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Comparison of Various Plant Residues as Phosphate Rock Amendment onSavanna Soils of West AfricaG Tian ab G O Kolawole b

a Institute of Ecology Ecology Annex University of Georgia Athens USA b International Institute ofTropical Agriculture (IITA) Ibadan Nigeria

Online publication date 15 March 2004

To cite this Article Tian G and Kolawole G O(2004) Comparison of Various Plant Residues as Phosphate RockAmendment on Savanna Soils of West Africa Journal of Plant Nutrition 27 4 571 mdash 583To link to this Article DOI 101081PLN-120030368URL httpdxdoiorg101081PLN-120030368

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JOURNAL OF PLANT NUTRITION

Vol 27 No 4 pp 571ndash583 2004

Comparison of Various Plant Residues as

Phosphate Rock Amendment on Savanna Soils

of West Africa

G Tian12 and G O Kolawole2

1Institute of Ecology University of Georgia Ecology Annex

Athens USA2International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA)

Ibadan Nigeria

ABSTRACT

Phosphate rock (PR) is being considered as an important source

for phosphorus (P) replenishment in sub-Saharan Africa soils Field

trials were conducted with two-season crops to compare the

utilization of PR combined with or without plant residues by test

crops The plant residues studied include leaves of Dactyladenia

barteri Flemingia macrophylla Gliricidia sepium and Leucaena

leucocephala maize (Zea mays) stover and rice (Oryza sativa)

straw The test plants were Crotalaria ochroleuca (legume cover crop)

Correspondence Dr Guanglong Tian Research and Development Depart-

ment Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago 6001

W Pershing Road Cicero IL 60804-4112 USA Fax thorn1-708-780-6706 E-mail

GuanglongTianmwrdorg

571

DOI 101081PLN-120030368 0190-4167 (Print) 1532-4087 (Online)

Copyright amp 2004 by Marcel Dekker Inc wwwdekkercom

Downloaded By [AGORA Consortium] At 1440 18 November 2009

ORDER REPRINTS

and maize (Zea mays) in sequential cropping systems Where no

plant residues were applied apparent utilization efficiency (AUE) of

PR was 10 in 1999 and 27 in 2001 The AUE of PR was

improved in many cases with the addition of plant residues The

AUE of PR in all treatments with plant residues was on average

34 in 1999 and 62 in 2001 with a pronounced effect from

Flemingia and Gliricidia Negative values of AUE were observed

in treatments with Leucaena and maize stover in 1999 and

Dactyladenia in 2001 These results suggest that the choice of plant

residues is an important step for using plant residues as PR

amendment on the near-neutral and neutral soils of West Africa

Key Words Annual crop Biological nutrient management

Nigeria Non-acid soil Phosphate rock P fertilizer

INTRODUCTION

Use of PR has been considered as one of the important steps fornutrient replenishment in Sub-Saharan Africa soils mainly due to thepoor accessibility and high cost of soluble phosphorus fertilizer for alarge population of disadvantaged farmers[1] Although positive effectsof PR have been widely reported on acid soils[2] concerns have beenexpressed on the effectiveness in the use of PR on non-acid and nearneutral soil of African savanna After a multi-locational agronomic trialAdediran and Sobulo[3] concluded that the PR is not effective for annualfood crops grown on near neutral soils in savanna zones of West AfricaThis is obviously due to a low solubility of PR in such soils Soil pHstrongly influences the effectiveness of PR[4] For an increased solubilityand effectiveness of PR researchers have suggested the enhancementof the acidity of rhizosphere through inoculation of microorganisms[5]

association with legumes[6] and combined application with plantresidues[7] Medhi and De Datta[8] reported that PR could be as effectiveas soluble P fertilizer for rice when combined with green manureand this could be due to the solubilization of PR by acids producedfrom the decomposition of plant residues[9] In addition plant residuescould improve plant P availability by reducing P sorption by soil[1011]

The chelation of P-fixing elements by low-molecular-weight (LMW)organic acids could be another mechanism governing the role of plantmaterials in P solubilization in the rhizosphere or decompositionsystem[12]

In West Africa there is a wide range of plant residues currentlyrecommended as nutrient (mainly N) sources in low external input

572 Tian and Kolawole


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agricultural systems including those from agroforestry and fallowspecies and agricultural crops Decomposition of different plant residuesmay produce organic acids of different concentrations and chemicalstructurefunctional groups which are directly related to the degree ofP solubilization[13] The present study quantifies the biomass P concen-tration and P uptake of test plants after the incubation of PR withplant residues This study will therefore increase our understanding ofbiological approaches of PR solubilization and provide a guidancefor selecting plant residues to promote the P replenishment in large areasof non-acid and near neutral soils in the tropics using PR

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Study Materials and Site Description

The PR was collected from Sokoto state northern Nigeria andcontained 144 P 218 calcium (Ca) 81 magnesium (Mg) 09 potassium(K) 160 iron (Fe) and 75 aluminum (Al) (g kg1) (Fayiga AO andObigbesan GO unpublished data) The leaves of Dactyladenia barteriFlemingia macrophylla Gliricidia sepium and Leucaena leucocephalamaize (Zea mays) stover and rice (Oryza sativa) straw were collected atthe International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) research farmThe choice of the above plant residues was based on earlier investiga-tions on the chemical composition of several agroforestry and fallowspecies and crop residues[1415] Dactyladenia and Flemingia leaves hada high lignin content butDactyladenia leaves contained more polyphenolsand less nitrogen (N) Leucaena and Gliricidia leaves had a high Nconcentration though the polyphenols were higher in Leucaena thanGliricidia Rice straw and maize stover had a low N however the formerhad an extremely high silicon concentration The above plant residuesdecomposed at different rates largely due to variations in their chemicalcompositions[14]

The field experiment was carried out at the main station of the Inter-national Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) in Ibadan Nigeria(3540E longitude 7300N latitude 213m altitude) The area has a bimodalrainfall pattern with an annual mean of 1278mm and a mean annualtemperature of 262C The experiment was conducted during the 1999and 2001 rainy season The soils for the field experiment were Alfisolsand had the following properties (0ndash15 cm) for 1999 site soil organiccarbon (60 g kg1) Olsen-extractable P (75mg kg1) and pH-H2O (62)Soil properties for 2001 site were soil organic carbon (141 g kg1) Olsenextractable P (235mg kg1) and pH-H2O (59)

Comparison of Various Plant Residues 573


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The trial involved the incorporation of PR into surface soil with plantresidues 4 weeks before planting test crops in a randomized completeblock design with 3 replicates The PR was applied at a rate of 60 kg ha1

P and plant residues at 5 t ha1 at the onset of the rainy seasonPhosphorus added from plant residues was lower as compared to thatfrom PR (Table 1) only 35 kg ha1 P from Dactyladenia 80 fromFlemingia 60 from Gliricidia 80 from Leucaena 35 from maize stoverand 60 from rice straw Plot size was small (3m 3m) due to the largenumber of treatments Four weeks later Crotalaria ochroleuca seedswere sown at a spacing of 05m 025m in 1999 and maize at a spacingof 075m 025m in 2001 The seedlings were thinned to one per standat 2 WAP for Crotalaria and 4 WAP for maize There was no irriga-tion throughout the experimental period Crotalaria was cut at 10 WAPin 1999 and maize was harvested at 16 WAP in 2001 for thedetermination of aboveground dry matter of Crotalaria and grain andstover yield of maize After removing all Crotalaria residues in 1999 andmaize in 2001 maize was planted in 1999 and Crotalaria in 2001 for thesecond growing season Fertilizer N (urea) was base applied to all plotsat 45 kgNha1 in both years More N was not applied because wewere aiming to develop low input systems Subsamples of Crotalariabiomass and maize grain cob and stover in 1999 were taken for theanalysis of P concentration

Table 1 Amount (kg ha1) of P added with plant residues

and PR in the field trial at Ibadan southwestern Nigeria

Treatments Inorganic Organic Total

PR 0 0 0

thornPR 60 0 600

Gliricidia 0 60 60

GliricidiathornPR 60 60 660

Flemingia 0 80 80

FlemingiathornPR 60 80 680

Leucaena 0 80 80

LeucaenathornPR 60 80 680

Maize stover 0 35 35

Maize stoverthornPR 60 35 635

Rice straw 0 60 60

Rice strawthornPR 60 60 660

Dactyladenia 0 35 35

DactyladeniathornPR 60 35 635



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Laboratory Analysis

Soil organic carbon was determined by the wet combustionmethod[16] The pH was determined in 11 H20

[17] Soil available P wasmeasured using the Olsen method[18] as the soil was rich in Ca Thetotal P in plant materials was determined using the molybdate-blue-colorimetric procedure after acid digestion[19]

Statistical Analysis

Phosphorus uptake was calculated as P concentrationDry matteryield at harvest Due to the large number of samples P concentrationsin Crotalaria and maize were analyzed only for 1999 and hence Pconcentrations in 1999 were used for the calculation of P uptake byCrotalaria and maize in 2001 Apparent utilization efficiency of PR(AUE) was calculated as (total crop P uptake with PRtotal crop Puptake without PR)total P applied 100 Significance of differencein biomass P concentration and P uptake between treatments withand without PR was tested separately for each residue treatment usingt-test[20]

RESULTS

Biomass

Application of PR did not increase biomass of Crotalaria and maizewhen plant residues were not added in both years (Figs 1 and 2) In 1999in the rice straw plot Crotalaria biomass was higher with than withoutPR and an opposite trend was observed in the Leucaena plot In 2001maize grain and stover yields were lower with than without PR inDactyladenia treatment

Phosphorus Concentrations

Irrespective of plant residue application PR did not have a signi-ficant effect on P concentration of Crotalaria in the first season in 1999(Table 2) For maize grain P concentrations were increased by PR com-bined with Flemingia and rice straw For maize stover P concentrations



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0

2

4

6

8

C G L F M R D

Treatments

Mai

ze g

rain

yie

ld (

t h

a-1)

-PR+PR

Grain

0

2

4

6

8

C G L F M R D

Treatments

Mai

ze s

tove

r yi

eld

(t

ha-1

)

-PR+PR

Stover

a

b

0

2

4

6

8

C G L F M R D

Treatments

Cro

tala

ria

dry

mat

ter

(t h

a-1)

-PR+PR

Crotalaria

a

b a

b

Figure 1 Effect of application of PR on biomass of maize and Crotalaria

with and without plant residues in 1999 at Ibadan southwestern Nigeria

(C control-no residues G Gliricidia L Leucaena F Flemingia M maize stover

R rice straw D Dactyladenia)



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0

2

4

6

8

C G L F M R D

Treatments

Mai

ze g

rain

yie

ld (

t h

a-1)

-PR+PR

a

b

Grain

0

2

4

6

8

C G L F M R D

Treatments

Mai

ze s

tove

r yi

eld

(t

ha-1

)

-PR+PR

a

b

Stover

0

2

4

6

8

C G L F M R D

Treatments

Cro

tala

ria

dry

mat

ter

(t h

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-PR+PR

Crotalaria







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were higher with than without PR when Flemingia Gliricidia and maizestover were applied

Phosphorus Uptake

The effect of PR on Crotalaria P uptake in 1999 was positive whencombined with rice straw and negative when combined with Leucaena(Table 3) For the second season maize in 1999 PR favored the P uptakeby maize in Flemingia treatment In 2001 combined with Dactyladeniaor Gliricidia application of PR increased maize P uptake in the firstseason Phosphorus uptake in second season Crotalaria in 2001 washigher in plots with PR applied alone (control) and in treatments wherePR was combined with Dactyladenia and maize stover

Apparent Utilization Efficiency of PR (AUE)

The AUE varies considerably among treatments ranging from67 to 262 (Table 3) The AUE was on average 34 (1999) and62 (2001) in plots with plant residues as compared with 10 (1999)and 27 (2001) in the control plots (no plant residues) however theeffects of plant residues on AUE was erratic In 1999 rice strawDactyladenia and Flemingia showed a pronounced positive effects andLeucaena a negative effect In 2001 the high positive effect on AUE

Table 2 Effect of application of PR on P concentration (g kg1) of Crotalaria

and maize with and without plant residues at Ibadan southwestern Nigeria

Treatments

Maize grain Maize stover Crotalaria

PR thornPR PR thornPR PR thornPR

Control (no residues) 440 464 139 175 200 243

Dactyladenia 523 481 126 139 183 257

Flemingia 407 472 132 204 200 193

Gliricidia 447 524 137 210 237 223

Leucaena 487 516 156 171 217 200

Maize stover 431 477 114 174 233 217

Rice straw 451 529 153 128 210 220

Significantly different fromPR



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was obtained from Flemingia and Gliricidia and Dactyladenia demon-strated a negative effect on AUE

DISCUSSION

The poor responses by Crotalaria and maize to PR applied alone inthis study was in agreement with the findings of previous studies[21]

Apparently the near-neutral pH of the soils used in this trial hadcontributed to the ineffectiveness of the PR The addition of PR probablycould result in the precipitation of soluble P in soil solution by Ca Aland Fe from PR Singh et al[22] found that 1 g of Mussoorie PRcould immobilize 20ndash22mg of soluble P present in the form of KH2PO4Mishra and Bangar[23] confirmed that the presence of excess calciumin the rock phosphate precipitated the soluble P Based on our resultsand those of previous workers quoted above the direct use of PR without

Table 3 Effect of application of PR on P uptake by maize and Crotalaria with

and without plant residues and annual apparent utilization efficiency (AUE) of

PR at Ibadan southwestern Nigeria

Treatments

Maize Crotalaria Total

AUEPR thornPR PR thornPR PR thornPR

1999

Control (no residues) 462 457 398 464 860 920 10

Dactyladenia 493 765 564 766 106 153 79

Flemingia 369 767 545 521 914 129 63

Gliricidia 446 676 634 518 108 119 19

Leucaena 654 621 819 494 147 112 60

Maize stover 573 574 723 647 130 122 12

Rice straw 482 811 494 849 98 166 114

2001


Dactyladenia 223 174 415 508 265 224 67

Flemingia 188 339 415 480 230 387 262

Gliricidia 246 320 544 576 300 377 129

Leucaena 305 321 582 557 363 377 22

Maize stover 185 223 647 373 250 261 19

Rice straw 219 226 587 552 278 281 05




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any amendment is not recommended on the near neutral soils in savannaof West Africa

Many good responses by Crotalaria and maize to PR in the plantresidue treatments (see AUE in Table 3) provides the evidence that plantresidues can be used as an amendment to promote the direct use of PRon near neutral soils Since significant effects were not found of plantresidues on soil pH after incubation with PR (data not shown) theamending effect of plant residues on PR could be largely due to othermechanisms such as reduction in soil P sorption by added organicmatter and silicon and Ca and Fe chelation by LMW organic acidsproduced during the residue decomposition The possible improvement inroot growth with the application of plant residues might have enhancedthe utilization of P in PR by plants The amending effect of plant residuesto PR clearly depended on the plant species and cropping year based onAUE in Table 3 Flemingia and Gliricidia were good performers inamending PR for both years and Leucaena and maize stover poor onesDactyladenia and rice straw performed better in 1999 than 2001

The pronounced effect from Gliricidia was probably due to its fastestdecomposition[14] producing organics interacting with PR The decom-position of Flemingia though not as fast as Gliricidia should be fasterthan that of Dactyladenia[24] and than maize stover and rice straw basedon the plant residue quality index in Tian et al[15] Although Leucaenadecomposed slower than Gliricidia but still faster than nearly all otherplant materials It is therefore rather difficult to explain the negativeimpact on AUE from Leucaena in 1999 The promising performancefrom rice straw as PR amendment though only in 1999 as demonstratedwith a high AUE (Table 3) could be related to its high SiO2 (114)[14]

Shariatmadari and Mermut[25] reported that Si addition increases thedesorption of P sorbed on both palygorskite-calcite and montmorillonite-calcite Pardo and Guadalix[26] confirmed that silicate strongly competedwith phosphate for sorption site

The contrasting performance of Dactyladenia and rice straw in 1999and 2001 was probably related to rainfall amount Higher rainfall in 1999(Fig 3) promoted the decomposition of these slow-decomposing plantmaterials and their interactions with PR Possibly another nutrient gotlimited due to the general better growth of maize in 2001 and this waseven aggravated by PR application (eg due to higher Ca supply withPR) Hence possible P mobilization-induced effects on crop got hidden

High maize yield in 2001 as compared to that in 1999 was mainlyaccounted for by changes in cultivar cropping sequence and soil fertilitylevel In 1999 we used open-pollinated cultivar DMR-ESR-W but ObaSuper II Hybrid in 2001 Maize was planted in the first season in 2001



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rather than in the second season for 1999 Second season maize yield isnormally very low in this region due to the erratic nature of rainfall(water deficiency) and disease The soil fertility level in 2001 site wasapparently higher than that in 1999 site

In conclusion no immediate benefits can be expected from PRwhen applied alone for annual crops in near neutral soils of savannaof West Africa Certain plant residues could enhance the fertilizerimpact of PR on annual crops in those soils Plant residues of highdecomposition rates may be suitable to be used with PR and those ofhigh silicon in a wetter year

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank David Coleman for reading and commenting on themanuscript

REFERENCES

1 Sanchez PA Shepherd KD Soule MJ Place FM BureshRJ Izac A-MN Mokwunye AU Kwesiga FR Ndiritu CGWoomer PL Soil fertility replenishment in Africa An investment innatural resource capital In Replenishing Soil Fertility in AfricaBuresh RJ Sanchez PA Calhoun F Eds Soil Science Societyof America Madison WI 1997 SSSA Spec Publ No 51 1ndash46

0

400

800

1200

1600

2000

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Cu

mu

lati

ve r

ain

fall

(mm

)19992001

Figure 3 Cumulative rainfall during 1999 and 2001 in Ibadan southwestern

Nigeria



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2 Hu H Tan C Cai C He J Li X Availability and residualeffects of phosphate rocks and inorganic P fractionation in a redsoil of central China Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst 2001 59 251ndash258

3 Adediran JA Sobulo RA Agronomic evaluation of phosphorusfertilizers developed from Sokoto rock phosphate in NigeriaCommun Soil Sci Plant Anal 1998 29 2415ndash2428

4 Bolland MDA Gilkes RJ Rock phosphates are not effectivefertilizers in Western Australian soils A review of one hundredyears of research Fert Res 1990 22 79ndash95

5 Illmer P Schinner F Solubilization of inorganic phosphates bymicroorganisms isolated from forest soils Soil Biol Biochem 199224 389ndash395

6 Gillespie AR Pope PE Rhizosphere acidification increasesphosphorus recovery of black locust II Model predictions andmeasured recovery Soil Sci Soc Am J 1990 54 538ndash541

7 Iyamuremye F Dick RP Organic amendments and phosphorussorption by soils Adv Agron 1996 56 139ndash185

8 Medhi DN De Datta SK Phosphorus availability to irrigatedlowland rice as affected by sources application level and greenmanure Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst 1997 46 195ndash203

9 Singh CP Amberger A Organic acids and phosphorus solubi-lization in straw composted with rock phosphate Bioresour Tech1998 63 13ndash16

10 Ohno T Erich MS Inhibitory effects of crop residue-derivedorganic ligands on phosphate adsorption kinetics J Environ Qual1997 26 889ndash895

11 Ferreira AMLdA Estimating P Requirements of PuerariaSimultaneous Cropping in South-Western Nigeria ScottishAgricultural College Scotland UK 1998 MS Thesis

12 Fox TR Comerford NB Low-molecular-weight organic acidsin selected forest soils of the Southeastern USA Soil Sci Soc Am J1990 54 1139ndash1144

13 Kpomblekou-A K Tabatabai MA Effect of organic acids onrelease of phosphorus from phosphate rock Soil Sci 1994 158442ndash453

14 Tian G Kang BT Brussaard L Biological effects of plantresidues with contrasting chemical compositions under humidtropical conditionsmdashdecomposition and nutrient release Soil BiolBiochem 1992 24 1051ndash1060

15 Tian G Brussaard L Kang BT An index for assessing thequality of plant residues and evaluating their effects on soil and cropin the (sub-)humid tropics App Soil Ecol 1995 2 25ndash32



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16 Nelson DW Sommers LE A rapid and accurate procedure for

estimation of organic carbon in soil Proc Indiana Acad Sci 1975

84 456ndash46217 McLean EO Soil pH and lime requirement In Method of Soil

Analysis Part 2 2nd Ed In Chemical and Microbiological

Properties Page AL Miller RH Keeny DR Eds ASA and

SSSA Madison WI 1982 199ndash22418 Olsen SR Sommers LE Phosphorus In Methods of Soil

Analysis Part 2 Chemical and Microbiological Properties 2nd

Ed Page AL Miller RH Keeney DR Eds ASA and SSSA

Madison WI 1982 403ndash43019 Okalebo JR Gathua KW Woomer PL Laboratory Method of

Soil and Plant Analysis A Working Manual Tropical Soil Biology

and Fertility Programme Nairobi Kenya 199320 Littel RC Milliken GA Stroup WW Wolfinger RD SAS

System for Mixed Model SAS Institute Inc Cary NC 199621 Tossah BK Influence of Soil Properties and Organic Inputs on

Phosphorus Cycling in Herbaceous Legume-based Cropping Systems

in the West African Derived Savanna Katholieke Universiteit

Leuven Belgium 2000 PhD Thesis22 Singh CP Mishra MM Yadav KS Solubilization of insoluble

phosphates by thermophilic fungi Ann Microbiol (L Institut

Pasteur) 1980 131B 289ndash29623 Mishra MM Bangar KC Rock phosphate composting

Transformation of phosphorus forms and mechanisms of solubili-

zation Biol Agric Horti 1986 3 331ndash34024 Henrot J Brussaard L Determinants of Flemingia congesta and

Dactyladenia barteri mulch decomposition in alley-cropping systems

in the humid tropics Plant Soil 1997 191 101ndash10725 Shariatmadari H Mermut AR Magnesium- and silicon-induced

phosphate desorption in semectite- palygorskite- and sepiolite-

calcite systems Soil Sci Soc Am J 1999 63 1167ndash117326 Pardo MT Guadalix ME Phosphate sorption in allophanic

soils and release of sulphate silicate and hydroxyl J Soil Sci 1990

41 607ndash612



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JOURNAL OF PLANT NUTRITION

Vol 27 No 4 pp 571ndash583 2004

Comparison of Various Plant Residues as

Phosphate Rock Amendment on Savanna Soils

of West Africa

G Tian12 and G O Kolawole2

1Institute of Ecology University of Georgia Ecology Annex

Athens USA2International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA)

Ibadan Nigeria

ABSTRACT

Phosphate rock (PR) is being considered as an important source

for phosphorus (P) replenishment in sub-Saharan Africa soils Field

trials were conducted with two-season crops to compare the

utilization of PR combined with or without plant residues by test

crops The plant residues studied include leaves of Dactyladenia

barteri Flemingia macrophylla Gliricidia sepium and Leucaena

leucocephala maize (Zea mays) stover and rice (Oryza sativa)

straw The test plants were Crotalaria ochroleuca (legume cover crop)

Correspondence Dr Guanglong Tian Research and Development Depart-

ment Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago 6001

W Pershing Road Cicero IL 60804-4112 USA Fax thorn1-708-780-6706 E-mail

GuanglongTianmwrdorg

571

DOI 101081PLN-120030368 0190-4167 (Print) 1532-4087 (Online)

Copyright amp 2004 by Marcel Dekker Inc wwwdekkercom


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INTRODUCTION







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PR 0 0 0

thornPR 60 0 600

Gliricidia 0 60 60


Flemingia 0 80 80


Leucaena 0 80 80




Rice straw 0 60 60






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Laboratory Analysis





RESULTS

Biomass






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0

2

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6

8

C G L F M R D

Treatments

Mai

ze g

rain

yie

ld (

t h

a-1)

-PR+PR

Grain

0

2

4

6

8

C G L F M R D

Treatments

Mai

ze s

tove

r yi

eld

(t

ha-1

)

-PR+PR

Stover

a

b

0

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6

8

C G L F M R D

Treatments

Cro

tala

ria

dry

mat

ter

(t h

a-1)

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Crotalaria

a

b a

b







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0

2

4

6

8

C G L F M R D

Treatments

Mai

ze g

rain

yie

ld (

t h

a-1)

-PR+PR

a

b

Grain

0

2

4

6

8

C G L F M R D

Treatments

Mai

ze s

tove

r yi

eld

(t

ha-1

)

-PR+PR

a

b

Stover

0

2

4

6

8

C G L F M R D

Treatments

Cro

tala

ria

dry

mat

ter

(t h

a-1)

-PR+PR

Crotalaria







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Phosphorus Uptake






Treatments




Dactyladenia 523 481 126 139 183 257

Flemingia 407 472 132 204 200 193

Gliricidia 447 524 137 210 237 223

Leucaena 487 516 156 171 217 200

Maize stover 431 477 114 174 233 217

Rice straw 451 529 153 128 210 220




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DISCUSSION






Treatments



1999


Dactyladenia 493 765 564 766 106 153 79

Flemingia 369 767 545 521 914 129 63

Gliricidia 446 676 634 518 108 119 19

Leucaena 654 621 819 494 147 112 60

Maize stover 573 574 723 647 130 122 12

Rice straw 482 811 494 849 98 166 114

2001


Dactyladenia 223 174 415 508 265 224 67

Flemingia 188 339 415 480 230 387 262

Gliricidia 246 320 544 576 300 377 129

Leucaena 305 321 582 557 363 377 22

Maize stover 185 223 647 373 250 261 19

Rice straw 219 226 587 552 278 281 05




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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS


REFERENCES


0

400

800

1200

1600

2000


Cu

mu

lati

ve r

ain

fall

(mm

)19992001


Nigeria



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41 607ndash612












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INTRODUCTION







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PR 0 0 0

thornPR 60 0 600

Gliricidia 0 60 60


Flemingia 0 80 80


Leucaena 0 80 80




Rice straw 0 60 60






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Laboratory Analysis





RESULTS

Biomass






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0

2

4

6

8

C G L F M R D

Treatments

Mai

ze g

rain

yie

ld (

t h

a-1)

-PR+PR

Grain

0

2

4

6

8

C G L F M R D

Treatments

Mai

ze s

tove

r yi

eld

(t

ha-1

)

-PR+PR

Stover

a

b

0

2

4

6

8

C G L F M R D

Treatments

Cro

tala

ria

dry

mat

ter

(t h

a-1)

-PR+PR

Crotalaria

a

b a

b







ORDER REPRINTS

0

2

4

6

8

C G L F M R D

Treatments

Mai

ze g

rain

yie

ld (

t h

a-1)

-PR+PR

a

b

Grain

0

2

4

6

8

C G L F M R D

Treatments

Mai

ze s

tove

r yi

eld

(t

ha-1

)

-PR+PR

a

b

Stover

0

2

4

6

8

C G L F M R D

Treatments

Cro

tala

ria

dry

mat

ter

(t h

a-1)

-PR+PR

Crotalaria







ORDER REPRINTS


Phosphorus Uptake






Treatments




Dactyladenia 523 481 126 139 183 257

Flemingia 407 472 132 204 200 193

Gliricidia 447 524 137 210 237 223

Leucaena 487 516 156 171 217 200

Maize stover 431 477 114 174 233 217

Rice straw 451 529 153 128 210 220




ORDER REPRINTS


DISCUSSION






Treatments



1999


Dactyladenia 493 765 564 766 106 153 79

Flemingia 369 767 545 521 914 129 63

Gliricidia 446 676 634 518 108 119 19

Leucaena 654 621 819 494 147 112 60

Maize stover 573 574 723 647 130 122 12

Rice straw 482 811 494 849 98 166 114

2001


Dactyladenia 223 174 415 508 265 224 67

Flemingia 188 339 415 480 230 387 262

Gliricidia 246 320 544 576 300 377 129

Leucaena 305 321 582 557 363 377 22

Maize stover 185 223 647 373 250 261 19

Rice straw 219 226 587 552 278 281 05




ORDER REPRINTS









ORDER REPRINTS



ACKNOWLEDGMENTS


REFERENCES


0

400

800

1200

1600

2000


Cu

mu

lati

ve r

ain

fall

(mm

)19992001


Nigeria



ORDER REPRINTS

















ORDER REPRINTS

























41 607ndash612












ORDER REPRINTS








ORDER REPRINTS






PR 0 0 0

thornPR 60 0 600

Gliricidia 0 60 60


Flemingia 0 80 80


Leucaena 0 80 80




Rice straw 0 60 60






ORDER REPRINTS

Laboratory Analysis





RESULTS

Biomass






ORDER REPRINTS

0

2

4

6

8

C G L F M R D

Treatments

Mai

ze g

rain

yie

ld (

t h

a-1)

-PR+PR

Grain

0

2

4

6

8

C G L F M R D

Treatments

Mai

ze s

tove

r yi

eld

(t

ha-1

)

-PR+PR

Stover

a

b

0

2

4

6

8

C G L F M R D

Treatments

Cro

tala

ria

dry

mat

ter

(t h

a-1)

-PR+PR

Crotalaria

a

b a

b







ORDER REPRINTS

0

2

4

6

8

C G L F M R D

Treatments

Mai

ze g

rain

yie

ld (

t h

a-1)

-PR+PR

a

b

Grain

0

2

4

6

8

C G L F M R D

Treatments

Mai

ze s

tove

r yi

eld

(t

ha-1

)

-PR+PR

a

b

Stover

0

2

4

6

8

C G L F M R D

Treatments

Cro

tala

ria

dry

mat

ter

(t h

a-1)

-PR+PR

Crotalaria







ORDER REPRINTS


Phosphorus Uptake






Treatments




Dactyladenia 523 481 126 139 183 257

Flemingia 407 472 132 204 200 193

Gliricidia 447 524 137 210 237 223

Leucaena 487 516 156 171 217 200

Maize stover 431 477 114 174 233 217

Rice straw 451 529 153 128 210 220




ORDER REPRINTS


DISCUSSION






Treatments



1999


Dactyladenia 493 765 564 766 106 153 79

Flemingia 369 767 545 521 914 129 63

Gliricidia 446 676 634 518 108 119 19

Leucaena 654 621 819 494 147 112 60

Maize stover 573 574 723 647 130 122 12

Rice straw 482 811 494 849 98 166 114

2001


Dactyladenia 223 174 415 508 265 224 67

Flemingia 188 339 415 480 230 387 262

Gliricidia 246 320 544 576 300 377 129

Leucaena 305 321 582 557 363 377 22

Maize stover 185 223 647 373 250 261 19

Rice straw 219 226 587 552 278 281 05




ORDER REPRINTS









ORDER REPRINTS



ACKNOWLEDGMENTS


REFERENCES


0

400

800

1200

1600

2000


Cu

mu

lati

ve r

ain

fall

(mm

)19992001


Nigeria



ORDER REPRINTS

















ORDER REPRINTS

























41 607ndash612












ORDER REPRINTS






PR 0 0 0

thornPR 60 0 600

Gliricidia 0 60 60


Flemingia 0 80 80


Leucaena 0 80 80




Rice straw 0 60 60






ORDER REPRINTS

Laboratory Analysis





RESULTS

Biomass






ORDER REPRINTS

0

2

4

6

8

C G L F M R D

Treatments

Mai

ze g

rain

yie

ld (

t h

a-1)

-PR+PR

Grain

0

2

4

6

8

C G L F M R D

Treatments

Mai

ze s

tove

r yi

eld

(t

ha-1

)

-PR+PR

Stover

a

b

0

2

4

6

8

C G L F M R D

Treatments

Cro

tala

ria

dry

mat

ter

(t h

a-1)

-PR+PR

Crotalaria

a

b a

b







ORDER REPRINTS

0

2

4

6

8

C G L F M R D

Treatments

Mai

ze g

rain

yie

ld (

t h

a-1)

-PR+PR

a

b

Grain

0

2

4

6

8

C G L F M R D

Treatments

Mai

ze s

tove

r yi

eld

(t

ha-1

)

-PR+PR

a

b

Stover

0

2

4

6

8

C G L F M R D

Treatments

Cro

tala

ria

dry

mat

ter

(t h

a-1)

-PR+PR

Crotalaria







ORDER REPRINTS


Phosphorus Uptake






Treatments




Dactyladenia 523 481 126 139 183 257

Flemingia 407 472 132 204 200 193

Gliricidia 447 524 137 210 237 223

Leucaena 487 516 156 171 217 200

Maize stover 431 477 114 174 233 217

Rice straw 451 529 153 128 210 220




ORDER REPRINTS


DISCUSSION






Treatments



1999


Dactyladenia 493 765 564 766 106 153 79

Flemingia 369 767 545 521 914 129 63

Gliricidia 446 676 634 518 108 119 19

Leucaena 654 621 819 494 147 112 60

Maize stover 573 574 723 647 130 122 12

Rice straw 482 811 494 849 98 166 114

2001


Dactyladenia 223 174 415 508 265 224 67

Flemingia 188 339 415 480 230 387 262

Gliricidia 246 320 544 576 300 377 129

Leucaena 305 321 582 557 363 377 22

Maize stover 185 223 647 373 250 261 19

Rice straw 219 226 587 552 278 281 05




ORDER REPRINTS









ORDER REPRINTS



ACKNOWLEDGMENTS


REFERENCES


0

400

800

1200

1600

2000


Cu

mu

lati

ve r

ain

fall

(mm

)19992001


Nigeria



ORDER REPRINTS

















ORDER REPRINTS

























41 607ndash612












ORDER REPRINTS

Laboratory Analysis





RESULTS

Biomass






ORDER REPRINTS

0

2

4

6

8

C G L F M R D

Treatments

Mai

ze g

rain

yie

ld (

t h

a-1)

-PR+PR

Grain

0

2

4

6

8

C G L F M R D

Treatments

Mai

ze s

tove

r yi

eld

(t

ha-1

)

-PR+PR

Stover

a

b

0

2

4

6

8

C G L F M R D

Treatments

Cro

tala

ria

dry

mat

ter

(t h

a-1)

-PR+PR

Crotalaria

a

b a

b







ORDER REPRINTS

0

2

4

6

8

C G L F M R D

Treatments

Mai

ze g

rain

yie

ld (

t h

a-1)

-PR+PR

a

b

Grain

0

2

4

6

8

C G L F M R D

Treatments

Mai

ze s

tove

r yi

eld

(t

ha-1

)

-PR+PR

a

b

Stover

0

2

4

6

8

C G L F M R D

Treatments

Cro

tala

ria

dry

mat

ter

(t h

a-1)

-PR+PR

Crotalaria







ORDER REPRINTS


Phosphorus Uptake






Treatments




Dactyladenia 523 481 126 139 183 257

Flemingia 407 472 132 204 200 193

Gliricidia 447 524 137 210 237 223

Leucaena 487 516 156 171 217 200

Maize stover 431 477 114 174 233 217

Rice straw 451 529 153 128 210 220




ORDER REPRINTS


DISCUSSION






Treatments



1999


Dactyladenia 493 765 564 766 106 153 79

Flemingia 369 767 545 521 914 129 63

Gliricidia 446 676 634 518 108 119 19

Leucaena 654 621 819 494 147 112 60

Maize stover 573 574 723 647 130 122 12

Rice straw 482 811 494 849 98 166 114

2001


Dactyladenia 223 174 415 508 265 224 67

Flemingia 188 339 415 480 230 387 262

Gliricidia 246 320 544 576 300 377 129

Leucaena 305 321 582 557 363 377 22

Maize stover 185 223 647 373 250 261 19

Rice straw 219 226 587 552 278 281 05




ORDER REPRINTS









ORDER REPRINTS



ACKNOWLEDGMENTS


REFERENCES


0

400

800

1200

1600

2000


Cu

mu

lati

ve r

ain

fall

(mm

)19992001


Nigeria



ORDER REPRINTS

















ORDER REPRINTS

























41 607ndash612












ORDER REPRINTS

0

2

4

6

8

C G L F M R D

Treatments

Mai

ze g

rain

yie

ld (

t h

a-1)

-PR+PR

Grain

0

2

4

6

8

C G L F M R D

Treatments

Mai

ze s

tove

r yi

eld

(t

ha-1

)

-PR+PR

Stover

a

b

0

2

4

6

8

C G L F M R D

Treatments

Cro

tala

ria

dry

mat

ter

(t h

a-1)

-PR+PR

Crotalaria

a

b a

b







ORDER REPRINTS

0

2

4

6

8

C G L F M R D

Treatments

Mai

ze g

rain

yie

ld (

t h

a-1)

-PR+PR

a

b

Grain

0

2

4

6

8

C G L F M R D

Treatments

Mai

ze s

tove

r yi

eld

(t

ha-1

)

-PR+PR

a

b

Stover

0

2

4

6

8

C G L F M R D

Treatments

Cro

tala

ria

dry

mat

ter

(t h

a-1)

-PR+PR

Crotalaria







ORDER REPRINTS


Phosphorus Uptake






Treatments




Dactyladenia 523 481 126 139 183 257

Flemingia 407 472 132 204 200 193

Gliricidia 447 524 137 210 237 223

Leucaena 487 516 156 171 217 200

Maize stover 431 477 114 174 233 217

Rice straw 451 529 153 128 210 220




ORDER REPRINTS


DISCUSSION






Treatments



1999


Dactyladenia 493 765 564 766 106 153 79

Flemingia 369 767 545 521 914 129 63

Gliricidia 446 676 634 518 108 119 19

Leucaena 654 621 819 494 147 112 60

Maize stover 573 574 723 647 130 122 12

Rice straw 482 811 494 849 98 166 114

2001


Dactyladenia 223 174 415 508 265 224 67

Flemingia 188 339 415 480 230 387 262

Gliricidia 246 320 544 576 300 377 129

Leucaena 305 321 582 557 363 377 22

Maize stover 185 223 647 373 250 261 19

Rice straw 219 226 587 552 278 281 05




ORDER REPRINTS









ORDER REPRINTS



ACKNOWLEDGMENTS


REFERENCES


0

400

800

1200

1600

2000


Cu

mu

lati

ve r

ain

fall

(mm

)19992001


Nigeria



ORDER REPRINTS

















ORDER REPRINTS

























41 607ndash612












ORDER REPRINTS

0

2

4

6

8

C G L F M R D

Treatments

Mai

ze g

rain

yie

ld (

t h

a-1)

-PR+PR

a

b

Grain

0

2

4

6

8

C G L F M R D

Treatments

Mai

ze s

tove

r yi

eld

(t

ha-1

)

-PR+PR

a

b

Stover

0

2

4

6

8

C G L F M R D

Treatments

Cro

tala

ria

dry

mat

ter

(t h

a-1)

-PR+PR

Crotalaria







ORDER REPRINTS


Phosphorus Uptake






Treatments




Dactyladenia 523 481 126 139 183 257

Flemingia 407 472 132 204 200 193

Gliricidia 447 524 137 210 237 223

Leucaena 487 516 156 171 217 200

Maize stover 431 477 114 174 233 217

Rice straw 451 529 153 128 210 220




ORDER REPRINTS


DISCUSSION






Treatments



1999


Dactyladenia 493 765 564 766 106 153 79

Flemingia 369 767 545 521 914 129 63

Gliricidia 446 676 634 518 108 119 19

Leucaena 654 621 819 494 147 112 60

Maize stover 573 574 723 647 130 122 12

Rice straw 482 811 494 849 98 166 114

2001


Dactyladenia 223 174 415 508 265 224 67

Flemingia 188 339 415 480 230 387 262

Gliricidia 246 320 544 576 300 377 129

Leucaena 305 321 582 557 363 377 22

Maize stover 185 223 647 373 250 261 19

Rice straw 219 226 587 552 278 281 05




ORDER REPRINTS









ORDER REPRINTS



ACKNOWLEDGMENTS


REFERENCES


0

400

800

1200

1600

2000


Cu

mu

lati

ve r

ain

fall

(mm

)19992001


Nigeria



ORDER REPRINTS

















ORDER REPRINTS

























41 607ndash612












ORDER REPRINTS


Phosphorus Uptake






Treatments




Dactyladenia 523 481 126 139 183 257

Flemingia 407 472 132 204 200 193

Gliricidia 447 524 137 210 237 223

Leucaena 487 516 156 171 217 200

Maize stover 431 477 114 174 233 217

Rice straw 451 529 153 128 210 220




ORDER REPRINTS


DISCUSSION






Treatments



1999


Dactyladenia 493 765 564 766 106 153 79

Flemingia 369 767 545 521 914 129 63

Gliricidia 446 676 634 518 108 119 19

Leucaena 654 621 819 494 147 112 60

Maize stover 573 574 723 647 130 122 12

Rice straw 482 811 494 849 98 166 114

2001


Dactyladenia 223 174 415 508 265 224 67

Flemingia 188 339 415 480 230 387 262

Gliricidia 246 320 544 576 300 377 129

Leucaena 305 321 582 557 363 377 22

Maize stover 185 223 647 373 250 261 19

Rice straw 219 226 587 552 278 281 05




ORDER REPRINTS









ORDER REPRINTS



ACKNOWLEDGMENTS


REFERENCES


0

400

800

1200

1600

2000


Cu

mu

lati

ve r

ain

fall

(mm

)19992001


Nigeria



ORDER REPRINTS

















ORDER REPRINTS

























41 607ndash612












ORDER REPRINTS


DISCUSSION






Treatments



1999


Dactyladenia 493 765 564 766 106 153 79

Flemingia 369 767 545 521 914 129 63

Gliricidia 446 676 634 518 108 119 19

Leucaena 654 621 819 494 147 112 60

Maize stover 573 574 723 647 130 122 12

Rice straw 482 811 494 849 98 166 114

2001


Dactyladenia 223 174 415 508 265 224 67

Flemingia 188 339 415 480 230 387 262

Gliricidia 246 320 544 576 300 377 129

Leucaena 305 321 582 557 363 377 22

Maize stover 185 223 647 373 250 261 19

Rice straw 219 226 587 552 278 281 05




ORDER REPRINTS









ORDER REPRINTS



ACKNOWLEDGMENTS


REFERENCES


0

400

800

1200

1600

2000


Cu

mu

lati

ve r

ain

fall

(mm

)19992001


Nigeria



ORDER REPRINTS

















ORDER REPRINTS

























41 607ndash612












ORDER REPRINTS









ORDER REPRINTS



ACKNOWLEDGMENTS


REFERENCES


0

400

800

1200

1600

2000


Cu

mu

lati

ve r

ain

fall

(mm

)19992001


Nigeria



ORDER REPRINTS

















ORDER REPRINTS

























41 607ndash612












ORDER REPRINTS



ACKNOWLEDGMENTS


REFERENCES


0

400

800

1200

1600

2000


Cu

mu

lati

ve r

ain

fall

(mm

)19992001


Nigeria



ORDER REPRINTS

















ORDER REPRINTS

























41 607ndash612












ORDER REPRINTS

















ORDER REPRINTS

























41 607ndash612












ORDER REPRINTS

























41 607ndash612












Phosphorus fractionation and crop performance on an alfisol amended with phosphate rock combined...

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Transcript of Phosphorus fractionation and crop performance on an alfisol amended with phosphate rock combined...