel interferometer based on polarisingbeam-displacers which enjoys common-mode rejection totranslation of any constituent element in any direction.Consequently it has unparalleled stability without activelocking. Further, the design has demonstrated intrinsicallyhigh visibility; we achieved visibilities of up to 99.6% inless than half a day from initial setup. Using ourinterferometer we implement a fringeless phase imagingtechnique based on taking Stokes’ images[1]. We obtainedphase profiles of a number of objects, including ahologram used to generate optical vortices. From thesewe estimate the resolution of the technique to be _/100[2].

[1] G.G. Stokes, Transactions of the Cambridge PhilosophicalSociety 9, 339 (1852).

[2] A. Gilchrist, M. D. Harvey, and A.G. White, (in preparation)2004.


Experimental Study of Full-fieldFourier-Domain Optical CoherenceTomographyA. V. Zvyagin1,2, P. Blazkiewicz1, P. M. Gourlay1, J. R. Tucker2, A. D. Rakic2, M. Gujrathi2

1. Centre for Biophotonics and Laser Science, Physics, TheUniversity of Queensland, Brisbane; 2. School of InformationTechnology and Electrical Engineering, The University ofQueensland, Brisbane


We report a new approach in optical coherencetomography (OCT) termed full-field Fourier-domain OCT(3F-OCT)[1]. A three-dimensional image of the sample isobtained by digital reconstruction of a three-dimensionaldata cube acquired using a Fourier digital holographyrecording system illuminated with a frequency-tunable(swept) laser source. A 3D-imaging performance of thissystem is demonstrated. Also, this paper presentstheoretical and experimental study of signal-to-noise ratioof the full-field approach versus serial image acquisitionapproach, represented by 3F-OCT and “flying-spot” OCTsystems, respectively.

[1] A. V. Zvyagin, Opt. Comm., in press (2004).


Impurity Centers in Solids:Suppression and Enhancement ofMatrix Induced Dephasing in StrongOptical FieldsT. Plakhotnik

School of Physical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia


Linewidths of impurity centers (ICs) in solids are broadendue to dephasing. One part of this dephasing determinesthe lifetime-limited linewidth 1/T1. A second contribution tothe dephasing 1/T*2 is due to fluctuations in thesurrounding matrix. The total dephasing rate 1/T*2 =1/(2T1) + 1/T*2 and a Rabi frequency ΩR enter the opticalBloch equations which describe an IC interacting with alaser field. However, if 1/ΩR is comparable to thecorrelation time of the matrix fluctuations, the Blochequations break down. The measurements were doneusing single molecule spectroscopy. It is essential forinterpretation, that contributions to the signal frommolecules which have different transition frequencies donot obscure the effect.


When is a Transparent Particle notTransparent?S Pleasants and D M Kane

Department of Physics, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia


Experimental laser cleaning of micron and sub-micronsized, spherical, silica particles from silica surfaces, usinga UV pulsed excimer laser (KrF at 248 nm) have clearlyshown the silica particles are highly absorbing, contrary toexpectation based on the bulk material properties of silica.This is a positive result for developing methodologies forremoving and manipulating small particles, includingnano-particles, of “transparent” materials on surfaces.When the propagation of the UV laser radiation by theparticle is modelled appropriately the high absorption isas predicted theoretically. The different optical propertiesof small particles is a subject of interest tonanotechnology.

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Squeezing in the Audio GravitationalWave Detection BandKirk McKenzie1, Nicolai Grosse2, Stanley E. Whitcomb3,Malcolm B. Gray1, Warwick P. Bowen2, David E.McClelland1 and Ping Koy Lam2

1. Center for Gravitational Physics, Department of Physics,Faculty of Science, Australian National University, ACT,Australia; 2. Quantum Optics Group, Department of Physics,Faculty of Science, Australian National University, ACT,Australia; 3. LIGO Laboratory, Californian Institute ofTechnology, Pasadena, California, USA


Low frequency squeezing can improve the sensitivity ofaudio frequency measuring devices such as gravitationalwave detectors. We demonstrate the generation of broad-band continuous-wave optical squeezing down to 280Hzusing a below threshold optical parametric oscillator(OPO). We show that low frequency noise sources, suchas seed noise, pump noise and detuning fluctuations,present in squeezed states generated by opticalparametric amplifiers have negligible effect on squeezingproduced by a below threshold OPO.


Universality for QuantumComputation of Many-Body Systemswith Fast Local ControlJ.L. Dodd1, M.J. Bremner1, M.A. Nielsen2, and D. Bacon3

1. School of Physical Sciences, University of Queensland,Brisbane; 2. School of Physical Sciences and School ofInformation Technology and Electrical Engineering, Universityof Queensland, Brisbane; 3. Institute for QuantumInformation, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena


An important question in quantum information theory is,“What types of quantum dynamics are universal forquantum computation?” A good understanding of theanswer will contribute to the practical design of quantumcomputers, as well as providing insight into the physics of information.

I present simple criteria for when a quantum systemevolving under a fixed Hamiltonian can quantum compute.Specifically, a Hamiltonian acting on n systems ofdimension d is universal for quantum computation (givenfast local control) provided it can create entanglementbetween any two of the systems. Our techniques provide aconstructive approach to performing quantumcomputation with such systems.

[1] M.J. Bremner, J.L. Dodd, M.A. Nielsen, D. Bacon, Phys. Rev. A,69, 012313 (2004)

[2] M.J. Bremner, D. Bacon, M.A. Nielsen, arXiv:quant-ph/0405115(2004)


Classical Robustness of QuantumUnravellingsD.J. Atkins1,2, Z. Brady1, K. Jacobs1,2 and H.M. Wiseman1,2

1. Centre for Quantum Dynamics, School of Science;2. Centre for Quantum Computer Technology, GriffithUniversity, Brisbane


In this work, we introduce three measures which quantifythe degree to which quantum systems possess therobustness exhibited by classical systems when subjectedto continuous observation. We apply these measures totwo canonical systems (a single particle undergoingquantum Brownian motion and a two level atom in acavity). Using these two systems, we show that for a fixedenvironmental interaction, the level of robustness dependson the measurement strategy, or unravelling and that nosingle strategy is maximally robust in all ways. We alsoapply this work to the feedback control of a quantumsystem.


Population Inversion in a StronglyDriven Two-level SystemAndrew C. Doherty1 , T. M. Stace2 and S. D. Barrett3

1. School of Physical Sciences, The University of Queensland,St Lucia Australia; 2. DAMTP, University of Cambridge,Wilberforce Rd, UK; 3. Hewlett-Packard Laboratories, FiltonRoad, Stoke Gifford Bristol UK


Efforts to find suitable physical systems for quantuminformation processing have renewed interest in driventwo-level systems. For example, a recent experimentinvestigated microwave driving of a single electron in adouble quantum dot[1]. In contrast to atomic systems, aregime where the Rabi frequency is comparable to thelevel splitting is readily achieved, requiring a more generalanalysis than standard quantum optical treatments. Oneresult is that the system couples to its environment atwidely separated frequencies. We show that the strongfrequency dependence of coupling to phonons provides apossible mechanism for the population inversion observedexperimentally[1].

[1] J. R. Petta, A. C. Johnson, C. M. Marcus, M. P. Hanson and A.C. Gossard, arXiv: cond-mat/0408139.

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Quantum NondemolitionMeasurement of the Polarisation of a Single Photon J. L. O’Brien1,2, G. J. Pryde1,2, S. D. Bartlett2, T. C. Ralph1,2 and A. G. White1,2

1. Centre for Quantum Computer Technology; 2. School ofPhysical Sciences—The University of Queensland, Australia


Measuring the polarisation of a single photon typicallyresults in its destruction. We propose, demonstrate, andcompletely characterise a quantum non-demolition (QND)scheme for realising such a measurement non-destructively[1]. This scheme uses only linear optics andphoto-detection of ancillary modes to induce a strong non-linearity at the single photon level, non-deterministically.We vary this QND measurement continuously into theweak regime, and use it to perform a non-destructive testof complementarity in quantum mechanics. Our schemerealises the most advanced general measurement of aqubit: it is non-destructive, can be made in any basis, andwith arbitrary strength.

[1] G J Pryde, J L O’Brien, A G White, S D Bartlett and T C Ralph,Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 190402 (2004)

AOS FRA11Friday 0820–0840 hrs

Fabrication of Large Aperture FabryPerot Etalons with Sub-nanometerThickness UniformityJ. Seckold, E. Puhanic, W. Stuart, K. Green, S. Dligatch,M. Gross, N. Pereira, R. Netterfield, B. Oreb, D. Farrant, I. Underhill, J. Arkwright

CSIRO Industrial Physics, Lindfield, NSW, Australia


Large aperture Lithium Niobate etalons are beingincreasingly used for Solar imaging spectroscopy. LithiumNiobate is a preferred material because it can be tunedelectrically; however, it is notoriously difficult to polish tosufficient flatness. Variations in thickness cause thetransmitted wavelength to vary across the etalon aperture,hence causing drop outs in the recorded image, and theeffect is exacerbated when multiple etalons are cascadedto increase the spectral selectivity. We demonstrate aprocess of polishing and subsequent surface correctionthat can provide substrates with sub-nanometre rmsthickness uniformity suitable for use in tandem etalonconfigurations.


Ultra High Throughput Optical Fiber ProbesS.T. Huntington1, B.C. Gibson1, S.P. Prawer1, J.D. Love2,J. Canning3, K. Lyytikainen3, A. Lewis4, S. P. Jarvis5

1. NANO-MRNF, School of Physics, University of Melbourne,Australia; 2. Applied Photonics Group, RSPSE, AustralianNational University, Australia; 3. Optical Fibre TechnologyCentre, University of Sydney, Australia; 4. Centre ofNanoscience and Nanotechnology, Hebrew University,Jerusalem, Israel; 5. SFI Physics Department, Trinity College,Dublin, Ireland


During the course of the past 20 years, the Near-fieldScanning Optical Microscope (NSOM) has undergonenumerous improvements. However, the near-field probeitself still represents the limiting component for the system.We tackle the issue of excessive loss by reducing theinteraction between the transmitted light and the probesmetal coating. Using a combination of Holey Fibretechnology and a new type of fibre called a Fractal Fibrewe have fabricated a prototype of a new type of ultra highthroughput probe that will maximize the potential of theNear-field Scanning Optical Microscope.


TEM10 Homodyne as an OptimalSmall Displacement MeasurementSchemeV. Delaubert, M.T.L. Hsu, W.P. Bowen, H.-A. Bachor andP.K. Lam

Australian Centre for Quantum-Atom Optics, Department ofPhysics, The Australian National University, Canberra


Using multi-modal analysis, we derive a quantum noiselimit (QNL) for optical beam displacement. We present ascheme, involving the homodyne detection of higher orderHermite-Gauss modes, for the optimum measurement ofsmall displacement at the QNL. In the case of GaussianTEM00 beam displacement, homodyne detection with aTEM01 mode local oscillator is demonstrated to beoptimal[1]. We also show that displacement measurementusing split detectors, which is the conventional method forbeam displacement measurements, is not optimal. Finally,we show that using squeezed light of appropriate spatialmode the QNL for beam displacement can be surpassedallowing sensitivity beyond the diffraction limit of light[2–4].

[1] M.T.L.Hsu, V.Delaubert, P.K.Lam and W.P.Bowen ; quant-ph/0407209.

[2] N.Treps, U.Andersen, B.C.Buchler, P.K.Lam, A.Maitre, H.-A.Bachor and C.Fabre, Phys.Rev.Lett., 88, 203601 (2002).

[3] N.Treps, N.Grosse, W.P.Bowen, C.Fabre, H.-A.Bachor andP.K.Lam, Science, 301, 940 (2003).

[4] N.Treps, N.Grosse, W.P.Bowen, M.T.L.Hsu, A.Maitre, C.Fabre,H.-A.Bachor and P.K.Lam, J.Opt.B 8, 664 (2004).

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Optical Phased Array TechnologyDevelopmentPaul. F. McManamon

Air Force Research Laboratory, Sensors Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH


Optical phased arrays can provide random access beamsteering with no moving parts. Traditionally microwavephased arrays use individual transmit / receive modules.Due to a 4 orders of magnitude change in wavelength it iseasier to implement one dimensional phase shifters tosteer an optical beam which has already been formed.The main method used for phase modulation has beenliquid crystal technology due to the large available changein index of refraction. Other approaches, such as micro-mirrors can also be used. It is difficult to obtain halfwavelength spacing of controllable apertures so basicnon-mechanical steering approaches are limited to < 10degrees. Holographic glass or bi-refringent prisms, orother techniques, are then used to increase the angle overwhich we can provide random access non-mechanicalbeam steering. Over 40 degrees steering in one directionhas been demonstrated. The largest continuous beamsteering angles have been about a 45 degree by 45degree field of regard. Non-mechanical techniques usedto steer the beams are limited to relatively small apertures.We anticipate scaling of individual apertures no largerthen 5–7 cm in one dimension. We are now working onsub-aperture approaches to allow scaling to arbitrarilylarge apertures.


Quantum Trajectory Treatment of theContinuous Variable Teleportation ofQuantum FieldsH.J. Carmichael, Hyunchul Nha, A. Chia, C.S. Noh, andM.J. Collett



A treatment of continuous variable teleportation withinquantum trajectory theory is presented, which includes (1) continuous generation of broadband squeezed light,(2) continuous measurements by Alice and Victor andcontinuous dispersal of Alice’s measurement results toBob, and (3) photocurrents and photocounts realized asclassical measurement records (time series of realnumbers), explicitly distinguished from quantum operatorsand quantum states. Stochastic Schrödinger equations arederived to treat filtered homodyne, heterodyne, andphotoelectron counting measurements by Victor. Theformalism is applied to the teleportation of a quantum field(e.g. resonance fluorescence), where the evaluation ofsuccessful teleportation is made in terms of Victor’smeasured first- and second-order statistics.


Relativistically Invariant QuantumInformationStephen D. Bartlett1 and Daniel R. Terno2

1. School of Physical Sciences, The University of Queensland,Australia; 2. Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics,Waterloo, Ontario, Canada


Relativistic effects have been shown to have a deleteriouseffect on quantum information. We show that relativisticallyinvariant quantum information can be encoded intoentangled states of multiple, indistinguishable particleswith well-defined momenta using the techniques ofnoiseless subsystems. This encoding allows any inertialobserver to prepare and manipulate quantum informationin a way that is independent of their particular frame ofreference. In particular, two observers can shareentanglement and thus perform any quantum informationprocessing task (teleportation, communication, etc.)without sharing a reference frame. We consider bothmassive spin-1/2 particles and massless photons.

[1] A. Peres and D. R. Terno, Rev. Mod. Phys. 76, 93 (2004).

[2] S. D. Bartlett, T. Rudolph and R. W. Spekkens, Phys. Rev. Lett.91, 027901 (2003).

[3] S. D. Bartlett and D. R. Terno, quant-ph/0403014.


The Preferred Ensemble Fact withApplications to Quantum FeedbackControlH. M. Wiseman1, A. C. Doherty2, and J. A. Vaccaro3

1. Centre for Quantum Computer Technology, Centre forQuantum Dynamics, School of Science, Griffith University,Brisbane; 2. School of Physical Sciences, The University ofQueensland, Brisbane; 3. Division of Physics and Astronomy,University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK


The preferred ensemble fallacy[1] is that a mixed quantum state ρ should be represented by one particularensemble (E = (ψk,℘k):k = 1L K) satisfying

ρ = ΣK

k=l℘k|ψk⟩⟨ψk|, rather than any one of the infinitude

of other ensembles satisfying this. For open quantumsystems at steady state, obeying ρ = Lρ = 0, there is apreferred ensemble fact: only some ensembles arephysically realizable. That is, it is only some ensembles forwhich an observer can know at all times which pure state|ψk⟩ the system is in; and ℘k is the proportion of time thesystem spends in pure state |ψk⟩. This fact hasapplications in quantum feedback control of LQG (linearquadratic gaussian) systems[3].

[1] P. Kok and S.L. Braunstein, Phys. Rev. A 61, 042304 (2000).

[2] H.M. Wiseman and J.A. Vaccaro, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 240402(2001).

[3] H. M. Wiseman, and A. C. Doherty, quant-ph/0408099

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Quantum Logic in a Decoherence-suppressed Subspace with AtomicQubitsPeter G. Brooke1, Karl-Peter Marzlin2, and Barry C. Sanders1,2

1. Centre for Quantum Computer Technology, MacquarieUniversity, Sydney; 2. Institute for Quantum InformationScience, University of Calgary, Calgary


We investigate encoding and manipulating a logical qubitconstructed from physical qubits comprised of electric-dipole coupled two-level atoms, which admit adecoherence-free subspace (DFS). We examine threeatoms and use two-photon Raman transitions to performarbitary rotations within a DFS. We give timescales forquantum information processing tasks outside the Dickelimit, without making the restrictive assumption of nearest-neighbour coupling, and relate these timescales to thelimiting DF case. Although we employ an atomic model forcreating and transforming a qubit, our results are relevantto generic techniques for exploiting decoherence-freesubspaces for qubits.

AOS FRF21Friday 1040–1100 hrs

10W, Single Frequency, CW Nd:YAGLaserDavid J. Hosken1, Damien Mudge1, Peter J. Veitch1,Jesper Munch1, Kohei Takeno2

1. Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, SA,Australia; 2. Department of Advanced Materials Science,University of Tokyo, Japan


We describe the development and characterisation of a10W cw Nd:YAG travelling-wave laser[1] that is injection-locked to produce a low noise, single frequency,diffraction limited TEM00 output[2,3]. The 10W slave laseruses the side pumped, top and bottom cooled, coplanarfolded zigzag slab (CPFS) architecture[4] and has beenoptimised for portability and reliability. This laser is used atthe high power test facility of the Australian Consortium forInterferometric Gravitational Astronomy (ACIGA), withanother version to be installed on the Japanese TAMAlong-baseline gravitational wave interferometer. We shallreport on laser performance including amplitude andfrequency stability.

[1] D.J. Hosken, D. Mudge, C. Hollitt, K. Takeno, P.J. Veitch, M.W.Hamilton and J. Munch, Prog. Theor. Phys. Suppl. 151, 216,2003.

[2] D.J. Ottaway, P.J. Veitch, M.W. Hamilton, C. Hollitt, D. Mudgeand J. Munch, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 34, 2006, 1998.

[3] D.J Ottaway, P.J. Veitch, C. Hollitt, D. Mudge, M.W Hamiltonand J. Munch, Appl. Physics B, 71, 163, 2000.

[4] J. Richards and A. McInnes, Opt. Lett. 20, 371, 1995.


Design of an Optical Filter forSuppression of Higher Order Modesin High Power Continuous WaveLasersPablo Barriga1, Chunnong Zhao2, Andrew Woolley1, David G. Blair1

1. Department of Physics, University of Western Australia,Crawley, WA Australia; 2. Computer and Information Science,Edith Cowan University, Mount Lawley, WA, Australia

Reducing temporal and spatial instabilities in continuouswave lasers has special importance when applied togravitational wave detectors. In this paper we present theeffects of using a three mirror resonant vibration isolatedoptical filter for the suppression of higher order modes incontinuous laser beams. The use of a triangular ring cavitypresents some advantages, but creates some newchallenges. We quantify the astigmatism produced insidethe cavity due to the thermal effects induced in the mirrorsand the effect on the suppression of the higher ordermodes. The suspension system designed for this opticalfilter is also presented.


Solid-state Raman Lasers: EfficientMulti-wavelength Lasers for theGreen-yellow-red RegionH.M. Pask, R.P. Mildren, J.A. Piper

Department of Physics, Macquarie University, Sydney


Diode-pumped solid-state Raman lasers are a versatileclass of pulsed (multi-kilohertz) laser devices, well-suitedto accessing the “hard to reach” yellow-orange spectralregion. We report on an intracavity Raman laser based onNd:YAG which produce average output powers up to 1.8Wat 579nm, conversion efficiencies up to 8% with respect todiode output power, output which is easily selectablebetween 532nm, 555nm, 579nm and 605nm. We presentour results with an emphasis on highlighting theunderlying physics and key design considerations for thisclass of laser devices.

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Stimulated Raman Gain CavityRingdown (SRG-CRD) Spectroscopyfor High-Resolution Gas SensingF.V. Englich, Y. He and B.J. Orr

Centre for Lasers and Applications, Macquarie University,Sydney, NSW


A new form of high-resolution continuous-wave (cw) laserspectroscopy employs a cavity ringdown (CRD)technique[1] for the first time to detect stimulated Ramangain (SRG) effects[2]. Two cw laser beams (pump andStokes) are overlapped in the gas-phase sample. Theresulting SRG is probed by CRD at the Stokes wavelengthof a cw tunable diode laser. The ringdown cavity is locatedinside the ring cavity of a cw Nd:YAG laser, to enhancethe pump power. This novel SRG-CRD approach extendsthe scope of CRD spectroscopy. It is demonstrated byrecording molecular rovibrational Raman spectra ofmethane gas.

[1] Y. He and B.J. Orr, Appl. Phys. B, 75, 267 (2002)

[2] P. Esherick and A. Owyoung, Advan. Infrared and RamanSpectroscopy, 9, 130 (1982)


First Lock of an 80m BaselineSuspended Fabry-Perot CavityBram J. J. Slagmolen

on behalf of the Australian Consortium for InterferometricGravitational AstronomyUniversity of Western Australia, Department of Physics,Crawley WA, Australia.


In this paper we report on the first lock of the High OpticalPower Test Facility’s 77~m long suspended Fabry-Perotcavity. Two suspended cavity mirrors were installed intothe large vacuum envelope. Lock was achieved by mode-matching a 500~mW Nd:YAG NPRO onto a pre-modecleaner, the output of which was then mode-matched tothe suspended cavity. The longitudinal control of thesuspended cavity was done by keeping the cavityresonant by feeding back to the laser frequency actuator.Further implementation of the auto-alignment of the inputbeam onto the suspended cavity enhanced the stability ofthe circulating power inside the cavity. Preliminary resultswill be presented.

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Astronomy (ASA)ASA THF11Thursday 1040–1100 hrs

Interferometric Gravitational WaveAntennaD.E. McClellandCentre for Gravitational Physics, Department of Physics, TheAustralian National University, Canberrae-mail of corresponding author: [email protected]

Long baseline laser interferometer type gravitational wavedetectors are now on line in the USA, and Europe. Withupgrades to these instruments over the next few years,direct detection of gravity waves will occur opening thenew field of gravitational wave astronomy. I will outlineAustralian partnership in this endeavour, the case andconditions for a southern hemisphere antenna and apossible timescale for its construction.

ASA THF12Thursday 1100–1120 hrs

Future High Energy Cosmic RayDetection FacilitiesRoger Clay

The study of high energy cosmic rays should have deeprelevance to the broad spread of astrophysics. Cosmicrays are believed to originate in the most exotic objects,and they interact with many of the key fields in theuniverse. At modest energies their sources may well be insupernovae, and the particles interact symbiotically withgalactic magnetic fields. At the highest energies, AGN areprime source candidates, and the particles are expectedto interact strongly with the CMB.

Our understanding of the highest energy cosmic rays islimited by a paucity of observed particles above anenergy of 1019 eV. The deficiency is being addressedthrough the Pierre Auger Project and planned spacemissions. This talk will briefly address the physics to bestudied at the highest particle energies known in Nature,and will look at the new facilities for those studies.


Antarctic AstronomyJ.W.V. Storey, M.C.B. Ashley, M.G. Burton & J.L. LawrenceSchool of Physics, University of NSW, Sydney, Australiae-mail of corresponding author: [email protected]

The recent discovery that the world’s best optical/infraredobserving sites lie within the Australian Antarctic Territorycreates a remarkable opportunity for Australia. Plans arenow well advanced to deploy PILOT, a 2-metreoptical/infrared telescope to Dome C, Antarctica. Despiteits modest size, PILOT will take advantage of theexceptionally good observing conditions to address someof the most pressing questions of modern astrophysics.PILOT also serves as a pathfinder for future large

telescopes , such as the proposed 25-metre GiantMagellan Telescope Antarctica. In partnership withinternational teams, plans are also being developed to deploy an infrared interferometer and a robotic terahertz observatory.


ELTs: The Next Generation ofExtremely Large Optical/InfraredTelescopesWarrick CouchSchool of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydneye-mail of corresponding author: [email protected]

Extremely Large Telescopes (ELTs) represent the nextquantum leap forward in optical/infrared telescope designand light-gathering capability. Their enormous mainmirrors, anticipated to be 20–100 meters in diameter, willcollect 10–100 times as much light as the world’s largestexisting telescopes, and will produce images far sharperthan those of the Hubble Space Telescope. They will beable to see the first stars forming in the universe billions ofyears ago and search out Earth-like planets aroundnearby stars for signs of life. This talk will describe thealready significant steps that have been taken to designand build ELTs, focussing on the several majorinternational consortia that have formed so far, theconcepts they have developed, and the opportunities thispresents for Australia to become a key player in ELTtechnological and scientific development.


The Square Kilometre Array and theNext Generation Radio TelescopeBrian BoyleThe Australia Telescope National Facility, CSIROe-mail of corresponding author: [email protected]

Australia stands poised to benefit from a once-in-a-lifetimeopportunity to play a leading role, and potentially host, oneof the major scientific facilities of the 21st century. TheSquare Kilometre Array (SKA) is a 16-nation project tobuilda USD1b radio-telescope that will explore stategicadvances in ICT technology and provide a scientific facilitycapable of answering fundamental questions on the natureof matter and energy and the history of the Universe.Australia has already established technology leadership,science leadership and site advantage. Over the next twoyears, Australia is building the MNRF-funded NewTechnology Demonstrator radio telescope (with a plannedupgrade to increase the scientific utility of this telescope).To be sited in Western Australia, this telescope will serveas a demonstrator for the SKA Pathfinder Telescope—aninternationally funded USD100–200Million telescopescheduled for construction 2008–11. The USD1 Billion SKAwill follow the pathfinder telescope, and is scheduled forconstruction in the middle of the next decade.

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JOINT ASA/ASRG SESSION


See ASGRG THF21

Testing Foundations of Physics inSpace—and European Plans in ThisMatterMartin C.E. Huber


See ASGRG THF22

The Current Status of LIGODavid H. Reitze


See ASGRG THF23

Correlated Global Noise inGravitational Wave AstronomySusan M. Scott, Antony C. Searle and Karl W. Wette


Detection of Gravitational WavesUsing a Pulsar Timing Array R N Manchester1, F A Jenet2 and G B Hobbs1

1. Australia Telescope National Facility, CSIRO, Sydney; 2. Center for Gravitational Wave Astronomy, University ofTexas, Brownsvillee-mail of corresponding author: [email protected]

Theories of gravitation predict that accelerating masseswill emit gravitational waves (GW). Although pulsars haveprovided indirect evidence for GW, up to now there hasbeen no direct detection. Ground-based laserinterferometer systems such as LIGO have the potential todetect GW in the frequency range 10–1000 Hz and space-based laser systems such as LISA are sensitive in the10–5–10–3 Hz range. Millisecond pulsars are very stableclocks. Timing observations of an array of such pulsars

widely distributed on the sky can detect GW in the range10–8–10–6 Hz range, complementing the laserinterferometer systems. Pulsar timing array observationsusing the Parkes 64-m radio telescope have recentlycommenced, with a sample of about 15 millisecondpulsars. Timing precisions as good as 100 ns are beingachieved with some of these pulsars. After 3–5 years,these observations should have the sensitivity to detectthe a stochastic background of GW. The dominantcomponent of this background probably originates fromsuper-massive black-hole binary systems in the centre ofgalaxies throughout the Universe.


Pulsar Timing and General RelativityMatthew Bailes

Radio pulsars are exquisite clocks, with their immensemoments of inertia and relatively small braking torques. I will describe how new instrumentation is being used to measure the pulse arrival times to astoundingaccuracies that are enabling new tests of GeneralRelativity and the search for a cosmological backgroundof gravitational waves.

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Relativity and Gravitation(ASGRG)ASGRG TUE11Tuesday 1040–1100 hrs

AIGO: The Australian InternationalGravitational ObservatoryDavid Blair

Australian International Gravitational Research Centre, Schoolof Physics, the University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA


The worldwide array of gravitational wave observatoriesrequires a southern hemisphere node. In the 1990’s a sitefor AIGO was selected about 70km north of Perth, andsince 1997 funds have been provided for the developmentof this site. In just over 5 years the site has beendeveloped from a bushland wilderness to a significantscience and education centre, under the auspices of theAustralian Consortium for Interferometric GravitationalAstronomy (ACIGA). It includes a major research facilityinto high optical power techniques for the next generationof Advanced Interferometers. These advanced detectorsare almost certain to have a large number of signalsources if they can achieve their predicted sensitivity. TheAIGO site also includes a major education centre for thepromotion of science and a large public opticalobservatory. The site has been shown to be optimallylocated and to have advantageous seismic properties.Maximal effort is being put into collaborative developmentof high optical power techniques with the US LIGOproject. This will be followed by the development of a fulladvanced interferometer of 80 meter baseline.

This talk will present a brief overview of the Gingin scienceprecinct to introduce more specialised talks and postersthat will follow.

ASGRG TUE12Tuesday 1100–1120 hrs

Off-axis Wavefront Sensors in HighPower Gravitational WaveInterferometersAidan Brooks, Peter Veitch and Jesper Munch

Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, SA


The performance of a gravitational wave interferometer(GWI) is degraded by distortion of the optics due toabsorption of optical power. To maintain performance,detection and active compensation of the distortion arenecessary[1]. We are developing an off-axis Hartmannwavefront sensor that can measure the distortion withoutinterfering with the circulating optical power in theinterferometer. Our measurement analysis yields the axialand radial distribution of the optical distortion. This allowsus to resolve different thermo-refractive and thermo-elasticeffects from a single measurement. We shall discuss thedevelopment of the sensor, analysis of off-axismeasurements and the latest results.

[1] R. Lawrence, M. Zucker, P. Fritschel, P. Marfuta, and D.Shoemaker, Classical and Quantum Gravity. 19(7), 1803, 2002.


Advanced Interferometry forGravitational Wave DetectionMal Gray

CGP, Department of Physics, Australian National University,Canberra


We report on experimental developments at the ANUCentre for Gravitational Physics utilising advancedinterferometric techniques to enhance the sensitivity ofsecond-generation gravitational wave detectors. Currentlythe CGP is pursuing quantum optics and non-linearinterferometry and advanced interferometer configurationsin order to improve sensitivity. We present recent progressin these research areas.


Tracking the Unity Gain Frequencyof the Open Loop Gain Function inLIGO InterferometersMichael Ashley

Center for Gravitational Wave Physics, Department of Physics,Pennsylvania State University, USA


The complicated control systems used to lock the LIGOinterferometers are modelled using systems control theory.One of the most important measurements for thecalibration of interferometer data is that of the gain of thecontrol loop with no input impetus i.e. the complex-valuedopen loop gain function G(f). The value of the frequencyfor which |G(f)|=1 (termed the unity gain frequency) andthe phase of G at this value are important measures of thestability of the locking mechanism.

Using test calibration signals, injected into theinterferometer and online software calibration tools it ispossible to produce near-real time evaluation of the unitygain frequency and the phase of G at this point. I describethe status of software to determine the unity gainfrequency and the use of its output.


Measuring LISA PhaseB. Ware, D.A. Shaddock and R.E. Spero

Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology/NASA, Pasadena, CA


The Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) is amission to detect gravitational waves in the frequencyregion from 0.1 mHz to 1 Hz. LISA is composed of threespacecraft flying in a heliocentric orbit with separations ofmillions of kilometers. The fractional length stabilityrequired to detect gravitational waves is much morestringent than the fractional frequency stability of any

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available laser. The phasemeter must have sufficient rangeto allow reconstruction of a gravitational wave signal that isapproximately 108 times smaller than the laser noise. Wepresent a proposed design of the LISA phasemeter, andresults from simulations.


Carmeli’s Cosmology Indicates NoDark Matter in the UniverseJ.G. Hartnett

School of Physics, University of Western Australia, Perth


Carmeli’s 5D brane cosmology[1] has been applied to theexpanding accelerating universe and it has been foundthat the distance redshift relation followed the data of thehigh-z supernova teams without the need for dark matter.Carmeli predicted the accelerating universe in 1996, now itis shown that no dark matter is required. The model doesnot explicitly involve the cosmological constant but by acomparison with the standard model the vacuum energycontribution to gravity, ΩΛ indicates that the universe isasymptotically expanding towards a spatially flat state,where the total mass/energy density Ω + ΩΛ 1.

[1] M. Carmeli, Cosmological Special Relativity, 2nd ed. Singapore:World Scientific, 2002.


Curvature Singularity Theorems forSpace-timeMichael J.S.L. Ashley1 and Susan M. Scott2

1. Center for Gravitational Wave Physics, Department ofPhysics, Pennsylvania State University, USA; 2. Centre forGravitational Physics, Department of Physics, Faculty ofScience, The Australian National University, Canberra,Australia


The existence of singularities in a universe governed byGeneral Relativity has been inferred principally by thePenrose-Hawking singularity theorems. These theoremspredict causal geodesic incompleteness under genericphysical conditions. These theorems fall short, however,since they do not predict the expected presence ofunbounded curvature. Recent efforts using the abstractboundary construction of Scott and Szekeres and thenotion of strong curvature singularities have brought usclose to completing a famous singularity theorem ofHawking. We describe this research and the clarificationof this important cosmological singularity theorem byHawking.


Transit Time of a Freely-fallingQuantum Particle in a BackgroundGravitational FieldP.C.W. Davies

Australian Centre for Astrobiology, Macquarie University


Using a model quantum clock, I evaluate an expressionfor the time of a non-relativistic quantum particle to transita piecewise geodesic path in a background gravitationalfield with small spacetime curvature (gravity gradient), inthe case that the apparatus is in free fall. This calculationcomplements and extends an earlier one in which theapparatus is fixed to the surface of the Earth. The resultconfirms that, for particle velocities not too low, thequantum and classical transit times coincide, in conformitywith the principle of equivalence. I also calculate thequantum corrections to the transit time when the deBroglie wavelengths are long enough to probe thespacetime curvature. The results are compared with therecent calculation of Chaio and Speliotopoulos, whopropose an experiment to measure the foregoing effects.


Causal Geodesics in Space-time andthe Existence of SingularitiesSusan M. Scott and Ben Whale

1. Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, The AustralianNational University, Canberra ACT, Australia


The Abstract Boundary[1] is a scheme for constructingand classifying singular points of space-times in GeneralRelativity. We present a classification of the behaviour ofcausal geodesics by examining their limit points, both inthe space-time itself and on its boundary, and apply this tothe Abstract Boundary Singularity Theorem[2]. Inparticular, we look at the ‘winding’ behaviour of bothcomplete and incomplete precompact geodesics, such asthose found in the Misner and Carter space-times, andexamine the question of their existence in space-timessatisfying certain causality conditions.

[1] S.M. Scott and P. Szekeres, “The abstract boundary—a newapproach to singularities of manifolds”, J. Geom. Phys. 13(1994) 223–253.

[2] M. Ashley, PhD Thesis, http://eprints.anu.edu.au/perl/search,(2002)

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ASGRG TUE25Tuesday 1520–1540

Cosmological Gamma-ray Bursts:Singlets, Doublets? Triplets! Maurice H.P.M. van Putten

MIT-LIGO, Cambridge, MA USA


Cosmological gamma-ray bursts represent a fraction ofabout 0.2–0.4% of Type Ib/c supernovae. In the scenarioof core-collapse of massive stars, we identify these rareevents with high-mass rapidly rotating black holes formedwith low kick velocity (“centered” events). Non-GRB TypeIb/c events are identified with low-mass black holesleaving the core prematurely with high kick velocity(“decentered” events). This scenario predicts long burstsin gravitational radiation contemporaneous with GRB-supernovae (“triplets”), and quiescence or short bursts ofgravitational radiation in Type Ib/c supernovae. Efficientsearches for gravitational radiation from GRB-supernovaeby LIGO and Virgo obtain in combination with all-skyoptical-radio supernova surveys. This poses someinteresting new challenges in high-performancecomputing on gravitational-wave/optical/radio-dataanalysis[1,2].

[1] Maurice H.P.M. van Putten, “Gravitational Radiation, LuminousBlack Holes and Gamma-ray burst Supernovae,” CambridgeUniversity Press, in production

[2] Maurice H.P.M. van Putten, Amir Levinson, Hyun-Kyu Lee, TaniaRegimbau, Michele Punturo, & Gregory M. Harry, Phys. Rev. D.,69, 044007 (2004)

POSTERS

ASGRG PTU 38

Reflection on Event Horizon of Black Holes M.Yu.Kuchiev , V.V.Flambaum

School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney


It has been argued recently[1] that the event horizon ofblack holes can reflect particles; in other words a particleapproaching a black hole can bounce on its horizon backinto the outside world. This phenomenon has purelyquantum origins; classically the horizon is transparent forincoming particles. The effect is strong for low energyparticles, transforming black holes into “mirrors” in thisregion, which is surprising. A summary of recent progressrelated to this phenomenon, including interrelations withthe Hawking radiation, is given.

[1] M. Yu. Kuchiev, Phys. Rev. D 69, 124031 (2004); Europhys.Lett. 65, 445 (2004)

ASGRG PTU 39

Radiation Pressure NoiseMeasurement in an InterferometerA.Okutomi, K.Yamamoto, M.Miyoki, M.Ohashi, K.Kuroda

Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR), University of Tokyo, Japan

E-mail: [email protected]

Quantum noise of light (shot noise and radiation pressurenoise) plays an important role in the sensitivity limits ofinterferometric measurements such as gravitational wavedetector. Presently, various methods are beingtheoretically investigated to beat this quantum limit.However, experimental researches are not tested. Evenradiation pressure noise has not yet been observed formacroscopic system. We propose an interferometer withsmall test mass cavity, in order to measure remarkableeffect of radiation pressure noise around 200Hz.

ASGRG PTU 40

Simplified Derivations of the Space-Time Geometry EquationsV.N.E. Robinson

ETP Semra Pty Ltd., Canterbury, NSW


For most people, understanding the complexities ofEinstein’s field equations and their solution bySchwarzschild precludes an easy understanding of thephysics governing general relativity. Commencing with thesame starting position used by Einstein, it has beendemonstrated that there exists a shorter path to thederivation of the space-time geometry equations, whichpath yields answers indistinguishable fromSchwarzschild’s solution. The physics behind thecurvature of space-time becomes easy to comprehend.Knowing the physics involved makes further results muchsimpler to understand and calculate. The predictionsmatch experimental observations.

ASGRG PTU 41

Rotating Michelson-MorleyExperiment Based on a Dual CavityCryogenic Sapphire OscillatorP.L. Stanwix1, M.E. Tobar1, J. Winterflood1, P. Wolf2,3, E.N. Ivanov1, M. Susli1, J.G. Hartnett1 and F. van Kann1

1. School of Physics, The University of Western Australia,Crawley, Australia; 2. BNM-SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris,Paris, France; 3. Bureau International des Poids et Mesures,Sevres CEDEX, France


Local Lorentz invariance (LLI) is a constituent element ofthe Einstein equivalence principle (EEP), a cornerstone ofmodern physics. Experiments that test the isotropy of thespeed of light (Michelson-Morley experiment) have placedupper limits on any violation of LLI to a few parts in 1015

using data accumulated over one year[1,2,3]. We haveconstructed a new rotating Michelson-Morley experimentconsisting of two cryogenic sapphire resonators.

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Bob Champion

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By rotating the experiment we have achieved the samelevel of sensitivity to light speed anisotropy as[2,3] with 16 hours of data. The experiment is ongoing and the latestresults will be presented.

[1] P. Wolf, S. Bize, A. Clairon, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., 90, 6,060402, (2003)

[2] P. Wolf, M.E. Tobar, S. Bize, et al., Phys. Rev. D Rapid Comm.,accepted, (2004).

[3] H. Muller, S. Herrmann, C. Braxmaier, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett.,91, 2, 020401, (2003)

ASGRG PTU 42

Parametrical Optics Effects at thePresence of Gravitation R.Vlokh

Institute of Physical Optics, L’viv, Ukraine

e-mail of corresponding author: :[email protected]

In the frame of optical-mechanical analogy in generalrelativity it has been shown that the change of refractiveindex of the space can be presented as the function ofgravitation field with a coupling coefficient. The gravitationcoefficient G (or time) in this relation plays the role ofmaterial coefficients of flat space (or correspondingoptical medium) and should therefore obey von Neumannprinciple. Due to the Neumann principle, the symmetrygroup of the flat space should depend on the fieldconfiguration and, following the Curie symmetry principle,it should be a subgroup of symmetry group of the time.

ASGRG PTU 43

Spinor Fields and InflationaryCosmology in Einstein-Cartan TheoryT. Watanabe and M. J. Hayashi

Department of Physics, Tokai University, Japan


We present the cosmological model with the Dirac fieldsor the Rarita-Schwinger fields, which is constructed in theframework of the Einstein-Cartan theory to explain theorigin of the accelerated expansion of the universe. Wedefinitely derive the correction to the energy momentumdue to the spin in the Einstein equation without introducingthe thermodynamical variables assumed in the existingmodels of the spinning matter. The results obtained in ourapproach imply that the spinor fields can provide thenegative pressure and be an alternative to false vacuum inthe early stage of the universe.

ASGRG PTU 44

An Experiment to Study ParametricInstabilities in Optical Cavities atACIGA High Optical Power TestFacility C.Zhao, L. Ju and D. G. Blair

School of Physics, the University of Western Australia,Nedlands, WA


The Australian Consortium for Gravitational Astronomy(ACIGA) is building a High optical Power Test Facility(HPTF) for Advanced LIGO and the future AustralianInternational Gravitational Observatory (AIGO). The goal ofHPTF is to study and control various predicted effectsassociated with very high optical power cavities. One ofthese effects is the parametric instability. This is the resultof the non-linear coupling between the test massmechanical modes and the optical cavity modes throughradiation pressure forces acting on the test masses. Thiscoupling can excite the oscillation of the mechanicalmodes which decrease the detector sensitivity or evenmake it disfunctional.

This article presents the proposed experiment to test theparametric instability on HPTF. Detailed analysis of the testmass internal mode structures and the conditions ofparametric instability will be given. We propose controlschemes to control instabilities.

ASGRG THF21Thursday 1400–1420 hrs

Testing Foundations of Physics inSpace—and European Plans in thisMatterMartin C.E. Huber

Laboratory for Astrophysics, Paul Scherrer Institut, VilligenPSI, Switzerland


The two great theories of the 20th century, generalrelativity and quantum mechanics, have undergoneserious tests, both in the laboratory und throughobservations of the Universe. Yet, in spite of positiveresults, theoretical problems in developing a coherentphysical model of the Universe, encompassing bothquantum theory and general relativity, remain at theforefront of today’s physics research. More accurateexperimental tests, particularly in the areas of Cosmology,Gravitation and Particle Physics, are needed.

Access to space makes it possible to performexperiments with a precision that goes far beyond thatwhich can be achieved in ground-based laboratories:gravity and noise—both inescapable on Earth—are muchreduced by use of ‘drag-free’, and cryogenic, spaceplatforms that provide an extremely quiet environment atthe pico-gravity level. Testing the range, over which aphysical theory is valid, or testing how far an assumption,which is the basis of a given theory, is holding, can thenbe achieved with greatly improved accuracy over that

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Bob Champion

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Bob Champion

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available in ground-based investigations. If (and when)such tests reveal discrepancies between prediction andmeasurement, or between assumption and reality, themeasured divergence will provide guidance on where theaccepted theories need to be complemented or modified.

Following a brief overview of extraterrestrial fundamental-physics experiments that have been carried out in thepast, we will discuss current experiments and thendescribe future plans for fundamental-physicsinvestigations in space, specifically with a view towardsEuropean plans in this matter.


The Current Status of LIGODavid H. Reitze

Department of Physics, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA;For the LIGO Science Collaboration


In 2004, the Laser Interferometer Gravitational WaveObservatory (LIGO) Science Collaboration reported thefirst searches for gravitational waves from pulsars[1],‘burst’ sources[2], binary neutron star systems[3], andremnant stochastic gravitational radiation[4] using theLIGO and GEO600 detectors[5]. Recent significantimprovements in the detector sensitivities have allowed usto place better upper limits on these sources. In this talk,we review the current status of LIGO and present anoverview of selected results from the S2 science run. Inaddition, we will discuss prospects for improving thesensitivity of LIGO and plans for upgrading the detectors.

[1] B. Abbott, et al. (LIGO Science Collaboration), Phys. Rev. D69:082004 (2004).




[5] B. Abbott, et al. (LIGO Science Collaboration), Nuc. Instr. Meth.A 517, 154–179 (2004).


Correlated Global Noise inGravitational Wave AstronomySusan M. Scott, Antony C. Searle and Karl W. Wette

Centre for Gravitational Physics, Department of Physics,Faculty of Science, The Australian National University,Canberra ACT, Australia


Gravitational wave astronomy will require the cooperationof a world-wide network of gravitational waveobservatories, including a possible future observatory inAustralia. Globally correlated environmental noise—ranging from earthquakes to anthropogenic timestandards—may limit sensitivity. We have established aphysical environment monitoring station at The AustralianNational University to measure seismic andelectromagnetic environmental noise in the frequencybands relevant to terrestrial interferometric gravitationalwave observatories. Using the Australian Consortium forInterferometric Gravitational-wave Astronomy’s (ACIGA’s)Data Analysis Cluster (ADAC) we have performedextensive correlation studies between environmental noisefrom Australia and that from interferometers in the USAand Europe. We present our findings, with particularemphasis on their implications for an Australiangravitational wave observatory.


See ASA THF24

Detection of Gravitational WavesUsing a Pulsar Timing ArrayR N Manchester, F A Jenet and G B Hobbs


See ASA THF25

Pulsar Timing and General RelativityMatthew Bailes

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Synchrotron Science(ASRP)ASRP MOC11Monday 1040–1120 hrs

The Australian Synchrotron—A Status ReportJ. W. Boldeman

Principal Scientific Advisor, Australian Synchrotron, Melbourne

A high performance, third-generation synchrotron facility isbeing constructed as a National Facility on a site inClayton, Victoria. First light is scheduled for early June2006 and the experimental program will begin on 1st April,2007. This paper will very briefly outline the developmentof the Australian synchrotron research community leadingto the decision to build the facility, the designspecifications of the facility will be described and theplanned experimental facilities and some preliminarydesign details will be discussed. The present status of theconstruction will be outlined.

ASRP MOC13Monday 1120–1140 hrs

X-ray Lithography—An AustralianPerspectiveA.G. Peele1, K.D. Vora1, E. Harvey2, R. Barber2 and C.G. Chen2

1. Department of Physics, La Trobe University, Bundoora,Australia; 2. MiniFAB Pty. Ltd., Scoresby, Australia


X-ray lithography (XRL) typically uses a synchrotronsource in order to provide the requisite x-ray exposure in apractical time. For Australian workers one access model isto participate in a multi-project wafer. A multi-project XRLrun is currently being co-ordinated by MiniFAB enablingindustrial participants to evaluate the process. However,where extensive optimization or invention is required thisapproach can be difficult as long periods of time arerequired to perfect the methods used. We present a casestudy describing how Australian researchers aremanaging to develop XRL processes and show some newresults regarding a successful process improvement.

ASRP MOC14Monday 1140–1220 hrs

4GLS: The UK’s Fourth GenerationLight Source at DaresburyE Townes-Andrews, E A Seddon

CCLRC Daresbury Laboratory, Daresbury, Warrington, UK

4GLS is a suite of accelerator-based light sources plannedto provide state-of-the-art radiation in the low energyphoton regime[1]. Superconducting energy recovery linac(ERL) technology will be utilised in combination with avariety of free electron lasers (IR to XUV), undulators andbending magnets. The 4GLS undulators will be optimised

to generate spontaneous high flux, high brightnessradiation, of variable polarisation, from 3–100 eV. However,they will also generate usable radiation (in the higherharmonics) up to around 800 eV. The ERL technology of4GLS will allow shorter bunches and higher peak photonfluxes than possible from storage ring sources. It will alsogive users the added bonuses of pulse structure flexibilityand effectively an infinite beam lifetime. VUV and XUVFELs will be used to generate short pulses (in the fsregime) of extreme ultraviolet light that is broadly tuneableand more than a million times more intense than theequivalent spontaneous undulator radiation. A strongfeature of the scientific programme planned for 4GLS isdynamics experiments in a wide range of fields. Pumpprobe experiments will allow the study of chemicalreactions and short-lived intermediates on the timescale ofbond breaking and bond making, even for very dilutespecies. The high intensity of the FEL radiation will allowvery high resolution in imaging applications. Funding forthe first three years of the 4GLS project was announcedby the UK Government in April 2003. This includes theresearch and development work necessary to produce adesign study report, with the construction of an ERL-prototype. It is anticipated that the full facility will beavailable to users in 2010.

[1] http://www.4gls.ac.uk

ASRP MOF21Monday 1400–1420 hrs

Structural Characterization of IonImplanted Au Nanocrystals usingSynchrotron-based AnalyticalTechniquesP.Kluth1, B. Johannessen1, C. J. Glover1, G.J. Foran2, S. M. Kluth1 and M. C. Ridgway1

1. Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, TheAustralian National University, Canberra ACT; 2. AustralianNuclear Science and Technology Organization, Menai,Australia


Synchrotron based analytical techniques includingextended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS)spectroscopy provide powerful tools for structuralcharacterization of nanocrystalline materials. Combiningthese techniques with conventional analytical methodssuch as x-ray diffraction and transmission electronmicroscopy we have investigated Au nanocrystals formed in thin SiO2 using ion implantation. Furthermore,we have studied their structural evolution following ionirradiation. Non-irradiated nanocrystals show a significantbondlength contraction, essentially retaining the face-centred-cubic structure present in bulk material[1]. Incontrast to bulk elemental metals, which cannot berendered amorphous by ion irradiation, irradiatednanocrystals exhibit a significant structural changeconsistent with amorphous material.

[1] P. Kluth, B. Johannessen, V. Giraud, A. Cheung, C. J. Glover,G. de M. Azevedo, G. J. Foran, and M. C. Ridgway, Appl. Phys.Lett. (2004) in press

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Imaging of Nanocluster UsingCoherent X-ray Diffraction andComputational Phase RetrievalTechniqueB. B. Dhal1, H. M. Quiney1, A. G. Peele2, D. J. Paterson3,P. Mulvaney4, I. McNulty3 and K A Nugent1

1. School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville,Victoria, Australia; 2. Department of Physics, LatrobeUniversity, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia; 3. Advanced PhotonSource, Argonne National Laboratory, IL, USA; 4. School ofChemistry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria,Australia


The availability of intense X-ray sources and of high qualityfocussing optics suggests the use of phase retrievaltechniques based on diffraction from curved wavefield[1]

to determine the structures of nanoscale particles. Theultimate aim of this approach is to develop practicalmethods for nanocrystallography and applications of thetechnique in the biological science. Here we investigatethe solution of the structures of gold nanostructures.

A recent experiments was performed using 6.773angstrom synchrotron radiation x-rays from an insertiondevice source, at beamline-2ID-B of Advanced PhotonSource (APS), Chicago. Our phase retrieval algorithmshave been devised which make use of this known beaminformation to achieve unambiguous reconstruction of thediffracting object in favourable cases[2].

We will discuss our recent experimental and theoreticalresults and the issues involved in extracting usefulinformation from weakly diffracting objects.

[1] K A Nugent, A. G. Peele, H. N. Chapman and A. P. Mancuso,Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 203902–1 , (2003).

[2] H. M. Quiney et al. Optics Express, 2004, (In Preparation).


Applications of Synchrotron X-Ray Sources for ForensicCharacterisation of GlassI.M. Kempson1, J.A. Denman1, W.M. Skinner1, K.P. Kirkbride2

1. Ian Wark Research Institute, University of South Australia,Mawson Lakes, South Australia; 2. Forensic Science, SA,Adelaide, South Australia


Microprobe techniques originating from synchrotronradiation sources offer significant advantages overconventional approaches when characterising minuteamounts of material. The advantages of synchrotrontechniques for forensic analysis of glass are discussed.Examples of applications in practical situations andfundamental studies are also offered. Synchrotron X-rayfluorescence (SXRF) can be used for non-destructive

measurements of composition and for impurity profiling tomatch evidential samples. However, the integrity ofsamples is limited by microheterogeneity, for which, thesensitive and localised nature of SXRF allows detailedfundamental studies. In addition, the use of X-rayabsorption near edge structure (XANES) and synchrotronX-ray micro-tomography allow for fundamental studies ofglass and glass-containing gunshot residues (GSR). Thecomplimentary use of time-of-flight secondary ion massspectrometry (ToF-SIMS) in the study of microheterogeneityand the characterisation of GSR is also presented.


High Energy Synchrotron X-rays: A Tool for Bulk Investigations inPhysics and Materials ScienceKlaus-Dieter Liss

Bragg Institute, ANSTO, Lucas Heights Science andTechnology Centre, NSW


High energy X-rays between 30 keV and 1 MeV, asprovided by modern synchrotron sources like the ESRFand HASYLAB at DESY, bear the advantage of deeppenetration into most materials. Even heavy elementcompositions can be accessed in their volume. The rangeof applications is huge and spreads from nuclear physicsto the characterization of a metal deformation underindustry-related conditions. This presentation compiles anoverview of my experience with the most commoninstrumental techniques and selected applications. Tripleaxis diffractometry can be used for highest resolutionpurposes on single crystal characterization, even underheavy and dense sample environments. Thus artificial orultrasonic superlattices can be characterized as well asstructural changes around different kinds of phasetransitions. Time resolved studies can be performedstroboscopically from a sub-nanosecond to a second timescale and are presented. Modern two-dimensionaldetectors are used to obtain rapid overviews in reciprocalspace. Whole sets of Debye-Scherrer rings are registeredonto the detector, their diameters and eccentricities ortheir intensity distribution along the rings relating toanisotropic strain or texture measurements, respectively.Imaging techniques such as topography, radiography andcomputed tomography allow to seize direct information inreal space. Combinations of the different techniques willplay a most important issue in the design of futurebeamlines and a flux estimate for a potential Australianbeamline is given.

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POSTERS

ASRP PMO 58

Preliminary Analysis to Achieve aHigh-precision Measurement of theExcitation Energy of the He (2p 3d)1P Doubly Excited State in HeliumUsing Landmark States in NeonB.G. Birdsey1, P. Hammond1, J. Lambourne2, F. Penent2,P. Lablanquie3, R. Richter4, A. Guha1

1. School of Physics, University of Western Australia, Crawley,Western Australia; 2. DIAM, Universite Pierre et Marie Currie,Paris, France; 3. LURE, Centre Universitarie Paris-Sud, Orsay,France; 4. Sincrotrone Trieste, Trieste, Italy


We present the groundwork a scheme to employ both first-and third- harmonic undulator light to excite states of well-known energy in singly-excited neon and high excitationenergy doubly-excited states in helium in a single scan.This simultaneous excitation superimposes the features ofthe two spectra, providing landmarks for accuratemeasurement of the helium features. We measured anexcitation energy of 64.1198(14) for the He (2p 3d) 1Pwhich differs by 5.3 meV from the value calculated in _itniket al.[1]. These measurements were performed at aresolving power more than 4 times the designed operatingrange of the BL 6.2 R gas-phase beamline at Elettra,where the data were recorded. This induced significanttechnical challenges in calibrating the energy scale.

[1] M. _itnik et al., Phys. Rev. A 65, 032520 (2002).

ASRP PMO 59

Failure of XAFS interpretation for ab Initio Investigations—a New WayForward L.F. Smale, C. T. Chantler, E. C. Cosgriff, M. D. de Jonge,Z. Barnea, C. Q. Tran

School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia

XAFS structures are solved routinely and many hundredsof publications appear per annum. We have collected thehighest precision experimental data and used the mostreliable existing technique to analyse the structure. Wefind major limitations in theoretical predictions and in XAFSanalytical frameworks which lead to very largeuncertainties in the derived results. However, we discussappropriate methods for overcoming these limitations andincreasing the accuracy of XAFS determinations byperhaps a factor of 104, which would thereby allow abinitio structural and radial solutions directly.

ASRP PMO 60

The X-ray Extended RangeTechnique for High Accuracy AtomicStructure in Simple SstemsC. Q. Tran, C. T. Chantler, M. D. de Jonge, Z. Barnea andN. Rae

School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VICAustralia

Over recent synchrotron experiments (PRA67 (2003)042716,PRL90 (2003) 257401, PRA69 (2003) 257401,PRA69 (2004) 042101) we have developed methods formeasuring the imaginary component of the atomic formfactor (the transform of the electron orbital charge density)in neutral atoms to below 0.1%. This is 10–100 times moreaccurate than earlier methods, and 10–50 times moreaccurate than claimed uncertainties in theoreticalcomputations for these systems. The experiments aresensitive to many theoretical and computational issues,including correlation. We will discuss key features of themethod and results, including especially theoretical issuesraised by the new accuracies.

ASRP PMO 61

Phase Separation in the OrganicSolid State: SimultaneousSynchrotron SAXS / DSC Studies ofUnstable n-alkane BlendsE.P. Gilbert1, D. Sutton1,2, A. Nelson1, N. Terrill3, C. Martin4, J. Lal5, E. Lang5

1. Bragg Institute, PMB 1, Menai, NSW, Australia; 2. CRC forPolymers, Australia; 3. DIAMOND Synchrotron, RutherfordAppleton Laboratory, Didcot, United Kingdom; 4. SynchrotronRadiation Source, Daresbury Laboratory, Warrington, UnitedKingdom; 5. Intense Pulsed Neutron Source, ArgonneNational Laboratory, Argonne, IL, United States


Blends of normal alkanes form lamellar structures, whenquenched from the melt, in which the separation of theindividual chains may be controlled by the chain-lengthdifference, molar composition, isotopic substitution andconfinement. We have performed simultaneoussynchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering and differentialscanning calorimetry studies on 2:1 C28H58:C36D74mixtures as a function of cooling protocol. Theirsimultaneous collection enables the temperature-dependent nanostructural changes to be correlated withphase transitions. The data are further complemented bysmall-angle neutron scattering highlighting the separationof the individual chains via isotopic contrast and opticalmicroscopy indicating changes occurring on themacroscopic scale.

[1] E.P. Gilbert, D. Sutton, A. Nelson, N. Terrill, C. Martin, J. Lal andE. Lang, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., (2004) accepted

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ASRP PMO 62

Structural Perturbations withinNanocrystalline Cu probed by EXAFSB. Johannessen1, P. Kluth, C.J. Glover, G.J. Foran1, M.C. Ridgway2

1. Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, AustralianNational University, Canberra ACT, Australia; AustralianNuclear Science and Technology Organization, Menai,Australia; 2. Department of Electronic Materials Engineering,Australian National University, Canberra ACT, Australia


Extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS)spectroscopy has emerged as an invaluable synchrotronradiation technique for determining the short-range atomicstructure in a vast range of diverse materials. Cunanocrystals (NCs) were synthesised by high-energy ionbeam implantation and thermal annealing. We presentresults of EXAFS measurements determining the firstnearest neighbour Cu environment and quantify significantconcentration- and annealing-temperature-dependentstructural perturbations as compared to a bulk Custandard. In particular we observe and explain anenhanced structural disorder involving both a suppressedcoordination number and bondlength contraction.

ASRP PMO 63

On-line Readout of Detectors forHigh Spatial Resolution Dosimetry ofSynchrotron MicrobeamsM.L.F. Lerch1, A.B. Rosenfeld1, E. Bräuer-Krisch2, A. Bravin2, J.A. Laissue3

1. Centre for Medical Radiation Physics (CMRP), University ofWollongong, NSW, Australia; 2. European SynchrotronRadiation Facility, Grenoble, France; 3. Institute of Pathology,University of Bern, Switzerland


Synchrotron Microbeam Radiation Therapy (MRT) is anemerging technique for cancer treatment. Preclinicalexperiments are carried out with ~20–30 µm-wide, ~10 mm-high parallel microbeams with pitch about 200 mm of hard, broad-”white”-spectrum X rays (~50–600 keV). The main parameter responsible for qualityof treatment is the peak-valley dose ratio. The requiredspatial resolution for microbeam dosimetry is about 1 mmor better and is a limiting factor for the application oftraditional dosimetry. On-line, “edge on” MOSFETdosimetry was proposed and successfully implementedfor MRT microbeams at ESRF. Good correlation existsbetween our experimental results compared to those usingthe PSI-version of the GEANT Monte Carlo code.

ASRP PMO 64

Physics of Radiological Protection atHigh energy Synchroton LightSources Bhaskar Mukherjee1, Joseph Kachan2 and Roger Alsop3

1. Radiation Protection Group (D3), Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Hamburg, Germany; 2. Department ofApplied and Plasma Physics), University of Sydney, NSW,Australia; 3. JBS Health Physics Group, Mascot, NSW,Australia

Highly monochromatic, polarized, low energy x-rays,within a bandwidth ranging from tens to several hundredkeV predominate the radiation environment at the user endof a Synchrotron-Light-Source (SLS). Therefore, theprobability of an excessive radiation exposure to thesynchrotron light users remains quite low. Consequently,the radiological safety procedures and associatedregulatory and licensing conditions of a commondiagnostic (clinical) x-ray laboratory could beimplemented. On the other hand, the accelerator end of aSLS consists of an electron linac (50–200 MeV), a high-energy booster synchrotron (1–5 GeV) and a storage ring.As a result, in non-routine situations intense fields of high-energy photons and photoneutrons may be generated withconsiderable radiological consequences. These include,(a) radio-activation of accelerator components (b) activation of air circulating in the accelerator tunnel, (c) radiation leakage through the accelerator containmentshielding (d) radiation induced degradation of permanentmagnets of the wigglers and undulators and (e) radiationinduced malfunction of the electronic instrument andcontrol devices situated in the vicinity of the acceleratorsystem. In this paper we will address the productionmechanism of radiation fields in a modern SLS from theperspective of High-Energy-Physics and their interactionpathways. The above information encompasses thefundamentals of radiological protection of high energyparticle accelerators.

ASRP PMO 65

Preferential Amorphisation of GeNanocrystals in a Silica MatrixM.C. Ridgway1, G. de. M. Azevedo1, R.G. Elliman1, W. Wesch1, C.J. Glover1, R. Miller1, D.J. Llewellyn1, G.J. Foran2, J.L. Hansen3 and A. Nylandsted Larsen3

1. Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, ResearchSchool of Physical Sciences and Engineering, AustralianNational University, Canberra, Australia; 2. Australian NuclearScience and Technology Organisation, Menai, Australia;3. Institute of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University,Aarhus, Denmark

Relative to bulk crystalline material, Ge nanocrystals in asilica matrix exhibit subtle structural perturbationsincluding a non-Gaussian inter-atomic distancedistribution. We now demonstrate such nanocrystals areextremely sensitive to ion irradiation. Using transmissionelectron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy and extended

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x-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy, thecrystalline-to-amorphous phase transformation in ~8 nmdiameter nanocrystals and bulk crystalline material hasbeen compared. Amorphisation of Ge nanocrytals in asilica matrix was achieved at an ion dose ~100 times lessthan that required for bulk crystalline standards. This rapidamorphisation of Ge nanocrystals is attributed to thepreferential nucleation of the amorphous phase at thenanocrystal/matrix interface, the pre-irradiation, higher-energy structural state of the nanocrystals themselves andan enhanced nanocrystal vacancy concentration due tothe more effective trapping of irradiation-inducedinterstitials at the nanocrystal/matrix interface and inhibitedFrenkel pair recombination when Ge interstitials arerecoiled into the matrix. To demonstrate the significance ofthe latter, we show ion irradiation of ~2 nm diameternanocrystals yields their dissolution when the range ofrecoiled Ge atoms exceeds the nanocrystal bounds.

ASRP PMO 66

Problems Encountered in theMeasurement of Diffuse X-rayScatteringT.R. Welberry, D.J. Goossens and A.P. Heerdegen

Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University,Canberra, ACT


Although X-ray diffuse scattering has been observed sincethe earliest days of crystallography obtaining high-qualityquantitative diffuse scattering data has been far fromroutine and has been attempted, even for limited regionsof reciprocal space, by relatively few workers. Althoughdiffuse scattering is very much weaker than Braggscattering synchrotron sources should be more thansufficient to compensate for the disparity and fully three-dimensional data ought to be easily achievable. However,difficulties arise when measurement of such weakintensities is attempted in the presence of the very strongBragg peaks. In this paper we describe our recentexperiences in this area.

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Biophysics and MedicalPhysics (BMP)BMP MOF11Monday 1040–1100 hrs

Protein Crystallography withSpallation NeutronsBenno Schoenborn and Paul Langan

Los Alamos National Laboratory USA

Email of presenting author: [email protected]

The Protein Crystallography Station at LANSCE[1] is a highperformance neutron protein crystallography beam line ata spallation neutron source. The station is equipped with alarge high resolution position sensitive He 3 detector witha total counting rate of over 1 million events per second.Neutron diffraction is a powerful technique for locatinghydrogen atoms even at resolutions of 2A–2.5A and cantherefore provide unique information about enzymemechanism, protein hydrogen and hydrogen bonding. Thebeam-line exploits the pulsed nature of spallation neutronsin order collect wavelength resolved Laue patterns usingall available neutrons in the wavelength range 1A to 5A.

[1] Langan,P; Greene,G; Schoenborn,B.P.; J. App.Cryst.37,24(2004)

BMP MOF12Monday 1100–1120 hrs

The Most Energetic Process inBiologyElmars Krausz1, Joseph L. Hughes1, Paul J. Smith2, Ron J. Pace2, Sindra Peterson Årsköld3

1. Research School of Chemistry; 2. Faculties Chemistry,ANU, Canberra Australia; 3. Division of Biochemistry, LundUniversity, Sweden

Email of the corresponding author: [email protected]

The reaction centre of Photosystem II of has the uniqueability to oxidise water, making it the most potent andpoisonous metallo-enzyme in nature. Using polarizationand laser-selective spectroscopies on fully active PSII corecomplex preparations at ~2K we have penetrated thespectral complexity of the reaction centre, leading to aremarkable new vision of this vital system. The chargeseparating excited state lies lower in energy thanpreviously assumed. It has dipole strength less than theequivalent of 1 chlorphyll pigment and is part of an excitoncoupled system. It is homogeneously broadened pointingto strong electron phonon coupling.


The Melanins: Form Experiment toQuantum Chemistry to Many-BodyQuantum TheoryB. J. Powell1, J. Riesz1, E. Moore1, C. Giacomantonio1, N. Bernstein2, M. R. Pederson2, T. Barauh2,3, K. Brake1, R. H. McKenzie1 and P. Meredith1

1. Department of Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane,Queensland Australia; 2. Center for Computational MaterialsScience, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C.USA; 3. Department of Physics, Georgetown University,Washington, D.C. USA


Melanins found thoughout the biosphere from fungi toman. In humans they are our primary photoprotectant(remember slip, slap, slop!) Melanins have manyunexplained physical properties. Including a strong,monotonic, broad band absorption[1] and semiconductingbehavior with a superexponential humidity dependantconductivity[2]. We will describe a holistic approach to thetheoretical description of these molecules, including atargeted experimental program[2], quantum chemicalstudies[3] and many-body quantum theory. We will discussthe possibilities that chemical and structural disorder isresponsible for optical absorption and that multipleconduction mechanisms (e.g. electronic and ionic) are atplay in these materials.

[1] P. Meredith and J. Riesz, Photochem. Photobiol. 79, 211(2004).

[2] P. Meredith, et al., Proceedings of ICSM 2004 and C.Giacomantonio et al., this conference.

[3] See for example B.J. Powell et al., J. Chem. Phys. 120, 8608(2004).


Quantum Decoherence of ElectronicExcitations of BiomoleculesJoel Gilmore and Ross H. McKenzie

Department of Physics, University of Queensland

Email of the corresponding author:[email protected]

What is the role of quantum mechanics in biology?Although often ignored, quantum mechanics can becritical for the biological “functionality”, such as inphotosynthesis and vision. We are investigating electronicexcitations in biomolecules and the effect of decoherencedue to the “hot and wet” environment of biology. We findthat the interaction may be modeled quantummechanically by the spin-boson model. This model isapplied to systems of biomolecules coupled by Försterinteraction, using parameters obtained directly fromexperiment and simulation, and used to investigate thepresence and importance of entanglement anddecoherence in biological systems.

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Electrostatic Basis of ValenceSelectivity in Biological IonChannelsB. Corry1, T. Vora2 and S.H. Chung2

1. Chemistry, School of Biomedical and Chemical Sciences,University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA; 2. Departmentof Theoretical Physics, Research School of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Australian National University,Canberra, ACT


To carry out numerous functions in the body, includingconveying nerve impulses and sensory transduction, ionchannels have to be able to open and close at theappropriate times and allow only the correct types of ion topass. We use Brownian dynamics simulations to examinehow the KcsA potassium, voltage gated sodium and L-type calcium channels discriminate between ions ofdiffering charge. We demonstrate that none of theseconduct anions and all conduct monovalent cations. As aresult of the different charge distributions in the protein ineach case, divalent cations can only pass through thecalcium channel and block the others.


Visualising the Genetic CodeJ. D. Bashford, E.Z. Chelkowska and P.D. Jarvis

Discipline of Physics, School Mathematics of Physics,University of Tasmania, Hobart


These days, new discoveries in molecular biology andadvances in biotechnology are proceeding at breakneckpace. However, our understanding of some fundamentalquestions—such as the origin and evolution of the geneticcode (not to mention the origin of life!)—remainsrudimentary. The genetic code itself can be studied interms of regularities in the physical and (bio)chemicalproperties of the codons, anticodons and amino acidswhich form its building blocks. We give several graphicalpresentations (including 3D plots) of such physico-chemical data. These visualisations can reveal otherwisehidden periodicities and other symmetries: the ‘codewithin the code’.

[1] J. D. Bashford and P.D. Jarvis, BioSystems, 57, 147 (2000)


Stability and Connectivity of theBrainR. T. Gray and P. Robinson

School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney

Brain Dynamics Centre, Westmead Hospital and University ofSydney, Westmead


The dynamics of a network of brain components can bedescribed using a generalized continuum model. Thelinear stability of this network, determined by the model’sdispersion relation, will act as a constraint on the possiblestructure of the network and hence on the physiology andanatomy of the brain. In this presentation the impact ofstability on the structure of the brain will be investigated. A particular focus will be placed on resulting permittedpatterns of the connectivity of brain components, withcomparisons to the connectivity of real brains.


A Model-based Approach to EEGSpectral AnalysisC.J. Rennie1,2, P.A. Robinson1 and D.L. Rowe1,2

1. School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney; 2. BrainDynamics Centre, Westmead Hospital, Sydney


Spectral analysis of the electroencephalogram (EEG)commonly involves simply measuring total power incertain frequency bands. However an invertible model ofEEG, combined with a suitably constrained optimizationalgorithm, provides an alternative quantification of spectrain terms of physiologically-relevant parameters. This isdemonstrated in cases where data from simpleexperiments are used to infer the corresponding modelparameters. Only a subset of parameters show significantchanges related to the experiment, and this is moreinformative than traditional power changes.


A Phase-Transition Model for theCycles of Natural SleepD.A. Steyn-Ross1, M.L. Steyn-Ross1, M.T. Wilson1,J.W. Sleigh2, I.P. Gillies1 and J.J. Wright3

1. Dept of Physics & Electronic Engineering, University ofWaikato, Hamilton, New Zealand; 2. Dept of Anaesthetics,Waikato Hospital, Hamilton, New Zealand; 3. Liggins Institute,University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand


This paper presents a model that describes the dramaticchanges in brain electrical activity that occur duringtransition from slow-wave sleep (SWS) into rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep. Our approach to the sleep cyclebuilds on earlier cortical-continuum models[1–5], and is most similar to our phase-transition model for

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anaesthesia[6]. We describe the mathematical foundationsof the model, calculate the predicted changes in EEGpower and correlation time across the SWS! REMtransition, then compare these predictions with clinicalrecordings from a human sleeper[7]. (The dynamicalproperties of the model are presented in a companionpaper[8].)

The authors acknowledge support from the New ZealandMarsden Fund, contract UOW307.

[1] W.J. Freeman, Mass Action in the Nervous System, AcademicPress, New York (1975)

[2] J.J. Wright and D.T.J. Liley, Behavioral and Brain Science 19,285–316 (1996)

[3] P.A. Robinson, C.J. Rennie and J. J. Wright, Physical Review E56, 826–840 (1997)

[4] D.T.J. Liley and P.J. Cadusch and J.J. Wright, Neurocomputing26–27, 795–800 (1999)

[5] C.J. Rennie, J.J. Wright and P.A. Robinson, J. TheoreticalBiology 205, 17–35 (2000)

[6] M.L. Steyn-Ross, D.A. Steyn-Ross and J.W. Sleigh, Progress inBiophysics and Molecular Biology 85, 369–385 (2004)

[7] I.P. Gillies, D.A. Steyn-Ross, M.L. Steyn-Ross, J.W. Sleigh andM.T. Wilson, “Evidence for cortical phase transitions in EEGrecordings of human sleep”, Poster: 16th National AIPCongress, Canberra, Australia (2005)

[8] M.T. Wilson, M.L. Steyn-Ross, D.A. Steyn-Ross and J.W. Sleigh,“Instabilities of the cortex during natural sleep”, in: Proceedingsof 16th National AIP Congress, Canberra, Australia (2005)


BOLD Responses to Stimuli:Dependence on Frequency, StimulusForm, Amplitude and RepetitionP.A. Robinson, P.M. Drysdale, H. Van der Merwe, E. Kyriakou, B. Germanoska, M. Rigozzi and C.J. Rennie

School of Physics, University of Sydney


A quantitative theory is developed for the relationshipbetween stimulus and the resulting Blood Oxygen LevelDependent (BOLD) functional MRI signal in the brain. Ahemodynamic model is used to interrelate the neuralactivity and the BOLD response, where the neural activityis inferred from Evoked Response Potentials (ERPs). TheBOLD response is studied for different forms, frequencies,and amplitudes of stimuli, in contrast with existingresearch which investigated only sustained pulses. It isfound BOLD response depends strongly on both peakactivity and profile. Stimulus sequences to optimize BOLDresponse signal-to-noise are derived using thehemodynamic transfer function.

POSTERS

BMP PMO 67

Ultra-Short Pulsed Laser Ablation forDental Hard-tissue TreatmentsC. Artlett, J.M. Dawes and G. Marshall

Centre for Lasers and Applications, Macquarie University,Sydney


For some time now laser ablation for the purposes of hard-tissue dental treatment has been limited to Er:YAG andEr:YSGG based solid-state laser systems. Subpicosecondlaser ablation has the potential to provide painless dentaltreatments with excellent surface preparation quality[1,2].There exist issues with thermal deposition during theablation process which may result in nerve and pulp tissuedamage[3]. Both 800 nm and 400 nm laser pulses from aTi:Sapphire based system (~120 fs pulses) were used toexamine the effect of frequency doubling on the level ofthermal loading, surface quality, ablation threshold andmaterial removal efficiency. Preliminary results indicatethere may be some advantage to using blue (400 nm) lightfor subpicosecond laser ablation as opposed to infrared.

[1] J. Serbin et al., Applied Surface Science, 197–198 (2002),737–740

[2] M.H. Niemz et al., Appl. Phys. B 79 (2004), 269–271

[3] J.C. Chang, P. Wilder-Smith, Lasers in Surgery and Medicine,22 (1997), 46–50

BMP PMO 68

Bio-nano-fabrication: Using SurfacePlasmon Resonance to Study theArchitecture and Kinetics ofConstruction of a Protein-basedBiosensorC.S. Barton1, S. Martin1, L. Waniganayake1, E. J. McMurchie2, W. Leifert2, L. Wieczorek1

1. CSIRO Industrial Physics, West Lindfield, NSW, Australia;2. CSIRO Health Sciences and Nutrition, Adelaide, SA,Australia


The nanoscale assembly of protein-based biosensors is ofcritical importance to their function. Studied here is thecoupling of the protein sensor element to a functionalisedself-assembled monolayer on a gold substrate.

Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) was used to measurethe kinetics of protein binding to functionalised surfaces.Proteins were immobilized using both histidine-Nickelaffinity, and covalent amine coupling.

SPR results provide the reaction kinetics for the twocoupling systems. The histidine-Nickel interaction isweaker but allows for a controlled molecular architecture,whereas the covalent coupling is significantly stronger, butinvolves random protein orientation.

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BMP PMO 69

Modular Design of a Scanning Gantryfor Animal SPECT, PET and CTApplicationsJ.A.M. Brady1, M. Lerch1, S.R. Meikle2, J. Bourke1, A.B. Rozenfeld1.

1. Centre for Medical Radiation Physics, University ofWollongong, NSW; 2. Department of PET and NuclearMedicine, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW


Using the modular design methodology, we havedeveloped a scanning gantry system; custom designedfor multi-modality nuclear imaging techniques (NITs) andthe CoALA SPECT project[1]. This paper discusses thegantry’s flexible modular design and how significantcomponents and functionality have been reused in othermedical physics related instrumentation developed at theCentre for Medical Radiation Physics, University ofWollongong. The gantry is designed to meet the exactingrequirements of researchers in new radiotracerdevelopment who require accurate functional andanatomical information—the scanning gantry has a linearstepping accuracy of +/–12.5 microns and an angularaccuracy of +/–0.03 degree. The scanning gantry is aprecision instrument that is also affordable to researchgroups working in small laboratories or universities.

[1] S.R. Meikle, R. Wojcik, A.G. Weisenberger, M. F. Smith, S.Majewski, P. Kench, S. Eberl, R. Fulton, M. Lerch, A. B.Rozenfeld; CoALA-SPECT: A Coded Aperture LaboratoryAnimal SPECT System for Pre Clinical Imaging, NuclearScience Symposium Conference Record, 2002, IEEE, Volume:2, 10–16 Nov. 2002, Pages:1061–1065 vol.2.

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Comparison of Various Methods toDelineate Blood Vessel in RetinalImagesM.J. Cree1, J.J.G. Leandro2, J.V.B. Soares2, R.M. Cesar,Jr.2, G. Tang1, H.F. Jelinek3, and D.J. Cornforth4

1. Department of Physics & Electronic Engineering, Universityof Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand; 2. Department ofComputer Science, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil; 3. Schoolof Community Health, Charles Sturt University, Albury;4. School of Environmental and Information Sciences, CharlesSturt University, Albury


We compare a number of methods to detect and delineateblood vessels in retinal images. The five methods include:Wavelet detection developed by ourselves[1], andmatched-filtering[2], morphological processing[3],curvature estimation[4] and multi-threshold probing[5],developed by others. We test the methods against thepublicly available STARE database which consists oftwenty non-mydriatic colour retinal images and goldstandards containing delineated vessels as determined bytwo ophthalmologists. The resultant vessel detections arecompared against the gold standards using FROCmethodology. It is found that the majority of vesseldetection methods perform to similar ability to within theestimated uncertainty of the experiment.

[1] J.J.G. Leandro et al. Proceedings Image Processing and Vision(Sibgrapi03) 262 (2003)

[2] S. Chaudhuri et al. IEEE Trans. Med. Im. 8, 263 (1989)

[3] F. Zana and J.-C. Klein, IEEE Trans. Med. Im. 10, 1010 (2001)

[4] M. Marinez-Perez, et al. IEEE Int. Conf. Im. Proc., 173 (1999)

[5] X. Jiang and D. Mohon, IEEE Trans. Patt. Anal. Mach. Int. 25,131 (2003)

BMP PMO 71

Investigating a Novel Spectral Hole-Burning Mechanism inPhotosystem IIJoseph L. Hughes1*, Elmars Krausz1, Paul J. Smith2, Ron J. Pace2

1. Research School of Chemistry, Australian NationalUniversity, Canberra, ACT; 2. Department of Chemistry,Australian National University, Canberra, ACT


Photosystem II is a chlorophyll-containing trans-membraneprotein complex. The PSII reaction centre (RC) contains ahighly photo-oxidizable assembly of chlorophyll molecules.We have found highly efficient (up to ~1%) persistentspectral hole-burning in PSII core complexes occurs inchlorophyll’s involved in energy transfer processes. Thehole-burning mechanism, however, is associated with theprimary charge separation process. We present resultsfrom investigation of the unusually symmetricphotoproduct distribution and the (pseudo-) phononsideband structure of spectral holes in PSII. We have alsostudied the wavelength dependence of the hole-burningquantum efficiency, and relate it to the QE of primarycharge separation.

BMP PMO 72

Quantitative Study on the Effects ofSugars on Membrane PhaseTransitions—PreliminaryInvestigationsT. Lenné1, G. Bryant1 and K.L. Koster2

1. Department of Applied Physics, RMIT University,Melbourne; 2. Department of Biology, University of SouthDakota, Vermillion, USA


Severe dehydration is lethal for most biological species.However, there are a number of organisms which haveevolved mechanisms to avoid damage duringdehydration. One of these mechanisms is theaccumulation of small solutes, which can inhibitdeleterious membrane phase transitions at low hydration.Although these effects have been studied for some time,there is debate about whether the effects are caused bydirect interactions between the solutes and the lipids, orby non-specific physical effects. In this paper we report onthe preliminary investigations, using SAXS and DSC, of aproject aimed at addressing this issue.

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Bob Champion

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Bob Champion

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BMP PMO 73

Development of Models for ProteinAggregation KineticsS. Maheswaran and William S. Price

Nanoscale Organisation and Dynamics Group, School ofScience, Food and Horticulture, University of Western Sydney,NSW, Australia


Protein self-association is of critical importance in a widevariety of situations, ranging from disease states (e.g.,Alzheimer’s disease) to protein-based drugs and foodprocessing. The delicate nature of associating proteinsystems severely restricts the techniques available forprobing the kinetics of association in such systems. Ofthese techniques, NMR diffusion measurements showgreat promise[1]. Theoretical development of models foraggregation kinetics has also been retarded by thepaucity of experimental data. In this work we modify twoexisting, albeit simplistic, kinetic models[2] (i.e., (i) randompolymerisation and (ii) nucleation-dependentpolymerisation) into a form suitable for analysing NMRdiffusion data[1,3]. These models were used as the basisfor designing more cogent models of aggregation kinetics.

[1] W.S. Price, F. Tsuchiya, Y. Arata, Biophys. J., 80, 1585 (2001).

[2] M. Kodaka, Biophys. Chem. 109, 325 (2004).

[3] W. S. Price, F. Tsuchiya, Y. Arata, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 121,11503 (1999).

BMP PMO 75

Infectious Disease EpidemicEvolution in Inhomogeneous Human SocietyI. M. Lyashenko1, M. I. Pinkevych1 and I. P. Pinkevich2

1. Faculty of Cybernetics, National Taras ShevchenkoUniversity of Kyiv, Kyiv; 2. School of Physics, University ofNew South Wales, Sydney


Mathematical model of the epidemic evolution in theinhomogeneous human society, which consists of thepopulation groups with different values of their immunesystem parameters such as susceptibility to disease,infection level, disease duration, and immunity duration isdeveloped. The values of the most important parametersof the epidemic model are determined through thesolutions of equations that describe the infection diseaseevolution in the human organism. The epidemic evolutionin the society as well as in the separate groups ofpopulation is studied depending on the values of thehuman immune system parameters.

BMP PMO 76

Melanin and Melanoma: TheQuantum Chemistry of PheomelaninJennifer Riesz, Ben Powell, Evan Moore, Ross McKenzie, Paul Meredith

Department of Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane


Melanins are pigments responsible for photoprotection inhumans. In order to understand the photophysics ofpheomelanin (the type of melanin more closely associatedwith the formation of melanoma skin cancer[1]) we haveused first principles Density Functional Theory to calculatethe electronic and vibrational properties of cysteinyldopa,the key precursor[2]. We have calculated realistic HOMO-LUMO gap energies, and determined the likely ratio of thetwo forms at room temperature. HOMO and LUMOelectron densities have been calculated and comparedwith results from Huckel theory. These results take us onestep closer to understanding the paradoxical behaviour ofthese mysterious molecules.

[1] H. Hill, G. Hill, Pigment Cell Research, 13 (Suppl. 8): 140–144(2000)

[2] B. Powell, T. Baruah, N. Bernstein, K. Brake, R. McKenzie, P.Meredith, M. Pederson, Journal of Chemical Physics, 120 (18),8608–8615 (2004)

BMP PMO 77

A Thermodynamics-BasedMechanism for the Slow Componentof Oxygen Uptake Kinetics DuringHigh Power ExerciseJ. O’Reilly1 and R.J. Simeoni2

1. Department of Chemistry, St Saviour’s College, Toowoomba;2. School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, GriffithUniversity, Gold Coast


The profile of human oxygen consumption during highpower exercise has captivated exercise physiologists fordecades and the mechanism behind the slow componentof this profile is still unclear[1,2]. The present study modelsthis component from a thermodynamics perspective thatconsiders the work associated with gas pressure, volumeand temperature changes for the glucose-based equationof respiration. Model slow component curves closelymatch clinically measured curves[2] in shape and scale.Existing proposed mechanisms for the slow componentare generally more qualitative or physiological in nature.Thus, the presented model may represent a significantcontributing mechanism towards the slow component.

[1] D.J. Jacobsen, R. Coast and J.E. Donnelly, J. Sports Med.Phys. Fitness, 38, 124 (1998)

[2] J.A. Zoladz and B. Korzeniewski B, J. Physiol. Pharm., 52, 167 (2001)

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BMP PMO 78

Instabilities of the Cortex duringNatural SleepM.T. Wilson1, M.L. Steyn-Ross1, D.A. Steyn-Ross1 and J.W. Sleigh2

1. Dept of Physics & Electronic Engineering, University ofWaikato, Hamilton, New Zealand; 2. Department ofAnaesthetics, Waikato Hospital, Hamilton, New Zealand


We examine the electrical behaviour of the cortex duringnatural sleep. We use a macrocolumn-averaged model ofcortical dynamics to analyse the stability of the stationarystates. The model, developed from those introduced byWright and Liley[1], Liley et al[2] and Robinson et al[3],allows the soma potentials to vary with time and space.The stability of the stationary states depends particularlyon the inhibitory synaptic time constants. When unstable,the cortex moves into a limit cycle in time, but rapidlysynchronises in space. High spatial frequencies arequickly removed. The results have similarities with thephenomenon of slow-wave bursting during sleep.

The authors acknowledge support from the New ZealandMarsden Fund, contract UOW307.

[1] J.J. Wright and D.T.J. Liley, Behavioral and Brain Science 19,285–316 (1996)

[2] D.T.J. Liley and P.J. Cadusch and J.J. Wright, Neurocomputing26–27, 795–800 (1999)

[3] P.A. Robinson, C.J. Rennie and J. J. Wright, Physical Review E56, 826–840 (1997)

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Evidence for Cortical PhaseTransitions in EEG Recordings ofHuman SleepI.P. Gillies1, D.A.Steyn-Ross1, M.L.Steyn-Ross1,J.W.Sleigh2 and M.T.Wilson1

1. Dept of Physics & Electronic Engineering, University ofWaikato, Hamilton, New Zealand; 2. Dept of Anaesthetics,Waikato Hospital, Hamilton, New Zealand


Clinical electroencephalogram (EEG) records wereobtained from human subjects during overnight sleep.Statistics derived included EEG power, correlation time,spectral entropy, and high-frequency/low-frequency powerfractions. Time-series for power and correlation-time showcoherent “sawtooth” patterns, with both quantitiesgradually increasing during SWS, then abruptly droppingaway as the cortex transits into rapid-eye-movement(REM) sleep. The low- and high-frequency power fractionsbehave in antiphase, with growth in low-frequency powercoinciding with decay in high-frequency power, and viceversa. These results are consistent with a first-orderphase-change theory for sleep being developed atWaikato University[1,2]. This theory predicts a criticalslowing down of the EEG signal on approach to the SWS !REM transition.

Author IPG acknowledges Enterprise Scholarship supportfrom the New Zealand Tertiary Education Commission.

[1] D.A. Steyn-Ross, M.L. Steyn-Ross, M.T. Wilson, J.W. Sleigh, I.P.Gillies and J.J. Wright, “A phase-transition model for the cyclesof natural sleep”, in: Proceedings of 16th National AIPCongress, Canberra, Australia (2005)

[2] M.T. Wilson, M.L. Steyn-Ross, D.A. Steyn-Ross and J.W. Sleigh,“Instabilities of the cortex during natural sleep”, in: Proceedingsof 16th National AIP Congress, Canberra, Australia (2005)

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Modelling the Readout Performanceof a New Silicon Photodetector forUse in PETG.J. Takacs1, M.L.F. Lerch1, R.D. Ward1, P.E. Simmonds1,V. Perevertaylo2, and A.B. Rosenfeld1

1. Centre for Medical Radiation Physics (CMRP), University ofWollongong, NSW, Australia; 2. SPO-BIT, Ukraine


This paper discusses a Monte Carlo model of the readoutperformance of a new silicon photodetector (PD) whenoptically coupled to a scintillator for use in PositronEmission Tomography (PET). Results of the model for twoPD-scintillator readout combinations have been comparedwith experimental results for the same readoutconfigurations. The PDs were designed by the Centre forMedical Radiation Physics, University of Wollongong andmanufactured by SPO BIT, Ukraine. We have found thatthe developed model could be a very useful tool inpredicting the response of silicon PD-scintillator detectorsfor a variety of imaging applications.

BMP PMO 81

Application of Hard X-ray Phase-contrast Imaging to Biomedical andClinical Medical StudiesS.W. Wilkins1, D. Gao1, T.E. Gureyev1, S.C. Mayo1, P.R. Miller1, Y.I. Nesterets1, D.M. Paganin2, D.J. Parry1, A. Pogany1, and A.W. Stevenson1

1. CSIRO, Manufacturing & Infrastructure Tecnology, Clayton,VIC; 2. School of Physics & Materials Engineering, MonashUniversity, Clayton, VIC


Conventional X-ray radiography that has prevailed for thepast 100 years relies on differential absorption in a sampleto produce contrast. Recently, a variety of methods forproducing additional x-ray contrast via phase effects havebeen proposed and explored[1–3]. Two of the mostimportant classes of these methods are the double-crystaltype (Analyzer-Based) and the simple Fresnel diffraction(In-Line) types. The present paper will briefly highlight thekey features of these and some recent results obtainedwith them for biomedical applications using bothsynchrotron[2] and conventional sources[3]. It will alsodescribe their current status for clinical medicalapplications.

[1] R. Fitzgerald, Phase-sensitive X-ray imaging, Phys. Today 53,No7,23–26 (2000)

[2] A. Snigirev, I. Snigireva, M. Suvorov, M. Kocsis,., & V. Kohn,Rev. Sci. Instrum. (1995) 66, 5486–92.

[3] S.W. Wilkins, T.E. Gureyev, D. Gao, A. Pogany, and A.W.Stevenson, Nature 384, 335–8(1996).

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BMP PMO 82

Nanodosimetric Cluster SizeDistributions of a 250 MeVTherapeutic Proton BeamAndrew Wroe1, Reinhard Schulte2, Anatoly Rosenfeld1,Bernd Grosswendt3

1. Centre for Medical Radiation Physics, University ofWollongong, Wollongong, Australia; 2. Dept. of RadiationMedicine, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda,CA, USA; 3. Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB),Braunschweig, Germany


Nanodosimetry enables the energy deposition of ionizingradiation on a DNA scale to be determined. The purposeof this research is to conduct nanodosimetricmeasurements of proton radiation fields at the protonaccelerator of Loma Linda University Medical Center(LLUMC) in an attempt to verify a Monte Carlo simulationsystem. To achieve this, these measurements will becompared to the output from a Monte Carlo simulationsystem that is being developed to simulate thenanodosimetric spectra of the LLUMC beamline. Onceverified, this Monte Carlo system will provide a verypowerful tool with which to measure the effect of radiationfields on a nanoscopic level without submitting humans orexpensive electronics to such a potentially damagingenvironment.

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Protein Response to Electric FieldStressA. Budi1, S. Legge1, H. Treutlein2, and I. Yarovsky1

1. Applied Physics, School of Applied Sciences, RMITUniversity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; 2. Cytopia Research PtyLtd, Melbourne, VIC, Australia


Proteins can change conformation under stress, which canlead to disruption of their biological function and result in anumber of diseases[1].

In an effort to understand the effect of external stresses onprotein conformation, we have performed long termmolecular dynamics simulations of insulin chain β inseveral different environments. The conformationalbehaviour of the protein under thermal and electric fieldstresses was compared to the reference system underambient conditions. We found the system under electricfield stress to behave similarly to the system under thermalstress, both adopting conformations rarely seen underambient conditions.

[1] L.C. Serpell, J.M. Smith, J. Mol. Biol., 299, 225 (2000)

BMP TUE31Tuesday 1620–1640

Oligonucleotide Microarrays andLangmuir Adsorption TheoryC.J. Burden, Y. Pittelkow and S.R. Wilson

Centre for Bioinformation Science, Australian NationalUniversity, Canberra


Oligonucleotide microarrays are designed to enableevaluation of the simultaneous expression of largenumbers of genes in prepared RNA samples. A microarrayconsists of a substrate onto which short, single strandDNA probes have been synthesized. Intensitymeasurements from fluorescent dye attached to RNAtarget molecules hybridized onto the microarray surfaceare intended as a measure of gene expression.

We develop a model based on Langmuir adsorptiontheory for relating measured intensity measurements to theunderlying specific sequence RNA concentration. Themodel includes the effects of non-specific hybridizationand acknowledges that hybridization is a two step processinvolving a rate determining nucleation step followed by arapid zipping up step.


Nano-structured Surfaces for GuidedActomyosin Motility to Develop NewToxin Indicating BiosensorsD. Ramdutt1 R.W. Boswell1 and C. Charles1, C. dos Remedios2 and R. Martinez2

1. Plasma Research Laboratories, Research School ofPhysical Sciences and Engineering, Australian NationalUniversity, Canberra; 2. Muscle Research Unit, Department ofAnatomy and Histology, University of Sydney, Sydney


We have developed techniques for producing nano-structured surfaces that will allow us to bind functionalheavy meromyosin (HMM) in such a way that the velocityof the fluorescing actin filament can be easily measured.Methods trailed by Bunk et al[1] using different resistpolymers has been repeated as well as techniques wehave pioneered using Focused Ion Beams (FIB) andisotropic plasma etching to develop physical (non-timedependent) hydrophobic surfaces. Motility, includingspeed and density of actin filaments, has been measuredon all surfaces. It is hoped that these surfaces will aid inthe development of a new biosensor.

[1] R. Bunk et al, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 301, 783–788, 2003

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Bob Champion

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Bob Champion

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Research and Development ofSemiconductor-basedInstrumentation with Application to Medical PhysicsA.B. Rosenfeld

Centre for Medical Radiation Physics (CMRP), University ofWollongong, NSW, Australia


Over the last ten years the Centre for Medical RadiationPhysics at the University of Wollongong has established aresearch programme in the area of medical physics that iscentred on new and novel silicon semiconductordetectors. Arising from this research is the development ofinnovative instrumentation with application to radiationmedicine. This paper will describe the motivation andbackground research of several instruments, that are atdifferent stages of development and commercialisation,including the Semiconductor Microdosimeter, RadiationDamage Monitoring System, MOSFET dosimetry System,Urethra Probe Mini-Spectroscopy System and Anti-Compton Probe. These instruments have found applicationin a wide variety of radiation medicine related areasincludng Proton Therapy, Fast Neutron Therapy,Microbeam Radiation Therapy, Intensity ModulatedRadiation Therapy, Permanent Seed Implant ProstateBrachytherapy, and Radionuclide Image Guided Surgery.


The Key Factors which Determinethe Cooling Effect of Blood FlowNear Ultrasonically Heated BoneG. J. Vella1, V. F. Humphrey2, F. A. Duck3 and S. B. Barnett4

1. School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Sydney,Australia; 2. Institute of Sound and Vibration Research.University of Southampton, UK; 3. Medical PhysicsDepartment, Royal United Hospital Bath, UK; 4. HonoraryResearch Associate, School of Biomedical Sciences, TheUniversity of Sydney, Australia


To determine the critical factors that produce cooling, aphantom simulating human fetal skull bone was immersedin a soft tissue mimicking material (TMM). This wasexposed to clinically relevant pulsed Doppler ultrasoundwith power outputs of up to 255 mW. Water flowing in a 2-mm wall-less channel in the TMM, at various distancesfrom the bone target, simulated blood flow. Thetemperature was measured at the inner surface of thebone. The cooling effect was more effective as thedistance between the perfusing channel and bone wasdecreased, as the number of channels increased and asthe ultrasound beamwidth increased.


Application of the Lattice BoltzmannModel to Hemodynamics withArterial Stenosis GrowthJ. Boyd1, J.M. Buick1, J.A. Cosgorve2 and P. Stansell2

1. Physics and Electronics, School of Biological, Biomedicaland Molecular Sciences, The University of New England,Armidale, NSW, Australia; 2. School of Physics, The Universityof Edinburgh, UK

e-mail of corresponding author: jbuick@une

Blood flow dynamics is an important feature in the study ofmany arterial diseases. There is a body of evidence thatsuggests there is a correlation between atherosclerosisand abnormal wall shear stress. The Lattice BoltzmannModel (LBM) can be used to study many of the flowfeatures that are important in hemodynamic modelling.applications. In this paper, the LBM with an extrapolationboundary scheme is used to model blood flow through acarotid artery with increasingly severe stenosis. Thesimulations are two dimensional as a precursor to threedimensional simulations and give an indication of the flowcharacteristics.

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CMMSP MOC21Monday 1400–1440 hrs

Quantum Mechanics RulesJaan Oitmaa

School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052


While it is well known that magnetism is a macroscopicquantum phenomenon, a semi-classical picture isgenerally used and is often adequate. However in recentyears a number of phenomena have been observed whichcannot be understood at all without a full quantummechanical treatment. Examples include spin liquid states,“order from disorder”, quantum phase transitions. I willgive an overview of such phenomena, including boththeory and experiment. Some of the recent work of ourgroup at UNSW will be described.


The Locus of High TemperatureSuperconductivity in YBa2Cu3O7–δG. Jakovidis1 and K. H. Johnson2

1. School of Physics & Materials Engineering, MonashUniversity, Victoria Australia; 2. Nanocluster Technologies LLC& IPVision, One Broadway, Cambridge, MA USA


Despite intensive (>30,000 technical publications) andsustained research over the past 18 years, a consensusregarding the pairing mechanism in cupratesuperconductors remains elusive. Related to this issue isthe question of the locus of high Tc superconductivity. At the outset a bold model[1] and more recent work[2,3]

suggest that superconductivity is parallel to copper oxideplanes but displaced along the c-axis. Such models areremarkable given that it is widely assumed that thesuperconductivity is confined to CuO2 planes. We presentexperimental[4] and theoretical work[5] on YBCO thatattempts to reconcile these contrasting views.

[1] K. H. Johnson, M. E. McHenry, C. Counterman, A. Collins, M. M. Donovan, R. C. O’Handley and G. Kalonji, Physica C,153–155, 1165 (1988).

[2] A. Kumar, J. D. Dow and H. A. Blackstead, Philos. Mag. 84,2249 (2004).

[3] J. D. Dow and D. R. Harshman, Philos. Mag., 82, 1055 (2002).

[4] J. D. Cashion, D. Jinks, G. Jakovidis, L. J. Brown, G. Ganakasand M. J. Morgan, J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Elec. 8, 39 (1997).

[5] A. E. Smith, S. Homolya and G. Jakovidis, 3rd InternationalConference on Computational Modelling and Simulation ofMaterials, Sicily (2004).


Toward Quantum-limited Detectionwith an Aluminium SQUID AmplifierN.A. Court1,2, D.J. Reilly1,2, T.M. Buehler1,2, V.C. Chan1,3,R.P. Starrett1,2 and R.G. Clark1,2

1. Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence forQuantum Computer Technology; 2. School of PhysicsUniversity, of New South Wales, Sydney NSW Australia;3. School of Electrical Engineering, University of New SouthWales, Sydney NSW, Australia


The radio frequency single electron transistor (rf-SET) is anear quantum-limited electrometer, capable of sensingsub-electron charge signals on microsecond timescales[1].In addition to applications in radio astronomy and nuclearmagnetic resonance, this device holds promise as a read-out detector for solid state quantum computing[2]. At present the sensitivity of the rf-SET is limited by thenoise contribution of the post amplifier which is typically a cryogenic transistor. In an effort to overcome thislimitation we are currently exploiting the dc-SQUID(superconducting quantum interference device) as a near-quantum limited post amplifier of radio frequencysignals[3]. This hybrid configuration, consisting of a nearquantum-limited electrometer (rf-SET) coupled to a nearquantum-limited post amplifier (dc-SQUID) opens theprospect of studying sub-electron charge motion incondensed matter systems with unheralded sensitivity.Here we present results to date in our effort to constructan all Aluminium microstrip SQUID amplifier. We includedetails of our fabrication process together with numericalsimulations of the microwave circuits and compare theseresults to data taken at mK temperatures.

[1] R.J. Schoelkopf et al, Science 280, 1238 (1998)

[2] T.M Buehler et al, arXiv:cond-mat/0302085 (2003)

[3] R. Bradley et al, Rev. Mod. Phys. 75, 777 (2003)


Evolution of the Bilayer υ = 1Quantum Hall State under ChargeImbalanceW.R. Clarke1, A.P. Micolich1, A.R. Hamilton1, M.Y. Simmons1, C.B. Hanna2, J.R. Rodriguez2, M. Pepper3 and D.A. Ritchie3

1. School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney,Australia; 2. Department of Physics, Boise State University,Boise ID USA; 3. Cavendish Laboratory, University ofCambridge, Cambridge, U.K.


We use high-mobility bilayer two-dimensional hole systemswith negligible tunnelling to examine how the bilayer υ = 1quantum Hall state evolves as charge is transferred fromone layer to the other at constant total density[1]. We map

Condensed Matter and Material, andSurface Physics (CMMSP)

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bilayer υ = 1 state stability versus imbalance for five totaldensities spanning the range from strongly interlayercoherent to incoherent. We observe competition betweensingle-layer correlations and interlayer coherence. Mostsignificantly, we find that bilayer systems that areincoherent at balance can develop spontaneous interlayercoherence with imbalance, in agreement with recenttheoretical predictions.

[1] W.R. Clarke et al., Cond-Mat/0403490 (2004).

[2] Y. N. Joglekar and A. H. MacDonald, Phys. Rev. B 65, 235319 (2002).


Inelastic Neutron Scattering and theDynamics of BiomoleculesD. A. Neumann

NIST Center for Neutron Research, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA


Life is intrinsically a dynamic process. As such, thebiophysical and biochemical processes which livingsystems rely upon are inherently dynamic as well. Oneparticular manifestation of this is the molecular motion ofproteins and enzymes, without which the functionalspecificity and efficiency would not be attained. Here, wewill discuss the use of neutron spectroscopy to study themotions of proteins in solution in various folded sates.These experimental results will be directly compared withthe results of molecular dynamics simulations enabling adetailed interpretation of the side-chain motions related toeach individual amino acid residue. We will also describehow neutron scattering can be used to measure thesuppression of these intrinsic motions and how thissuppression correlates directly to the shelf-life ofbiopharmaceutical formulations.


Opportunities for Scientific Research at Australia’s ReplacementResearch ReactorR. A. Robinson

Bragg Institute, Australian Nuclear Science & TechnologyOrganisation, Menai, NSW


The 20-MW Australian Replacement Research Reactorrepresents possibly the greatest single researchinfrastructure investment in Australia’s history. The projectincludes a large state-of-the-art liquid deuterium cold-neutron source and supermirror guides feeding a largemodern guide hall, in which most of the instruments areplaced. Alongside the guide hall, there is good provisionof laboratory, office and space for support activities. Whilethe facility has “space” for up to 18 instruments, theproject has funding for an initial set of 8 instruments,which will be ready when the reactor is fully operational inJuly 2006. Instrument performance will be competitive withthe best research-reactor facilities anywhere, and our goal

is to be in the top 3 such facilities worldwide.


Time-resolved Studies of NeutronDiffraction Intensities in Associationwith Phase TransitionsJ.E. Daniels1, A.J. Studer2, T.R. Finlayson1 and M.E. Hagen3

1. School of Physics and Materials Engineering, MonashUniversity, Clayton, Victoria; 2. Bragg Institute, AustralianNuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Menai, NSW;3. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee USA


A neutron scattering capability has been developed,enabling time-resolved measurements, for example, inferroelectric crystals. Neutrons detected at the positionsensitive detector on TASS, are time-stamped allowingmeasurement of scattered intensities versus time. Samplesare continually strobed by an electric field while detectedneutrons are binned according to their scattering timesfrom the sample, within the strobing period. Theferroelectric triglycine sulphate is being used as a modelsystem for the development of the technique, owing to thismaterial exhibiting some unusual changes in peakintensities with time, during poling[1].

[1] S.J. Payne, PhD Thesis, University of Keele (1998)


Neutron Reflectivity of Titania andZirconia-based Films Self-assembledat the Solid/Liquid InterfaceM.J. Henderson, A.M. Hawley and J.W.White

Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University,Canberra, ACT


Self-assembled orientated titania (TiO2) and zirconia(ZrO2) based films have been produced at the solid-liquidinterface using sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as thetemplate. For the first time these new films arecharacterised by in situ grazing angle neutronreflectometry using the recently commissioned X172instrument at HIFAR facility (Australian Nuclear Scienceand Technology Organisation). This work complements ourrecent study of the formation of these films at the air/waterinterface[1,2,3] using fast, time resolved energy dispersivex-ray reflectometry.

[1] Henderson, M. J., King, D., White, J. W., Langmuir, 2004, 20, 2305–2308.

[2] Henderson, M. J., King, D., White, J. W., Aust. J. Chem., 2003,56, 933–939.

[3] Henderson, M. J., Gibaud, A., Bardeau, J. F., Rennie, A., White, J. W., Physica B submitted, 2004.

CMMSP TUC11Tuesday 1040–1100 hrs

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Bob Champion

PDF Link

Bob Champion

PDF Link



Conducting Ni Nanoparticles in anIon-modified PolymerJ.Y. Sze1, C.I. Pakes2, S. Prawer2, B.K. Tay1 and D.N. Jamieson2

1. School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, NanyangTechnological University, Singapore; 2. Centre for QuantumComputer Technology, School of Physics, University ofMelbourne, Victoria


Conductive atomic force microscopy has been used toperform nanoscale current mapping of Ni-implantedpolythylene terephthlate films at low temperature. The filmswere implanted using a filtered cathodic arc with pulsesubstrate biasing. Our interest is in the study of electricaltransport in the implanted surface layer, whichdemonstrates a reduction in bulk sheet resistance for Nisurface concentration of 14–18%. The local transportproperties are found to evolve with increasing Ni contentfrom a near continuous conducting surface to theformation of a quasi-regular array of conducing Niclusters, about 30 nm in size, consistent with X-rayanalysis. We shall discuss temperature dependentelectrical measurements, that are indicative of an insulator-metal transition accompanying the formation of Nicrystallites, and the magnetic properties of the films.


Investigation of the Growth andSpontaneous Alignment ofLanthanum Gallate Self-AssembledMicrodots on Si(111) SurfaceJ. R. Sellar1, G. Jakovidis1 and A. Singh1,2

1. School of Physics and Materials Engineering, MonashUniversity, Victoria, Australia; 2. The University of the SouthPacific, Laucala Bay, Suva, Fiji

e-mail of the corresponding author:[email protected]

The formation of self-assembled Quantum Dots (QDs) onsemiconductor surfaces is well-known. We have used RFsputtering to produce self-assembled islands of dopedLanthanum Gallate on Si(111) substrate that are severalorders of magnitude larger than the QDs. Thesemicrodots, however, share many features with QuantumDots, such as the ability for spontaneous alignment. Wepresent our Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) andEnergy Dispersive Spectrometry (EDS) results, and putforward explanations of the formation and alignment byreference to the Stranski-Krastanov (SK) GrowthMechanism.


Nano-assembly of ConjugatedPolymer on Carbon Nanotubes: An STM StudyR. Goh1, E. R. Waclawik2, N. Motta1,3, J. M. Bell1

1. Centre for Built Environment and Engineering Research,Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, AUSTRALIA;2. Inorganic Materials Research Program, School of Physicaland Chemical Sciences, Queensland University ofTechnology, Brisbane, AUSTRALIA; 3. on leave from INFM-Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma TRE, Rome, ITALY


Composites of the conducting polymer poly(alkylthiophene)s and carbon nanotubes have hugepotential for a variety of application including organic solarcells and optoelectronic memory device[1,2]. For thispotential to be realised, the interactions between nanotubeand the polymer and the crystallisation mechanism needsto be first of all clarified. Here, we will report on our latestwork on scanning tunnelling microscope (STM) to directlyvisualise the conformation of poly(3hexylthiophene) (P3HT)on single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT). Based onhigh resolution STM observations, the mechanisms for theorganisation of monolayer and multilayers of P3HT onSWNT are proposed.

[1] E. Kymakis, PhD thesis, University of Cambridge (2003)

[2] A. Star, Y. Lu, K. Bradley, and G. Gruner, Nano Lett, 4, 1587 (2004)


Nanoporosity in a Self-AssembledDrug Delivery System Detected byPositron Annihilation LifetimeSpectroscopyAnsgar Bögershausen1, Steven J. Pas1,2, Anita J. Hill2,3*,and Hubert Koller1

1. Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Münster,Münster, Germany; 2. CSIRO Manufacturing andInfrastructure Technology, South Clayton VIC Australia;3. School of Chemistry, Monash University, VIC Australia


We present a new drug carrier system that consists ofsilica hybrid gels having organic side groups. A majordifference to existing formulations is that the matrix isgenerated in the presence of the drug molecule in a self-assembling process. The critical role of pore architecture(size and accessibility) in the tailored drug release isclearly revealed by positron annihilation lifetimespectroscopy (PALS), while the classical nitrogenadsorption technique (BET method) is not suitable here toindicate the internal void structure.


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Bob Champion

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Bob Champion

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Silicon-based Quantum Computingusing Buried Donor ArchitecturesA.S. Dzurak

Centre for Quantum Computer Technology, School ofElectrical Engineering & Telecommunications, University ofNew South Wales, Sydney, Australia


Quantum computers have the potential to unveil a newparadigm of information processing via the coherentcontrol of quantum bits (qubits). Solid-stateimplementations based on superconductors andsemiconductors are particularly promising due to theprospect of producing large numbers of qubits viaintegrated circuit fabrication technology. Of these, theKane Si:P scheme[1] has generated great interest becauseof the long coherence times of spins in silicon. This andrelated Si schemes (such as the Si:P charge qubit[2])require the positioning of single phosphorus atoms insilicon, registered to surface control gates with highprecision, together with an ability to read out a single spinor charge. Important strides in construction of atomically-precise P atom arrays in Si have been demonstrated overthe past few years using a bottom-up assemblyapproach[3], while controlled single ion implantation[4] hasrecently been used to construct Si:P qubit test deviceswith a precise number of P atoms using more conventionaltop-down nanotechnologies. This presentation will discussthe challenges of fabricating, controlling and measuringsuch single donor qubits, in particular those constructedvia single ion implantation. Experimental results showingthe gate-controlled transfer of single electrons betweentwo buried Si:P quantum dots, each containing ~ 600phosphorus atoms, with non-invasive detection using rfsingle electron transistors (SETs) will be presented[5],together with recent data on devices with only a few (lessthan ten) phosphorus donors.

[1] B.E. Kane, Nature 393, 133 (1998).

[2] L.C.L. Hollenberg, A.S. Dzurak, C. Wellard, A.R. Hamilton, D.J.Reilly, G.J. Milburn and R.G. Clark, Phys. Rev. B 69, 113301(2004).

[3] S.R. Schofield, N.J. Curson, M.Y. Simmons, F.J. Ruess, T.Hallam, L. Oberbeck and R.G. Clark, Phys. Rev. Lett. 91,136104 (2003).

[4] R.P. McKinnon, F.E. Stanley, E. Gauja, L.D. Macks, M. Mitic, V.Chan, K. Peceros, T.M. Buehler, A.S. Dzurak, R.G. Clark, C.Yang, D.N. Jamieson and S.D. Prawer, Smart Mat. and Struct.11, 735 (2002).

[5] T.M. Buehler, V. Chan, A.G. Ferguson, A.S. Dzurak, F.E. Stanley,D.J. Reilly, A.R. Hamilton, R.G. Clark, D.N. Jamieson, C. Yang,C.I. Pakes and S. Prawer, in preparation.

CMMSP TUC23

Tuesday 1440–1500 hrs

Differentiating Dopant and Resist inDevice Fabrication on the AtomicScaleT.C.G. Reusch1, N.J. Curson1, S.R. Schofield2, T. Hallam1,and M.Y. Simmons1

1. Centre for Quantum Computer Technology, School ofPhysics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia;2. School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Universityof Newcastle, NSW Australia


STM lithography using a hydrogen resist has beenrecently demonstrated to achieve atomically preciseplacements of single phosphorous dopants on Si(001)surfaces[1]. This approach is currently pursued tofabricate nanoscale devices towards the quantumcomputer architecture proposed by Kane[2].

So far, studying the redistribution of P dopants in theSi(001) surface has been hampered by the fact that the Pdopants in the surface and remains of the hydrogen resisthave close similarity in STM imaging[3]. We demonstratethat subtle differences in the local electronic structure canbe exploited for differentiating the two species in voltage-dependent imaging and Scanning TunnelingSpectroscopy.

[1] S. R. Schofield et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 136104(2003)

[2] B. E. Kane, Nature 393, 133(1998)

[3] N. J. Curson et al., Phys. Rev. B 69, 195303(2004)


Magnetospectroscopy to 18 T ofPhosphorous Donor in SiliconR.A. Lewis1, R.E.M. Vickers1, and Y.-J. Wang2

1. Institute for Superconductivity and Electronic Materials,University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia;2. National High Magnetic Field Laboratory at Florida StateUniversity, Tallahassee, Florida USA


We report the far-infrared absorptionmagnetospectroscopy of P donor in Si to higher magnetic fields than those employed previously.Absorption spectroscopy provides additional informationto that provided by PTIS for P donor in Si. Anti-crossingsbetween various states have been observed.C

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Kelvin Probe Force MicroscopyStudy of Ion Implanted ThermalOxide Thin Films on SiliconM. D. H. Lay, C. I. Pakes, and J. C. McCallum

Centre for Quantum Computing Technology and Micro-analytical Research Centre, School of Physics, University ofMelbourne, Melbourne


Ion implantation through gate oxides may be used forfuture device fabrication. However, studies of the damagecreated have mostly been restricted to optical andmagnetic studies with EPR, PL and IR absorption. Wehave studied the surface potential of keV energy Pimplanted 15 nm thermal oxides on silicon substrates withKelvin probe Force Microscopy. Results have shown asurface potential change while there may not be anyobserved change in the topology. Analytical & numericalmodeling has also been used to relate the change inpotential to net charge.


Liquid Semiconductors: Is Mott orAnderson Localisation Relevant?J. Enderby

President, Institute of Physics

Emeritus Professor and Senior Research Fellow in Physics,Department of Physics, University of Bristol

Sir Professor John Enderby is the current President of theInstitute of Physics (IOP) and his two-year term of officewill encompass the Einstein International Year of Physics—the centenary of Einstein’s greatest discoveries, and acelebration of physics around the world. He received hisknighthood in the 2004 New Year’s honours list forservices to science and technology and is currentlyinvolved in work on molten ceramics and some exoticliquid semiconducting materials. This later work includesstudies of the electrical conductivity of liquid siliconobtained from samples that were aerodynamically levitatedon an inert argon gas stream. In this case it was shownthat the conductivity could be obtained by accuratemeasurements of the change in the self-inductance andthe resistance of a sensing coil in the presence of aconducting sample over a frequency range of 100 kHz to5 MHz. This and related work on liquid alloysemiconductors has challenged the idea that the apparentmetal to non-metal transition observed in liquid alloysemiconductors is related to disorder induced localization.This presentation will highlight aspects of this work.


Investigation Of SubsurfaceSpecimen Charging Induced inBuried Oxide Layers by ElectronBeam Irradiation M A. Stevens-Kalceff1,2 and S. Mickle1

1. School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney;2. Electron Microscope Unit, University of New South Wales,Sydney


Kelvin Probe Microscopy (KPM) and Cathodolumin-escence (CL) microanalysis have been used to investigateelectron beam induced localized charging processes anddefect generation in technologically important SIMOX-SOI.KPM directly confirms significant localized residualpotentials associated with the buried oxide layer.Observed potentials are modelled giving insight into thecomplex, dynamic and self-regulating irradiation inducedprocesses which involve competition between electrontrapping, defect generation and electromigration. CLidentifies defects in irradiated SIMOX consistent withoxygen radiolysis and breakdown of the buried oxidelayer. CL also provides evidence for the dissociation ofpassivating species from silicon nanocrystals incorporatedwithin the buried oxide layer.


Photo-excitation Induced ProcessesIn Amorphous SemiconductorsJai Singh

School of Engineering and Logistics, Charles DarwinUniversity, Darwin NT Australia


Amorphous semiconductors are used in fabricating manyopto-electronic devices such as solar cells, large area thinfilm transistors (TFT), memory storage discs etc., andhence have immense industrial applications. Most of suchdevices operate on the principle of first creating excitedelectron and hole pairs by optical excitations or injectionsand then their separation and collection or their radiativerecombination. On one hand, structures of suchsemiconductors do not have any long-range orders andhence tend to hinder the motion of charge carriers byoffering them some confinements. On the other hand, thelack of long-range periodicity gives rise to several newphenomena, which do not occur in crystalline solids..Some of these new phenomena are used in new frontiertechnologies, for example, future DVDs are likely to usethe phenomena of photodarkening and volume expansionfor storing information in their optical memory.

In this paper, the current understanding ofphotodarkening, volume expansion and radiativerecombination of the excited charge carriers in amorphoussemiconductors will be presented.

[1] J. Singh and K. Shimakawa, Advances in AmorphousSemiconductors (Taylor & Francis, London and New York, 2003).

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Electrical Conduction Mechanism of ZnO Thin Films J. Lee1, J. Metson2 and D. Bhattacharyya1

1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, University ofAuckland, New Zealand; 2. Department of Chemistry,University of Auckland, New Zealand


The ZnO thin films deposited by magnetron sputteringwere studied by X-ray diffraction and conductivitymeasurement. We have found that the density of ZnO thinfilms have some relationships with their conductivity. Theconductivity with temperature has been found to follow theArrhenious equation, revealing two activation energies,one for higher and one for the lower temperature ranges.While the activation energy at higher temperatures isderived from charge transport in the conduction band, thelower energy activation energy is derived from electronichoping between the nearest neighbours.

POSTERS

CMMSP PTU 45

1-Dimensional P Wires in SiM.A. Ahrens1

1. Centre for Quantum Computer Technology, University ofNSW, Sydney


Mesoscopic wire fabrication methods were developed forSi wafers containing P “delta-doped layers”. Reactive ionetching through masks written using electron-beam-lithography was used to make 1-D wires that are a few nmthick[1], and 20nm to 1um wide. These permittedexploration of electron quantum transport at 4K indisordered systems, as wire width approaches theelectron coherence length. The results exhibit resistivityrising sharply as channel widths reduce. Also, wafersgrown at 250C show resistivity two orders less than thoseat room temperature, agreeing with the notion that higherencapsulation temperatures provider better qualitycrystals.

[1] ‘Encapsulation of phosphorus dopants in silicon for thefabrication of a quantum computer’, L. Oberbeck, N. J. Curson,M. Y. Simmons, R. Brenner, A. R. Hamilton, S. R. Schofield, andR. G. Clark, Appl. Phys. Lett. 81, 3197 (2002)

CMMSP PTU 46

Ion Beam Lithography of PMMAUsing Single Ion DetectionA. Alves1, P.N. Johnston1, D.N. Jamieson2, P. Reichart2

1. Applied Physics, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria,Australia; 2.Microanalytical Research Centre, University ofMelbourne, Victoria, Australia


A high energy ion (>1 MeV) travelling through a resistmaterial leaves a cylindrical latent damage track with a

very high aspect ratio. We aim to realise the full potentialof ion beam lithography by reaching the ultimate resolutionlimit of a single ion track using controlled ion implantation.We spin a PMMA resist film onto a PIN photodiodes whichfunctions as an active substrate, counting each ionimpact. We have investigated the formation of single iontracks using ions with a wide range of LETs using non-contact Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) to image singleion tracks.

CMMSP PTU 47

Charge Transfer in Single-IonImplanted Silicon DevicesM. Mitic1, S.E. Andresen1, C. Yang2, T. Hopf2, V. Chan1,F.E. Hudson1, E. Gauja1, A.J. Ferguson1, R. Brenner1, T.M. Buehler1, S.M. Hearne2, C.I. Pakes2, G. Tamanyan2,D.N. Jamieson2, A.R. Hamilton1, A.S. Dzurak1 and R.G. Clark1

1. Centre for Quantum Computer Technology, University ofNew South Wales, Sydney; 2. Centre for Quantum ComputerTechnology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne


We present results on gate-controlled charge transfer insilicon devices fabricated using controlled single-ionimplantation. Individual phosphorus donors are introducedusing integrated p-i-n detectors[1]. Positional accuracy of20 nm is obtained using a nanopatterned resist mask, andnanocircuitry consisting of surface electrodes and single-electron transistors is used to control and detect chargetransfer in the implanted region[2]. Using the cross-correlated signal from two simultaneously operated single-electron transistors, we have observed isolated chargetransfer events with occasional coupling to nearbyfluctuating charge. These results indicate a possiblepathway for charge-based solid state quantum bits.

[1] T. Hopf et al., Submitted to AIP Congress 2005

[2] M. Mitic et al., Submitted to Microelectron. Eng.

CMMSP PTU 48

Dephasing of a Charge Qubit byCharge FluctionsJ.C. Ang, C.J. Wellard and L.C.L. Hollenberg

Centre for Quantum Computer Technology, School of Physics,University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia


In this work, we examine the dephasing effects of chargefluctuations on Si:P donor charge qubits caused by thepresence of randomly occupied charge traps. Wenumerically calculate the evolution of a general two-levelsystem in the presence of these traps, by either solving adeterministic master equation or a stochasticSchroedinger equation, depending on the trap rate. Theinduced dephasing rate is calculated as a function of boththe strength and the rate of the fluctuation as well as theposition of the trap with respect to the qubit. This generalformalism is applied to the specific case of a phosphorusin silicon based charge qubit.

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CMMSP PTU 49

Development of a Silicon-basedSingle Electron TransistorS.J. Angus1,2, C.E.A. Smith1, G. Snider3, E. Gauja1,2, A.S. Dzurak1,2 and R.G. Clark1,4

1. Centre for Quantum Computer Technology, University ofNew South Wales, Sydney; 2. School of ElectricalEngineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney; 3.Department of Electrical Engineering, University of NotreDame, Notre Dame, USA; 4. School of Physics, University ofNew South Wales, Sydney


Single electron transistors (SETs) are able to perform fastand sensitive charge measurements. The silicon SETdescribed here is designed for controllable andreproducible low temperature operation, suitable forintegration with Si-based quantum bit devices. Itcomprises a novel dual gate structure on a silicon-on-insulator substrate. A silicon quantum wire is formed in ahigh-resistivity superficial silicon layer. Carriers areinduced in the silicon wire by a back gate in thedegenerately-doped silicon substrate. The tunnel barriersare created electrostatically, using lithographically definedmetallic electrodes. This architecture enables independentcontrol of tunnel barrier height and island occupancy.

CMMSP PTU 50

Stress Formation in Continuous andMultiple Layer Depositions of SiO2by Helicon-activated ReactiveEvaporationV. Au, C. Charles, R. W. Boswell

Plasma Research Laboratory, Research School of PhysicalSciences and Engineering, The Australian National University,ACT, Australia


Multiple layers of SiO2 films have been deposited byhelicon-activated reactive evaporation which showdramatic differences in the stress profiles compared to asingle continuous deposition. A new in-situ method ofmeasuring curvature due to stress in the film showspromising results for a non-destructive and direct methodof stress measurement. The presence of a post-growthrelaxation mechanism, which serves to redistribute thestress formed during film growth, is suggested following acomparison of results obtained by in-situ stressmeasurements and by profilometry after etching back thefilm. This may have implications for optoelectronicapplications, e.g. through stress-induced birefringence.

CMMSP PTU 51

Effects of As/P Exchange on InAs/InP(100) Quantum Dots Formation byMetalorganic Chemical VaporDepositionS. Barik, H. H. Tan, and C. Jagadish

Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, ResearchSchool of Physical Sciences and Engineering, The AustralianNational University, Canberra, ACT, Australia


Self-assembled InAs/InP quantum dots (QDs) are verypromising active materials for QD lasers andsemiconductor amplifiers for optical fiber communications(1.3–1.55 mm). However the main challenge associatedwith this material system is the As/P exchange reactionwhich degrades the structural and optical properties of theQDs. In this talk, we will show the effect of growing a thinspacer layer of GaAs or InGaAs prior to the deposition ofthe InAs QDs by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition.Not only the effect of As/P exchange is suppressed orminimized but the bandgap of the QDs could be tuned too.

CMMSP PTU 52

Fast Simulation of a Quantum PhaseTransitions in a Ion-Trap RealisableUnitary MapJ.P. Barjaktarevic1, R.H. Mckenzie1, and G.J. Milburn1

1. Department of Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane


We demonstrate a method of experimentally exploring thequantum critical point of the Ising universality class usingunitary maps that have recently been demonstrated in iontrap quantum gates. We reverse the idea with whichFeynman conceived quantum computing, and ask whethera realisable simulation corresponds to a physical system.Using renormalisation group theory, we show that aspecific unitary map may be identified with the timeevolution of an effective Hamiltonian, which belongs to thesame universality class as the transverse Ising Hamiltonian.We suggest experimental signatures, and presentnumerical simulations for these in the six-qubit case.

CMMSP PTU 53

RVB Theory of Cs2CuCl4 in aMagnetic FieldJ.P. Barjaktarevic, B.J. Powell and R.H. McKenzie

Department of Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane


The Resonance Valence Bond (RVB) state was(incorrectly) suggested as the solution to the ground stateof the Hubbard model on the square and isotropictriangular lattices[1]. Recently deconfined spinons, anatural feature of an RVB state, have been observed byneutron scattering in the frustrated antiferromagneticCs2CuCl4[2]. Exact diagonalisation shows that the RVBstate strongly overlaps with the exact ground state forsome frustrated Heisenberg models[3]. We develop the

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RVB theory of the Heisenberg model on the anisotropictriangular lattice (appropriate for Cs2CuCl4) in a magneticfield and compare the results with the aforementionedneutron scattering experiments.

[1] P.W. Anderson, Science 235, 1196 (1987)

[2] R. Coldea et al., Phys. Rev. B 68, 134424 (2003)

[3] L. Capriotti et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 097201 (2001)

CMMSP PTU 54

Phase Evolution in Aluminium Alloysas Studied by Nuclear MagneticResonance and Positron AnnihilationLifetime SpectroscopyT. J. Bastow1,2,3* K. Nairn1, G. Yiapanis1 and A. J. Hill1,4

1. CSIRO Manufacturing and Infrastructure Technology, South Clayton, Victoria Australia; 2. School of Physics andMaterials Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VICAustralia; 3. Department of Physics, University of Warwick,Coventry UK; 4. School of Chemistry, Monash University,Clayton, VIC Australia


The structural evolution of aluminum alloys Al(Cu), Al(Cu,Mg), and Al(Cu, Cd) is studied by combining the chemicalspecificity of 63Cu nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)with the defect sensitivity of positron annihilation lifetimespectroscopy (PALS). The early stages of decompositionincluding solute clustering and Guinier-Preston (GP) orGuinier-Preston-Bagaryatski (GPB) zone formation arefollowed and the effects of micro alloying are examined.Structural evolution is encouraged via a sequence ofthermal treatments as well as mechanical deformation, orlight cold-work, of the alloys.

[1] Bastow, T. J. and Celotto, Acta Materialia, Vol 51 (15):4621–4630 (2003).

[2] Bastow, T. J. and Celotto, S., Materials Scienece andEngineering C, Vol 23 (6–8): 757–762 (2003).

[3] Bastow, T. J., 63Cu Phil. Mag. in press.

CMMSP PTU 55

Analysis of Intermetallic Phases inAerospace Aluminium Alloys Using aNuclear Microprobe and PhaseCorrelation MappingA.P. Boag1*, D.G. McCulloch1, D.N. Jamieson2, S.M. Hearne2, A.E. Hughes3, C.G. Ryan4 and B. Rout2

1. Applied Physics, School of Applied Science, RMITUniversity, Melbourne, Australia; 2. Microanalytical ResearchCentre, School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Australia;3. CSIRO, Division of Manufacturing and InfrastructureTechnology, Clayton, Australia; 4. CSIRO, Division ofExploration and Mining, Bayview Avenue, Clayton, Australia


In this work we investigate the use of correlation mapsproduced using PIXE analysis performed on a nuclearmicroprobe for studying different intermetallic phases inthe important aerospace alloy AA2024-T3. The aim of thiswork is to develop a method for the rapid identification ofintermetallic particles and their association with the onsetof pitting corrosion in this alloy. We show that Cu-Fe-Mn-Al

intermetallic particles in conjunction with S-phaseintermetallics have a high correlation with pit nucleation.We also show that Al-Cu correlation diagrams can beused to show dealloying of S-phase particles (CuMgAl2)following corrosion.

CMMSP PTU 56

Electron Paramagnetic Resonance of Defects and Fe3+ in KimberleyZebra RockJ. F. Boas, J. D. Cashion, J. Chadwick1, M. J. Clark, R. D.Mackie and E. Mattievich2

School of Physics and Materials Engineering, MonashUniversity, Victoria; 1. Present address: Air OperationsDivision, DSTO, Melbourne; 2. Permanent address: Institutode Fisica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janiero, Brazil


The unusual red-brown and white bands in Zebra rockfrom the Kimberley region of Western Australia have beenproposed as originating from a ferronematic Precambrianliquid crystal phase[1]. This is supported by the linewidthvariations and orientation dependence of the EPR spectraof defects and substitutional Fe3+ in the kaoliniteconstituent. The temperature dependence of the EPRspectra of superparamagnetic particles of ferrihydrite,observed in both red and white regions, suggest particleuniformity and a mechanism for the aggregation andsegregation of the haematite in the red bands.

[1] E. Mattievich, J. Chadwick, J.D. Cashion, J.F. Boas, M. J. Clarkand R.D. Mackie (2003). Proceedings of the 27th AnnualCondensed Matter and Materials Meeting, Wagga 2003.www.aip.org.au/wagga2003

CMMSP PTU 57

Determining Structural Informationfrom Powders using Small Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS).C.E. Buckley, C.F. Maitland

Department of Applied Physics, Curtin University ofTechnology, Perth, WA, Australia

Small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) is an excellenttechnique to characterise the morphology ofinhomogeneities in the bulk in the size range from 1 nm—several hundred nm’s. SAXS is due to the electrondensity difference between the matrix and theinhomogeneity. It is an indirect imaging technique whereinformation on the morphology of the inhomogeneity isdetermined by a transformation from reciprocal space toreal space. I will introduce the fundamentals of SAXS anddescribe how SAXS can determine information frompowder samples such as specific surface area, pore sizeand volume fraction.

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CMMSP PTU 58

Plasma Engineering of MultilayeredCarbon CoatingsF.A. Burgmann1, X.L. Xiao1, S.H.N. Lim1, D.G. McCulloch1,L. Ryves2, T.W.H. Oates3, P.C.T. Ha2, D.R. McKenzie2 andM.M.M Bilek2

1. Applied Physics, School of Applied Sciences, RMITUniversity, City Campus, Melbourne VIC, Australia; 2. Appliedand Plasma Physics, School of Physics (A28), University ofSydney, NSW Australia; 3. Forschungszentrum Rossendorfe.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research,Dresden, Germany


Thin film coatings consisting of alternating layers ofdifferent materials or phases (multilayers) with structuralfeatures in the nanometer scale can exhibit exceptionalmechanical properties. For demanding applications suchas cutting tools and biomedical devices, this new andnovel method for producing coatings may prove to besuperior compared to traditional single-layer coatings.However, the relationship between microstructure andproperties in multilayers is not well understood. Weinvestigate the possibility of producing multilayersconsisting of different forms of amorphous carbon. Weshow that these types of multilayered structures can besynthesised using plasma deposition and processing.

CMMSP PTU 59

Magnetic Structures and ValenceTransitions in RMn2(Si,Ge)2 (R=Yb, Eu)S J Campbell1 and M Hofmann2

1. School of Physical, Environmental and MathematicalSciences, The University of New South Wales, AustralianDefence Force Academy, Canberra, ACT, Australia;2. Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany


Rare-earth (R) intermetallic compounds containing Yb andEu are of continuing interest—they exhibit a wide range ofunusual physical and magnetic properties as well asintermediate valences associated with the transition fromthe divalent state to the trivalent state. TernaryRMn2(Si,Ge)2 compounds (R= Yb, Eu) have attractedparticular attention as the 1-2-2 compounds form readily,allowing details of the magnetic interactions for the Mnand R sublattices and the valence transitions to beinvestigated. Here we present the findings of acomprehensive investigation of YbMn2(Si,Ge)2 andEuMn2(Si,Ge)2 using neutron diffraction (~1.8–723 K; p ~ 0–2.7 GPa) and related techniques. We havedetermined the magnetic structures over the range of(Yb,Eu)-2–2 compounds and propose a magnetic phasediagram for YbMn2Si2-xGex.

CMMSP PTU 60

Using Single-Electron Transistors toInvestigate Charge Transport in IonImplanted Si:P NanostructuresV.C. Chan1, T.M. Buehler1, D.R. McCamey1, D.J. Reilly1,A.J. Ferguson1, C.Yang2, T. Hopf2, A.S. Dzurak1, A.R. Hamilton1, D.N. Jamieson2, R.G. Clark1

Centre for Quantum Computer Technology; 1. Schools of Electrical Engineering and Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney; 2. School of Physics, University ofMelbourne, VIC


By capactively coupling sensitive charge detectors (i.e.single-electron transistors SETs) to nanostructures such asquantum dots and two-dimensional systems, it is possibleto investigate charge transport properties in extremely lowconduction regimes where direct transport measurementsare increasingly difficult[1,2]. Ion implanted Si:Pnanostructures, nano-MOSFETs and metallic dots withsource-drain leads, that are also capacitively coupled toaluminium SETs have been constructed in order to studycharge transport between locally doped regions in Si atmK temperatures via direct source-drain measurement aswell as charge detection. Of particular interest are theeffects of material defects and gate control on chargetransport, which is of relevance to Si-based quantumcomputing[3,4].

[1] Y.Y. Wei, K.v. Klitzing, K. Eberl, Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 1674 (1998).

[2] W. Lu, Z. Ji, L. Pfeiffer, K.W. West, A.J. Rimberg, Nature 423,422 (2003).

[3] B.E. Kane, Nature 393, 133 (1998).

[4] L.C.L. Hollenburg, A.S. Dzurak, C. Wellard, A.R. Hamilton, D.J.Reilly, G.J. Milburn, R.G. Clark, Phys. Rev. B. 69, 113301 (2004).

CMMSP PTU 61

The Effect of Vapor Concentrationon the Formation of NanowiresYongjun Chen1, Jianbao Li2, Yongsheng Han2, Jinhui Dai2,Xiaozhan Yang2, Ying Chen1

1. Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, ResearchSchool of Physical Science and Engineering, AustralianNational University, ACT, Canberra, Australia; 2. Departmentof Materials Science & Engineering, State Key Laboratory ofNew Ceramics & Fine Processing, Tsinghua University,Beijing, China


During the synthesis of MgO, Si-SiOx (x=1–2) nanowiresusing chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method in thepresence of catalysts, we found that the concentration ofvapor can significantly affect the morphology andformation of final products. When Mg vapor concentrationwas low, MgO nanowires and nanoribbons formed viavapor-liquid-solid (VLS) or vapor-solid (VS) mechanisms;when Mg vapor concentration was very high, only micro-sized MgO whiskers and ribbons were obtained, whichusually grow via VS mechanism. Similarly, differentconcentrations of Si and SiOx vapor lead to the productsof Si and SiOx nanoswires and growth mechanisms of VLSand VS, respectively.

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[1] Y.J. Chen, J.B. Li, Y.S. Han et al., J. Cryst. Growth, 245, 163 (2002)

[2] Y.J. Chen, J.B. Li, J.H. Dai, Chem. Phys. Lett., 344, 450 (2001)

CMMSP PTU 62

Structures, Properties andApplications of Three-terminalCarbon Nanotube JunctionsLeonid A. Chernozatonskii1, Antonis Andriotis2, Madhu Menon3, Elena Belova1, Inna Ponomareva1,Deepak Srivastava4

1. Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy ofSciences, Moscow, Russia; 2. Institute of Electronic Structureand Laser, Heraklio Crete, Greece; 3. Department of Physicsand Astronomy,University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA;4. NASA Ames Research Center, CSC, MoÆett Field, CA USA

We present an overview of structures, formationmechanisms, properties and applications of multy-terminaljunctions of carbon nanotubes. We cosider different typesof these junctions consisted of solely sp2 C-atoms andtopological defects. Further we present effect arisingunder force influence upon ends of “fork”- and “bough”-junctions: processes of branch sticking together andopening of closed branches. Various forms of the spacerregion, the latter formed by one or more pairs of covalentbonds that include sp3 C-atoms are considered. Theeffects of the spacer-symmetry on the transmissionfunction and the I-V characteristics of the different tubejunctions are investigated.

CMMSP PTU 63

Thermal and Electrical Currents inDouble Quantum Dot InterferometersSam Young Cho and Ross H. McKenzie

Department of Physics, The University of Queensland,Brisbane


We theoretically consider thermal transport in an electronicinterferometer comprising a parallel circuit of two quantumdots. As a result of quantum interference, the heat currentthrough one of the dots is in the opposite direction to thetemperature gradient. An excess heat current flowsthrough the other dot. Although locally, heat flows fromcold to hot, globally the second law of thermodynamics isnot violated because the entropy current associated withheat transfer through the whole device is still positive. Wediscuss the second law of thermodynamics in relation tothe two unique thermal transport processes in theinterferometer.

[1] S. Y. Cho, R. H. McKenzie, K. Kang, and C. K. Kim, J. Phys.Cond. Matt. 15, 1147 (2003)

[2] S. Y. Cho and R. H. McKenzie, cond-mat/0403414 (2004)

CMMSP PTU 64

Spin-Charge Conductance inNanoscale Electronic DevicesHuan-Qiang Zhou1, Sam Young Cho2 and Ross H. McKenzie2

1. Centre for Mathematical Physics, The University ofQueensland, Brisbane; 2. Department of Physics, TheUniversity of Queensland, Brisbane


A fundamental issue is how to characterize spin currentsassociated with a given charge currents which is wellunderstood in conventional electronics, such as thatdescribed by the Landauer-Büttiker formula. We introducea matrix representation of conductance in electron spinspace and show a unifying concept underlying chargeand spin conductance in mesoscopic systems. Weconsider an experimental setup to measure the spinconductance associated with tunneling from a scanningtunneling microscope tip through a magnetic atom anddiscuss how to observe the spin conductance.

[1] H.-Q. Zhou, S. Y. Cho, and R. H. McKenzie, Phys. Rev. Lett. 91,186803 (2003)

CMMSP PTU 65

Fabrication and Metallic Behaviourof Induced 2D Hole Systems in NovelGaAs HeterostructuresW.R. Clarke1, C.E. Yasin1, A.P. Micolich1, A.R. Hamilton1,M.Y. Simmons1, K. Muraki2 and Y. Hirayama2

1. School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney,Australia; 2. NTT Basic Research Laboratory, NTTCorporation, Atsugi, Japan


We have demonstrated a novel method for fabricatinginduced p-type field effect transistors (FETs). This methodis a hybrid of previous techniques[1–3] but offers simplerdevice fabrication, lower threshold voltage and highmobility (µpeak = 6 x 105 cm2V–1s–1). Low temperaturetransport measurements in lower mobility induced 2D holesamples (µpeak = 1.5 x 105 cm2V–1s–1), show very strongmetallic behaviour when traditionally, it is higher mobility2D systems that produce the strongest metallic behaviour.Modelling of the scattering mechanisms in these devicessuggests that particle interactions must also beconsidered to obtain a complete explanation of themetallic behaviour in 2D systems.

[1] B.E. Kane et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 63, 2132 (1993).

[2] Y. Hanein, H. Shtrikman and U. Meirav, Appl. Phys. Lett. 70,1426 (1997).

[3] R.H. Harrell et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 74, 2328 (1999).

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CMMSP PTU 66

Systematic HamiltonianIdentification of Two-Level SystemsJ.H. Cole1, A.D. Greentree1, S.G. Schirmer2, C.J. Wellard1

and L.C.L. Hollenberg1

1. Centre for Quantum Computer Technology, School ofPhysics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia;2. Department of Applied Mathematics and TheoreticalPhysics, University of Cambridge, UK


The problem of characterising the evolution of a two-levelsystem accurately has received much attention recently asthis is essential to the operation of a so called “quantumcomputer”. This characterisation is usually performedusing state and process tomography where the full densitymatrix is measured for a range of different input states. Wesuggest another technique where the parameters in thesystem Hamiltonian can be determined directly to arbitraryaccuracy. For situations where the system is effectivelyclosed such as those required for quantum computing,this may provide a more efficient method ofcharacterisation than conventional tomography.

CMMSP PTU 67

Porous Alumina as a Template forthe Design of Novel SemiconductorNanostructuresV.A. Coleman, S. Venkatesan, P.N.K Deenapanray, H.H. Tan, and C. Jagadish

Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, ResearchSchool of Physical Sciences and Engineering, The AustralianNational University, Canberra


Porous alumina is an attractive material for the design ofnanostructured materials. Produced by a simpleelectrochemical anodization process, it is characterised bya hexagonally close-packed ordered array of pores, theproperties of which can be controlled by changing theanodising conditions[1]. Recently, porous alumina hasbeen used to make a wide variety of diversenanostructures[2]. Here, we report on the formation ofporous alumina by pulsed anodic oxidation, and the waysin which this porous template could be used to form anumber of semiconductor nanostructures by metal-organicchemical vapour deposition and ion implantation.

[1] H. Asoh, K. Nishio, M. Nakao, T. Tamamura and H. Masuda, J.Electrochem. Soc., 148, B512 (2001)

[2] see for example X. Mei, M. Blumin, M. Sun, D. Kim, Z.H. Wu,H.E. Ruda and Q.X. Guo, Appl. Phys. Lett., 82, 967 (2003), H.Gao, C. Mu, F. Wang, D. Xu, K. Wu, Y. Xie, S. Liu, E. Wang, J.Xu and D. Yu, J. Appl. Phys., 93, 5602 (2003)

CMMSP PTU 68

Mechanical Behaviour of a- and c-axis Epitaxial ZnO Grown onSapphireV.A. Coleman1, J.E. Bradby1, C. Jagadish1, M.R. Phillips2,M.V. Swain3 and P. Munroe4

1. Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, ResearchSchool of Physical Sciences and Engineering, The AustralianNational University, Canberra; 2. Microstructural Analysis Unit,University of Technology Sydney, Australia; 3. Department ofOral Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Otago,Dunedin, New Zealand; 4. Electron Microscope Unit, TheUniversity of New South Wales, Sydney


The mechanical behaviour of ~500 nm-thick epitaxial ZnOlayers grown on a- and c-axis sapphire have been studiedusing nanoindentation, atomic force microscopy, cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (XTEM), andscanning cathodoluminescence monochromatic imaging.XTEM results suggest that the presence of as-growndislocations strongly influence the deformation processesof the epi-layers. Comparison of the epi-layers with singlecrystal bulk ZnO reveals significant differences in themechanical behaviour of the two systems, with the eip-layers showing both increased hardness and asuppression of “pop-in” events. The results of this studyhave implications for the fabrication and processing ofZnO based optoelectronic devices.

CMMSP PTU 69

Correlations in Inelastic ScatteringT.A.Colson, A.F. Moodie and H.J.Whitfield.

Department of Applied Physics, RMIT Univerity, Melbourne,VIC, Australia

corresponding author: [email protected]

It is often assumed that inelastic electron scattering fromthe plasmon is incoherent and confined to small angles.However it can be seen that this is not the case inelements and compounds that share the ‘simple’ metalform of electron correlation. A continuous electron densitydistribution results in a characteristic ‘bare’ plasmonspectrum. In this case, an image filter can be used to testa simple model describing the dynamical scattering ofelectrons that have suffered multiple interactions withplasmons.

CMMSP PTU 70

Specific Mechanical Behaviour ofDLC Coatings at High TemperatureChristophe Comte, Avi Bendavid, Phil Martin

CSIRO—Division of Industrial Physics, Lindfield, NSW,Australia


Diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings are used innumerous industrial applications including tribology,optics, electronics and biomedical. However, the extensivescientific work devoted to DLC gives little information onthe influence of temperature on its mechanical behaviour.

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In order to obtain information more relevant to real-worldsituations, we propose to explore the elastic and plasticproperties of DLC samples using nanoindentation attemperatures ranging between 20°C and 500°C.Performing the tests at high temperature allowsassessment of the reversible phenomena induced bytemperature increments as well as irreversibletransformations for instance the sp3/sp2 transitions.

CMMSP PTU 71

Geometric Analysis and Optimisationof the Single Electron Transistor forSolid-State Quantum ComputerV. Conrad, A. D Greentree, D.N. Jamieson, L. Hollenberg

Centre for Quantum Computer Technology, School of Physics,University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia


The single electron transistor (SET) offers unparalledperformance as a nano-scale electrometer. Due to thisthey are attractive devices for performing quantumcomputer read-out in the solid state, as this generallyinvolves the detection of the location of a single electron inthe substrate. Through the use of finite element modellingwith the ISE-TCAD semiconductor simulation package, weinvestigate various SET geometries to optimize sensitivityto sub-surface charge motion. We reproduce the expectedIV curve for a SET using mesoscopic circuitry argumentsand relate the currents to read-out events for both theKane and charge-qubit solid-state quantum computerarchitectures. The techniques used to describe the read-out procedure are quite general and as such areapplicable to most devices acting in the mesoscopicrealm in the steady-state.

CMMSP PTU 72

Molecular Simulation of ColloidalFluid Flow in a MicrochannelT. Kairn. P.J. Daivis and I.K. Snook

Applied Physics, School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University,Melbourne VIC Australia


We have used molecular dynamics simulations to studythe flow of a colloidal fluid through a narrow channel, withwidth ranging from a few up to several tens of colloidalparticle diameters, as a function of the external force thatpulls the fluid through the channel. Our results show thatthe classical Navier-Stokes-Fourier description fails forsmall channel widths and large external fields. We showhow a modified hydrodynamic description can be used tomodel the velocity, temperature and concentration profiles.

CMMSP PTU 73

Lattice Dynamics of HydrogenatedAustenitic SteelsS.A. Danilkin1, M. Hoelzel2, T.J. Udovic3, T. Rameriz-Cuesta4, S. Parker4, H. Wipf5 and H. Fuess5

1. Bragg Institute, ANSTO, Menai NSW; 2. TU Muenchen,Garching, Germany; 3. National Institute of Standards andTechnology, Gaithersburg; 4. ISIS Facility, RutherfordAppleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot; 5. TU Darmstadt,Darmstadt, Germany


We investigated hydrogen vibrations in of Fe-18Cr-10Niand Fe-25Cr-20Ni austenitic steels doped in H gasatmosphere at pressures up to 7 GPa. Measurementswere performed with neutron spectrometers FANS at NISTand TOSCA at ISIS.

Experiments show that vibrational energy of H atoms instudied steels decreases from 132 meV at H/Me=0.0033to 111 meV at H/Me=0.9 due to lattice dilatation. Thehydrogen peaks are broadened. At H contents from 0.003to 0.4—where the single broad peak is observed—thebroadening is most probably connected with the Me-Hforce constant disorder. At H/Me>0.4–0.5—where H-peakhas the two-component structure—the H-H interactionbecomes important resulting in the dispersion of theoptical phonon branches.

CMMSP PTU 74

What Causes Dissipation in aBallistic Quantum Point Contact?M.P. Das1 and F. Green2

1. Department of Theoretical Physics, IAS, The AustralianNational University, Canberra, Australia; 2. School of Physics,The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW Australia


The defining signature of transport in quantum pointcontacts is the discretization of conductance into“Landauer steps”, in units of 2e2/h=0.078mS. They can beexplained via collisionless quantum transmission ofindividual electrons through a one-dimensional, losslessbarrier. However, simple quantum scattering cannot tacklethe central issue of conduction: What causes dissipation ina ballistic quantum point contact? The answer—givenuniquely by many-body quantum theory—leads not only toconductance quantization, while fully accounting forinelastic energy loss, but also resolves a long-standingexperimental enigma in the noise of a quantum pointcontact.

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CMMSP PTU 75

Practicality of Fault-TolerantQuantum ComputationSimon J. Devitt, Austin G. Fowler and Lloyd C.L.Hollenberg

Centre for Quantum Computer Technology, School of Physics,University of Melbourne, VIC Australia.


The theoretical power of large scale quantum algorithmshas driven the race to build a practical quantum computer.However, large scale algorithms such as Shor algorithmhave been shown to be quite sensitive to error effectswithin quantum computers. Quantum error correction(QEC) and Fault-tolerant quantum computation (FTQC)provide a platform for correcting errors to arbitraryaccuracy, however suitable Fault-tolerant circuits aregenerally far more complex than their non-Fault-tolerantversions. We will provide a brief introductory analysis tothe stability of preparing a logical 0 state using the 7-qubitSteane code both

Fault-tolerantly and non-Fault-tolerantly for linear nearestneighbour (LNN) circuits and circuits employing arbitrarycoupling between qubits. We will show that the increasedcomplexity of fault-tolerant circuits cause them to beunreliable compared with their non-fault-tolerantcounterparts at all but extremely low error rates.

CMMSP PTU 76

TDPAC Study of ImplantationInduced Amorphization in GaAs and InAsR. Dogra1,2, Z. Hussain1, A.P. Byrne2,3 and M. C. Ridgway1

1. Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physical Sciences and Engineering,Australian National University, ACT; 2. Department of NuclearPhysics, RSPhysSE, Australian National University, ACT;3. Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, AustralianNational University, ACT


The III-V compound semiconductors have generated aconsiderable interest because of their technologicalimportance. In order to exploit the full potential of thesematerials, doping with different ions is required. Ionimplantation is the most attractive method of dopantincorporation for device fabrication because concentrationof the dopants can be controlled precisely and almost allthe elements can be implanted. The process of ionimplantation is always accompanied by the radiationdamage of the lattice and for higher doses, it leads toamorphization. The perturbed angular correlationtechnique in time differential mode has been utilized tocharacterize the implantation induced crystalline toamorphous transformation in GaAs and InAs. Theradioactive probe nuclei 111In were first introduced in thecrystal lattice followed by implantation with stable Ge ions.The crystalline, disordered and amorphous probeenvironments were identified from the measurement.

Besides, Rutherford backscattering measurements wereperformed to infer the morphology of implantation induceddamage.

CMMSP PTU 77

Characterizations of MgO Substratesand Epitaxial YBCO Thin FilmsJia Du, S. Gnanarajan, Avi. Bendavid and Cathy Foley

Applied Quantum Systems Group, CSIRO Industrial Physics,Lindfield, NSW Australia


YBCO films were grown on MgO substrates for fabricatingstep-edge junction SQUIDs and other devices. In-plane45˚ grain misalignment was frequently observed in thefilms grown on the degraded or contaminated MgOsubstrates. We investigated the chemical properties of theMgO substrates of varied surface conditions that are dueto different substrate preparation methods andenvironmental degradation by using XPS. The in-planegrain orientation of the YBCO films was studied by meansof XRD phi-scan. A final cleaning step of MgO substratesusing an ion beam etching (IBE) prior to the thin filmdeposition was found to be effective in removing the in-plane grain misalignment and promoting the growth ofperfectly aligned c-axis YBCO films.

CMMSP PTU 78

UV and Raman Spectroscopic Studyof Diamond-Like Carbon W. W. Duley and S. Lazarev

Department of Physics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo,Ontario, Canada


UV and Raman spectra of thin films of partially graphitisedDLC reveal spectroscopic structures that can beassociated with excitations localised within fused-ringaromatic molecular groups. We compare theoretical andexperimental spectra and show that a primary contributorto UV absorption in these materials involves π electronexcitations in structures similar to de-hydrogenatedcoronene. This information is being used in thedevelopment of a quasi-molecular model to describe theproperties of DLC films.

CMMSP PTU 79

Silicon Nanocrystals as an OpticalGain Medium?N. Smith1, B. Luther-Davies2, M. Samoc2 and R.G. Elliman1

1. Electronic Materials Engineering Department, RSPhysSE,ANU, Canberra, Australia; 2. Laser Physics Centre,RSPhysSE, ANU, Canberra, Australia


There has been enormous interest in the possibility ofusing silicon nanocrystals as an optical gain mediumsince initial reports by Pavesi et al. However, despiteconsiderable research effort there is little widespread

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acceptance of the original, or subsequent, measurements.One of the key reasons for this being the fact that themeasurements rely heavily on the variable stripe length(VSL) technique, the results of which have been shown tosuffer from possible misinterpretation. To avoid theseexperimental difficulties we have undertaken opticalpump-probe measurements with planar waveguidestructures containing silicon nanocrystals. This paperreports the results of these measurements.

CMMSP PTU 80

Mechanical Properties of Nanoscale SiW. Pok, J. Bradby, R.G. Elliman

Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, ResearchSchool of Physical Sciences and Engineering, AustralianNational University, ACT


This paper examines the effect of mechanical deformationon nanoscale silicon structures. Direct mechanicalindentation of nanometer thick Si films, produced by theoxidation of silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafers, is examinedto determine the dynamics of deformation and associatedphase changes. The resulting deformed region ischaracterized by photoluminescence,cathodoluminescence, transmission electron microscopy,and Raman microspectroscopy. The effect of mechanicaldeformation due to differential expansion and contractionrates is also explored. In this case by studying theluminescence from silicon nanocrystals embedded in SiO2during different heating and cooling cycles.

CMMSP PTU 81

Effect of Material Structure onPhotoluminescence Spectra fromSilicon NanocrystalsS.M. Orbons, M.G. Spooner and R.G. Elliman

Electronic Materials Engineering Department, RSPhysSE,ANU, Canberra


A broad range of material structures have been employedby researchers studying light emission from Sinanocrystals. What is often not often appreciated, however,is that such structures can have a significant impact onmeasured emission spectra. Indeed, the spectraldistortions due to even simple material structures can bevery significant and lead to misinterpretation of measureddata. These effects are illustrated in the present study bystudying the photoluminescence spectra from an identicallayer of luminescencet silicon nanocrystals produced byion-implantation (30 keV Si; 2.5x1016 Si.cm–2) into SiO2/Sistructures with different oxide thicknesses.

CMMSP PTU 82

Modication of Mechanical Propertiesof Silicon Cantilevers by Self IonImplantationK.R. Virwani1, A.P. Malshe1, D.K. Sood2 and R.G. Elliman3

1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, University ofArkansas, USA; 2. School of Electrical and ComputerEngineering, RMIT University, Melbourn, Australia;3. Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, RSPhysSE,ANU, Canberra, Australia.


Nano-scale silicon structures are employed for a broadrange of micro-electro-mechanical (MEMS) devices andstructures. The ability to tailor the mechanical properties ofsuch structures, or components of these structures, ishighly desirable. This paper examines the use of self-ionirradiation as a means of modifying the Young’s modulusof 3D silicon nanostructures, namely, silicon cantilevers.The mechanical properties of such structures weremeasured using an atomic force microscope anddemonstrate that significant changes in Young’s modulii (> 20%) can be effected. Modeling shows that thechanges can be predicted from the mechanical propertiesof crystalline and amorphous silicon.

CMMSP PTU 83

Leaky Mode Emission from a PlanarOptical Waveguide Made ofLuminescent Silicon NanocrystalsJ. Valenta1, T. Ostatnick1,2, I. Pelant3, P. Janda1, R.G. Elliman4, J. Linnros5, and B. Hönerlage2

1. Department of Chemical Physics & Optics, CharlesUniversity, Prague, Czech Republic; 2. IPCMS, Grouped’Optique Nonlinéaire et d’Optoéléctronique, CNRS,Strasbourg, France; 3. Institute of Physics, Academy ofSciences of the Czech Republic; 4. Electronic MaterialsEngineering Department, RSPhysSE, ANU, Canberra,Australia; 5. Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden


The propagation of light emitted from silicon nanocrystalsforming planar waveguides buried in SiO2 is studied bothexperimentally and theoretically. Experiments reveal thatphotoluminescence spectra detected from the samplefacet contains narrow, (10–20 nm full-with-at-half-maximum) polarisation-resolved transverse electric andtransverse magnetic modes instead of the usual broadnanocrystal emission band peaked at 700–800 nm. Atheoretical model developed in the framework of waveoptics identifies these modes as leaky substrate modespropagating along the waveguide boundary (not the usualmodes guided inside the nanocrystal plane due to itsgraded index profile).

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CMMSP PTU 84

Photonic Band-Gap Effects onPhotoluminescence of SiliconNanocrystals Embedded in Artificial OpalsJ. Valenta1, J. Linnros2, J.-L. Rehspringer3, F. Huber3, andCh. Hirlimann3, S. Cheylan4 and R.G. Elliman4

1. Department of Chemical Physics & Optics, CharlesUniversity, Prague, Czech Republic; 2. Royal Institute ofTechnology, Stockholm, Sweden; 3. Institut de Physique etChimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg,France; 4. Electronic Materials Engineering Department,RSPhysSE, ANU, Australia


This study explores the optical emission from a regulararray of light emitting silicon nanocrystals as a means ofcontrolling the spectral distribution of emitted light.Nnaocrystals were formed in synthetic opals by Si-ionimplantation and their optical properties studied usingmicro-photoluminescence and reflection techniques. Thephotoluminescence spectra from Si nanocrystalsembedded in silica spheres is narrowed by the inhibitionof emission at wavelengths corresponding to the opalphotonic pseudo-band-gap (~690 nm). Measurements ofphotoluminescence spectra from individual implantedsilica spheres is also demonstrated.

CMMSP PTU 85

Luttinger Liquid versus ChargeDensity Wave Behaviour in theSpinless Fermion Holstein ModelH. Fehske1, G. Hager2, G. Wellein2, K. W. Becker3, S. Sykora3, A. Hübsch3, A. Weisse4, A. R. Bishop5

1. Institute of Physics, University of Greifswald, Germany;2. Regionales Rechenzentrum Erlangen, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany; 3. Institut für Theoretische Physik, TUDresden, Germany; 4. School of Physics, The University ofNew South Wales, Sydney, Australia; 5. Division and Centerfor Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, LosAlamos, New Mexico, USA


In order to clarify the physics of the crossover from aLuttinger liquid to a Peierls insulator, we investigateground-state and spectral properties of the one-dimensional spinless fermion Holstein model at half-filling.In the metallic regime we determine the renormalizedeffective coupling constant and the velocity of the chargeexcitations via a density-matrix renormalization groupfinite-size scaling approach. At the transition to thecharge-ordered Peierls-distorted state, which occurs onlyabove a finite critical electron-phonon coupling if thephonon dynamics is taken into account, the staggeredcharge structure factor starts to increase from zero. At thesame time a gap in the (inverse) photoemission spectraevolves, which is calculated in good accordance by exactdiagonalization and projector-based renormalization (PRM)techniques. Moreover the PRM approach reveals thesoftening of the Brillouin zone boundary phonon mode.Effects of an additional Hubbard interaction are discussed

in the framework of the Holstein-Hubbard model, inparticular with respect to a Peierls-Mott insulator-insulatortransition.

CMMSP PTU 86

Neutron Diffraction Studies of theFerroelectric/paraelectric Transitionin Triglycine SulphateJ.E. Daniels1, R. Piltz2, M.E. Hagen3 and T.R. Finlayson1

1. School of Physics & Materials Engineering, MonashUniversity, Clayton, VIC; 2. Bragg Institute, Australian NuclearScience and Technology Organisation, Menai, NSW; 3. OakRidge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee USA


This research is a preliminary study in preparation forrelaxation measurements using the stroboscopic neutrondiffraction technique being presented at this congress[1].Triglycine sulphate, TGS, is a ferroelectric material withimportant potential for its pyroelectric applications.However, despite a number of structural studies of TGS inthe literature, many have been done using x-ray diffractionand so uncertainty remains in regards to the precisehydrogen atom positions and the role of hydrogenbonding in the transition to the ferroelectric state. In thispaper, structural studies using single-crystal neutrondiffraction at temperatures in the vicinity of the Curietemperature, will be presented.

[1] J.E. Daniels, A.J. Studer, T.R. Finlayson and M.E. Hagen, “Time-resolved studies of neutron diffraction intensities in associationwith phase transitions”, (Presentation at this Congress)

CMMSP PTU 88

Simulation of Gold Nanoparticlesand Surface AbsorptionM.J. Ford1, B. Soulé de Bas, C. Masens, and M.B. Cortie

1. Institute for Nanoscale Technology, University ofTechnology, Sydney, Australia


We will present the results of two of our computationalthemes: the structure and dynamics of small gold clusters,and absorption of molecules onto gold surfaces. Themotivation for this work is two-fold. Gold nanoparticles areknown to have important optical and catalyticproperties[1], and gold surfaces are good substrates forself-assembling molecular devices. We use densityfunctional and empirical techniques to simulate thesesystems and understand the underlying atomisticmechanisms. Ultimately the two themes are linked sincecontrol of nanoparticle growth and functionality can beachieved through selective absorption.

[1] M.M. Schubert et. al., J. Catalysis, 197, 113 (2001)

[2] Wagner, F.E. et al, Nature, 407, 691 (2000)

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CMMSP PTU 89

Single Molecules on Gold Surfacesand Molecular ConductionR.C. Hoft1, M.J. Ford1 and M.B. Cortie1

1. Institute for Nanoscale Technology, University ofTechnology, Sydney, NSW, Australia


The conduction of electric current through singlemolecules is the subject of considerable research interest.Experimental studies have concentrated on scannedprobe measurements of current voltage characteristics[1],with the results for some molecules demonstrating, forexample, diodic behaviour or negative differentialresistance[2]. Agreement is yet to be reached betweenthese measured currents and calculated values[3], and aunified picture of the transport process is still pending.Here we present our simulations of single moleculesadsorbed on gold surfaces to understand how factorssuch as absorption site and applied bias can affect thecalculated tunnelling current.

[1] R.P. Andres et al., Science 272, 1323 (1996)

[2] J. Chen et al., Science 286, 1550 (1999)

[2] A. Nitzan and R.A. Ratner, Science 300, 1384 (2003)

CMMSP PTU 90

Optimal Construction of ArbitraryFault-tolerant GatesAustin G. Fowler

Centre for Quantum Computer Technology, School of Physics,University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia


In this work, we perform a detailed study of the propertiesof optimal fault-tolerant approximations of arbitrary gatesusing the gate set directly applicable to the 7-qubit Steanecode. Given a unitary matrix distance measure that wedefine, we find that for a given number of gates n theoptimal distance that can be achieved is approximately d = 0.3 10^(–0.05 n). Full details of the method used toconstruct these optimal approximations are given.

CMMSP PTU 91

Towards Exciton Condensation inQuantum Semiconductor StructuresM. D. Fraser1,2, H. H. Tan1, M. Gulacsi2 and C. Jagadish1

1. Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, ResearchSchool of Physical Sciences and Engineering, The AustralianNational University, Canberra, ACT; 2. Department ofTheoretical Physics, Research School of Physical Sciencesand Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT


The phenomena of exciton condensation, analogous toBose-Einstein Condensation (BEC) of bosonic atoms is arapidly advancing field with recent observations ofmacroscopically ordered states in a two-dimensionalsystem[1,2]. The basic requirements of an exciton systeminclude long radiative lifetime, repulsive interactions andlow potential disorder.

In this paper we present measurements of theluminescence properties of cold excitons in a range ofsystems including coupled quantum wells[1,2], quantumring-like topologies in the optical Aharonov-Bohmregime[3] and selectively patterned 2D geometries andcomment on their applicability to the observation ofexciton condensation.

[1] D. Snoke, S. Denev, Y. Liu, L. Pfeiffer and K. West, Nature 418,754 (2002)

[2] L. V. Butov, A. C. Gossard, and D. S. Chemla, Nature 418, 751 (2002).

[3] A. O. Govorov, S. E. Ulloa, K. Karrai, and R. J. Warburton,Phys. Rev. B 66, 081309(R) (2002).

CMMSP PTU 92

Self-consistent Linear ResponseApproximation for Longitudinal andTransverse PlasmonsT. Fukuda and T. Toyoda

Department of Physics, Tokai University, Japan


We present a unified treatment of the dispersion relationsfor the longitudinal and transverse plasmons in an electrongas on the basis of the self-consistent linear responseapproximation (SCLRA). For the longitudinal plasmon, itturns out that our result is equivalent to random phaseapproximation (RPA) result. The advantages of the SCLRAare its universality to allow a unified treatment of bothlongitudinal and transverse plasmons on the sametheoretical footing, and also its clear physical meaning.

CMMSP PTU 93

Atomic Intermixing of InxGa1-xAs/InPQuantum Well StructuresP. L. Gareso1, H. H. Tan1, C. Jagadish1 and L.V. Dao2

1. Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, ResearchSchool of Physical Sciences and Engineering, The AustralianNational University, ACT, Australia; 2. Centre for Atom Opticsand Ultrafast Spectroscopy, School of Biophysical Sciencesand Electrical Engineering, Swinburne University ofTechnology, VIC Australia


Intermixing in quantum-confined structures has drawnconsiderable interest in recent year due to its potential forthe fabrication of photonic integrated circuit of differingfunctionalities. Intermixing of these structures leads tomodification of the band gap, optical and electricalproperties. In this work the atomic intermixing by both ionirradiation and impurity free vacancy disordering of InxGa1-

xAs/InP QWs is investigated for lattice-matched (x=0.53),tensile strained (x=0.38) and compressive strained(x=0.68) QWs. Various optical techniques such asphotoluminescence, time-resolved photoluminescence andphotoreflectance are used to investigate the properties ofthe QWs and the carrier dynamics after intermixing.

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CMMSP PTU 94

Charge Transport in Melanin, aDisordered Bio-Organic ConductorClare Giacomantonio1, Ben Powell2, Adam Micolich3 andPaul Meredith1

1. Soft Condensed Matter Physics Group, University ofQueensland School of Physical Sciences, St. Lucia Campus,Brisbane, QLD; 2. Theoretical Condensed Matter PhysicsGroup, University of Queensland School of Physical Science,St. Lucia Campus, Brisbane, QLD; 3. University of New SouthWales School of Physics, Sydney, NSW


Melanins are organic macromolecules with many roles inthe biosphere including as pigments and photoprotectantsin humans. They possess several unique physical andchemical properties. However, these properties are, ingeneral, poorly understood. In our paper, we will presentsolid state measurements showing that the electricalconductivity of melanin is strongly dependent on relativehumidity. These results suggest that charge transport inmelanin may be dominated by ionic rather than electronicprocesses. The remarkably strong RH dependence is anunusual feature, and it may be critical to understandingand exploiting the properties of melanins.

CMMSP PTU 96

Adiabatic Passage Techniques inSolid-state Quantum DevicesA.D. Greentree1, J.H. Cole1, A. R. Hamilton2 and L.C.L. Hollenberg1

1. Centre for Quantum Computer Technology, School ofPhysics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne; 2. Centre forQuantum Computer Technology, School of Physics, Universityof New South Wales, Sydney


We describe recent work towards understanding chargetransfer mechanisms based on adiabatic passagetechniques with all-electrical controls through two-dotsystems (rapid-adiabatic passage), three-dot systems(Coherent Tunneling Adiabatic Passage—CTAP) and multi-dot systems (Straddling CTAP). Adiabatic passageminimizes adiabatic evolution times through the use ofoptimized control pulses, maintaining the robustness ofadiabatic methods. We show that these schemes may beimplemented in present day and soon to be realizedtechnologies developed for quantum computing and theirrole in the transportation of quantum information within aquantum network.

CMMSP PTU 97

Interplay between Tm3+ and Cr5+

Magnetic Sublattices in TmCrO4E. Jimenez1, P.C.M. Gubbens2, G.A. Stewart3, S.J. Harker4, D. Robinson4, P. Dalmas de Réotier5, A. Yaouanc5, J. Isasi1, and R. Sáez-Puche1

1. Dpto Q. Inorganica, Fac. C. Quimicas, UnivesidadCompulutense Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, Madrid, Spain;2. Interfacultair Reactor Instituut, TUDelft, Delft, TheNetherlands; 3. School of Physics at the University of NewSouth Wales, ADFA, Canberra, Australia; 4. School of Physics and Material Engineering, Monash University,Clayton, VIC, Australia; 5. CEA Grenoble, DRFMC/SPSMS,Grenoble, France

The tetragonal compound TmCrO4 allows us to study theeffect of the magnetic interaction between the S = 1/2Cr5+ and the Tm3+ sublattices. The magnetic structure ofTmCrO4 at T = 2K determined with neutron diffractionshows two ferromagnetic Tm and Cr sublattices parallel tothe c axis. 169Tm Mössbauer and µSR spectra of TmCrO4were measured between T = 4.2 and 300 K. The resultsshow that the Cr sublattice orders at T = 18.75 K with asecond order transition at Tc = 18.75 K and the Tmsublattice with a first order transition below 17 K. Analysisof inelastic neutron scattering measurements on TmCrO4is in progress.

CMMSP PTU 98

Magnon Dispersion and StructureFactors for HeisenbergAntiferromagnetsWeihong Zheng, Jaan Oitmaa, Chris J. Hamer

School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW


The dispersion relations and structure factors for single-magnon states are computed for the Heisenbergantiferromagnet on square and cubic lattices, using high-order series expansions.

The dispersion relation is in almost perfect agreement withsecond-order spin-wave theory for the cubic lattice. Forsquare lattice, the spin-wave theory predicts a flatdispersion from (π, 0) to (π/2, π/2), but the series gives theexcitation energy at (π/2, π/2) about 9.3% higher than thatat (π, 0). This is in agreement with experimental data forCu(DCOO)2·4D2O (CFTD)[1] and Sr2Cu3O4Cl2[2], butopposite to La2CuO4

[3]. The predictions for the structurefactors can also be tested against experimental data fromneutron scattering experiments.

[1] H.M. Ronnow, et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 037202(2001).

[2] Y.J. Kim, et al., Phys. Rev. B64, 024435(2001).

[3] R. Coldea, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 5377(2001).

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CMMSP PTU 99

Finite Size Effects andSuperconducting CorrelationsY. Hancock1, R.J. Bursill2 and D.M. Paganin1

1. School of Physics and Materials Engineering, MonashUniversity, Clayton, VIC., Australia; 2. School of Physics,University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia


The role of finite size and its effect on the superconductingcorrelations in one dimensional Hubbard systems withcorrelated hopping[1] has been investigated. The studyhas been performed using both exact diagonalization anddensity matrix renormalization group methods. Variousquantum measurements have been used to probe theunderlying microscopic mechanisms responsible formodulating the superconducting signatures. The role oftopological transitions has also been determined bymeasuring the spin and charge Berry Phases.

[1] L. Arrachea, A.A. Aligia and E. Gagliano, Phys. Rev. Lett., 76,4396 (1996)

CMMSP PTU 100

Fast Solid-state Donor Electron SpinQuantum ComputingC. D. Hill1, L. C. L. Hollenberg2, A. Fowler, C. J. Wellard,A. Greentree and H.-S. Goan3

1. School of Physical Sciences, The University of Queensland,Brisbane; 2. School of Physics, University of Melbourne,Melbourne; 3. School of Physics, University of New SouthWales, New South Wales


We present an alternate scheme for quantum computingbased on the Kane[1] architecture. This scheme will basedon donor electron spins in semiconductors. The proposedscheme will take advantage of the long decoherencetimes recently measured for donor electron spins in similarsystems[2]. It also takes advatage of the comparitively fastelectron spin time scales. We show how quantum gatesmay be performed on fast timescales in comparison totypical decoherence timescales for this architecture.

[1] B.E. Kane, Nature 393, 133 (1998).

[2] A. M. Tyryshkin, S. A. Lyon, A. V. Astashkin, and A. M.Raitsimring, Phy. Rev. B68 193207 (2003).

CMMSP PTU 101

Electron Trapping and de-Trapping in Ion-Beam-Damaged DiamondSurfacesA. Hoffman1, S.M. Hearne2, D.N. Jamieson2 and S. Prawer2

1. Chemistry Department, Technion, Haifa, Israel; 2. Centre ofExcellence for Quantum Computer Technology, School ofPhysics, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia


Ion beam damaged diamond surfaces subjected toelectron irradiation are observed to develop a pronounced

negative surface charge, the origin of which has remaineda mystery. We show that this effect is associated with thecapture of electrons into traps created by the ionirradiation process. The trapped charge increases with iondose and incident electron current, and decreases withincreasing sample temperature and laser illumination asthe traps are depleted of charge. An activation energy fordetrapping of about 1.5 eV is deduced from thetemperature dependence of the charging. These resultshave important implications for the use of diamond inelectron multipliers and cold cathode devices.

CMMSP PTU 102

Coherent Spin Transport and Two-dimensional Architectures forScalable Donor Quantum ComputingL.C.L. Hollenberg, A.D. Greentree, A.G. Fowler and C.J. Wellard

Centre for Quantum Computer Technology, School of Physics,University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC Australia


Although it has been shown that linear qubit arrays can inprinciple implement Shor’s quantum factoring algorithmwithout significant extra gate overheads[1], for the realisticcase of logical encoded qubits intra-qubit information flowbottlenecks become a serious and probablyinsurmountable problem. A second direction of quantuminformation flow is required to define a scalablearchitecture for fault-tolerant quantum computing. For the case of donor based quantum computing weconsider means of implementing coherent spin transportin order to break free of the 1D constraint of the Kanedesign[2], and address some of the outstandingarchitecture issues in the process.

[1] A. Fowler, S. Devitt and L. Hollenberg, Quant. Inf. and Comp.,4, 237 (2004)

[2] B. Kane , Nature, 393, 133 (1998)

CMMSP PTU 103

Fabrication of Two Donor QuantumComputer Devices by ControlledSingle Ion ImplantationT. Hopf1, D.N. Jamieson1, C. Yang1, S. Hearne1, C.I. Pakes1, G. Tamanyan1, S. Andresen3, M. Mitic2, E. Gauja2, F. Stanley2, A.S. Dzurak2, R.G. Clark2

1. Centre for Quantum Computer Technology, School ofPhysics, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia; 2. Centre forQuantum Computing Technology, Schools of Physics andEngineering, University of New South Wales, Australia;3. Niels Bohr Institute, University of Coperhagen, Denmark


Fabrication of a quantum computer in silicon requires theability to embed individual donors at precise positions. Wepresent a novel method for the implantation of single ions,which we use to fabricate prototype devices, allowing usto test important parameters including charge transfer anddecoherence[1]. Here we present numerical models andexperimental results demonstrating the unequivocaldetection, for the first time, of single sub-20 keV ions with

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100% efficiency, using the ion impact ionization signal toregister the individual ions. This technique hasapplications not only in quantum computing, but also forsuppressing statistical fluctuations in dopant numbers forconventional microelectronics devices.

[1] Los Alamos Science, Information, Science and Technologyin a Quantum World, Number 27, 284–301 (2002)

CMMSP PTU 104

Towards Stark Shift Tuning ofPhosphorous Doped Silicon QubitsN. Suwuntanasarn1, W.D. Hutchison1, R. Bramley2, A.R. Hamilton3, E. Gauja3, R.G. Clark3

1. Centre for Quantum Computer Technology, School of PEMS,The University of New South Wales @ ADFA, Canberra ACT;2. Research School of Chemistry, The Australian NationalUniversity, Canberra ACT; 3. Centre for Quantum ComputerTechnology, School of Physics, The University of New SouthWales, Sydney NSW


The Kane[1] model for a silicon based quantum computerproposes that the nuclear spins of individual phosphorusdopant atoms be the qubits. An external voltage wouldcontrol the phosphorus hyperfine field and hence thenuclear magnetic resonance frequency of the qubits. Hereelectron spin resonance is used to probe for changes inthe phosphorus hyperfine field. Initial measurements on(bulk) P:Si wafers as a function of applied DC voltage at 5K show no Stark shift. However, DC current measurementsat 4.2 K show that this observation is not a fundamentalproblem but the result of slow time scale charge migrationin the 1017 cm–3 doped silicon.

[1] B. Kane, Nature 393, 133 (1998).

CMMSP PTU 105

NMRON Measurements of Nano-Crystalline CobaltW.D. Hutchison1, D.H. Chaplin1, W. Dickenscheid2 and H. Gleiter2

1. School of Physical, Environmental and MathematicalSciences, The University of New South Wales @ ADFA,Canberra ACT Australia; 2. Institut für Neue Materialien,Universität des Saarlandes, Sarbrücken, Germany


A nuclear magnetic resonance on oriented nuclei study ofnanocrystalline cobalt metal via the 60Co nuclear probe isreported. In particular, modulated adiabatic passage onoriented nuclei (MAPON)[1] is used to investigate theelectric quadrupole interaction (EQI) at the cobalt nuclei.These MAPON data show the presence of hexagonal andcubic crystalline sites plus an additional EQI peak with amode value of –28(2) kHz for 60Co tentatively assigned asa uniquely valued relativistic quadrupole interactionexisting in the nanocrystalline interfacials. NMR of 59Co inthe nanocrystalline powder, thermally detected via the60Co nuclear orientation is also presented.

[1] P.T. Callaghan, P.J. Back and D.H. Chaplin, Phys. Rev. B. 374900–4910 (1988).

CMMSP PTU 106

The Rheology of Melt-freePolycrystalline OlivineIan Jackson

Research School of Earth Sciences, ANU

Several very pure olivine polycrystals have been preparedfrom sol-gel precursors by hot-isostatic pressing.Compressive creep tests at progressively increasingstress have been performed on each of these specimensin a Paterson apparatus at a confining pressure of 300MPa and temperatures of1150–1350°C. Grain growthduring the deformation tests is minor: mean grain sizesvarying with hot-pressing temperature from 3 to 6 micron.The transition from diffusion to dislocation creep occurs atstresses of 100 to 150 MPa and strain rates aresystematically much lower than expected from previouswork on mildly impure olivine of larger grain size.

CMMSP PTU 107

InAs/GaAs Quantum Dot LayersGrown by MOCVDGreg. S. Jolley1, Kallista Stewart, H.H. Tan and C. Jagadish

Department of Physical Sciences & Engineering, AustralianNational University, Canberra


Theoretical predictions have been made that suggestquantum dot nanostructures can be used in the fabricationof semiconductor devices with superior performancecharacteristics. The synthesis of high quality selfassembled quantum dot layers remains to be anenormous experimental challenge. Our research focuseson the deposition of quantum dot layers by thecommercially viable technique of metal-organic vapor-phase epitaxy (MOVPE). The results of our latest efforts toproduce device quality InAs quantum dot layers on aGaAs substrate are presented. We address the key issuesrelated to the formation of InAs QDs in particular thestacking multiple dot layers suitable for device application.

CMMSP PTU 108

Dielectric Properties andPhotoluminescence of Diatomaceous SilicasJ. W. Jong Wah1, J. M. Ferris1, M. Wintrebert-Fouquet2

and K. S. A. Butcher2

1. Department of Physics, Macquarie University, Sydney;2. ANSTO Environment, ANSTO, Sydney


Silica shells produced by diatoms have been studied toinvestigate their potential for applications in electronic andphotonic devices due to their dielectric andphotoluminescent properties.

Dielectric measurements for low (1k–1MHz) and high(~1GHz) frequencies were performed on processeddiatomaceous earth samples and compared withmeasurements for artificial porous silica samples.

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Bob Champion

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Bob Champion

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CMMSP PTU 111

Glass Transition in Colloidal HardSpheresB. Kent, G. Bryant, H.-J. Schöpe and W. van Megen

Department of Applied Physics, RMIT University, Melbourne


The glass transition remains a poorly understood aspect ofcondensed matter physics. A better understanding of thistransition is important not only from a fundamentalviewpoint, but for the potential industrial applications.Hard-sphere colloidal suspensions provide an excellentmodel system for studying phase transitions, and theglass transition in particular. This poster will present theresults of investigations, using a range of dynamic lightscattering (DLS) techniques, to probe the dynamics ofhard-sphere colloidal suspensions as they undergo aphase transition from a metastable fluid to an amorphousglassy phase, as a function of elapsed time since thequench.

CMMSP PTU 112

A New THz Facility for CondensedMatter PhysicsR.A. Lewis1, R.E.M. Vickers1 and M.L. Smith1

1. Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials,University of Wollongong, Wollongong NSW, Australia


This paper describes a new THz facility for condensedmatter physics that complements the existinginfrastructure at the University of Wollongong (UoW). TheTHz regime is of immense importance in condensedmatter physics as many energies of interest fall in thisregion—phonon energies, cyclotron energies in laboratorymagnetic fields, energies of shallow impurities insemiconductors, bound levels in heterostructures, to namea few.

CMMSP PTU 113

Spectroscopy of Acceptor States in ZnSeR.A. Lewis1, R.E.M. Vickers1, H. Nakata2, Y.-J. Wang3

and D. Smirnov3

1. Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials,University of Wollongong, Wollongong NSW, Australia;2. Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, OsakaUniversity, Japan; 3. National High Magnetic Field Laboratoryat Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA


We report the infrared absorption spectrum of nominallyundoped bulk crystalline ZnSe prepared by the solid-growth method, and expected to contain Li as the chiefunintentional impurity. Our data resolves features moreclearly than does previous work. On the basis of the dataand analysis presented we discuss earlier interpretationsof the myriad absorption features and suggest a newexplanation: that the origin of the complex structure in theabsorption spectrum of ZnSe is the presence of more thanone acceptor.

Photoluminescence spectra for a sample of freshwaterbenthic diatoms were obtained and compared with silica spectra.

The ratio of the 3.2eV photoluminescence peak comparedto a peak at ~2.20eV is smaller than for pure fused silica,and there is evidence of extra shoulder peak near 2.2eVfor diatogenic silica.

CMMSP PTU 109

Qubit Control and CrosstalkCharacterization in the KaneQuantum ComputerG. Kandasamy, C.J. Wellard, L.C.L. Hollenberg, A. Greentree, V. Conrad

Center for Quantum Computer Technology, School of Physics,University of Melbourne, Victoria


The Kane proposal[1] for implementing a quantumcomputer on an array of 31P atoms in silicon, requires theplacement of closely spaced control gates. Thistheoretical study investigates gate bias and architecturalimplications with a view to achieve realistic control ofqubits. The control of an individual qubit (donor nuclear orelectron spin) may be problematic due to interactions(crosstalk) between the gates and the donorsneighbouring the qubit being addressed. We useanalytical and TCAD modelling, to determine the natureand extent of crosstalk propagation, methods to eliminatethem viz. adaptive correction and consider incorporationin a scalable implementation.

[1] B.E. Kane, Nature, 393, 133 (1998)

CMMSP PTU 110

Heterostructure Field EffectTransistors in InAlN/GaNJ. Salzman1,2, O. Katz2, D. Mistele2, B. Meyler2, S. Prawer1, and D.N. Jamieson1

1. Center of Excellence for Quantum Computer Technology,School of Physics, The University of Melbourne, Victoria,Australia; 2. Microelectronics Research Center, Department ofElectrical Engineering, Technion, The Israel Institute ofTechnology, Haifa, Israel


Heterostructure field effect transistors (HFET’s) inAlGaN/GaN have achieved record breaking output powerlevels at high frequencies. This heterostructure suffersfrom current collapse, persistent photo current and RFcompression. Here, we study the alternative way in whichthe AlGaN layer is replaced by an AlxIn1-xN barrier forHFET implementation[1]. The InxAl1-xN layer compositioncan be adjusted to be lattice matched or polarizationmatched to GaN. The InAlN/GaN structure shows highvalues of 2DEG concentration, up to 4x1013cm–2. Both DCand RF characteristics of the InAlN/GaN HFETs weremeasured, showing potential for improvement over theperformance of state of the art AlGaN/GaN transistors.

[1] O. Katz, D. Mistele, B. Meyler, G. Bahir, and J. Salzman,“InAlN/GaN Heterostructure Field-Effect Transistor DC andSmall Signal Characteristics”, to be published in ElectronicsLetters (2004)

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Bob Champion

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Bob Champion

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CMMSP PTU 114

Precipitation, Recovery, PhaseTransition and RecrystallizationProcesses of Massively TransformedTiAl Scrutinized by ex- and in-situHigh-energy X-ray DiffractionKlaus-Dieter Liss1, Slawomir Bystrzanowski2, ArnoBartels2, Thomas Buslaps5, Helmut Clemens3, RainerGerling4, Frank-Peter Schimansky4, Andreas Stark2

1. Bragg Institute, ANSTO, Lucas Heights Science andTechnology Centre, NSW; 2. Arbeitsbereich fürWerkstoffphysik und -technologie, Technische UniversitätHamburg-Harburg, Germany; 3. Department Metallkunde und Werkstoffprüfung, Montanuniversität, Leoben, Austria;4. Institut für Werkstoffforschung, GKSS-Forschungszentrum,Geesthacht, Germany; 5. European Synchrotron RadiationFacility, Grenoble, France


High-energy synchrotron radiation above 100 keV is anovel and sophisticated probe to access the volumeproperties of materials. A Debye-Scherrer method isshortly presented for the measurements of textures, strainand composition.

Low density, high specific yield strength, good oxidationresistance and good creep properties at elevatedtemperatures make intermetallic γ-TiAl-based alloys topcandidates as structural materials for advanced jet andautomotive engines as well as for future hypersonicvehicles. The mechanical properties depend strongly oncomposition, thermo mechanical processing andsubsequent heat treatments. The present study examinesthe recrystallization processes of a massively transformedspecimen of Ti45Al46Nb9 upon a heat ramp from roomtemperature to 1400°C. The registered Debye-Scherrerrings are rich of features relating to thermal expansion,phase changes, domain and phase coherences, chemical separation and much more which will beregarded in detail.

CMMSP PTU 115

An RF-GD-OES Calibration forSurface Analysis on AluminiumAlloysJ.M. Long1, P.J.K. Paterson2, A.E. Hughes3

1. School of Engineering and Technology, Deakin University,Geelong, Victoria; 2. Applied Physics Department, RMITUniversity, Melbourne, Victoria; 3. CSIRO Manufacturing andInfrastructure Technology, Clayton, Victoria


Glow-Discharge Optical Emission Spectrometry (GD-OES)is a powerful technique for the rapid analysis of elementsin a solid surface as a function of depth. DC-GD-OESallows depth profiling on electrically conductive surfacesonly, and has proven to be difficult for the analysis ofinsulating layers, such as oxides. However, the techniqueof radio-frequency (RF) GD-OES has the advantage ofbeing able to depth profile through multiple layers, bothconducting and insulating. In this work, a LECO GDS-850A spectrometer was calibrated for aluminium, oxygen,

and other elements, with the RF source installed. Aquantitative depth profile for a sample of temperedaluminium alloy 7475 is presented and compared withearlier work[1,2].

[1] S.K. Toh, D.G. McCulloch, J. Duplessis, P.J.K. Paterson, A.E.Hughes, D. Jamieson, B. Rout, J.M. Long, and A. Stoneham,Surface Review and Letters 10, 365–371 (2003).

[2] J.M. Long (2003), in Proceedings of the 27th Annual A&NZIPCondensed Matter and Materials Meeting (Wagga Wagga,Australia), 4–7 February, editors. J. Cashion, T. Finlayson, D.Paganin, A. Smith, and G. Troup (Australian Institute of Physics,http://www.aip.org.au/wagga2003/Hubpage.pdf).

CMMSP PTU 116

Ion Scattering Simulations of MisfitDislocations at the Fe2O3/Al2O3interfaceS. Maheswaran1, S. Thevuthasan2, F. Gao2, V. Shutthanandan2 and C. Wang2

1. Nanoscale Organisation and Dynamics Group, School ofScience, Food and Horticulture, University of Western Sydney,NSW, Australia; 2. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory,Richland, WA, USA


Recent studies of buried interface a-Fe2O3(0001)/a-Al2O3(0001) using high resolution transmission electronmicroscopy (HRTEM) and ion scattering techniques revealthe existence of disordering at the interface due to themisfit dislocations[1]. Molecular dynamics (MD)calculations were carried out to understand the formationof misfit dislocations and the interface structuralfeatures[2]. The misfit dislocations are formed because ofthe lattice mismatch between the substrate and the film.Ion scattering simulations were carried out using VEGAScode, in which the atomic positions generated by the MDcalculations were used. The hitting probabilitiesdetermined from these simulations were compared withthe experimental surface and interface peaks obtainedfrom the aligned RBS spectrum.

[1] C.M. Wang, S. Thevuthasan, F. Gao, D.E. McCready and S.A. Chambers, Thin Solid Films, 414, 31 (2002)

[2] F. Gao, C.M. Wang, S. Thevuthasan, S. Maheswaran, and A. El-Azab, submitted to Phys. Rev. B.

CMMSP PTU 117

Nano-scale SuperconductingPhoton/Particle Detector J.C. Macfarlane1, L. Hao2 and S.K.H. Lam3

1. University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK; 2. NationalPhysical Laboratory, Teddington, UK; 3. CSIRO IndustrialPhysics, Lindfield, Australia


With the advent of sub-micrometre fabrication technology,superconducting devices have entered a new regime ofapplications. In the example to be described[1], thequantum limits of energy sensitivity, response time andspectral bandwidth of a SQUID-based nano-bolometer areexplored. Experimental proof-of-principle data arepresented and prospects for the ultimate goal of single-particle detection and spectroscopy are discussed.

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Bob Champion

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[1] L. Hao, J. C. Macfarlane, P. Josephs-Franks and J. C. Gallop,‘Inductive Superconducting Transition-edge Photon andParticle Detector’, IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond, vol.13, no. 2,pp. 622–625, Jun 2003.

CMMSP PTU 118

Ab Intio Modelling of Energetics inta-C FilmsA.R. Merchant1, D.G. McCulloch1, D.R. McKenzie2 and C. Handley1

1. Applied Physics, School of Applied Sciences, RMITUniversity, Melbourne VIC; 2. Deaprtment of Applied Physics,University of Sydney, Sydney NSW


Amorphous carbon (a-C) films can be deposited using avariety of techniques to produce films with a range ofproperties. At low densities, the material is soft due tographite-like bonding, while at high densities the materialis hard and contains predominantly diamond-like bonding.In this paper we study the bonding and energetics ofstructures formed at different densities and bondingconfigurations using ab initio Car-Parrinello moleculardynamics. The results are used to help understand whyhigh density a-C films can be readily synthesised and howfilms of different densities behave following annealing.

CMMSP PTU 119

The Melanins: Robust Functionalitythrough Structural DisorderPaul Meredith1, Ben J. Powell2, Jennifer Riesz1, Clare Giacomantonio1, Adam Micolich3, Jose Eduardo de Albuquerque1 and Evan Moore1

1. Soft Condensed Matter Physics Group, University ofQueensland School of Physical Sciences, St. Lucia Campus,Brisbane, QLD; 2. Theoretical Condensed Matter PhysicsGroup, University of Queensland School of Physical Sciences,St. Lucia Campus, Brisbane, QLD; 3. University of New SouthWales School of Physics, Sydney, NSW


The melanins are a class of functional macromoleculefound throughout the biosphere. In humans they are mainlyresponsible for photo-protection and pigmentation. Theyhave a remarkable set of physio-chemical properties; forexample, in the condensed solid state they are electricalconductors and photoconductors. In my talk I will discussthe structure-property-function relationships of theseunique bio-macromolecules. I will present spectroscopicevidence, quantum chemical simulations and solid statemeasurements which all show that melanins may be aunique example of a biological system where function isderived from chemical and structural disorder.

CMMSP PTU 120

Characterization of π-SQUIDsFabricated Using OrthogonalYBa2Cu3O7-d Step Edge JunctionsE.E. Mitchell1, D.L. Tilbrook1 and C.P. Foley1

1. Applied Quantum Systems Group, CSIRO IndustrialPhysics, Lindfield, Sydney, Australia


The predominately d-wave nature of the order parameterof high-Tc superconductors offers the possibility tofabricate Josephson junctions (JJ) with a phase shift ofπ[1]. A dc superconducting quantum interference device(SQUID) in which one JJ is “normal” and the other is a π-JJ (called a π-SQUID) is expected to demonstratespontaneous flux generation and a spontaneous persistentcurrent at zero applied field[2,3]. Under these conditions aπ-SQUID needs no external bias and has an intrinsicdouble-well potential, making it a possible candidate for aqubit in quantum computing.

For symmetric π-SQUIDs with a small inductance, thephase shift across the π-junctions causes a minimum inthe Ic(B) pattern at zero applied field, in contrast to themaximum observed in normal SQUIDs. We outline thedesign and fabrication of π-SQUIDs using orthogonalstep-edge junctions and characterize the devices in termsof expected π-SQUID behaviour. We will also discussissues relating to experiments performed in a true zero-field environment and overcoming remanent fields thatcause trapped flux during the cool down of the devicepast its critical temperature.

[1] D.A. Wollman et al., Phys.Rev. Lett. 71, 2134 (1993).

[2] R.R. Schulz, B. Chesca, B. Goetz, C.W. Schneider, A. Schmehl,H. Bielefeldt, H. Hilgenkamp and J. Mannhart, Appl. Phys. Lett.76(7), 912–915 (2000).

[3] B. Chesca, R.R. Schulz, B. Goetz, C.W. Schneider, H.Hilgenkamp and J. Mannhart, Phys. Rev. Lett. 88(17),177003–1–4 (2002).

CMMSP PTU 121

Efficiency of Ideally FilteredThermionic DevicesM.F. O’Dwyer1, T.E. Humphrey1,2, R.A. Lewis1 and C. Zhang1

1. School of Engineering Physics, and Institute forSuperconductivity and Electronic Materials, University ofWollongong, Wollongong; 2. Centre of Excellence forAdvanced Silicon Photovoltaics and Photonics, University ofNew South Wales, Sydney

e–mail of corresponding author: [email protected]

The efficiency of ideally filtered one-dimensional andthree-dimensional kx thermionic refrigerators and powergenerators are compared. Whilst it has been shown thatthe one-dimensional device may theoretically achieveCarnot efficiency in the limit of ideal filtering[1], it is shownhere that the kx filtered thermionic device does not forarbitrary electrochemical potentials. However, with non-arbitrary electrochemical potentials the efficiency may

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approach the Carnot value. It is shown that, as the energyposition of the ideal kx filter changes, the efficiency of thesystem varies and a value exists for both refrigeration andpower generation where peak efficiencies occur.

[1] T. E. Humphrey, R. Newbury, R. P. Taylor, and H. Linke, Phys.Rev. Lett, 89, 116801 (2002)

CMMSP PTU 122

Low Energy Spin-Polarized (e,2e)Coincidence Spectroscopy of FeLayer on W(110).S.N. Samarin1, A.D. Sergeant1, O.M. Artamonov2 and J.F. Williams1

1. Centre for Atomic, Molecular and Surface Physics,University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia;2. Research Institute of Physics, St. Petersburg University,Russia


Spin-polarized (e,2e) spectroscopy was applied to studyferromagnetic layers of iron deposited on nonmagneticsubstrate. Normal incidence and 26 eV primary electronswere used to record energy—and momentum distributionsof correlated electron pairs. Polarization of incident beamwas chosen to be perpendicular to the scattering plane.Experimental results confirm, that the Fe film changes theeasy magnetization axis when the film thickness reachesthe critical value of about 50 ML. Spin-dependent totalenergy distribution and spin-dependent parallel-to-the-surface momentum distribution reflect mostly spin-dependent distributions of electronic states in energy-momentum space.

CMMSP PTU 123

Spin-Orbit Coupling Studied by LowEnergy Spin-Polarized (e,2e)Coincidence SpectroscopyS.N. Samarin1, A.D. Sergeant1, O.M. Artamonov2 and J.F. Williams1

1. Centre for Atomic, Molecular and Surface Physics,University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia;2. Research Institute of Physics, St. Petersburg University,Russia


We present experimental results showing spin-orbitcoupling in W(110) collected through the use of novel two-electron coincidence spectroscopy (e,2e) in reflectionmode with a low-energy spin-polarized incident electronbeam. Time-of-flight energy analysis and position sensitivedetection allows the collection of both angular and energydistributions of correlated electron pairs. Analysis ofenergy sharing and momentum conservation providedetailed insight into the scattering dynamics of this andother systems. Using this technique we were able toanalyze how two correlated electrons share energy within2 eV total (binding) energy just below the Fermi level. Wehave observed spin-orbit coupling in the inelasticscattering of low energy electrons from W(110).

CMMSP WEC11Wednesday 1040–1100 hrs

Prediction of Surface Free Energyand Surface Phonon Modes inNanodiamond Clusters S.P. Russo1, P. Bath, I.K.1 Snook, J.1, Srbinov, D.1,Wilson1, A.S. Barnard2

1. Applied Physics, School of Applied Sciences, RMITUniversity, Melbourne, VIC, Australi; 2. Center for NanoscaleMaterials, Argonne National Laboratory, USA

A Monte-Carlo/Molecular Dynamics study of the vibrationaldensity of states (VDOS) in relaxed nanodiamond clustersof cubic, octahedral and cubo-octahedral morphology hasbeen preformed. The clusters ranged in size from 1700 to102,000 atoms. The density of states was decomposedinto contributions from the bulk and surface atoms andalso according to the bonding coordination of the surfaceatoms. From the VDOS, an estimate of the Gibbs surfacefree energy of the various clusters was calculated and therelative stability of each of the cluster morphologies ispredicted as a function of cluster size.


Ion-irradiation-induced Porosity inGaSb and InSbS. M Kluth1, B. Johannessen1, P. Kluth1, C. J. Glover1, G. J. Foran2 and M. C. Ridgway1

1. Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, AustralianNational University, Canberra; 2. Australian Nuclear Scienceand Technology Organisation, Menai


Ion irradiation of crystalline GaSb and InSb can yield notonly amorphisation, as commonly observed insemiconductors, but also porosity. Extended x-rayabsorption fine structure spectroscopy, electronmicroscopy and Rutherford backscattering spectrometryhave been used to determine the exact nature of andrelationship between these two transformations. In bothmaterials, low dose, room temperature implantationproduces spherical voids yet the material remainscrystalline. With increasing implant dose, the porous layereventually evolves into a network of straight rods 15nm indiameter. We suggest the porosity arises from preferentialclustering of interstitials into extended defects andvacancies agglomerating to form voids.

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On the Structure of Self-assembledBiomimetic PrecipitatesA.-K. Larsson1, A.M. Carnerup1, S.T. Hyde1 and J. FitzGerald2

1. Department of Applied Mathematics, Research School ofPhysical Sciences and Engineering, Australian NationalUniversity, Canberra; 2. Research School of Earth Sciences,Australian National University, Canberra


Astonishingly life-like microscopic precipitates, biomorphs,can self-assemble in barium containing alkaline silicatesolutions and this has prompted debate as to weather theymight have been mistaken for early fossils[1–3]. In thiscontribution we present electron microscopy anddiffraction studies of the detailed tectonics of suchbiomorphs all with a curved global morphologyreminiscent of biogenic forms. They consist of amorphoussilica and microcrystalline barium carbonate particleselongated along the witherite c-axis. The carbonateparticles always display an extraordinary orientationalorder particularly evident in helical filaments where theyform a twisted rodpacking.

[1] J. M. García Ruiz, S. T. Hyde, A. M. Carnerup, A. G. Christy, M. J. Van Kranendonk, N. J. Welham Science 302, 1194–1197(2003)

[2] J. M. García Ruiz, A. M. Carnerup, A. G. Christy, N. J. Welham,S. T. Hyde, Astrobiology, 2, 353–369 (2002)

[3] S. T. Hyde, A. M. Carnerup, A.-K Larsson, A. G. Christy, J. M. García Ruiz, Physica A 339, 24–33 ( 2004)


Magnetic Carbon NanofoamA.V. Rode1, E.G. Gamaly1, N.R. Madsen1, B. Luther-Davies1, S.T. Hyde1, A.G. Christy2, R.G. Elliman1 and J. Giapintzakis3

1. Research School of Physical Sciences and Engineering,Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia;2. Department of Earth and Marine Science, AustralianNational University, Canberra, ACT, Australia; 3. Foundationfor Research and Technology-Hellas, Institute of ElectronicStructure and Lasers, Vasilika Vouton, Heraklion, Crete,Greece


New and rich physical phenomena observed in complexnanostructures are related to a broad variety ofpossibilities for the microscopic atomic arrangements.Carbon owes its versatility to the different ways carbonatoms can bond to each other, making a nearly endlessnumber of forms, taking many different appearances,properties, and morphologies.

We have recently synthesised a hierarchicallynanostructured magnetic carbon foam by a high-repetition-rate laser ablation of glassy carbon in Ar[1,2].The material contains graphite-like sheets with hyperboliccurvature, as proposed for “schwarzite”. The all-carbonnanofoam exhibits para- and even ferromagnetic behaviorup to 90 K, showing a narrow hysteresis curve with a

coercive force Hc = 420 Oe and remnant magnetisation of5x10–3 emu/g at low temperatures, susceptibility of theorder of 10–5 emu/gOe and a high saturationmagnetization up to 0.8 emu/g at 1.8 K. We postulate thatlocalized unpaired spins occur because of topological andbonding defects associated with the sheet curvature, andthat these spins are stabilized for > 1 year due to thesteric protection offered by the convoluted sheets.

This work underscores how nanotechnology can changelong-held understanding of which materials can bemagnetic. It shows that we need to re-visit the magneticprejudice of the periodic table.

[1] A.V. Rode, E.G. Gamaly, A.G. Christy, J.D. Fitz Gerald, S.T.Hyde, R.G. Elliman, B. Luther-Davies, A.I. Veinger, J.Androulakis, J. Giapintzakis, Phys. Rev. B, 70, 054407 (2004).

[2] A.V. Rode, R. G. Elliman, E.G. Gamaly, A.I. Veinger, A.G. Christy,S.T. Hyde, B. Luther-Davies, Appl. Surf. Science 197–198, 644–649 (2002).

POSTERS

CMMSP PWE 45

Enhanced Sensitivity of ElectronSpin Resonance Using Absorption-Free MeasurementD.J. Miller

School of Physics, The University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW


The method of absorption-free measurement allows thedetection of quantum or classical objects without achange in the energy or momentum of the object.Although counterintuitive, the phenomenon has beendemonstrated experimentally in numerous formats. It isshown that the method can be applied to electron spinresonance spectroscopy to enhance the sensitivity tosamples which have a long spin-lattice relaxation time andhence exhibit saturation due to the absorption ofmicrowave energy. By re-designing the spectrometer touse absorption-free measurement, saturation can beavoided because the sample can be measured withreduced absorption of microwave energy.

CMMSP PWE 46

Influence of Adsorbed/condensedCyclohexane between Mica Surfaceson Stick-slip Frictional BehaviorSatomi Ohnishi, Dasikaku Kaneko, Andrew M. Stewart,Vassili V. Yaminsky

The stick-slip frictional behavior observed between micasurfaces under cyclohexane vapor was investigated withthe Surface Force Apparatus. The dynamic shear stressdecreased with increasing the relative vapor pressure.When the relative vapor pressure reached 25%, the stick-slip pattern was observed during sliding while the stick-slip pattern was not observed between the surfacesexposed to the saturated cyclohexane vapor. Thedependence on relative vapor pressure of shear stressand pull-off force suggests that the stick-slip is caused by

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nonequilibrium condition of cyclohexane adsorption insideand condensation outside of the contact area.

CMMSP PWE 47

Phase Diagram for a TriangularLattice t-J-V Model for the NovelSuperconductor NaxCoO2Weihong Zheng1, and Jaan Oitmaa1, Chris J. Hamer1, and Rajiv R.P. Singh2

1. School of Physics, University of New South Wales, SydneyNSW; 2. Department of Physics, University of California,Davis, CA, USA


We study a lattice model for the recently discoveredmaterial NaxCoO2–yH2O which exhibits superconduc-tivity[1] as well as other propertics indicative of strongelectron correlations. The host material (x=0) containstriangular lattice planes of S=1/2 Co4+ ions. Electrondoping with Na changes a fraction of them to Co3+ (S=0),and leads to superconductivity for 0.25<x<0.35. Ourmodel is a t-J-V model with filling factor n=2/3. Seriesexpansion methods at zero temperature are used to studyaspects of the phase diagram[2], in particular spin and/orcharge ordered states and corresponding phasetransitions.

[1] K. Takada et al., Nature 422, 53(2003).

[2] W. Zheng, J. Oitmaa, C.J. Hamer, and R.R.P. Singh, Phys. Rev.B70, 020504(R) (2004).

CMMSP PWE 48

Deformation Mechanisms inGermanium Under NanoindentationD.J. Oliver, J.E. Bradby, J.S. Williams

Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, ResearchSchool of Physical Sciences and Engineering, The AustralianNational University, Canberra


Nanoindentation extends conventional hardnessindentation tests to characterise sub-micrometerstructures. It is known that during the indentation of silicon,a high-pressure phase transition to a metallic state occurs.However, although Ge is similar to Si in many respects(both elemental cubic semiconductors), its behaviourunder nanoindentation is quite different. We have exploredthe conditions under which Ge undergoes a phasetransformation under indentation, examing the effect ofdoping level, crystallographic orientation, spatialconstraint (thin-film vs bulk material), and temperature. Arange of techniques including nanoindentation,transmission electron microscopy, atomic forcemicroscopy and Raman microspectroscopy were used tocharacterise deformation mechanisms.

CMMSP PWE 49

Investigation of Periodically ModifiedThin Silver Films DisplayingEnhanced Transmission SpectraS. Orbons, A. Roberts and D. N. Jamieson

Centre for Quantum Computer Technology, School of Physics,University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia


In 1998, Ebbesen et al[1] first reported greatly enhancedzero order transmission spectra from thin metal filmspatterned with a two dimensional array of sub-wavelengthapertures. Such devices have applications in the fields ofphotonics, biotechnology and photolithography.

Here, we report on the fabrication of periodicallystructured silver films using a 20nm focused ion beamdriven by an Elphy Quantum lithography system. Theexpected transmission through these structures in thevisible and near-infrared as well as the near-zoneelectromagnetic fields calculated using the finitedifference time domain technique will also be presented.

[1] T. Ebbesen, H. Lezec, H. Ghaemi, T. Thio and P. Wolff. Nature,667, 391, 1998.

CMMSP PWE 50

Realistic Monitoring of a ChargeQubit by a Quantum TunnellingDevice—a Quantum TrajectoryApproachNeil P. Oxtoby, Howard M. Wiseman, Prahlad Warszawskiand Jay Gambetta

School of Science, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD


Recently[1], we presented a model for continuous DC-biased measurement of a coupled quantum dot (CQD)charge qubit by realistic measurement devices. Modellingrealistic measurement devices as ideal detectorsembedded in an equivalent measurement circuit (seefigure), our aim was to describe the evolution of the qubitstate conditioned on the macroscopic output of theexternal circuit, i.e. the measured current.

We generalised a recently developed quantum trajectorytheory for realistic photodetectors[2] to treat solid-statedetectors—primarily a single electron transistor (SET). Thismethod yields stochastic equations whose (numerical)solutions are the “realistic quantum trajectories” of theconditioned qubit state.

Here we present numerical solutions and analysis for theSET equations. The solutions elucidate the regimes inwhich (Rabi) electron tunnelling between the CQDs canbe detected in a realistic measurement. Further to this, thesolutions reveal the conditions under which electrontunnelling events through the SET can be observed, whichis related to the question of the nature of the back-actionnoise of the SET.

[1] N.P. Oxtoby, P. Warszawski, H.M. Wiseman, R.E.S. Polkinghorneand He-Bi Sun, cond-mat/0401204

[2] P. Warszawski, H.M. Wiseman and H. Mabuchi, Phys. Rev. A 65 023802 (2002)

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CMMSP PWE 51

Nanoscale ElectricalCharacterisation of Trap-assistedOxide ElectrostaticsC.I. Pakes, S. Ramelow, S. Prawer and D.N. Jamieson



Conductive atomic force microscopy has been used toelectrically image quasibreakdown sites in thin, nativeSiO2 films. Local current-voltage spectroscopy reveals, atindividual sites, fluctuations in the breakdown currentbetween well defined conductivity states. Modelling hasbeen performed to show that conduction through the filmis governed by local trap-assisted tunneling involvingtypically one or two charge traps. Our study provides asemiquantitative analysis to characterise the effective trapstates that give rise to local random telegraph signals inthe oxide film, which is of importance in quantum deviceapplications where charge trapping at defect sites caninfluence the local electrostatic properties. The onset ofirreversible, catastrophic breakdown arising from hotelectron injection is examined, providing insight into themechanism of trap creation and lateral propagation of thebreakdown site.

CMMSP PWE 52

Insight into the ConductivityMechanism of Polymer ElectrolytesProvided by Positron AnnihilationLifetime Spectroscopy Steven J. PAS1,2,3 *, Malcolm D. INGRAM2,4, Klaus FUNKE1,2 and Anita J. HILL5,6

1. Institut für Physikalishe Chemie and 2. Sonderfors-chungsbereich 458 and 3. The International Graduate Schoolof Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster,Germany; 4. Department of Chemistry, University ofAberdeen, UK; 5. CSIRO Manufacturing Infrastructure andTechnology, Melbourne; 6. School of Chemistry, MonashUniversity, Melbourne


DC conductivity measured from polymer electrolytes istypically non-Arrhenius and is most often described byfree volume (FV) theory[1]. To determine if polymer FV canbe used exclusively to describe the solvated mobile ions,the pressure and temperature dependence of both theconductivity and FV of a polymer electrolyte have beenmeasured and evaluated for the first time.

FV theory was supported by the observation of:

a linear dependence of conductivity on hole volume(Vh) as measured by PALS[2];

zero Vh occurring at a temperature very close to thezero mobility temperature (T0) obtained from a VTF fit to the temperature dependence of the DCconductivity[3].

Conductivity measured as a function of pressure allowedthe calculation of VA, which can be considered as anincrease in volume required for ionic motion to occur[4].

Critical volumes calculated from two current FV models[5,6]

were found to be unrealistic. Combining VA with Vh at thesame temperature resulted in a more realistic and ‘model-free’ figure for the critical volume. A comparison of theisothermal and isobaric dependence of conductivity onVh

–1 illustrates that FV cannot be considered the solefactor responsible for conductivity in polymer electrolytes.

[1] M.H. Cohen and D. Turnbull, J. Chem. Phys., 31, (1959) 1164

[2] A. J. Hill, P. Meakin, B. D. Freeman, Polym. Mater. Sci. andEngr. 86, 128–129 (2002).

[3] H. Vogel, Phys. Z., 22, 645 (1921), G. Tammann and W. Hesse,Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 156, 245 (1926); G. S. Fulcher, J. Amer.Ceram. Soc., 8, (1925) 339.

[4] Z. Stoeva, C.T. Imrie, M.D. Ingram, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.,5, (2003) 393

[5] D. Bamford, G. Dlubek, A. Reiche, et al., J. Chem. Phys., 115,(2001) 7260; D. Bamford, A. Reiche, G. Dlubek et al., J. Chem.Phys., 118, (2003) 9420

[6] M. Duclot., F. Alloin, O. Brylev et al., Solid State Ionics, 136–7,(2000) 1153

*Address of corresponding author: Institut für PhysikalischeChemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstraße 30, D-48149 Münster, Germany. Tel: +49 251 83 23433 Fax: +49 251 83 29138

CMMSP PWE 53

Fast and Slow Positrons as Probesof Polyolefin UV Degradation Steven J. Pas1,2, Anne Ammala1, Filip Tuomisto3, Kimmo Saarinen3, Terry W. Turney1 and Anita J. Hill1,4*

1. CSIRO Manufacturing Infrastructure and Technology,Melbourne; 2. NRW Graduate School of Chemistry, Münster,Germany; 3. Laboratory of Physics, Helsinki University ofTechnology, Helsinki, Finland; 4. School of Chemistry, MonashUniversity, Melbourne


The degradation of polyolefins by absorption of ultra-violet(UV) radiation is usually minimised by the incorporation oforganic UV screeners that absorb UV light or quench thechemical degradation process early on[1]. These aresubject to migration and degradation necessitating highloading levels which ultimately leads to unwanted changesin the appearance of the final polymer composite.Recently we reported that the incorporation of 2 wt %nanoparticulate ZnO gives superior UV resistancecompared to organic screeners without changing theabsorption spectrum of the polymer in the visible region[2].

Here we use conventional (fast) positron annihilationlifetime spectroscopy (PALS) as a method for the earlydetection of polymer degradation. In conjunction withPALS, optical microscopy, UV-Vis and FTIR spectroscopywe show that a synergy exists between nanoparticulateZnO and an organic screener. The equivalent UVprotection of 2 wt% ZnO at reduced loadings of both ZnO(1 wt %) and organic screener (0.15 wt %) was achieved.This is most likely due to the combined effect of theorganic screener migrating to the surface with ZnO (whichdoes not migrate) protecting below. Variable energyDoppler broadening of (slow) positron annihilationradiation (DBPAR) showed that samples containing 1 wt %ZnO and 0.15 wt % organic screener show degradation toa depth of ca. 1.5 µm.

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[1] J. E. Pickett and J. E. Moore in: R. L. Clough, N.C. Billinghamand K.T. Gillen, (Eds), Polymer Durability, Advances inChemistry Series 246, American Chemical Society, WashingtonD.C. (1996)

[2] A. Ammala, A.J. Hill, P. Meakin, S. J. Pas, and T.W. Turney.Transparent nanoparticulate zinc oxide UV stabilizers forpolyolefins. Journal of Nanoparticle Research., 4, 167–174(2002)

CMMSP PWE 54

The Frequency Factor forHomogeneously Broadened Lines inField Swept Electron ParamagneticResonance SpectroscopyJohn Pilbrow

Monash University

The detected signal in Continuous Wave ElectronParamagnetic Resonance, usually carried out at a fixedmicrowave frequency by sweeping the applied magneticfield, is given by the product of a frequency factor and alineshape function. For inhomogeneously broadened linesconsisting of many overlapping spin packets, thefrequency factor is equal to the applied (fixed) microwavefrequency. The situation for homogeneously broadenedlines is unresolved and requires that an experimentalsolution should first be sought. Possible samples, thatmust show an absence of electron spin echoes, will beidentified and preliminary results reported.

CMMSP PWE 55

Domain Structure Effects in theRelaxor Ferroelectric PZN-PTR.O. Piltz

Bragg Institute, ANSTO, Lucas Heights


PZN-PT (Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3-x%PbTiO3) exhibits a maximumstrain versus electric field exceeding 1% if it is poled along<001>. Two suggestions exist for the origin of thisexceptional strain: the domain structure created duringpoling[1]; “polarisation rotation”[2] due to the existence of amonoclinic phase reported[3] for PZN-8%PT.

Neutron diffraction data will be presented that shows themonoclinic phase is in fact a distortion of the ambientphase resulting from intersecting domain structures. Thisinterpretation also reconciles PZN-4.5%PT which showssimilar properties to PZN-8%PT yet does not exist in themonoclinic structure.

[1] S-E.Park & T.R.Shrout, J. Appl. Phys. 82, 1804 (1997)

[2] D.Vanderbuilt & M.H.Cohen, Phys. Rev. B 63, 094108 (2001)

[3] B.Noheda, D.E.Cox, G.Shirane, S-E.Park, L.E.Cross, andZ.Zhong, Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 3891 (2001)

CMMSP PWE 56

Spatially Periodic DirectorReorientation in Planar Nematic Cellwith Finite Director AnchoringM.F. Lednei1 and I.P. Pinkevich2

1. Physics Faculty, National Taras Shevchenko University ofKyiv, Kyiv; 2. School of Physics, University of New SouthWales, Sydney


Spatially periodic structure of a director can arise innematic liquid crystal cell undergoing electric field. Tostudy the influence of the strength of director anchoringwith the cell surface on this effect one has to minimize thefree energy of nematic cell to get the system of differentialequations, which define the director orientation in the cellbulk and corresponding boundary conditions. The solutiongives us the dependence of the threshold electric fieldvalue and the director structure period on the strength ofdirector anchoring and determines the area of theparameters where the periodic structure exists.

CMMSP PWE 57

Comparison of the ExperimentalPhase Diagram of the Half-filledLayered Organic Superconductorswith the Theoretical Phase Diagramof the RVB Theory of the Hubbard—Heisenberg ModelB.J. Powell1 and Ross H. McKenzie1

1. Department of Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane


We present RVB, BCS and Ginzberg-Landau theories ofsuperconductivity for the Hubbard-Heisenberg model onan anisotropic triangular lattice. Our calculations areconsistent with the observed phase diagram of the half-filled layered organic superconductors, β, β’, κ and λphases of (BEDT-TTF)2X and (BETS)2X. We find a firstorder transition from a Mott insulator to a dx

2-y2

superconductor. For highly frustrated lattices we find thatthe symmetry of the superconducting phase changes to aphase that breaks time reversal symmetry. We discussmoun spin relaxation experiments to detect this newphase in κ-(BEDT-TTF)2Cu(CN)3.

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CMMSP PWE 58

Diamond for QuantumCommunications, Spintronics andQuantum ComputingS. Prawer1, D.N. Jamieson1, S. Huntington1, A. Greentree1, J. Rabeau1, P. Olivero1, P. Reichart1, S. Hearne1, and J. Salzman1,2

1. Centre of Excellence in Quantum Computer Technology,School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia;2. Microelectronics Research Center, Department of ElectricalEngineering, Technion, Haifa, Israel


Optically emitting defect centres in diamond display arange of unique quantum properties that offer excitingpossibilities for the construction of quantum devices whichemploy optical read-out. In this talk I will review theseremarkable properties and explain why diamond is anideal material for use in the fabrication of (i) single photonsources for quantum communications, (ii) optical fibre-based single spin read out systems and (iii) platforms forthe investigation of quantum entanglement in solid statesystems. The toolkit of available fabrication strategies willbe presented. Our most recent results on the fabrication offibre based single photon sources and all-diamondwaveguides and cavities will be reviewed.

CMMSP PWE 59

The Ageless Aerospace Vehicle: A Complex Multi-Agent StructuralHealth Management SystemA. Batten1, G. C. Edwards1, A. J. D. Farmer1, V. Gerasimov2, M. Hedley2, N. Hoschke1, M. E. Johnson2,C. J. Lewis1, A. Murdoch2, D.C. Price1, M. Prokopenko2,D. A. Scott1, P. Valencia2 and P. Wang2

1. CSIRO Industrial Physics, Lindfield, NSW; 2. CSIRO ICTCentre, Epping, NSW


Structural health monitoring and management of complex,safety-critical structures such as aerospace vehicles willultimately require the development of intelligent systems toprocess the data from large numbers of sensors, toevaluate and diagnose detected damage, to form aprognosis for the damaged structure, and to makedecisions regarding remediation or repair of the damage.A complex multi-agent systems approach to thedevelopment of such intelligent systems is beinginvestigated, in order to satisfy the requirements ofrobustness and scalability. This paper reports the currentstate of development of a laboratory-scale test-bed built tofacilitate the development and demonstration of thesensors, sensing strategies and algorithms that willproduce the required functionality. This work involves awide range of physics-related issues in materials science,sensing and complex systems science.

CMMSP PWE 60

Segregation & Refinement ofHydrogen at a Moving Amorphous/Crystalline Interface within SiliconJ.C. McCallum and D.J. Pyke

Microanalytical Research Centre, School of Physics, University of Melbourne


Segregation and refinement of hydrogen at a crystallisingamorphous/crystalline interface in silicon is interesting forthe possibility of producing silicon-on-insulator wafers forhigh performance microelectronic devices. The possibilityof refining hydrogen into a narrow band may facilitatedelamination of the overlying crystalline layer similar to theSmartCutTM process. Hydrogen infiltration into amorphoussilicon surface layers from the native oxide and refinementof the H during solid phase epitaxy has previously beeninvestigated by Olson and Roth[1]. However, therefinement of high concentrations of hydrogen ionimplanted into surface and buried amorphous silicon hasnot been studied. We present results of the crystallinekinetics via time-resolved reflectivity studies and of thehydrogen profiles and crystalline structure of the regrownlayers respectively via elastic recoil detection andRutherford backscattering analysis.

[1] G.L. Olson, J.A. Roth. Handbook of Crystal Growth 3: ThinFilms and Epitaxy, Part A: Basic Techniques, chapter 7: SolidPhase Epitaxy, pages 255–312. Hughes ResearchLaboratories, 1994.

CMMSP PWE 61

Electrochemical Measurements ofSiloxane Polymers for AnticorrosionCoatingsJ.S. Quinton1, P.S. Hale2, N.T. Baney1, R. G. Acres1 and P. Pigram2

1. School of Chemistry, Physics & Earth Sciences, FlindersUniversity, Adelaide; 2. Centre for Materials and SurfaceScience, Physics Department, LaTrobe University, Melbourne


We report on the ability of various coatings, prepared from model organofunctional silanes of form(C3H7)Si(CH3)n(OH)3-n, where n = 1,2 or 3, to provide abarrier to corrosion. These coatings have beencharacterised with electrochemical impedancespectroscopy (EIS) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy(XPS) measurements. Surface coatings from pH 2 and 4aqueous solutions of these materials have been formed onthe native oxide of aluminium, and studied with XPS atFlinders and EIS at LaTrobe. Our results show aninteresting correlation between the number of activesilanol species and the corrosion performance of therespective coating.

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CMMSP PWE 62

The Surface Attachment of CutSingle-walled Carbon NanotubesM. Marshall, S. Popa-Nita, N.T. Baney, J.S. Quinton andJ.G. Shapter

School of Chemistry, Physics & Earth Sciences, FlindersUniversity, Adelaide


Single-walled nanotubes (SWNT) possess low solubilitiesin most media. At Flinders, we have cut and functionalisedSWNTs to enhance solubility attach other species. Wehave successfully illustrated the merit of this method,through the chemical mounting of cut nanotubes on goldand aluminium surfaces. These systems have beencharacterised by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS),atomic force microscopy (AFM) as well as acid-basechemistry. The successful attachment of various speciesto nanotubes in future will enable smarter chemicaldevices, where only the unique properties of carbonnanotubes, such as superior electron transport properties,will be required for their optimisation.

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Fabrication of Single Nickel-nitrogenDefects in DiamondJ.R. Rabeau1, Y.L. Chin2, F. Jelezko3, T. Gaebel3, J. Wrachtrup3, S. Prawer1

1. Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computer Technology,School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia;2. Electrical & Computer Engineering, University ofCanterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand; 3. PhysikalischesInstitut, Universitat Stuttgart, Germany


We present the first demonstration of controlled fabricationof the NE8 centre in diamond which occurs at ~800 nmand is 1.2 nm wide at room temperature. Using chemicalvapour deposition (CVD) we have fabricated isolated NE8centres in diamond thin films grown on fused silicasubstrates. The films were characterised using confocalmicroscopy and spectra from single centres werecollected using photoluminescence spectroscopy. Undercontinuous laser excitation, the photoluminescence wasmeasured using a Hanbury-Brown and Twissinterferometer. Individual defect centres measured in thisway were shown to be antibunched, meaning singlephoton pulses were produced. These advancements infabrication techniques have enormous implications in thearea of quantum communications.

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Small Radius Clean and Metal-dopedBoron-carbide Nanotubes: A DensityFunctional StudyO. Ponomarenko, M.W. Radny and P. V. Smith

School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, The Universityof Newcastle, Australia


Recent work has suggested that hole doping of LiBCmight produce superconductivity in this material[1]. In thispaper we present the results of fully spin polarized abinitio Density Functional Theory calculations using theVASP code[2] of the properties of small radius, clean andmetal doped Boron-carbide (BC) nanotubes. Undopedsingle-walled BC tubes were found to be moreenergetically favorable than the corresponding BC strips.While the effect of doping small radius BC nanotubes withLi and Cu was found to depend on the type of dopant andthe nanotubular radius, significant changes in thestructural and electronic properties can be obtained.

[1] H.Rosner, A.Kitaigorodsky and W.E.Pickett, Phys. Rev. Lett. 88,127001 (2002).

[2] G.Kresse and J.Hafner, Phys. Rev. B 47, 558 (1993); ibid B 49,14251 (1994) G.Kresse and J.Furthmuller, J. Comput. Mat. Sci.6, 15 (1996); Phys. Rev. B 54, 11169 (1996).

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Shockley and Rydberg SurfaceStates and Quantum Wells on the Cu (111) SurfaceM. N. Read

School of Physics, University of New South Wales, NSW,Australia


Adsorbed alkali metals such as Na on (111) noble (andnear noble) metal surfaces form quantum well systems. Ithas been suggested that these systems could be used asmetal-based nanostructured quantum electronic deviceswhich would operate at room temperature.

As a preliminary to the study of the surface states of thesesystems we have calculated the band structure of surfacestates and resonances for the clean Cu (111) surface fromjust below the Fermi level to 30 eV above it using ourlayer-by-layer KKR method.

An exponentially saturated image barrier with truncation inthe region of the jellium discontinuity is found to reproduceexperimental results. We have found excited surfacefeatures which could elicit the variation of the self-energyof the electron with energy and momentum as well ashigher energy variation of the image potential.

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Hydrogen Distribution ofFerromagnetic Microstructures inCarbon created by ProtonMicrobeam IrradiationP. Reichart1, D. Spemann2, A. Hauptner3, D.N. Jamieson1

1. MARC, School of Physics, University of Melbourne,Parkville, VIC, Australia; 2. Nuclear Solid State Physics,University of Leipzig, Germany; 3. Technische UniversitätMünchen, Garching, Germany


Ferromagnetic microstructures can be produced in highlyorientated pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) by MeV protonmicrobeam irradiation[1]. The origin of the strongferromagnetism is not yet understood. New theoreticalmodels[2] as well as negative results of MeV alphairradiation indicate that the implanted hydrogen plays amajor role. Necessary information for this are the stabilityof the hydrogen atoms at different implanted doses as wellas the virgin hydrogen content. Therefore, the microscopicdistribution of the implanted hydrogen was investigatedusing sensitive three dimensional hydrogen microscopy bycoincident proton-proton-scattering[3,4].

[1] P. Esquinazi, D. Spemann, R. Höhne, A. Setzer, K.-H. Han, andT. Butz, Phys. Rev. Lett. 91 (2003) 227201.

[2] K. Kusakabe, M. Maruyama, Phys. Rev. B 67 (2003) 092406.

[3] P. Reichart , G. Dollinger, A. Bergmaier, G. Datzmann, A.Hauptner, H.-J. Körner, R. Krücken, Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 219(2004) 980.

[3] P. Reichart, G. Datzmann, A. Hauptner, R. Hertenberger, C.Wild, G. Dollinger, Science (2004) accepted for publication.

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Preferential Amorphisation of GeNanocrystals in a Silica Matrix M.C. Ridgway1, G. de. M. Azevedo1, R.G. Elliman1, W. Wesch1, C.J. Glover1, R. Miller1, D.J. Llewellyn1, G.J. Foran2, J.L. Hansen3 and A. Nylandsted Larsen3

1. Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, ResearchSchool of Physical Sciences and Engineering, AustralianNational University, Canberra, Australia; 2. Australian NuclearScience and Technology Organisation, Menai, Australia;3. Institute of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University,Aarhus, Denmark

Relative to bulk crystalline material, Ge nanocrystals in asilica matrix exhibit subtle structural perturbationsincluding a non-Gaussian inter-atomic distancedistribution. We now demonstrate such nanocrystals areextremely sensitive to ion irradiation. Using transmissionelectron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy and extendedx-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy, thecrystalline-to-amorphous phase transformation in ~8 nmdiameter nanocrystals and bulk crystalline material hasbeen compared. Amorphisation of Ge nanocrytals in asilica matrix was achieved at an ion dose ~100 times lessthan that required for bulk crystalline standards. This rapidamorphisation of Ge nanocrystals is attributed to thepreferential nucleation of the amorphous phase at thenanocrystal/matrix interface, the pre-irradiation, higher-energy structural state of the nanocrystals themselves and

an enhanced nanocrystal vacancy concentration due tothe more effective trapping of irradiation-inducedinterstitials at the nanocrystal/matrix interface and inhibitedFrenkel pair recombination when Ge interstitials arerecoiled into the matrix. To demonstrate the significance ofthe latter, we show ion irradiation of ~2 nm diameternanocrystals yields their dissolution when the range ofrecoiled Ge atoms exceeds the nanocrystal bounds.

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Density Functional ab initioCalculations of Bulk Wurtzite CdSe Istvan Csik1, Salvy P. Russo1 and Paul Mulvaney2

1. Department of Applied Physics, RMIT University,Melbourne, Australia; 2. School of Chemistry, MelbourneUniversity, Parkville, Australia

We present a study of structural, electronic and vibrationalproperties of wurtzite CdSe under the Kohn-Shamformalism of Density Functional Theory (DFT) using therecently developed hybrid functionals B3LYP and B3PW.We use an (total-energy optimized) all-electron gaussianbasis-set to calculate lattice parameters, bulk moduli andelastic constants. The B3PW functional was found topredict bulk properties to reasonable agreement withexperiment. We present a comparison of the electronicdensity of states predicted by the aforementioned hybridfunctionals and examine how varying the amount of non-local Hatree-Fock exchange potential in the functionaleffects the electronic structure (predicted band gapenergy). We also make pseudo-potential ab initio derivedcalculations of the phonon dispersion curve andvibrational density of states (VDOS), which are inreasonable agreement with experiment.

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Modelling Structural Morphology andFree Energies of Gold Nanoclusters Yu Hang Chui1, Salvy P. Russo1*, Gregory Grochola1 andIan K. Snook1 and David E. Mainwaring2

1. Applied Physics, School of Applied Sciences; 2. AppliedChemistry, School of Applied Sciences—RMIT University,Melbourne, VIC, Australia

Due to the promising electronic, biological, catalytic andeven magnetic properties, both experimental andtheoretical studies have been focusing on the stability ofgold nanoclusters with different motifs and sizes, atdifferent chemical and physical environments. In thispaper, we present the result of molecular dynamics (MD)simulation of gold nanoclusters with different motifs andsizes[1]. The glue potential[2–7], which is a well-testedpotential for gold in bulk and nano-scale, was used in ourstudy. The structures and vibrational properties at roomtemperatures were analyzed. The potential energy andalso the vibrational entropy were determined for differentmotifs and sizes. Finally, the total free energy of goldnanocluster was determined as an indication ofoccurrence possibility, in terms of statisticalthermodynamics.

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[1] Y. H. Chui et al., to be published.

[2] F. Ercolessi, E. Tosatti and M. Parrinello, Phys. Rev. Lett. 57,719 (1986).

[3] F. Ercolessi, M. Parrinello, and E. Tosatti, Phlios. Mag. A 58, 213 (1988).

[4] F. Ercolessi, W. Andreoni and E. Tosatti, Phys. Rev. Lett. 66, 911 (1991).

[5] B. Wang, S. Yin, G.. Wang, A. Buldum and J. Zhao, Phys. Rev.Lett. 86, 2046 (2001).

[6] D. Y. Sun, X. G. Gong and X. Q. Wang, Phys. Rev. B 63,193412 (2001).

[7] Y. Wang and C. Dellago, J. Phys. Chem. B 107, 9214 (2003).

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Persistent Photosignals in Non-idealSemiconductor DevicesJ. Salzman1,2, O. Katz2, B. Meyler2, S. Prawer1, and D. N. Jamieson1

1. Center of Excellence for Quantum Computer Technology,School of Physics, The University of Melbourne, VictoriaAustralia; 2. Microelectronics Research Center, Department ofElectrical Engineering, Technion, The Israel Institute ofTechnology, Haifa Israel


Persistent photoinduced effects (PPE) are relaxationphenomena that exhibit non-exponential decay. Wepresent an explicit model for PPE for the case ofsemiconductors with defects. The relaxation rate is shownto be time dependent, parallel relaxation channels are notinvoked. We present experimental evidence of PPE inGaN-based Schottky detectors, and in GaN-GaAlNTransistors. The experimental data is well described by thesuggested mechanism. We extract physical properties,such as surface state trap density at the semiconductor-metal interface and their trapping lifetime. This model hasgeneral validity and provides the underlying mechanismfor the ubiquitous persistent effect in non-idealsemiconductors.

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Theoretical Study of the Adsorptionof the 6-trifluoracetoxy-norbornadiene Molecule on the Si (001) SurfaceS.A. Saraireh1, M.J. Crossley2, B.V. King1, J.R. Reimers2,P.V. Smith1 and B.J. Wallace2

1. School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Newcastle; 2. School of Chemistry, TheUniversity of Sydney


There is currently considerable interest in thechemisorption of organic molecules on silicon surfaces.Here we report the results of theoretical studies using theGaussian03[1] and VASP[2] software packages of theinteraction of the 6-trifluoracetoxy-norbornadiene molecule(C6H6CHOCOCF3) with the Si(001) surface. The lowestenergy structure corresponds to the carbon atoms of thenorbornadiene base (C6H6CH) bonding directly to thesilicon dimer dangling bonds with the C=C bonds of the

molecule oriented perpendicular to the silicon dimerbonds. The energetics and bonding characteristicsassociated with the chemisorption of this molecule on theSi(001) surface will be compared with those of othersimilar molecules reported in the literature[3,4].

[1] Gaussian03, Gaussian Inc., Carnegie Office Park, Building 6,Pittsburg, PA 15106

[2] G. Kresse and J. Hafner, Phys. Rev. B 47, 558 (1993); B 49,14251 (1994) G. Kresse and J. Furthmuller, J.Comput.Mat.Sci.6, 15 (1996); Phys. Rev. B 54, 11169 (1996)

[3] A. Bilic, J.R. Reimers and N.S. Hush, Jour. Chem. Phys. 119,1115 (2003)

[4] B. Wang, X. Zheng, J. Michl, E.T. Foley, M.C. Hersam, A. Bilic,M.J. Crossley, J.R. Reimers and N.S Hush, Nanotechnology 15324–322 (2004)

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Near-Field Optical Properties of Thin Randomly NanostructuredSilver FilmsS. Schelm, A. I. Maaroof and G.B. Smith

Department of Applied Physics, University of Technology,Sydney


We will present AFM-SNOM measurements for randomlystructured thin silver films, prepared by inversenanosphere lithography to create circular holes in themetal film. Care is taken to create continuous films, whichshow none of the “worm”-like structures of semi-continuous metal films. Two sphere/hole concentrationsare studied. The higher hole concentration samples showa strong similarity between the near-field intensity andtopology, while the low hole concentration samples showalmost no correlation between intensity and topology, butrather wave-like patterns which originate from surfaceprotrusions or holes. Possible mechanisms and reasonsfor the differences will be discussed.

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Correlating Morphology and theSpectroscopy of Colour Centres inDiamond using a Combined Near-Field Scanning Optical Microscopeand Raman SpectrometerR. Sewell, S. Prawer, S. Huntington and B. Gibson

Department of Physics, University of Melbourne


The correlation of the morphology of isolated diamondnanocrystals and thin film Chemical Vapour Deposited(CVD) diamond with fluorescence, photoluminescenceand Raman spectroscopy of colour centres is studiedusing a combined Near-Field Scanning OpticalMicroscope (NSOM) and Raman spectrometer. Thelocation, concentration and spectra of defects such as theNitrogen-Vacancy (NV) and Nickle centres in diamond,which are of interest as single photon sources and inquantum computing applications, are reported.

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Nonlinear Left-handed MetamaterialsI. V. Shadrivov1, N.A. Zharova1,2, A. A. Zharov1,3, and Yu. S. Kivshar1

1. Nonlinear Physics Centre, Research School of PhysicalSciences and Engineering, Australian National University,Canberra ACT, Australia; 2. Institute of Applied Physics,Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia;3. Institute for Physics of Microstructures, Russian Academy ofSciences, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia


Left-handed metamaterials (LHMs), also known asmaterials with negative refraction, were first describedtheoretically by Veselago in 1960-s as materials with bothnegative dielectric permittivity and negative magneticpermeability. We develop the concepts of nonlinear LHMsand show that their properties can be dynamicallycontrolled using electromagnetic field intensity[1]. Thenonlinearity of such materials is dramatically enhanceddue to the presence of metallic resonators in the structure.Moreover, we demonstrate that LHMs with quadraticnonlinear response[2] can be used for creation of opaquelens, which can form an image of the second harmonicfield being opaque at the fundamental frequency.

[1] A.A. Zharov, I.V. Shadrivov, and Yu.S. Kivshar, Phys. Rev. Lett.91, 037401 (2003).

[2] M. Lapine, M. Gorkunov, and K. H. Ringhofer, Phys. Rev. E 67,065601 (2003).

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Preliminary Investigations ofHydrogen Adsoprtion in Mesoporous SilicaD A Sheppard, C F Maitland, *C E Buckley

Department of Applied Physics, Curtin University ofTechnology, Perth, Western Australia


Hydrogen storage is currently an intense area of research.Numerous materials are being investigated for thisincluding: metal hydrides, various forms of carbon,zeolites and metal-organic frameworks. We have donepreliminary work on hydrogen adsorption in themesoporous silica MCM-41. This material consists of aregular array of cylindrical pores in amorphous silica andhas been characterised by SAXS, N2 adsorption and TEM.It has been shown to reversibly absorb hydrogen at 77 K.Modelling of SAXS data determines the pore morphologyindependent of N2 adsorption. A minimum pore size, wall thickness and distance between pores aredetermined via modelling.

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Diffusion between Interstitial Sitesin the C15 AB2 StructureC.A. Sholl

Physics and Electronics, University New England, Armidale, NSW


H is readily absorbed by a number of intermetallic AB2compounds with the cubic C15 structure. The H occupyinterstitial sites of types e and g and can diffuse rapidlybetween them. An aim of measuring the diffusivity D of the(tracer) diffusion of H in these compounds is to deduceinformation about the jump rates between the interstitialsites. An analytic expression for D is derived in terms ofthe four relevant jump rates between the sites in the lowconcentration limit. The method uses a general approachfor diffusion in complex systems[1] and a computeralgebra package.

[1] O.M. Braun and C.A. Sholl, Phys. Rev., B58, 14870 (1998)

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Perturbed Angular CorrelationSpectroscopy of Implantation-damaged Indium NitrideSantosh K. Shrestha1, Heiko Timmers1, Aidan P. Byrne2,3

and Rakesh Dogra2,4

1. School of Physical, Environmental and MathematicalSciences, University of New South Wales at the AustralianDefence Force Academy, Canberra, ACT, Australia;2. Department of Nuclear Physics, Research School ofPhysical Sciences and Engineering, Australian NationalUniversity, Canberra, ACT, Australia; 3. Department ofPhysics, Faculty of Science, Australian National University,Canberra, ACT, Australia; 4. Department of ElectronicMaterials Engineering, Research School of Physical Sciencesand Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra,ACT, Australia


Indium nitride is predicted to have technologicalapplications such as in high frequency transistors[1].However, information on implantation-induced damageand annealing is limited[2]. In this work the radioisotopeprobe 111In/Cd has been implanted[3] into indium nitridefilms as 111InO- ions at 125 keV and 1014 ions/cm2.Perturbed angular correlation spectroscopy on the as-implanted films shows the quadrupole interactionfrequency of indium metal indicating that severe damageand nitrogen effusion occurs for such a fluence. Followingannealing an additional frequency of 156 MHz isobserved, which may be associated with diffusion of some of the 111In/Cd probes into the unimplanted regionof InN or formation of polycrystalline or amorphous indium oxides.

[1] A.G. Bhuiyan, A. Hashimoto, A. Yamamoto, J. Appl. Phys., 94,2779 (2003)

[2] H. Timmers, S.K. Shrestha, A.P. Byrne, J. Cryst. Growth, 269,50 (2004).

[3] S.K. Shrestha et al., accepted for publication by HyperfineInteract. (2004).

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Formation of Organic Monolayers on Hydrogen-Terminated SiliconSurfaces via Silicon-Carbon Bond:Effect of Terminal Groups onStability Andrew Sim, Ming-Fai Yip, Alex Wu, Kenneth Wong, TillBöcking, Nagindar K Singh

School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales,Sydney, Australia


Functionalization of hydrogen-terminated silicon surfaceswith stable and dense aryl-terminated alkyl self-assembledmonolayers (SAMs) provides opportunities for thedevelopment of low cost organic field effect transistors. Inthis paper we present results for one such σ–π SAMs, 3-phenylpropyl (C6H5(CH2)3–) SAMs on porous silicon,and compare its stability with octyl (CH3(CH2)7–) SAMs onSi(100). The SAMs were prepared using the Grignardreagent method and characterized using X-rayphotoelectron and FT-infrared spectroscopies and contactangle measurements. Our results show the 3-phenylpropylSAMs are not as susceptible to oxidation as the octylSAMs, and we attribute the increased stability in theformer to be due to its more dense structure arising fromthe π–π stacking of the phenyl rings.

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The Apparent Optical Indices ofSpongy Nanoporous GoldG. B. Smith, M. B. Cortie and A. I. Maaroof

Department of Applied Physics, Institute of NanoscaleTechnology, University of Technology, Sydney, Broadway, NSW Australia


Thin spongy nanoporous gold films containing nano-sizepores (5–20 nm) on glass substrates were fabricated bythe sputtering of AuAl2 precursor films followed by a de-alloying etch in acid or base. Optical constants of thelayers were determined from beam intensities(spectroscopic) and polarization states (ellipsometric Ψand ∆) recorded as a function of the wavelength andangle of incidence of the light beam. Changing the angleof incidence influenced the real part of the effectiverefractive index (n*) but not the imaginary part (k*). Thecomplex refractive indices of spongy nanoporous goldfilms satisfy Kramers-Kronig self-consistency and haveunusual dispersion relations. These gold films exhibitunique optical constants, which are completely differentfrom those of typical 20nm gold films. They are not metallike, especially at IR wavelengths.

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Interaction Correction to theLongitudinal Conductivity and HallResistivity in High Quality Two-Dimensional GaAs Electron and Hole SystemsC. E. Yasin1, T. L. Sobey1, A. P. Micolich1, A. R. Hamilton1,M. Y. Simmons1, L. N. Pfeiffer2, K. W. West2, E. H. Linfield3, M. Pepper3, D. A. Ritchie3

1. School of Physics, University of New South Wales, SydneyNSW, Australia; 2. Bell Laboratories, Lucent Technologies,Murray Hill NJ, USA; 3. Cavendish Laboratory, University ofCambridge, United Kingdom


The origin of the anomalous metallic behaviour in highquality two-dimensional (2D) systems at low temperatureremains controversial, as theory suggests that 2D metallicFermi liquids should not exist. We have performed asystematic study of the quantum mechanical correctionsto the longitudinal conductivity and Hall resistivity in highquality GaAs electron and hole systems[1]. Wedemonstrate that both corrections are consistent with arecent finite-temperature Fermi-liquid based theory byZala et al.[2]. Our results suggest that the observedmetallic behaviour is due to electron-electron interactionsand screening of ionised impurity scattering, ruling outsome of the more exotic explanations.

[1] C.E. Yasin et al., Cond-mat/0403411 (2004).

[2] G. Zala et al., Phys. Rev. B 64, 214204 (2001).

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Elastic Modulus of Silicon NitrideThin Films from NanoindentationM. T. K. Soh1,2, A. C. Fischer-Cripps1, N. Savvides1, C. A. Musca2, J. M. Dell2 and L. Faraone2

1. Division of Industrial Physics, Commonwealth Scientific andIndustrial Research Organisation, Lindfield; 2. School ofElectrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, TheUniversity of Western Australia, Crawley


A CSIRO UMIS II nanoindenter was used to measure theelastic modulus of plasma-enhanced-chemical-vapour-deposition silicon nitride thin films deposited ongermanium and silicon substrates. The plane-strainmodulus calculated from the compliance data is observedto depend on the thin film residual strain. Atomic forcemicroscope imaging of the residual impressions indicatedsink-in and the consequent overestimation of the projectedcontact area. Subsequent adjustment of the modulus dataindicates no deposition temperature (150–300˚C)dependence, despite the differences in bondingconfiguration and mass density of the thin films.

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Bob Champion

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Bob Champion

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Bob Champion

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CMMSP PWE 82

Electronic Raman Spectroscopy(ERS) of Donors in Silicon forQuantum Computing: Getting at theExhange Coupling Constant (J)P. G. Spizzirri, N. Stavrias, D. N. Jamieson and S. Prawer

Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computer Technology,School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia


When fabricating a solid-state quantum computer (QC)based on phosphorous donor atoms in silicon[1],establishing that controlled electronic wavefunctionoverlap has been achieved is a prerequisite to donorentanglement. Recently, an optical method capable ofestimating the strength of wavefunction overlap betweenneighbouring phosphorous donors and the distribution ofdonors in an ensemble has been proposed[2]. Based onelectronic Raman scattering (ERS)[3], the techniquepromises to provide a direct measure of the exchangecoupling constant (J). In this work, we report on theobservation of the ERS signal from donors in anengineered substrate. Using various donor placementstrategies including ion implantation, we report on ourprogress towards measuring J.

[1] B.E. Kane, Nature 393, 133 (1998).

[2] B. Koiller, X. Hu, H. D. Drew and S. Das Sarma, Phys. Rev.Letts. 90 (6) 067401, 2003.

[3] K. Jain, S. Lai, and M. V. Klein, Phys. Rev. B 13 (12), 54481976.

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Properties of an Optical MicrocavityContaining Silicon NanocrystalsM.G. Spooner, T.D.M. Weijers and R.G. Elliman

Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, RSPhysSE,ANU, Canberra, Australia


The photoluminescence from nanocrystalline Si formed byplasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD)followed by high temperature annealing, generally have abroad spectral distribution due to the nanocrystal sizedistribution. For many applications, it is desirable toreduce the spectral width and increase the emissionintensity at a particular wavelength. In this study, twodistributed Bragg mirrors made from PECVD SiO2 andSi3N4 are used to define a microcavity in order to alter thenanocrystal emission. The optical properties of thesemicrocavities and their impact on the nanocrystal emissionare reported.

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Magnon Specific Heat inFerromagnetic Nanoparticles of Iron GroupK.K.P. Srivastava

Department of Physics, T.M. Bhagalpur University, Bhagalpur, India

Nanoparticles have assumed great importance in scienceand technology. Nanoparticles of iron, cobalt and theiralloys are useful for data storage on tapes/disks. Cobalt-alloys are being used for 15–20 nm thin films and smallergrains can store more megabits of information. But spinand lattice waves can limit their grain-size. Magneticproperties on a very small scale are not the same as on alarge scale because of domain problem. Whereas a bigpermanent magnet is made of millions of domains, a tinymagnet can only be made with one domain. Its energy ismade of exchange and anisotropy terms and so themagnon spectrum is different from the bulk material.Theoretically, magnon specific heat Cm = aT3/2 – bT1/2

where a and b depend on the grain size at a giventemperature.

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Gaussian Wavefunction Simulation ofSolid State Systems for QuantumComputationT.R. Starling, C.J. Wellar, H.M. Quiney, L.C.L. Hollenberg

School of Physics, University of Melbourne


Quantum mechanical modelling of isolated 31P donorimpurities in a silicon lattice is an important component inthe modelling of a Kane-type solid state quantumcomputer. Previous studies have used Heitler-London orHartree-Fock self-consistent field modelling, but theaccuracy of these methods is largely unknown, and theyare difficult to extend to more complex systems due tolengthy numerical integration. We adapted techniquesfrom quantum chemistry to address this problem. In abasis of spherical Gaussian type functions, many of therelevant integrals become analytic, allowing the use ofvery large basis sets. We used such a basis for thesimulation of systems relevant to the Kane architecture.

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Raman Spectroscopy and Estimatingthe Temperature of Silicon <100˚ KP. G. Spizzirri, N. Stavrias and S. Prawer

Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computer Technology,School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia


Micro-Raman spectroscopy is one of the few techniquesthat can be used to perform a reliable, non-contactdetermination of temperature in solid-state systems. It isparticularly well suited to applications where a probe laser

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can cause localised heating. One of three methodologiesare usually employed[1,2,3] whereby measurement of the:

(i) ratio of stokes to antistokes line intensities

(ii) peak linewidth (Γ) or

(iii) peak shift (Ω)

of the first order Raman optical phonon is correlated withsample temperature. At low temperatures (i.e. < 100˚K) insilicon, we report that changes in the Raman peak positionprovide the best approach for temperature estimation. We also report on the anomalous temperaturedependence of the silicon peak shift which can beexplained by the negative thermal expansion coefficientand Grüneisen parameter[4].

[1] J.B Cui, K. Amtmann, J. Ristein and L. Ley, J. Appl. Phys., 83,7929, (1998).

[2] M. S. Liu, L. A. Bursill, S. Prawer and R. Beserman, Phys. Rev.B 61 (5) 3391 (2000).

[3] J. Menéndez and M Cardona, Phys. Rev. B 29 (4) 2051 (1984).

[4] W. B. Guaster, Phys. Rev. B 4 (4) 1288 (1971).

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Microcharacterisation of the Effectsof Focused Ion Beam Irradiation onWide Bandgap MaterialsT.L. Sobey1 and M.A. Stevens-Kalceff1,2

1. School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney; 2. Electron Microscope Unit, University of New South Wales, Sydney


Focussed ion irradiation of wide bandgap materials is ofgreat importance to fundamental physics (scattering,impurity effects) and practical applications (nano-modification, analysis, TEM sample preparation)[1]. Atomic Force and Kelvin Probe Microscopy and electronmicroprobe techniques were used in the systematic, high-resolution microcharacterisation of focussed keV ion beamirradiated n-Silicon and p-SIMOX (SOI). Variation with ionfluence of properties including surface topography,induced localised electrostatic potential and spatialelemental composition were investigated and qualitativecorrelations found. The resultant potential distributionswere modelled successfully using finite-elementtechniques. Explanations for the distributions have beenproposed based on ion neutralisation, ion emission andcharge trapping.

[1] International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors, 2004,http://public.itrs.net

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An Alternative Interpretation ofMössbauer Spectra for 57Fe-dopedLanthanum Calcium ManganiteG.A. Stewart1, S.J. Harker2, I.M. McPherson1 and A.V.J. Edge1

1. School of Physical Environmental and MathematicalSciences, The University of New South Wales at the AustralianDefence Force Academy, Canberra; 2. School of Physics andMaterials Engineering, Monash University, Clayton


La2/3Ca1/3MnO3 is the generic colossalmagnetoresistance material with an insulator-metallictransition temperature of about 273 K. In this work,Mössbauer spectroscopy is used to probe its Mn sub-lattice magnetisation via a 0.5 at. % substitution of Mnatoms with enriched 57Fe. Relaxation effects aresuccessfully interpreted in terms of slowly fluctuatingmagnetic clusters according to a model devisedelsewhere for the analysis of iron oxide spectra. Smaller,faster relaxing clusters are represented as a paramagneticcomponent of the spectra. The derived temperaturedependence of the Mn sub-lattice magnetisation iscompared with results obtained using other interpretationsand other measurement techniques.

CMMSP PWE 89

Mnemonics Nurture Expert MemoryOf Noteworthy Ideas & ConceptsG.A. Stewart

School of Physical, Environmental & Mathematical Sciences,The University of New South Wales at the Australian DefenceForce Academy, Canberra


In a short story in honour of Isaac Asimov[1], acongressman is concerned to overhear a student’scomment that many voters earn money just showing upnear polls. However, it proved to be a device to helpremember the planets in order of their distance from theSun. In my student days it was many Victorians eatmarmalade jam, some use Nice plum. I’m certain thatthere are a lot of devilishly clever mnemonics out there forremembering other lists and sets of concepts in physics.I’d like to collect them and will offer prizes for the best onein Condensed Matter and Materials and the best one in allother areas of physics at the Congress. Please visit thisposter and contribute to the collection!

[1] M.H. Greenberg (ed), Foundation’s friends (Grafton 1991)

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CMMSP PWE 90

Crystal Field Interaction in RFe2Si2(R = Er, Tm)S.J. Harker1, G.A.Stewart2, P.C.M. Gubbens3 and C.F. de Vroege3

1. School of Physics & Materials Engineering, MonashUniversity, Clayton; 2. School of Physical Environmental and Mathematical Sciences, The University of New SouthWales at the Australian Defence Force Academy, Canberra;3. Interfaculty Reactor Institute, Technical University Delft, The Netherlands


New 169Tm Mössbauer effect (ME) data for TmFe2Si2 andinelastic neutron scattering (INS) data for ErFe2Si2 havebeen recorded and analysed in terms of the crystal fieldinteraction at the rare earth site. The local point symmetryis tetragonal, requiring five crystal field parameters. Thereis now an almost complete set of 155Gd and 169Tm MEdata and Er INS data for the intermetallic series RT2Si2(R = rare earth, T = Fe, Co, Ni, Cu)[1] and the improvedcrystal field systematics will be presented and discussed.AINSE (grant 2003/109) is acknowledged for fundingneutron activations of the short-lived 169Tm Mössbauersource.

[1] S.J. Harker, B.D. van Dijk, A.M. Mulders, P.C.M. Gubbens, G.A. Stewart, C.F. de Vroege and K.H.J. Buschow, J. Phys.:Condens. Matter, 14, 2705 (2002)

CMMSP PWE 91

The Néel Temperature for YbMnO3N.B. Browne, A.V.J. Edge, M.W. Powell and G.A. Stewart

School of Physical Environmental and Mathematical Sciences,The University of New South Wales at the Australian DefenceForce Academy, Canberra


As for other members of this hexagonal rare earth series, YbMnO3 undergoes both a ferroelectric transition(TC ≈ 1000 K) and an antiferromagnetic transition. Themagnetic phase involves a spin system with stronggeometrical frustration and the Néel temperature is difficultto determine experimentally. Most recently, it has beenreported as either 82 K[1] or 88 K[2]. We present here atemperature-dependent Mössbauer spectroscopyinvestigation of Yb57FexMn1-xO3 (x = 0.005, 0.01) thatsupports the higher value. Comparison of spectrarecorded for the paramagnetic and magnetic phasesconfirms that the triangulated Mn sub-lattice magnetisationlies in the basal plane.

[1] T. Katsufuji et al, Phys. Rev. B, 64, 104419 (2001)

[2] K. Yoshii and H. Abe, J. Solid State Chem., 165, 131 (2002)

CMMSP PWE 92

Influence of Growth Parameters onInAs/GaAs Quantum Dot Nucleationand Defect FormationK. Stewart, J. Wong-Leung, H.H. Tan and C. Jagadish

Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, ResearchSchool of Physical Sciences and Engineering, The AustralianNational University, ACT, Australia


Semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) offer manyadvantages for opto-electronic devices due to their zerodimensional nature and discrete energy states. In thiswork we discuss the self-assembled growth of InAs/GaAsquantum dots by Metal-Organic Chemical VapourDeposition (MOCVD). A systematic study of the variousgrowth parameters was performed and atomic forcemicroscopy, plan-view and cross-sectional TEM, andphotoluminescence measurements used to characterisethe samples. The QD samples were found to besusceptible to the formation of three main types ofdefects. This work will discuss the nature of these defectsand the growth conditions under which they can beavoided, leading to device quality QDs.

CMMSP PWE 93

Magnetic-field Influence on RashbaSpin-precessionJ. Wang2,3, H.-B. Sun1,2 and D.Y. Xing3

1. School of Science, Griffith, Nathan, QLD; 2. School ofPhysical Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD;3. Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China


We propose relieving the strict prerequisite of the narrowwidth of the quantum well or the strong transverseconfining potential for the operation of the Datta-Das Spin-Field-Effect transistor[1] by applying an external magneticfield perpendicular to the 2D-electron-gas. We investigatethe ballistic transport of a quasi-one dimensional systemconsidering the Rashba Spin-Obit (RSO) interaction[2]

under the external magnetic field. Our results show theperfect spin modulation of the conductance due to theRSO coupling under new conditions and our proposal istherefore a proper alternative to the prerequisite for thefunction of Spin-Field-Effect transistors.

[1] S. Datta and B. Das, Appl. Phys. Lett., 56, 665 (1990)

[2] Y. A. Bychkov and E. I. Rashba, J. Phys. C 17, 6039 (1984)

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CMMSP PWE 94

Direct and Indirect Transitions at theOrdered and Disordered Fermisurface of Cu3AuA. Tadich1, L. Broekman1, J.Riley1, R.Leckey1,S.Homolya2, A.Smith2, T. Seyller3, K.Emtsev3, L Ley3

1. School Of Physics, Latrobe University , Victoria, Australia;2. School of Physics and Materials Engineering, MonashUniversity, Victoria, Australia; 3. Institut fur Tech Physik II,Universitat Erlangen Nurnberg, Germany

The compositionally random Cu-Au system displays avariety of unusual phases which, together with otherproperties such as the incommensurate long-periodsuperlattice in CuAu, are believed to be related to FermiSurface topology[1,2]. The intermetallic compound Cu3Auhas an order disorder transition at 377˚C which with thechange in structure shows changes in the FermiSurface(FS).

The FS of Cu3Au has previously been studied by Angleresolved Photoemission (ARPES) in the Constant InitialState mode[3]. With the change in the structure from thedisordered to the ordered state the Brillouin Zonecontracts and band backfolding occurs resulting in aFermi surface with a more intricate topology. A newgeneration toroidal angle resolving electron energyanalyzer, developed at La Trobe University, has been usedto map the changes that occur to the Fermi Surfaceacross the disorder-order transition using both theconstant initial state mode and the Azimuthal Scantechnique. Comparison of the results from both techniquespermit the identification of the direct transitions from theBrillouin Zones and transitions which occur due to theeffects of broadening in the final states and due toUmklapp transitions.

[1] Deimel, P.P., Fermi Surface And Electronic Structure OfOrdered Cu3Au. Physical Review B., 1981. 24(10): p. 6197.

[2] Kevan, S.D., Fermi Surface Studies Using Angle ResolvedPhotoemission. Journal Of Electron Spectroscopy And RelatedPhenomena, 1995. 75: p. 175–186.

[3] Con Foo, J.A., et al., The Fermi Surface Dimensions OfDisordered Cu3Au As Determined By Angle ResolvedPhotoemission Spectroscopy. Solid State Communications,1998. 107(8): p. 385–390.

CMMSP PWE 95

Ion Implantation Facility forPrecision Doping of SemiconductorDevicesG. Tamanyan, D.N. Jamieson, C. Yang, P. Reichart andS.M. Hearne

Centre for Quantum Computer Technology, School of Physics,Microanalytical Research Centre, University of Melbourne,Victoria, Australia


We have developed an ion implantation system forapplication to: the nano-fabrication of p-type and n-typesilicon devices; the fabrication of silicon nano-resistors;single phosphorus doping of silicon-based quantumcomputer devices; the doping of diamond-based devices;

the study of ion beam physics of low energy ioninteractions with solids. The system reliably delivers awide range of ion spices, including B+, Te+, P+, C+, N+

and H+ with an energy up to 15 keV. The ion implanteroperates in the mode of beam-on-demand controltriggered by signals from the substrate and the beamcurrent is adjustable in a wide range from ~mA to a fewions per-second. The beam purity of each ion species isroutinely monitored and analysed using micro-ERDA/PIXE/RBS.

CMMSP PWE 96

High Resolution Depth Analysis ofMultilayer Structures by SNMSR.N. Tarrant, K. Davies, M.M.M Bilek and D.R. McKenzie

School of Physics, The University of Sydney


Secondary Neutral Mass Spectroscopy (SNMS) is asurface analysis technique in which neutrals sputteredfrom a sample are ionised by electron gas prior to analysisby a mass spectrometer. The elemental sensitivity factorsare nearly independent of the bombarding energy,simplifying the quantification of spectra[1]. The instrument(a SPECS INA-X) has a detection limit in the ppm rangeand nanometre depth resolution. Sample preparation isminimal. We have used the SNMS to seamlessly depth-profile composite multilayer structures of Al (metalconductor) on Si thermal oxide (insulator) on Si wafer(semiconductor), Ti /TiN multilayers on Si and Cr/Au onglass.

[1] J. Jorzick et al, Appl. Phys. A, 78, 255 (2004)

CMMSP PWE 97

Synthesis and Characterisation of Titanium Vanadium Nitride Thin FilmsM.B. Taylor1, K.E. Davies2, B.K. Gan2, D.R. McKenzie2,M.M.M. Bilek2, D.G. McCulloch1, B.A. Latella3, P.A.Wilksch1, M. McPherson1 and R.A. van den Brink1.

1. Applied Physics, School of Applied Sciences, RMITUniversity, Melbourne, Australia; 2. School of Physics,University of Sydney, Australia; 3. Materials and EngineeringScience, Australian Nuclear Science and TechnologyOrganisation, Menai, Australia


Ternary alloys involving titanium, vanadium and nitrogenhave shown desirable properties including high hardnessand attractive colours. In this work we investigated theeffect of varying the ratio of Ti:V on the hardness andoptical properties of Ti(1-x)VxN alloys produced using adual source pulsed cathodic arc. A maximum inindentation hardness was found at a ratio of Ti0.77V0.23Nand this alloy has a substantially higher hardness thanTiN. The complex refractive index at 633 nm wasmeasured by ellipsometry and found to vary markedly withcomposition in the region of the hardness peak.

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CMMSP PWE 98

Optical Readout of Single-spins forSolid-state Quantum ComputingMatthew J. Testolin, Lloyd C. L. Hollenberg, Cameron J.Wellard, Andrew D. Greentree

Centre for Quantum Computer Technology

School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne,Victoria, Australia

E-mail of corresponding author:[email protected]

We propose readout of spin qubits, using a far infrared(FIR) laser to resonantly transfer a single electron to adonor beneath a single electron transistor (SET). This is anoptical based implementation of work in ref.[2] on spin-dependent resonant transfer. This method offers theadvantage of working at significantly reduced electric field strengths as compared to the existing adiabatictechnique proposed by Kane[3], hence the preservation ofthe D-readout state. We also propose a method to performspin initialisation using the same resonant technique. Wethus provide an alternative method for spin readout andinitialisation in donor based solid-state quantumcomputing.

[1] L. C. L Hollenberg et al., Phys. Rev. B 69, 233301 (2004)

[2] B. E. Kane, Nature 393, 133 (1998)

CMMSP PWE 99

Atomistic Simulation of CationOrdering and Radiation Damage inSr1-3x/2LaxTiO3 Defect PerovskitesB. S. Thomas1,2, N. A. Marks2, B. D. Begg1, L.R. Corrales3 and R. Devanathan3

1. Materials and Engineering Science, Australian NuclearScience and Technology Organisation, Menai NSW;2. Department of Applied Physics, University of Sydney,Sydney NSW; 3. Fundamental Science Directorate, PacificNorthwest National Laboratory, Richland WA, USA


Sr1-3x/2LaxTiO3 perovskites are known to contain charge-compensating cation vacancies, which display one-dimensional ordering at high La concentrations. Recently,the radiation resistance of these perovskites has beenmeasured, revealing an anomalously high radiationresistance at around x = 0.2. We use atomistic computersimulation techniques to study short-range cation andvacancy ordering as a function of La concentration andthermal history. Long-range electrostatic effects dominatethe interactions, and ordering in one- and two-dimensionsis observed. We also give preliminary results on theeffects of La concentration and ordering on radiationresistance, including both primary damage creation anddefect annealing.

CMMSP PWE 100

The Ni 2p3/2 Auger-photoelectronCoincidence SpectrumGrant van Riessen and Stephen M Thurgate

School of Engineering Science, Murdoch University, Perth WA

The photoelectron and Auger electron spectra of thetransition metals can be complicated by many-bodyprocesses. Auger Photoelectron CoincidenceSpectroscopy (APECS) provides and opportunity toexplore a number of these effects.

We present Ni 2p3/2 photoelectron spectra measured incoincidence with components of the Ni L3-M4,5M4,5 Augerspectrum. The coincidence-photoelectron spectrum issimilar to the XPS photoelectron spectrum when measuredin coincidence with electrons with the energy of the L3-M4,5M4,5

1G component. The coincidence-photoelectron lineshape changes when measured incoincidence with electrons 1.0 and 2.0 eV below theenergy of the L3-M4,5M4,5

1G component where therelative contribution from L3-M4,5-M4,5M4,5M4,5 processesis greater.

The lineshapes are interpreted using the many-bodytheory previously applied to the analysis of thecoincidence-photoelectron lines of Cu and Ag[1]. Inparticular, we consider effects of the initial- and final-state lifetimes, and many-body effects involving shake-up/down excitations.

1. M. Ohno, J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom. 124 (2002) 39

CMMSP PWE 101

Zeeman Spectra of Boron inGermanium at High FieldsR.E.M. Vickers1, R.A. Lewis1, P. Fisher1, Y.-J. Wang2 andD. Smirnov2

1. Department of Engineering Physics and Institute forSuperconductivity and Electronic Materials, University ofWollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; 2. National HighMagnetic Field Laboratory at Florida State University,Tallahassee, Florida, USA


Zeeman spectra of boron in germanium have beenexamined for B||<110> in the Faraday configuration withfields up to 18T. Previous studies[1] have been confined to0–7T, for the Voigt arrangement with linearly polarisedradiation. All spectral lines yield detailed Zeeman patterns;that of the G line will be presented for the range 0–18Talong with a comparison with theory from 1–10T[2].

[1] P. Fisher, et. al., Phys. Rev. B 47,12999 (1993); R. J. Baker, et.al. Solid State Commun. 93, 353 (1995).

[2] W. O. G. Schmitt, et. al., J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 3, 6789(1991).

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CMMSP PWE 102

Study of Bulk Traps and InterfaceStates in P_implanted Si MOSCapacitors Using ConstantCapacitance Deep Level TransientSpectroscopyB. J. Villis1, M. D. H. Lay1, J. C. McCallum1 and E. Gauja2

1. Centre for Quantum Computing Technology and Micro-analytical Research Centre, School of Physics, University ofMelbourne, Victoria, Australia; 2. Centre for QuantumComputer Technology, School of Physics, University of NewSouth Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia


Ion implantation doping of Si through an SiO2 overlayer isof interest for fabrication of a solid-state quantumcomputer based on the Kane proposal of P qubits in a Simatrix. The areal density of P atoms estimated to berequired is 1011 cm–2. To obtain quantitative informationabout the bulk charge traps and interface traps introducedduring implantation and to monitor their annealingcharacteristics during subsequent thermal treatment ofimplanted samples we are using constant capacitancedeep level transient spectroscopy (CCDLTS). Of particularimportance to the solid-state quantum computerfabrication program is the fact that CCDLTS allows thenear-oxide interface region to be probed and that it hasmore than adequate sensitivity to detect defects in the ionfluence regime 1011 cm–2 of interest. Here, we presentresults from a CCDLTS study of P-implanted MOScapacitors where a range of bulk traps are identified andtheir annealing behaviour analysed.

CMMSP PWE 103

A Comparison of ElectronicStructure Determination by ElectronMomentum Spectroscopy and byAngular Resolved PhotoemissionM. Vos, C. Bowles, A. S. Kheifets, M. R. Went and E. Weigold

Atomic and Molecular Physics Laboratories, Research Schoolof Physical Sciences and Engineering, Australian NationalUniversity, Canberra ACT, Australia


Angular-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy is currentlythe most widely-used technique to determine the bandstructure of single crystals. Recently new measurementshave become available using a scattering technique:Electron Momentum Spectroscopy (EMS). In particular theelectronic structure of single crystals copper and silicon[1]

was measured by EMS. Here we compare bothtechniques, and indicate under what conditions onetechnique is superior over the other. Specifically the bandselectivity is different between the techniques, as isenergy and momentum resolution and surface sensitivity.Conceivably a greater understanding of electronicstructure may be achieved by a combination of these twotechniques.

[1] A. S. Kheifets, V. A. Sashin, M. Vos, E. Weigold, Phys. Rev. B,68, 233205 (2003).

CMMSP PWE 104

Magnetic Behaviour of ErFe12-xNbx(x = 0.6–0.8)J.L. Wang1, S.J. Campbell1, J.M. Cadogan2, O. Tegus3,and A.V.J. Edge1

1. School of Physical, Environmental and MathematicalSciences, University of New South Wales, The AustralianDefence Force Academy, Canberra ACT; 2. School ofPhysics, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW;3. Van der Waals-Zeeman Institute, University of Amsterdam,The Netherlands


The magnetic behaviour of ferrimagnetic ErFe12-xNbxcompounds has been investigated over the temperaturerange 4.2–300 K using ac and dc magnetic techniquesand Mössbauer spectroscopy. The spin reorientationtemperatures Tsr in ErFe12-xNbx compounds remainessentially unchanged with increasing x (Tsr ~ 42 K)compared with a significant decrease in DyFe12-xNbx(Tsr1 ~ 236–204 K; Tsr2 ~154–94 K). This can beunderstood by taking the different crystal field termsresponsible for the spin reorientations into account. Thesite magnetic moments derived for ErFe11.4Nb0.6 at 4.2 K are 2.19 _B, 1.98 _B and 1.69 _B for the 8i, 8j and 8f sites respectively.

CMMSP PWE 105

Characterisation of Vacuum(Physical Vapour) DepositedLumogen Optical FilmsA. Deslandes1, A.B. Wedding2 and J.S. Quinton1

1. School of Chemistry, Physics & Earth Sciences, FlindersUniversity, Adelaide; 2. School of Electrical & InformationEngineering, University of South Australia, Adelaide


The material and surface characterisation of LumogenYellow S optical thin films vacuum deposited on silicondioxide surfaces is made using a range of analyticaltechniques. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) andthermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) have been applied todetermine the degree of crystallinity in the films.Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), x-ray diffraction(XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) areutilised to study the change in film structure with respectto deposition conditions.

UV-vis and DSC/TGA results yield basic data on themelting point, absorption and emission spectra for thematerial while x-ray scattering is used to calibrate filmthickness. XRD provides a more reliable probe ofcrystallinity and results show changes in crystal structureand growth after post-deposition treatment at elevatedtemperatures. Size quantification and the degree ofcrystallinity in the films is confirmed by direct SEMimaging showing the crystal formation on the film surface.

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CMMSP PWE 106

A Study of Stress Developmentduring Thermal Cycling of PECVD-Deposited Materials Used for theSynthesis of Silicon Nanocrystalsand Associated Optical StructuresT.D.M. Weijers, M.G. Spooner, R.G. Elliman

Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, ResearchSchool of Physical Sciences and Engineering, The AustralianNational University, Canberra ACT


PECVD-deposited materials used for the synthesis of Sinanocrystals and devices designed to tailor their emissionundergo severe thermal cycling with temperaturesexceeding 1100°C. The different thermal expansioncoefficients of the materials, as well as the release of copious amounts of H during annealing (up to 30atomic-%), results in significant stress and often crackingof the final structures. A simple sample curvaturemeasurement technique has been developed to study thedevelopment of stress during thermal cycling. Whencorrelated with complementary measurements, a betterunderstanding of the failure mechanisms, and how to bestavoid them, is obtained.

CMMSP PWE 107

Heavy Ion Elastic Recoil DetectionAnalysis of Silicon-rich Silica FilmsUsed for the Synthesis of SiliconNanocrystalsT.D.M. Weijers, R.G. Elliman, H. Timmers

1. Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, ResearchSchool of Physical Sciences and Engineering, The AustralianNational University, Canberra ACT; 2. School of Physical,Environmental and Mathematical Sciences, The University ofNew South Wales at the Australian Defence Force Academy,Canberra ACT


In recent years, nanocrystalline silicon has sparkedconsiderable interest, since its light emitting propertiesprovides the potential for integrating electronic andphotonic functionality in a single circuit using a commonmaterial system. This paper presents the heavy ion elasticrecoil detection (HI-ERD) analysis of PECVD-depositedsilicon-rich silica films used for the synthesis of siliconnanocrystals and shows that, due to its sensitivity to lightelements and H in particular, HI-ERD analysis is a usefultool in unraveling experimental issues related to theirdeposition and processing.

CMMSP PWE 108

Advanced Chebyshev ExpansionMethods for Finite-temperatureDynamical Correlation FunctionsAlexander Weisse

School of Physics, The University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW


The numerical calculation of dynamical correlationfunctions, like optical conductivities, structure factors,spectral functions etc. is one of the typical tasks incondensed matter physics. With the effort scaling onlylinearly in the problem dimension, Chebyshev expansionand kernel polynomial methods[1] belong to the mostefficient and stable approaches to such problems. In thiscontribution we give an overview of these methods andpropose extensions to finite temperature[2]. To illustratetheir performance we present a comprehensive study ofthe optical conductivity of non-interacting electrons in arandom potential (Anderson model), calculated for largefinite clusters. In addition, we apply the new method toexplore transport properties and correlation effects ofinteracting quantum systems, e.g., spin chains.

[1] R. N. Silver, H. Roeder, Phys. Rev. E 56, 4822 (1997).

[2] A. Weisse, Eur. Phys. J. B 40, 125 (2004).

CMMSP PWE 109

Electron Excited Auger ElectronSpectroscopy of CuM. R. Went, M. Gale, C. Bowles and M. Vos

Atomic and Molecular Physics Laboratories, Research Schoolof Physical Sciences and Engineering, Australian NationalUniversity, Canberra ACT, Australia


The inner core KLL Auger lines for Cu has been measuredusing high energy electron excitation of thin free standingmembranes. The thin free standing metallic samples wereprepared by evaporation on to amorphous carbon films.The spectra have been treated to background correctionusing the Shirley method and have been analyzedassuming the satellite structure observed in copper[1] iscaused by d-band spectator vacancy shake-up from the 1S0, 1D2 and 3P2 peaks. The results have beencompared to available experimental measurements andtheoretical predictions.

[1] L. Köver, I. Cserny, J. Tóth, D. Varga, T. Mukoyama, J. ElecronSpectros. Relat. Phenom., 114–116, 55 (2001)

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CMMSP PWE 110

The Effect of Annealing Environmenton the Luminescence of SiliconNanocrystals in SilicaA.R. Wilkinson and R.G. Elliman

Electronic Materials Engineering Department, RSPhysSE,ANU, Canberra, Australia


There is considerable interest in the properties of Sinanocrystals embedded in SiO2, with a particularemphasis on the strong room-temperature luminescenceexhibited by such material. However, what has not beenappreciated is that apparently subtle changes in thechoice of annealing ambient (e.g. Ar instead of N2) has asignificant effect on nanocrystal luminescence. In thisstudy, we show that the choice of ambient affects both thenanocrystal size distribution and the concentration of non-radiative defects present at the nanocrystal surface.Nitrogen is shown to play an important role in this respect.

CMMSP PWE 111

Optimizing Luminescence Efficiencyfrom Si Nanocrystals through theControl and Passivation of DefectsA.R. Wilkinson and R.G. Elliman

Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, ResearchSchool of Physical Sciences & Engineering, The AustralianNational University, Canberra, ACT


Silicon nanocrystals embedded in SiO2 exhibit strongroom-temperature luminescence as a direct consequenceof their small size. The quality of surface passivationdramatically affects both the luminescence intensity andlifetime, and can be affected by such things as thethermal annealing cycle, the annealing environment, and impurities. In this work, the effect of hydrogenpassivation on the luminescence is investigated.Continuous and time-resolved photoluminescencemeasurements are used as a relative measure of defectdensities, which are monitored as a function of passivationtemperature and duration. Models are presented for thereaction kinetics of passivation in atomic and molecularhydrogen, based on models for passivation of defects atplanar Si/SiO2 interfaces.

CMMSP PWE 112

Magnetic Properties of Gd1-xSrxCoO3-δ (x = 0.67, 0.90 and 0.95)K.F. Wilson1, D.J. Goossens2 and M. James3

1. Department of Physics, Australian National University,Canberra; 2. Research School of Chemistry, AustralianNational University, Canberra; 3. The Bragg Institute, AustralianNuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Sydney


We have examined the magnetic properties of Gd1-xSrxCoO3-δ from 17 to 320 K for a range of samples, x = 0.67,0.90 and 0.95. The materials are found to show peaks in

the real and imaginary parts of the ac susceptibility andthe positions of these peaks show frequency dependence,indicative of spinglass behaviour. At x = 0.67, it appearsthat at temperatures between Tf (~154 K) and 320 K thecurve cannot be fitted by a Curie-Weiss law, suggestingthat the material is ordered to some extent. Based on thebehaviour of related materials, we suggest a state with anantiferromagnetic matrix containing ferromagnetic clusters.

CMMSP PWE 113

Martensitic Transformation underMagnetic Field in a NiMnGa SingleCrystalX.D. Wu and T. R. Finlayson

School of Physics and Materials Engineering, MonashUniversity, Melbourne


NiMnGa is an interesting ferromagnetic shape memoryalloy. In the present paper, the martensitic transformationof a NiMnGa single crystal under different magnetic fieldsis studied by using SQUID. An abnormal jump is found inthe magnetization curves when the sample is cooledunder magnetic fields of several thousand Gauss. The range of the magnetic field under which this abnormal jump is observed varies with the orientation ofthe single crystal. The mechanism associated with thisphenomenon is discussed.

CMMSP PWE 114

Quantum and Transport Lifetimes of a Spin-split Two-dimensionalElectron GasW. Xu

Department of Theoretical Physics, RSPhysSE, ANU, Australia

A theoretical study is presented for transport properties ofa two-dimensional electron gas in the presence of spin-orbit interaction induced by the Rashba effect. Thequantum and transport lifetimes in different spin-orbits areevaluated by including electron scattering with remote andbackground impurities in an InAlAs/InGaAs heterojunction.The results have been compared with those obtainedexperimentally.

CMMSP PWE 115

Dynamic Properties of the SulfurContaminated Fe(110) SurfaceN. Todorova, M.J.S. Spencer and I. Yarovsky

Applied Physics, School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University,VIC, Australia


Sulfur contamination of Fe produces undesirableattributes, affecting the metal’s adhesion and wearbehaviour. We previously examined S/Fe(110)[1,2] atdifferent coverages and adsorption sites, using densityfunctional theory at 0K. This study examines the dynamicsof a 1/4 monolayer coverage of S/Fe(110) at 298, 500, 800

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and 1808K. A combination of vibrational frequency and abinitio molecular dynamics calculations showed that Smoves from the high energy atop site (2nd order saddle-point) to the minimum (4-fold hollow) via the transitionstate (bridge). At 1808K, surface melting can be seen butS does not desorb, nor diffuse into the bulk.

[1] M.J.S. Spencer, I.K. Snook, I. Yarovsky, to be submitted,J.Phys.Chem.B (2004)

[2] M.J.S. Spencer, A. Hung, I. Snook, I. Yarovsky, SurfaceScience, 540, 420 (2003)

CMMSP PWE 116

Electronic and Magnetic Propertiesof Thin Fe Films on Pd(001) D.H. Yu1, Tetsuya Senoo2, Kei Hayashi3 and Akito Kakizaki2

1. Bragg Institute, Australian Nuclear Science & TechnologyOrganisation, Menai, NSW, Australia; 2. ISSP, The Universityof Tokyo, Japan; 3. Photodynamics Research Center, RIKEN, Japan


We have studied the electronic and magnetic properties ofthin Fe film on Pd(001) with the techniques of Angle-Resolved Photoemission and Magnetic Linear Dichroism inAngular Distributions of the photoelectrons. The angle-resolved photoemission spectra of thin Fe films (1–3 ML)on Pd (001) substrate were measured with incident photon energy of 22 eV to 70 eV. The asymmetry functionwith respect to the magnetisation directions of the sample was also measured with linear polarised light. The 3d-4d hybridisation was studied through the inducedpolarisation observed in the angular distribution ofphotoelectrons from Pd.

CMMSP PWE 117

Thin Boron Nitride NanotubesFormed during Annealing inAmmonia GasJ. Yu, Y. Chen, R. Elliman and S. Stowe

Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, ResearchSchool of Physical Sciences and Engineering, ElectronMicroscopy Unit, Research School of Biological Sciences,Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, AUSTRALIA

[email protected]

We present a mechano-thermal process to synthesis thinboron nitride nanotubes of diameter around 7 nanometers.They were produced by mechanical milling of amorphousboron powder at ambient temperature, followed by thermalannealing in ammonia gas. High energy ball millingcreates a precursor containing a high density ofnanocrystalline BN seeds and fine particles of metalcatalyst. Nanotubes grow out from the milled boronpowder during subsequent annealing. The novelty of thisapproach lies in the formation of the thin BN nanotubes byannealing in ammonia gas instead of nitrogen gas. Theboron nitride nanotubes produced have a well-definedcrystalline structure and there is no iron within them. Ifnitrogen gas is used, thicker nanotubes of diameter in therange of 20–100 nm were obtained and iron was morelikely to be found inside the nanotubes.

CMMSP PWE 118

Magnetism of Isolated Atoms atSurfaces and in Vacancy-RelatedComplexesW.-D. Zeitz1, H. Timmers2, Santosh K. Shrestha2

1. Hahn-Meitner-Institut Berlin, Bereich Strukturforschung,Berlin, Germany; 2. School of Physical, Mathematical andEnvironmental Sciences, UNSW@ADFA, Canberra, ACT,Australia


Experiments with radioactive tracer atoms have openedup a new approach to examining the surfaces of magneticmaterials[1,2]. The Perturbed Angular Correlation (PAC)spectroscopy, which is applied, allows the precise positionand the magnetic field at the specific site to bedetermined. By careful annealing the atoms can be movedto different sites on surfaces or imbedded in vacancy-related complexes in the bulk.

For sp-elements, like selenium or cadmium, the field onnickel surfaces correlate with the number of neighbouringatoms. These results initiated a reiteration of theinvestigations on vacancy-related impurity complexes inthe bulk.

[1] K. Potzger, A. Weber, H.H. Bertschat, W.-D. Zeitz, M. Dietrich,Phys. Rev. Lett. 88 (2002) 247201

[2] H. Granzer, H.H. Bertschat, H. Haas, W.-D. Zeitz, J. Lohmüller,G. Schatz and the ISOLDE-Coll., Phys. Rev. Lett 77 (1996)4261

CMMSP PWE 119

Characterization of Carbon BoronNitride Graphitic NanostructuresSynthesized by RF-magnetron Co-sputteringD.M. Zhu, G. Jakovidis and L. Bourgeois

School of Physics and Materials Engineering, MonashUniversity, Victoria, Australia


Carbon boron nitride (CBN) thin films were deposited onmolybdenum substrates by RF-magnetron co-sputteringusing pure graphite and boron nitride targets. As-deposited and post-annealed films were characterized byhigh resolution transmission electron microscopy. Aprecursor film which possesses regions of a disorderedand turbostratic graphitic structure was formed over arelatively low and wide substrate temperature range(130–500˚C). After subsequent annealing up to 900˚C, theprecursor structure transformed to various locally well-graphitised polyhedral nanoparticles, including multi-walled tubes, boxes, onions, etc. However, regions ofuntransformed nanoporous particles were also visible,suggesting higher annealing temperatures are required foractivating graphitic CBN nanostructured growth.

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CMMSP THC11Thursday 1040–1100 hrs

Helium Vapour-PressureThermometry by UltrasoundAttenuationJ.C. Macfarlane

Physics Department, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK


The temperature of a liquid helium bath or cryostat can becontrolled in the range 1K–4.2K by maintaining a reducedHe vapour pressure (~1 mbar–1000 mbar) above theliquid[1] . The technique is employed, for example, toprovide an intermediate temperature stage during thecooling of an adiabatic demagnetisation refrigerator.Conventional thermal-conductivity vacuum gauges do notoperate reliably with helium in this pressure range, and thealternative capacitance-manometer gauges are quiteexpensive (>$2000). A novel, inexpensive techniquebased on the transmission of ultrasound through the Hegas has been developed. Using readily-availablecomponents (costing <$10) and a relatively simpleelectronic read-out, the desired pressure range can bereliably established (+/–0.01mbar

[1] see e.g., G.K. White, Experimental Techniques in Low-Temperature Physics, Oxford University Press, 1989.


Crystallinity in Lumogen Optical Thin FilmsA. Deslandes1, A.B. Wedding2 and J.S. Quinton1

1. School of Chemistry, Physics & Earth Sciences, FlindersUniversity, Adelaide; 2. School of Electrical & InformationEngineering, University of South Australia, Adelaide


Lumogen Yellow S is a commercial pigment withproperties that facilitates use for wavelength-convertingoptical coatings. A common application is in UVdownconversion, absorbing radiation in the ultraviolet andre-emitting at visible wavelengths. Due to its very highconversion efficiency, lumogen films are used to increasethe quantum efficiency of silicon-based photon detectorssuch as CCD’s.

Lumogen coatings are considered stable, however reportsshow that as-deposited amorphous films exhibit non-uniformity and crystalline growth within the film if leftstanding at room temperature for a length of time. We areinterested in harnessing this behaviour to producenanocrystalline coatings with controlled optical properties.

The film structure has been studied using a range oftechniques such as XRD, SEM and UV-vis absorptionspectroscopy and show evidence for crystalline structureswithin the film. We aim to demonstrate the formation ofcrystalline structures and a significant influence of thestorage temperature upon the nucleation and growth rateof crystals within the film.


Application of Optical Near-fields forDry EtchingV. Polonski, B. Martin, R. Netterfield, P.J. Martin

CSIRO Industrial Physics, Lindfield NSW Australia

The dry etching of materials, conventionally thought of asplasma-assisted processing, is shown to also occur as ananophotonics-based phenomenon. In our experiments,we have utilised periodic structures with quarter-micronfeatures in the capacity of test structures placed in a gas-etchant environment. The unambiguous demonstration ofdry etching for the chosen planar configuration can beattributed to the interplay of concurrent optical near-fieldeffects acting on the material surface. Such size-dependent phenomena are presently little understood butoffer effectively non-linear interactions without the usualpower requirements and have enormous potential,especially if applied to sub-diffraction surface engineeringproblems and in nanoscale emerging scienceapplications.


Acoustic Reflectivity of LiquidSaturated Porous MaterialsDouglas Schmitt

University of Alberta

[email protected]

A great deal of information can be obtained by observingthe angle of incidence behavior of acoustic and seismicwaves reflected from the interface between differingmaterials. The reflectivity from liquid saturated porousmaterials is studied experimentally using a uniqueacoustic goniometer. Past the first critical angle,corrections for the bounded beam used must beconsidered and the modeling and calibration on well-known elastic materials was described. The experimentson liquid saturated sintered glass beads that carry asecond ‘slow’ compressional wave are in good agreementwith the predictions of existing theories.


Superconducting QuantumEngineering at the CSIROC.P. Foley

Applied Quantum Systems Group, CSIRO Industrial Physics,Lindfield NSW


Superconductivity is an extremely fruitful and exciting fieldof research, which has been awarded five Nobel prizes insince 1911. One unique property of superconductingsystems, their macroscopic quantum behaviour, makesthem ideal candidates to engineer quantum states forvarious applications. CSIRO Industrial Physics has astrong background in both low (LTS) and high (HTS)

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temperature superconductivity developed over the past 30years. Having researched Josephson junctions andsuperconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs)for a range of applications, new devices have beenfabricated including nanoSQUIDs, absolute valuedetectors and HTS axial gradiometers for a diverse rangeof applications. Recent work has also considered two-state quantum systems for operation at milli-kelvintemperatures. This talk will describe some of the history ofsuperconductivity, the related work at CSIRO and recentour research in quantum engineering.


Competing Types of Long-range 3D Magnetic Order in the LayeredMolecular Network CompoundsM(NCO)2(pyz), M = Mn, Fe or CoC.D. Ling1,2 and J.L. Manson3

1. School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Camperdown,NSW; 2. Bragg Institute, ANSTO, Menai, NSW; 3. Departmentof Chemistry and Biochemistry, Eastern Washington University,Cheney, USA


We have synthesised M(NCO)2(pyz) compounds where Mis Mn, Fe or Co. We present the results of a neutronpowder diffraction investigation into the crystal andmagnetic structures of these compounds as a function oftemperature. We find that the structures of all threecompounds are isomorphic and related to that ofMn(N3)2(pyz)[1], and yet exhibit two distinct magneticstructures at low temperature. The relationship betweenthese two magnetic structures, and the finely balancedmagnetic exchange interactions that lead to the adoptionof one over the other, are discussed.

[1] J.L. Manson, A.M. Arif and J.S. Miller, Chem. Commun., 123, 1497 (1999).


Studying Antiferromagnets Using anExchange Bias Bilayer Thin FilmN. Ross, M.J. Lwin, R.C. Woodward, D.C. Crew and R.L. Stamps

School of Physics M013, The University of Western Australia, Perth


We have measured the resonance frequency of a Ni/NiOexchange bias bilayer using a Pulsed Inductive MicrowaveMagnetometer (PIMM) technique. Measuring thedependence of resonance frequency on both themagnitude and direction of external applied field allows usto unambiguously determine the various contributions tothe anisotropy of the system, including the exchange bias.We relate changes in this exchange bias with time tochanges in the domain state of the antiferromagnetic NiO.This gives us a window into the state of theantiferromagnet which is difficult to obtain withconventional hysteretic techniques that grossly perturb the

antiferromagnetic NiO, by reversing the Ni layer duringeach measurement.


Surface Studies of Horse-spleenFerritinC.I. Pakes, G.C. Tettamanzi, A. Dowler, A. Cimmino, P.Olivero, S. Prawer and D.N. Jamieson



Ferritin is an iron storage protein containing anantiferromagnetic core of up to 4500 Fe3+ ions. From lowtemperature bulk magnetisation measurements, it is knownthat these systems demonstrate macroscopic quantumtunneling of the Néel vector[1], arising from the non-compensated spin. Our interest is in developingtechniques to allow the spin of individual proteins to beprobed. We present a study of the Raman signature ofsurface-deposited ferritin, which demonstrates thatexposure to UV laser pulses gives rise to the developmentof sp2 bonded carbon in the protein, arranged in apolycrystalline graphite structure, with crystallitedimension equal to the protein size. Prospects for protein-based spintronics, using probe-based techniques toincorporate the proteins into nanoscale electronic circuitswill be discussed.

[1] D.D. Awschalom et al, Phys. Rev. Lett, 68, 3092 (1992)


Tidbits about Qubits: SpinComputation in NanostructuresSankar Das Sarma

Condensed Matter Theory Center, Department of Physics,University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA


I will provide an introduction to the emerging field ofspintronics and spin qubits in this talk. Active control ofcarrier spin in nanostructures of semiconductors and otherelectronic materials is projected to lead to new devicefunctionalities in the future. In particular, it may be possibleto envision memory and logic operations being carried outon the same ‘spintronic’ chip. I will discuss variousaspects of fundamental physics related to this newresearch area of spin electronics with the particularemphasis on localized electron spins in semiconductornanostructures, such as GaAs quantum dots and P donorsin Si. A revolutionary possibility in the (perhaps, far) futureis using the natural two-level quantum dynamics ofelectron spin to create robust quantum bits (‘qubits’) whichcould be used to carry out solid state quantum informationprocessing or quantum computation. I will discuss indetails the questions of entanglement, decoherence,quantum error correction, and quantum gates insemiconductor nanostructure-based solid state spinquantum computer architectures, critically discussing froma theoretical perspective the current status of the field and

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the prospects for carrying out large-scale quantumcomputation using solid state spin qubits.

This research has been supported by LPS, ARDA, ARO,DARPA, ONR, and NSF.

Please see http://www.physics.umd.edu/cmtc for therelevant publications.


Fabrication of Nano-Devices inSilicon Using Scanning TunnelingMicroscopyF.J. Rueß, M.J. Butcher, L. Oberbeck, M.Y. Simmons,K.E.J. Goh, A.R. Hamilton, T. Hallam, T. C. G. Reusch, N.J. Curson and R.G. Clark

Centre for Quantum Computer Technology, School of Physics,University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW, Australia


Recently our group has demonstrated, using a scanningtunneling microscope, the ability to place individualphosphorus atoms in silicon at precise locations[1]. Thesedopants can then be encapsulated in epitaxial silicon withminimal diffusion and segregation[2]. We have extendedthe scheme to fabricate and electrically characterize 2Dand 1D nano-devices[3] by the use of an elegantregistration technique, involving an in-situ scanningelectron microscope etched registration markers on thesamples and optical lithography. Here we will discuss thisfabrication strategy and present electrical transportmeasurements from a number of devices.

[1] S.R. Schofield, N.J. Curson, M.Y. Simmons, F.J. Rueß, T.Hallam, L. Oberbeck and R. G.Clark, Phys Rev Lett 91, 136104 (2003).

[2] L. Oberbeck, N.J. Curson, T. Hallam, M.Y. Simmons and R.G.Clark, Thin Solid Films, 464–465 23 (2004).

[3] F.J. Rueß, L. Oberbeck, M.Y. Simmons, KEJ Goh, A.R.Hamilton, T. Hallam, S.R. Schofield, N.J. Curson and R.G.Clark, To be published in Nanoletters, Oct 2004.


Quantum Electro-Mechanical System (QEMS)D. Wahyu Utami1, H.S. Goan2 and G.J. Milburn1

1. Center for Quantum Computer Technology and Departmentof Physics School of Physical Sciences, The University ofQueensland, Australia; 2. Center for Quantum ComputerTechnology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia


Recent development in Nano Electro-Mechanical Systems(NEMS) has yield oscillators with resonant frequenciesabove Giga Hertz with quality factors above 100,000. Atthis scale a NEMS oscillator becomes a quantum devicecapable of operating at the atomic level with extraordinarysensitivity to small forces or molecular masses. With thismotivation, we study the phonon-electron interaction inseveral quantum electromechanical systems (QEMS).

First, a system comprising a single quantum dotharmonically bound between two electrodes whichfacilitates a tunneling current between them[1] andsecondly the electron shuttle system firstly introduced byGorelik[2]. We describe the system via quantum masterequation for the density operator of the electronic andvibrational degrees of freedom and thus incorporates thedynamics of both diagonal (population) and off diagonal(coherence) terms. We derive coupled equations of motionfor the electron occupation number of the dot and thevibrational degrees of freedom, including damping of thevibration and thermo-mechanical noise. This dynamicaldescription is related to observable features of the systemincluding the stationary current as a function of biasvoltage. A number of possible applications are exploredfor feasibility including molecular QEMS devices asquantum limited nanoscale detectors and as elements inquantum computer architectures.

[1] H. Park, et al., Nature, 407, 57 (2000)

[2] L.Y. Gorelik, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 4526–4529, (1998)


Electron Momentum Spectroscopy ofSome Simple Condensed MaterialsM.J. Ford1, E.A. Mikajlo2, and H.E. Dorsett3

1. Institute for Nanoscale Technology, University ofTechnology, Sydney, Australia; 2. School of Chemistry,University of Nottingham, UK and SoCPES, Flinders University,SA Australia; 3. Defence Science and TechnologyOrganisation, Pyrmont, NSW, Australia


In this paper we present our experimental measurementsof the valence band structures for the lightest three groupI and II oxides[1]. Electron momentum spectroscopy[2] hasbeen used to map the energy and momentum resolvedelectronic structure. The purpose of these measurementsis to provide data against which first principlescalculations can be tested. In particular, thiscomprehensive data set allows us to test how wellcalculations predict trends across these 6 simple ionicsolids. The measurements are compared with atomicbasis calculations using both Hartree-Fock (HF) anddensity functional theory (DFT) implemented in theCRYSTAL98 package[3].

[1] V. A. Sashin, H. E. Dorsett, M. Bolorizadeh, and M. J. Ford, J.Chem. Phys. 113, 8175 (2000); Elisabeth A Mikajlo, Helen EDorsett and Michael J Ford J. Chem. Phys., 120 10799 (2004)

[2] M. A. Coplan, Moore, J. H., and Doering, J. P., Reviews ofModern Physics 66 (3), 985 (1994); J. R. Dennison and A. L.Ritter, J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom. 77, 99 (1996); I. E.McCarthy and E. Weigold, Rep. Prog. Phys. 54 (6), 789 (1991).

[3] V. R. Saunders, R. Dovesi, C. Roetti, M. Causà, N. M. Harrison,R. Orlando, and C. M. Zicovich-Wilson, CRYSTAL98 User’sManual. (University of Torino, Torino, 1998).

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CMMSP FRC11Friday 0820–0900 hrs

Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy ofReal Time Defect Motion onSurfacesJ.W.M. Frenken

Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, Leiden Institute of Physics,Leiden University, The Netherlands


The Interface Physics group uses various types ofScanning Probe Microscopy to investigate the structureand dynamic behaviour of surfaces and interfaces. Topicsthat they are working on at present include surfacediffusion, surface phase transitions, gas-surfaceinteractions, nanotribology, and nanobiology. For example,from accurate measurements of the statistics of theobserved jump lengths and of the waiting times betweensuccessive jumps, it has been deduced that the mobilityof indium atoms on a copper surface is caused by therapid, two-dimensional diffusion of a very low density ofmonatomic vacancies (missing copper atoms), throughthe first copper layer. Due to their ultrahigh diffusion rate,these vacancies remain “invisible” for the STM at roomtemperature. It is important to realize that the slide-puzzlediffusion mechanism is also active when there is noembedded indium in the copper surface. The indiummerely serves as a low density of “tracer” particles, whichenable us to follow the rearrangements continually takingplace in the surface. What we learn from theseobservations is that not only adatoms, but also the atomsin a close-packed terrace of a metal surface are mobile atrelatively low temperatures, e.g. room temperature.


Analysis of Peptides Desorbed fromSilicon by a Free Electron LaserB.V. King1 and J.F. Moore2

1. School of Mathematical & Physical Sciences, University ofNewcastle, NSW; 2. Materials Science, Argonne NationalLaboratory, Argonne IL, USA


We have used intense tunable light from a vacuumultraviolet (VUV) free electron laser (FEL) as well as a F2laser to photoionise biomolecules desorbed from flat andporous silicon surfaces. The photoion mass spectrum wasmeasured in a time-of-flight spectrometer. Thebiomolecules tested were the amino acids valine (Val) andtyrosine (Tyr) as well as di- and tripeptides Val-Val, Val-Tyrand Val-Tyr-Val. The surface structure and laserwavelength were optimised to minimise fragmentation ofmolecular photoions and hence the sensitivity of thisalready extremely sensitive[1] surface analysis technique.

[1] I.V. Veryovkin, W.F. Calaway , J.F. Moore, M.J. Pellin, J.W.Lewellen, Y-L Li, S.V. Milton, B.V. King, M. Petravic, AppliedSurface Science 231–232 (2004) 962


Photoelectron Diffraction fromCu(111) SurfacesL. Broekman1, A. Tadich1, J.Riley1, R.Leckey1,S.Homolya2, A.Smith2, T. Seyller3, K.Emtsev3, L Ley3

1. School Of Physics, Latrobe University , Victoria, Australia;2. School of Physics and Materials Engineering, MonashUniversity, Victoria Australia; 3. Institut fur Tech Physik II,Universität Erlangen Nürnberg, Germany


A new generation toroidal angle resolving electron energyanalyzer, developed at La Trobe University, has been usedto obtain photoelectron diffraction data over a completehemisphere from Cu and Cu3Au(111) ordered anddisordered surface 3p levels.

The data shows previously reported intensity due to in-plane scattering from low index planes and forwardscattering along principle directions[1]. The increasedangular resolution of this instrument has provided datawhich includes dark bands usually ascribed to Kikuchicancellations[2].

This paper compares this high resolution data with whole hemisphere simulations of the diffraction patternsusing the multiple scattering calculations[3] and Kikutchi-band theory.

[1] Osterwalder J, Greber T, Stuck A and Schlapbach L. Phys. Rev.B 44, 13 764 (1991)

[2] A. Winkelmann, B. Schröter, and W. Richter. Phys. Rev. B 69,245417 (2004)

[3] F. J. Garcı´a de Abajo, M. A. Van Hove, and C. S. Fadley. Phys.Rev. B, 63, 75404 (2001)


Bio-molecule Adsorption StudiedUsing Micro-beam PhotoemissionSpectroscopyA.P.J Stampfl1, C.-H. Chen2 , S.-C. Wang2, M.-L. Huang2,R. Klauser2

1. Bragg Institute, Australian Nuclear Science and TechnologyOrganisation, NSW; 2. National Synchrotron RadiationResearch Center, Hsinchu, Taiwan, R.O.C.


The idea that some functioning bio-surfaces may be built-up using dry (in-vacuum) techniques is interestingbecause of the compatibility with existing dry-fabricationtechnologies and that completely novel bio-surfaces notseen in nature may be created. Adsorption chemistry andsurface bonding of simple bio-molecules at metal andsemiconductor surfaces is probed using synchrotron-based photo-emission techniques. Cysteine, for example,appears to adsorb intact onto Pt111 in its zwitterionicform. Other examples of in-situ amino-acid and peptidedeposition onto metal surfaces are given with a discussionon surface damage due to radiation exposure.

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Micromachining of Single CrystalDiamond Using a Novel Lift-offTechniqueP. Olivero, S. Rubanov, P. Reichart, S. Huntington, B. Gibson, A. D. Greentree, J. Rabeau, J. Salzman, S. Prawer and D. N. Jamieson

School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Victoria


Diamond has extreme properties, such as highmechanical hardness, chemical inertness, high thermalconductivity, high refractive index, optical transparency,and a series of well-characterized photoluminescentcenters. We demonstrate the pioneering fabrication ofcantilever, waveguide and optical cavity three-dimensionalmicrostructures in bulk single-crystal diamond, using anovel lift-off technique. The method involves MeV ionimplantation to produce a buried sacrificial layer, followedby pattern milling with a focused keV ion beam andchemical etching of the patterned regions. Three-dimensional structures are thus obtained with well-definedmicrometric features, which have remarkable potentialapplications in nano opto-electronics and quantumcomputing.


Observation of Track Formation andTrack Annealing in Swift Heavy Ionirradiated InPA. S. Khalil, A. M. Stewart, M. C. Ridgway, D. J. Llewellyn,A. P. Byrne and L. T. Chadderton

Research School of Physical Sciences and Engineering, TheAustralian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia


The process of track formation in semiconductor materialsis not yet well understood. Track registration in 200 MeVAu ion bombarded InP, was investigated usingtransmission electron microscopy to follow trackregistration, in-situ TEM, AFM and thermal and electronbeam-induced recovery of tracks.

Track cores revealed by HRTEM are found to be around 5 nm in diameter and do not appear to be amorphous.Observations reveal a morphology comprising regularintermittency of bead-like defects along the tracks,suggesting a new fundamental mechanism underlying theformation of these features. Regular intermittency was alsoobserved in other similarly irradiated materials e.g.monazite and apatite.


Modification of Surface and BarrierProperties of PolyethyleneTerepthalate and PolycarbonatePlastics by Ion ImplantationK.R. Doolan1, P.J. Evans2 and K.T. Short2

1. School of Engineering & Industrial Design,University ofWestern Sydney; 2. Australian Nuclear Science & TechnologyOrganisation, Lucas Heights


Surface properties of two commercial plastics, SKYPET-BBpolyethylene terephthalate (PET) film and Lexan(Polycarbonate) sheet, have been modified by implantingaluminium, silicon, nitrogen and hydrogen ions into samplesof the plastics. Aluminium and silicon ions were implantedinto the PET and Lexan samples at three different doselevels using a Metal Vapour Vacuum Arc Ion Sourceimplantation system. Hydrogen and nitrogen ions wereimplanted at two different dose levels in a Plasma ImmersionIon Implantation Facility. Diffusion rates of Helium throughthe PET samples were determined at 19˚C for pressures ofHe from 0.5 to 2.5atm. The diffusion rates of helium throughthe aluminium and silicon implanted samples were muchlower than the diffusion rate through the unimplanted PET;nitrogen implantation had little effect.

Lexan samples were characterised by wear testing using aCSEM Tribometer. Hydrogen implanted samples exhibited adramatic reduction in wear rate.


Nanoelectronics for QuantumInformation ProcessingC. M. Marcus1, J. R. Petta1, A. C. Johnson1, D. M.Zumbühl1, J. M. Taylor1, M. J. Biercuk1, N. Mason1, M. D.Lukin1, A. Yacoby2, M. P. Hanson3, A. C. Gossard3

1. Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA02138; 2. Department of Condensed Matter Physics, WeizmannInstitute of Science, Rehovot, Israel 76100; 3. MaterialsDepartment, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106


New paradigms for information processing that takeadvantage of quantum coherence appear capable ofproviding highly efficient computation and securecommunication. However, the requirements for building suchsystems pose considerable challenges for all of theapproaches currently being considered. In this talk, weaddress the prospects for using electron spin as a holder ofquantum information, focusing on two realizations: fewelectron quantum dots fabricated in GaAs[1,2], and gate-defined quantum dots in carbon nanotubes[3,4]. Recentexperimental results, as well as what they suggest about thefeasibility of this approach, will be discussed.

[1] J.R.Petta, A. C. Johnson, A. Yacoby, C. M.Marcus, M. P. Hanson,A. C. Gossard, cond-mat/0412048 (2004).

[2] D. M. Zumbuhl, C. M. Marcus, M. P. Hanson, A. C. Gossard,cond-mat/0408276 (2004).

[3] J. Nygard, W.F. Koehl, N. Mason, L. Dicarlo, C. M. Marcus, cond-mat/0410467 (2004).

[4] M. J. Biercuk, N. Mason, C. M. Marcus, Nano Letters 4, 1 (2004).

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Bob Champion

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Bob Champion

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CSCMP THD31Thursday 1620–1700 hrs

Econophysics: From StatisticalPhysics to EconomicsTiziana Di Matteo

Department of Applied Mathematics, Research School ofPhysical Sciences and Engineering, The Australian NationalUniversity, Canberra ACT

Email of the corresponding author: [email protected]

The relationship between physics and economics has along and interesting history. Outstanding economists of thepast were explicitly inspired by the principles of physicsand statistical mechanics, being attracted by the successof these theories. However, the interaction betweenphysicists and economists has never been strong. The situation changed only in the late nineties, when anew interdisciplinary research field emerged:Econophysics. The new field of Econophysics applies thepowerful methods of statistical physics and non lineardynamics to macroeconomic modeling and financialmarket analysis using the physical point of view in dealingwith financial problems[1–3]. Financial markets represent atypical example of complex system where the pricechanges, apparently random, are the result of interactionsamong a high number of agents (the market operators)[4].Therefore, financial markets can be studied using thesame paradigms and techniques developed in statisticalphysics for the study of complex systems. There arevarious research activities and different approaches in thefield of Econophysics and this contribution will reviewsome of the work done in this rapidly developing area.

[1] R. N. Mantegna and H. E. Stanley, An introduction toEconophysics (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2000).

[2] J. P. Bouchaud, and M. Potters, Theory of Financial Risks(Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2000).

[3] M. M. Dacorogna, R. Gençay, U. A. Müller, R. B. Olsen and O.V. Pictet, An Introduction to High Frequency Finance(Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 2001).

[4] T. Lux and M. Marchesi, Scaling and criticality in a stochasticmulti-agent model of a financial market, Nature 397 (1999)498–500.


Asymmetry of Returns in theAustralian Stock Exchange Susan M. Gunner1, Louise Brooks2 and Robin G. Storer3

1. School of Business Economics, Flinders University, SouthAustralia; 2. Faculty of Science and Engineering, FlindersUniversity and NCVER, Adelaide, SA; 3. School of Chemistry,Physics and Earth Sciences, Flinders University, SouthAustralia


We use econophysics techniques to investigate thecharacteristics of the distribution of returns from individualstocks on the Australian Stock Exchange, from optimal

portfolios constructed from these stocks and from the AllOrdinaries Index. We find in general that the tails of thedistributions are asymmetric and that the negative tailfavours a power-law behaviour while the positive tail ismore Gaussian.


From Hyperbolic Patterns toEuclidean StructuresS.T. Hyde, S.J. Ramsden, and V. Robins

Australian National University, Canberra ACT


Networks are widely used models of three-dimensionalmaterial structure, e.g., the covalent bonding betweenatoms in a crystalline mineral. What network structures arepossible, and how geometry and topology effect physicalproperties are questions that are fundamental to thedesign of new materials. Our technique for generating 3-periodic nets reduces the 3D Euclidean problem to a 2Dhyperbolic one. Regular hyperbolic networks can bewrapped onto minimal surfaces to obtain 3-periodic nets,provided their symmetries are compatible. This techniqueextends to generate sphere packings, rod and helicalpackings, and interpenetrating networks. By systematicallyexploring the symmetries commensurate with variousminimal surfaces, we generate many known and novelcrystalline structures.


Renormalization, Regularization and the Statistical Mechanics ofTopographic Wave-TurbulenceJ.S. Frederiksen and T.J. O’Kane

CSIRO Atmospheric Research, Aspendale

E-mail of corresponding author: Terence.O’[email protected]

In turbulent flows a continuous range of length scales aresimultaneously excited requiring that perturbativeexpansions be made in terms of the complexity of theinteractions. In geophysical flows the coexistence offluctuations and macroscopic space-time structures arisedue to the nonlinear coupling across many scales ofmotion and through inhomogeneities such as thoseintroduced by topography, wave effects and land-seacontrasts in heating. The rapid spatial and temporalvariation in the solutions makes turbulent flows resistant todirect numerical simulation at high Reynolds number andhigh resolution. In contrast statistical closure theory[1]

provides descriptions of the average behavior of anensemble of turbulent realizations, but requires closing aninfinite hierarchy of moment equations. In this presentationwe discuss the first tractable statistical mechanical modelof inhomogeneous turbulent flow over topography with

Complex Systems, Computational and MathematicalPhysics (CSCMP)

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Rossby waves. The model is based on renormalizedperturbation theory and employs regularization toaccurately represent the higher order vertex terms.

[1] T. O’Kane, & J. Frederiksen, J. Fluid Mech., 504, 133 (2004)

POSTERS

CSCMP PTH 41

Spacing Statistics of Model SpectraRelated to Farey SequencesR.L. Dewar1, B.F. McMillan1 and B.G. Kenny1,2

1. Department of Theoretical Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT; 2. The University ofWestern Australia


Motivated by an attempt to apply quantum chaos theory tothe normal mode spectra of a class of waves arising inplasmas and geophysical fluids, in which the frequency atlarge k depends only on the direction and not themagnitude of the wave vector k, we analyze theprobability distribution of nearest neighbours in thespectrum of the model quantum Hamiltonian H = pφ/pθand show that it can be understood from the spacingstatistics of Farey sequences.

CSCMP PTH 42

A Comparative Study of TruncationMethods in Quasi-2d MHD andGeostrophic FlowsJ.S. Frederiksen1 and G.G.Sangeetha2

1. CSIRO Centre for Complex Systems Science, Aspendale,Melbourne; 2. Department of Theoretical Physics, ResearchSchool of Physical Sciences and Engineering, The AustralianNational University, Canberra


Recently, Zeitlin (2004) has constructed[1] self-consistentfinite mode approximations for 2d magnetohydrodynamicsusing a Laplacian on the SU(N) group and the idea of sinetruncations. This was done for flows with doubly periodicboundary conditions. Also, recently in quasi-geostrophicflows with doubly periodic boundary conditionsFrederiksen (1999), has developed[2] a computationallytractable quasi-diagonal DIA (QDIA) closure for flows withgeneral mean and fluctuating components andtopography on an f-plane and has generalized the QDIAclosure theory to the interaction of Rossby waveturbulence with mean fields and topography on a beta-plane. A comparative study of the two truncation methodswill be presented.

[1] V. Zeitlin, On self-consistent finite-mode approximations in(quasi) two-dimensional hydrodynamics andmagnetohydrodynamics (not yet published).

[2] J.S. Frederiksen, J. Atmos. Sci, 56, 1481–1494 (1999).

CSCMP PTH 43

Bushfires as Complex Systems: A Proposed PhD StudyA. Sullivan1

1. CSIRO Forestry and Forest Products, Canberra, ACT


At its simplest, a bushfire is a series of chemical reactionsmoving through a fuel bed. However, the behaviour of afree-moving bushfire burning through the landscape iscomplex and complicated, operating over many temporaland spatial scales, from seconds and millimetres for thecombustion physics and chemistry up to hours andkilometres for the convection-atmospheric interactions. APhD study is proposed that will investigate the behaviourof a bushfire as a complex system, utilising the many toolsand techniques that have been developed for analysingcomplex systems. These tools include cellular automataand statistical mechanics, dynamical systems theory,stability and bifurcation theory, and data assimilation.

CSCMP PTH 44

Some Exact Solutions of Non-LinearElectrodynamics EquationsL.A.Uvarova

Department of Applied Mathematics, Moscow State Universityof Technology “STANKIN”, Moscow


In this work we consider spreading of electromagneticwaves in non-linear systems. Some exact solutions insystems of different geometries (in the systems of coaxialcylinders, “cube in cube” and other) and with differentdependences of complex dielectric permittivity on electricand the magnetic vectors are obtained. The solutions areexpressed by way of the functions determined in terms ofthe field dependencies of the complex dielectricpermittivity. The solutions found arise in the non-linearmedia only. Methods of mathematical and theoreticalphysics are used. Some physical peculiarities of thesolutions are considered.

CSCMP PTH 46

Inferring the Complex Ginzburg-Landau Equation from Modulus DataRotha Yu

In many physical systems the equation of motion of thesystem is written down in the form of a partial differentialequation (PDE). The complex Ginzburg-Landau equationis a very general PDE, special cases of which are used todescribe many physical phenomena ranging from Bose-Einstein condensates and superfluids, through to nonlinearoptics. Given modulus information on the complex field,we aim to infer the equation of motion of the system. Thiswork has the potential to uncover profound connectionsbetween observations and the underlying evolutionequations of nature.

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CSCMP FRD11Friday 0820–0840 hrs

Verified Computing in GRworkbenchAndrew J. Moylan, Susan M. Scott, and Antony C. Searle

Centre for Gravitational Physics, Department of Physics,Faculty of Science, The Australian National University,Canberra ACT 0200, Australia


GRworkbench enables visual, numerical exploration of the often unintuitive properties of analytically definedspace-times. Computing across the coordinate chartscovering such space-times presents a challengingnumerical problem. We are implementing a number oftechniques from the field of verified computing, such as interval arithmetic and automatic differentiation. These advancements permit us to investigate behaviours,such as approaching coordinate and curvaturesingularities, which are pathological to traditionalnumerical methods, while guaranteeing that the outputencompasses the actual result. We present a range ofexamples, including the visualisation of all regions of amaximally extended Kerr space-time.


Achieving Scalable ComputationalModelling through Frameworks ofInterchangable Numerical Methods:StGermain-SnarkS.M. Quenette1, P.D. Sunter1, D.A. May2, L. Moresi2, B.F. Appelbe1, L. J. Hodkinson1, A. Lo1, R. Hassan1

1. Victorian Partnership for Advanced Computing, Melbourne;2. Mathematics Department, Monash University, Melbourne


When developing computational models of phenomena,physicists are concerned with both the generalmathematical formulation of the problem, and the detailedphysical parameters, and ideally can iteratively refine bothover time. However given the difficulty of writing parallelprograms for high-performance computer architectures,time constraints often force the use of a pre-existing codeand its associated formulation. This initial time saving isoften offset by difficulties once the limitations of a givennumerical method are reached. In this talk we presentStGermain & Snark, parallel solver frameworks with amodular design which allow quickly changing both themathematical formulation (e.g. incorporating Lagrangianintegration points into the Finite Element Method), and thedetails of the problem being simulated (constitutiverelationships, material types etc).


Soliton Resonance and WebStructure in Discrete IntegrableSystems K. Maruno1 and G. Biondini2

1. Faculty of Mathematics, Kyushu University, Hakozaki,Higashiku, Fukuoka, Japan; 2. Department of Mathematics,State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA


We present a class of solutions of the two-dimensionalToda lattice equation, its fully discrete analogue and itsultra-discrete limit. These solutions demonstrate theexistence of soliton resonance and web structure indiscrete integrable systems such as differential-differenceequations, difference equations and cellular automata(ultra-discrete equations).


Pathwise Solution of a Class ofQuantum Filtering EquationsI. Kurniawan and M.R. James

Department of Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and IT, TheAustralian National University, Canberra, ACT Australia


This paper considers an alternative formulation of a classof quantum filtering equations that arise in quantumphysics for modelling open systems and continuouslymonitored systems. Specifically, we consider a class ofstochastic master equations driven by white noise. Thesolution is obtained by applying Clark’s pathwisereformulation from nonlinear filtering theory. The pathwiseversions are defined for all driving paths and dependcontinuously on them. We also derive robustapproximation and illustrate the ideas by applying them toan imperfectly observed two-level atom continuouslymonitored by homodyne photodetection.


Quantum Teleportation byMeasurements on a Large Class ofWavefunctionsJ.P. Barjaktarevic1, J.R. Links2, R.H. McKenzie1 and G.J. Milburn1

1. Department of Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane; 2. Department of Mathematics, University ofQueensland, Brisbane


We show that a large class of wavefunctions can beexploited for unit fidelity quantum teleportation with onlyBell basis measurements. Using group theory, we showthat possible errors close to form a group, and that theground state of several wavefunctions can be used for unitfidelity teleportation. In particular, there exist systemsC

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which have a finite energy gap to excitations outside thisclass, reducing the teleportation problem to one ofcooling. Finally, we present a way in which we can boundthe fidelity of teleportation as a function of a topologicalorder parameter, and some numerical examples.


Experimental Demonstrations of aNew Second Law-like TheoremE.M. Sevick1, J.C. Reid1, D.M. Carberry1, G.M. Wang1,D.J. Evans1, D.J. Searles2

1. Research School of Chemistry, Australian NationalUniversity, Canberra ACT; 2. School of Science, GriffithUniversity, Brisbane QLD

The puzzle of how time-reversible microscopic equationsof mechanics lead to the time-irreversible macroscopicequations of thermodynamics has existed since the daysof Boltzmann. Boltzmann simply side-stepped thisparadox, stating “as soon as one looks at bodies of smalldimension, the validity of this theorem [the Second Law ofThermodynamics] must cease.” Today we state that theFluctuation Theorem (FT) is a generalised, Second-Lawlike theorem that bridges the time-reversible andirreversible descriptions. Here we describe recentexperiments where “violations” in the Second Law occurover experimentally realisable time and length scales,consistent with the predictions of the FT.


The Optical Tweezers “Capture”Experiment to Demonstrate theTransient Fluctuation Theorem andthe Kawasaki IdentityD.M. Carberry1, J.C. Reid1, S.R. Williams1, G.M. Wang1,E.M. Sevick1, D.J. Searles2, D.J. Evans1

1. Research School of Chemistry, Australian NationalUniversity, Canberra ACT; 2. School of Science, GriffithUniversity, Brisbane QLD


In this presentation I experimentally demonstrate theKawasaki Identity and the Fluctuation Theorem of Evansand Searles, and show how they are related. Theexperiment holds a 6.3mm particle in an optical trap ofstrength k0 and allows the system to come to equilibrium.After a certain period of time the optical trap strength issuddenly increased to strength k1. We present resultsproving the experiments obey both the FluctuationTheorem and the Kawasaki Identity.


Demonstration of the Steady-StateFluctuation Theorem Using aColloidal Particle in a TranslatingOptical TrapG.M. Wang, J.C. Reid, D.M. Carberry, E.M. Sevick, andDenis J. Evans

Research School of Chemistry, The Australian NationalUniversity, Canberra ACT


The Steady-State Fluctuation Theorem or SSFT is theapplication of the Fluctuation Theorem (FT) to a systemunder a non-equilibrium steady state. According to theliterature, the SSFT holds only in the asymptotic limit oflong time. In this presentation, we demonstrateexperimentally the SSFT using a colloidal particle localisedin a translating optical trap. We show that the asymptotictime limit of the SSFT is a result of an approximation in theargument of the theorem. When the argument isexpressed exactly, as is possible for our simple colloidalexperiment, the FT holds over all times, including shorttimescales.


Statistical Mechanics Applied to anUndercooled Metastable LiquidStephen R. Williams and Denis J. Evans

Research School of Chemistry, The Australian NationalUniversity, Canberra ACT, Australia


It is possible to cool a liquid below its freezingtemperature, without it crystallising and for it to then entera long-lived, undercooled, metastable state. Such liquidshave been the subject of much study, however the currentunderstanding is largely based on a phenomenologicalthermodynamic approach. Here we combine modern non-equilibrium statistical mechanics with molecular dynamicssimulations of a realistic model at temperaturescorresponding to moderate undercooling. We show thatan undercooled liquid is fundamentally different to anequilibrium one and elucidate the failure of linear responsetheory for undercooled liquids.

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Environmental Physics(EP)POSTERS

EP PTH 47

Sensing and Modelling ElectricFields Associated with HighFrequency Excitation of Plant RootsK.M. Feher and T. Ellis

CSIRO Land and Water


The growth and water use of forest, crops, plantations andpastures are greatly influenced by the spatial distributionof plant roots within the soil. High frequency (low MHzrange) excitation methods show potential in the eventualspatial mapping of plant roots in-situ[1]. The current focusis on determining the electrical properties of roots throughimpedance spectroscopy. In particular, it is important tocompletely characterise electrical root-soil coupling inorder to determine the best method of modelling theinduced electric field. The electric field modelling is alsosupported through experiments performed with prototypeelectric field probes.

[1] Ellis T et al. Electrical root mapping, CSIRO/RIRDC Technicalreport (in press) (2003)

EP PTH 48

Applications of Solid-State 15N NMRSpectroscopy to the Study ofNitrogen Cycling in Hoop PinePlantationsL.L. George1, G.S.K. Kannangara1, Z.H. Xu 2, M.A. Wilson1, N. Reddy1, G.R Dennis1, A.L. McCutcheon1

1. School of Science, Food and Horticulture, University ofWestern Sydney, Parramatta NSW; 2. Faculty ofEnvironmental Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan Qld


Solid-state 15N nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy(NMR) has been used here to characterise hoop pinesamples from forest ecosystems in southeast Queensland,using cross-polarisation magic angle spinning (CPMAS).The effects of cross polarisation were first studied usingcommercially available 15N enriched and unenrichedmodel compounds, allowing 15N NMR conditions to beoptimised. The optimised parameters were then applied tothe hoop pine samples. It has been found that differentparameters are needed to find different species ofnitrogen. Therefore when looking at a hoop pine sample,we cannot expect to see all forms of nitrogen with a singleset of parameters. This study has also made use of x-rayphotoelectric spectroscopy (XPS), to investigate all formsof nitrogen (both 14N and 15N) containing species. Thehoop pine sample results from 15N NMR and XPS bothshow most of the organic nitrogen to be in the form ofamide structures, and are therefore in agreement.

EP PTH 49

Theoretical Analysis of MultipleThermal Fragmentation of AerosolNanoparticles from a Line Source:Evolution of Particle Modes G. Gramotnev and D. K. Gramotnev1



The process of multiple fragmentation of nano-particles bymeans of breaking away smaller particles is consideredby means of the exact solution of a set of coupled rateequations. The corresponding particle size distributionsare investigated. The mechanism of fragmentation basedon weakening bonds between nanoparticles due toevaporative loss of bonding molecules is described. Aprobabilistic statistical approach is used to justify timedelays in the fragmentation processes. Evolution andmutual transformation of particle modes is considered.Comparison with the experimental monitoring ofcombustion nano-particle aerosols is carried out.

EP PTH 50

Numerical and ExperimentalInvestigation of ThermalFragmentation of AerosolNanoparticles from Vehicle ExhaustG. Gramotnev, D. K. Gramotnev

Applied Optics Program, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology,Brisbane, Australia


Recently suggested possibility of intensive thermalfragmentation of nanoparticles from vehicle exhaust maybe of a significant importance for the understanding ofbehaviour of combustion aerosols in the atmosphere.Here, a new evidence is presented for such process toexist. The analysis is based on direct measurements ofconcentrations of particles with particular diameters atdifferent distances from a source (e.g., a busy road), andtheir comparison with the result of numerical predictionsobtained from the analysis of turbulent diffusion in theatmosphere. Striking differences are shown to beconsistent with the existence of particle fragmentation andits physical mechanism.

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EP PTH 51

VSF Measurements of GippslandLakes’ Waters in Two Planes ofPolarisationT.A. O’Bree, G. Bryant1 and A.G. Dekker2

1. Applied Physics, School of Applied Sciences, RMITUniversity, Melbourne, Victoria; 2. CSIRO Land & Water,Canberra

e-mail of corresponding author: terry.o’[email protected]

Water quality in lakes and rivers is a growing issue inAustralia. Regular monitoring of water conditions (forexample monitoring recurring blooms of the blue-greenalgae cyanobacterium Nodularia) are an essentialcomponent in maintaining and improving water quality.Such broad scale monitoring can potentially be achievedusing remote sensing, but these techniques are still indevelopment. One of the important inputs into the modelsare the volume scattering functions (VSFs) of the waterconstituents. In this paper we report on the firstmeasurements of VSFs for Australian waters, using theGippsland lakes system as a case study.

EP FRF11Friday 0820–0840 hrs

Radar Interrogation of High-flyingInsects: What Bug Is That?V.A. Drake

School of Physical, Environmental and MathematicalSciences, The University of New South Wales at the AustralianDefence Force Academy, Canberra


Special-purpose Insect Monitoring Radars (IMRs) havebeen developed to detect insects undertaking migratoryflights at altitudes of more than 1km. The IMR’s designincorporates rapid beam variations that “interrogate”targets, allowing retrieval of both trajectory and target-character parameters from the recorded signal. Theresulting estimates of the sizes, shapes, and wing-beatingpatterns provide information about the targets’ identitiesthat is potentially valuable to users of IMR informationproducts (e.g. locust controllers). The radar’s configurationprovides consistent measures of these characters, whichpotentially allow target types to be resolved along anumber of possibly independent identification dimensions.


Ultrasonic Destruction ofContaminants in SoilA.F.Collings1,2, A.P. Sosa Pintos1,2, A.D.Farmer1,P.B.Gwan1 and C.J.Leo2

1. CSIRO Industrial Physics; 2. School of Engineering,University of Western Sydney


The propagation of high power sound waves through aliquid can initiate the phenomenon of cavitation, the

formation, growth and subsequent collapse of gasbubbles arising from the dissolution of air or vaporisationof the liquid during the rarefaction phase of the wave.Bubble collapse produces highly localised temperaturesand pressures of some 5000 K and 1000 atmospheresrespectively. Solid particles in a slurry act as foci for thenucleation of bubbles, the collapse of which generates ahigh velocity jet directed towards the solid surface. Theextreme conditions generated by the non-linear shockwave resulting from bubble collapse are then localised onthe surface of the solid.

Most POPs (persistent organic pollutants) are hydrophobicand are readily adsorbed on the surface of solid particles,so that the cavitation energy generated by high powerultrasound in a slurry of such material is selectivelydirected towards the contaminants. Because the extremeconditions are localised on the surface of the particles, thebulk solution temperature remains quite low and thedecomposition products are immediately quenched,avoiding recombination reactions.

We have exploited this process to achieve very highdestruction rates for several of the most notoriouscontaminants at energy costs far below those ofcompeting technologies. The technique, which is at pilotplant stage, shows great promise with the advantages ofin-situ treatment and reduced operating and capital costscompared with conventional technologies.


See RE13

Chrystalline Silicon Thin-film SolarCells on Glass—Cheap Electricityfrom the Sun?Aberle


See RE14

Modifying the Solar Spectrum:Bridging the Gap between First andThird Generation PhotovoltaicsRichards


See RE15

Photoelectrochemical HydrogenProductionPlumb

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Bob Champion

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Bob Champion

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GeoPhysics (GP)GP WEF11Wednesday 1040–1100 hrs

A Most Remarkable SurfaceM. Sandiford

School of Earth Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne


The Earth’s surface is a most remarkable interface forgedby interactions between two dynamical systems (the solidEarth beneath and the fluid Earth above) with very distincttimescales. Understanding how the interactions betweenthese systems are imprinted on our landscapes is one ofthe main challenges of contemporary earth science.Dramatic improvements in our characterisation oflandscape, both spatially and temporally, are helping usmeet this challenge. This talk will set out some newinsights into the evolution of landscape from a moderndynamic perspective using illustrative examples from theAustralian continent.

GP WEF12Wednesday 1100–1120 hrs

Imaging the Earth—the Nature ofSeismic HeterogeneityB.L.N. Kennett

Research School of Earth Sciences, The Australian NationalUniversity, Canberra ACT Australia


Both geophysical and geochemical results point topervasive 3-D heterogeneity in the Earth’s mantle.Geophysical evidence presents a snapshot of currentstructure, whereas geochemical data contain importantinformation on age. A major source of information onheterogeneity within the Earth comes from seismictomography, particularly when both P and S wave datacan be exploited. A powerful tool for examining thecharacter of heterogeneity comes from the comparison ofimages of bulk-sound and shear wavespeed extracted ina single inversion, since this isolates the dependencies onthe elastic moduli. Such studies are particularly effectivewhen a common path coverage is achieved for P and Sas, e.g., when common source and receiver pairs areextracted for arrival times of the phases. The relativebehaviour of bulk-sound and shear wavespeed canprovide a useful guide to the definition of heterogeneityregimes. For subduction zones a large part of thetomographic signal comes from S wavespeed variations,but in the upper mantle and transition zone there can besignificant bulk-sound speed contributions for youngerslabs (< 85 Ma), and in stagnant slabs associated withslab roll-back. The narrow segments of fast wavespeeds inthe depth range 900–1500 km in the lower mantle aredominated by S variations, with very little bulk-soundcontribution, so P images are controlled by shear. Deep inthe mantle there are many fast features without obvious

association with subduction in the last 100 Ma, whichsuggests long-lived preservation of components of thegeodynamic cycle. Changes in the patterns ofheterogeneity occur near 1200 km and 2000 km depth inthe lower mantle and indicate the complexity of processesoccurring in the current Earth.


Imaging Subducting Slabs along theWestern Pacific MarginMeghan Miller

Australian National University


Structure of the subducted oceanic lithosphere along theWestern Pacific margin has been imaged withunprecedented detail in three dimensions using seismictomography and earthquake data. The combination ofdata illustrates the change of slab morphology fromdipping at approximately 45° beneath Japan, to lyinghorizontally under southern Izu-Bonin, to penetratingvertically beneath the Marianas. Using new technology tovisualize regional P-wave, bulk sound, and shear wave-speed tomographic inversions even more detail can bedepicted, including the presence of tears in thesubducting slab beneath the Izu-Bonin and SouthernMariana arcs.


Seismological Applications ofLaboratory Measurements ofDispersion and Attenuation in Upper-mantle MaterialsIan Jackson, Ulrich Faul and John Fitz Gerald

Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian NationalUniversity, Canberra ACT Australia


Seismic-frequency techniques for the laboratorymeasurement of dispersion and attenuation will bereviewed. The shear modulus and dissipation, measuredat torsional oscillation periods of 1–1000 s andtemperatures of 1000–1300˚C for four genuinely melt-freeolivine polycrystals of mean grain size 3 to 165 micron,have been fitted to a creep-function model. For theconditions of teleseismic wave propagation in the Earth’supper mantle, this model yields calculated shear wavespeeds and attenuation for melt-free olivine that reproducemany of the first order features of the seismic structuremodelled for the upper mantle beneath both oceanic andcontinental regions.

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Finite Element Modeling of CrustalDynamics with the ImagingInformation of the EarthH. L. Xing1,2 and P. Mora1,2

1. Earth Systems Science Computational Centre (ESSCC), The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD;2. Australian Computational Earth Systems Simulator(ACcESS), Major National Research Facility


The understanding, simulation and prediction of thecomplex system behaviour of interacting fault systems arevery important in both theory and practical applications.This paper presents the recent development of ourresearch activity in finite element modelling of crustaldynamics[1], especially the related efforts on how tointegrate with and use the imaging information of theEarth.

[1] H. L. Xing, P. Mora, & A. Makinouchi. Pure Appl. Geophys.,161, no. 9/10, 2091(2004)

POSTERS

GP PWE 120

Minimalising Stress with ABAQUSTM

and Nimrod/oScott Dyksterhuis and Dietmar Müller

University of Sydney Institute of Marine Science, University ofSydney, NSW Australia

[email protected], [email protected]

We use the commercial software ABAQUSTM inconjunction with the program Nimrod/o to optimally inversemodel the Australian stress field using data from theAustralian Stress Map. Using reconstructed plateboundary configurations and age-area distributions ofocean crust around Australia through time we obtainestimates for ridge push, slab pull and collisional forcesacting on the Indo-Australian Plate since the Eocene.Using these constraints we model the orientation of themaximum horizontal compressive stress (SHmax) field forthe present, early Miocene and early Eocene with anelastic 2D plane stress finite element model with realisticparameters representing different rock types and geologicprovinces for the Australian continent. We show thatspatially significant rotations of SHmax directions can bemodelled as a consequence of perturbations of SHmax ina heterogeneous plate in areas of juxtaposed rigid andcompliant rheologies.

GP PWE 121

Integration Methods for LagrangianParticle Finite Element MethodsLouis Moresi

In solid earth geodynamics, we often need compute verylarge deformation of geological structures and track thetensorial material history throughout. A number ofunstructured and semi-structured finite element methodshave been developed to cope with this requirement. InLagrangian integration point FEM, material points are usedto compute element integrals. The difficulty is in identifyingsuitable integration schemes for arbitrary distributions ofmaterial points in an element. We compare a number ofintegration methods based upon constructing approximateVoronoi diagrams for robustness and accuracy. Themethods are fast enough to be used in 2D and 3D in eachof thousands of elements at every timestep.

GP PWE 122

Geophysical Studies in Oil SandsDouglas. R. Schmitt

Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton,Canada

[email protected]

The production of conventional light oils will beincreasingly difficult to maintain in future years and otherpreviously less economic reserves must be employed. InCanada, much of the reserves are in the form of highlyviscous heavy oils that require costly recovery. In thisscenario geophysical methods can provide a means tomonitor the progress of the reservoir production.Understanding observations, however, requires knowledgeof the reservoir materials, typically weakly consolidatedsands, under varying conditions. Current studies includecarefully controlled field experiments, laboratory rockphysics experiments on the rocks and the associatedfluids, and linkages to reservoir simulations.

GP PWE 123

Global Scale Mantle Processes ofMars-sized PlanetsD.R. Stegman

Monash Cluster Computing, School of Mathematical Sciences,Monash University, Melbourne


Preserved in the Martian crust are several yet-to-be-explained features dating back to the processes operatingin a planet during the first billion years: the crustaldichotomy (a global variation of crustal thickness goingfrom thick crust in the south and thin crust in the north),the ancient Martian dynamo (as revealed by remnantmagnetism of crustal rocks occuring in both hemispheres),the Tharsis volcanic province (the largest volcanic featurein the solar system superimposed across the crustaldichotomy). Using a 3-D spherical model of mantleconvection, we investigate the processes occuring early ina differentiated planet’s history. The effect of a

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heterogeneous distribution of radiogenically enriched crustoverlying a convecting mantle with temperature-dependent viscosity is quantified with spherical harmonicanalysis of temperature and velocities fields over time. Theplanet’s time-dependent moment of intertia is alsocalculated to gain insight on possible length of dayvariations and changes in orientation with respect to thespin axis (true polar wander) which has implications forthe early climate and interpretation of observed paleo-magnetic poles.

GP PWE 124

Sedimentary Basins on AccretionaryCrust: Properties and ModellingC. Heine and R. D. Müller

University of Sydney Institute of Marine Science (USIMS) &School of Geosciences, The Unversity of Sydney, Australia


Intraplate sedimentary basins show different structuralstyles and subsidence patterns not conforming to thecurrent understanding of rift basin evolution, likely causedby an interplay between the different rheology, mantledynamics and far field plate boundary forces. Theunderlying basement is often referred to as “accretionarycrust” and poorly defined in terms of its geophysicalparameters and tectonic / structural history. The studyinvestigates the properties of accretionary crust on aglobal scale, trying to explain the different subsidencebehaviour. Parameters obtained from this work will beused for modelling extensional processes utilising the FEMcode Ellipsis 2D/3D in an interactive computationalenvironment to further evaluate the role of crustalheterogeneities, and mantle dynamics and as extensiondriving force.

GP THD11Thursday 1040–1100 hrs

The Dynamics of Sheared MantlePlume TailsR.C. Kerr and C. Meriaux

Research School of Earth Sciences, The Australian NationalUniversity, Canberra ACT Australia


We summarize the key results of an extensive series oflaboratory experiments[1] that systematically investigatethe behaviour of sheared mantle plume tails, as a functionof the 5 governing dimensionless numbers. We find 3distinct convective flow regimes, and determine thetransition boundaries between them. We also examine thedeflection of a sheared mantle plume tail, and the lateraland upstream spreading of mantle plumes under a movingplate. Our predictions are consistent with geophysicalobservations of mantle plumes, and geochemicalobservations from ocean island chains.

[1] R.C. Kerr & C. Meriaux, Geochem. Geophys. Geosys. (in press)


The Effect of Mantle Convection onSurface Topography over the Last120 Million Years: An Evaluation ofModel Predictions Based on theGeological RecordR. Dietmar Müller1 and B. Steinberger2

1. School of Geosciences and University of Sydney Institute of Marine Science, The University of Sydney, NSW;2. Center for Geodynamics, Norwegian Geological Survey,Trondheim, Norway


We combine a global plate kinematic and mantleconvection model with information from the geologicalrecord to assess the effect of mantle convection onsurface topography over the last 120 million years. Themantle flow field through time is modelled using aspherical harmonic expansion of surface plate velocitiesand internal mantle density heterogeneities, resulting in aprediction of dynamic topography through time. We usethe subsidence history from selected sedimentary basinsand evidence for continental uplift through time to showthat a combined observational and modelling approachcan be used successfully to “ground-truth” models and todifferentiate between different mechanisms of basinsubsidence.

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The Influence of RheologicalStructure in the Deformation of the LithosphereDavid May

School of Mathematical Sciences, Monash University

Email of the corresponding author:[email protected]

We examine the relationship between rheological layeringand the response of the deformation of the lithosphere totectonic deformation in extension (2D/3D) and shear (3D).We are interested in identifying the relationship betweenlocalized deformation in the uppermost brittle regions ofthe lithosphere and diffuse deformation the ductile lowerlithosphere. We are particularly interested in identifying thetiming and configuration of localized deformation as afunction of the extent of total system deformation andlithosphere rheology.


Paradoxical Behavior in a PartiallyInsulated Thermally ConvectingSystem with Application to theThermal History of the EarthAdrian Lenardic

Rice University, USA

[email protected]

It is generally assumed that continents, acting as thermalinsulation above the convecting mantle, inhibit the Earth’sinternal heat loss. We present a combination of theory,numerical simulations, and laboratory experiments to testthe validity of this intuative and commonly usedassumption. A scaling theory is developed to predict heatflow from a convecting mantle partially covered by stablecontinental lithosphere. The theory predicts that parameterregimes exist for which increased continental insulationhas no effect on mantle heat flow and can even enhanceit. Partial insulation leads to increased internal mantletemperature and decreased mantle viscosity. This, in turn,allows for the more rapid overturn of oceanic lithosphereand increased oceanic heat flux. Depending on the ratioof continental to oceanic surface area, global mantle heatflow can remain constant or even increase as a result.Theoretical scaling analyses are consistent with resultsfrom numerical simulations and laboratory experiments.The combination of theory, simulations, and experimentssuggests that the effect of continental insulation on mantlecooling is not as great as has often been assumed. Thetheory also suggests a potential constraint on continentalsurface area. Increased surface area enhances thesubduction rate of oceanic lithosphere. If continents areproduced in subduction settings this could enhancecontinental growth up to a critical point where continentalinsulation causes convective stress levels to drop tovalues approaching the lithospheric yield stress. Thismakes weak plate margins difficult to maintain, whichlowers the subduction rate of oceanic lithosphere and

limits further growth. The theory is used to predict thecritical point as a function of total mantle heat flow. For theEarths rate of mantle heat loss, the predicted continentalsurface area is, within parameter uncertainty, in accordwith the observed value.


Tectonic DriversGeoff Davies

Australian National University, Canberra ACT Australia


With some confidence we can identify two thermalboundary layers as drivers of tectonics on terrestrial-typeplanets. The mechanical behaviour of the top thermalboundary layer of the mantle determines the tectonicmode, which on Earth is plate tectonics. The tectonicmodes on Venus and early in Earth history are less clear.The second driver will be a lower thermal boundary layerof the planetary mantle. The form of the resulting flow ismore predictable: it is likely to occur as plumes that beginwith a large spherical head and continue as a thincylindrical tail.


The Physics of Imaging Faults inPrecious Mineral ReefsI.M.Mason

School of Geosciences, University of Sydney, Sydney NSW


We have established, experimentally, that the rocks hostinga number of the world’s precious mineral reefs aretranslucent in the VHF-UHF band, that borehole radars can be used to create tactically relevant synthetic aperture images of defects in these reefs. BHR imagereconstruction procedures are based on those used in 3Dseismology and S.A.R. In this paper we will present imagesof objects buried in the rocks of the South African Cratonand the Canadian shield, and review the use of interactivemodelling in coping with sparse spatial sampling


Seismic Imaging of ComplexGeological StructuresS.A. Greenhalgh

Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA

Email: [email protected]

Seismic (elastic) waves from small explosions and impactsources can be used to map subsurface geologicalstructure down to depths of several kilometres. The targetsin petroleum exploration and development are often quitecomplex, and have necessitated the use of elaborate 3-Dreflection shooting and recording geometries, as well asborehole-based tomographic techniques. In this paper wewill examine what is possible using full waveform inversion

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of seismic data. The current trend is to exploit vectorwavefield processing, so as to incorporate polarisationand other information into the imaging of anisotropic rock units.


Seismic Wave Attenuation andDispersion in Heterogeneous Porous RocksBoris Gurevich

Department of Exploration Geophysics, Curtin University ofTechnology, Perth, Western Australia, CSIRO Division ofPetroleum Resources, Perth, Western Australia


Many hydrocarbon reservoirs are strongly heterogeneousboth vertically and horizontally. Seismic wavespropagating in a macroscopic heterogeneous porous rockare attenuated due to the scattering (conversion) of thepassing wave’s energy into the highly attenuative Biot’sslow wave. This is analysed by studying two particulargeometrical configurations: (1) a thinly-layered porousmedium and (2) porous saturated medium with ellipsoidalinclusions. The frequency dependence of the so-calledmode-conversion attenuation has the form of a relaxationpeak, with the maximum of the dimensionless attenuation(inverse quality factor) at a frequency at which thewavelength of the Biot’s slow wave is approximately equalto the characteristic length of the medium (layer thicknessor size of the inclusion). The width and the precise shapeof this relaxation peak depend on the particulargeometrical configuration. Physically, the mode-conversionattenuation is associated with wave-induced flow of thepore fluid across the interfaces between regions withdifferent properties. The results of this study demonstratehow the local flow (or squirt) attenuation can be effectivelymodeled within the context of Biot’s theory ofporoelasticity. Examples of such common reservoirfeatures as fractures (microcracks) and patchy saturationdemonstrate the potential significance of this effect.


Thermal Convection with a WaterIce I Rheology: Implications for IcySatellite EvolutionJ. Freeman1, L. Moresi2, D.A. May2

1. Research School of Earth Sciences, The Australian NationalUniversity, ACT; 2. Monash Cluster Computing, MonashUniversity, Clayton, VIC


Deformation of materials under planetary conditions is acomplicated process with transitions in the deformationstyle occurring as functions of many parameters. Thedeformation is most realistically described as a sum ofcontributions from the many available deformationprocesses. We model stagnant-lid thermal convection forwater ice I using three types of multi-componentrheological laws combining grain boundary sliding,dislocation and diffusion creep mechanisms. These resultssuggest deformation in the actively convecting sublayer islikely to be dominated by the mechanism with the largeststress exponent.


Regional Strain Pattern in theAustralian Plate Revealed by GPSS. Zhao, M. Jia, R. Govind, J. Dawson and G. Luton

Geoscience Earth Monitoring Group, Geoscience Australia, ACT


We report the strain pattern in the Australian Plateestimated from the GPS observations recorded by theAustralian permanent GPS Network. The maximum(compression) principal strain rate averaged in the plate is0.472 ± 0.057 _ 10–8 /yr with an orientation of 47.9 ± 18.0°(NE), indicating that compression is dominant at the plate-scale of >3000km. The estimated strain field has acomplex pattern with extension in Central and SoutheastAustralia and compression in East and West Australia. Theresults together with seismic anisotropy suggest that therecould be some local/regional deformation mechanisms,which are responsible for the strain anomalies.

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Bob Champion

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Nuclear and ParticlePhysics (NUPP)NUPP MOD11Monday 1040–1120 hrs

Hints of New Physics fromMeasurements of CP ViolationPhillip Urquijo

University of Melbourne


The Belle experiment is designed to study CP violation inthe B meson system. Due to the record-breakingperformance of the KEK-B accelerator, a large datasample of BBar events has been accrued. The latestresults on CP-violation are reviewed, includingmeasurements related to each of the three angles of theUnitarity Triangle, and measurements of direct CPasymmetries.

NUPP MOD13Monday 1120–1140 hrs

Measurement of BR(B ⇒ρlυ) and Vubvia Neutrino Reconstruction at BelleN. Parslow1, S. Cole1 and K.E. Varvell1

1. School of Physics, The University of Sydney


Semileptonic B decays to light hadrons such as the rhomeson occur via b u quark transitions, allowingmeasurement of the CKM mixing parameter Vub. The Belleexperiment offers two key advantages in making thismeasurement. Firstly, the clean environment of an e+ e–

collider means the unseen neutrino can be `reconstructed’by using the missing momentum of the event. Secondly, alarge data sample gives us the statistics to minimize thelarge theoretical uncertainties. We present herepreliminary results based on 140 fb–1 of data.


Unquenched Quark Propagator inLandau GaugeMaria B. Parappilly1, Derek B. Leinweber1, Anthony G.Williams1, Jianbo Zhang1, Patrick O. Bowman2,U.M. Heller3

1. Special Research Centre for the Subatomic Structure ofMatter, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia; 2. Nuclear TheoryCenter, Indiana University, Bloomington IN USA; 3. AmericanPhysical Society, One Reserach Road, Ridge, NY USA


We present unquenched calculations of the quarkpropagator in Landau gauge with 2+1 flavors of dynamicalquarks. We use configurations generated with animproved staggered (“Asqtad”) action by the MILCcollaboration. This quark action has been seen to have

excellent rotational symmetry and scaling properties.Quenched and dynamical calculations are performed on a203x64 lattice with a nominal lattice spacing a = 0.125 fm.The matched quenched and dynamical lattices allow us toinvestigate the relatively subtle sea quark effects , andeven in the quenched case the physical volume of theselattices gives access to lower momentum than ourprevious study.


Pentaquark Interpolating Fields inLattice QCDB.G. Lasscock1 , D.B. Leinweber1, A.G. Williams, J.M. Zanotti2, W. Melnitchouk3, A.W. Thomas3

1. Special Research Center for the Subatomic Structure ofMatter, (CSSM), University of Adelaide, SA, Australia;2. John von Neumann-Institut fur Computing NIC, DeutchesElektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Zeuthen, Germany;3. Jefferson Laboratory, Newport News, VA USA


Claims about the discovery of the theta-plus pentaquarkwith strangeness = +1 has inspired tremendous interest inthe field of high energy physics. As the only ``firstprinciples’’ approach for studying nonperturbative QCD,lattice QCD provides a unique insight into the properties ofa five quark state. Using the computational power of theAPAC national facility’s alpha cluster our study is at theleading edge of hadronic physics in lattice QCD. Wediscuss various pentaquark interpolating fields suitable forlattice QCD simulations. Using a number of interpolatingfields we attempt to isolate a signal for a five-quarkresonance. Calculations are performed using FLICfermions in the quenched approximation. We observe thatthe pentaquark interpolating fields we studied did not giveus access to a five quark bound state but rather aNucleon plus Kaon state.


Shell Model Interaction around 208PbDerived from Experimental DataK. H. Maier1

1. Department of Nuclear Physics, RSPhysSE, AustralianNational University, Canberra, ACT Australia


The shell model with a realistic interaction derived from the scattering of free nucleons describes nuclearproperties around 208Pb well. Recent studies of γ-decaysin nuclei close to 208Pb have added previously missing,crucial information, so that the interaction can now also be derived from measured data, allowing detailedchecking of the theory. Measurements and the derivationof detailed wave functions for many states and empiricaldiagonal and nondiagonal matrix elements of theinteraction are presented.

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Search for “Doorway States”Relevant to the Production andSurvival of 180Ta in StarsG.J. Lane1, G.D. Dracoulis1, A.P. Byrne1,2, P.M. Davidson1, T. Kibédi1, K.H. Maier1, M.A. Lane1

and A.N. Wilson1,2

1. Department of Nuclear Physics, RSPhysSE, AustralianNational University; 2. Department of Physics, The Faculties,Australian National University


The process by which 180Ta is produced in stars is notclear. The problem is especially interesting because 180Taoccurs in nature as an isomeric state with T1/2>1.2x1015yr,even though its ground state has a much shorter lifetime(T1/2=8.1hr) and photo-induced depopulation of the quasi-stable isomer is possible under conditions that could beexpected in a star[1]. Some of the observed[1] resonancesthat enable depopulation of the isomer have beenassociated[2] with known states in a Kπ=5– rotationalband[3] and specific predictions of the γ-ray decaybranches towards the ground state and the isomeric statehave been made[2]. We have used the 180Hf(d,2n)reaction to populate the Kπ=5– band with higher intensitythan previous measurements. The results of our search forthe predicted γ-ray decays will be presented.

[1] D. Belic et al, Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 5242 (1999)

[2] P. Walker et al, Phys. Rev. C 64, 061302(R) (2001)

[3] G.D. Dracoulis et al, Phys. Rev. C 62, 037301 (2000)


The AMS Technique for 53MnLaura Gladkis

Research School of Physical Sciences and Engineering,Australian National University


Due to its long half-life (3.7My), manganese 53 could beuseful for exposure-dating and erosion studies. However,this isotope has not been well explored because of thedifficulty of separating it from its ubiquitous stablecontaminant chromium 53. The goal of the present work isto develop the AMS technique for manganese 53measurements, using a Gas-Filled Magnet and associateddetector attached to the AMS system at the ANU. Theproduction of calibrated 53Mn/Mn standards and thechemical separation technique to lower its chromiumcontent is also discussed. An AMS measurement of thesesamples is presented.


Characterizing Uranium Ores with236U and 239PuK.M. Wilcken, L.K. Fifield and T.T. Barrows

Department of Nuclear Physics, Research School of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Australian NationalUniversity, Canberra


Both 236U and 239Pu are produced naturally in uraniumores via neutron capture on 235U and 238U, respectively.Neutrons in the Earth’s crust are produced almost entirelyfrom (α,n)-reactions and spontaneous fission of 238U.Neutron fluxes however, depend not only on the number ofneutrons produced but also on the elemental compositionof the rock. Therefore, concentrations of 236U and 239Pumight be used to characterize different uranium ores.

Only limited data is presently available and thus we are inthe process of performing accelerator mass spectroscopicmeasurements and calculations for a wide variety ofdifferent ores.


ATLAS Status and Physics ProgramTom Atkinson

University of Melbourne


The ATLAS detector will observe proton collisions in theLarge Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN, which is scheduledfor commissioning in 2007. When operational the LHC willcollide protons at a centre-of-mass energy of 14 TeV withnominally 2 X 108 collisions per second at each of fourbeam-crossing points. ATLAS has been optimised for thedetection of the hypothesised Higgs Boson, the onlymissing component of the otherwise experimentally well-verified electro-weak theory. In addition ATLAS is alsosensitive to many other physics processes including QCD,b-physics, heavy ion interactions and those that couldprovide first evidence for super-symmetry. The currentstatus of the LHC and the various aspects of the ATLASdetector will be discussed as well as the ability of ATLASto observe new physics. The Australian contributions tothe ATLAS project will also be described. These include:

Development and implementation of components ofthe Semi-Conductor Tracker (SCT), which providesspatial information for charged particles traversing theATLAS inner detector.

Fast algorithms for simulating electromagnetic eventsin the calorimeter.

Development and application of fast reconstructionalgorithms within the ATLAS software framework.

Analysis of Monte-Carlo data produced usingsimulated models of the ATLAS detector. Theinformation provided will determine the most efficientstrategies in searching for new physics once collisionsat the LHC commence.

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Advances in grid computing to handle the storage,transfer and offline processing of data amassed byLHC experiments, which totals over 2.4 P-bytes perannum.


Lattice Study of Possible ProtonAnti-proton Bound State and H-dibaryonMushtaq Loan

University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia


Based on the general symmetry consideration andavailable experimental information we study the massspectrum of possible proton anti-proton bound stateobserved by BES collaboration. Using interpolatingdiquark operators we measure the correlation functionswith improved gauge and fermion actions and extract themass spectrum of the spin-zero isoscalar candidate forproton anti-proton hexaquark state in the quenchedapproximation of lattice QCD. As a by-product wecalculate the mass of the lowest spin-zero, strangeness(–2), flavour singlet state in the dibaryon sector. We findthat the mass of the H-dibaryon is compatible with twicethe mass of the lambda baryon on all lattice sizesinvestigated in this study. No evidence for a bound H-dibaryon is apparent from current calculation in thequenched QCD. We conclude that such six quark state may be considered as unbound assembly of twolambda baryons.


Fusion Mechanism of Light WeaklyBound Nuclei M. Dasgupta and D.J. Hinde

Department of Nuclear Physics, RSPhysSE, AustralianNational University, ACT


Fusion at energies around the fusion barrier is stronglyinfluenced by the structure of the participating nuclei. Acontroversial question in recent years is the effect onfusion of cluster structure and weak binding in light nuclei.Fusion of weakly bound stable nuclei like 6Li, which hasan α–d cluster, is reduced[1] due to breakup. The unstablenucleus 6He has neutrons weakly bound to an α–core. Dothese neutrons in 6He play a similar role in fusion[2,3] asthe weakly bound d in 6Li? I will discuss this question andthe interpretation[4] that is currently emerging.

[1] M. Dasgupta et al., Phys. Rev. C 70, 024606 (2004)

[2] A. Navin et al., Accepted in Phys. Rev. C (2004)

[3] R. Raabe et al., Accepted in Nature (2004)

[4] D.J. Hinde and M. Dasgupta, Accepted in Nature (2004)


Scanner for the Detection ofContraband in Air Cargo ContainersBrian Sowerby and James Tickner

CSIRO Minerals, Menai NSW

There is a growing worldwide need to rapidly scan bulk aircargo for contraband such as illicit drugs and explosives.CSIRO has been working with Australian Customs Serviceto develop an innovative and cost-effective solutioncapable of directly scanning air freight containers in 1–2minutes without unpacking. A new scanner has beendeveloped that combines fast neutron and gamma-rayradiography to provide high-resolution images that includeinformation on material composition. A full-scale prototypescanner has been successfully tested in the laboratoryand a commercial-scale scanner will be installed atBrisbane airport in 2005.

POSTERS

NUPP PMO 84

Multiparticle and Octupole Couping Effects in Translead Po andRn NucleiA.P. Byrne1,2, G. D. Dracoulis1, G.J. Lane1, P.M. Davidson1 and A.R. Poletti3

1. Department of Nuclear Physics, Research School ofPhysical Sciences and Engineering, ANU, Canberra, ACT,Australia; 2. Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, ANU,Canberra, ACT, Australia; 3. Department of Physics,University of Auckland, NewZealand


Yrast high spin states in nuclei near the doubly magic208Pb core often have a relatively structure in terms of thecoupling of the valence orbitals. This is in part due theavailability of high-j orbitals for both the protons andneutrons, but it is also due to coupling of particleexcitations to the collective octupole vibrational excitation,thus selectively lowering the energy of specificconfigurations. The results of a study of the high spinstructure of the isotope 210Rn will be presented. Theunderstanding of the structure of the highest states in thissystem are complicated by the presence of neutron holeexcitations. Very recent results aimed at populating highspin, octupole mixed states in 212Po obtained using theSPIRAL facility will also be covered.

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NUPP PMO 85

Decay out of Superdeformed Bandsin Pb IsotopesP.M. Davidson1 and A.N. Wilson1

1. Department of Nuclear Physics, Research School ofPhysical Sciences and Engineering, Australian NationalUniversity, Canberra ACT


A recently developed two-level mixing model[1] of thetransition from superdeformed to normal-deformed nuclearshape is applied to evaluate the tunnelling width of thedecay-out process in 192Pb, 194Pb[2] and 196Pb. Weestimate the level densities and gamma-decay widths forthe normally-deformed states at the excitation energy ofthe decay, and use observed properties of thesuperdeformed states as input for the model. Therelationship between the extracted widths and thepotential barrier between the shapes is discussed.

[1] D.M. Cardamone, C.A. Stafford and B.R. Barrett, Phys. Rev. C91, 102502 (2003)

[2] A.N. Wilson and P.M. Davidson, Phys. Rev. C 69, 041303(R)(2004)

NUPP PMO 86

Why Three Generations?Robert Delbourgo

School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Tasmania,Hobart


Finite repetitions of particle multiplets are difficult toexplain from first principles. I show that a possible solutionto this so-called “generation problem” can be found byattaching anticommuting (Lorentz scalar) “propertycoordinates” ε to the usual commuting space-time“location coordinates” x. A very general relativisticformulation of space-time-property then accommodatesthe gauge fields in the x-ε sector and the Higgs fields inthe ε-ε sector. Fermionic matter supermultiplets Ψ(ε) thenencompass the known three generations as well as exoticquarks. The latter offer an alternative interpretation forrecently discovered narrow hadronic states currentlybelieved to be tetra- and penta-quarks.

NUPP PMO 87

Accelerator Mass Spectrometry(AMS) of 26Al—Enhanced Sensitivitywith a Gas-filled MagnetL.K.Fifield, L.G.Gladkis, C.R.Morton, S.G.Tims

Department of Nuclear Physics, RSPhysSE, The AustralianNational University, Canberra ACT

AMS of 26Al has employed the atomic negative ionexclusively to date, because it eliminates the isobaricinterference from 26Mg. Magnesium does not form astable negative ion. The low output of Al– ions fromnegative ion sources has, however, inhibited wideapplication of 26Al in studies of landscape evolution.

We report the use of a gas-filled magnet which separates26Al from the intense flux of 26Mg ions after acceleration,and thereby enhances the sensitivity of 26Al AMS by anorder of magnitude by allowing use of the factor of 20more intense AlO– beam.

NUPP PMO 88

Quokka: The Small-Angle NeutronScattering Instrument at theAustralian Replacement ResearchReactorT. Noakes, P. Abbeywick, P. Baxter, A. Brule, F. Darmann,N. Hauser, E. Imamovic, J. Schulz and E.P. Gilbert

Bragg Institute, ANSTO, Menai, NSW, Australia


A small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) instrument isbeing designed as part of the initial instrument suite forthe 20-MW Australian Replacement Research Reactor. Thenew instrument, receiving neutrons from a large liquid-D2cold source, will be in the spirit of the world’s best facilitiesand will greatly build upon the Australian Nuclear Scienceand Technology Organisation’s existing expertise andfacilities. Scheduled for completion in July 2006, it willprovide Australian and international researchers withopportunities to access state-of-the-art SANSinstrumentation. The details of the new SANS will bepresented.

[1] E. Gilbert, C.J. Garvey, J.C. Schulz and R.B. Knott, NeutronNews, 14, 27 (2003)

NUPP PMO 89

Evolving Fundamental Constants and MetrologyA.Yu.Ignatiev and B.J Carson

School of Physics, Research Centre for High Energy Physics,University of Melbourne


Astrophysical observations suggest that the fine structureconstant (alpha) may (or may not) be evolving over thecosmological timescale. This raises a much debatedquestion: is alpha variation due to the variation the speedof light (c), elementary electric charge (e) or the Planckconstant (h)?

We propose a metrological approach based on theanalysis of the relationships between the fundamentalunits (e.g. of the length and time) and the fundamentalconstants. Our methodology allows one to find how eachof the fundamental constants e, c, h evolves in time andoffers a new outlook for this area.

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Bob Champion

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Bob Champion

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NUPP PMO 90

Low Velocity Two-stubSuperconducting Resonator forHeavy Ion AcceleratorsN.R. Lobanov and D.C. Weisser

Department of Nuclear Physics, Research School of PhysicalSciences and Engineering, Australian National University,Canberra, ACT


Many heavy ion accelerators worldwide exploitsuperconducting RF cavities as accelerating structures. A novel two-stub accelerating structure, optimized for ionvelocity of 5% the speed of light, is described for use onthe Heavy Ion Accelerator at the ANU. The mainelectromagnetic and mechanical parameters arediscussed. The technological aspects of manufacturingare described; in particular the low-loss RF joints and anovel tuner design. The resonators will extend thecapability of the ANU LINAC from mass 60 to mass 100.

NUPP PMO 91

Implications of New Data on B MesonDecays to Non-charmed StatesBruce H J McKellar1, Xiao-gang He2, and Timothy Caruthers1

1. Department of Physics, University of Melbourne, VIC;2. NCTS/TPE, Department of Physics, National TaiwanUniversity, Taipei


Recent data on B meson decays to non-charmed states istaking B physics into a precision stage. We analyse thisdata in a model independent way, and find that thedecays to Kπ states form a consistent picture, as todecays to ππ states. But the parameters which arededuced have unexpected values. Moreover, when onetries to combine both using flavour SU(3) symmetry,inconsistencies appear in the global data fit, although thebest measured CP violating asymmetries are consistent.

NUPP PMO 92

Performance Tests of anAccelerator-based Prompt GammaRay SetupA. A. Naqvi1*, M. M. Nagadi1, Khateeb-ur-Rehman1 andM. Maslehuddin2

1. Department of Physics, King Fahd University of Petroleumand Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia; 2. Center forEngineering Research, King Fahd University of Petroleum andMinerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia


A thermal-neutron capture based Prompt Gamma rayNeutron Activation Analysis (PGNAA) setup has beendeveloped to analyze bulk material samples. Thecylindrical PGNAA sample is located in a rectangularmoderator. The setup has been tested with elemental

analysis of a Portland cement sample. The gamma rayyield from calcium, silicon and iron in a Portland cementsample was measured as a function of thermal neutronintensity at the sample location. The thermal neutronintensity was varied at the sample location through thefront moderator thickness change. The results of theexperimental study have an excellent agreement with theresults of Monte Carlo simulations.

[1] Naqvi A. A. and M.A.Garwan. Validity test of designcalculations of a PGNAA setup. Nuclear Instruments &Methods in Physics Research B (In press)

NUPP PMO 93

Construction and Analysis of a Many-body Neutrino ModelI. Okuniewicz1 , B.H.J. McKellar1 and A. Friedland2

1. Department of Physics, University of Melbourne, Australia;2. Theoretical Division, T-8, Los Alamos National Laboratory,NM, USA


In literature on the early universe and supernova theneutrino system is separated into beam and background.The ensemble can then be analysed via a one-bodydensity matrix. The induced mass terms in this neutrinosystem have off-diagonal components which make itpossible for entanglement between the beam andbackground to occur. The separation into beam andbackground then becomes ambiguous and hence it is notclear if the system admits a one-body description.

The validity of the one-body density matrix used in thecontext of the early universe and supernova has beenaddressed by[1–3] with different results, due to differentmodels considered. We have generalised the system of[2]

to non-equal flavour distribution. We find that the one-bodydescription is valid and if the flavour asymmetry and the total number of particles is large then the systembehaves analogously to a spin precessing in a classicalmagnetic field.

[1] N.F. Bell, A.A. Rawlinson, R.F. Sawyer, Phys. Lett. B 573, 86 (2003)

[2] A. Friedland and C. Lunardini, JHEP 0310, 043 (2003)

[3] A. Friedland and C. Lunardini, Phys. Rev. D 68, 013007 (2003)

NUPP PMO 94

Prospects for a Linear ColliderLawrence S. Peak

School of Physics, University of Sydney, NSW

There is general agreement that the next major worldaccelerator should be an electron linear collider. There ismuch world-wide activity in the planning for such amachine. This talk will summarise developments in thisfield and will review the physics questions that can beaddressed with such an accelerator.

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Bob Champion

PDF Link

Bob Champion

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NUPP PMO 95

A Composite Model for Leptons and QuarksB.A. Robson

Research School of Physical Sciences & Engineering, TheAustralian National University, Canberra, ACT


A unified classification scheme, known as the GenerationModel, has been proposed[1] for leptons and quarks. Thisscheme has been shown to lead to a relation betweenstrong isospin and weak isospin. This relation indicatesthat these two isospin symmetries are simply differentSU(2) subgroups of a new flavor SU(3) symmetry,associated with both leptons and quarks. The simplestconjecture is that this symmetry is connected with asubstructure of leptons and quarks. One such compositemodel, based upon this symmetry, will be discussed.

[1] B.A. Robson, Int. J. Mod. Phys. E11, 555 (2002), ibid E13,(2004) (in press)

NUPP PMO 96

Determination of |Vcb| and HeavyQuark Parameters from Inclusive B–>Xc l nu DecaysPhillip Urquijo

In the framework of the Standard Model, the quark sectoris characterized by a rich pattern of flavour-changingtransitions, described by the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM) matrix. We report a measurement of thequark mixing parameter, |Vcb|, via the inclusivemeasurement of semileptonic B meson decays. We havemeasured the moments of the inclusive electron energyspectrum in semileptonic decays, B–> Xc lnu, using datarecorded with the Belle detector at the KEKB asymmetrice+e- collider. From these moments we determine |Vcb|and other heavy quark parameters, including the b-quarkmass, using Heavy Quark Expansions (HQE) in the kineticmass scheme.

NUPP PMO 97

Measuring the CKM Matrix ElementVub with an Upgraded BelleDetectorK.E. Varvell

School of Physics, The University of Sydney


The Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM) matrix describesthe weak mixing between quark flavours in the StandardModel of Particle Physics. We review the prospects andmethodology for precisely measuring the poorlydetermined element Vub of this matrix, using the proposedSuperBelle detector [1]. Precise measurements of Vubhelp to overconstrain the corresponding unitarity trianglearising from the CKM matrix, enabling the effects ofphysics beyond the Standard Model to be searched for.

[1] SuperKEKB Letter of Intent (LoI) , KEK Report 04-04, seehttp://belle.kek.jp/superb/

NUPP PMO 98

Molecular Beams from aDifferentially Pumped Gas Cathodefor an NEC Sputter Negative IonSourceD C Weisser, N R Lobanov, H J Wallace

Department of Nuclear Physics, Research School of PhysicalSciences and Engineering, Australian National University,Canberra, ACT


A new geometry gas cathode is reported for sputter ionsources in which NH4 gas is sprayed onto metal a sampleto produce a negative metal hydride molecular beam.Performance will be improved by differential pumping witha turbo pump on the source head and impedancesbetween the sample, the vacuum pump and the beamline. Tests though without the differential pumping,demonstrate 1.8 µA for MgH– and CaH–. Spraying eitherCO2 or O2 onto a Li metal sample enhances Li– beams.The gas cathode also improved Li– beam intensity by afactor of 10 over the previous ion source.

[1] R. Middleton, Nucl. Instr. and Methods 233 (1984) 193.

NUPP PMO 99

Development of a Detection Methodfor 182Hf, a Potential SupernovaIsotope Signature on EarthStephan Winkler, L.Keith Fifield

Dept. of Nucl. Phys., Australian National University, Canberra, Australia

[email protected]

The astrophysical r-process—responsible for theproduction of some of the heaviest nuclides in nature—isassumed to take place in supernovae. In that case it couldbe possible to detect radionuclides in geological archives,deposited by a nearby supernova. A very sensitivemethod of detection is required. We have taken stepstowards developing an AMS-method for the measurementof 182Hf with the 14UD-accelerator at the ANU. Projectilex-rays are detected to discriminate 182Hf ions from theisobaric interference (182W). Implications for a futuredetection of a 182Hf signature in deep-sea sediments willbe discussed.

NUPP PMO 100

Preliminary Analysis of LLFPTransmutation in the FDS Dual-cooled Waste Transmutation BlanketZHU Xiao-xiang, WU Yi-can, WANG Wei-hua, GAO Chun-jing, and FDS team

Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences,Hefei, China


Transmutation of long-lived Fission Products (LLFPs) isvery difficult because the capture cross sections totransmute them into short-lived or stable nuclides are very

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small. The dedicated dual-cooled long-lived radioactivewaste transmutation blanket (DWTB) for the Fusion-Drivensub-critical System (FDS) has been considered totransmute LLFP. This paper discussed the effect of loadingmaterial candidate with different moderators and loadingforms for LLFP transmutation on the burning capacity. Theoptimized LLFP compositions and form designs havebeen done to improve the performance of LLFPtransmutation. Neutronics calculation about LLFPtransmutation has been carried out to compare theperformances of different LLFP transmutation designs.

NUPP PMO 101

Quantification of Trace Metals inAdsorbentsN.N. Yadav1, S. Maheswaran1, V. Shutthanandan2, S. Thevuthasan2, H.H. Ngo3, and S. Vigneswaran3

1. Nanoscale Organisation and Dynamics Group, School ofScience, Food and Horticulture, University of Western Sydney,NSW, Australia; 2. Environmental Molecular SciencesLaboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland,Washington, USA; 3. Faculty of Engineering, University ofTechnology, Sydney, NSW, Australia


Adsorbents are porous materials used to removecontaminants from water supplies. Presently, thequantitative trace metal analysis of adsorbents has beencarried out using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS)and neutron activation analyses (NAA) despite thesetechniques having many inherent problems. We have usedthe technique of particle induced x-ray emission (PIXE) toovercome some of the current problems associated withthe current techniques and compared the results againstNAA and AAS. The results indicate that PIXE is capable ofquantifying trace metals in adsorbents although someissues need to be resolved relating to the inhomogeneousinternal structure of the adsorbent.

NUPP PMO 102

ANSTO’s AcceleratorsU. Zoppi1, D. Cohen1 and D. Garton1

1. ANSTO Environment, Menai NSW Australia


Throughout its history, ANSTO demonstrated sustainedexcellence in accelerator-based science and technology.The 40 years old KN3000 Van de Graaff acceleratorprovided more than 110 000 running hours. The 10 MVANTARES Tandem Accelerator is delivering leading edgeAccelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) and Ion BeamAanalysis (IBA) services. An additional HVEE 2 MVTandetron accelerator has been recently commissionedand is expected to be applied across a very wide range ofapplications utilising IBA and AMS techniques.

After a short review of the technical aspect of the 3ANSTO accelerators, we will present a summary of themost exciting accelerator applications across a widevariety of scientific fields including air pollution,radiocarbon dating of precious artefacts and globalclimate change studies.

NUPP TUD11Tuesday 1040–1100 hrs

A Broad Look at Mesons with Lattice QCDJ.N Hedditch1, B.G Lassock1, D.B Leinweber1, A.G Williams1, J.M Zanotti2

1. Special Research Center for the Subatomic Structure ofMatter, (CSSM), University of Adelaide; 2. John vonNeumann-Institut fur Computing NIC, Deutches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Zeuthen, Germany

email of corresponding author:[email protected]

We present an overview of the calculation of mesonproperties using lattice QCD and proceed to summarisethe results we have obtained, in particular meson massspectra and form factors. We include in our study someattention to the role of gluonic excitations in observables,including the so-called ‘exotic’ mesons.

It is intended that the audience come away from the talkwith a broad understanding

of the methods and challenges of Lattice QCDcalculations for the investigation of

meson observables.


Excitation Energy and Spin of theYrast Superdeformed Band in 196PbA.N. Wilson1,2

1. Department of Nuclear Physics, Research School ofPhysical Sciences & Engineering, Australian NationalUniversity, Canberra; 2. Department of Physics andTheoretical Physics, The Faculties, Australian NationalUniversity, Canberra


Although rotational bands in superdeformed nuclei havebeen known for almost twenty years, experimentalinformation about these states remains very limited. This isprimarily because of the difficulties encountered inidentifying the γ-ray decay pathways by which the nucleuschanges from the superdeformed shape to more normal(less deformed) nuclear shapes. Without such information,fundamental properties of the superdeformed nucleussuch as excitation energy and spin are unknown.

Recent work establishing the excitation energy and spin ofthe yrast superdeformed band in 196Pb will be presented,and the results compared to data in neighbouring nucleiand theoretical predictions.

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Shell Structures in Exotic Nuclei from Magnetic MomentMeasurements on RadioactiveBeamsAndrew E. StuchberyDepartment of Nuclear Physics, The Australian NationalUniversity, Canberra, ACT


Magnetic moment measurements have always presenteda challenge. The new frontier in nuclear physics, openedby a new generation of radioactive beam accelerators,raises new challenges, which must be met becausemagnetic moment measurements provide a sensitiveprobe of nuclear structure. Great progress has been maderecently, both with beams produced by projectilefragmentation, and with beams produced by isotopeseparation on-line. This progress will be demonstrated byour latest results for exotic, neutron-rich nuclei. It will beshown that the interpretation of the data obtained atinternational facilities rests on measurements with stablebeams performed here in Australia.


Visually Revealing the Secrets ofQCDDerek B. Leinweber1 for the CSSM Lattice Collaboration1. Special Research Centre for the Subatomic Structure ofMatter, and Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia


Supercomputer simulations on a space-time lattice providethe only first-principles approach to revealing theproperties of QCD and the manner in which it constructsthe world around us. This seminar will focus on numerousvisualizations and animations of QCD from leading-edge[1]

Lattice QCD simulations. The animations reveal newinsights into quark-gluon interactions and the manner inwhich quarks and gluons manifest themselves as protons,neutrons and other particles. Highlights include instantonsin the QCD vacuum[2], quark-eigenmode densities[3],gluon flux-tubes in mesons and baryons[4], and recentresults exposing the meson-cloud surrounding theproton[5]. The talk will close with the presentation of newlattice simulation results illustrating the impact of centrevortices on QCD vacuum structure[6].

[1] S. O. Bilson-Thompson, D. B. Leinweber and A. G. Williams,Annals Phys. 304, 1 (2003) [arXiv:hep-lat/0203008].

[2] S. O. Bilson-Thompson, D. B. Leinweber, A. G. Williams and G.V. Dunne, Annals Phys. 311, 267–287 (2004) [arXiv:hep-lat/0306010].

[3] D. J. Kusterer, J. Hedditch, W. Kamleh, D. B. Leinweber and A.G. Williams, Nucl. Phys. B 628, 253 (2002) [arXiv:hep-lat/0111029].

[4] F. Bissey, et al., to appear in Nucl. Phys. Proc. Suppl.

[5] R. D. Young, D. B. Leinweber and A. W. Thomas, Nucl. Phys.Proc. Suppl. 129, 290 (2004) [arXiv:hep-lat/0309187].

[6] K. Langfeld, Phys. Rev. D 69, 014503 (2004) [arXiv:hep-lat/0307030].


Deformed Nuclear IsomersG.D. Dracoulis

Department of Nuclear Physics, RSPhysSE, AustralianNational University, Canberra, ACT Australia


Metastable (isomeric) states[1] have played an importantrole in the development of nuclear collective models andas a tool for identifying new nuclei and exotic states.Emerging techniques for the population of deformedheavy nuclei near and to the right of the stability line,where such isomers are likely to occur[2] include deep-inelastic collisions and incomplete-fusion.

A selection of new results for the deformed Yb-Lu-Hf-Taregion will be presented in the context of the mapping ofintrinsic orbitals, the configurational structure of multi-quasiparticle states, and the factors which govern thepurity or otherwise of the K-quantum number.

[1] P. Walker and G. Dracoulis, Nature, 399, 35 (1999)

[2] P.M. Walker and G.D. Dracoulis, Hyperfine Interactions 135, 83 (2001)


Lifetime of a New High-spin Isomerin 150DyH. Watanabe1,* Y. Wakabayashi2, Y. Gono2, T. Fukuchi2,H. Ueno1, W. Sato1, A. Yoshimi1, D. Kameda3, H. Miyoshi3, T. Kishida1, Y. Kobayashi1, T. Morikawa2, S. Motomura2, O. Kashiyama2, K. Saito2, A. Odahara4 and K. Asahi1,3

1. The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), Japan; *RSPhysSE, Australian National University;2. Department of Physics, Kyushu University, Japan;3. Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology,Japan; 4. Nishinippon Institute of Technology, Kanda,Fukuoka, Japan


A new high-spin isomer in 150Dy has been observed at anexcitation energy of 10.3 MeV by combining the inverse-kinematic reaction induced by a pulsed beam of 132Xeand the γ-ray recoil-shadow technique. The half-life of thisisomeric state has been determined to be T1/2 = 1.6 ± 0.6ns using the conventional centroid-shift method with the141Pr(16O, p6n)150Dy reaction at 165 MeV. In thiscongress, the mechanism producing the high-spin isomersin N = 83, 84 isotones is qualitatively discussed in termsof the difference of neutron particle-hole configurationbetween the high-spin isomer and the lower-lying state.

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Structure of 188TlP. Nieminen1, G.D. Dracoulis1, G.J. Lane1, A.M. Baxter2,A.P. Byrne1,2, P.M. Davidson1, T. Kibédi1, K.H. Maier1, H. Watanabe1 and A.N. Wilson1,2

1. Department of Nuclear Physics, Australian NationalUniversity, Canberra; 2. Department of Physics, The Faculties,Australian National University, Canberra


Most recent studies of shape coexistence in the very lightZ ~ 82 nuclei have concentrated on the even-even Hg, Pband Po isotopes[1,2]. In contrast, little is known about theclose-lying odd-odd nuclei. While partly expected toresemble their neighbours, the presence of unpairedprotons and neutrons can provide insight into the activesingle-particle orbitals and they may also affect therelative energies of the shape co-existing minima. The188Tl nuclei were studied in two experiments utilising theGammasphere (LBNL, USA) and CAESAR (ANU,Canberra) spectrometers. The observed structures andassociated intrinsic configurations which significantlyextend the earlier knowledge[3], will be discussed.

[1] G.D. Dracoulis et al., Phys. Rev. C. 69, 054318 (2004)

[2] R. Julin, K. Helariutta and M. Muikku, J. Phys. G. 27, R109(2001)

[3] B. Singh, Nucl. Data Sheets 95, 387 (2002)


Measurement of BR(B ⇒πLυ) and VUBUsing Neutrino Reconstruction atBelleS. Cole1, N. Parslow1 and K.E. Varvell1

1. School of Physics, The University of Sydney


Vub is the smallest and least experimentally constrainedelement of the CKM (quark mixing) matrix. Semileptonicdecays, such as B ⇒ πlυ, are particularly useful inextracting a value for this matrix element as they are wellunderstood theoretically, have a clear experimentalsignature (a single high-energy charged lepton), and havegreatly reduced strong interaction effects since two of thedaughters are leptons. We employ a neutrinoreconstruction method, which allows a comparatively highsignal efficiency, to extract this rare branching fraction andVub using 140 fb–1 of data from the Belle detector.


How Can We Discover New Chemical Elements?B. Bouriquet1 and Y. Abe2

1. Department of Nuclear Physics RSPhysSE, AustralianNational University, Canberra, ACT; 2. GANIL Caen France


In 1867 Mendeleev established the periodic table ofelements. Recent discoveries of new elements pushfurther its upper limit. To synthesise a new element afusion reaction between nuclei is needed. The theoreticaldescription of this process is subtle for reactions betweenheavy nuclei as the Coulomb repulsion has a tremendousinfluence on the reaction process and stability ofcompound nuclei[1,2].

Moreover producing these elements is a technologicalchallenge. First the experiment done in GANIL(France) toproduce the element of charge 114 will be detailed. Thenthe stochastic model of fusion that permit to guide theexperiments will be presented[1,2,3].

[1] Abe Y., Bouriquet B., Shen C. and Kosenko G. Nucl. Phys.A722 241c-247c (2003)

[2] Abe Y. and Bouriquet B. Acta Physica Polonica B Vol 34, 1927(2003)

[3] Bouriquet B., Abe Y. and Kosenko G . To appear in to EPJA(2004)


Electro Magnetic Properties of Octet BaryonsSharada Boinepalli1, Derek B. Leinweber1, Anthony G.Williams1, Jianbo Zhang1 and James M. Zanotti2

1. Special Research Center for the Subatomic Structure ofMatter (CSSM) and The Department of Physics, University ofAdelaide, SA; 2. John von Neumann-Institut fur computingNIC, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Zeuthen,Germany

Email of corresponding author:[email protected]

We present a calculation of the electromagnetic propertiesof the octet baryons. The properties are calculated using anumerical simulation of quenched QCD on a 20x20x20x40periodic lattice with a lattice spacing of 0.128fm. We usethe Fat-Link Irrelevant Clover (FLIC) fermion action whichallows efficient access to the light quark mass regime. Theextraction of baryon mass and electromagnetic formfactors proceeds through the calculation of the ensembleaverage of two and three point Green functions. Magneticmoments and charge radii are extracted from the electricand magnetic form factors. We compare our results withexperimental measurements and other lattice calculations.

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Family Symmetries and the PeculiarNeutrino Mixing MatrixCatherine LowUniversity of Melbourne

[email protected]

Neutrino oscillation experiments indicate that two out ofthe three mixing angles in the neutrino mixing matrix takeextreme values in parameter space: One angle ismaximal, one is zero. Extending the Standard Model byadding a family symmetry has been suggested as a wayof explaining the peculiar form of the neutrino mixingmatrix. However, I show that all simple family symmetrymodels create mixing matrices that are ruled out byexperiment, so more complicated models involving extraHiggs fields are needed for a family symmetry to producethe mixing, indicating that the origin of the neutrino mixingmatrix is still a mystery.


Reaching the Super-heavies D.J. Hinde and M. DasguptaDepartment of Nuclear Physics, RSPhysSE, AustralianNational University, ACT


Superheavy element research is currently an active field,with recent claims of creation of nuclei with atomicnumbers up to 118, by fusing two heavy nuclei. Fusionleads to superheavy element formation only when thecombined many-body quantum system, travelling througha multi-dimensional potential landscape, survives thecompeting processes, which cause the system to breakapart (fission, quasi-fission). Understanding the formationof heavy elements is challenging due to the complexity ofthe process and the extremely low fusion yields. Precisionexperiments at the ANU[1,2] have investigated the reactionconditions affecting the fusion probability of forming lighternuclei, which has led to unexpected results. Implicationsfor forming very heavy elements will be discussed.

[1] A.C. Berriman et al., Nature 413, 144 (2001)

[2] D.J. Hinde et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 282701 (2004)

NUPP WED11Wednesday 1040–1100 hrs

An the Spectrum for the TimeEvolution of a Periodically Rank-NKicked HamiltonianJ.M. McCaw1 and B.H.J. McKellar1

1. School of Physics, Research Centre for High EnergyPhysics, The University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia


We find the conditions under which the spectrum of theunitary time evolution operator for a periodically rank-Nkicked system remains pure point, generalising the work of

Combescure[1] and providing a unitary equivalent to theself-adjoint work by Howland[2]. Relaxing this condition,we characterise the emergence of a continuous spectrum(as in[3]) and comment on the importance of such acontinuous spectrum in the field of quantum chaos. Anumber of generally held misconceptions in the physicsliterature will be highlighted, including mistakes madein[3]. Much of this work is presented in detail in[4].

[1] M. Combescure, J. Stat. Phys, 59, 679 (1989)

[2] J.S. Howland, J. Func. Anal, 74, 52 (1987)

[3] B. Milek & P. Seba, Phys. Rev. A, 42, 3213 (1990)

[4] J.M. McCaw & B.H.J. McKellar, math-ph/0404006 (2004)


In-matter Three-body ProblemA.N. Kvinikhidze1 and B. Blankleider2

1. The Mathematical Institute of Georgian Academy ofSciences, Tbilisi, Georgia; 2. School of Chemistry, Physics,and Earth Sciences, Bedford Park, SA Australia


The in-matter three-body problem plays an important rolein describing a large variety of interesting phenomena.However, even non-relativistic in-matter descriptions arefour-dimensional. To avoid the numerical difficulties of afour-dimensional approach, equal-time Green functionshave been used to obtain a three-dimensionaldescription[1–8]. To derive equations, these worksapproximate the effective pair-interaction kernels by termslinear in the physical two-body potentials, while the exactexpression for the effective pair-interaction kernel involvesan infinite series of higher order terms as well. We solvethis problem by formulating three-dimensional equationsthat take into account the full infinite series for the effectivepair-interaction kernel.

[1] P. Schuck F. Villars and P. Ring, Nucl. Phys. A208, 302 (1973).

[2] M. Beyer, W. Schadow, C. Kuhrts and G. Ropke, Phys. Rev. C60, 034004 (1999).

[3] M. Beyer, Few-Body Syst. Suppl. 10, 179 (1999).

[4] M. Beyer, S. Mattiello, T. Frederico and H. J. Weber, Phys. Lett.B521, 33 (2001).

[5] S. Mattiello, M. Beyer, T. Frederico and H. J. Weber, Few-BodySyst., 31 159 (2002); Few-Body Syst. Suppl. 14, 379 (2003).

[6] M. Beyer, G. Ropke and A. Sedrakian, Phys. Lett. B376, 7(1996).

[7] M. Beyer, Nucl. Phys. A684, 566c (2001).

[8] M. Beyer and G. Ropke, Phys. Rev. C 56, 2636 (1997).

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Bob Champion

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Bob Champion

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New Methods of Testing LorentzViolation in ElectrodynamicsMichael E. Tobar1, Peter Wolf2,3, Alison Fowler1, John G. Hartnett1

1. School of Physics, University of Western Australia; 2. BNM-SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris, France; 3. Bureau Internationaldes Poids et Mesures, Sèvres, France


We investigate experiments that are sensitive to the scalarand parity-odd coefficients for Lorentz violation in thephoton sector of the Standard Model Extension (SME) ofparticle physics. We show that of the classic tests ofspecial relativity, Ives-Stilwell (IS) experiments[1] aresensitive to the scalar coefficient, but at only parts in 105for the state-of-the-art experiment[2]. We then proposeasymmetric Mach-Zehnder interferometers with differentelectromagnetic properties in the two arms, includingrecycling techniques based on travelling wave resonatorsto improve the sensitivity[3]. With present technology weestimate that the scalar and parity odd coefficients may bemeasured at sensitivity better than parts in 1011 and 1015

respectively, which represents six orders of magnitudeimprovement in the former and four orders for the latter.

[1] H. E. Ives and G. R. Stilwell, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 28, 215 (1938).

[2] G. Saathoff, S. Karpuk, U. Eisenbarth, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett 91,190403 (2003).

[3] M.E. Tobar et al, submitted to Phys. Rev. D (2004).


Effects of Variation of FundamentalConstants from Big Bang to AtomicClocksV.V. FlambaumUniversity of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia


Theories unifying gravity with other interactions suggesttemporal and spatial variation of the fundamental“constants” in expanding Universe. I discuss effects ofvariation of the fine structure constant alpha=e^2/h c,strong interaction and quark mass. The measurements ofthese variations cover lifespan of the Universe from fewminutes after Big Bang to the present time and givecontroversial results. There are some hints for the variationin Big Bang nucleosynthesis, quasar absorption spectraand Oklo natural nuclear reactor data. A very promisingmethod to search for the variation of the fundamentalconstants consists in comparison of different atomicclocks. A billion times enhancement of the variation effectshappens in transition between accidentally degenerateatomic energy levels.

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Education (PEG)PEG TUF11Tuesday 1040–1120 hrs

Key to ParticipationGeoff I Swan

Physics Program, Edith Cowan University, Perth


Overall student satisfaction and participation were high forregular online quizzes in a first year physics unit at EdithCowan University in 2004. Students overwhelminglybelieved that the quizzes helped them learn physics andstudy more consistently over the semester. The keyelements have been compulsory and formativeassessment where students have been allowed to usedetailed feedback to improve their quiz scores.

PEG TUF13Tuesday 1120–1140 hrs

The Missing Factor for Students in1st Year Physics?P.F. Logan1

1. Department of Applied Physics, University of Technology,Sydney, NSW


When the author came to UTS, the failure rate in 1st yearPhysics was about 40%. As a result he initiated adiagnostic testing program. This paper describes theevolution of that program and discusses what has beenachieved. The testing incorporated items on Mathematics,Language, Science Concepts, Critical Thinking and anumber of different Learning Styles. In the analyses thereseemed to be a missing factor, and the search for it isdescribed. A possible factor was found in a study withtransnational students undertaking pre-University Physicsin a Foundation (Enabling) course.


Using Student Authored Questions to Encourage Deeper Learning inPhysicsA. R. Merchant and K. M. McGregor

Applied Physics, School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University


One of the main problems involved in the teaching &learning of physics is the formulation of concepts and theirlogical application. In this paper we wish to outlinepreliminary studies into the effectiveness of a teachingmethod designed to encourage students to pose their ownquestions as an assignment task. The questionsthemselves provide considerable feedback on theprogress and/or engagement of students with the material,and the methodology could prove a useful tool incapability based degree programs.


Online Assessment in First YearPhysicsR. J. Kruhlak1, T. G. Mullins and C. Coghill2

1. Department of Physics, University of Auckland, Auckland,New Zealand; 2. Department of Electrical and ComputerEngineering, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand


We report on Online ASsessment and Integrated Study(OASIS) software used in first year physics courses at theUniversity of Auckland. OASIS allows us to conductflexible online assignments in our large stage one physicscourses. Some advantages of OASIS assignments overtraditional assignments, namely instant feedback, multipleopportunities for students to practice key concepts,automatic marking of assessments, and detailed statisticsabout results and student usage, will be presented.Positive student feedback and a noticeable improvementin student problem solving skills in the first full year ofOASIS assignments at the stage one level are veryencouraging.


Comprehensive Photonics EducationModel—The Albuquerque Ladder—“A Progress Report”A. H. Guenther1 and Leno Pedrotti2

1. Center for High Technology Materials, University of NewMexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico; 2. Center forOccupational Research and Development, Waco, Texas


In direct response to the needs of the local optics andphotonics sector, both industrial and government.Albuquerque has established a comprehensive opticseducation program from middle school (grades 6, 7, 8) topost graduate. Briefly, individuals may enter and return tothe workforce routinely as they ascend the degree chain.More quantitative details and progress will be presented aswell as curricula. Recently an additional component, aminor in Optical Science and Engineering for PhysicalScience of Engineering Degree Program has been addedat New Mexico Tech primarily focused on physical optics tosupport Department of Defense and astronomy interests.


Mathematics Transfer of First YearScience StudentsA.L. Roberts1, M.D. Sharma1, S. Britton2, P.B. New3

1. School of Physics; 2. School of Mathematics and Statistics;3. School of Molecular and Microbial Biosciences, Universityof Sydney, Sydney


Transfer of learning and knowledge is vital in education.The application of knowledge to different contexts is a

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Bob Champion

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Bob Champion

PDF Link

Bob Champion

PDF Link

Bob Champion

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universal phenomenon, yet it has been difficult to measurein qualitative studies[1]. First year science students at theUniversity of Sydney sat a two-part test from which atransfer rating was derived. The method of data collectionfor this project is described, the variables are defined andpreliminary results of statistical correlations are given.Future work includes incorporating data from interviewsthat were conducted. The strongest association ofvariables found thus far is between the transfer rating andthe test questions that involved graph reading andinterpretation skills.

[1] S.M. Barnett and S.J. Ceci, Psychological Bulletin 128 (4), 612 (2002).


Developing Investigative SkillsThrough a ‘Challenge’ ExperimentD.R. Mills, S.M. Feteris and T.L. Greaves

School of Physics and Materials Engineering, MonashUniversity, Melbourne


We report on how 150 students in their second semesterof mainstream university physics describe their experiencein designing and carrying out a two-hour ‘challenge’experiment supervised by their normal laboratorydemonstrator. Responses to open-ended questions andfeatures of students’ flowcharts were categorised, basedon the range of student answers. The value of theexperiment in promoting enquiry and investigative skills—providing some of the same benefits as traditional(expensive) supervised individual projects—is evident.Aspects valued most by students were teamwork, deeperconceptual understanding, independence, ownership ofthe experiment, and sheer fun.


Back to the Future: CafeteriaLaboratories in First Year PhysicsD.J. Low

School of Physical, Environmental and MathematicalSciences, UNSW@ADFA, Australian Defence Force Academy,Canberra ACT


Both Science and Electrical Engineering streamsundertake an eight-week laboratory program in eachSession of their First Year at ADFA. In 2004, theseprograms were changed from the homogenous system of“everyone does the same experiment each week”, to aself-paced system where students could choose what theywanted to explore within a set framework. We will explorethe motivations for this change, the implementation, andpresent a summary of student feedback from the first yearof operation. In particular, the “three pillars” of pre-labactivities, checkpoint-style progressive marking, andcriterion versus norm referencing in assessment will bediscussed.


Changing Times—Changing TeachingM. G. Zadnik

Division of Engineering, Science and Computing, CurtinUniversity of Technology


Complex changes have occurred in university teaching.Students come from diverse backgrounds with differingabilities, expectations and motivations. Governments,employer groups and universities demand that studentsdemonstrate the attainment of generic outcomes andlifelong learning skills. These changes require teachingstaff to rethink both their beliefs about teaching and theirteaching practices. Furthermore, physics educationresearch has shown that traditional modes of teachingphysics are not as effective in helping students learn keyconcepts as had been assumed. I will present a numberof practical strategies for both individual teaching staffand for physics departments which will assist in modifyingphysics teaching in these changing times.


Video Physics Education: FallingCats and Terminal VelocityD.A. Muller, M.D. Sharma



As an introduction to the topic of terminal velocity, somefirst year physics students at the University of Sydney areshown the popular science video “Falling Cats.” Threefocus groups, each with participants from different physicsbackgrounds, were held to understand how studentsengaged with the physics presented in the video.Participants actively voiced their conceptions of terminalvelocity and were open to discussing factors related to thephysics of falling bodies. Those with greater interest andexperience in physics spoke more confidently about awider range of issues and formed opinions on the physics,facilitated by the video context.


The RTASO Physics OlympiadProgramK. F. Wilson1,2

1. Rio Tinto Australian Science Olympiads, Canberra;2. Department of Physics, Australian National University,Canberra


The Physics Olympiad program is part of the Rio TintoAustralian Science Olympiads. The program begins with aNational Qualifying Exam, sat by around 1000 (mainly)year 11 students. The students are from across Australiaare nominated by their teachers. Of these students the top

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Bob Champion

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24 are invited to an intensive Scholar School over January,during which we cover most of first year universityphysics, at a typical “main stream” level. From thesestudents the teams for the Asian and International PhysicsOlympiads are chosen.

The process of team training and selection will bediscussed, as well as some interesting data from the 2004National Qualifying Exam.


The Science and EngineeringChallengeD.J. O’Connor and R. Nelson

University of Newcastle, NSW Australia


There has been a well documented decline in theparticipation rate of senior secondary students in Physics,Chemistry and Advanced Mathematics. To address thisdecline a new format activity called the Science andEngineering Challenge has been developed whichengages the broader community. It has documented ahigh level of success in increasing year 11 enrolments inPhysics and Advanced Mathematics. This has won thehighest Engineering Excellence Award in 2003 (the SirWilliam Hudson Award) and it has been funded by theFederal Government to go nationwide.

POSTER

PEG PTU 124

A Little Introductory andIntermediate Physics with theLambert W FunctionSeán M. Stewart

Department of Physics, The Petroleum Institute, Abu Dhabi,United Arab Emirates


The recently defined Lambert W function[1] is used toexpress two commonly encountered problems fromintroductory and intermediate physics, namely; the Wienpeaks which occur in the spectral distribution curves ofblackbody radiation; and the time of flight and range for aprojectile in a linear resisting medium, in exact analyticform. Such examples provide accessible accounts of theincreasing applicability which the Lambert W function nowfinds in physics. By highlighting a range of problemswhose solution depend on W, the intention is to convincethe reader of the general utility and usefulness of thisfunction so as to warrant its inclusion in standardundergraduate mathematical methods courses forphysicists.

[1] R. M. Corless, G. H. Gonnet, D. E. G. Hare, D. J. Jeffrey and D.E. Knuth, Adv. Comput. Math., 5, 329 (1996)

PEG THE11Thursday 1040–1120 hrs

Key Findings from the National PhysicsProject on Learning and TeachingB. James1, L. Kirkup2, M. Livett3, A. Mendez1, D. Mills4, R. Newbury5, J. Pollard6, M. Prosser7, M. Sharma1, M. Zadnik8

1. School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney;2. Department of Applied Physics, University of Technology,Sydney; 3. School of Physics, University of Melbourne,Melbourne; 4. School of Physics and Materials Engineering,Monash University, Melbourne; 5. School of Physics, University ofNew South Wales, Sydney; 6. Department of Physics, Universityof Adelaide, Adelaide; 7. Institute for Teaching and Learning,University of Sydney, Sydney; 8. Department of Applied Physics,Curtin University of Technology, Perth


A national project, commissioned by the AustralianUniversities Teaching Committee, has reviewed learning andteaching in physics at Australian universities in 2004 usingquestionnaires, interviews and focus groups. This paperreports on how physics departments are responding tochange. Issues of interest include the background andaspirations of students, employment options, approaches tolearning and teaching, and initiatives such as the creation ofmultidisciplinary courses. Good practices addressing theseissues will be reported and the implication of these findingsfor the future of physics education in Australia will bediscussed.

PEG THE13Thursday 1120–1220 hrs

Implications of the National PhysicsProject for Teaching and Learning—a WorkshopB. James1, L. Kirkup2, M. Livett3, A. Mendez1, D. Mills4, R. Newbury5, J. Pollard6, M. Prosser7, M. Sharma1, M. Zadnik8

1. School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney;2. Department of Applied Physics, University of Technology,Sydney; 3. School of Physics, University of Melbourne,Melbourne; 4. School of Physics and Materials Engineering,Monash University, Melbourne; 5. School of Physics, University ofNew South Wales, Sydney; 6. Department of Physics, Universityof Adelaide, Adelaide; 7. Institute for Teaching and Learning,University of Sydney, Sydney; 8. Department of Applied Physics,Curtin University of Technology, Perth


This workshop considers implications of the key findings ofthe 2004 Physics Project on teaching and learning for physicsdepartments and academics in Australia.

How do departments implement good learning andteaching practice?

How are departments handling staff shortages?

How do we assure a quality laboratory experience?

How have our students changed?

How we can best disseminate successful good practices?

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Plasma Physics (PP)PP PMO 103

Action Conservation for Drift-waves R.L. Dewar and R.F. Abdullatif

1. Department of Theoretical Physics, Research School ofPhysical Sciences and Engineering, The Australian NationalUniversity, Canberra


A powerful advantage of Lagrangian formalisms is theability to generate conservation relations (Noether’sTheorem). This has given motivation for finding aLagrangian for the Hasegawa-Mima equation for driftwaves in plasmas and Rossby waves in geophysics. Anaction conservation relation can naturally be derived fromthe Lagrangian. A nonlinear Wentzel-Kramer-Brillouin trialfunction is used in the derivation and the averagedLagrangian is obtained using Whitham’s variationalapproach. Variation to the phase variable in the averagedLagrangian leads to an equation of action conservation fordrift-waves.

[1] G.B. Whitham, J. Fluid Mech., 22, 273 (1965)

[2] A. Hasegawa, C.G. Maclennan, and Y. Kodama, Phys. Fluids,22, 2122(1979)

[3] N. Mattor and P. Diamond, Phys. Plasmas 1, 4002(1994)

[4] D. Biskamp and W. Horton, Phys. Lett., 75A, 359(1980)

[5] R.L. Dewar, J. Plasma Phys., 7, 267(1972)

PP PMO 104

A Pulsed, Supersonic Helium forPlasma DiagnosticsD. Andruczyk1, B. W. James1, S. Namba2, K. Takiyama2

and T. Oda3

1. School of Physics, The University of Sydney, NSW,Australia; 2. Graduate School of Engineering, HiroshimaUniversity, Hiroshima, Japan; 3. Faculty of Engineering,Hiroshima Kokusai Gakuin University, Hiroshima,Japan


A supersonic helium beam has been developed tomeasure the electron density, ne, and electrontemperature, Te, in a plasma[1,2]. Development has beenfor the H–1 heliac[3] at the ANU and has subsequentlybeen adapted for lower energy laboratory plasmas.Characterisation of the beam[4] shows centreline densitiesof nHe ~ 1x1018 m–3 and a velocity v ~ 1.72x103 ms–1

which agrees well with the terminal velocity for helium.These measurements were made at a source pressure of,Po = 6 atm, and nozzle skimmer distance of xs = 30 mm.The beam width at a distance, X = 30 cm from the nozzleis d ~ 10 mm and agrees well with geometrical estimationof the beam width.

Application of the beam will be to measure ne and Te onH–1, a pulsed cathodic arc and helicon plasma will becompared to Langmuir probe measurements. This requiresthe additional use of a collisional radiative model forhelium and uses line intensity ratios to help calculate theplasma parameters[5,6].

[1] B. Schweer et. al, J. Nuc. Mater, 196–198, 174–178 (1992).

[2] E. Hintz et. al, Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion, 37 A87–A101(1995).

[3] J. Harris et. al, J. Plasma Fusion Res., 1, 30–37 (1998).

[4] D. Andruczyk et. al, Rev Sci Instrum. Submitted (2004).

[5] S. Sasaki et. al, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 67 (10), 3521–29 (1996).

[6] M. Goto et. al, NIFS-DATA-43, (1997).

PP PMO 105

A Stochastic Analysis ofFluctuations in the Vacuum ArcCentrifugeD. R. Austin1 and M. Hole2

1. School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Universityof Sydney; 2. School of Physics, University of Sydney


In this work, a stochastic treatment of electric probe dataof the floating potential and ion saturation current from theVacuum Arc Centrifuge[1] is presented. Analysis of thepower spectra, probability density function (pdf) andautocorrelation reveal cyclic fluctuations with a varyingenvelope and frequency, and non-Gaussian pdfs. A modelis proposed comprising the superposition of waveharmonics and noise populations, whose interactionexplains the dominant features of the pdfs, and provides amechanism for the appearance of fine structure throughphase selection of the harmonics. The wave populationsare then reconciled with existing plasma wave andstochastic fluctuation models.

[1] M. J. Hole et al. Phys. Rev. E, 64(4), 046409 (2002)

PP PMO 106

The Effect of Magnetic Configurationon the H-1 Heliac PlasmaB.D. Blackwell1, F. Glass1, D.G. Pretty1, J.H. Harris1, J. Howard1, C.A. Michael2, M.G. Shats1, S.M. Collis1, and H. Punzmann1

1. Plasma Research Laboratory, Research School of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Australian NationalUniversity, ACT, Australia; 2. National Institute for FusionScience, Toki Japan


The H-1 heliac is a current-free stellarator with flexiblemagnetic geometry. The effect of geometry (magnetictwist, shear and well) on plasma is studied over a widerange of magnetic configurations, varied within a pulse, orfrom shot to shot under computer control. Ion-cyclotronrange RF excitation produces plasma in H:He and H:Dmixtures at densities up to ne ~ 21018m–3, T<50eV,showing a stronger configuration dependence thanelectron-cyclotron produced plasmas which areconsiderably hotter and centrally-peaked. RF plasmasexhibit magnetic fluctuation spectra which also depend indetail on magnetic configuration. The relationship tomagnetic geometry is discussed.

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PP PMO 107

A Directional Gas Injection Systemfor the H-1NF HeliacB.D Blackwell, J. Howard, B. Powell1 and S.M. Collis1



The temporal evolution of electron density profiles duringresonantly heated helium and hydrogen plasmas in the H-1NF heliac suggest that the maximum attainable densityis limited by the heating power. This is in part due to theplasma being formed in a background of neutral gas thatfills the 30 cubic metre vacuum vessel, acting as areservoir of particles that thermally diffuse across theplasma boundary into the confinement region. To helpachieve density control we have designed, built andtested a directional gas injection system which delivers acontrolled gas dose to the plasma region alone. In thispresentation I will detail the characterization of the gasinjector as well as spectroscopic measurements of theelectron density and temperature evolution during injector-fueled resonantly heated discharges.

PP PMO 108

Ion Magnetic Detachment in theHDLT Space Propulsion Concept F.N. Gesto, B. Blackwell, C.Charles and R.W. Boswell

Plasma Research Lab, Australian National University,Canberra


Detachment of the ions in the beam exhaust from themagnetic field produced by a plasma space thruster is anelement of thrust vector analysis which involvesexperimental, analytic and computational studies. Thisanalysis is devoted to simulating the orbits of the ions inthe supersonic beam observed experimentally in thelaboratory development of the Helicon Double LayerThruster. In Particular the study will analyse the influenceof the magnetic field, created by the solenoidssurrounding the plasma source, on the ion beam exhaustto determine whether thrust is gained.

[1] C. Charles and R.W Boswell, Physics of Plasmas, 10(4), April (2004)

[2] A.V. Ilin et al, 40th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting andExhibit, 2002–0346, January 2002

PP PMO 109

Small to Mid-sized StellaratorExperiments: Topology, Confinement,and TurbulenceJ. H. Harris

Plasma Research Laboratory, Research School of PhysicalSciences and Engineering, The Australian National University,Canberra ACT, Australia

The large experiments LHD (operating) and W7X (underconstruction) move stellarator plasmas into the near-reactor regime. Continuing experiments on smallerdevices with heating powers from kW to MW are exploring

the effects of magnetic configuration stability andturbulence on plasma confinement. Key issues beingstudied are the relation of rational magnetic surfaces andmagnetic configuration characteristics such as helicalripple to plasma transport, confinement scaling andturbulence. The robust stability of currentless stellaratorplasmas contributes importantly to these studies. Many ofthe phenomena most clearly evident in stellarators areincreasingly implicated in tokamak experiments.

PP PMO 110

Multi-wire Tomography for MagneticIsland Studies in the H-1NF Heliac T. A. Santhosh Kumar, Boyd. D. Blackwell and Jeffrey. H. Harris

Plasma Research Laboratory, Research School of PhysicalSciences & Engineering, Australian National University,Canberra, ACT, Australia


Formation of magnetic islands in fusion devices hasserious impact on plasma confinement. Accurate mappingof vacuum magnetic islands is essential for a completeunderstanding of this issue. Multi-wire tomography in H-1NF enables mapping of vacuum flux surfaces withoutsignificant disruption of plasma operations. Recentexperimental results have proved, for the first time, thistechnique to be a highly accurate and high resolutionmethod for mapping magnetic islands. This has alsoenabled determination of best-fit empirical values formagnetic field parameters of H1. Experimental andcomputational results are presented and compared.

PP PMO 111

Electronically Scanned Millimeter-wave Interferometer for the Study of Resonantly Heated Plasmas in theH-1 HeliacD. Oliver and J Howard

Plasma Research Laboratory, Research School of PhysicalSciences and Engineering, The Australian National University

Measurement of the time-resolved spatial distribution ofthe plasma electron density is crucial to our understandingof resonantly heated plasmas confined in the H-1 heliacmagnetic confinement device. We have installed avoltage-tunable high power backward-wave oscillator as areplacement radiation source for the multi-viewtomographic H-1 interferometer. When combined with afixed diffraction grating it is possible to effect a rapidspatial scan of the plasma region for tomographic imagingof the electron density. First results from the upgraded H-1interferometer will be presented.

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PP PMO 112

Debye Plasma Layers Generalized toNuclear Forces Explaining Quark-Gluon State and EndothermicNuclear Production with Limit atUraniumF. Osman1, H. Hora2 and N. Ghahramany

1. School of Quantitative Methods and MathematicalSciences, University of Western Sydney, Penrith, Australia;2. Department of Theoretical Physics, University of New SouthWales, Sydney, Australia


The Debye length at laser-plasma interaction wasgeneralized to metal electrons with Fermi energy instead oftemperature resulting in measured surface tensions. Takingthe Fermi energy in the Debye length for nucleons[1]

results in a theory of nuclei with stable confinement ofprotons and neutrons at the well-known nuclear density.Increasing the nuclear density by a factor 6 leads to thechange of the Fermi energy into its relativistic branchwhere no surface energy is possible and particle massesare not defined (quark-gluon plasma). Boltzmannequilibrium explains endothermic nuclear synthesis in theUniverse limited to about uranium[2].

[1] H. Hora, Plasma Model for Surface Tension of Nuclei and the Phase Transition to the Quark Plasma, Report CERN-PS/DL-Note-91/05, August 1991, see also H. Hora, LaserInteraction and Related Plasma Phenomena (Plenum NY, 1992)Vol. 10, p. 19

[2] H. Hora, G. Miley, F. Osman, P. Hammerling, High Power LaserAblation V, C.P. Phipps ed., SPIE Vol. 5448, 1190–1200 (2004);H. Hora, G. Miley and F. Osman, Astrophys. & Space Sciencein print (2004)

PP PMO 113

Magnetic Fluctuation Analysis of RFHeated Plasma in the H-1NF Heliac D.G.Pretty, B.D.Blackwell and J.H.Harris

Plasma Research Laboratory, Research School of PhysicalSciences & Engineering, ANU, Canberra


The H-1NF Heliac is a helical axis stellarator with uniquelyhigh precision control of rotational transform, ––, (ratio ofpoloidal to toroidal magnetic field). Detailed configurationscans show that confinement of RF heated plasma is verysensitive to rational values of –– within the plasma volume.

A poloidal array of Mirnov coils enclosing the plasmacolumn has been used to investigate the nature of MHDactivity throughout configuration scans. Clusteringalgorithms from the WEKA[1] suite of datamining toolshave been used in spectral feature detection to retainscalability for large datasets. Poloidally localisedfluctuations have been observed, and large amplitudem=2 modes have been associated with low order rational –– values.

[1] http://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/~ml/weka

PP PMO 114

Maintaining an FRC by Two Counter-rotating Magnetic FieldsD.C. Visentin and W.N. Hugrass

School of Computing, University of Tasmania, Launceston


Field-Reversed-Configurations (FRCs) can be sustainedusing a rotating magnetic field (RMF) to drive the currentby entraining the electron fluid. A steady state cannot beachieved in this way since the electrons impart angularmomentum to the ions by collisions. It is possible,however, to control the motion of the ions using a counter-rotating RMF and hence achieve a steady state where thenet angular momentum transfer vanishes. Both RMFspenetrate into the plasma much farther than the skin depthbecause of nonlinear effects. We present a numericalinvestigation of the accessibility of these equilibria fromsuitable initial conditions.

PP PMO 115

Interferometry and SpectrometryDiagnostics for Plasma TransportStudies in a Pulsed High CurrentCathodic ArcG.B. Warr1,2, J. Howard2, A. Viquerat1, R. Chan1, R.N. Tarrant1, M.M.M. Bilek1, B.D. Blackwell2, J.H. Harris2

1. School of Physics, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia;2. Plasma Research Laboratory, Research School of PhysicalSciences and Engineering, Australian National University,Canberra, ACT, Australia


We will present early results from interferometry andspectrometry diagnostics being installed to study andoptimise plasma transport through the quarter-torusmagnetic macroparticle filter in the University of Sydneypulsed high-current cathodic arc[1]. In high-current pulses(~3 kA) measured electron densities are >2_1020 m–3 inthe middle of the filter and are ~2_1018 m–3 in thesubstrate region at the filter exit. We will report on earlyspectroscopic measurements and progress on installationof a high-resolution interference spectrometer for ionDoppler measurements. We will report on comparisons ofthe results with a two-fluid model of the transport[2].

[1] R.N. Tarrant, M.M.M. Bilek, J. Pigott and D.R. McKenzie, Surf.Coat. Technol., 186 (2004) 10–16.

[2] B. Alterkop, E. Gidalevich, S. Goldsmith and R.L. Boxman, J.Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 29 (1996) 3032–3038.

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PP PMO 116

Modeling and Simulation of a One Atmosphere Dielectric BarrierRF Glow Discharge by using thePspice codeH. J. Yoon, R. W. Boswell, C. Charles, D. Ramdutt and A. Aanesland

Plasma Research Laboratories, Research School of PhysicalSciences and Engineering, The Australian National University,Canberra, ACT


We have designed and fabricated a one atmospheredielectric barrier parallel plate reactor to makehydrophobic and hydrophilic materials. Using a Pspicesimulation code, we developed an equivalent circuit model of our dielectric barrier parallel plate reactor tounderstand the electrical characteristics of atmospheric rf glow discharge plasmas. The plasma characteristic,such as voltage and current have, been investigated for arange of gap distances between the electrodes for variousinput powers. We compare the simulated andexperimental results.

PP PMO 117

Charge States Distribution of AuPlasma from First-principles TheoryZhu ZH

Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University,Chengdu, China


The present work proposes first-principles theory withoutany experiments to derive the charge state distribution inthe highly ionized non-LTE Au plasma. The first step is tocalculate the ionic average lifetime τi and its first-orderionization rate constants ki by relativistic quantummechanics, then, derive the second-order ionicrecombination constants k-i based on the statisticalionization-recombination equilibrium constants Ki and ki ,and finally, the ionic concentrations and their charge statedistribution will be obtained from the solution of differentialequations of consecutive-irreversible or reversibleprocesses. The effect of electron density, electrontemperature and system pressure all are derived byconfiguration integration Qu . The calculated averagepositive charge 49.24 of Au48+–Au52+ is comparable with49.3 ± 0.5 of LLNL, which is fitted from the analysis ofemission measurements of Au 5f–3d transition arrays inthe wavelength range 3.3–3.9 A0 . It is so-called first-principles theory

PP PMO 118

The Fall and AssociatedCompression of the Night Ionosphereat Equatorial Latitudes K.J.W. Lynn1, T.J. Harris2 and M. Sjarifudin3

1. Ionospheric Systems Research, Noosaville; 2. ISRD,Defence Science & Technology Organisation, Edinburgh, SA;3. National Institute for Aeronautics and Space (LAPAN),Bandung, Indonesia


The equinoxes at equatorial latitudes to the north ofAustralia in the post-sunset period are characterised by arise in ionospheric height followed by a larger fall as thedirection of vertical ionospheric drift turns downward. Theoccurrence of Equatorial Spread F associated withionospheric bubbles also peaks under these conditions.However Equatorial spread F is not always present. Atsuch times, the ionosphere below the foF2 maximum isseen to compress as it falls in height occasionally resultingin very large values of foF2 (surges). The localisation ofthe phenomena is investigated using a combination ofvertical and oblique ionosondes.

PP WEB11Wednesday 1040–1120 hrs

Advances in Magnetic FusionScience and the ITER ProjectRobert J. Goldston

Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, USA


The last decade has seen dramatic advances in thescientific understanding of magnetically-confined high-temperature plasmas for fusion energy, due to advancesin plasma measurement techniques and large-scalecomputing. A “standard model” of ion turbulence hasbeen tested successfully in many experiments, andunderstanding of the global stability of plasmas hasadvanced to the point where measurements allowaccurate prediction and control of instabilities. The worldis on the verge of construction of ITER, a device capableof producing hundreds of megawatts of fusion power, athigh gain, for thousands of seconds.

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Equilibrium and Stability of the MegaAmpere Spherical TokamakM. J. Hole1, R. J. Akers2, L. C. Appel2, R. J. Buttery2, N. Conway2, M. Gryaznevich2, T. C. Hender2, O. J. Kwon3, M. Valovi2, S. Medvedev4, D. Taylor2, H. R. Wilson2 and the MAST team2

1. School of Physics, University of Sydney;2. EURATOM/UKAEA Fusion Association, Culham ScienceCentre, UK; 3. Dept. of Physics, Daegu University,Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, South Korea; 4. Keldysh Institute ofApplied Mathematics, Russian Academy of Sciences,Moscow, Russia


In this work, the equilibrium and stability of several highperformance Mega-Ampere Spherical Tokamak (MAST)plasmas is investigated. Kinetic equilibriumreconstructions, in which the thermal pressure profile isfitted to thermal data, suggest normalized beta βn up to4.95 and bootstrap fractions up to 30%. Full-orbitsimulations suggest that up to 25% of the total storedenergy is in the fast-ion population: lifting βn to 5.56.Using these reconstructions, ideal MHD stabilitythresholds of n=1,2 and ( displacements are examined,and it is concluded that passive stabilization may soon berequired to access higher performance.


New Type of Laser Produced Ions forSimplified Fusion H. Hora and Team*

Department of Theoretical Physics, University of New SouthWales, Sydney, Australia


The dramatic difference to the usual stream of laser-plasma interaction with 50 times lower ion energies at TW-ps laser interaction is explained by a skin-layeracceleration by the nonlinear (ponderomotive) force(SLAN). Suppression of prepulses (contrast ratio up to108) was essential avoiding relativistic self-focusing. Onlyplane wave front interactions take place and plasmablocks with ion current densities above 1010 W/cm2 weremeasured and reproduced by extensive numericalcalculations. The deuterium tritium plasma blocks movingwith energies of 100 keV into the target may be used for acontrolled initiation of fusion in uncompressed soliddeuterium tritium.

*Team: Osman, F., Jablonski, S., Glowacz, S., Cang Yu, Evans, P., Toups, P., He Xiantu, Zhang Jie, Badziak, .J, Boody, F.P., Gammino,S., Höpfl, R., Jungwirth, K., Kralikowa, B., Kraska, J., Laska, L, Liu,Hong, Miley, G.H, Parys, P., Peng Hansheng, Pfeiffer M., Rohlena, K., Skala, J. Skladanowski, L., Torrisi, L., Ullschmied, J., Wolowski, J. & Zhang Weiyang, (Sydney, Warsaw, Beijing, Regensburg,Deggendorf, Catania, Prague, Urbana)


Imaging Plasma Spectroscopy UsingNovel High-resolution, High-speedOptical Coherence-based MethodsJohn Howard



We have recently developed novel 2-d coherence-imagingsystems for both high and low-spectral-resolution, time-resolved plasma spectroscopy. The instruments, whichutilize time and/or frequency multiplex methods to encodethe coherence information, have significant advantagesover standard colour-domain methods. In this paper Idescribe a new static approach where quadrature imagesof the spectral coherence are multiplexed to fourquadrants of a CCD array. This system, which is in-principle 100% light-efficient, opens the possibility for 2dspectral imaging of high-speed plasma phenomena, andhas revealed new information about the nature of ionheating and cooling processes in the H-1 heliac.

PP THB11Thursday 1040–1100 hrs

Stability for Kinetic BallooningModes in StellaratorsB.F. McMillan and R.L. Dewar

Department of Theoretical Physics, RSPhysSE, The AustralianNational University, Canberra, Australia


The pressure gradient in magnetically confined plasma isoften limited by ballooning instabilities; these are mostdangerous at moderately small wavelengths, where finiteLarmor radius corrections to ideal magnetohydrodynamicsare important. In a strongly 3-D device like the H-1NFexperiment, spatial inhomogeneity leads to a semiclassicaldynamics which is at best nearly-integrable but is oftenquite chaotic. We explain why a semiclassical approach isjustified in cases where fully complex wave frequenciesarise, and how recent developments in semiclassicaltheory allow an accurate wave quantisation in aconfiguration where half the phase space is ergodic.

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One-dimensional PIC Simulation of aCurrent-free Double-layer in anExpanding PlasmaA. Meige1, R.W. Boswell1, C. Charles1,2 and M. M. Turner3

1. SP3 group, Plasma Research Laboratory, Research Schoolof Physical Sciences and Engineering, the Australian NationalUniversity, Canberra, Australia; 2. Département de Sciencespour l’Ingénieur, CNRS, Nantes, France; 3. Plasma ResearchLaboratory, School of Physical Sciences and National Centrefor Plasma Science and Technology, Dublin City University,Dublin, Ireland


In this paper we present results from a one-dimensionalParticle-in-Cell simulation which confirm our earlierexperimental results showing that a double-layer can formin a current-free plasma expanding along a divergingmagnetic field. These results differ from previousexperimental or simulation systems where the double-layeris driven by a current or imposed by potential differences.The results show that this particular type of DLs is inBoltzmann equilibrium which is rather different to thosewhich create the electron beams of the aurora and areseen in current driven PIC simulations.


Reactive Plasma-assistedNanofabrication: Unique Featuresand Future Challenges K. Ostrikov

School of Physics, The University of Sydney, Australia


This presentation is focused on reactive plasma-assistedchemical vapour deposition (PACVD) systems and theirunique features that make them indispensable fornumerous nano-scale applications. The underlying physicsof such systems is examined and compared with commonCVD processes. Unique features, benefits, and challengesof using reactive plasmas for various nanofabricationprocesses are critically analysed. The examples includeordered carbon nanotips, nanostructured silicon films,semiconductor quantum dot arrays, and nanostructuredcalcium phosphate biocompatible films. Special attentionis paid to the identification and control strategies of themain building units both in the ionised gas phase and ondeposition surfaces.


High-Density Pulsed Cathodic ArcPlasmasR.N. Tarrant1, G.B. Warr1,2, M.M.M Bilek1, D.R. McKenzie1

and J.H.H. Harris2

1. School of Physics, The University of Sydney; 2. PlasmaResearch Laboratory, RSPhysSE, The Australian NationalUniversity


The development of a pulsed cathodic arc system[1]

delivering highly reproducible plasmas with averagedensities of 1019/m3 at the substrate and 1022/m3 at theanode mouth has enabled us to examine plasma transportand sheath dynamics in high-density drifting plasmas.Pulsed arc plasmas are 100–1000 times denser than in dcsystems, producing very high deposition rates (>0.1 nm/pulse at 10 Hz). The plasma is generated using pulsedcathode currents of 3 kA and transported via a quartertorus open-wound magnetic particle filter. The pulsed arcprovides a flexible system for developing high-densityplasma diagnostics.

[1] R.N. Tarrant et al, Surf. Coat. Techol. 186, 10 (2004)


Self-organization in Turbulence as aRoute to Order in Plasma and FluidsH. Xia, M.G. Shats, H. Punzmann

Plasma Research Laboratory, Research School of PhysicalSciences & Engineering, The Australian National University,Canberra


Transitions from turbulence to order are studiedexperimentally in thin fluid layers and magneticallyconfined toroidal plasma. It is shown that turbulence self-organizes through the mechanism of spectralcondensation. The spectral redistribution of the turbulentenergy leads to the reduction in the turbulence level,generation of coherent flow, reduction in the particlediffusion and increase in the system’s energy. The higherorder state is sustained via the nonlocal spectral couplingof the linearly unstable spectral range to the large-scalemean flow. The similarity of self-organization in two-dimensional fluids and low-to-high confinement transitionsin plasma suggests the universality of the mechanism.

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Renewable Energy (RE)RE PTH 52

Modeling and Simulation of a SolarStill Coupled with Energy StorageDevice S.D.Manjare, S.Karthick

Chemical Engineering Group, Birla Institute of Technology andScience, Pilani, India


The process pf purifying saline or brackish water can bedone easily and economically by solar distillation. Thougha lot of advantages are present in the utilization of solarenergy, the disadvantages associated with it are its rarifiednature and duration of availability. These disadvantageshave curbed the commercialization of the solar distillationprocess. In this study we present an innovative design of asolar desalination unit that is expected to produce highefficiencies. This is accomplished by incorporatingfeatures such as utilization of latent heat of condensation,maintenance of a large temperature drop between thecondensing vapors and the condensation surface, use ofphase change materials(PCM) for energy storage andlonger time of operation etc. Further the possibility ofalgae formation that is present in conventional solar stillsis omitted by employing a continuous flow of brackishwater through the system. Modeling and simulation studiesare performed on the designed system to assess theperformance of the system at various operatingconditions. Optimum operating conditions of the systemare reported based on the analysis of simulated results.

RE PTH 53

Efficiency Analysis of a Tio2Photoelectrode used for Solar Water SplittingP. R. F. Barnes1,3, A. B. Murphy1,3, L. K. Randeniya1,3, I. C. Plumb1,3, P. B. Gwan1,3, I. E. Grey2,3, C. Li2,3 and M. D. Horne2,3

1. CSIRO Industrial Physics, Lindfield, NSW, Australia;2. CSIRO Minerals, Clayton South, VIC, Australia;3. CSIRO Energy Transformed Flagship


The efficiency of solar water splitting using semiconductorelectrodes depends on factors including the incidentradiation spectrum, its absorption in the semiconductorand the transport of charge carriers to the electrolyte. Wemeasured the efficiency and photoresponse of a thin filmof TiO2, and compared these results theoreticalpredictions. Using a Schottky barrier model for rutile andthe measured conversion efficiency for incident photonsthe diffusion length of charge carriers is estimated to be300nm. For a single crystal rutile electrode the predictedtheoretical efficiency in sunlight is ~0.4%. The measuredefficiency for such an electrode in sunlight was0.29±0.06%.

RE PTH 54

Doped Tio2 Photoanodes for HighEfficiency Hydrogen ProductionA.B. Murphy1,3, L.K. Randeniya1,3, P.R.F. Barnes1,3, J.A.Glasscock1,3, I.C. Plumb1,3, I.E. Grey2,3 and C. Li2,3

1. CSIRO Industrial Physics, Lindfield, NSW, Australia;2. CSIRO Minerals, Clayton South, VIC, Australia;3. CSIRO Energy Transformed Flagship


Anion-doped TiO2 offers great promise for high watersplitting efficiencies, because anion doping should movethe valence band of TiO2 upwards, without changing theposition of the conduction band edge significantly. Thisshould result in a smaller band gap, thereby increasingthe utilization of the solar spectrum, without having anegative impact on the energetics. Doped TiO2 isprepared using a range of synthesis techniques, includingsol-gel processing, controlled atmosphere hightemperature processing of powdered materials, filtered arcdeposition, and high-intensity ball milling. The presentationwill include a comparison of efficiencies obtained usingdifferent dopants (N, C and S), synthesis techniques andpost-synthesis treatments.

RE FRF11Friday 0820–0840 hrs

See EP FRF11

Radar Interrogation of High-flyingInsects: What Bug is That?Drake


See EP FRF12

Ultrasonic Destruction ofContaminants in SoilCollings


Crystalline Silicon Thin-film SolarCells on Glass—Cheap Electricityfrom the Sun?Armin G. Aberle, Andrew Blakers

Centre of Excellence for Advanced Silicon Photovoltaics andPhotonics, The University of New South Wales, Sydney


Photovoltaics (PV), i.e. the direct conversion of solarenergy into electrical energy using solar cells, is apromising technology for the production of affordableclean electric power. Today’s PV market is totallydominated by crystalline silicon wafers, however, due to itsmaterial intensiveness, it appears unlikely that wafer-

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Bob Champion

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Bob Champion

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Photoelectrochemical HydrogenProductionJ.A. Glasscock1,3, P.R.F. Barnes1,3, L.K. Randeniya1,3,A.B. Murphy1,3, I.C. Plumb1,3, P.B. Gwan1,3, I.E. Grey2,3,N.C. Wilson2,3, C. Li2,3 and M.D. Horne2,3

1. CSIRO Industrial Physics, Lindfield NSW Australia;2. CSIRO Minerals, Clayton South VIC Australia;3. CSIRO Energy Transformed Flagship


The commercial production of hydrogen from water usingsunlight as the energy source requires an efficiencyaround 10%. We are investigating flame-oxidised titanium,doped titanium dioxide (TiO2), reduced TiO2 andcadmium sulphide (CdS) for use as photo-anodes in anelectrochemical cell. TiO2 electrodes prepared by flameoxidation or controlled atmosphere oven oxidation have amaximum efficiency around 0.31% in sunlight, close to thetheoretical maximum for TiO2. Treated CdS electrodeshave a maximum efficiency of around 0.98% in sunlight.Better understanding of the physical, electronic, opticaland chemical properties of the materials are required toachieve the target efficiency.

based technology will ever reach the cost levels ($/Watt)required for a widespread application of PV. The solutionto this problem might be polycrystalline silicon thin-filmsolar cells on glass which, per unit area, require less than1% of silicon compared to today’s wafer-basedtechnology. This paper describes the significant advancestowards such thin-film cells realised in recent years at TheUniversity of New South Wales and its spin-off companyCSG Solar (formerly Pacific Solar).


Sliver Solar CellsAndrew Blakers, Klaus Weber, Vernie Everett, Sanju Deenapanray and Evan Franklin

Centre for Sustainable Energy Systems, Australian NationalUniversity, Canberra, ACT


The Sliver solar cell process uses standard materials andtechniques in novel ways to create thin single crystallinesolar cells with superior performance and reduced cost.They are highly efficient, flexible and versatile. Thetechnology offers offer a 10-fold reduction in the mass ofsilicon per kW, which means that silicon shortages are notan issue for Sliver cells. The technology also offers a 20-fold reduction in the number of wafer starts per kW. Acompany called Origin Energy is constructing a $35million pilot plant in Adelaide to manufacture Slivermodules. First product is expected in 2005.


Modifying the Solar Spectrum:Bridging the Gap between First andThird Generation PhotovoltaicsB.S. Richards and A. Shalav

Centre of Excellence for Advanced Silicon Photovoltaics andPhotonics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia


The application of luminescent devices to existing siliconsolar cells has the potential to bridge the gap betweenfirst and third generation photovoltaics (PV) and enhancethe energy conversion efficiency. Two mechanisms thatlimit the efficiencies of conventional solar cells are, firstly,the transmission of sub-bandgap light and, secondly, thethermalisation of charge carriers generated by theabsorption of photons with an energy greater than thesilicon bandgap (Eg) of the semiconductor. In this paperwe discuss ways of reducing these losses via theapplication of passive optical devices called up- anddown-converters, respectively.

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Bob Champion

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Bob Champion

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Solar-Terrestrial andSpace Physics (STSP)STSP MOB11Monday 1040–1120 hrs

Climate and Weather of the Sun-Earth System (CAWSES): SCOSTEP’sNew Interdisciplinary ResearchProgramSunanda Basu (presented by Kozyra)

Center for Space Physics, Boston University, USA


Climate and Weather of the Sun-Earth System (CAWSES),the new program for 2004–2008, developed by ICSU’sinterdisciplinary body Scientific Committee for SolarTerrestrial Physics (SCOSTEP), aims to bring together theworld’s scientists in a cooperative effort to study the entireinteractive Sun-Earth system. SCOSTEP recognizes thevery impressive past, present, and planned spacemissions; ground-based observations; and theory,modeling, and data analysis efforts aimed atunderstanding aspects of this coupled system. CAWSES,seeks to mobilize the international solar-terrestrial sciencecommunity to fully utilize such data archives, and futuredata streams; to produce improvements in space weatherforecasting, design of space- and Earth-basedtechnological systems, and understanding the role of solar-terrestrial influences on Global Change. The CAWSESScience Steering Group has organized the program aroundfive themes: Solar Influence on Climate, Space Weather:Science and Applications, Atmospheric CouplingProcesses, Space Climatology, and Capacity Building andEducation. The aim of this talk is to provide information tothe international science and applications community onthe CAWSES goals, objectives and implementation plansand to solicit inputs for future updates of the science plan.Some results from the first CAWSES Space Weather andAtmospheric Coupling Campaigns held during March-April,2004 will also be discussed.

STSP MOB13Monday 1120–1140 hrs

The Intensity of 558 nm Airglow atAdelaide, AustraliaI.M. Reid and J.M. Woithe



A three-field photometer has been operated at theUniversity of Adelaide’s Buckland Park (35°S, 138°E) fieldsite to collect observations of the intensity of 558 nm OIand 730 nm OH airglow emissions since April 1995. Night-time intensity data have been collected on an almostcontinuous basis with observations made when the effectof the moon is not evident in the instrumental field of view.Interpretation of the 730 nm data is limited by thepresence of the Milky Way and we will discuss themelsewhere. Here we discuss the variability of the intensity

of the OI 558 nm airglow, which exhibits solar cycle,quasi-biennial, annual, semi-annual and ter-annualperiodicities.


Expanding Our Understanding ofAtmospheric Ozone through CAWSESMartin G. Mlynczak1, Dan Marsh2, Rolando Garcia2, Ray Roble2, Franz-Josef Luebken3 Janet Kozyra4,Sunanda Basu5

1. NASA Langley Research Center; 2. National Center forAtmospheric Research; 3. Institute for Atmospheric Physics;4. University of Michigan; 5. Boston University


Ozone exerts significant control over the atmosphericthermal structure through absorption of ultraviolet radiationand emission of infrared radiation. Through its influence onthe thermal structure, ozone variability affects thecirculation of the atmosphere. This fundamental processremains a frontier of atmospheric science research. Weexamine the prospects for comprehensively assessing ourunderstanding of atmospheric ozone within the frameworkof the Climate and Weather of the Sun-Earth System(CAWSES) program. Relevant space-based observationsof the ozone profile from the surface to 100 km will bereviewed, and emerging “whole atmosphere” modelingcapability to analyze the data will be presented.


Geospace System Behavior fromGlobal Observing Campaigns:Science at the Core of the CAWSESSpace Weather FocusJ. U. Kozyra1, K. Shibata2, S. Basu3, A. J. Coster4, N. Gopalswamy5, I. R. Mann6 and M. G. Mlynczak7

1. Dept. of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Science,University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; 2. KwasanObservatory, Kyoto University, Yamashina, Kyoto, Japan;3. Center for Space Physics, Boston University, Boston,Massachusetts USA; 4. MIT, Haystack Observatory, Westford,Massachusetts, USA; 5. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center,Greenbelt, Maryland, USA; 6. Dept Physics, University ofAlberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; 7. NASA Langley ResearchCenter, Hampton, Virginia, USA

e-mail of the corresponding author: [email protected]

The Sun-Earth interaction forms a dynamical system inwhich close couplings and feedbacks can change thezeroth order geospace response to solar eruptions. In fact,this system behavior lies at the frontier of knowledge inspace science. Recent community campaigns utilizingsatellites observing at vantage points from Sun to themiddle atmosphere along with worldwide ground-basedfacilities have allowed us to follow physical processes fromstart to finish, and contribute to efforts to characterize theglobal system. We will highlight examples of this fromsome recent cross-disciplinary campaigns including theMarch/April 2004 CAWSES (Climate and Weather of theSun-Earth System) campaign.

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Nowcasting and Forecasting at theAustralian Space Forecast CenterP. Maher, R. Marshall, J. Kennewell, G. Patterson

IPS Radio and Space Services—Department of IndustryTourism and Resources—Australian Government


The Australian Space Forecast Center at IPS Radio andSpace Services, an organisation within the AustralianGovernment, is the delivery point for space weatherinformation and services to the Australian region andbeyond. IPS operates a network of observatories fromAntarctica to equatorial regions that provide solar,geomagnetic and ionospheric data in near real-time.These data sources drive models and alert systems toproduce nowcasts and forecasts in an operationalenvironment. This presentation illustrates the nowcastsand forecasts made during operations by tracking theprogress of space weather events such as solar flaredetection, CME shock speed determination,magnetospheric impact, magnetic storm detection,ionospheric storm monitoring and the impact they have onthe Earth.


Observing the Open-closed BoundaryUsing Pc5 ULF WavesS. T. Ables1 , B. J. Fraser1 and R. J. Morris2

1. School of Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University ofNewcastle, NSW; 2. Australian Antarctic Division, Kingston


We present a new ground-based diagnostic of magneticmerging at the magnetopause using data from two close(~110 km), magnetic azimuthally spaced magnetometersites, Davis and Zhongshan. During average IMFconditions these sites pass just equatorward of the lastclosed field lines in the dayside magnetosphere, and fieldline resonances (FLRs) are seen. During active conditions(IMF Bz<<0) the FLRs disappear and are replaced byintervals of broadband activity, with the azimuthalcomponent of propagation directed towards noon. Twoexample days are given in which the dynamics of theopen-closed boundary (OCB) can be inferred.


The Ionospheric ConvectionResponse to Transient ReconnectionS.K. Morley1,2 and M. Lockwood1,3

1. School of Physics and Astronomy, University ofSouthampton, United Kingdom; 2. Now at: CRC for SatelliteSystems, University of Newcastle, NSW; 3. Space PhysicsDivision, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, United Kingdom


Using the Cowley-Lockwood (CL) flow excitation theory, anumerical model[1] has been developed, which we canuse to generate time series of maps of parameters suchas the sheath ion flux, the low-energy cut-off, as well asthe convection patterns and maps of the consequent ionheating. Model results show that quasi-global convectionresponses are commensurate with the CL paradigm andthat the response is relatively invariant to reconnection ratevariations, given that the total displacement fromequilibrium is constant and takes place on a shortertimescale than the inductive response time.

[1] M. Lockwood and S.K. Morley, Ann. Geophys., 22, 73 (2004)


Solar Wind Driven Storms andSubstorms with High EnergyElectron Injections into the InnerMagnetosphereWendell Horton

The solar wind punctuated with shocks from coronal massejections produces periods of days with intense stormyconditions in the Earth’s magnetosphere and ionosphere.Spacecrafts monitoring the solar wind make possiblesome degree of forecasting for storms and substorms.Energy pathways into the inner magnetosphere from thesolar wind dynamo are described. Coordinated stormdatasets collected for a community wide challenge areused to illustrate the phenomena. The physics transportmodels are used to interpret and predict the geomagneticindex AL for the nightside auroral currents in the E-layerionosphere and the equatorial magnetic disturbance indexDst from the ring current.


Diagnosing Solar ParticleAcceleration and Propagation UsingRadio EmissionsH. V. Cane

School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Tasmania,Hobart


A recent study[1] finds that all prompt solar energeticparticle (SEP) events are preceded by type III radiobursts. This association suggests that ions accelerated in

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reconnection regions may make a significant contributionto SEP events. Furthermore the drift rates of the burstsprovide information about particle propagation in the innerheliosphere not obtainable in any other way at the presenttime. Results obtained in this manner will be placed in thecontext of other recent SEP studies.

[1] H. V. Cane, W. C. Erickson and N. P. Prestage, J. Geophys.Res., 107, SSH 14–1 (2002)


Type II Radio Bursts: TheoreticalPredictions of Dynamic Spectra andSource Regions Stuart A. Knock, Iver H. Cairns



The source regions of type II radio bursts lie upstream ofhigh Mach number shocks. Here we present theoreticalpredictions from an analytic, semi-quantitative model oftype II radio bursts, which involves electron reflection andacceleration at a shock moving through theinhomogeneous solar wind, beam formation upstream ofthe shock via time-of-flight effects, Langmuir wave growthdriven by the electron beams, and the conversion ofLangmuir waves into freely propagating radiation bynonlinear wave-wave processes. A diverse range ofcommonly observed spectral structures are shown to benaturally produced by a relatively simple theoretical model.


Timing of the 2–3 kHz RadioEmission within the Solar CycleJ.J. Mitchell1, Iver H. Cairns1, H-R. Mueller2,3 and G.P. Zank3

1. School of Physics, University of Sydney; 2. Department ofPhysics and Astronomy, Dartmouth College; 3. Institute ofGeophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California,Riverside


High power radio emissions near 2–3kHz from the outerheliosphere have been observed by the Voyagerspacecraft. Recent theories for these emissions combineacceleration of electrons at global merged interactionregion shocks with formation of a superthermal electrontail by lower-hybrid drive, associated with pick-up ions,beyond the heliopause. This paper examines theefficiency of this process based on the availability of pick-up ions associated with periodic solar cycle variations inthe solar wind ram pressure. Strong emission is predictedapproximately 2–3 years after solar maximum, in closeagreement with the observed events, providing furtherevidence for the proposed model.


The Ion Aurora and Its SeasonalVariationsP. T. Newell1 , S. Wing, T. Sotirelis, and C.-I. Meng

1. Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laborator,Laurel, MD, USA


Recent studies have shown that intense discrete auroraare more intense in the winter hemisphere than in thesummer, particularly in the dusk to midnight sector. Here,we use one solar cycle of DMSP satellite particle data toinvestigate the seasonality of the ion aurora. The ionaurora proves to be approximately equal in the summerand winter hemispheres in the dusk-midnight sector (withthe summer hemisphere favored by 0 to 4%). However inthe MLT hours from midnight to dawn, the ion precipitatingenergy flux is 15–40% higher in winter than in summer.The absolute magnitude of the ion effect is smaller thanwas found for discrete electron aurora (which show a 3-fold difference between winter and summer). Theseasonal behavior of the ions may reflect the observationthat diverging electric fields, which accelerate ionsdownward, are found mainly postmidnight, and arestronger in the winter.

POSTERS

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Plasma Structuring in the Middle and Equatorial Ionosphere DuringIntense Magnetic StormsSantimay Basu1, Sunanda Basu2, K.M. Groves1, E MacKenzie3, F. Rich1, and , M.J. Keskinen4

Near-simultaneous formation of plasma density structuresin the ionosphere at middle and equatorial latitudes duringintense magnetic storms under solar maximum conditionsis investigated. The evolution of these structures in thescale length range of tens of km to tens of meter isstudied by measuring amplitude scintillation of satellitesignals at VHF and L-band, phase fluctuations of GPSsignals and by detecting equatorial plasma bubbles withDMSP satellites. It is shown that at the time of the fast rateof change of SYM-H (high resolution Dst index), that oftencharacterizes the high latitude electric field penetrationinto the plasmasphere, an impulsive onset of scintillationoccurs at sub-auroral locations. The associated plasmastructures in the equatorial ionosphere are observed onlyin specific longitude sectors for which the early eveningperiod corresponds to the universal time of rapid SYM-Hvariation. From continuous measurements of amplitudescintillation and phase fluctuations, it is found that theonset of equatorial plasma structures is delayed by about20 minutes from the onset of midlatitude scintillation. Thisdelay is discussed in the framework of instantaneousstorm-time electric field penetration from high latitudes tomiddle and equatorial latitudes and the instability growthtime of sub-km scale irregularities. It is also shown thatduring intense storms, the equatorward neutral wind can

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cause the post-sunset plasma drift in the equatorial regionto be as large as 200 m/sec in the westward direction incontrast to the quiet time drift of 100 m/sec in theeastward direction.

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Research on Solar-Terrestrial andSpace Physics at the University ofSydney Iver H. Cairns1 and colleagues

1. School of Physics,, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW


Space and solar physics, together with the requisiteplasma physics, are major research foci at the Universityof Sydney. The team includes 4 members of continuingacademic staff (including 1 Federation Fellow, 2 AustralianProfessorial Fellows, and 1 Queen Elizabeth II Fellow), 5postdoctoral scientists, and three PhD students. Thisposter summarizes some of the team’s recent research onsolar, interplanetary and magnetospheric phenomenaassociated with coronal mass ejections (CMEs), solarflares, and propagation of shocks into the local interstellarmedium. Emphasis is placed on understanding thesephenomena and other “space weather” events bydeveloping theories and testing them with data frominternational spacecraft, as well as on the breadth offundamental plasma physics researched, which rangesfrom the growth of plasma waves and radiation to particle acceleration, shock waves, self-organization andcomplex systems.

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Electron Acceleration due to Lower Hybrid Waves in MagneticReconnection Regions Iver H. Cairns

School of Physics,, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW


Magnetic reconnection is widely believed to producesignificant plasma heating and acceleration of particles tohigh energies. Little agreement exists as to how this

is done. Here it is shown that critical theoretical difficultiesare posed by differences between recent solar andmagnetotail observations of electron acceleration inreconnection regions. Lower hybrid waves are common inHall-MHD simulations and Wind spacecraft observationsof reconnection. It is suggested that lower hybrid wavesare important in accelerating electrons and heating ions inreconnection regions, via so-called “lower hybrid drive”.Analytic theory is used to support this suggestion and toargue that lower hybrid drive should be much moreefficient under solar conditions.

STSP PTH 58

Latitudinal and Temporal Variation of Trans-Ionospheric Radio WaveScintillation in the South-East Asian Region M.A.Cervera, R.M.Thomas

ISR Division, Defence Science and Technology Organisation,Edinburgh, South Australia


We investigate the spatial and temporal distribution ofscintillation of GPS signals traversing the equatorialionosphere in the South-East Asian longitude sector usingdata collected during 1998 to 2002 with our network ofGPS based scintillation monitors[1]. The aim of this work isto better understand the morphology and climatology ofionospheric irregularities in our region in order to improvethe existing model of scintillation occurrence, viz.WBMOD. Previous work has shown that this model doesnot adequately characterise the South-East Asianequatorial ionosphere[2].

[1] R.M. Thomas, M.A., Cervera, K. Eftaxiadis, S.L. Manurung, S.Saroso, Effendy, A.G. Ramli, W. Salwa Hassan, H. Rahman,M.N. Dalimin, K.M. Groves, and Y. Wang, Radio Sci., 36(6),1545–1557, 2001.

[2] M.A. Cervera, R.M. Thomas, A.G. Ramli, Effendy, and K.M.Groves, Radio Sci., 36(6), 1559—1572, 2001.

STSP PTH 59

An Australian Space Weather PlanD.G. Cole1, J.A. Kennewell2 and P.J. Wilkinson1

1. IPS Radio and Space Services, Australian Department ofIndustry, Tourism and Resources, Sydney; 2. IPS Radio andSpace Services, Australian Department of Industry, Tourismand Resources, Learmonth


Space weather can damage spacecraft vehicles, theirsolar cells, and electronics. Adverse ionosphericconditions impair the operation of HF communications andradar. Geomagnetic fields and ionospheric currents cancause costly damage to terrestrial power systems andlong pipelines.

Monitoring space weather conditions and the delivery oftimely forecasts are necessary prerequisites for successfuloperation of many systems, space-based or ground-based. To be effective, services need accuracy thatdepends on global data and techniques developedthrough research. A national plan advocating spaceweather monitoring, research and public outreach hasbrought these factors into clear focus. Implementation ofthis plan will be discussed.

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Bob Champion

PDF Link



STSP PTH 60

IPS Radio Propagation and SpaceWeather ServicesD.G. Cole, D.Neudegg, G.Patterson, P.Phelan

IPS Radio and Space Services, Department of Industry,Tourism and Resources, Australian Government


IPS supports and enhances national security, defence,emergency services, public safety, and industry, byproviding services and advice on space weatherconditions.

The successful operation of many radiocommunication,navigation, spacecraft, power and pipeline systems isdependent on space weather. Space weather is highlyvariable and IPS advice is a major factor in minimising theimpairment of systems that provide vital information,surveillance and emergency infrastructure services.

The IPS Poster provides a summary of IPS services, itsnetwork of observatories within the Australasian regionand details of the World Data Centre for Solar-TerrestrialScience

STSP PTH 61

Doppler Shifts in HF Signals due toULF Plasma Waves in the IonosphereC.L. Waters1, M.D. Sciffer1, T.K. Yeoman2 and P. Ponomarenko1

1. School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Universityof Newcastle, NSW, Australia; 2. Department of Physics andAstronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester, U.K.


The ionosphere plasma is continually perturbed by ultra-low frequency (ULF; 1–100 mHz) plasma waves, incidentfrom the magnetosphere. We present an experimental andmodeling study of the frequency shift of HF signalscaused by ULF wave energy in the ionosphere. Modelingthe interaction shows that the e×B plasma drift is thedominant mechanism affecting HF frequencies withreflection altitudes >200 km. The ULF wave spatialstructure is shown to be a critical parameter thatdetermines the magnitude of the frequency shift of HFsignals propagating through the ionosphere.

STSP PTH 62

Backscatter Sounder Observationsof Sporadic EP.S.Whitham

ISR Division, Defence Science and Technology Organisation,Department of Defence, Edinburgh, South Australia


Backscatter sounder data, recorded by the Jindalee over-the-horizon radar’s Frequency Management System from1985 to 1999, has been used to study the morphology ofsporadic E in the Jindalee surveillance area.

Results will be presented on the daily, seasonal, sunspotcycle and azimuthal variations in the occurrenceprobability of sporadic E and of blanketing sporadic E. Ingeneral, the morphology of sporadic E observed by theJindalee backscatter sounder is similar to that reported byvertical incidence studies. However, in the case ofblanketing sporadic E, its occurrence probability, asobserved by the Jindalee backscatter sounder appears tobe inversely correlated with sunspot number whereasvertical incidence observations have reported a positivecorrelation.

STSP PTH 63

A Comparison of the AustralianSpace Weather Plan with DevelopingInternational Space Weather NeedsP. J. Wilkinson1, D. G. Cole1, and J. K. Kennewell2

1. Department of Industry, Tourism and Resources, IPS Radioand Space Services, Haymarket, NSW, AUSTRALIA;2. Department of Industry, Tourism and Resources, IPS Radioand Space Services, Learmonth Solar Observatory, Exmouth,WA, AUSTRALIA


The Australian Space Weather Plan has been developedspecifically to serve current Australian needs. It isinteresting to compare the current Plan with thetechniques and requirements identified in similar plansdeveloped in other countries. A survey of papers,conference presentations and various national spaceweather plans produced over the last five years are usedto determine the overseas viewpoint. This is thencontrasted with the Australian Plan. Differences will behighlighted and if appropriate, recommendations will bemade regarding future updates to the Australian Plan.

STSP PTH 64

On Monitoring Nuclear QuadrupoleResonance Signal Level DuringAstronomical Events with a VerySimple Spectrometer Sullivan E P A

Department of Applied Physics University of Technology,Sydney


This simple paper will briefly report on monitoring of the N .Q. R resonance signal of 35 Cl nuclei in sodiumchlorate , during some astronomical events such as solarand lunar eclipses and during a comet-fragment impactwith Jupiter. The modus operandi of the extremely simplespectrometer will be outlined. The simplicity of thespectrometer and of its usage may be of interest.

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STSP PTH 65

Heterogeneous Chemistry’s Role inStabilizing CO2 in the VenusAtmosphere M.Sundaram1,2, F.P. Mills2, M. Allen3,4 and Y.L. Yung

1. Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, AustralianNational University, Canberra; 2. Research School of PhysicalSciences and Engineering, Australian National University,Canberra; 3. Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute ofTechnology, Pasadena; 4. Division of Geological andPlanetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology,Pasadena


The most successful photochemical models of the Venusatmosphere[1,2,3] have relied on chlorine catalyticchemistry to explain the apparent stability of CO2 in theVenus atmosphere. However, key model reaction rates arepoorly constrained and unresolved differences remainbetween model calculations and observations, soalternative catalytic schemes, such as heterogeneouschemistry, should be explored. This paper uses numericalsimulations to assess the significance of heterogeneouschemistry as a guide for future laboratory measurements.

[1] Yung and DeMore, Icarus, 51, 199 (1982)

[2] Krasnopol’sky and Parshev, in Venus, 431 (1983)

[3] Pernice, et al., PNAS, 101, 14007 (2004)

STSP PTH 66

Equatorial Ionospheric IrregularityOccurrence at Vanimo During SpaceWeather Month, September 1999R.M.Thomas1, M.A.Cervera1, P.J.Wilkinson2 andK.J.W.Lynn3

1. ISR Division, Defence Science and TechnologyOrganisation, Edinburgh, South Australia; 2. IPS Radio andSpace Services, Sydney, New South Wales; 3. IonosphericSystems Research, Noosaville, Queensland


Recent progress has been made towards achievingreliable forecasts of ionospheric equatorial irregularityoccurrence and the associated phenomena of satellitescintillation and spread-F[1,2]. Benefits are expected tofollow in the areas of satellite communications, satellitenavigation, HF communications and HF radar, making thisan important aspect of Space Weather. In this paper weexplore the relationships between various regionalionospheric datasets in order to gauge the feasibility ofproviding a future irregularity forecasting capability forlocal users.

[1] R.J.Stening, Space Science Reviews, 107, 263 (2003)

[2] S. Basu et al, J Atm Sol-Terr Phys, 64, 1745 (2002)

STSP PTH 67

Solar Cycle and DynamicalInfluences on D-Region ElectronDensitiesR. A. Vincent1, R. Vuthaluru1,2, D. Holdsworth1, I. M. Reid1

1. Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide;2. Curtin University


Long-term measurements of electron densities in the D-region made using MF partial reflection techniques atAdelaide will be discussed. Observations include some ofthe first detailed studies of electron densities in thenightime lower ionosphere (80–100 km). The results showthe influence of coupling from both above and below, withlong term changes linked to solar cycle variations inionising fluxes and seasonal changes that are linked todynamical effects. In particular, seasonal changes seem tobe associated with vertical transport of NO by the (1, 1)diurnal tide.

STSP PTH 68

Dusty Plasmas in Solar System andNear-Earth EnvironmentS.V. Vladimirov

School of Physics, University of Sydney, NSW 2006


Here, I overview various dusty plasmas existing in Solarsystem and near-Earth environment such as those in theEarth ionosphere and magnetosphere, in theinterplanetary space, in comets, and planetary rings.Various plasma conditions are discussed. Thefundamental feature of a dusty plasma is the chargeappearing on dust particles. Collective properties of sucha plasma are strongly related to the influence of theadditional charged plasma component.

STSP PTH 69

Attractors and Singularities in theMagnetosphereR. Ball1 and W. Horton2

1. Department of Theoretical Physics, Research School ofPhysical Sciences & Engineering, The Australian NationalUniversity, Canberra ACT Australia; 2. The Institute for FusionStudies, The University of Texas at Austin, USA


The energy flux from the solar wind through the coupledpotential and kinetic energy subsystems of the Earth’smagnetosphere and ionosphere is formulated in theWINDMI model[1] as a low-dimensional dynamical system,comprising a superposition of linear and nonlinear rateprocesses for energy inputs, transfers, and dissipation. Inthis work a smooth pathway is surveyed through thestructure of the WINDMI model by systematicallyinterrogating degenerate singularities and bifurcations invarious versions. Since higher-order singularities arediagnostic of important physical properties and processes

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such as symmetries and hysteresis[2], their unfoldings canenhance the capabilities of the model to describe andpredict magnetosphere substorms.

[1] W. Horton, M. J. Mithaiwala, and E. A. Spencer (2004).WINDMI: A family of physics network models for storms andsubstorms. Preprint:http://www.ph.utexas.edu/dept/research/horton/.

[2] R. Ball (2004). The case of the trapped singularities. Preprint:http://wwwrsphysse.anu.edu.au/~rxb105/rb.html.

STSP PTH 70

Multivariate Analysis Of 630-NmAirglow Observations from MawsonStation, AntarcticaT. P. Davies1, P. L. Dyson1, B. E. Booth1 and J. L. Innis2

1. Department of Physics, La Trobe University, Melbourne,Victoria, Australia; 2. Australian Antarctic Division, ChannelHighway, Kingston, Tasmania, Australia


An extensive set of airglow observations of red lineemissions, from a height of approximately 240km, havebeen made with a Fabry-Perot Spectrometer. Theobservations were made between 1992 and 1999 atMawson Station (67.6° S. 62.9°E). The results ofmultivariate analysis will be presented and discussed inrelation to the relative correlation between the observedthermospheric winds, temperatures and airglowintensities, and possible influences such as sunspots,geomagnetic activity, solar declination and zenith angle,and lunar phase and zenith angle. Chronology of the dataset will be illustrated.

STSP PTH 71

Climatic and Diurnal Variability inthe Occurrence of 10-M ScaleIrregularities in the AuroralIonosphere B. P. Doherty, M. L. Parkinson, and P. L. Dyson

Department of Physics, La Trobe University, Melbourne,Victoria, Australia


SuperDARN HF backscatter radars measure the powerand Doppler characteristics of echoes backscattered from10-m scale irregularities in the high-latitude ionosphere.Occurrence statistics of these echoes were compiled forthe TIGER SuperDARN radar for the four-year interval ofdeclining solar activity, 2000 to 2003. The occurrencerates tended to decline with decreasing solar activity,probably due to weaker F-region refraction. They tendedto be largest during March equinox and post-midnight, but were otherwise suppressed by increasing solar-elevation angle. This is consistent with the Pedersenconductance assisting formation of irregularities via theinterchange instability, yet suppressing them via enhancedcross-field diffusion.

STSP PTH 72

A Comparison of Observed andModelled Aircraft Radiation DoseRates During Cosmic Ray TransientVariations I. L. Getley1, and M.L.Duldig2

1. Department of Aviation, University of New South Wales,Sydney, Australia; 2. Australian Antarctic Division, Kingston,Tasmania, Australia


Coronal Mass Ejections can suppress the cosmic rayintensity and reduce the background radiation dose at allaircraft altitudes. Conversely, during Ground LevelEnhancements, relativistic solar protons produce a doseincrease. In both cases the modulation parameter used asan input to the aircraft flight dose estimation modelsincorrectly describes the cosmic ray environment resultingin erroneous estimates. In October and November 2003onboard dosimetry monitoring equipment observed theeffects of both types of variation during a commercialpassenger aircraft flight. A comparison of theseobservations with the model dose estimates is presented.

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Tomographic Observations of thePlasmasphere using FedsatE. Yizengaw1, P. L. Dyson2, and E. A. Essex2†

1. Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University ofCalifornia Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; 2. CRCfor Satellite Systems, Department of Physics, La TrobeUniversity, Victoria, Australia

†Deceased 21 March 2004


The constellation of GPS satellites provide a convenientmeans of continually monitoring the Total Electron Content(TEC) of the ionosphere and plasmasphere using ground-based receivers. Networks of receivers can then be usedto map the electron density structure by means oftomography. However, because the ionosphere near theF2 peak provides the dominant contribution to the TEC,relatively little can be determined about the plasma in theplasmasphere. FedSat orbits at 800 km altitude, wellabove the bulk of the ionospheric plasma, so tomographyapplied to FedSat GPS observations revealsplasmaspheric structure. This paper will present the firstresults from FedSat which show more variability andstructure in the plasmasphere than expected.

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STSP PTH 74

Research on Solar-Terrestrial andSpace Physics at the University ofNewcastleB. J. Fraser and the Space Physics Group

CRC for Satellite systems, School of Mathematical andPhysical Sciences,, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW


Research within the Space Physics Group (SPG) primarilystudies ultra-low frequency (ULF) hydromagnetic and ion-cyclotron (EMIC) plasma waves, plasma convection andcurrent systems in the Earth’s plasmasphere,magnetosphere and ionosphere. Data from spacecraft,including the Australian microsatellite FedSat, and groundmagnetometer arrays at low and high latitudes, supportedby theory, are used to study; ULF and EMIC waves in themagnetosphere and ionosphere; high latitude field-alignedcurrents (FAC); magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling,using HF radars; magnetosphere plasma properties usingULF waves as diagnostic probes; and the energy fluxcoupling the ionosphere to the atmosphere. The SPG is acore partner in the CRC for Satellite Systems, which builtFedSat, a low-Earth polar orbiting microsatellite launchedin December 2002, carrying the NewMag magnetometerexperiment to measure the Earth’s main field, currentsystems and ULF waves. This poster will illustrate some ofthe recent achievements relating to the above research.

STSP PTH 75

Electromagnetic Ion CyclotronWaves, Plasma Density Structuresand Ring Current DecayB. J. Fraser

1. CRC for Satellite Systems, School of Mathematical andPhysical Sciences,, University of Newcastle, NSW


Pitch angle scattering of ring current ions byelectromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves is acommonly postulated mechanism employed to explainring current losses during the geomagnetic storm recoveryphase. Sub-auroral proton arcs have been associated withproton precipitation and enhanced cold plasma densitiesin the plasmasphere/magnetosphere. Proton anisotropyfavourable to the generation of EMIC waves has also beenseen. The missing link in the ring current loss mechanismis the observation of the associated EMIC waves. Specificevent examples relating EMIC wave observations from theGOES geostationary satellites to thermal plasma densityenhancements and precipitation will be discussed.

STSP PTH 76

SuperDARN: A New Network of HFRadars for Oceanographic ResearchR. I. Greenwood1, M. L. Parkinson1, A. S. Yukimatu2, andH. Ye3

1. Department of Physics, La Trobe University, Melbourne,Victoria, Australia; 2. National Institute of Polar Research,Tokyo, Japan; 3. Department of Electronic Engineering, LaTrobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia


Large military OTH radars can measure ocean waveheights, surface currents, and surface wind directionsover vast, remote regions. It has long been a dream todeploy a network of relatively compact, portable sky-waveradars dedicated to the provision of real-timeoceanographic and meteorological data. We demonstratethe potential for the SuperDARN radars to achieve this.This has become possible with the implementation of anew radar operating system which permits the acquisitionof complex time series data. The detection of illegalfishing vessels in the remote Southern Ocean maybecome possible with planned advances in hardware and software.

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Observations Of A Phase TransitionIn The Plasma CharacteristicsAcross The Open-Closed MagneticField Line BoundaryK.M. Hannah1, M.L. Parkinson1, P.L. Dyson1 and J.C. Devlin2

1. Department of Physics, La Trobe University, Victoria,Australia; 2. Department of Electronic Engineering, La TrobeUniversity, Victoria, Australia


The TIGER HF radar is the most equatorward SuperDARNradar, enabling it to routinely observe a sharp transitionfrom large spectral widths located on open field lines tolow spectral widths on closed field lines. The largespectral width regions are dominated by LorentzianDoppler spectra and the low spectral width region byGaussian spectra. This implies a phase transition from fastflowing, turbulent plasma with a correlation length ofvelocity fluctuations less than the scattering wavelength toa slow moving plasma with a correlation length greaterthan the scattering wavelength. The large conductivity ofnightside auroral oval probably plays a role in forming thisphase transition.

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STSP PTH 78

High Resolution Measurements of Ionospheric Variations on anOblique PathT.J. Harris

Defence Science and Technology Organisation, Edinburgh


High resolution observations were made of the elevation,azimuthal, power and Doppler variations for obliquepropagation at fixed HF frequencies on a mid-latitude pathduring a 48 hour period in April 2004. During this periodseveral large scale travelling ionospheric disturbanceswere evident and their effect on the propagation pathobserved. More commonly observed were shorter timescale variations associated with smaller spatial scaleionospheric variability. The dimensionality of the dataallows the inference of ionospheric gradients near the pathmidpoint, and the separation of the effect in Dopplerbetween the great-circle path rays and energy from out-of-plane paths.

Although investigations are continuing, preliminary resultswill be presented and discussed.

STSP PTH 79

Polarization Statistics of StochasticWavesM. J. Hole, P. A. Robinson and Iver H. Cairns



A method is described to compute the statistics of themeasurable Stokes parameters and degrees ofpolarization, resulting from the vector addition of multiplewave populations. Several striking results ensue, includingthe appearance of fine structure in the distribution functionfor the degrees of polarization, and the generation ofcircularly polarized light with opposite handedness fromthe superposed wave populations. These results haveimportant consequences for the interpretation of polarityresolved data (e.g., pulsars, auroral kilometric radiation,edge oscillations in laboratory plasmas), as they show thatinference of the underlying polarization and statisticalproperties of the component wave populations is not trivial.

STSP PTH 81

Leading Edge Detection using a Two-Dimensional Discrete WaveletTransformA.M. Iglio

Defence Science and Technology Organisation, Edinburgh


Backscatter ionograms are a powerful means of assessingradio wave propagation in the ionosphere and havebecome an important tool for frequency management inHF communications and Over-the-horizon Radar. Theboundary between significant and negligible

backscattered power, the leading edge, is of particularinterest providing information about skip zones and themaximum frequency propagated to a given region.

Leading edges can be extracted in real time from thebackscatter ionogram using a two-dimensional discretewavelet transform (2D-DWT)[1]. The DWT algorithm hasbeen further developed to fit irregularities where the firstand second leading edges are not well separated.

[1] M. D. McDonnell, ‘Wavelet Based Detection and Fitting ofBackscatter Ionogram Leading Edges’, Proceedings of theWorkshop on Applications of Radio Science, Hobart, 2004

STSP PTH 82

Planetary Foreshock RadioEmissionsZ. Kuncic and I. H. Cairns



The electron foreshock region upstream of Earth’s bowshock and of travelling interplanetary shocks are known toproduce strong radio emissions. A quantitative theoreticalmodel has been developed for terrestrial foreshock radioemissions[1], and for coronal and interplanetary type IIradio bursts[2]. Here, we present a detailed comparisonbetween the predicted and observed levels of terrestrialforeshock radio emissions. We also generalize thetheoretical model to other planetary foreshocks, and wecompare the predicted levels of radio emissions from theforeshocks of other planets to that from Earth’s. Contrary tosome expectations, our theoretical results predictexceptionally strong radio emissions from Mercury’sforeshock, in particular, and relatively weak radioemissions from the Jovian and Saturnian foreshocks.These predictions may be testable with forthcoming spacemissions such as Messenger and Beppi Colombo, as wellas existing missions such as Galileo and Cassini.

[1] Z Kuncic, I. H. Cairns, S. A. Knock, J. Geophys. Res., 109(2004)

[2] S. A. Knock, I. H. Cairns, Z. Kuncic, J. Geophys. Res., 108(A3) (2003)

STSP PTH 83

IMAGE, Geotail, and TIGERObservations of a MagnetosphericSubstorm M. Lester1,2, M.L. Parkinson1, K. McWilliams3, P.L. Dyson2,S.E. Milan1, J.A. Wild1, H. Frey4 and T. Nagai5

1. Department of Physics, La Trobe University, Melbourne;2. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University ofLeicester, Leicester; 3. Department of Physics, University ofSaskatchewan, Saskatoon; 4. Space Sciences Laboratory,University of California, Berkeley; 5. ISAS, Tokyo


We present observations during a magnetosphericsubstorm of ionospheric flows by the TIGER radar inconjunction with global auroral images from IMAGE and insitu measurements of the magnetic field, plasma density,and velocity in the plasmasheet by Geotail. The estimatedionospheric footprint of Geotail is within the TIGER radarfield of view. We observe enhancements of flow

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associated with each auroral brightening throughout thesubstorm and Geotail observes clear rapid changes of themagnetic field configuration and plasma velocity at thetime of substorm onset. We discuss the results in terms ofthe current models for magnetospheric substorms.

STSP PTH 84

A Theory of the Stepped Leader inLightning John J Lowke

CSIRO Industrial Physics, Lindfield, NSW 2070.


Lightning strikes are preceded by a “stepped leader”,invisible to the eye. This leader proceeds from the cloud tothe ground, in a series of steps, usually with branches,each step being about 50 m in length, but new steps onlyform after a period of darkness of about 50 _s. Theprincipal features of the stepped leader are explained bythe motion of electrons and ions in air at ambienttemperature, accounting for effects of space chargedistortion of the electric field. The dark time between stepsis due to a period when all electrons become attached toform negative ions. A new step is formed when ion motionproduces a negative ion sheath and a high local electricfield at the head of the leader.

STSP PTH 85

Simulation of Travelling IonosphericDisturbances Using Ray TracingTechniquesS.F. Martin R.J. Norman and P.L. Dyson

Department of Physics, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia


Travelling Ionospheric Disturbances often show upstrongly in HF radar range-time plots of echo power.Simulations of these disturbances have been made usingthe numerical ray tracing program Raymag to first orderby assuming that the TID is causes a simple wave likeperturbation of the electron density. These simulations arethen displayed as range-time plots of echo power andcompared to real TID data observed by the TIGER HFradar component of the SUPERDARN network. Thechanges made to the Raymag program now allow forparameters such as wavelengths to be evaluated byfinding the best suited simulation to observed TID’s in theionosphere.

STSP PTH 86

The Effects of Main and LithosphericGeomagnetic Field Models on LowLatitude Current SystemsH. McCreadie and T. Iyemori

World data center for geomagnetism and Space Magnetism,Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Japan


Using satellite magnetic observations to derive transientcurrents systems is not a straight forward task. First wemust remove the main field because it masks all othercomponents by an order of 104(nT). Using the dip equatoras a base we will show that constraints and laxations existfor the satellite data. The static lithospheric field must nextbe removed. If the model of this field is not determinedcorrectly then significant errors reside in the residuals.This is most noticeable when determining the signature ofthe equatorial electrojet because the lithosphericanomalies have a similar wavelength.

STSP PTH 87

Mass Density at L=2.5 During aMagnetic Storm: a Case StudyF. W. Menk1 and M. A. Clilverd2

1. CRC for Satellite systems, School of Mathematical andPhysical Sciences,, University of Newcastle, NSW;2. British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Cambridge, UnitedKingdom


Two independent ground-based techniques have beenused to examine properties of field-aligned ducts in theinner magnetosphere. In one technique the resonantfrequency of ULF waves is determined from the cross-power and -phase spectra between pairedmagnetometers. The other technique involves analysis ofartificially produced whistler-mode signals propagatingalong field-aligned ducts. These signals are Dopplershifted by radial motions of the flux tube driven by theelectric field of the ULF waves. We examined datacollected over 2001 from a VLF receiver and 3 closelyspaced magnetometers near Rothera, Antarctica,corresponding to the L=2.5 flux tube. We discuss exampleevents and find new information on the propagation ofULF wave modes deep within the magnetosphere.

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STSP PTH 88

The Characteristics and Dynamics ofPolar Mesosphere Summer Echoes(PMSE) above Davis, AntarcticaR.J. Morris1, D.J. Murphy1, R.A. Vincent2, M.B. Terkildsen3, D.A. Holdsworth1, A.R. Klekociuk1, M.R. Hyde4 and I.M. Reid2

1. Space and Atmospheric Sciences, Australian AntarcticDivision, Kingston; 2. Department of Physics andMathematical Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide;3. Department of Physics, University of Newcastle, Newcastle;4. IPS Radio and Space Services, Sydney


The first observations of Polar Mesosphere SummerEchoes (PMSE) above continental Antarctica weredetected at the polar station Davis (68.6ϒS) using a 55MHz atmospheric radar during the 2003–04 australsummer. In this paper we present the characteristics anddynamics of PMSE events observed on 27 days. Satellitetemperature measurements revealed that PMSE exist formesosphere temperatures < 150K. Mesosphere horizontalwind field radar measurements showed that PMSEoccurred during conditions of westward zonal winds andequatorward meridional winds. We also consider verticalcoupling processes in the PMSE layer at 82–90 km,including: from above with cosmic noise absorption and E-region ionospheric plasma instabilities; and from belowwith tidal, gravity and planetary waves.

STSP PTH 89

All-Sky Doppler Imaging of theAurora at 557.7-nmM. Conde1, D. Lummerzheim2, J. Holmes3, and J. Hecht4

1. Department of Physics, Latrobe University, BundooraAustralia; 2. Geophysical Institute, University of AlaskaFairbanks, Fairbanks USA; 3University Courses on Svalbard,Longyearbyen Norway; 4Aerospace Corporation, LosAngeles USA


Doppler spectroscopy of auroral 557.7-nm emissions canmeasure wind and temperature between 100– and 140–kmaltitude, where large vertical gradients occur in bothquantities. However, previous observations have beendifficult to interpret, because of variability in the emissionheight under changing auroral conditions. A newinstrument in Alaska can now record two-dimensionalimages of Doppler spectra across the whole sky, every fewminutes. These data identify times when emission altitudeactually does not vary significantly, and meaningful windestimates are indeed possible. Conversely, when theemission altitude is highly variable, it is possible to obtainheight-resolved profiles of E-region wind.

STSP PTH 90

A Comparison of IonosphericPropagation Conditions Derived fromBackscatter Soundings usingInstrumentation Hosted by theJindalee Operational Radar NetworkG.R.Nelson

Intelligence Surveillance and Reconnaissance Division,Defence Science and Technology Organisation, Edinburgh


A Frequency Management System, consisting of aBackscatter Sounder and other HF monitoring tools, isincorporated into the design of each Over The HorizonRadar. Such equipment provides real-time assessment ofHF environmental conditions, and by regularly samplingionograms over time, a synoptic picture of ionosphericpropagation can be realised. A comprehensive database,spanning a complete sunspot cycle, exists for the AliceSprings Radar. Supplementing this dataset are soundingsfrom the new radar installations at the Longreach andLaverton sites. These two sites provide a means ofsounding the ionosphere from different geometricalperspectives. This paper endeavours to explore whetherthe Alice Springs backscatter ionograms can betransformed, by appropriate shifts, to match theobservations from the new sites. The paper is concludedby comparing real observations with synthetic ionograms.

STSP PTH 91

Statistical Addition Method forExternal Noise Sources AffectingHF/MF/LF Systems D.A. Neudegg

IPS Radio and Space Services, Haymarket, Sydney, NSW, Australia


The accepted statistical method[1] for the addition ofexternal component noise sources in the LF, MF and lowerHF band (100 kHz to 3MHz) produces total median noiselevels that can be less than the largest component medianin some cases. Several case studies illustrate thisanomaly[2]. Methods used to sum the components rely ontheir power (dB) distributions being represented as normalby the statistical parameters. The atmospheric noisecomponent[3] is not correctly represented by its decilevalues when it is assumed to have a normal distribution,causing anomalies in the noise summation whencomponents are similar in magnitude. A revisedcomponent summation method is proposed and the way itprovides a more physically realistic total noise median forLF, MF and lower-HF frequencies is illustrated.

[1] CCIR Report 322–3, International Telecommunications Union,Geneva (1986)

[2] Neudegg D.A., Radio Sci., 36, 6 (2001)

[3] Warber C.R. and B. Prasad, Radio Sci., 32, 5, 2027 (1997)

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Bob Champion

PDF Link



STSP PTH 93

Ionospheric Sounding UsingOccultation Measurements from GPS Receivers On-board the LowEarth Orbiter Fedsat R.J. Norman and P.L. Dyson

Department of Physics, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia


The Australian Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite Fedsat waslaunched in 2002. Fedsat has on-board GPS receivers andthus receives GPS radio occultations, which are the GPSsignals received from negative elevations. Using theoccultation measurements, techniques have beendeveloped to model and map the distribution of theelectron density up to the altitude of the Fedsat orbit,which is 800 km above the Earth’s surface. The techniquefor determining the electron density involves generalizingthe Abel transform of the slant TEC measurements and anew technique for determining the impact parameter. Thisnew impact parameter aids the mapping and modelling ofthe Earth’s electron density distribution.

STSP PTH 94

Comparison of an HF DirectionalNoise Model with the Jindalee 360degree Background Noise DatabaseB.J. Northey, P.S. Whitham

ISR Division, Defence, Science and Technology Organisation(DSTO) Edinburgh, South Australia


DSTO requires a high frequency (HF) directional noisemodel (DNM), for projects including the next generationJindalee over-the-horizon radar (OTHR), for whichazimuthal and elevation angle variations in backgroundnoise are important. We have implemented a DNM that willgenerate background noise data as a function offrequency, sunspot number, season, time, azimuth andelevation angle, at any geographic location. The model isbased on ray tracing through a monthly medianionosphere, and uses a lightning database to predict theenvironmental noise component that will propagate to agiven point. The Jindalee OTHR facility near Alice Springshas begun collecting 360° background noise data that isbeing used for validation. It is anticipated that the newmodel will replace the currently used CCIR model that hasknown limitations and that does not provide azimuthal orelevation angle information.

STSP PTH 95

Performance Analysis of TwoAutoscaling SoftwareR. Panwar, P. Wilkinson, D. Neudegg, and G. Patterson

Department of Industry, Tourism and Resources, IPS Radioand Space Services, Haymarket, NSW, AUSTRALIA


Due to the need for more timely availability of ionosphericdata manual scaling of ionograms is being replaced by

automatic computerized scaling of the digital ionograms.Compared to manual scaling the autoscaling softwaredoes have its limitations. This paper presents acomparative study of the performance of ARTIST and IPSautoscaling software with manual scaling for ionogramsfrom Learmonth, which is a mid-latitude station.

STSP PTH 96

Are there Signatures of Complexityin Fluctuating MagnetosphericElectric Fields Implied by HF RadarObservations of Ionospheric Doppler Shift? M. L. Parkinson1, N. Watkins2, S. Chapman3, Bogdan Hnat3, and M. Pinnock4

1. Department of Physics, La Trobe University, Melbourne,Victoria, Australia; 2. British Antarctic Survey, NaturalEnvironment Research Council, Cambridge; 3. Department ofPhysics, University of Warwick, United Kingdom


Signatures of complexity and self-organised criticality innatural systems include intermittency and self-similarityover extended spatial and temporal scales. Generic re-scaling techniques have been applied to the probabilitydistribution functions (PDFs) of fluctuating magnetosphericelectric fields implied by SuperDARN measurements ofDoppler velocity made in the high-latitude ionosphere. The PDFs were sorted according to the orientation of theinterplanetary magnetic field, magnetic local time, andionospheric regions of high and low Doppler spectralwidth (regions of open and closed magnetic flux,respectively). Mono-fractal re-scaling of the PDFs wasstrongest on open field lines in the noon sector during the winter.

STSP PTH 97

ULF Wave Studies Using SuperDARNTIGER Radar (Tasmania)P. V. Ponomarenko, F. W. Menk, C. L. Waters, and B. J. Fraser

School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Newcastle


Since 1950s radio waves, via Doppler shift measurementsof ExB drift, have been used as a convenient tool fordirectly probing the ULF wave electric field at ionosphericheights. The advent of the HF Super Dual Auroral RadarNetwork (SuperDARN) covering auroral/polar cap regionsin both hemispheres created another dimension in ULFwave studies by radars. Recently, using the TIGER radar(Tasmania) the authors demonstrated that SuperDARNradars are capable of routine day-to-day ULF wavemonitoring over large areas of the Earth’s ionosphere.Several types of ULF waves have been observed. Here wepresent detailed discussion on daytime Pc3-4 pulsations.

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STSP PTH 98

Solar Terrestrial and Space PhysicsResearch at the University ofAdelaideI.M. Reid and colleagues



Adelaide is a lower mid-latitude site and potentiallysimpler from a geophysical point of view for instrumentdevelopment or initial studies of new techniques. In theMesosphere Lower Thermosphere (MLT) region we arepursuing integrated observations of the aeronomy usingradar, lidar and passive optical techniques. The BucklandPark Research Station near Adelaide (35°S, 138°E) wasestablished in 1964, and the large MF aerial arrayconstructed over the next 3 three years. The original largeMF array was refurbished in the early 1990’s, and is stillbeing actively used for research into the upperatmosphere. Several other field sites are operated by thegroup, including those at Katherine, Christmas Island, andthe Tiwi Islands, and sites at Pontianak in Indonesia incollaboration with Indonesia’s LAPAN and RISH of KyotoUniversity, and the Davis Station VHF and MF radarsoperated in collaboration with the Australian AntarcticDivision. A number of optical instruments are alsooperated at the Buckland Park site. These include a three-field photometer, a spectrometer, and an all-sky imager. Acombined Rayleigh and Na lidar is presently underdevelopment. In this poster, these instruments andrepresentative results will be presented.

STSP PTH 99

New Regimes of Stochastic WaveGrowthP.A. Robinson, B. Li, I.H. Cairns, J. Roberts

School of Physics, University of Sydney


Burstiness of plasma wave emissions has been addressedvia stochastic theories of wave growth. These includeelementary burst theories (EBT) of solar microwave spikes,and stochastic growth theory (SGT) of type III radio burstsand other sources. These theories are unified here, theSGT and EBT regimes are elucidated, and new regimesuncovered. It is predicted that all subregimes havelognormal wave-intensity statistics. This is verified usingdata on type III radio bursts, magnetospheric waves,pulsar emissions, and simulations, yielding data collapseonto one theoretical curve without free parameters.Dynamical equations for generalized SGT are proposedand results are compared with theory and simulations—the first simulations to show SGT. Divergence of correlationlengths near a critical point is seen, suggesting occurenceof self-organized criticality.

STSP PTH 100

A Numerical Model for thePropagation of ULF Waves Throughan Ionosphere with an ObliqueMagnetic FieldM. D. Sciffer, C. L.Waters, and F. W. Menk

School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences and CRC forSatellite Systems, The University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia


A 1-D computational model for the propagation of ultra-lowfrequency (ULF; 1–100 mHz) waves from the Earth’smagnetosphere through the ionosphere, atmosphere andinto the ground is presented. The model is formulated toinclude solutions for high latitudes where the Earth’smagnetic field, B0, is near vertical to oblique magneticfields at low latitudes. The model is used to investigatechanges in ULF wave polarisation azimuth from themagnetosphere to the ground as a function of the dipangle of B0 as well as the partitioning of energy depositionassociated with ULF wave interaction with the ionosphere.

STSP PTH 101

The Sq Current System OverAustraliaR.J. Stening1, T. Reztsova1, D.E. Winch2, D. Ivers2

and J. Turner2

1. School of Physics, University of New South Wales;2. Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University ofSydney


Data from the AWAGS distribution of magnetometers overthe Australian mainland during 1989–90 have enabled anaccurate pinpointing of the position of the focus of the Sqcurrent system. We use this to examine other methods ofdetermining the focus position from a smaller number ofobservatories. We also describe a persistent eastwardcurrent flow during the morning before the arrival of the Sqcurrent whorl.

STSP PTH 102

A Comparison of HF DopplerBackscatter from Two OTHR SitesL.M. Lindsay

Intelligence Surveillance and Reconnaissance Division,Defence Science and Technology Organisation, Edinburgh


The operational effectiveness of a new Over-The-HorizonRadar (OTHR) installation can be characterised bydeveloping trusted system performance models. Testingthe validity of OTHR system performance models isachieved by comparing predicted estimates with realobservations. In this paper, the propagation environmentsfrom two OTHR sites are compared using data derivedfrom HF Doppler Backscatter Sounding equipment,namely the Alice Springs and Longreach Mini-Radar sub-systems. In terms of physical location, both sites share

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roughly the same latitude and are approximately 11degrees apart in longitude. Thus, after applying therelevant modelling corrections, including the resultant 45minute time delay, the data sets should show similarfeatures. This paper concludes by examining whether thissimple transformation is justified.

STSP FRB11Friday 0820–0900 hrs

The Alfvénic AuroraC. C. Chaston1, C. W. Carlson1, J. P. McFadden1, R. E. Ergun1, R. J. Strangeway2, F. S. Mozer1, T. D. Phan1,M. Andre3, Y. Khoyaintsev3, H. Reme4, I. Dandouras4, A. Fazakerley5, M. Acuna6, M. Goldstein6,A. Balogh6

1. Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California,Berkeley, USA; 2. Institute for Geophysical and PlanetaryPhysics, University of California, Los Angeles, USA;3. Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala, Sweden;4. CESR, Toulouse, France; 5. Mullard Space ScienceLaboratory, Dorking, United Kingdom; 6. NASA GoddardSpace Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA; 7. ImperialCollege, London, United Kingdom


Traditionally, the discrete aurora has been described asthe result of the closure of large-scale quasi-static field-aligned currents through the ionosphere. However, thisdescription is only appropriate for scales larger than thecharacteristic scales of the plasma and for time scaleslonger than the longest period plasma resonance. Wepresent observations of the aurora from space revealing ahierarchy of temporal and spatial scales extending fromhours to less than a second and 100’s of km to down 10’sof meters. Since these scales extend from essentially DCup to the ion cyclotron period and from larger than inertiallengths down to ion gyro-radii building a model thatincludes the physics appropriate for each temporal andspatial scale is a non-trivial task. We show, however, thatby considering kinetic corrections to the usual MHDdescription of the plasma we can account for much of thisstructuring through the dispersion of Alfvén waves. From aclose examination of the data coupled with the solution ofeigenmode equations for these waves over the range ofscales observed it is shown how these waves may lead toboth electron and ion acceleration and the subsequentformation of aurora.


Fine-scale Field-aligned CurrentStructures: Distribution and Relationto Dayside Magnetospheric ParticleBoundariesM. B. Terkildsen1,2, B. J. Fraser1,2 and P. Stauning3

1. Cooperative Research Centre for Satellite Systems, PhysicsBuilding, University of Newcastle, NSW; 2. Space PhysicsGroup, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences,University of Newcastle, NSW; 3. Danish MeteorologicalInstitute, Copenhagen, Denmark

High precision vector magnetic field measurements usingthe Newmag magnetometer onboard Australian researchsatellite Fedsat, are being used in combination with similarmagnetometer data from the Ørsted satellite to investigatethe fine-scale structure of polar field-aligned currents(FAC). In particular, the relation of filamentary FACstructure to magnetospheric particle boundaries identifiedusing data from DMSP satellites, and its longitudinaldistribution identified through simultaneous FACobservations with multiple satellites. This research aims toaddress the outstanding questions of the generationmechanism behind fine scale FAC structures, their relationto the polar cusps and boundary layers, and how they areaffected by geomagnetic storms.


Gasdynamical Description versusQuasilinear Simulations for a HotElectron Beam Propagating in aPlasmaG. R. Foroutan1,2, B. Li1, P. A. Robinson1 and I.H. Cairns1

1. School of Physics, The University of Sydney, NSW,Australia; 2. Faculty of Physics, University of Tabriz, Tabriz,Iran


The propagation of a cloud of hot electrons in a plasmaand generation of Langmuir waves are investigated in theregime of fast relaxation using analytic gasdynamic theoryand numerical simulation of quasilinear equations. Thevalidity of gasdynamic equations derived by Ryutov andSagdeev and criticized recently by Mel’nik and Kontar, isconfirmed. It is shown that even for initial conditionssatisfying a fast relaxation requirement the front part of thecloud streams freely and there is a transition between freestreaming part and plateaued part. The validity of self-similar solutions of the gasdynamic equations is alsoinvestigated numerically.

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Quasilinear Simulation of SecondHarmonic Electromagnetic EmissionB. Li, A.J. Willes, P.A. Robinson, and I.H. Cairns

School of Physics, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia


The linked nonlinear processes of electrostatic Langmuirdecay and electromagnetic emission at the secondharmonic plasma frequency are studied for situations inwhich Langmuir waves are driven by an electron beam.An approximate method for simulating wave decay andemission in three spatial dimensions is developed, basedon the Langmuir and ion-acoustic wave dynamics in onespatial dimension. The first numerical quasilinearsimulations to study electromagnetic emission startingfrom the electron dynamics are carried out. The evolutionof the transverse waves shows the combined effects oflocal emission and propagation away from the source.


Implications of Height-varyingVertical Winds in Earth’s AuroralThermosphereM. Conde1, M. F. Larsen2, E. Wescott3, H. Stenbaeck-Nielsen3, J. D. Craven3, D. Lummerzheim3, J. Hawkins3,and B. Johnson3

1. Department of Physics, La Trobe University, VictoriaAustralia; 2. Department of Physics, Clemson University,Clemson South Carolina, USA; 3. Geophysical Institute,University of Alaska Fairbanks, USA


Measuring vertical winds and their relationship with thehorizontal wind field remains one of the most difficultpractical problems in thermospheric dynamics. Inparticular, it is inadequate to measure vertical wind (Vz) atjust one single height; rather, it is the height variation of Vzthat matters. Only 3–4 height profiles of Vz have ever beenmeasured at altitudes above 120 km. Here we present onesuch measurement, obtained during the HEX rocketmission in March 2003. Despite a maximum vertical windof only 20 m s–1 downward, this height profile of Vzrequires a surprisingly large yet spatially localisedhorizontal divergence to conserve mass.

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Indications of Small-scale WindSystems in Earth’s AuroralThermosphereM. Conde1, M. F. Larsen2, E. Wescott3, H. Stenbaeck-Nielsen3, J. D. Craven3, D. Lummerzheim3, J. Hawkins3,B. Johnson3, and R.W. Smith3

1. Department of Physics, La Trobe University, Victoria,Australia; 2. Department of Physics, Clemson University,Clemson South Carolina, USA; 3. Geophysical Institute,University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks Alaska USA


Atmospheric kinematic viscosity increases with heightand, above ~90 km altitude, so does temperature. Thesetwo conditions oppose respectively the establishment ofspatial velocity gradients and of vertical motion. Thus, ithas long been assumed that small-scale circulationsystems (<100 km) are absent in the middle and upperthermosphere. However, we will present observationalevidence that such motions do indeed occur. In particular,we will show that height profiles of vertical wind observedduring the HEX rocket experiment require surprisinglylarge yet spatially localised horizontal divergence. Suchobservations imply thermospheric circulation at hithertounexplored spatial scales, the implications of whichremain unknown.


Tomographic Observations of thePlasmasphere using FedSatE. Yizengaw1, P. L. Dyson2, and E. A. Essex2†

1. Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University ofCalifornia Los Angeles, California, USA; 2. CRC for SatelliteSystems, Department of Physics, La Trobe University, VIC,Australia

†Deceased 21 March 2004


The constellation of GPS satellites provide a convenientmeans of continually monitoring the Total Electron Content(TEC) of the ionosphere and plasmasphere using ground-based receivers. Networks of receivers can then be usedto map the electron density structure by means oftomography. However, because the ionosphere near theF2 peak provides the dominant contribution to the TEC,relatively little can be determined about the plasma in theplasmasphere. FedSat orbits at 800 km altitude, wellabove the bulk of the ionospheric plasma, so tomographyapplied to FedSat GPS observations revealsplasmaspheric structure. This paper will present the firstresults from FedSat which show more variability andstructure in the plasmasphere than expected.

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A Comparison of Observed andModelled Aircraft Radiation DoseRates during Cosmic Ray TransientVariationsI. L. Getley1, and M.L.Duldig2

1. Department of Aviation, University of New South Wales,Sydney, Australia; 2. Australian Antarctic Division, Kingston,Tasmania, Australia


Coronal Mass Ejections can suppress the cosmic rayintensity and reduce the background radiation dose at allaircraft altitudes. Conversely, during Ground LevelEnhancements, relativistic solar protons produce a doseincrease. In both cases the modulation parameter used asan input to the aircraft flight dose estimation modelsincorrectly describes the cosmic ray environment resultingin erroneous estimates. In October and November 2003onboard dosimetry monitoring equipment observed theeffects of both types of variation during a commercialpassenger aircraft flight. A comparison of theseobservations with the model dose estimates is presented.


Comparison of Large-scale Field-aligned Currents Calculated fromSuperDARN and IridiumD.L. Green1 , C.L. Waters1, B.J. Anderson2, H. Korth2 andR.J. Barnes2

1. School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, TheUniversity of Newcastle, NSW, Australia; 2. The JohnsHopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, LaurelMaryland, USA


The magnetospheric component of the ionospheric fieldaligned currents (FACs) over all local times and from 90º –60º magnetic latitude is computed from thedivergence of the ionospheric electric field. A comparisonof these results with FACs calculated from Iridiummagnetic field observations shows that the assumption ofzero ionospheric conductivity gradients when estimatingthe FAC structure from the ionospheric electric field is toosimplistic. On the dayside the ionospheric componetaccounts for small shifts in latitude of the major currentfeatures while on the nightside the magnetospheric andionospheric currents may flow in opposite directions.

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HOP THF31Thursday 1620–1640 hrs

A History of the Australian AtomicEnergy CommissionA. Binnie

Applied Physics Department, University of Technology Sydney


The Australian Atomic Energy Commission wasestablished, by an Act of Parliament, in 1953, as themeans by which Australia could attain the latest powerand defensive technology available. However, long beforethe Commission was formed Marcus Oliphant wasattempting to interest the Australian government in thepeaceful uses of atomic energy as a source of electricpower and as a vehicle for the production of desalinatedwater for the Australian mainland. This paper will brieflyexplore the actual history behind the establishment of theCommission and its major contributions to Australianphysics, science and the community as a whole.

WIP THF32Thursday 1640–1700 hrs

Maximising Potential in PhysicsM A. Stevens-Kalceff1,2, M, Hunt1, S Hagon1 and A. Woo1

1. School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney; 2. Electron Microscope Unit, University of New South Wales, Sydney


A UNSW Equity Initiative Grant (2004) has enabled theinvestigation of the academic profile of School of Physics,which has 22 men and 6 (FTE) women academic staff. An extensive database of statistical data has beencompiled for the period 2001–4. The data reveal somesignificant gender related differences in the academicprofile particularly regarding workloads and promotion.Qualitative investigations (focus groups, submissions,interviews) have facilitated the interpretation of thestatistics. Comparisons with other investigations provideadded insight.[1–4] The data have enabled knowledge-based development of recommendations andestablishment of an official School of Physics EquityCommittee to review ongoing initiatives and an associated website.


Seating in Laboratory Classes—Achieving Critical MassS.M. Feteris

School of Physics & Materials Engineering, Monash University


Students’ voluntary seating patterns were charted in sevenfirst year Science and Engineering units. This simple, non-intrusive sampling revealed that both male and femalestudents exhibit a general preference for sitting with asame-sex laboratory partner. The smaller the minority, themore likely were students to choose a same-sex labpartner; it is suggested that this behavioural indicator mayindicate social stress and allow determination of criticalmass. A strategy for allocation of laboratory groups toexceed critical mass and create a more supportive, lessstressful environment—to support efforts to retainmembers of minority groups—is suggested.


Status of Women in Physics inAustralia and OverseasC.P. Foley

CSIRO, Applied Quantum Systems Group, Industrial Physics


This paper will review the status of women working inPhysics in government and academic institutions inAustralia. It will show that government researchlaboratories are lagging large university physicsdepartments. A recent survey identified that governmentresearch laboratories have less than 15% of physicstrained staff being female while large universitydepartments have over 20%. Consideration is given tounderstand why the level of women participating inphysics research and university teaching is so lowcompared to other scientific and engineering fields andwhy the number of women in physics drops from about40–50% in undergraduate physics. This will be reported ina framework that considers why lower numbers of womenin physics should be an area of concern. I will also reviewrecent research that has identified strategies by someoverseas groups that have achieved female physics stafflevels up to 40%. Finally some strategies will besuggested that may help to increase female physics stafflevels in Australia and an action plan will berecommended.

WIP

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UR

SD

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Women in Physics (WIP) and History of Physics (HOP)

Bob Champion

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Bob Champion

PDF Link



Author IndexAAanesland, A 234Abbeywick, P 220Abdullatif, R F 231Abe, Y 225Aberle, A G 237Ables, S T 240Abramson, D 83Acres, R G 186Acuna, M 252Ahrens, M A 164Airey, P 81Akers, R J 235Akhmediev, N 102, 110, 129, Akulshin, A M 102Alexander, A 102Alexander, A L 111Alexander, T J 121Allen, M 95, 244Alsop, R 149Altmeyer, A 121Alvers, O 87Alves, A 164Ammala, A 184Amos, T 72Anderson, B J 254Anderson, R 127Anderson, S J 79, 86Andre, M 252Andresen, S 176Andresen, S E 164Andriotis, A 168Andruczyk, D 231Ang, J C 164Angstmann, E J 90Angus, S J 165Ankiewicz, A 102, 119, 129Anstie, J D 90Anstis, G 113Appel, L C 235Appelbe, B F 208Arkwright, J 108, 135Artamonov, O M 181Artlett, C 153Aruldoss, C K 100Aryal, P 82Asahi, K 224Ashley, M C B 139, 141, 142Ashmore, J P 94, 96Åslund, M 100, 110, 122Atkins, D J 134Atkinson, R 114 Atkinson, T 218Au, V 165Austin, D R 231Azevedo, G de M 188

BBachor, H-A 116, 135Bacon, D 134Baer, C 114 Bailes, M 140Baines, P G 77Baker, M 95, 101Baldwin, K G H 93, 94, 98,

102, 124Ball, R 244Ballinger, A P 78Balogh, A 252Baney, N T 186, 187Bang, O 101, 110, 131Barber, R 146Barik, S 165Barjaktarevic, J P 165, 208Barnard, A S 181Barnea, Z 91, 104, 148Barnes, P R F 237, 238Barnes, R J 254Barnett, S B 158Barrett, S D 134Barriga, P 137Barrows, T T 218Bartels, A 179Bartenstein, M 121Bartlett, P L 97Bartlett, S D 102, 123, 136,

107, 112, 135Barton, C S 153Bartschat, K 88, 90Bashenov, A M 81Bashford, J D 152Bassi, P 128Bastow, T J 166Basu, Santimay 241Basu, Sunanda 239, 241Bath, P 181Batten, A 186Baxter, A M 225Baxter, G W 99, 107,

104, 105Baxter, P 220Beams, T J 96Becker, K W 173Begg, B D 196Beijerinck, H C W 96Belim, S 94Bell, J M 161Belova, E 168Bendavid, A 169, 171Berengut, J C 90Beringer, J 83Bernstein, N 151Bhattacharyya, D 164

Biercuk, M J 205Bieske, E 98Bilbert, E P 148Bilek, M M M 233, 236,

167, 195Binnie, A 255Biondini, G 208Bird, T S 100Birdsey, B G 148Bishop, A R 173Blackwell, B D 231, 232, 233Blair, D 141Blair, D G 109, 137, 144Blakers, A 237Blakie, B 131Blanc, W 104Blankleider, B 226Blows, J L 123Blundell, J R 84Boag, A P 166Boas, J F 166Bocking, T 191Bogershausen, A 161Böhme, T 89Boinepalli, S 225Boldeman, J W 146Bolger, J 107Booth, B E 245Booth, D J 128Borlace, S J 86Boswell, R W 157, 165, 232,

234, 236Botros, A 74Botten, L C 103Bourgeois, L 200Bouriquet, B 225Bourke, J 154Bouya, Z 79Bowen, W P 130, 134, 135Bowles, C 197, 198Bowman, P 217Box, G P 79, 83Box, M A 84Boyed, J 158Boyle, B 140Bradby, J 172Bradby, J E 169, 183Brady, J A M 154Brady, Z 134Brake, K 151Bramley, R 177Branczyk, A 101Branczyk, A 102Branstator, G 86Bräuer,-Krisch, E 149Bravin, A 149Bray, I 88, 90, 93, 97



Bremner, M J 134Brenner, R 164Briedis, D 101Britton, S 228Brodzell, Z 118Broekman, L 195, 204Bromley, M W J 97, 103Brooke, P G 137Brooks, A 141Brooks, L 206Browne, N B 194Brule, A 220Brunger, M J 89, 92, 93, 96Bryant, G 154, 178, 211Buchler, B 99Buckley, C E 166, 190Buckman, S J 92, 97, 98Budi, A 157Buehler, T M 159, 164, 167Buick, J M 73, 158Burden, C J 157Burgmann, F A 167Burke, J 103Bursill, R J 176Burton, M G 139Buryak, A V 118Buslaps, T 179Butcher, K S A 177Butcher, M J 203Buttery, R J 235Bye, J A T 85Byrne, A P 171, 190, 205,

218, 219, 225Bystrzanowski, S 179Byun, D S 82

CCadogan, J M 197Cadusch, P J 128Cai, Z 129Cairns, I H 241, 242, 247,

251, 252, 253Calton, B J 130Campbell, L 89, 96Campbell, S 103Campbell, S J 167, 197Campey, T 121Cane, H V 240Canning, J 100, 110,

122, 135Carberry, D M 209Carlson, C W 252Carmichael, H 95Carmichael, H J 103, 116, 136Carnerup, A M 182Carson, B J 220Carter, A L G 103Caruthers, T 221Cashion, J D 166

Cavanagh, S J 92, 98Cervera, M A 242, 244Cesar Jr., R M 154Chadderton, L T 205Chadwick, J 166Chan, R 233Chan, V 164Chan, V C 159, 167Chantler, C T 89, 91,

104, 148Chaplin, D H 177Chapman, S 250Charles, C 157, 165, 232,

234, 236Chaston, C C 252Chelkowska, E Z 152Chen, C G 146Chen, C H 204Chen, Y 167, 200Chernozatonskij, L A 168Cheylan, S 173Chia, A 136Chin, C 121Chin, Y L 187Cho, S Y 168Cho, Y K 82Chon, J W M 104Chow, J H 104Christodoulou, G 89, 104Christopher, S A 84Christy, A G 182Chung, S H 152Cimmino A 202Claessens, B J 96Clark, M H 166Clark, R G 159, 164, 165,

167, 176, 177,203

Clarke, W R 159, 168Clay, R 139Clemens, H 179Cleugh, H A 83Clilverd, M A 248Close, J 100, 111Close, J D 125Close, J D 132Cochrane, P 101Coghill, C 228Cohen, D 223Cole, D G 242, 243Cole, J H 169, 175Cole, S 217, 225Coleman, V A 169Collett, M J 136Collier, M 79Collings, A F 211Collins, S F 104, 105Collis, S M 231, 232Colson, T A 169

Combes, J 105Comte, C 169Conde, M 249, 253Conrad, V 170, 178Conway, N 235Cooper-White, J 107Corney, J F 105Cornforth, D J 154Corrales, L R 196Corry, B 152Cortie, M B 173, 174, 191Cosgorve, J A 158Cosgriff, E C 91, 148Coster, A J 239Couch, W 139Court, N A 159Coutts, D 120Coutts, D W 105Craven, J D 253Cree, M J 154Crew, D C 202Crossley, M J 189Csik, I 188Cureton, G P 79Curson, N J 162, 203Cvejanovic, D 91

DDabrowska, B J 106Dai, J 167Daivis, P J 170Dall, R G 98, 102, 129Dalmas de Recotier, P 175Dalton, B J 106, 108Dalton, R 101Dalton, R B 123Dandouras, I 252Daniell, M L 92Daniels, J E 160, 173Danilkin, S A 170Dao, L V 174Darmann, F 220Das, M P 170Dasgupta, M 219, 226Davidson, P M 218, 219,

220, 225Davies, G 215Davies, K 195Davies, K E 195Davies, P C W 142Davies, T P 245Davis, M J 113, 121,

131, 132Dawes, J M 120, 123,

153Dawson, C M 106Dawson, J 216de Albuquerque, J E 180De Dear, R 80



de Jonge 91, 104de Jonge, M D 148de M. Azevedo, G 149de Sterke, C M 103, 123,

128, 129de Vine, G 100de Vroege, C F 194Dechoum, K 124Deenapanray, P N K 169Deenapanray, S 238Degallaix, J 109Dekker, A G 211Dekker, P 120Delaubert, V 135Delbourgo, R 220Deleuze, M S 93Dell, J M 191Deller, C A 106Denman, J A 147Dennis, G R 210Denschlag, J H 121Denz, C 107Deslandes, A 197, 201Desyatnikov, A S 107Devanathan, R 196Devin, J C 246Devitt, S J 171Dewar, R L 207, 231, 235Dhal, B B 129, 147Dickens, P 74Dickenscheid, W 177Digweed, J 100, 122DiMatteo, T 206Dimer, F 95Dix, M 79Dligatch, S 135Dodd, J I 134Dogra, R 171, 190Doherty, A C 107, 134,

136Doherty, B P 245Domachuk, P 107Domen, K F E M 126, 127Doolan, K R 74, 205Dorsett, H E 203dos Remedios, C 157Dowler, A 202Dowling, M R 107Dracoulis, G D 218, 219,

224, 225Dragomir, N M 99, 100, 107Drake, V A 211Drosdowsky, W 79Drummond, P D 94, 105,

112, 117Drysdale, P M 153Du, J 171Duck, F A 158Duffy, G J 108

Duldig, M L 245, 254Duley, W W 171Dunn, A 96Dupre, S 84Dussardier, B 104Dyksterhuis, S 213Dyson, P L 245, 246, 250,

253, 247, 248Dzuba, V A 88, 90, 90Dzurak, A S 162, 164, 165,

167, 176

EEarp, A A 108Edge, A V J 193, 194, 197Edmundson, D 101Edwards, G C 186Eggleton, B J 101, 107, 110,

123, 128Elliman, R G 149, 171,172,

173, 182, 188,192, 198, 199,200

Ellis, M 96Ellis, T 210Emtsev, K 195, 204Enderby, J 163England, M H 76, 84Englert, B-G 119Englich, F V 138Enticott, C 83Ergun, R E 252Esry, B D 103Esselle, K P 100Essex, E A 245, 253Estienne, B 95Evans, D J 209Evans, P B 105Evans, P J 205Everett, V 238Ewenz, C M 79

FFabbian, D 80Faraone, L 191Farauh, T 151Farmer, A D 211Farmer, A J D 186Farquhar, G D 77Farrant, D 135Farrant, D I 108Faul, U 212Fazakerley, A 252Feher, K M 210Fehske, H 173Feise, M W 108Ferguson, A J 167Ferris, A J 91Ferris, J M 177

Feteris, S M 229, 255Fifield, L K 218, 220, 222Finlayson, T R 160, 173, 199Fischer-Cripps, A C 191Fisher, P 162, 196Fisk, P T H 99FitzGerald, J 182, 212Flambaum, V V 88, 90, 143,

227Fletcher, N H 75Foley, C 171Foley, C P 180, 201, 255Foran, G J 146, 149,Foran, G J 181, 188Forcales, M 109Ford, M J 113, 173,

174, 203Foroutan, G R 252Foster, C J 113Fowler, A 174, 176, 227Fowler, A G 171, 176Francois, J-P 93Franklin, E 238Franklin, J 106Franklin, J B 108Fraser, B J 240, 246,

250, 252Fraser, M D 174Frederiksen, J 82, 86Frederiksen, J S 206, 207Freeman, J 216Frenken, J W M 204Frey, H 247Friedland, A 221Fromhold, T M 88Frost, M J 98Fuchs, J 108Fuess, H 170Fukuchi, T 224Fukuda, T 174Funke, K 184Furst, J F 91Fussell, D 123

GGaebel, T 187Gagan, M K 76Gale, M 198Gamaly, E G 182Gambetta, J 183Gan, B K 195Gan, Z 117Gao, C-J 222Gao, D 156Gao, F 179Garcia, R 39Gareso, P L 174Garton, D 223Gauja, E 164, 165, 176,

177, 197



Gay, T J 91George, L L 210Gerasimov, V 186Gerling, R 179Gesto, F N 232Getley, I L 245, 254Geursen, R 121Ghahramany, N 233Giacomantonio, C 151, 175, 180Giapintzakis, J 182Gibbs, K 104Gibson, B 189, 205Gibson, B C 135Gibson, S T 92, 94, 98Gilbert, B 96Gilbert, E P 220Gilchrist, A 102, 111,

123, 133Gillies, I P 152, 156Gilmore, J 151Ginges, J S M 88Gladkis, L 218, 220Glass, F 231Glasscick, J A 237, 238Gleiter, H 177Gleiter, R 93Glover, C J 146, 149,

181, 188Gnanarajan, S 171Goan, H S 176, 203Goh, K E J 203Goh, R 161Goldstein, M 252Goldston, R J 234Gono, Y 224Goodman, S J 113Goopinatahn, A 119Goossens, D J 150Goossens, D J 199Gopalswamy, N 239Görgen, K 83Gossard, A C 205Gough, D S 120Govind, R 216Gramotnev, D K 113, 114, 210Gramotnev, G 210Gras, S 109Gray, M 141Gray, M B 100, 104, 134Gray, R T 152Greaves, T L 229Green, D L 254Green, F 170Green, K 135Greenhalgh, S A 215Greentree, A 176, 178, 186Greentree, A D 169, 170, 175,

176, 196, 205Greenwod, R I 246

Gregorkiewicz, T 109Grelu, Ph 110Grey, I E 237, 238Griffiths, R W 76, 80Grillet, C 107, 128Grimm, R 121Grochola, G 188Gross, M 135Grosse, N 134Grosswendt, B 157Groves, K M 241Gryaznevich, M 235Gu, M 103, 104,

117, 130Gubbens, P C M 175, 194Guenther, A H 228Guha, A 148Guinea, W E 92Gujrathi, M 133Gulacsi, M 174Gunner, S M 206Gurevich, B 216Gureyev, T E 156Gurlay, P M 133Gwan, P B 211, 237, 238

HHa, P C T 167Hagen, M E 160, 173Hager, G 173Hagon, S 255Haine, S A 92Hale, P S 186Hall, B R 130Hall, M J W 114, 121Hallal, T 83Hallam, T 162, 203Ham, B S 117Hamer, C J 175, 183Hamilton, A R 159, 164, 167,

168, 177, 191,203

Hamilton, M W 73, 114 Hammond, P 148Han, Y 167Hancock, Y 176Handley, C 180Hang Chui, Y 188Hanna, B 123Hanna, C B 159Hannaford, P 102, 120,

130, 108Hannah, K M 246Hanne, G F 92Hansen, J L 149, 188Hanson, M P 205Hao, L 179Harb, C C 116Hargreaves, L R 92

Harker, S J 175, 193, 194Harma, V 112Harris, J H 231, 232, 233Harris, J H H 236Harris, T J 234, 247Harrison, J P 114, 120Hartnett, J G 90, 142,

143, 227Harvey, E 146Harvey, M 101, 114, 133Harvey, M D 123Haselgrove, H L 115Hassan, R 208Hauptner, A 188Hauser, N 220Hawkins, J 253Hawley, A M 160Hayashi, K 200Hayashi, M J 144He, X-G 221He, Y 99, 124, 138Hearne, S 176, 186Hearne, S M 164, 166,

176, 195Hecht, J 249Heckenberg, N 121Heckenberg, N R 109, 124Hedditch, J N 223Hedley, M 186Heerdegen, A P 150Heine, C 214Heintze, M C 115Heitmann, A 114 Heller, U M 217Hender, T C 235Henderson, C A 115Henderson, M J 160Henderson-Sellers, A 77, 81Henrich, N 72Henry-Edwards, A G 80Herrmann, J 89Hertzog, A 78Hewitt, G 96Hill, A 97, 161Hill, A J 166, 184Hill, C D 176Hinde, D J 219, 226Hines, A P 115Hirayama, Y 168Hirlimann, Ch 173Hirst, T 79Hnat, B 250Hobbs, G B 140Hodkinson, L J 208Hoffman, A 176Hofmann, M 167Hoft, R C 174Hogg, A McC. 84Holdsworth, D 244



Holdsworth, D A 249Hole, M 231Hole, M J 235Holems, J 249Holes, M J 247Hollenberg, L 170Hollenberg, L C L 75, 164, 169,

171, 175, 176,178, 192, 196

Holmes, C A 132Holt, S 121Homolya, S 195, 204Honerlage, B 172Hoogerland, M D 115, 116Hope, J J 91, 92, 93,

116, 131Hopf, T 164, 167, 176Hora, H 233, 235Horne, M D 237, 238Horton, W 240, 244Horvath, L 116Hoschke, N 186Hosken, D J 137Howard, J 233, 235,

231, 232Hsu, M T L 116, 135Hu H 94Huang, M L 204Huber, F 173Huber, M C E 144Hubsch, A 173Hudson, F E 164Hughes, A E 166, 179Hughes, G O 76, 80Hughes, J L 151, 154Hugrass, W N 233Humphrey, T E 180Humphrey, V F 158Hunt, M 255Huntington, S 186, 189, 205Huntington, S T 99, 135Hussain, Z 171Hutchison, W D 177Hyde, M R 249Hyde, S T 182, 206

IIglio, A M 247Ignatiev, A Y 220Imamovic, E 220Ingram, M D 184Innis, J L 245Inta, R 72Isasi, J 175Ivanov E N 90, 143Ivanov, I 97Ivers, D 251Iyemori, T 248

JJaatinen, E A 113Jackson, I 177, 212Jackson, S 100, 110Jacob, C 78Jacobs, K 134Jaegers, J 107Jagadish, C 122, 159, 169,

174, 177, 194Jakovidis G 159, 161, 200James, B 230James, B W 231James, M 199James, M R 131, 208Jamieson, D N 161, 164, 166,

167, 170, 176,178, 183, 184,186, 188, 189,192, 195, 202,205

Janda, P 172Jarvis, P D 152Jarvis, R A 116Jarvis, S P 135Jelezko, F 187Jelinek, H F 154Jelisavcic, M 92Jenet, F Z 140Jensen, J 82Jeong, H 117Jeppesen, M 126Jewis, C J 186Jia, B 117Jia, M 216Jimenez, E 175Jochim, S 121Johannessen, B 146, 149, 181Johnson, A C 205Johnson, B 253Johnson, K H 159Johnson, M E 186Johnsson, M 116Johnsson, M T 93Johnston, P N 164Joliveau, E 72Jolley, G S 177Jones, D 80Jones, D B 93Jones, S 117Jong Wah, J W 177Jovanovic, B 80Ju, L 109Jul, L 144

KKachan, J 149Kadyrov, A S 93Kairn, T 170Kakizaki, A 200

Kameda, D 224Kämpf, J 80, 85Kandasamy, G 178Kane, D M 117, 133Kaneko, D 182Kannangara, G S K 210Karthick, S 237Kashiyama, O 224Kaszlikowski, D 119Katti, R 117Katz, O 178, 189Kempson, I M 147Kennett, B L N 212Kennewell, J 240Kennewell, J A 242, 243Kenny, B G 207Kent, B 178Kerr, R C 214Keskinen, M J 241Khalil, A S 205Kheifets, A S 197Kheruntsyan, K V 117Khoury, A Z 124Khoyaintsev, Y 252Khrutova, O G 81Kibedi, T 218, 225Kieu, T 130Kieu, T D 118Kim, M S 117Kimpton, J 89, 104King, B V 189, 204Kinnane, M 89, 104Kirkbride, K P 147Kirkup, L 230Kishida, T 224Kiss, A E 84Kitcher, D J 105Kivshar, Y S 106, 107, 108,

118, 119, 123,128, 190

Kivshar, Yu S 121, 122Klauser, R 204Klekociuk, A R 249Kluth, P 146, 149, 181Kluth, S M 146, 181Knippenberg, S 93Knock, S A 241Knöner, G 109, 124Kobayashi, Y 224Koehler, M 103Koller, H 161Kolossovski, K 118Kono, M 93, 124Korth, H 254Koster, K L 154Kozlov, M G 90Kozyra, J 239Krausz, E 151, 154Krolikowski, W 120, 123, 131



Krolikowski, W Z 101, 110Kruhlak, R J 228Ku, T-S 128Kuchiev, M Y 143Kumar, T A S 232Kumara, S 125Kuncic, Z 247Kurniawan, I 208Kuroda, K 109, 143Kurth, M L 113Kvinikhidze, A N 226Kwek, L C 119Kwon, O J 235

LLablanquie, P 148Lai, B 129Lai, J 148Lai, Y 118Laissue, J A 149Lam, P K 112, 116, 130,

134, 135Lam, S K H 179Lambourne, J 148Lance, A M 112, 130Lane, G J 218, 219, 225Lane, M A 218Lang, E 148Langan, P 151Lange, M 94Langford, N 101Langford, N K 111, 118, 123Larsen, M F 253Larsson, A K 182Lasscock, B G 217Lassock, B G 223Latella, B A 195Lawn, M A 99Lawrance, W D 89, 96Lawrence, J L 139Lay, M D H 163, 197Lazarev, S 171Lazkiewicz, P 133Leandro, J J G 154Leckey, R 195, 204Lednei, M F 185Lee, J 164Lee, R-K 118Lefebvre-Brion, H 94Legge, K A 74Legge, S 157Leifert, W 153Leinweber, D B 217, 223,

224, 225Lenardic, A 215Lenné, T 154Lenz, M 132Leo, C J 211LePage, E L 73

Lerch, M 154Lerch, M L F 149, 156Lester, M 247Lever, P 122Lewis, A 135Lewis, B R 92, 93, 94, 98Lewis, R A 162, 178,

180, 196, Ley, L 195, 204Li, B 251, 252, 253Li, C 237, 238Li, J 167Liang, Y C 119Lieff, W 79Liefrink, S 85Lim, S H N 167Lindsay, I M 251Linfield, E H 191Ling, C D 202Links, J R 208Linnros, J 172, 173Liss, K-D 147, 179Littler, I C 101Littler, I L M 104Liu, X 74Liu, X-J 94Livett, M 230Llewellyn, D J 149, 188, 205Lo, A 208Loan, M 219Lobanov, N R 221, 222Lockwood, M 240Loeb, P 93Logan, P F 228Lohmann, B 88, 92, 95Londgell, J J 111Long, J M 179Longchambon, L 125Longdell, J 102Loresi, L 208Lough, J M 76Louis, P J Y 119Love, J D 119Lover, J D 135Low, C 226Low, D J 82, 229Lower, J 94Luebken, F-J 239Lukin, M D 205Lummerzheim, D 249, 253Lund, A P 119Luther-Davies, B 116, 171, 182Luton, G 216Lwin, M J 202Lyashenko, I M 155Lynch, A 83Lynch, M J 79Lynn, K J W 234, 244Lyytikäinen, K 100Lyytikäinen, K 110, 122, 135

MMaaroof, A I 126, 189, 191Macfarlane, J C 179, 201Macgillvray, W R 92, 94, 96Machewirth, D P 103MacKenzie, E 241Mackie, R D 166Madden, S 116Maddern, T M 92Madison, D 94Madsen, N R 182Mägi, E 107, 123Maguire, L P 127Maher, P 240Maheswaran, S 155, 179, 223Maier, K H 217, 218, 225Mainwaring, D E 188Maitland, C F 166, 190Malshe, A P 172Manchster, R N 140Mancuso, A 129Manjare, S D 237Mann, I R 239Manson, J L 202Manson, N B 114, 120Mao, Y 114 Marcus, C 205Marcus, C M 205Marks, N A 196Marsh, D 239Marshall, G 153Marshall, M 187Marshall, R 240Martin, A M 88Martin, B 201Martin, C 148Martin, P 169Martin, P J 201Martin, S 153Martin, S F 248Martinez, R 157Maruno, K 102, 208Marzin, K-P 137Masens, C 173Maslehuddin, M 221Mason 113Mason, I M 215Mason, N 205Matherson J J 94Mattievich, E 166May, D 215, 216May, D A 208May, P 78Mayo, S C 156McBean, K E 122McCallum, J C 163, 186, 197McCamey, D R 167McCarthy, G 120McCaw, J M 226



McClelland, D E 100, 104, 128,134, 139

McCreadie, H 248McCulloch, D G 166, 167,

180, 195McCutcheon, A L 210McFadden, J P 252McGann, B T 79McGee, T 74McGregor, K M 228McGregor, T 120McGuffie, A 77, 81McKay, A 120McKellar, B H J 221, 226McKenzie, D R 167, 180,

195, 236McKenzie, K 134McKenzie, R 155McKenzie, R H 115, 151, 165,

168, 185, 208McLean, R J 102, 120, 130McManamon, P F 136McMillan, B F 207, 235McMulty, I 147McMurchie, E J 153McNulty, I 129McPhedran, R C 103, 123, 128McPherson, I M 193McPherson, M 195McWilliams, K 247Medvedev, S 235Meige, A 236Meikle, S R 154Melnitchouk, W 217Melo, A B 124Mendez, A 230Meng, C-I 241Menk, F W 248, 250, 251Menon, M 168Merchant, A R 180, 228Meredith, P 114, 151, 155,

175, 180Meriaux, C 214Metson, J 164Meyler, B 178, 189Michael, C A 231Michie, A 122Mickle, S 163Micolich, A 175, 180Micolich, A P 159, 168, 191Mikajlo, E A 203Milan, S E 247Milburn, G 125, 126Milburn, G J 115, 132, 165,

203, 208Milce, A P 98Mildren, R P 137Miller, D J 182Miller, M 212

Miller, P R 156Miller, R 149, 188Mills, D R 229, 230Mills, F P 95, 244Mills, R 127Milne-Brownlie, D S 95Mingaleev, S V 122Miroshnichenko, A E 122Mistele, D 178Mitchell, E E 180Mitchell, J J 241Mitic, M 164, 176Mitroy, J 97Miyoki, M 143Miyoshi, H 224Mlynczak, M G 239Moetzel, M 170Mok, J T 101Mokkapati, S 122Molloy, A W 119Monnom, G 104Moodie, A F 169Moore, E 151, 155, 180Moore, J F 204Mora, P 213Moresi, L 213, 216Morikawa, T 224Morley, S K 240Morris, R J 240, 249Morrison, A 132Morrison, S K 122Morton, C R 220Motomura, S 224Motta, N 161Moylan, A J 208Mozer, F S 252Much, J 115Mudge, D 122, 137Mueller, H-R 241Muir, L 81Mukhamedzhanov, A M 93Mukherjee, B 149Muller, A 76Müller, D 213Muller, D A 229Muller, K-H 89Müller, R D 214Mullins, T G 228Mulvaney, P 147, 188Munch, J 122, 137, 141Munroe, P 169Muraki, K 168Murdoch, A 186Murphy, A B 237, 238Murphy, D J 249Murray, N M 73Musca, C A 191Myers, S J 123

NNagadi, M M 221Nagai, T 247Nairn, K 166Nakata, H 178Namba, S 231Nand, ANapier, S 91Naqvi, A A 221Nelson, A 148Nelson, G R 249Nelson, R 230Neshev, D 110, 123Neshev, D N 107Nesterets, Y I 156Netterfield, R 135, 201Neudegg, D 243, 250Neudegg, D A 249Neumann, D A 160New, P B 228Newbury, R 230Newell, P T 241Ng, T T 123Ngo, H H 223Nguyen, B-L 73Nha, H 136Nicholls, N 80Nielsen, M A 106, 115, 134Nieminen, P 225Nieminen, T A 124Nixon, K L 96Noakes, T 220Noh, C S 136Norman, R J 248, 250Northeast, R 96Northey, B J 250Norton, A 128Novikov, S A 97Nugent, K A 100, 115,

129, 147Nylandsted Larsen, A 149, 188

OO’Bree, T A 211O’Brien, J L 118, 125, 111,

112, 123, 124,130, 135

O’Connor, D J 230O’Dwyer, M F 180O’Kane, T 82O’Kane, T J 206O’Reilly, J 155Oates, T W H 167Oberbeck, L 203Oda, T 231Odahara, A 224Ohashi, M 143Ohnishi, S 182Oitmaa, J 159, 175, 183



Okuniewicz, L 221Okutomi, A 143Oliver, D 232Oliver, D H 183Olivero, P 186, 202, 205Olsen, M K 117, 124Orbons, S 183Orbons, S M 172Oreb, B 103, 135Orr, B J 98, 99,

124, 138Osborne, T J 115Osman, F 233Ostatnick, T 172Ostrikov, K 236Ostrovskaya, E A 106, 118,

119, 121Ouenette, S M 208Oxtoby, N P 183

PPace, R J 151, 154Paganin, D M 156, 176Pakes, C I 161, 163, 164,

176, 184, 202Palmer, A J 95, 101Panwar, R 250Parappilly, M B 217Parker, S 170Parkin, S 109Parkin, S J W 124Parkins, S 95, 103Parkinson, M L 245, 246,

247, 250Parks, J 94Parncutt, R 72Parry, D J 156Parslow, N 217, 225Pas, S J 161, 184Pask, H M 137Pask, T 98Paterson, D 129Paterson, D J 147Paterson, P J K 179Patterson, G 240, 243, 250Pax, R A 73Payne, M A 98Peach, G 96Peak, L S 221Pearce, J B 128Pederson, M R 151Pedrotti, L 228Peele, A G 129, 146, 147Pelant, I 172Pen, A 116Pender, L 85Penent, F 148Pepper, M 159, 191Pereira, N 135

Perevertaylo, V 156Pestryakov, P V 81Peter, J 82Petersen, D E 101, 110, 131Peterson Årsköld, S 151Petrolito, J 74Petta, J R 205Pfeiffer, L N 191Phan, T D 252Phelan, P 243Phillips, M R 122, 169Pigram, P 186Pilbrow, J 185Pile, D F P 114Piltz, R 173Piltz, R O 185Pinkevich, I P 155, 185Pinkevych, M I 155Pinnock, M 250Piper, J A 137Pittelkow, Y 157Plakhotnik, T 133Platt, C M 86Pleasants, S 133Plumb, I C 237, 238Pogany, A 156Pok, W 172Poletti, A R 219Pollard, J 230Polonski, V 201Ponomarenko, O 187Ponomarenko, P 243Ponomarenko, P V 250Ponomareva, I 168Popa-Nita, S 187Pope, D 117, 125Pope, M 78Poulton, G T 72Powell, B 155, 175, 232Powell, B J 151, 165,

180, 185Powell, M W 194Power, S 76Pravica, L 95Prawer, S 161, 176, 178,

184, 186, 187,189, 192, 202,205

Prawer, S P 135Pretty, D G 231, 233Price, D C 186Price, W S 155Prokopenko, M 186Prosser, M 230Pryde, G J 111, 112, 118,

123, 124, 125,130, 135

Puhanic, E 135Punzmann, H 231, 236Pyke, D J 186

QQuiney, H M 115, 147, 192Quinton, J S 186, 187,

197, 201

RRabeau, J 186, 205Rabeau, J R 187Radny, M W 187Rae, N 148Raguse, B 89Rahman, F A 125Rakic, A D 133Ralph, T C 111, 112, 117,

119, 125, 130, 135

Ramdutt, D 157, 234Ramelow, S 184Rameriz-Cuesta, T 170Ramsden, S J 206Randall, R B 74Randeniya, L K 237, 238Rasmussen, J J 131Ratnapala, A 121Read, M N 187Reddy, N 210Reeder, M 78, 81Rehman, K 221Rehspringer, J-L 173Reichart, P 164, 186, 188,

195, 205Reid, I M 239, 244,

249, 251Reid, J C 209Reilly, D J 159, 167Reimers, J R 189Reitze, D H 145Reme, H 252Rennie, C J 152Reusch, T C G 162, 203Reztsova, T 251Rich, F 241Richards, B S 238Richardson, D J 125Richter, R 148Ridgway, M C 146, 149, 171,

181, 188, 205Riedl, S 121Riesz, J 151, 155, 180Riley, J 195, 204Ritchie, D A 159, 191Roberts, A 99, 100, 107,

129, 183Roberts, A L 228Roberts, E H 92, 98Roberts, J 251Roberts, M 89Robins, N P 125, 132Robins, V 206



Robinson, D 175Robinson, P 152, 153Robinson, P A 247, 251,

252, 253Robinson, R A 160Robinson, V N E 143Roble, R 239Robson, B A 222Robson, R E 96Rodd, L E 107Rode, A 116Rode, A V 182Roderick, M L 77Rodriguez, J R 159Rohde, P P 125Rosenfeld, A 157Rosenfeld, A B 149, 156, 158Ross, N 202Rout, B 166Rowe, D L 152Rowlands, W J 108Rozenfeld, A B 154Ruan, Y 116Rubanov, S 205Rubinsztein-Dunlop, H 109, 121, 124Rueb, F J 203Russo, S P 181, 188Ruxton, B 81Ryan, C G 166Ryves, L 167

SSaarinen, K 184Sadgrove, M 116Sadrinasab, M 80Saez-Puche, R 175Sagemerten, N 107Saito, K 224Salzman, J 178, 186,

189, 205Samarin, S N 181Sammut, R A 118, 125Samoc, M 171Samson, B 103Sanders, B C 100, 137Sandery, P A 82Sandiford, M 212Sang, R T 94, 95,

96, 101Sangeetha, G G 207Saraireh, S A 189Sarma, S D 202Sarovar, M 126Sato, W 224Savage, C 111Savage, C M 126, 131Savvides, N 191Scharnberg, F 130Schelm, S 126, 189

Schimansky, F-P 179Schirmer, S G 169Schmitt, D 201Schmitt, D R 213Schofield, S R 162Scholten, R E 100, 126, 127Schope, H-J 178Schulte, R 157Schulz, J 220Sciffer, M D 243, 251Scott, D A 186Scott, R G 88Scott, S 111, 146Scott, S M 142, 208Searle, A C 145, 208Searles, D J 209Seckold, J 135Seddon, E A 146Sellar, J R 161Sellars, M J 111, 127Sellers, M 102Senoo, T 200Sergeant, A D 181Sevick, E M 209Sewell, R 189Seyller, T 195, 204Seymour, J D 73Shaddock, D A 128, 141Shadrivov, I V 108, 190Shalav, A 238Shapter, J G 187Sharma, M D 228, 229, 230Shats, M G 231, 236Sheard, B SSheard, F W 88Sheppard, D A 190Shibata, K 239Shih, M-F 128Shlyapnikov, G V 132Shoenborn, B 151Sholl, C A 190Short, K T 205Shrestha, S K 190, 200Shutthanandan, V 179, 223Sidiroglou, E 99Sidorov, A I 120, 130Sidrov, A I 102Siems, S 82Sim, A 191Simeoni, R J 155Simmonds, P E 156Simmons, M Y 159, 162, 168,

191, 203Simpson, D A 104Simpson, W 115, 116Singer, W 109Singh, A 161Singh, J 163Singh, N K 191

Singh, R R P 183Sjanfudin, M 234Skinner, W M 147Slagmolen, B J J 138Slatyer, T 111Slatyer, T R 126Slavec, A 127Sleight, J W 152, 156Smale, L F 91, 148Smirnov, D 162, 178, 196Smith, A 195, 204Smith, B 128Smith, C E A 165Smith, G B 108, 126,

189, 191Smith, J 72, 74, 75Smith, M L 178Smith, N 171Smith, P J 151, 154Smith, P V 187, 189Smith, R W 253Snider, G 165Snook, I K 170, 181, 188Sobey, T L 191, 193Soh, M T K 191Sood, D K 172Sosa Pintos, A P 211Sotirelis, T 241Soule de Bas, B 173Sowerby, B 219Sowke, J J 248Spares, J V B 154Spemann, D 188Spencer, M J S 199Spero, R E 141Spizzirri, P G 192Spooner, M G 172, 192, 198Sprengers, J P 94Srbinov, J 181Srivastava, D 168Srivastava, K K P 192Stace, T M 134Stampfl, A P J 204Stamps, R L 202Stanley, F 176Stansell, P 158Stanwix, P L 90, 143Stark, A 179Stark, G 92Starling, T R 192Starrett, R P 159Stauning, P 252Stavrias, N 192Steel, M J 128, 129Stegman, D R 213Steinberger, B 214Stelbovics, A T 88, 90, 93, 97Stenbaeck-Nielsen, H 253Stening, R J 251



Stern, R 99Stevens-Kalceff, M A 255Stevens-Kalceff, M A 163, 193Stevenson, A 107Stevenson, A W 156Stevenson, M A 88Stewart, A M 128, 182, 205Stewart, G A 175, 193, 194Stewart, K 122, 177, 194Stewart, S M 230Steyn-Ross, D A 152, 156Steyn-Ross, M L 152, 156Stoddart, P R 128Storer, R G 206Storey, J W V 139Stowe, S 200Strangeway, R J 252Straub, M 130Stuart, W 135Stuchbery, A E 224Studer, A J 160Su, C-H 89, 104Sukhorukov, A A 121, 123, 128Sullivan, A 207Sullivan, E P A 243Sullivan, J P 97Sun, H B 194Sundaram, M 244Sunter, P D 208Susli, M 143Sutton, D 148Suwuntanasarn, N 177Swain, M V 169Swan, G I 228Swansson, J A 129Sykes, M 89Sykora, S 173Symul, T 112, 130Sze, J Y 161

TTa’eed, V 107Tadich, A 195, 204Takacx, G J 156Takeno, K 137Takiyama, K 231Tamanyan, G 164, 176, 195Tan, H H 122, 165, 169,

174, 177, 194Tang, G 154Tankala, K 103Tapper, N 83Tarnopolsky, A Z 75Tarrant, R N 195, 233, 236Tay, B K 161Taylor, D 235Taylor, J M 205Taylor, J R 82Taylor, M B 195

Tegus, O 197Teptin, G M 81Terkildsen, M B 249, 252Terno, D R 136Terrill, N 148Testolin, M J 196Tettamanzi, G C 202Teubner, P J O 89, 92, 96Thevuthasan, S 179, 223Thomas, A W 217Thomas, B 113Thomas, B S 196Thomas, R M 242, 244Thorn, P A 96Thurgate, S M 196Tickner, J 219Tilbrook, D L 180Timmers, H 190, 198, 200Tims, S G 220Tobar, M E 90, 143, 227Todorova, N 199Tokunari, M 109Tomczak, M 80, 85, 86Tomljenovic-Hanic, S 129Toomey, J 117Townes-Andrews, E 146Toyoda, T 174Traeger, D 107Tran, C O 91, 148Tran, C Q 104, 129Treutlein, H 157Trewin, B C 77Truscott, A G 102, 129Tsoy, E N 129Tucker, J R 133Tuomisto, F 184Turk, D 121Turner, J 251Turner, J S 85Turner, L D 127Turner, M M 236Turney, T W 184

UUbachs, W 94Udovic, T J 170Ueno, H 224Uhlmann, L J 98Underhill, I 135Urquijo, P 217, 222Uvarova, L A 207

VVaccaro, J A 136Vale, C J 121Valencia, P 186Valenta, J 172, 173Valovi, M 235van den Brink, R A 195

van der Merwe, H 153van Kann, F 143Van Megen, W 178van Putten, M H P M 143van Riessen, G 196van Stryland, E 99Varvell, K E 217, 225 Varvell, K F 222Veitch, P J 115, 122,

137, 141Vella, G J 158Venkatesan, S 169Ventura, M J 130Verdon, M W 101Vernon, K C 114Vial, F 78Vickers, R E M 162, 178, 196Vigneswaran, S 223Villis, B J 197Vincent, R A 78, 114,

244, 249Viquerat, A 233Virwani, K R 172Visentin, D C 233Vladimirov, S V 244Vlokh, R 144Vora, K D 146Vora, T 152Vos, M 197, 198Vredenbregt, E J D 96Vukarasu, A T 84Vuthaluru, R 244

WWaclawik, E R 161Wade, S A 105Wahyu Utami, D 203Wakabayashi, Y 224Wallace, B J 189Wallace, H J 222Wang, C 179Wang, F 89, 93Wang, G M 209Wang, J 194Wang, J L 197Wang, J Y 120Wang, P 186Wang, S C 204Wang, W-H 222Wang, X H 82Wang, X L 82Wang, YJ 162, 178, 196Wang, Y-J 162Waniganayake, L 153Ward, R D 156Ware, B 141Warr, G B 233, 236Warrington, R B 99Warszawski, P 183



Watanabe, H 224, 225Watanabe, T 144Waters, C L 243, 250, 254Waters, L 251Watkins, N 250Wayper, S 115, 116Weber, K 238Weber, K P 127Wedding, A B 197, 201Weedbrook, C 112, 130Wei, G 89Weigold, E 197Weijers, T D M 192, 198Weily, A R 100Weinhold, T 111Weinhold, T J 124, 130Weisse, A 173, 198Weisser, D C 221, 222Welberry, T R 150Wellar, C J 192Wellard, C J 164, 169, 176,

178, 196Wellein, G 173Went, M R 92, 197, 198Wesch, W 149, 188Wescott, E 253West, K W 191Wette, K W 145Whale, B 142Whitcomb, S E 134White, A 111White, A G 101, 111, 112,

118, 123, 124,130, 133, 135

White, J D 126White, J W 160White, R T 124Whitfield, H J 169Whitham, P S 243, 250Whitlock, S M 120, 130Whittingham, I B 96Wieczorek, L 89, 153Wijffels, S 85Wilcken, K M 218Wild, J A 247Wilkins, S W 156Wilkinson, A R 199Wilkinson, P 250Wilkinson, P J 242, 243, 244Wilksch, P 195Willes, A J 253Williams, A G 217, 223, 225

Williams, J F 91, 95, 181Williams, J S 183Williams, S R 209Wilson, A N 218, 220,

223, 225Wilson, D 181Wilson, H R 235Wilson, K F 199, 229Wilson, M A 210Wilson, M T 152, 156Wilson, N C 238Wilson, S D 131Wilson, S R 157Winch, D E 251Wing, S 241Winkler, D A 93Winkler, S 222Winterflood, J 143Wintrebert-Fouquet, M 177Wipf, H 170Wiseman, H M 105, 112, 117,

134, 136, 183With ford, M J 123Witte, C 91Woithe, J M 239Wolf, P 143, 227Wolfe, J 72, 74, 75Wolff, C H 120Wolff, J-O 85Wong, K 191Wong-Leung, J 194Woo, A 255Woodward, R C 202Woolley, A 137Wouters, M J 99Wrachtrup, J 187Wright, J J 152Wroe, A 157Wu, A 191Wu, X D 199Wu, Y-C 222Wüster, S 111, 131Wyller, J 101, 110, 131

XXhao, C 144Xiao, X I 167Xing, D Y 194Xing, H L 213Xu, W 199Xu, Z H 210

YYadav, N N 223Yamamoto, K 143Yaminski, V V 182Yan, Z 109Yang, C 164, 167,

176, 195Yang, X 167Yaouanc, A 175Yarovsky, I 157, 199Yasin, C E 168, 191Ye, H 246Yeoman, T K 243Yiapanis, G 166Yip, M-F 191Yizengaw, E 245, 253Yoon, H J 234Yoshimi, A 224Yu, D H 200Yu, J 84, 200Yu, R 207Yukimatu, A S 246Yung, Y L 95, 244

ZZadnik, M G 229, 230Zank, G P 241Zanotti, J M 217, 223, 225Zawar-Reza, P 82Zeitz, W D 200Zhang, C 180Zhang, J 108, 217, 225Zhao, C 109, 137Zhao, S 216Zharov, A A 190Zharova, N A 190Zheng, W 175, 183Zhou, H Q 168Zhu, D M 200Zhu, X-X 222Zhu, Z H 234Zia, H 236Zidikheri, M 82Zoli, R 128Zoppi, U 223Zumbühl, D M 205Zvyagin, A V 133



Notes

DALEY ROAD

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RR

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RIV

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AV

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NORTHOVALFELLOWS

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SOUTHOVAL

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NORTH ROAD

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CHILDERS STREET

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LIVERSIDGE STREET

GORDON STREET

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YCRESCENT

1

2

7

45

6

8

9

10

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Novotel

Rydges Lakeside

1

2

3

4

5

67

8

9

10


John XXIII College

Ursula Hall

Bruce Hall

University House


Public Carpark

Melville Hall

ManningClarkCentreFloor Plan

MC4MC5MC6

MC3MC2MC1

Landscaped Courtyard

Computer LabG016

Speakers PreparationG064

Hanna NeumannSpeakers Preparation

G014

Llewellyn Hall

Melville Hall

Computer LabG016

1538 ACTS (AIPC Handbook Cover) 12/1/05 4:11 PM Page 2

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http://aip

congress2005.anu.ed

u.au

16th National Congress2005AUSTRALIAN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS

Programme by Topic AreaSUNDAY MONDAY TUESDAY

WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY

Venue MC1 MC2 MC1 MC2 MC3 MC4 MC5 MC6 MC1 MC2 MC3 MC4 MC5 MC6

0830–0915 Congress Opening Plenary—Danzmann

0915–1000 Morning Tea Plenary—Leggett Plenary—Ullrich

1000–1040 Physics in Industry Young Australian Physics Morning Tea Morning Tea

1040–1220

Forum Researchers

AOS STSP ASRP NUPP AMOS BMP AOS AMOS CMMSP NUPP ASGRG PEG

1220–1400 Lunch Lunch • Sutherland Lecture—Home Lunch • Press Club Address—Pearman

1400–1540 Physics in Industry Young Australian Physics AOS CMMSP NUPP AMOS ASRP AOS AMOS CMMSP NUPP ASGRG PEGForum Researchers

STSP

1540–1620 Afternoon Tea Afternoon Tea Afternoon Tea

1620–1800 Physics in Industry Young Australian Physics AOS CMMSP NUPP AMOS BMP AOS AMOS CMMSP NUPP BMP PEGForum Researchers

STSP

1800–2000 Welcome Reception

1930–2130 Poster Session 1 Poster Session 2

Venue MC1 MC2 MC3 MC4 MC5 MC6 MC1 MC2 MC3 MC4 MC5 MC6 MC1 MC2 MC3 MC4 MC5 MC6

0830–0915 Plenary—Pearman Plenary—Van Leeuwen AOS STSP CMM CSCMP AMPQC EP/RE0915–1000 Plenary—Chu Plenary—Cesarksy

1000–1040 Morning Tea Morning Tea Morning Tea

1040–1220 AOS/ PP CMMSP NUPP AMOS GP AOS/ PP CMMSP GP PEG ASA AOS CMMSP CSCMP AMPQC AOSAMPQC AMPQC

STSP

1220–1330 LunchLunch

AIP AGM

1330–1400 Poster Session 3 Prizes and Medals

1400–1530 Schools Outreach: AOS AMPQC CMMSP GP AAS ASA/ Plenary—BilekFuture of Physics ASGRG Plenary—Quinn

Entertaining Physics

1530–1800 Physics as a Life Skill Afternoon Tea

Entertaining Physics AOS AMPQC CMMSP CSCMP AAS WIP/HOPANU Tour

Einstein’s Revolution System

1800–1930 ANU BBQ

1930–2130 Conference Dinner 1900 hrs for 2000 hrs Poster Session 4

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