Print Instructions and Recommendation

Printing Instructions Print this page also, but not necessarily in color.

• Do not do this on an Inkjet. It is less expensive at a Print Shop.

• Next Cover Page (#2) to be printed in Color on Color Paper.

• Then grayscale as it has some blue web addresses. (This

document serves as a hard copy and to view in WORD on a stupid computer.)

• This to be printed from MS WORD only. I hate WORD too.

You are on the First Page (#1) of 160 pages or more so next

page (#2) color. Then grayscale. (Page numbering may be off, but is sequential.)

Recommendations I recommend the reader obtain a see through folder with possibly a pocket for a CD and have people read it.

Copies of the CD must be labeled correctly: (MS WORD Document Pennsylvania – The Holy Experiment that did not Work – Which Became-The Real 9/11 Story By: Parker H. Smock) Please instruct people to mail copies of the CD to Pennsylvanians and others and inform more people with their hard copies and CD’s.

If a person wants to sell copies of the CD or hard copies that should include a CD, go right ahead. This gives people comfort in knowing what happened concerning 9/11, educates people on history, and teaches how to save American lives in the future. A person can reach more people by selling it. I recommend hard copy, folder, and CD for $30.00. A CD should be sold no more than $10.00. Selling it gives it more value to people and allows you to reach more people.

In a hard copy this page can be discarded leaving the COLOR Cover Page on top. To copy the CD: Open My Computer on desktop and select CD drive usually “D” Drive. Left click the

mouse and hold the file and drag it to the desktop. This will leave the copy leaving a copy on the original floppy and on the desktop. Put in a blank CD-R and drag the copy back to the new CD in MY Computer or ask for assistance or use a CD burning program or get a printer or store to do it for you, but you will need a CD burner at a minimum. Do as many as you desire then check your work by putting the copied CD’s in and selecting CD drive and back and forward on the MY Computer menu.

This file may be copied and sold and distributed, but it may not be published. After all it is not finished yet and the Introduction is the hardest for me to write. I personally have mailed and emailed with permission of government over 150,000 copies in ever-increasing rough draft numbering. In other words you’re getting the latest and greatest, because everyone knows, your special, especially if you’re one of the most intelligent under 16-years-old.

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Pennsylvania - The Holy Experiment that did

not Work-Which Became- (William Penn called his idea to rule a colony,

“The Holy Experiment”) THE REAL 9/11 STORY

Featuring: The Scumbag Terrorist Stupid Psychological Warfare for your COMFORT as to what happened.

Layman’s Guide to Having the Children Ring the Liberty Bell

President Clinton, who I caused to go to Harrisburg long before 9/11, said at the National Funeral, “It takes time in American Politics and the terrorist did not understand that.”

President George W. Bush, who I caused to say, “I know how to make you freer,” after 9/11, said at his Inaugural Address, “We need to ring the Liberty Bell.” President Bush took a previous rough draft version of this book door to door in Pennsylvania, which is the only way government can relay the so-called truth about 9/11, being it is unfortunately my horror/history story and not a federal story, that was meant to be a history book with recommendations to stop Pennsylvania’s violent history from repeating itself.

Mr. Bill O’Reilly of FOX TV said, “Try listening to freedom fighter.” (And he isn’t a politician or salesman.)

How to establish The United States of Iceland know it all of the laws jerk kids, the adults are almost hopeless, but WE can try.

There is gold in them their hills! Hopefully you can find freedom for the children.

Violence has nothing to do with population. According to The U. S. Department of Justice Statistics in 2003 New York City was the most populated area in the country yet was only the 82nd most violent area over 100,000 populations that they track. Violence has to do with statewide social contract except The City of the District of Columbia, which is citywide. North Dakota has the least violence per capita and does not help the rest of US, and no one tries to get rid of North Dakota!

By: Parker H. Smock-“The American Revolutionist” as labeled by the federal government in an input to Hollywood writers episode of Sliders. Also up to two movies now called: Trial & Error and National Treasure. One more movie will confirm I am not better than anyone else just better looking!

Rough Draft Version #64 with other States and D.C. and Federal too.

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Pennsylvania - The Holy Experiment that did not Work -Which Became -The Real 9/11 Story Rough Draft # 64

By: Parker Hickman Smock This book may not be published. It may be mass-

produced with data CD and/or printed hard copy. It can be sold. It may not be changed. This book may be translated to other languages with the understanding that this wording is to remain and that some slight meaning may be lost in translation. Previous rough drafts have a circulation of about 150,000 in the United States of America and about 3,000 in other countries. (Government of The United States of America allows me, Parker, to email this book.) The views expressed in this book, though few, are the views of History and Parker Hickman Smock. The rights of this book belong to Parker Hickman Smock. This is a very lax copyright but understand this book unfortunately features real horror. Thank You.

To: The victims of 9/11 and their

families. May God bless you who the author met in 1964 right around his fourth birthday when his mother was taken to the stars (Heaven) in front of him. (Yes, I am a cursed man unable to believe in God.)

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To: The Children. I perceive that is the way they would want it.

To: My children Nicholas Coleman and Virginia Coleman. Whose names were changed while I was denied to testify. This was supposed to be for my Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy children until the scum terrorist stole it.

Note: I would rate this book PG-13. Note: I respectfully request understanding that you are intelligent and know what a rough draft

means. And it's the Introduction that is the roughest. Note: This is page 2. Page Numbering is sequentiality but may appear to start on this page on 96 on

a stupid computer depending on program used to view it, Open Office or MS Word, 96,97,98,...etc. Truth

Wouldn’t truth hurt? Hypothetically if I contacted you that your relative died…it would hurt that day and become slightly easier over time. This is going to hurt. The truth is I wrote a document called “Pennsylvania-The Holy Experiment that did not Work” that featured violent chronological Pennsylvania history and recommendations to improve the social contract in Pennsylvania and the stupid terrorist who knew nothing how Pennsylvanians would have had fun and passion over throwing their Commonwealth went and ruined it all and stole it off the Internet. So this book features scumbag terrorist stupid psychological warfare to make more sense to you and allow you to cry and receive closure. This may take time to set in, until closure sets in nothing drastic, no more stinking bomb threats, no nasty letters, just keep reading perhaps until closure sets in, then fight for the children’s freedom, with respect.

Now we try much harder. The way those before us want it. At least we have a start to saving American Lives. No thanks to least violent state per capita North

Dakota. It appears your country has lied to you. All Americans, except apparently North Dakotans, know the pure essence of being American means your suppose to help those foreign if not at least domestic. Yet here these North Dakotans sit with the least violent state per capita and do not help the rest of US. I don’t know about you, but as per my upbringing if I didn’t at least try and get rid of North Dakota to the French Canadians and drive the Bloody British out of Pennsylvania once and for all my father would kill me.

They Can’t Lie to You I want to reassert to you that your country did not lie to you concerning 9/11, as they cannot because 9/11

is not a federal story, but my horror story. (A Fight for Freedom Story for those that will get involved and to others just a history book.) Nevertheless I was in touch by writing President Clinton and caused President

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Clinton to go to Harrisburg, Northern Ireland, England, Vietnam, long before 9/11 who said at the National Funeral, “It take time in American Politics and the terrorist did not understand that.” Governor Tom Ridge, who I was in touch with by writing prior to 9/11, became Director of Homeland Security. After 9/11 I went out with ever increasing rough drafts of Pennsylvania-The Holy Experiment that did not Work-The Real 9/11 Story and Bill O'Reilly of FOX News labeled me and it, “A Freedom Fighter started it all and Pennsylvanians have died too.” President Bush said, “I know how to make you freer.” Then during the Presidential election the Democrats wrote, “It is a fight for freedom”. Then US Senator Kerry, who had a rough draft of this book, served his country very well and decided not to slam President Bush, and for that I am grateful of the sign to pull the country together, but U.S. Senator Kerry said at the Presidential Debate, “The People deserve the truth”. Then US Senator Clinton said on TV, “The mood in Washington is unreal, I still think the Democrats can win, but we have to do it for the children”. President George W. Bush told the Russians we once invaded by the bigot President Woodrow Wilson and had President Putin slam us for our democracies. A Pope released, “If you want to serve god fight for social justice.” President Bush helped Georgia. President Bush at his Inaugural Address, with President Clinton present, “We need to ring the Liberty Bell.” (Understand that both Democrats and Republicans are going down there or up there, depending which side of the Mason/Dixon Line your on, in rumor control central D.C. and probably Green Party and Religious folks too. So what I am trying to say is it is not a time to hate your country. Great things will come of this tragedy. I hope and pray.) President Bush went door to door with a previous rough draft of this book in Pennsylvania, which is the only way government can so-called tell you the truth about 9/11 as it is my story, and as I asked him to do as some people can’t handle funeral and thought government was lying to them about Death, and resorted to violence, exactly while it is violence that I personally know so well and study that I try to curtail. President Bush cannot go to every door, after all someone has to run the country and make you freer and ring that Liberty Bell. Fox News labeled it and me, “A freedom fighter started it all and Pennsylvanians died too.” But Mr. Bill O’Reilly (“What say you” {give me a break}) of FOX TV, who I sent a previous rough draft to also said on TV, “Try listening to freedom fighter”. Bill O’Reilly was kind enough to apologize for labeling me “freedom fighter” on David Lettermen Show as a Binghamton Police Detective said, “I don’t like freedom fighter” for what he did against me.

The Impossible Introduction (Tough to Explain National Funeral) Let US not make this too difficult. All that simply need done is to give North Dakota to the French

Canadians and we can finally drive the Bloody British out of Pennsylvania once and for all. This will also allow US to obtain a star for The Monarchy of Pennsylvania without having to do any sewing.

I kindly remind you that only you can fight for your freedom. Do so respectfully please and try and squeeze in some jokes. We don’t laugh enough anymore, which I feel partially responsible for. God I hate it.

I wasn’t allowed to be a father. I don’t need god. I only had country left. And my father would kill me if I didn’t at least try and help Pennsylvanians and get rid of North Dakota. Fine, North Dakota is a personal problem too.

I knew way too much baloney in Pennsylvania. My country has me under a do not mess with driver’s license number NY ID: 825 141 981 on police computers. (But I also have a new sister named Jamie, she lives in Ohio and momentarily lost her aunt in the WTC and raised her aunt's three children and so very respectfully requested this book. US Senator Clinton said on TV, “Parker didn't do anything.”) I should be able to eat some murders and thieves for lunch. It is either that or eat some quiche and be a real man and be a so-called political prisoner again. Yes, it is very real and serious actually. (I only give a hint of the profound baloney within this book.)

The KGB Stuff: I was born November 12, 1960. Well, as per the last issue of George Magazine John Fitgerald Kennedy Jr. was born November 1960 but the day of the month was not given. We all know what happened to President Kennedy. My father petitioned to get the reason behind the Vietnam War declassified, but was denied, and you'll learn more about my father latter in this book. President George W. Bush has the reason behind the Vietnam War in a National Holding Pattern for me as it is all I have left to possibly see my children, now adults again. It is possible that President Kennedy was killed over the Vietnam War, but we may never know until Heaven. Which now thanks to me you now have to earn more award points to make it,

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but I'll explain within this book all about North Dakota, so it shouldn't be a problem for you to make it to Heaven. Just read sdrawkcab (backward) if you have trouble keeping up.

My chances ain't too good. There is either 30 or 31 days in November so if JFK Jr. was born on the 12th of November that would be a 1/30 chance or 1/31 chance of just shooting myself. Then there is that my father will kill me if I don't get rid of North Dakota. Now the President is saying in National Treasure 2 if I don't pull it off I have to go to jail. Here I was thinking all the warrants ran out. You better get rid of North Dakota yourself.

However, at least I should be able to figure out New Jersey’s - 2nd Organized Crime Compromise. I haven’t figured out yet why it takes two Texans to eat an Armadillo, one to watch for cars. However, I do know Texans can't stand Yankee sarcasm and that one ought to drive them nuts. I got a start on why Alabama is a lot like Florida, but they can count faster. Got some inclination that Rhode Island really isn’t an Island about half way there at 26th most violent per capita. Arizona can do it themselves. Ohio I have not been able to figure out why a Doctor was convicted then released of killing his wife and once had TV episodes about him and also a movie. I don’t think it is funny that it takes three Californians to screw in a light bulb, one to hold the ladder, one to screw in the light bulb, and one to relate to the experience. I figured out Hawaiian that Aloha means: “We so scared of you but give us the money”. Even going to attempt Illinois – Al Capone in PA twice too. Then I am throwing in a bonus section of the National Standard For Prisons. All in all it equates to the start of antidisestablishmentarianism of The United States of Iceland, know it all of the law jerk kids, but the adults are almost hopeless and the discovery of some real GOLD. Well, at least I can try to get rid of North Dakota to the French Canadians. And figure out why New Hampshire, Maine, South Dakota, West Virginia, and Vermont, all broke off other states or territories and changed the law to the better like Kentucky did themselves, and become non-violent pansy states that don’t help the rest of US. Violence is statewide except the District of Columbia, which is rumor control citywide. New York, who didn’t vote for The Declaration of Independence, was laid into by three Presidents to call their countrymen names for Roscoe Conklin corruption and being the second worst at the Spoils System while Pennsylvania was the worst at the Spoils System, and many said there was a problem with Pennsylvania, as you will soon learn, but you can try to help Pennsylvania and do it for the children the way they would want it. But Pennsylvania went and messed up again and changed the welcome signs from “Welcome to the Commonwealth” to “Welcome to the State of Pennsylvania” without asking permission for the Monarchy of Pennsylvania to join the Union and total disregard for the federalizes who will now have to sew another star on the flag.

How did I know so much profound baloney in primarily many counties of Pennsylvania? That’s what I wanted to figure out. If I had lived in Pennsylvania my whole life it would have been normal to me. I knew things that others, none of whom can match my bravery or good looks that makes women cry and had political prisoner kids, knew too. Many hated what must be the most crooked county in the nation, (a 1/67 Pennsylvania County Chance and not 1/3066 Nation County Chance) and should have hated their state or ah Commonwealth. I grew up till 18-years-old in New Jersey-The Second Organized Crime Compromise and my father even put organized crime in jail in New Jersey before President Nixon pardoned other organized crime in New Jersey. Not much help from the Garden State. In New Jersey I went to Pennsylvania many times. In New Jersey they didn't call Pennsylvanians names because they are not much better. Today, this is why it is the NY Giants and not the NJ Giants. I lived in violent Texas were an egotistical maniac City of Austin Policeman Gates tried to get poor 18-year-old me for eight Austin City Police beating a handcuffed Mexican/American while the white man did it and no one but me did anything about it, Virginia, Tennessee, Illinois, California, South Carolina, Pennsylvania and New York. I have been to violent Arizona in Phoenix where Tent City was on TV twice now-thank you Arizona for Pennsylvania, Michigan, New Mexico, Florida-that’s where a prisoner in another state once asked guards, “What is the most violent state?” The guards responded, “Florida” so he went to Florida to become a Serial Killer, Georgia, Alabama, Nebraska, Wyoming, Colorado, Wisconsin, Louisiana, Arkansas, North Carolina, District of Columbia, Ohio, and about every state but the northwest states, far north central, and Alaska and Hawaii. The least violent state I lived in was Maine, where a man-murdered an elderly couple that owned a hardware store and I nearly

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picked him up hitchhiking in a little town called Lisbon Falls and the people were much more shocked than other states. I have been to Bermuda, least violent Central America country Costa Rica, and other violent countries. The least violent country I have ever been to, and it sure looks like the least violent country per capita in the world is the great country Iceland with the US Navy, but I associated with Icelandic more so than most in the US Navy. It’s called the Ye Old Social Contract Theory and I will prove it to be true and have you die a hero a long long time from now and make those that went before us proud of you. I promise.

The Bottom line is The United States of Iceland know it all of the law jerk kids, the adults are almost hopeless but WE can try harder. It sure does look like the Maniacs of FBI Maine are much smarter than FBI New Jersey too. I’m going to try and see if I can get Bill O’Reilly of FOX news, and sidekick on that government input to Hollywood fantasy wake movie National Treasure to run for President of The United States of Iceland.

It doesn’t take a rocket scientist to prove violence, but driving Bloody British out of Pennsylvania takes some finesse and finance. There is MOVE, Paxton Boys, Know Nothing Riots, Striking Distance, No Magna Carta or British Governor assigned. All one has to do is document history in a logical over through and prove it. Then comes the hard part social contract signing to correct the violent history.

Take a moment to learn what Colonel Thomas Hartley writing from York, Pennsylvania to James Wilson on December 22, 1776, said:

Col. Ross and you told me when at Philad that I would find a great Change in the County-your observations were but too true. …The disaffected have spared no Pains to improve on those unlucky events. The Committee from mismanagement have lost all their authority-there are no Justices-no Law-every one seems to do what he listeth-I am surprised that there are not more Murders & Robberies committed for these ever flourish in anarchy and Confusion. …”

By the way I forgot to mention I have Alaska all figured out as the farthest east, west, north, and largest Commonwealth, about the size of Texas. As all a Commonwealth means is a piece of land. I also finally figured out Russia.

A Russian woman was so nice to me on the Internet when she requested this book that I tried to give her Alaska back and came close to solving the star sewing problem. I read in a newspaper that Georgia, which President George W. Bush invaded with some sort of Jean-Jaque Rousseau Philosophy of Democracies, was now complaining that Russia was flying over their air space. So I made a joke out of it but she didn't understand Yankee sarcasm. Therefore Russia is a lot like Texas but bigger as they can't understand Yankee sarcasm either.

You will learn many things in this book including what Robin said, “Holy Popping Popcorn Batman” January 1923 to December 1924 The cape crusader, a regular Batman, the first Philadelphia Mussolini, ruled the streets of Philadelphia. Philadelphia hired a town-tamer, Brigadier General Smedley D. Butler, USMC, who had twice won the Medal of Honor. Mr. Butler was short and wiry. He dressed in a trim blue and gold uniform with flowing blue cape with red silk. He rode in an enormous Packard limousine with sirens. His wife accompanied him often. He was on special leave from the Marines. Once he shut down every speakeasy in the city for forty-eight hours to prove it could be done. One week he led a citywide raid and netted more than 1,100 saloon keepers, gamblers, bookies, and prostitutes. One night, with a revolver, he flushed out seven gangsters. He fired police lieutenants and sergeants whom he suspected of corruption. In the end he caused the removal of votes from the saloon keepers, madams, and others. Mayor Freeland D. Kendrick gave the Marines their colorful general back.

But Violence has Nothing to do with Population Violence has nothing to do with population. According to The U. S. Department of Justice Statistics

in 2003 New York City was the most populated area in the country yet was only the 82nd most violent area over 100,000 populations that they track. If you can’t trust The U.S. Department of Justice whom can you trust? Violence has to do with statewide Social Contract except The City of the District of Columbia, which is citywide. North Dakota has the least violence per capita and does not help the rest of US. West Virginia, Maine, New Hampshire, South Dakota, and Vermont, are low violence states too that along with

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North Dakota protect their children better with no school shootings. Interesting enough Hollywood doesn’t generate those stupid conspiracy movies about these states and Cops Show, a Michael Moore production without solutions, doesn’t dare go there. No, I didn’t tell the Russians about Democracies, fine President Bush did, No No, Hollywood did for generations. We should be able to drive the Bloody British out of Pennsylvania once and for all by giving North Dakota to the French Canadians.

My upbringing was so incredibly refined, son of a stinking hero, and grandson of a stinking hero. If it had not been for these things and not having the ability to believe in God all would have been lost for another 300 years. If I had not at least tried to take on the Prince of the Monarchy of Pennsylvania and the Pansies of North Dakota and drive the Bloody British out of Pennsylvania once and for all my father would have killed me.

I’m fine, my country has me under a do not arrest driver’s license number on police computers due to the tough to handle funeral I hate that I represent, but I offer closure. The egotistical maniac men I can handle, the woman who think they are my mother and have the right to worry about me are tough, though, so fine it is my right to a kiss from all the married woman and those passionate college ladies for causing President Clinton to help the children of Northern Ireland and I intend to collect so the egotistical maniac men don’t have to sleep on the couch tonight.

A fireman pulled a goof on me for my book. A woman from Nichols, New York came bearing gifts after reading a previous rough draft of this

book and said, “Don’t give up the fight”, even before Mr. Bill O’Reilly said, “Try listening to freedom fighter.” But…

But the greatest thing ever done for me was a woman came to Binghamton, NY where I had an apartment, that some egotistical Detective maniacs tried to get me, nope darn it wasn’t actually FBI as in National Treasure but that makes it more exciting, and then have a Binghamton Detective cokehead relative steal incriminating evidence against the City from, it is hard to comprehend vindictive childish behavior, but anyway she tracked me down who lost her grandmother on the subway in 9/11 and rescued me on 8/3/2005 and ran away before I could come to the realization of what that fine woman did. God thank you who ever you are in Hancock, NY.

Fox TV News Commentator, Bill O’Reilly, was kind enough to apologize on David Letterman for labeling me freedom fighter, due to some can’t handle the funeral. So please no more religious material I get all the time.

In 1999 I did have the honor of meeting none other than John Dickinson’s descendant sent to me by my country. Thank you country, you’re all right. Sorry about all those women who owe me a kiss. North Dakota, well, nay.

1999 was when it started by writing Governor Tom Ridge, President Clinton, Secret Service, Department of Justice, etc, but it was 1993 that I began researching Pennsylvania history taking a long time to find the Common Man thing as it was my fault for Pennsylvania.

I only wish I could take it back, before 9/11…you totally missed it. I had some Pennsylvanians very proud of me once before 9/11. I can’t be sure but I tried like mad to get President Clinton laughing. It is called overthrow by diplomacy of the moment I made President Clinton crack a smile I knew I had them. I found dueling legal in Pennsylvania and even tried to jokingly duel Governor Tom Ridge in Gettysburg over Pennsylvania. I respectfully requested weapons to hit Harrisburg from Binghamton or some federal input to Hollywood TV episodes, nevertheless I got the TV episodes. I respectfully requested the manual to over through a state but never received it. So I had to do it by the book, The Declaration of Independence, my responsibility as an American, to help my country, it …nearly worked…Crap… Now, We must try harder for those true heroes who went before us and make them proud of us.

Never make sense? Also the scumbag terrorist stupid psychological warfare will not make much sense to people unless it is

followed by Pennsylvania history. It is extremely hard to verbally explain without Pennsylvania History that follows. Please understand this book was suppose to be called The Holy Experiment that did not Work, exactly what the scumbag terrorist got off the Internet and in which I try to prove Pennsylvania’s violent past

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and try to stop violent history from repeating itself by giving recommendations to improve the social contract in Pennsylvania and making Pennsylvania win. I already lost.

I hate it with a passion too and call it what you will, but for me personally it is a requirement that I must admit the scumbag terrorist stole “Pennsylvania-The Holy Experiment that did not Work” off the Internet and provide closure with their stupid psychological warfare. What you are about to read may take a day or two or week to settle in. Until you receive closure, please nothing rash because as you know this book has caused violence by people that don’t like the funeral. Everything will be all right one day. The wake will come, less violence in the nation will come, and someday we will enjoy our new found freedom, no thanks to North Dakota.

Don’t Hate At this time most federal employees have been fired that were entitled due to events prior to 9/11, an

office failed to listen to me as to political mess in Pennsylvania and an FBI Agent supported attempted rapist sheriff. The Sheriff threatened a woman with arrest the next day after his attempted rape, and another woman kissed me also to get him but wouldn’t tell me what, and yet another woman would have kissed me if her husband were not there. I’ll get that kiss one day. Those fired, like unfortunately firing an employee, will receive closure and improve them selves. It’s no fun getting people. Those to be imprisoned will be actually easier. The sheriff, also didn’t post Sheriff Signs on non-delinquent tax property for taxation without representation double tax trick as property at a Sheriff Sale is not guaranteed to have a clear title so they could say, “oops we made a mistake” to the individual and advertise by property number many properties not houses that can’t be double occupied, in what is known as The Susquehanna County Real Estate Scam the Sheriff was portrayed in two federal input to Hollywood Sliders episodes and is out of office but suspect needs jail. Many more, and murders to go to jail and unfortunately fired. So don’t hate your country, please. A woman said, “Don’t worry about Parker he is smart he can handle this.” It’s being handled.

I thank my country for pulling together. I thank those who sent me religious material. I appreciate all the support given to my newfound friend Mr. O’Reilly (Reilly Pool on National

Treasure), who snows the country and real is a halfway intelligent, even if he is a stinking Democrat and get the car in the end, but I get the woman, which makes sense because I am better looking. Please learn to laugh again.

Please don’t forget only you can serve your country and do it for the children, do so respectfully please and try and squeeze in some jokes.

I thank Dr. Sandra Anderson for teaching me Political Science, Women in History, and how to do Research.

I thank US Department of Justice Statistics and Trudy for their assistance. I thank Pennsylvania School Teacher Chelsea Richards for writing, “Don't give up the fight,” about my

children. I thank Mike Benjamin for saving a great book for me about Pennsylvania. I am a little bit apprehensive about my friend Debbie In Scottsdale, Arizona telling Oprah how good

looking I am to have Oprah think with her hormones and backwards and call me “Recrap” instead of “Parker” on Larry King Show about a book on “Fatherhood” when it is actually about “The Importance of Getting Rid of North Dakota.”. If someone could tell President Oprah I am attached I would appreciate it.

I thank President George W. Bush for putting the Reason behind the Vietnam War in a national holding pattern so I may be able to see my children over it.

I thank all the intelligent librarians. I thank the Binghamton Fireman for pulling a goof on me for my book. I know many of you are upset at The United Nations for slamming The United States of America for

violence and offering no solutions. Understand The United Nations is a group of people and the masses often get it wrong. So please go easy on The United Nations who are entitled to a mistake.

I thank Judy of Rochester, New York, and Debbie of Wisconsin, and Maya of Nevada, and Police Officer Bill of southern Illinois.

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I thank the woman for making this book part of “her collection.” (But this is Social Contract improvement stuff, it needs to society so I can at least try and die a hero and make it a good story again.)

I thank Mr. Alan Greenspan for once writing, “A Democracy depends on a Judiciary.” I thank President Carter for saying on TV, “When we go overseas we look at a countries judiciary.” I thank Georgetown University for not slamming American University because my father went to

Georgetown as an American University Law School Professor said on TV, “We have some antiquated judiciaries.”

I thank President Clinton for giving a lecture at Georgetown University and straighting out Georgetown University.

I thank the young man in Haiti. I thank the young black woman in Binghamton for giving me a hug. I thank Filipino Loran who works for a hotel chain and is currently managing a hotel in Nigeria for

reading my book and being Rox and my friend. I thank the daughter to the Taxi Driver who read my book I thank the woman who lost her teenage daughter to Cancer for saying, “I can't believe they never paid

you.” (But, what you didn't know was I the honor of meeting your daughter when she was never saying her goodbyes to her high school friends.)

I thank the King of Spain for taking back the Philippines since the USS Maine blew up internally and allowing me to rename it “The Republic of Iceland” as per The Rules of Discovery for discovering this in Admiral Rickover's book. That ought to keep those militant groups cool!

I thank 16-year-old Semper Fi for not giving up the fight, being my friend, and not telling me about her loved one.

I thank the young woman for saying, “My whole family read your book.” I thank Mike of Florida. I thank the unknown 16-year-old girl for being my friend. I thank Pennsylvanians for reading my book. I thank the Army man home from Iraq in Scranton for being proud of me when it was him I was proud

of. I thank the Binghamton Police Officer for laughing and calling me, “International Terrorist.” I thank the man in Turkey for “passing it on.” I thank the girl in Montana for not crying. I thank the New Jersey man for getting it into New Jersey. I thank you for reading this. I thank the woman for “taking my book to class”. I thank the boy whose father is in Political Science and told him about the United States of Iceland

concept at the dinner table. I thank all the Drivers for passing it on. I thank the man who insisted a missile hit the __________ and teaching me about his rights. I thank the Canadian for getting it into Canada. (WE the People will win this time! You can have North

Dakota.) I thank the woman at the New York State Department of Taxation for not crying and saying, “Don't say

sorry.” I thank too many women for trying who couldn't make me happy while my blood must die of

Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy. They are still alive. I thank INTERPOL. They were the only ones I informed about __________ and about myself being the

only one that can handle, more like must admit, the ultimate swear word: De*th. Therefore it was INTERPOL that laid into someone in the United States and caused a show on The History Channel.

I thank the 13-year-old girl who read my book and told her mother, “They never taught us this stuff in school.”

I thank Amanda of Nigeria.

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I thank my heroine “Ice Princess” of Iceland for emailing President George W. Bush, others, and myself, “Tag your it.” Alas there is hope for humanity left. Got to love her!

I thank all the little people. I thank the First Lady of North Carolina for teaching me that Southern Ladies are more important. I thank the woman who said, “I am a Female Body Inspector” in Ithaca. Who then tickled my gut when I

said, “I am a real man” and she responded, “I know that.” But then asked to see my ID to just confirm it was really me.

I thank the New York State Trooper for laughing and asking, “Are you on the do not fly list?” I thank the woman who insisted on paying for postage at the Post Office. I thank Ms. Judy Collins for coming to Binghamton, NY. I thank US Secretary of State Condolezza Rise and US Senator Hillary Rodham Clinton for going to

Woodrow Wilson School of Democracies at Princeton University. I thank New York Governor Pataki for his “Re-ionization of New York” plan and Massachusetts

Governor Mitt Romney for “Massachusetts joining the fight for freedom” and California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger for replying.

I thank Amy of Binghamton for getting this book to her brother-in-law the Retired US Navy Commander and being part of attempting to bring peace to the middle east.

I thank the Retired US Navy Commander from Virginia that said while reading this book, “I am liking it.” And for talking about the “Real 9/11 Story” at a wedding. And for passing it on to The Naval Academy.

I thank the Naval Academy in general for whomever started it, “What about other states?” (Pennsylvania shall win!)

I thank Mr. Michael Moore for remaining true and learning respect and moving on to health care. I thank The History Channel for laying into the Philippines repeatedly. I thank the Philippine government for allowing music in prisons. A minority black woman in the USA

found it on the Internet and you made her laugh and she then showed me. I thank The Great State of Arizona for putting Tent City on TV at least twice, and defending

Pennsylvania. It was a toss up between New Hampshire “Live Free Or Die” license plates or Vermont “Don't Tread

On Me” flag as to who should get the county. They broke off of Massachusetts like Maine did and must of improved the Social Contract to the better, but Maine already had the Heroine from Fayette, Maine with a book, movie, and play about her. So after much deliberation I've decided to give the most gorgeous county in the nation to Vermont since the Green Mountain Boys once tried so hard.

I would like to Congratulate Russian President Vladimir Putin for trying so hard and making Time Magazine's “Man of the Year.” But I am better looking. No one will ever beat my Hero George Lippard, but it's fun to try. Let alone all the women. I would apologize for egotistical maniac President Woodrow Wilson for invading Russia, but everyone in the US Navy knows about what really happened to the men of the USS Scorpion.

Fine, I am sorry my country lied to Americans about Connecticut, which is a lot like Massachusetts but cleaner. Connecticut did not become the fifth state on January 9, 1788 because at this time they still laid claim to Wyoming Valley. It wasn't until The Decree of Trenton in 1800 that the Federal government ruled Wyoming Valley belonged to Pennsylvania. So Connecticut is something like the 14th state and the whole order of statehood needs to be changed from 5th up until about Texas, which many think they can actually still “Secede from the Union.”

I was able to uncover a huge Conspiracy Theory. The federal government does not care about North Dakota. I have been informing them for years I was getting rid of them.

National Treasure fantasy movie came from a previous rough draft of this book with government input to Hollywood, as the movie featured some play on reality that Hollywood never knew such as: My mother-yes they stooped that low, United States of Iceland concept-went to Governor Pataki who claims he invented winter-Yes, I have my blue nose in a P-3 Orion with VP-10, and Abigail-well being that President Clinton lied to the American Public and caused the character that portrayed me in an episode of Sliders to say, “What

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about Northern Ireland” when I actual wrote Ireland and not Northern Ireland and I am younger and better looking than President Clinton I was going to marry U.S. Senator Clinton because I think she is pretty but then I was going to marry Abigail because she swore twice at another person that answered the phone looking for me who hung up on her twice while I lived in California where I caused Court TV to Binghamton High School from with a letter to Court TV and copy to D.O.J. and try and establish my base, because she no doubt lost a loved one, but at least she is passionate. The subway noise represented Hancock, New York. The mechanical bus said “Airport” on it. The treasure is Social Contract improvement to save lives in the future. Actor Nicholas Cage ran through a cemetery. National Treasure is a government input to Hollywood wake fantasy movie about 9/11. The African/American boy actor with a book bag…they are in heaven now and you’ll see them again a long long time from now so while on earth at least try to get some passion in your life and help Pennsylvanians and North Dakota, well...never mind.

I thank the woman who didn't let her son watch National Treasure because she knew it was about 9/11. National Treasure 2 is a government input to Hollywood Conspiracy Theory movie against North Dakota

and Bloody British not necessarily in that Law and Order. It features some crazy notion that DEATH binds men. It features General Custard and Indians of North Dakota. It features a Statue of Liberty in France who had Jean-Jaque Rousseau and helps Afghanistan. It features a desk in Buckingham Palace where President Clinton and First Lady Hillary Clinton met the Queen of England for a Social Contract visit for the Bloody British not providing a British Governor to Pennsylvania in 1681 and removing the heredity of law. What about the Magna Carta? It features a desk in the Oval Office where they are powerless to do anything about North Dakota, but WE are not! It features President George W. Bush kidnapped who took this book door to door in Pennsylvania as I requested. It features Mount Vernon responsible for continuing Bloody British philosophy with The Commonwealth of Virgina Declaration of Rights of 1776. It features an egotistical maniac Secret Service Agent out of uniform without the issued sunglasses on. It featured many Police from Rumor Control Washington, D.C who couldn't catch me because they already had this book. It features life saving social contract Gold taken from the Indians of North Dakota behind Mount Rushmore by whites, because everyone knows three whites walking down the street in North Dakota constitutes a war party. It features President Bush again around Jets and the Reason Behind the Vietnam War is in a holding pattern. Abigale keeps on saying, “Sew” which I think she means she wants The Monarchy of Pennsylvania to join the Union, but I never could figure out women. The President says in the movie that I have to either pull this off or go to jail, thereby confirming that North Dakota has got to go! It's not a great movie, this book is better, but it did confirm I am better looking.

I thank the true American woman who wrote, “Let's sell them on E-bay” regarding North Dakota. I thank Alexis for calling me, “Daddy.” I wish I knew what religion to teach her. I thank Maria Gracia (Rox) for loving me. I thank the woman from Hancock, NY who lost her grandmother in the Subway and read my book and

came to Binghamton and rescued me from my horror story. Thank you so very very much for that. I thank Jamie of Ohio who lost her aunt in the World Trade Center and raised her aunt's three children for

being Rox and my friend. And for being my new sister. The Secret Service doesn't like me because: 1) When I was 13-years-old I actually went to a Secret

Service wedding in Connecticut so Mel Tormey appeared as a Secret Service Agent in one of those government input to Hollywood Sliders episodes before 9/11. 2) I have kidnapped two Presidents to Pennsylvania so far and they are scared I may do it again, because it took three Presidents for Tory Democracy New York.

I have to go to jail if I don't pull this off so please try and keep up: 1. Northern Ireland has to pay for not thanking New Yorkers. New Yorkers do not like Pennsylvanians

because they have nicer land and are nicer. Pennsylvanians do not like New Yorkers because they have a tad less baloney. Therefore Northern Ireland was invaded with A New York State Small Claims Court System by President Clinton because I have no authority. Northern Ireland never thanked New Yorkers.

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2. The Philippines goes to Spain, which shouldn't be any problem as everyone always wants a piece of paradise.

3. North Dakota is French and tried to hide this by naming their capital after a German. 4. I have to pay off too many women. 5. I have to over through something like 44 states for the better. 6. I have to obtain a star for the City of D.C. and may have to get rid of Vermont to do it.. The problem

is people care about Vermont. They don't care about North Dakota, but Vermont they like. I was only three years old when…A woman said, “I get it you lost your mother as a toddler.” Jill my ex-

girlfriend, one of those great women that could never make me happy over blood of my children, the same victim of The Morgan Horse Club of Pennsylvania Treasurer and Du Pont Horse Scheme in PA, the one who volunteered for the Red Cross for 9/11 not knowing or perhaps knew it was me in her heart, the one who is now getting married to Billy said, “I realize you never did anything, I told them that,” and “You need to get on with your life” (Blood of others now, they will pay dearly) and “Your mother died when you were a toddler.” Some people are not allowed to believe in god or go to church services, and must fight for social justice, and do this one and that one and this one and that one and this one by being a not better than anyone else, a jerk for what others did, and being better looking. And Hologram Doctor President Clinton said in government input to Hollywood Star Trek –Voyager episode Bliss, “I am a doctor not a dragon slayer.” Yes, I actually did take on a huge alligator in Florida with a 14 foot boat due to a about a 4-year-old boy frozen and trembling ten feet away. I don’t run from murders; just have women who think they can care about me.

No, government hasn’t paid me the 200K FBI Reward as on The History Channel or for National Treasure yet or for National Treasure 2. They better before I sell North Dakota to the highest bidding French Canadian, but I probably we'll not get much for it.

I highly like Donald Rummsfield: 1) He went on TV and said, “I saw this,” it was my document then book. 2) Then he said on TV, “I want to hear from Iceland.” 3) Then he gave a speech on the USS O'Bannon DD-987 and probably one not published as it was the USS O'Bannon an Irish/American ship that I tried to have Governor Pataki of New York...well, maybe they will have it on TV for you...I better not say. 4) He sacrificed himself and said to the US Senate, “Iraqis have to want their freedom.” So maybe I can try and get him to help me get rid of North Dakota and prove Social Contract Theory.

So Government is telling you the truth but they …I never could find that English word…its called “wetting their pants”…that’s it. Government is telling the truth, despite it is my story, but they wet their pants too. Funeral comes hard. So go easy on them, they’re only human, and one day they’ll figure out how to run the country again, especially when they finally figure out The United States of Iceland concept.

I highly recommend National Treasure and National Treasure 2 and federal input to Hollywood Star Trek: Voyager episode “Bliss” in Star Trek: Voyager Season 5 that aired before 9/11, to explain it to the children. God I tried. Now, it has more meaning to me, and I commit myself to saving as many lives as I can and making people feel secure in there country by vastly improving law to people, Ye Old Social Contract Theory stuff.

I thank God for saying, “Parker, everything will be alright one day,” and taking my mother to the stars and letting me know no one ever even suffered. God Knew in1964 it would be me they would steal it from.

It is a different way of thinking not to believe in death, but value life. I attended only two funerals in my life and hated them both. Friends do not even bother inviting me to funerals.

It is alright to cry…but please, be happy tomorrow, with closure. The Scumbag Terrorist Stupid Psychological Warfare

My impression is that Osama bin Laden and Al Queada, stem from lack of social contract countries and became violent. I put together very powerful lack of social contract Pennsylvania history and the scum said, “See this your violent” and Pennsylvanians were too close to the situation to realize that they were violent. (Except not exactly. It was Pennsylvanians most proud of me before the idiot terrorist added violence to the picture.) The scum did not get all the Pennsylvania history that you will soon learn. Apparently the terrorist did get that suicide was honorable, which it isn’t. It apparently did get to Osama bin Laden as only the individual can think and he attested that he planed it.

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1) They went to heaven at the World Trade Center because the person that posted Pennsylvania’s history and recommendations to improve the social contract in Pennsylvania on the Internet for me belonged to some sort of World Trade protest group here in the United States of America. The person’s brother was beaten while handcuffed in the State Police at Gibson barracks by three State Troopers. The person’s brother was 19-years-old when I met him while I was what you would call a political prisoner and denied to testify or defend or no prosecuting attorney or defense attorney for the second time. I never actually met this person. This person is probably young. I have explained to government that he/she probably didn’t mean it. I would perceive that this person feels miserable as I do, if in fact he/she knows what happened. Government so to speak does not get this person and I wrote to make sure not to.

You have heard of Rodney King. Rodney King did not cause the L.A. Riots. I did not cause 9/11. The terrorist did that. However they did get their stupid psychological warfare from Pennsylvania’s history and recommendations to improve the social contract that I initiated.

A woman (portrayed in National Treasure as Abigail Chase) tracked down my phone number and swore her head off at another person looking for me. The other person hanged up on her. I understand full well it is upsetting. The woman probably lost a loved one, and I would love to meet her one-day. I try and inform the victim’s families as I go along. It is very hard for me to write about it. I know how many have died. I know elementary school children (African/American Boy with a book bag in National Treasure) have died. I served in the U.S. Navy for ten and 1/4 years and know servicemen and women have died. I found and address to the pentagon and notified them also. Many in Washington know. You just haven’t heard it yet, and I am sorry to bring it to you, but I offer comfort in letting you know what happened. 9/11 is not a Washington, D.C.’s story it is my story. Yes I’ve cried. People hate me now and I hate the story now. I try and save American lives. I want a hug, from some victim families.

2) 9/11 is the day after 9/10/1776 and 9/10/1897 in the stupid terrorist heads. 9/10/1776 The Pennsylvania Declaration of Rights (Constitution) gave the law to the “Common Man”. This was published for ratification in all three Pennsylvania newspapers at the time all of which were in Philadelphia. A Chief of Police told me, “Parker, you need to understand this is a Commonwealth and the law is for the “Common Man”. I went on to find about 18 Pennsylvanians thinking this way. I explained this to a Pennsylvania Attorney and he couldn’t believe it. I asked many Pennsylvanians “Is it true that Pennsylvania is a Commonwealth and the law is for the “Common Man”. Many replied, “Yes.” I tried to explain it to a few but they felt small when I tried to explain the law wasn’t for the “Common Man” in Pennsylvania. There is no such thing as winning an argument, only insulting the others intelligence. Please be careful if you try and explain. I put out a brochure out all over the place called “The Common Man,” and stated the question something like: “Were the Molly Maguirers Common Men? How about Fannie Sellers? MOVE? Billy, Johnny Gammage? I have the Alter Boy and Matt Johnson <SP> now. So it is not all together their fault…It’s the lack of social contract. Of course I notified President Clinton that Pennsylvania kills people due to their lack of social contract and how Pennsylvania is in fact in Violation of The Constitution of the United States and, “…all due respect sir it is you job to uphold the Constitution of the United States.” I tried like mad to defend my country. It hasn’t worked yet, it will. 9/10/1897 The Lattimer Massacre occurred in Pennsylvania. Sheriff James Martin and his deputies killed 19 unarmed men and wounded many. They ran after them and shot them in the back. The terrorist struck on 9/11 as if to say nothing was done by 9/10. I can’t take away from the hero’s of 9/11. And don’t want to, but you have the right to the truth and society seems confused on this. You may have once heard or read the theory that the plane in Chaneysville, Pennsylvania went down to divert from Washington, D.C. I tried to stop the theory being spread by the media and apparently have. I am sorry the plane in Chaneysville went down on purpose by the scumbag terrorist. A person put on the Internet that one of our own fighter planes shot down the plane that went down in Chaneysville. I assure you this is not true. I think anti-government propaganda such as that should be stopped. It was not Nostradamus either. It is not 9-1-1 like in the phone call either.

3) The plane went down in Chaneysville, Pennsylvania on purpose. This is because a previous version of The Holy Experiment that did not Work contained reference to read a book called The Chaneysville Incident by: David Bradley a book I hadn’t read yet. If you look in Facts About the States it

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says it was a slave uprising. Actuality it was a slave suicide. (I cannot explain a 400-page book. Therefore you may find comfort in reading this book.) C.K. Washington and 12 runaway slaves, including children, are buried in Chaneysville. They committed suicide in approximately the winter of 1859 to die free instead of returning to the south when F.H. Petis and his men were chasing them. The scumbag terrorist therefore read The Chaneysville Incident in this country and totally ruined that great book and my story. The idiots got that suicide was honorable apparently, which it isn’t.

4) On the day of the attack a TV news reporter said, “What is this, Small Claims Court System?” A Small Claims Court Systems was one of my ideas to improve the social contract in Pennsylvania. So the scumbag terrorist got their message to one TV station and the scumbags attached violence to my story. Idiots.

It Began God Created Heaven and Earth, there was a big bang. Along came some Dinosaurs, but a meteor or Ice Age got them.

Aristotle Came Aristotle and Socrates continued Social Contract Theory in some sort of Republic. No one listened.

However Popes A Pope started a Crusades Campaign it is true. However, Recently one released, “If you want to serve god, fight for social justice.”

Magna Carta June 15, 1215 King John of England signed the charter of rights called the Magna Carta. This was a very important document in the learning process of “the law” that never affected Pennsylvania.

Columbus Day 1492 Columbus sailed the ocean blue. He was a pimp, so they repeatedly try to discredit him.

Preliminary Pennsylvania history before the charter of March 14, 1681 1609 Henry Hudson, exploring for the Dutch, enters Delaware Bay. 1614 Dutch captain Cornelis Hendricksen sails up the Delaware River. 1615 Etienne Brule explores Susquehanna River for France. 1621 Admiral William Penn was born in Bristol. About 1635 William Markham, first cousin of William Penn, was born in England. 1638 Swedes build Fort Christina at site of present-day Wilmington, Delaware. They establish New Sweden on West bank of Delaware River under Governor Peter Minuit. 1638 or 1639 George Keith was born in Peterhead, Aberdeenshire, Scotland. He was born to a Presbyterian family. He went on to receive a Master of Arts from the University of Aberdeen. 1643 Johan Printz arrives as Governor of New Sweden and brings black slaves. Forts are built on Tinicum Island in the Delaware River near Essington, at Upland (now Chester, PA), and at the mouth of the Schuylkill River. Tinicum Island contained a school. Johan Printz also built New Gottenburg, the first permanent settlement in Pennsylvania. October 14, 1644 William Penn was born in London, near the Tower of London, in a parish called St. Catherine’s. His father was Admiral Sir William Penn, a wealthy man. Young William heard the preaching of a Quaker leader named Thomas Loe and became a devout Quaker. He fought for political liberism and Quaker doctrines. He was in and out of jail for his beliefs. He wrote books and pamphlets. The Sandy Foundation Shaken (1668) and No Cross, No Crown (1669) were powerful arguments against high living, idleness, and cruelty. He wrote the charter of liberties for the Jersey colony. He wrote Some Fruits of Solitude. He wrote more than 150 works in his lifetime. (Many of his works can still be found today.) 1646 First church built by the Swedes consecrated on Tinicum Island. 1648 Robert Barclay was born at Gordonstown in Morayshire. 1651 Peter Stuyvesant builds Dutch Fort Casimir on site of New Castle, Delaware. 1654 Swedes seize Fort Casimir.

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1655 The Dutch of New Netherland (New York) under the leadership of Peter Stuyvesant seized the colony of New Sweden. 1659-1661 Massachusetts Puritans hanged three Quaker men and one woman who had insisted on coming into the colony. 1662 King Charles II chartered to Connecticut the colony territory all the way to the South Sea in the west, that is, to the Pacific. 1664 The English overthrow the Dutch and annex the territory to the British colony of New York. 1664 Duke of York’s rule established along Delaware River. September 16, 1670 Admiral William Penn died in his home in Wanstead, Essex. 1673 “Catechism and Confession of Faith” by Robert Barclay was first published. 1677 Second Swedes church dedicated in Southwark, below present day Christian Street in Philadelphia. 1677 William Penn, Robert Barclay, and George Keith, went on a religious mission to the Netherlands and Germany. 1677 “Anarchy of the Ranters” by Robert Barclay was published. 1678 “An Apology for the True Christian Divinity” by Robert Barclay was first published in Latin.

Pennsylvania - “The Holy Experiment that did not Work” March 4, 1681 King Charles II chartered what was to become Pennsylvania to William Penn. The eastern boundary was fixed along the Delaware River. The northern boundary was obscure as roughly the 42nd parallel, but you will learn how Connecticut <SP> got in the way. The southern boundary was supposed to be from the most eastern point of the Delaware River, which is actually north of Philadelphia at the “back of the neck” of New Jersey or somewhere in the Delaware Bay. At one time it was proposed that the southern boundary should be from the tip of New Jersey, which was approximately over 500 feet into the Delaware Bay from the current lighthouse at Cape May, but you will learn how Pennsylvania and Maryland rioted over the border repeatedly. The western boundary was supposed to be to the Pacific Ocean. No British Governor was required and hence the heredity of law was removed from Pennsylvania. What about the teachings of the charter of rights called the Magna Carta, which was signed by King John of England on June 15, 1215? William Penn called his experiment with ruling a colony “The Holy Experiment”. Pennsylvania has a history of violence without the law. Here are some of the things that happened while Pennsylvania had a lack of social contract … Note: It was either March 14, 1681 or March 4, 1681 that King Charles II chartered Pennsylvania to William Penn. Most books have it as March 14, 1681. So I think it was actually March 4th, because someone couldn’t take a (1) typo out, but I’ll go with the majority so as not to upset those nutty professors… Okay, fine, I’ll skip the jokes. But let’s blame the Bloody British for not providing a British Governor to Pennsylvania and removing the heredity of law, anyway. Them Bloody British did it! April 10, 1681 William Penn appointed his first cousin William Markham to Deputy. William Markham had the authority to establish courts, settle boundaries, sell lands, and everything granted to William Penn except the calling of a legislative assembly. July 1681 The first Quakers arrive in Boston led by William Markham, William Penn’s cousin. August 3, 1681 William Markham arrived at Upland (now Chester) Pennsylvania. Upland was the only town then in Pennsylvania.

William Markham had first sailed to Boston and then went to New York where he presented his credentials and received a letter from the Governor to the officials of the Delaware that notified them of the transfer of authority.

In Upland William Markham composed a council of six Quakers and three early settlers. Lord Baltimore conferred with William Markham in Upland regarding the boundary line between the

respective grants in the Pennsylvania and Maryland charters. The boundary lines were all messed up and overlapped each other or something like that.

Pennsylvania would go on to have boundary trouble with Virginia, Connecticut, New York, and if anyone can figure out why West Virginia juts up into Pennsylvania, please let someone know.

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End of 1681 William Markham with surveyors sent by William Penn to lie out a great town of 10,000 acres selected Philadelphia. 1682 William Penn’s surveyor, Thomas Holme, created the city of Philadelphia on a grid pattern based on five squares: Center, Northeast, Northwest, Southwest, and Southeast. Complaints were later made about no crooked streets. May 5, 1682 the “Frame of Government of Pennsylvania” was written.1 It provided for the education of all children. In 1683 the provision to educate all children was ratified by the Pennsylvania colonial assembly. July 15, 1682 William Markham purchased from the Indians the site of Pennsbury Manor and adjoining lands on the Delaware River. October 24 or 27, 1682 William Penn arrived in Delaware Bay on the ship Welcome at what would become New Castle, Delaware.

William Markham’s commission as deputy lapsed. William Markham became just a mere say, not on, the provincial council.

William Penn had black slaves and at one time built a house in Philadelphia called the Letitia house it was a cottage. 1682 The Duke of York leases to William Penn the Three Lower Counties (present Delaware). 1682 Robert Barclay became the non-resident Governor of the Province of East Jersey. 1683 By the Treaty of Shackamaxon in Philadelphia. The Indians grant land to William Penn. 1683 Quaker and Mennonites led by Francis Pastorius found Germantown, Pennsylvania. Summer 1683 William Markham went to England to represent Pennsylvania in the controversy with Maryland’s Lord Baltimore. 1685 George Keith became the Survey-General of East Jersey. 1686 George Keith ran the first survey to mark out West Jersey and East Jersey borderline. 1686 William Markham was appointed commissioner to sell lands in Pennsylvania.

Get the Law #1 1688 A small group of German born Quakers of Pennsylvania issued a statement about the “traffic of men-body.” This was considered the first anti-slavery action in America. 1689 William Markham was appointed Auditor of Accounts in Pennsylvania. William Markham adhered to the Church of England. He sympathized with the Swedish, Dutch, and Early English emigrants in their disputes with the Quakers. In the conflict between Captain John Blackwell and Thomas Lloyd, William Markham sided with Captain Blackwell. 1689 The Friends Public Grammar School was opened in Philadelphia. George Keith was headmaster. Today it is called the William Penn Charter School. Decade of 1690’s Pennsylvania had its first execution. There was only one execution in the 1690’s. From July 9, 1693 to April 2, 1962 Pennsylvania had 1040 executions by hanging and electric chair. I can’t find the lynchings yet, but they are there, somewhere. Also I doubt all the executions are documented. 1690 Robert Barclay died. 1691 William Markham was appointed Deputy Governor over the “Lower Counties” of what would become the present State of Delaware. 1691 George Keith led a religious revolt that broke away from the Quakers and Pennsylvania and led them into the “Lower Counties” so what was to become Delaware State became different religiously. 1692 William Penn was called to England for business. After the British Glorious Revolution of 1688 William Penn was suspected of helping the dethroned king, James II, and was arrested for treason. William Penn was deprived of his colony. The province of Pennsylvania was placed under the administration of Benjamin Fletcher, governor of New York colony, with William Markham as deputy.

1 To read the Frame of Government of Pennsylvania see: “The Avalon Project at Yale Law School” at: µhttp://www.yale.edu./lawweb/avalon/states/pa04.htm§

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Get the Law #2 1693 Complaints were raised of, "Sabbath breaking, drunkenness, idleness, Unlawful gaming and all manner of prophanesse (sic)." July 9, 1693 Derek Johnson, a white ferryman, was hanged in Bucks County for murder. This was Pennsylvania’s first execution. 1694 Full proprietary rights were restored to William Penn.

Get the Law #3 1694 Observers of Pennsylvania said the colony had “fallen into disorder and confusion” and protested that the “public peace and administration of justice was broken and violated daily.” 1694 William Markham was appointed Lieutenant-Governor of the Province of Pennsylvania and the Territories of Delaware. November 1, 1696 William Markham created a charter that replaced Pennsylvania’s earlier “Frame of Government” and Pennsylvania instituted the Frame of Government of Pennsylvania – 1696.2 The Pennsylvania legislature framed this constitution that made the people the source of honor and power and reduced the Governor to a mere presiding officer in the council.

“You are met not by virtue of any writ of mine, but of a law made by ourselves.” - William Markham addressing the Pennsylvania Legislature in May 1697 Decade of 1700’s There were no executions in Pennsylvania.

Get the Law #4 1700 The Pennsylvania Assembly (Provincial Council) admitted, “Some laws were simply ignored by all.” December 2, 1700 William Penn returned to his colony and arrived at Philadelphia from England. James Logan, who was to become the leader of the dominant Proprietary Party, accompanied William Penn. 1700’s The Shawnee tribe moved into Pennsylvania and then drifted west along the Ohio Valley. 1701 William Penn revised William Markham’s charter and granted the Charter of Privileges to Pennsylvania, which increased the power of the Assembly and provided for the voluntary withdrawal of the Delaware counties. Durring William Markhams administration of the government he was accused by the surveyor-general of customs of conniving at piracy, neglecting to explore forfeitures of bonds, and adjourning the courts for the benefit of fraudulent debtors.

They got it backwards. It is “The Pittsburgh Philly’s” and “The Philadelphia Pirates”. (Please Switch Uniforms)

Pirates and privateers took refuge in the Delaware Bay. Pirates made captures on the Delaware River and openly conducted business in Philadelphia. William Markham was powerless against the Pirates, as he had no constables or police or militia at the time. William Markham tried to obtain a vessel of war from Lord Bellmont, but failed to do so. October 28, 1701 The Pennsylvania Assembly confirmed The Charter of Privileges.

Get the Law #5 of 12 Don’t know when: William Penn was among the earliest to concede the presence of "Lewdness and all manner of Wickedness" in the province. November 1, 1701 Business again called William Penn to England and he left Philadelphia. He never returned to America. He got into money troubles and spent nine months in a debtor’s prison rather than pay the claims of a swindling steward.

William Penn’s last years were troubled by quarrels with Lord Baltimore, the proprietor of Maryland, by disagreements with many Pennsylvanians, and by the dissolute ways of one of his sons. He was ill with arthritis and Alzheimer’s or something, the diseases not being labeled then, for many years. William Penn died July 30, 1718 in Ruscombe, Berkshire.

2 To read the Frame of Government of Pennsylvania – 1696 see: “The Avalon Project at Yale Law School” at µhttp://www.yale.edu./lawweb/avalon/states/pa06.htm§

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1703 William Penn, who had complained of various transactions by William Markham prior, appointed his cousin, Deputy Governor William Markham, to appoint the British Register-General of Wills. The legality of this appointment was contested. February 2, 1704 William Penn, son of William Penn, and grandson of Admiral William Penn, came to the colony with Lieutenant-Governor Evans. February 8, 1704 William Penn, son of William Penn, grandson of Admiral William Penn, was made a member of the provincial council. 1704 Philadelphia riot of young gentry. 1704 Delaware forms legislature. It becomes Delaware State in 1776. Not State of Delaware as The Constitution of the United States wasn’t even written yet, yet alone ratified. Everything is separate between Delaware State and what is to become The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania on September 10, 1776 except for the head of office of Delaware State and the Governor of The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, which is the same man. Decade of 1710’s There were two executions in Pennsylvania. May 9, 1718 Lazarus Thomas, a white farm hand, and Hugh Pugh, a white millwright, were both hanged for murder in Delaware County. July 30, 1718 William Penn, son of Admiral William Penn, died in Ruscombe, Berkshire. 1719 Dunkers settled in Germantown, Pennsylvania. Peter Becker led Dunkers from Germany. Dunker comes from the German word meaning “dip” in regard to how the Dunkers, a German Baptist religious sect, dunked followers into water for Baptism. No doubt a word from John “The Baptist” who reportedly much later visited Susquehanna County. 1719 Pennsylvania’s first newspaper is founded at Philadelphia and called American Weekly Mercury.

Get the Law #6 1719 Isaac Norris complained after a robbery of Jonathan Dickinson’s home that, “Many robberies are committed such as never heretofore known in the country. The people who were never before under apprehensions of the kind are now afraid of traveling the roads.” Decade of 1720’s There were seven executions in Pennsylvania. 1720 William Penn’s son, William Penn, died in Liege.

The Bloody British Won 1720-1780 Philadelphia’s homicide rate was two and a half times that of London, England’s rate of homicide in the same period. November 19, 1720 Edward Hunt, a white Forger, was hung in Philadelphia County for counterfeiting. 1721 to 1737 Pennsylvania – Maryland boundary riots occurred. Villages were burned, mostly in Pennsylvania by Maryland rioters.

17-Year-Old Hung August 15, 1722 William Battin, a 17-year-old white indentured servant, was hanged in Delaware County for arson-murder. 1723 The first Dunker church in America is founded in Germantown, PA. 1723 Benjamin Franklin, discontent with which the way his brother treated him left Boston and settled in Philadelphia.

Racial Tension 1723 Philadelphians opposing racial intermarriage petitioned the colonial assembly to do something concerning interracial marriages between Negroes and Whites. July 13, 1724 Elizabeth Murphy was hung in Delaware County for murder.

Reform Party Begins 1725 John Philip Boehm established The Reform Church at Falkner Swamp, Pennsylvania. Speculated 1725 to 1730: Cast counterfeit 1699 William III Halfpence were found in Philadelphia in 1975. Apparently the counterfeiters made cast copies to what would appear older (1699) copper coins. It was speculated that these counterfeiters made these coins in Philadelphia sometime about 1725 to 1730.

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1726 The first college established in the middle colonies was the Log College in Bucks County, Pa. Poor Richards Almanac

1726 A riot in Philadelphia occurred by the city’s poorest residents. The rioters tore down the pillory and stocks and set them on fire before the governor of Pennsylvania put down the uprising.

Get the Law #7 1728 Isaac Norris wrote, “In my memory we could safely go to bed with our doors open, but now robberies, housebreaking, rapes, and other crimes are becoming common.”

I never promised you a Rose Garden 1729 Crowds broke into the Mayor of Philadelphia gardens and destroyed his plants. Decade of 1730’s There were six executions in Pennsylvania. 1730’s German Seventh-day Baptists settle in Lancaster County. February 8, 1731 Springett Penn, William Penn’s son, died in Dublin, Ireland. 1731 Benjamin Franklin founded The Library Company of Philadelphia. 1732 John Dickinson was born. 1732 The first issue of Benjamin Franklin’s Poor Richard’s Almanack was published. 1732 Peter Harp was convicted under the infanticide statute of aiding Margaret Shitts in concealing the birth, death, and burial of her illegitimate child. Neither was apparently hung.

Get the Law #8 In other Countries 1732 The Philadelphia Society of Friends blamed the growth of crime on the “great numbers of the vicious and scandalous refuse of other countries.”

Henry The Eighth did It 1733 Three men were found dead alongside a road. Two had their heads cut off and the third had been shot in the head. November 1736 A long-tenured sheriffs, John Owen, was the victim of the worst documented assault on a sheriff. Owen went to the house of William Downard to arrest Charly Hickinbotom (Higgenbotham?). Jean Downard threw scalding broth at the sheriff and struck him with a stone. The government's witness described unlikely persons appearing from odd quarters adding mayhem to the scene, but Hickinbotom never showed up. John Starr got down a gun. Daniel O'Neall beat the sheriff with his fists, and threatened to hit with a hoe anyone who approached O'Neall. John Henthorn knocked a man to the floor and caused his head to bleed. James and Mary Henthorn beat some unnamed person with sticks. It was a riot. It is baffling to recall that John Owen was a Quaker and so, a pacifist. How did he gain control of a scene like the Downards' and of armed, violent characters like Starr and O'Neall? Did he reason them into submission? Or did he have non-pacifist constables with him who grappled with them and disarmed them?

Brother of All Mankind Born January 29, 1737 Thomas Paine, nonsectarian Philosophic Initiate, Brother of all mankind; Member of the Order of the Rose, and L’Ordre du Lis and of the Great, or World Council, was born in England, January 29, 1737. At a very early age he became interested in literary work and showed an intense interest in the rights and liberties of his fellow men. July 2, 1737 Thomas Beers, a white, was hanged for arson in Delaware County. July 2, 1737 Catharine Conner, a white female, was hung in Philadelphia County for house breaking into and burglary. August 25, 1737 The Walking Purchase Hoax occurred.3 Thomas Penn, son of William Penn, tricked the Delawares (also called Lenni-Lenape tribe) out of 1,200 miles in southeast Pennsylvania. December 18, 1737 A strong earthquake toppled chimneys at New York City and was reported felt at Boston, Massachusetts, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and New Castle, Delaware.

3 To learn about the Walking Purchase Hoax of 1737 see the “Pennsylvania State Archives” at: µhttp://www.docheritage.state.pa.us/documents/walkingpurchase.asp§

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Something is Fishy 1738 Schuylkill River fish-dam riot occurred when the administration limited fishing on the Schuylkill River.

Ye Old Tax to Quiet Them Trick 1738 Pennsylvania attempted to place an excise tax on distilled sprits. November 23, 1738 William Beatson, a white, was hanged for house breaking into and burglary. Decade of 1740’s There were five executions in Pennsylvania. 1740 University of Pennsylvania is founded. 1741 A petition was sent to the crown signed by 265 prominent Pennsylvanians complained that the Quaker-controlled assembly was not protecting the province. November 7, 1741 John Bullock, a white, was hanged for murder. 1742 First Moravian Church built at the present day southeast corner of Race and Bread streets in Philadelphia.

Cut and Sewn Back Up May 1742 A Negro woman was pulled out of the Delaware River. She was cut open from her collarbones to the lower part of her belly and sewn back up with double ozenbrigs thread. October 1, 1742 On a Friday during the annual elections in Philadelphia the voters "were violently assaulted by a great Number of Seamen, collected from several Ships in this Port, armed with Clubs, and other dangerous Weapons; who with great Fury drove many from the Place of Election, beating and wounding great Numbers of the Freemen, to the Peril of their Lives, not sparing those few good Magistrates who used their Endeavors to preserve the Peace, and suppress the Rioters." The band of sailors attacked the crowd assembled at the Courthouse, knocking down all the persons they encountered. Then the sailors dispersed, only to reappear to attack "500 Dutch and others, knocked all down that were upon the stairs and laid at them in the most shocking manner eye ever beheld." But the Germans rallied, charged the sailors, and routed them. The use of the sailors and the resulting riot disgraced the Proprietary Party, as it was Proprietary Party that had enticed the sailors to riot. November 20, 1742 When the rioting sailors were brought to court, Philadelphia Mayor Plumstead released them with a warning and a fine of 20 schillings each.

Fine; I promised you a Rose Garden #1 (1743) of 2 (1953) March 1743 A man digging in his garden in Philadelphia unearthed the remains of a slain female. 1744 Pennsylvania Assembly attempted to place an excise tax on distilled spirits again. December 6, 1747 Michael and Patrick Burne, both white and probably brothers, were hanged for house breaking into and burglary. Decade of 1750’s There were 15 executions in Pennsylvania. February 1, 1750 John Morris, a white, and Francis McCoy, a white, and Elizabeth Robinson, a white female, were hung in Philadelphia County, all for house breaking into and burglary. 1750 Both French and British sheltered fugitive slaves in Pittsburgh. After the British victory over the French one of the first free black communities was established in Pittsburgh. 1750 York County election riot occurred. 1751 An unknown person killed William Wilson from Chester as he rode to Philadelphia late one night. 1753 The French sent troops south from Canadian territory to occupy and claim the Ohio Valley. Most Native American tribes in the region allied themselves with one or the other of the European forces. The Iroquois remained neutral, hoping to play one side against the other and continue fur trade. 1753 Connecticut organized the Susquehanna Company (later called the Connecticut Delaware Company). November 15, 1753 The Philadelphia Gazette ran the following warning: “Our Readers are cautioned to beware of counterfeit English Halfpence, great Quanities of which we understand are lately imported. They are of all Kings and Years from King William downwards; but besides being bace Metal, they are much lighter than the true Ones. They may be known by the Colour, Thinness, and Roughness, occasioned by their cast in Sand. Tis said about Forty Thousand Pounds Sterling in such Halfpence, have been lately made in

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England; but their Currency being now stopt at home, some evil-minded Persons are buying them up to send to the Plantations.” 1754 The Ohio Company of Virginia built a fort at the forks of the Ohio. The French capture it and name it Fort Duquesne. July 4, 1754 Virginia troops under George Washington are defeated at Fort Necessity near present-day Uniontown in the French and Indian War. George Washington surrendered. July 9, 1755 French and mostly Indians defeat British under General Edward Braddock in the battle of Monongahela River.

Murderer John Myriak 1755 John Myriak murdered his wife, two children, and neighbor’s infant brutally. 1755 Indians terrorize much of Pennsylvania. 1755 A Pennsylvania expedition under Plunkett failed to dislodge the Connecticut settlers in the Wyoming Valley. Spring 1756 The Governor and Council of Pennsylvania declared war against the Delaware and Shawnees Indians. June 4, 1756 Six Quakers: John Pemberton and Joshua Morris of Philadelphia County, William Callender of Philadelphia City, William Peters of Chester, Peter Worral of Lancaster County, and Francis Parvin of Berks County, presented to the Pennsylvania House their resignation. They said they had no desire to involve the House in unnecessary trouble, but since the present situation called upon them for military services which, “from a Conviction of Judgment, after mature Deliberation,” they were unable to comply with, they concluded that it was “most conducive to the Peace” of their own minds and religious professions to withdraw. Their resignations were accepted. November 5-18, 1756 Benjamin Franklin along with other commissioners confers with Delaware Indians at Easton, Pennsylvania. September 6, 1757 Marie Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert De Motier La Fayette, Philosophic Initiate; Member of the Great, or World Council; L’Ordre du Lis, and representative to America of the Fraternitas, was born at the Chateau of Chavaniac in Auvergne, France, on September 6, 1757. He went on to become known as one of the finest Americans of all time and served his country to be, and even shortened his name for you as none other than MARQUIS DE LA FAYETTE was born this day. 1758 Colonists make peace with Indians at Easton, Pennsylvania. April 1758 Mary Jamison was 16-years-old when a French and Indian party attacked her family’s home near Chambersburg, Pennsylvania. Her family was murdered and the Shawnee Indians captured Mary. The Shawnee Indians took her to Fort Duquesne and then to an Indian village on the Ohio River where Mary witnessed the burned remains of captives tortured to death. Two Seneca women adopted Mary. Mary married a Delaware Indian and settled in the Seneca homelands in the Green River Valley of New York. She avoided colonial society after the war. Her first husband died and she married a Seneca. After the American Revolution, she settled on land in the Genesee Valley granted to her by treaty. Eventually she moved with other Seneca Indians to reservation lands near Buffalo, New York. In 1823 Mary told her story to an interviewer who published it a year later. 1758 French evacuate Fort Duquesne and destroy it. 1758 Pittsburgh was founded. March 10, 1759 Elizabeth Graul, a white female, was hanged for murder. 1759 Colonial soldiers build Fort Pitt near where Fort Duquesne once was. Decade of 1760’s There were 26 executions in Pennsylvania. 1760-1820 King George III ruled Great Britain. January 22, 1760 John Bruelman, a white jeweler, was hanged for murder in Philadelphia County. 1761 Henry Hander, a laborer in Lebanon Township, Lancaster County, who, believing that Jacob Kissell had "used him ill," stabbed Kissell in the throat and threw him out the door. Kissell screamed for Hander "to let him alone for he was most dead," but Hander pursued the fallen man, grabbed him by the hair and cut off his head. He then threw dirt and snow on the body, laughing and talking to himself.

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1763 France and Britain signed a peace treaty. The colony of Connecticut was chartered in 1662 all the territory west to the Pacific Ocean. In 1763 the Susquehanna Company of Connecticut began the colonization of the Wyoming Valley, which was also chartered to William Penn in 1681. Indians massacred Connecticut’s first settlement in Wyoming Valley. 1763-1764 Pontiac War with Indians occurred. 1763 Chief Pontiac attacked Fort Pitt. Only last-minute aid saved the fort. 1763 William Henry of Lancaster, who had visited James Watt in England, built a steamboat, the first in America, but when it was tested in Conestoga Creek the craft was too frail for the engine.

The Conestoga Massacre and the March of the Paxton Boys 1763 The Conestoga Massacre happened. December 4, 1763 A group of men, principally from Paxton Township, attacked the Indians living on the Conestoga Manor. Conestoga Manor was an Indian settlement of Susquehannok (also called Conestoga) Indians that were under protection of the colony of Pennsylvania. These Susquehannok Indians were peaceful, and partially Christianized. They were descendents of Indians that William Penn first made treaties with. The Susquehannok Indians sold trinkets in primarily Lancaster. These men, labeled the Paxton Militia or Paxton Rangers, murdered six of these peaceful Indians on December 4, 1763. The remainders of the Susquehannok Indians were taken to the Lancaster Almshouse for safekeeping. During the French and Indian war the western frontiersmen attempted to control the Indians despite the religious policies of the eastern Pennsylvania government, who had made treaties with Indians in the east. These Susquehannok Indians were under protection of the eastern, primarily Quaker government. It is speculated that the Conestoga Massacre was the Scotch-Irish frontiersman of the west retaliation against the Quaker eastern government of eastern failure to protect the western frontier against the Indians. And this was further exemplified by the “Paxton Boy” march on Philadelphia that came about. However, why did Benjamin Franklin try to get legislation passed to prosecute the Paxton Militia? Why did Quakers, supposedly pacifists, take up arms against the 600 Paxton Boy march on Philadelphia? December 25, 1763 About fifty men in arms broke open the doors of Lancaster Almshouse and butchered the remaining Susquehannok Indians. About 14 Susquehannok men, women, and children were massacred. News of this affair spread eastward. Alarmed officials in Philadelphia sent to New York the quartered in Philadelphia Moravian Indians (also called Bethlehem Indians). Governor Colden of New York refused to receive the Moravian Indians. The Moravian Indians then returned to Philadelphia and were lodged in the Philadelphia barracks. It was New York Colony that had granted Pennsylvania land and still was under a border dispute, not skirmish, with Pennsylvania over New York’s southern boundary and Pennsylvania’s northern boundary. Learning that the government in Philadelphia was apparently scared and New York’s failure to house the Moravian Indians and that the Moravian Indians were now back in Philadelphia, the enemies in Lancaster County became aroused and started to amass opposition to the east. Disaster began, upon the request of the Governor the Assembly immediately voted credits (monies) to subdue the rioters and defend the lives of the Moravian Indians. Meanwhile: January 4, 1764 Benjamin Franklin was upset and drafted a bill providing for trial of capital offenses between whites and Indians. The bill arouses intense opposition and the Assembly quickly killed it. January 30, 1764 Benjamin Franklin published a narrative of the Conestoga Massacre and denounced the Paxton Militia. Benjamin Franklin, though living in Philadelphia, was from Boston area, and was not a Quaker. February 5, 1764 The rioters, “though known to be small in the beginning, continually increased” as per: Memories of His Own Time By: Alexander Graydon Edited By: J.S. Little: The rioters begin to march and amass more followers. The Pennsylvania Assembly immediately passed a bill for suppressing riots, which was read the next day to 3,000 people at the State House in Philadelphia. Also was published, “ye Defence (correct spelling back then) of ye Indians & ye City, in which Many Hand’s of ye Inhabitants cheerfully E[n]gaged & made ye necessary preparations for Opposing ye rioters.”

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The Quakers were alarmed and many of them bearing arms appeared on the streets as the rioters approached Germantown. The Reverend Mr. Henry M. Muhlenberg makes some interesting comments on this point in his Journal:

“It is almost incredible that sundry young and old Quakers formed companies, and took up arms, particularly so to the boys in the streets; for a whole crowd of boys followed a distinguished Quaker, and in astonishment cried out, look here! a Quaker with a musket on his shoulder. It was by many old people looked on as a wonderful sign, to see so many old and young Quakers marching about with sword and gun, or deadly weapons, so-called. What increased the wonder was, that the pious lambs in the long French, Spanish, and Indian wars had such tender consciences, and would sooner die than raise a hand in defence against these dangerous enemies, and now at once like Zedekiah, the son of Chenaanah, with iron horns rushing upon a handful of our poor distressed and ruined fellow citizens and inhabitants of the frontiers.”

Alexander Graydon writes: “In this state of consternation and dismay all business was laid aside for the more important

occupation of arms.” Governor Penn, in a panic, fled to the house of Benjamin Franklin and requested him to form an

association for the defense of the city. Benjamin Franklin wrote: “Governor Penn made my house for some time his headquarters, and did everything by my advice; so

that for about forty-eight hours I was a great man; … February 8, 1764 600 Paxton Boys march on Philadelphia.

Several clergymen were sent out to meet the rioters as they approached Germantown. The Governor also sent several of his Council, accompanied by four members of the Assembly-Franklin, Galloway, Chew, and Willing-to advise the rioters to disperse immediately. Foulke says that the men gave some poor excuses “to Cover the disloyal principles of ye faction, which Appears to be a Presbyterian one-that Society thro’out the province being tainted with ye same bloody principles with respect to ye Indians & of disaffection to ye Government.” From the journal of Reverend Muhlenberg:

Mr. Brycelius met the “Boys” on the outskirts of Germantown where he was stopped and ordered to remain with them. Engaging in conversation he told them he had been a resident of Dublin, Ireland, and that “the love of peace and their common welfare had compelled him to see them and speak with them.” He must have won their confidence, for he asked them “in the simplicity of his heart what their object and the intention of their down March might be.” They said their objects were: first, that they Bethlehem Indians be given up and expelled; second, that they be given the opportunity to lay their “many weighty complaints” before the government. “The people in and around Philadelphia lived at ease and in plenty, and had no idea of the distress and troubles of the poor” frontiersmen. Therefore, they had “come down to settle their affairs in Philadelphia.” They confessed, Foulke said, that they had been “invited and encouraged by many considerable persons in Philadelphia.” And were told that “they should meet with no opposition in the execution of their design.” Thus it is evident that the disaffection for the government was by no means confined to the West.

When the rioters (Paxton Boys) found that the Indians were protected by the King’s troops they desisted from their plans and dispersed. The Assembly’s attempt to punish the “murders’ failed because popular feeling upheld the act.

Alexander Graydon wrote: “Party spirit at the time, ran very high, and the Paxton men were not without a number of clamorous

advocates, who entirely justified them on the score of their sufferings from the savages…” The rioters returned home; the causes of discontent remained. The Pennsylvania Proprietors directed

the Governor to make every effort to settle the disputes between the fractions, and especially to discourage the printing of partisan pamphlets. Governor Penn found little difficulty in obeying this order, for in the wrath against the Stamp Act the factions momentarily lost sight of their former grievances. “The People,” wrote Governor Penn, “seem to have forgotten former differences and are all united against the Stamp Act.”

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Lazarus Stewart and some of the Paxton Boys moved to the Wyoming Valley under Connecticut grant and were concerned in the Yankee-Pennamite Wars that followed. 1764 Phoebe (Richards), a black female slave, was hanged for house breaking into and burglary in Chester County.

Serial Killer 1764 A serial murderer stalked the streets of Philadelphia, and was never caught. September 24, 1764 Michael Grissbach, a white, was hanged for murder in Lancaster County. January 19, 1765 Jane Ewing, a white female, was hanged in Delaware County for murder. September 26, 1765 Elizabeth Erwin, a white female, was hanged in York County for murder. October 1765 Fox, John Dickinson, Bryan, and Morton, represented Pennsylvania in the stamp Act Congress held in New York. 1767 Britons Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon completed their survey of the eastern portion of the Mason/Dixon line. 1767 A sailor was found dead near one of Philadelphia’s wharves. He was apparently murdered. 1767-1768 John Dickinson wrote a series of twelve letters known as Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania that advocated the resistance to the English minister’s plan of taxation on constitutional grounds. John Dickinson was known as The Penman of the Revolution. So it was John Dickinson who had a large part in starting the American Revolution.

Granted he did not vote for The Declaration of Independence, but the Pennsylvania Assembly probably told him not to. He was a Continental Army Officer despite he was a Quaker. He was fired from the Senate while at Elizabethtown miles from the enemy, the British. (We call it the 1st and 2nd Continental Congress. John Dickinson called it the National Senate.)

John Dickinson went on to be President of Delaware State and of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania at the same time.

First Parade of Tears John Dickinson did try and fire the idiot who marched Connecticut settlers of in the mud, but the

Pennsylvania Legislator did not listen to him. (Pennsylvanians were very upset over Connecticut Settlers being imprisoned and marched off in a bad rainstorm. This was the so-called first parade of tears, not written about much because apparently it is harsher than picking on Indians. Can’t even find the date of this First Parade of Tears but it happened.) 1768 Treaty of Fort Stanwix settles Indian problems. December 24, 1768 Mary Kennedy was hanged in York County for murder. 1769 Connecticut men settle in Wyoming Valley based on the Connecticut charter of 1662, causing the Pennamite-Yankee War over boundaries. July 1, 1769 John Berger, a white, was hanged for murder in Lancaster County. Decade of 1770’s There were 52 executions in Pennsylvania. May 5, 1770 Herman Rosikrans, a white, was hanged in Philadelphia County for counterfeiting. May 22, 1771 John Thompson, a white male, was hanged in Philadelphia County for house braking into and robbery. 1771 When Bedford County's under sheriff Thomas Wood attempted to serve an ejectment on one John Martin, Martin's armed neighbors told Wood that "if he would depart out of [the] Settlement quietly and not attempt to execute his Office, they would allow him, but if he would execute any of his Office, he might depend upon the heigh [sic] of ill usuage [sic]." One sheriff complained that, "I am daily threatened of my life and property if I proceed to execute my office." May 2, 1772 Patrick Kennedy, a white, was hanged in Delaware County for rape. July 4, 1772 John Thomas was hanged for breaking into a house and robbery. December 26, 1772 Henry Phillips, a white farm laborer, was hanged for murder. Notes made of October 1, 1773: A total of 28,318 five-schilling notes were printed in accordance to an act of the General Assembly of Pennsylvania. These red and black notes contained a farming scene and on the back were the words: “To Counterfeit is DEATH”.

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October 1773 A delegation of Philadelphians invited the agents of the East India Company, which had a monopoly on the sale of British tea, to resign their commission or risk the consequences. Some agents resigned. December 18, 1773 Samuel Brandt, a 45-year-old white tavern keeper, was hanged for conspiracy to murder.

All 10 Hangings of 1774 January 1, 1774 Alexander Buchanan was hanged for house breaking into and burglary in Northampton County. January 1, 1774 Thomas Wilson was hanged for murder in Northampton County. April 30, 1774 Richard Burch was hanged for house breaking into and burglary in Philadelphia County. April 30, 1774 Joseph Price was hanged for house breaking into and burglary in Philadelphia County. April 30, 1774 Thomas Stephens was hanged for house breaking into and burglary in Philadelphia County. April 30, 1774 James Swain was hanged for murder in Philadelphia County. April 30, 1774 Elizabeth, a black female was hanged for murder in Philadelphia County. April 30, 1774 Bernard Repton was hanged for counterfeiting in Philadelphia County. July 16, 1774 James Anderson, a white, was hanged for murder in Cumberland County. July 16, 1774 Peter Gillespie, a white, was hanged for murder in Cumberland County. July 1774 Continental Congress sent King George III the Olive Branch Petition written by John Dickinson. The Olive Branch Petition was a statement of loyalty to the crown and a request for the King’s assistance in resolving the conflict. 1774 First Continental Congress met in Philadelphia at Carpenters’ Hall. 1774 Governor Dunmore of Virginia opened offices for the sale of lands in what are now the Pennsylvania counties of Fayette, Washington, Allegheny, and Greene. Governor Dunmore charged a fee of two schillings and six pence and the price paid per acre was 10 shillings. The sum in many instances was not demanded. Pennsylvania was charging a sum much more than Virginia of about $25 per 100 acres. Henceforth, settlers were prevailed upon to purchase land from the cheaper Virginia offices. October 15, 1774 John Dickinson, a Quaker, was added to the Pennsylvania delegation to the First Continental Congress.

Unity through Slavery, Well Almost October 18, 1774 The Association of British Colonies in America was proposed. In six months 12 colonies joined and to a limited extent Georgia joined. They agreed on a program to rebel with Britain, withdraw from the slave trade, start a trade embargo with Britain, and refuse to use British products. Any providence that reneged on its promises was to be boycott by the other provinces. Individuals were to be held accountable against Britain by local committees.

The Philadelphia Troop of Light Horse November 17, 1774 The Philadelphia Troop of Light Horse was formed. It was one of the earliest revolutionary military groups formed in the colonies. 26 Patriots of Philadelphia founded The Philadelphia Troop of Light Horse after the meeting of the first General Continental Congress. The troop later became The First Troop Philadelphia City Calvary. 1775 A group of Pittsburghers met in Semple’s Tavern to support “the spirited behavior of their brethren in New England, and … approve of their opposing the invaders of American rights and privileges.” June 3, 1775 John McAllister and Alexander Stewart, both white, were both hung for counterfeiting in Philadelphia County. August 23, 1775 King George II rejected the Olive Branch Petition sent to him by the Continental Congress and proclaimed Britain’s colonies in America to be in open rebellion. November 4, 1775 The Pennsylvania Assembly appointed the following delegates to the Second Continental Congress: John Morton, Benjamin Franklin, John Dickinson, Robert Morris Charles Humpreys, Edward Briddle, Thomas Willing, Andrew Allen, and James Wilson. Thomas Willing was a merchant of Philadelphia. James Wilson was a lawyer from Carlisle.

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1775 –1781 The Second Continental Congress met in Philadelphia at Independence Hall except when the British occupied Philadelphia. 1775-1795 The John Bridges Tavern, located just northwest of Ft. Ligonies in western Pennsylvania, was in operation. It was an apparent counterfeiting establishment. Due to much latter excavation of the site it was unearthed that it contained molds (casts) for coins. Due to the period of operation, during the American Revolution, these scums did not support their country. Contradictory to popular belief people do not profit from war, except for scoundrels. They hurt their country by hurting the economy at the time, while the economy was needed to finance the war.

Common Sense January 9, 1776 Common Sense was published in Philadelphia, PA. The Anglo-American Revolutionary Thomas Paine wrote the 50-Page pamphlet. The pamphlet attacked the concept of monarchy and provided justification for American Independence. It sold 100,000 copies in three months.

County of Westmoreland, Connecticut <SP> 1776 Connecticut organized the Wyoming Valley region as the County of Westmoreland.

Later, after the Constitution of the United States, they must have said, “Wow, this is neat, fine we’ll be a State now.”

South Carolina? Or New York who went on to be labeled Yankees by three Presidents? July 1, 1776 The Second Continental Congress considered the resolution declaring independence and adopted it with but two nonconforming votes of Pennsylvania and South Carolina. July 1, 1776 Francis Lightfoot Lee wrote: “… tomorrow it will pass the house with the concurrence of South Carolina. The Pennsylvania delegates indulge their own wishes, tho they acknowledge what indeed every-body knows that they vote contrary to the earnest desires of the people…” July 2, 1776 The vote for independence was taken. Pennsylvania had seven of nine delegates present: 1) Mr. Allen was a British sympathizer and abandoned his seat. 2) Mr. Brindle was sick due to falling into the Schuylkill River on his way from Reading to Philadelphia and later died. 3) Mr. Wilson voted for the Declaration of Independence. 4) Dr. Benjamin Franklin voted for the Declaration of Independence. 5) Mr. Morton voted for the Declaration of Independence. 6) Mr. Thomas Willing voted against the Declaration of Independence. 7) Mr. Humpreys voted against the Declaration of Independence. 8) Mr. John Dickinson was present but did not vote. 9) Mr. Robert Morris was present but did not vote. (That is two were not there. Three voted for the Declaration of Independence. Two voted against the Declaration of Independence. Two did not vote.) July 4, 1776 Declaration of Independence signed by most members of the Second Continental Congress. July 8, 1776 The Declaration of Independence was read to the people from the Observatory, State House Yard, in Philadelphia by John Nixon. “I had not been ten days in camp at Elizabethtown when I was by my prosecutors turned out of Congress. While I was exposing my person to every hazard, and lodging every night within half a mile of the enemy, the members of the Convention at Philadelphia, resting in quiet and safety, ignominiously voted me, as unworthy of my seat, out of the National Senate.” – John Dickinson Summer 1776 Pennsylvania’s oligarchy Quaker government was overthrown and John Penn left office that was either Governor (Facts About the States) or Lieutenant Governor (The Chaneysville Incident). Many Pennsylvanian Continental Army soldiers defected to take care of matters in their own colony. “Despite the tolerant spirit of William Penn, no Catholic could hold office in the province from 1693 to 1776, for every candidate for office had to swear that he did not believe in the doctrine of transubstantiation, that he regarded the invocation of the Virgin Mary and the saints as superstitious and the Popish Mass as idolatrous. This oath excluded Roman Catholics from office, yet they had a right to live in the colony.”4 Summer 1776 The Commonwealth of Virginia instituted their constitution called The Declaration of Rights.

Law to the “Common Man” Begins

4 The Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 p. 179

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They stole it from Virginia. No, it’s a state. No, it’s a Commonwealth. No, it’s Commonwealth Law. The Chief of Police said, “Parker, you need to understand, this is a Commonwealth and the law is for the “Common Man”. I found about 18 Pennsylvanians felt this way. I tried to explain it wasn’t to some but I only insulted their intelligence. A Pennsylvania Attorney was amazed at this and seemed unable to comprehend. President Clinton comprehended it as I politely put it that Pennsylvania was in violation of the Constitution of the United States and with all due respect sir… it is your job to uphold the Constitution of the United States. Johnny Gammage wasn’t a Common Man being black and driving a Jaguar. Well couldn’t The Constitution of the United States be posted on the wall to stop this thought? September 10, 1776 Pennsylvania Assembly instituted their constitution called The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Declaration of Rights. It was nearly verbatim to that of Virginia. The Presidents of the Pennsylvania Assembly were Mr. Rittenhouse (take as German) and Mr. Vanhorne (take as Irish). The law or rights were given to the Common Man. “The Pennsylvania Declaration of Rights” was published in all three newspapers of Pennsylvania, which were all in Philadelphia. (I found some people in Pennsylvania today that still believe that the rights in Pennsylvania are for the Common Man.) “In May 1776 George Mason wrote the Virginia Declaration of Rights, the first state paper of that character to be adopted in America. The Pennsylvania and Virginia documents are quite similar, both in form and content. In fact, as John Adams stated, the Pennsylvania Declaration is “taken almost verbatim from that of Virginia, which was made and published two or three months before that of Philadelphia was begun.”5 “Again, the dissension in Pennsylvania vitally affected the course of the war with Great Britain. Only a small proportion of the available manpower was ever enlisted in the struggle against the English. The old idea that the year 1776 was a period of almost universal patriotic enthusiasm had no foundation in fact. Students of the American Revolution are thoroughly familiar with the urgent requests of General Washington for troops and the inability of Congress to supply them. We now see quite clearly how the fight over the new Constitution of Pennsylvania rent the state asunder, preventing her from making the expected opposition to England. Armies are composed of the masses; those who die on the fields of battle are the so-called “common people”.6 September 28, 1776 Pennsylvania had its second constitution. The President of the Pennsylvania Assembly was Benjamin Franklin. This constitution gave the law or rights to the individual. However, some attribute the writing of the Pennsylvania Constitution of September 28, 1776 to James Cannon; a follower of Thomas Paine. I could not find evidence that this constitution was published in the three papers of Philadelphia. (A small problem exist that writers find only one of Pennsylvania Constitutions of 1776, while there is actually two.)7 December 8, 1776 Congress declared martial law in Philadelphia. Many patriots fled the city as British General Howe advanced. “Lacey (Brigadier General John Lacey), in his Memoirs, says that all was peace and harmony when he left Pennsylvania in the summer of 1776, but upon his return in December he “soon discovered a radical change had taken place in the Political sentiments” of his neighbors and acquaintances. The people “appeared all hostile to each other, Whig & Tory in a little better [than] open Enemies. …I had almost begun to doubt,” he says, “whether I had not mistaken my Native Country for that of an Enemies – The Hostility of the Tories was so great to Indipendence [sic] that nothing but cowardice alone prevented their Taking up arms and openly declaring themselves in favor of and joining the British Army.” The home of Lacey was Bucks County, a hotbed of Toryism.

5 The Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 p. 178 6 The Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 pp. 257-258 7 To read the Constitution of Pennsylvania – September 28, 1776 see “The Avalon Project at Yale Law School” at: µhttp://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/states/pa08.htm§

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Get the Law #9 For These Ever Flourish in Anarchy and Confusion But these conditions were found not only in Philadelphia and Bucks counties. Farther west the

situation was the same. Colonel Thomas Hartley writing from York to James Wilson on December 22, 1776, said:

Col. Ross and you told me when at Philad that I would find a great Change in the County-your observations were but too true. …The disaffected have spared no Pains to improve on those unlucky events. The Committee from mismanagement have lost all their authority-there are no Justices-no Law-every one seems to do what he listeth-I am surprised that there are not more Murders & Robberies committed for these ever flourish in anarchy and Confusion. …”8 March 8, 1777 Brint Debadee, a 24-year-old white soldier, was shot for desertion in Philadelphia County. March 31, 1777 James Molessworth, a white, was hung for spying and espionage in Philadelphia County. 1777 Philadelphia had an estimated population of 24,000.

Backwards Again I don’t know when: General George Washington wrote Pennsylvania’s recruiting practices were backwards. 1777 A church in Northampton, also called Northamptontown, present day Allentown, Pennsylvania harbored the Liberty Bell when it was removed from Independence Hall to save it from falling into British hands. 1777 “Universal Love” by Robert Barclay was published well after the author’s death. June 14, 1777 Congress declared the American flag should have 13 stripes, alternate red and white, with 13 stars of white in a field of blue. September 26, 1777 British forces entered Philadelphia. October 15, 1777 Battle of Germantown happened. October 22, 1777 Battle of Red Bank happened. November 15, 1777 Mud Fort in Philadelphia was evacuated and taken by the British. November 15, 1777 In York, Pennsylvania the 13 colonies took a step that brought them much closer to unity as a nation. Congress adopted the Articles of Confederation, which had been drafted by a committee headed by John Dickinson (1732-1800) of Pennsylvania. The Articles served as a set of regulations by which the colonies agreed to be ruled until the war ended. The aim of the Articles was to give Congress the necessary powers for winning the war. However, the Articles did not go into effect until 1781, when all colonies had ratified them. May 27, 1778 Joseph Bone was hanged for house breaking into and burglary. 1778 The Battle of Monmouth, New Jersey was fought. Heroine of the battle is Molly Pitcher. (Many do not know that women have fought in all our wars.) Molly Pitcher’s grave is in Carlisle, Pennsylvania June 18, 1778 The British evacuated Philadelphia. During the American Revolution: Those sneaky Bloody British issued counterfeit notes of the genuine notes issued by the Continental Congress to finance the war. July 4, 1778 Note: A history book said the following festivities and riot happened in Philadelphia on July 4, 1777, however I can’t see that this would happen in Philadelphia while the British occupied Philadelphia so I moved it up a year:

The American flag was widely acclaimed in Philadelphia. Guns were fired all day. A public banquet was held in the evening. At night rioters angered at the society’s pacifism smashed many Quaker windows. Many Society of Friends (Quakers) and Tories were banished from Philadelphia and their property was confiscated.

The Wyoming Massacre and Why the Wrong Gender is on all US Currency July 4, 1778 Tory Colonel Sir John Butler (1728-1794) led Loyalists and Indians on a raid through Wyoming Valley. Butler and his men joined forces with Mohawk chief Joseph Brant (1742-1807) and his braves. They fell upon the frontier town of Wyoming near the present site of Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania.

8 The Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 p.239

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Almost all of the entire garrison of men, women, and children, were wiped out. This was called The Wyoming Massacre.

Tory Butler did not massacre the people; henceforth he was able to live after the war. There was a Tory Butler and Continental Butlers. There was a British Clinton (He recruited Tories out of Philadelphia and commanded them down south.) and a Continental Army Officer Clinton. There was a Tory son and a Continental Army son, two brothers. Some town in Rhode Island all went Tory except for one man.

Connecticut Settlers killed an Indian Queen’s son on the way to the Wyoming Massacre. (Indian Queen is because Indian women were the politicians and made the decisions. Apparently this woman was high ranking.) So in vengeance she had the survivors held down on a rock and scalped them alive, one by one. That was dumb because the horror of this spread and probably caused higher morale for the Americans.

The Wyoming Massacre happened in the first place, because the Indians were starving and the British told them they had to raid, or maybe a fort, so apparently they raided this as it wasn’t so much a military instillation as it was a Connecticut fort to protect from Pennsylvanians and store supplies.

The Tories and Indians left behind a trail of burned cabins and murdered settlers. Later they marauded through the rich Cherry Valley of New York colony. General Washington sent generals John Sullivan (1740-1795) and James Clinton (1733-1812) to deal with the Tories and Indians, however the campaign was thought of before the Wyoming Massacre, they did however ensure their safety after the Wyoming Massacre. The Patriot troops left a path of destruction through the Indian Territory. According to legend, not the history books, the Indians surrounded General Sullivan and his men near Elmira, NY. He instructed his men to cut off the horses’ heads and stick them on poles. The Indians were psyched out and General Sullivan and his men were able to make their retreat. This is the wording of the town Horseheads, NY comes from. August 14, 1778 George Sprangler, a white guide, was hung in Philadelphia County for spying-espionage. September 2, 1778 Samuel Ford and Samuel Lyons, both white soldiers, were both shot for desertion in Philadelphia County. September 4, 1778 Patrick McMullen, a white soldier, was hanged for desertion in Philadelphia County. November 4, 1778 Abraham Carlisle, a white carpenter, and John Roberts, a white miller, were both hanged for treason in Philadelphia County. December 19, 1778 John Beard and James O’Breien were hanged for robbery in Philadelphia County. 1779 Commissioners from Virginia and Pennsylvania agreed on the Western boundary of Pennsylvania. June 5, 1779 Catharine Fisher, a female, was hanged for murder in Lancaster County. June 5, 1779 Thomas Taylor, a white, was hanged for robbery in Lancaster County. June 12, 1779 Patrick Drogan, William McCoy, and Daniel Monaghan, all white soldiers, were all hung for murder in Northampton County. December 8, 1779 Henry Trout and Nathaniel Patton, both white, were hanged for counterfeiting in Philadelphia County. December 8, 1779 James Boyd, a white, was hanged for robbery in Philadelphia County. December 8, 1779 George Fletzer, a white, was hanged for murder in Philadelphia County. December 11, 1779 Thomas Madden, a white, was hanged for robbery in Philadelphia County. December 11, 1779 Christopher Shocky, a white, was hanged for counterfeiting in Philadelphia County Decade of 1780’s There were 76 executions in Pennsylvania.

Kill Them! Without the LAW 1780’s Pennsylvania sentenced to death more felons in ten years than Massachusetts did in fifty years. 136 suspected murder cases came before Pennsylvania magistrates in the 1780’s alone, more murders then Massachusetts prosecuted between 1750 and 1800. March 1, 1780 The Pennsylvania passed the Gradual Emancipation Act that pledged the gradual abolition of slavery in the state. May 6, 1780 Marmaduke Grant, John Hill, Dennis Carraghan, and John Jones, all white, were hanged for house breaking into and burglary in Philadelphia County. May 20, 1780 Joseph Bates, a white, was hanged for house breaking into and burglary in Delaware County.

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June 17, 1780 James Robberts, a white, was hanged for counterfeiting in Cumberland County. July 7, 1780 Sucky, a black female, was hanged for arson in Cumberland County. October 1780 Negro Abraham was tried as an accessory in the infanticide prosecution of Northampton's Hilkiah Vanveyan. November 25, 1780 Richard Chamberlain, a white, was hanged for counterfeiting in Philadelphia County. November 25, 1780 David Dawson, a white, was hanged for treason in Philadelphia County. November 25, 1780 Ralph Morden, a 38-year-old white laborer, was hanged for treason in Northampton County. November 29, 1780 James Sutton, a white, was hanged in Philadelphia County for piracy. May 26, 1781 James Byrnes, John Dobbins, and Thomas McGee, all white, were hanged for house breaking into and burglary in Philadelphia County. 1781 The Pennsylvania Emancipation Act was passed that pledged the gradual abolition of slavery in the state. July 14, 1781 Joseph Reed, was acting President of the Supreme Executive Council of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, prohibited public officials from accepting counterfeit British Halfpence and recommended that private citizens do the same.

British Surrender October 19, 1781 The British surrendered at Yorktown, Virginia to Continental Army Officer General Benjamin Lincoln. The American Revolution was virtually over except for a few skirmishes in the South. By the end of the American Revolution, the Indian tribes in Pennsylvania had been crushed and scattered. Only about 1,000 Indians remained. November 13, 1781 John Moody, a white, was hanged for spying and espionage in Philadelphia County. November 24, 1781 James Green and James Cannon were hanged for robbery in Philadelphia County. December 15, 1781 York, a black male, was hanged for rape in Lancaster County. 1782 First Hebrew Synagogue was built on present day Cherry Street, and it may have been called Cherry Street then, in Philadelphia June 29, 1782 Walter Butler and Charles Workeiser, both white, were hung for murder in Northampton County. 1782 By the Decree of Trenton, Congress decided in favor of Pennsylvania over Connecticut settlers in the Wyoming Valley. The second Pennamite War resulted and Connecticut settlers burned the rebuilt Wilkes-Barre to the ground. January 25, 1783 Pietro Giacobo, a white, was hanged for murder in Philadelphia County. June 21, 1783 William Bibb and Thomas Hiler, both white, were hanged for murder in York County. June 30, 1783 to November 4, 1783 Congress moved from Philadelphia to Princeton, New Jersey. They moved because Pennsylvania soldiers of the American Revolution marched on Philadelphia to be paid. They wanted to obtain a ‘prompt settlement of their accounts’. Congress had financial difficulties and could not pay the troops of the American Revolution War, henceforth they moved to Princeton. 1783 Matteo Bratelli, a white, was hanged for murder in Philadelphia County. 1783 Pennsylvania set aside 720,000 acres of “depreciation lands” north of Pittsburgh as compensation to Revolutionary War veterans. September 9, 1783 Dickinson College, founded by Dr. Benjamin Rush, was chartered in honor of John Dickinson who was serving as the first President of the Free State of Pennsylvania or President of the Supreme Executive Council of the State.

17-Year-Old Hung January 16, 1784 James Burke, a 17-year-old white servant, was hanged in Philadelphia County for murder. 1784 Pennsylvania and Virginia agree to extend the Mason/Dixon line westward as the southern boundary of western Pennsylvania. 1784 Philadelphian, David Rittenhouse, completed the western extension of the Mason/Dixon line. July 1784 George Fiddler sat in front of his door smoking his pipe and an unknown assailant plunged a knife into his heart.

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The 14 Hangings of 1784 January 2, 1784 Thomas Richardson, a white gang member, was hanged for house breaking into and burglary in Washington County. January 16, 1784 Richard Williams, a white, was hanged for robbery in Philadelphia County. January 16, 1784 Peter Brown, a white, was hanged for robbery in Philadelphia County. January 16, 1784 George Crowder was hanged for house breaking into and burglary in Philadelphia County.

17-Year-Old Hung January 16, 1784 James Burke, a 17-year-old white servant, was hanged for murder in Philadelphia County. July 17, 1784 Anthony Wilt, a white, was hanged for house breaking into and burglary in York County. July 17, 1784 John Martin was hanged for robbery in Philadelphia County. July 17, 1784 John Downie was hanged for robbery in Philadelphia County. July 17, 1784 George Scheffer, a white, was hanged for house breaking into and burglary in Berks County. July 17, 1784 William Welsh, a white soldier, was hanged for robbery in Berks County. November 2, 1784 Joseph Chalk was hanged for house breaking into and burglary in Delaware County. November 2, 1784 John Varnum was hanged for house breaking into and burglary in Delaware County. November 2, 1784 John McDunnell was hanged for house breaking into and burglary in Delaware County. November 2, 1784 John Benson was hung for house breaking into and burglary in Delaware County. 1785 to 1786 Pennsylvania governed the Wyoming Valley in confusion due to settlers loyal to Connecticut. January 3, 1786 Elizabeth Wilson, a 27-year-old white waitress, was hanged from the back of a cart at Chester, Delaware County, Pennsylvania for killing her two illegitimate infant children. She was granted a reprieve but it came 23 minutes too late to save her. June 17, 1786 John McDonough was hanged for rape in Chester County. 1786 Philadelphia Printers strike to gain a minimum wage of $6.00 per week. 1786 Josiah Ramage murdered his wife brutally in Pennsylvania. 1786 Pittsburgh had only 100 residents, but it circulated its first newspaper. 1787 The Pennsylvania Abolition Society was organized in Philadelphia with Benjamin Franklin as President. 1787 A black minister and former slave named Richard Allen founded the Free African Society, an organization to help Philadelphia’s poorer African-Americans. September 17, 1787 The Constitution of the United States was written in Philadelphia. December 12, 1787 Through the quick action of the Federalist Pennsylvania became the 2nd state to ratify The Constitution of the United States. John Dickinson was Governor of the Commonwealth or President of the Supreme Executive Council, yet he was also President of Delaware State, which became the State of Delaware. (A Commonwealth is a piece of land. That is it. They got it their heads from Virginia anyway.) The Anti-Federalists were not given an opportunity to organize resistance, and after the ratification they expressed their disapproval through mob violence. April 12, 1788 John Brown was hanged for house breaking into and burglary in Montgomery County. July 8, 1788 Philip Nagle was hanged for counterfeiting in Franklin County. July 8, 1788 Jack Durham (Long), a black slave, was hanged for rape in Franklin County. 1788 Thomas Mifflin became President of the Supreme Executive Council of The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.

Gang Violence September 24, 1788 Levi and Abraham Doan, white gang members and apparent brothers, were hanged for guerilla activity in Philadelphia County. 1789 First election for President of the United States occurred. 1789 New York City was the National Capitol for a short time. April 30, 1789 George Washington took his oath of office on the balcony of the Federal Hall on Wall Street in New York City. 1789 New York agreed to the 42nd degree of latitude as the boundary with Pennsylvania.

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Six Escaped Convicts Hung July 29, 1789 William Cole, a white escaped convict, was hanged for robbery in Philadelphia County.. October 12, 1789 George Cronen, Francis Burns, John Burnett, John Logan, and John Ferguson were hung at Centre Square in Philadelphia for the murder of John McFarland. All five were white and all were escaped convicts that were hung for the robbery-murder of John McFarland. Late 1780’s and early 1790’s William Bradford wrote, “It cannot be concealed that homicides have been very frequent [in Pennsylvania]” Decade of 1790’s There were 13 executions in Pennsylvania. 1790 Philadelphia had an estimated population of 29,000. 1790 Pennsylvania had a population of 434,373 1790 Philadelphia became the capital of the United States of America for the next 10 years. President Washington gave his high office color and dignity. He went to formal receptions and attended theater. He frequently drove through Philadelphia in his cream-colored French coat that was ornamented with cupids and flowers.

Benjamin Franklin Dies April 17, 1790 (Saturday evening.) Dr. Benjamin Franklin died. He is buried in Christ burying ground, southeast corner of Fifth and Arch St. in Philadelphia In keeping with his wishes; the epitaph Franklin composed was not carved on his tombstone in Christ Church Cemetery. The autograph "copy" of the epitaph in the Library of Congress is dated 1784 and reads:

The body of B. Franklin, printer (Like the cover of an old Book Its contents torn out And stripped of its lettering and gilding) Lies here, food for worms. But the work shall not be lost, For it will (as he believ'd) appear once more In a new and More elegant Edition Revised and corrected By the Author.

1790 Columbia, Pennsylvania, just over the Mason/Dixon line, included a proportionately large free black population. 1790 The Walnut Street Jail was established in Philadelphia as what many consider the first American penitentiary, if not the first in the world. It was in a building formerly operated as a city jail. 1790 The first Federal Census showed Pennsylvania had a population of 434,373 people, second only to that of Virginia. More than 211,000 lived in the six eastern counties

The Revolution Never Ended; Yet September 2, 1790 Pennsylvania’s third constitution was adopted. Authors have written that Pennsylvania’s Revolution began in 1776 and ended in 1790 with the Pennsylvania Constitution of 1790. I suggest the revolt never ended and continues now without the law or lack of social contract.9, 10, 11

The Pennsylvania Declaration of Rights (Constitution) of 1790 was molded on The Constitution of the United States. The Pennsylvania frame of government was changed and the supreme executive council

9 Author J. Paul Selsam of The Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 wrote of the Pennsylvania Revolution ending in 1790. 1 0 Author Robert L. Brunhouse wrote The Counter-Revolution in Pennsylvania 1776-1790, published in 1971. I never read it, but by the title I imagine that he felt the Pennsylvania Revolution ended in 1790 also like author J. Paul Selsam 1 1 To read the “Pennsylvania Constitution of 1790” see: µhttp://www.aet.cup.edu/~jmeans/links/Constitution_of_1790.html§

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was abolished. Executive power in the governor was established. Provision was made for two legislative houses, a Senate and House of Representatives. Pennsylvania’s judicial system was grouped into circuits of counties, each with its president of common pleas. (Pennsylvania continued the right to the “Common Man”. What I’m saying is the people do not know what a common plea is.) Judges appointed were to have life tenure ‘during good behavior.’ Statewide establishment of schools ‘in such manner that the poor may be taught gratis’ was provided in the Pennsylvania Declaration of Rights of 1790. Debtor prisons were abolished, for no debtor could ‘be continued in Prison after delivering up his estate for the benefit of his creditors.’ It reiterated the principle that “all men are born equally free and independent,’ and ‘all power is inherent in the people,’ the Pennsylvania constitution assured suffrage to every freeman of 21 years or more who had lived in the State for two years and had paid taxes, and guaranteed ‘free and equal’ elections, freedom of the press, of speech and of assembly, religious freedom, and trial by jury. Although draft in wartime was authorized, ‘those who conscientiously scruple to bear arms’ would not ‘be compelled to do so.’ December 1790 The Pennsylvania Declaration of Rights of 1790 went into effect. Thomas Mifflin, who had been president of the supreme executive council since 1788, became the first governor of the Commonwealth. January 29, 1791 William Gillespie was hanged for murder in Delaware County. 1791 The Bank of the United States was opened in Philadelphia. 1791 The United States Congress placed an excise tax of four pence per gallon on all distilled spirits. The counties west of the Alleghenies in Pennsylvania rose in protest. January 13, 1792 Samuel Peeves, a black, was hanged for rape in Berks County. 1792 The United States Congress lowered the tax rate on distilled spirits. 1792 The United States Mint was established in Philadelphia. 1792 Pennsylvania obtained the triangle strip west of New York State and north of the parallel of 42 degrees on Lake Erie by an act of Congress. 1792 Philadelphia shoemakers organized into the first labor union in the United States. November 17, 1792 William Armstrong was hanged for rape in Northampton County.

Heros Dr. Benjamin Rush and Stephen Girard 1793 A very bad epidemic of Yellow Fever broke out in Philadelphia. Panic hit the city and within a month 17,000 persons fled Philadelphia to other towns or the country. Corpses were put into coffins and buried at night. Persons held vinegar or camphor-soaked handkerchiefs to their noses to try and ward off the disease. Some smoked one cigar after another. Some chewed garlic. Some carried pieces of tarred rope. Dr. Benjamin Rush was severely criticized for his methods of treating victims of yellow fever, yet he became a hero for his efforts and apparently saved many lives. Dr. Rush rejected the usual prescription of guanine; instead he bled patients and then gave them jalap and mercury. Stephen Girard was a hero of the Yellow Fever epidemic also. Mr. Girard was a wealthy merchant, banker, and philanthropist; he kept the finances going to fight the disease. Cold weather finally put an end to the Yellow Fever epidemic of Philadelphia of 1793. 5,000 people had died. 1793 The Bank of Pennsylvania was chartered. January 18, 1794 George, a black, was hanged for rape in Franklin County.

Unknown Serial Killer 1794 An unknown killer stalked the streets of Philadelphia and killed females by driving a sharpened awl into them. 1794 Congress lowered the excise tax on distilled spirits, but nothing short of repeal was wanted by the counties in western Pennsylvania.

“You Can’t Ride Your White Horse” 1794 The Scotch-Irish of western Pennsylvania resisted the excise tax on liquors, which led to the Whiskey Rebellion (also called the Whiskey Insurrection). 12,950 troops were sent against Pennsylvanians led by President George Washington and Alexander Hamilton. President Washington rode a white horse, and this is

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where I believe the term comes from, “You can’t ride a white horse.” 20 men were arrested, two of which for treason. 18 were let go. President Washington pardoned the two for treason. 1794 Organized union shoemakers of Philadelphia reorganized as the Federal Society of Journeymen Cordwainers. 1794 Pennsylvania legislature abolished capital punishment for all crimes except murder “in the first degree”, and it was the first time murder had been broken down into “degrees”. 1794 Four stagecoaches ran daily from Philadelphia to New York City. One stagecoach ran daily to Baltimore. January 25, 1795 Robert Waldron, a black slave, was hanged for murder in Northampton County.

ROCKY May 1795 Three men died as a result of fighting in May 1795. Philadelphia Quaker Elizabeth Drinker commented that there might have been "an uproar" from the public forty or fifty years ago, but such deadly violence had become commonplace. The number of “quarrelsome” men and women who “boxed” and “brawled” in the streets struck Moreau de St. Mery, who lived in Philadelphia during the 1790s. 1795 Steven Smith was born a slave in Daupin County, Pennsylvania 15 years after the Pennsylvania Emancipation Act was passed. October 25, 1795 Robert Waldron, a black slave, was hanged for murder in Northampton County. 1796 The first exhibition of gaslights in America by Ambroise and Company of Philadelphia happened. Ambroise and Company manufactured fireworks also. 1797 Philadelphia had 1,292 Yellow Fever deaths. December 1797 Michael Foy died in Philadelphia. He had been through five wives and had 30 children. January 6, 1798 Benjamin Bailey, a white hunter, was hanged for robbery-murder in Berks County. 1798 Philadelphia had 3,637 Yellow Fever deaths.

The Big Heist September 2, 1798 The Bank of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia was entered at night, while the streets were empty due to Yellow Fever, and it was robbed of $162,821.61. Other banks became alarmed and transferred to Germantown. April 3, 1798 As Appeared in The Wilkes-Barre Gazette & Luzerne Advertiser on April 3, 1798: Run-Away - On 26th ult, a servant boy, named Henry HUNTER, (sometimes called Henry YAGER), in the 19th year of his age - five feet six or eight inches high, dark complexion; wore a drab colored coat and overalls, two jackets (one striped) a cotton and woolen shirt, a felt hat and a-lpotted silk handkerchief. This is to warn all persons not to harbor or employ said servant on penalty of the law. Whoever will return said servant to the subscriber shall receive twenty cents reward. Oliver BIGALOW, Kingston. April 24, 1798 As Appeared in The Wilkes-Barre Gazette & Luzerne Advertiser on April 24, 1798: Whereas my wife, Abigail, did on the 16th inst., without any sufficient reason, elope from my bed and board - This is to forewarn all persons from trusting or harboring her, as I will not pay any debts of her contracting after this date. Benj. NICHOLAS, Hanover (April 17) May 8, 1798 As Appeared in The Wilkes-Barre Gazette & Luzerne Advertiser on May 8, 1798: Capt. THAYER for the purpose of forgoing statements - the account is more pompous than true. He has not been at Tioga Point since last February, and that no such fleet of 100 rafts ever started from that place. This looks to me like a preparative for a Swindling Job. A. B., Luzerne Co. May 8, 1798 As Appeared in The Wilkes-Barre Gazette & Luzerne Advertiser on May 8, 1798: All manner of persons are hereby forbid, harboring my wife, Margaret or my son, Jacob, or of trusting them on my account; for I will not pay any debts of their contracting after this date. And I likewise forbid each and every person from harboring, entertaining, or employing said son, Jacob, in any kind of business, or any other of my children. Whosoever does contrary to the above may depend on being prosecuted as the law directs, for the subscriber. (The above is for reasons which commenced last October.) Justice JONES

Viva The Scotch-Irish Whiskey Curly Fries Revolution 1798 Resistance to national taxation again occurred in Pennsylvania when Congress laid a tax on houses, land, and Negro slaves. In Pennsylvania this tax manly affected land and houses. Houses were taxed by

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determination of the number and size of windows. The Germans of eastern Pennsylvania resisted the assessment of this direct tax. John Fries led the Fries Rebellion (also called the ‘Hot-Water Rebellion’ because hot water was poured on the tax assessors). Governor Mifflin called out the militia.

Get the Law #10 1798 Moreau de St. Mery observed that Pennsylvania outside of Philadelphia, “Have neither justice nor public security.” January 30, 1799 Sarah Clark was hanged for murder in Cumberland County. March 5, 1799 As Appeared in The Wilkes-Barre Gazette & Luzerne Advertiser on March 5, 1799: We are happy in announcing to the public that the long existing dispute between the Pennsylvania claimants, and the Connecticut Settlers, commonly called the Wyoming Controversy, was brought to an issue in the House of Representatives of this state on the following material and leading points, this forenoon: 1st, That the House will make compensation to the Pennsylvania claimants, for all lands purchased by them anterior to the degree at Trenton in 1783, on certain qualities of soil, to be hereafter estimated by commissioners/ 2nd, That the Connecticut Settlers shall pay to the state, for all such lands so held by them previous to the decree aforesaid, in the propositions aforesaid, as the legislature may ascertain and fix. June 18, 1799 As Appeared in The Wilkes-Barre Gazette & Luzerne Advertiser on June 18, 1799: Young Men, who have any inclination to join the troops, now raising under General WASHINGTON for the defense of the liberties and independence of the United States against hostile designs of Foreign Enemies - TAKE NOTICE - Enrollment at the house of Jesse FELL in Wilkes Barre for the 11th Regiment of Infantry commanded by Lieut. Col. Aaron OGDEN. June 18, 1799 As Appeared in The Wilkes-Barre Gazette & Luzerne Advertiser on June 18, 1799: To the Public - Whereas my late husband, John HILL has posted me in three public places, forbidding all persons harbouring or trusting me on his account &c. (A pretty story indeed to communicate to the public) the truth is, which I can prove, I was married to him, if that is his name the 7th January 1798. I was then in tolerable good circumstances nearly a half years provision instore. Since which he has behaved in the most savage manner to me, abusing and threatening to murder me and himself, he has of late been in an almost continual state of intoxication with spirituous liquor and no new thing neither, neglecting all business toward an honest livelihood. He is a devourer of widows houses and I am not the first he has imposed on, he has two and some say three living wives beside me, therefore Mr. HILL need not give himself any uneasiness of my running in debt on his credit for he cannot pay his old whiskey debts. But thank God I have had no children by him nor like to have. Nancy HILL, Ulster. 1799 Philadelphia cordwainers (shoemakers) staged a successful strike for higher wages. 1799 The Pennsylvania State capital was moved from Philadelphia to Lancaster. July 9, 1799 As Appeared in The Wilkes-Barre Gazette & Luzerne Advertiser on July 9, 1799: $10 Reward - Deserted from the rendezvous in Wilkesbarre on the 5th inst., Daniel M'DANIEL an in-soldier 5' 5" high, light eyes, dark hair, born in Ireland, had a down look, when spoken to, a scar on some part of his chin, had on when he went off a green cloth coat, striped overalls and vest, a round wool hat, whoever takes up the said deserter and secures him in any jai, shall have the above reward and all reasonable charge paid by Samuel BOWMAN, Capt. 11th US Regiment, Wilkesbarre. November 29, 1799 As Appeared in The Wilkes-Barre Gazette & Luzerne Advertiser on November 29, 1799: $2 Reward - Ran away from the subscriber on the 5th inst., a Negro man named Paul, and a Negro wench named Point Dujour - any person who will take up said Paul and deliver him to Bartholomew LAPORT, of Asylum - and said Point Dujour unto James WHEELER of Blackwalnutbottom, will be entitled to two dollars reward and all reasonable charges paid. Any person who shall be found guilty of having assisted the above Negroes in making their escape from his family or harbouring them in their house, may depend upon being prosecuted as the law directs. BUZARD December 14, 1799 President George Washington died at Mount Vernon of a throat infection. December 26, 1799 National Funeral Procession for President George Washington occurred in Philadelphia. Thousands of mourners proceeded from Congress Hall to the New (Zion) Lutheran Church, where Maj. Gen.

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Henry Lee eulogizes the former president as "First in war, first in peace, first in the hearts of his countrymen." Decade of 1800’s There were 19 executions in Pennsylvania. March 17, 1800 An earthquake was reported as “severe” in Philadelphia. May 8, 1800 John Brown was born in Torrington, Connecticut. He went on to become immortalized to some. May 9, 1800 Joseph Baker, Joseph Berouse, and Peter Le Croix, all white sailors, were hanged for burglary-murder in Philadelphia County. May 13, 1800 As Appeared in The Wilkes-Barre Gazette & Luzerne Advertiser on May 13, 1800: Robbery - The subscriber was met on the 25th inst., near Shepherd's Mills, Luzerne Co., by Martin HARRIS and robbed of merchandise and cash to the amount of $400. Said HARRIS use to reside at Esopus, NY, of late he has been transiently, in different parts of this state and at Niagara. He is about 32 years of age, 5' 10" high, dark complexion, dark hair and queued, an American born. $30 reward will be paid, by the Sheriff of Tioga Co., NY for the delivery of said HARRIS to his custody, with all expenses attending the same, or on proof of his safe imprisonment in any jail in the state of Pennsylvania. Said HARRIS broke jail at Newtown in the month of August last, his conduct has been notoriously infamous, and the friends of justice are earnestly requested to exert themselves, in securing such an abandoned villain. The printers in Easton and Lancaster, are requested to insert the above in their papers. Peter WOELFFELT, On the Susquehanna near Chenango. 1800 Pennsylvania had a population of 602,365 people.

Connecticutt <SP> and Vermont vs. Pennsylvania 1800 Connecticut relinquished all claims to the Wyoming Valley after in earnest it to be named Westmoreland State by Connecticut and “The Green Mountain Boys” of Vermont.

“The Green Mountain Boys” had previously taken on tax collectors and land slayers from NY and won or lost depending on your point of view and established “Don’t Tread on Me” flag. 1800 The United States capital moved to Washington, D.C. 1800 Yellow Fever caused 1,015 deaths in Philadelphia from August to November 1800. November 24, 1800 As Appeared in The Wilkes-Barre Gazette & Luzerne Advertiser on November 24, 1800: The time given by law, for the people holding lands within the "Seventeen Townships" of this county, to make application for the same to the Land office of Pennsylvania, agreeable to the Act entitled, "An Act of offering compensation to the Pennsylvania Claimants of certain lands within the Seventeen Townships in the County of Luzerne, &c." will expire on the 31st day of December, 1800. It is therefore necessary for every person intending to embrace the law, to make application immediately. Blank applications may be had at this Printing Office. November 29, 1800 An earthquake was reported as “severe” in Philadelphia. Sometime between 1800-1810 The South Street steam ferry began operations in Philadelphia. They would ferry people between Philadelphia and Camden.

Get the Law #11 Prior to 1801 Pennsylvania courts had 513 homicide cases before it prior to 1801. This exceeds the total in any other colony or what was to become a state except Virginia, which had a longer history and larger population. July 18, 1801 Chloe, a black female slave, was hanged for murder in Cumberland County. January 25, 1802 As appeared in The Luzerne County Federalist on January 25, 1802: Wyoming Petition - Petition from 1200 citizens claiming Wyoming property under Connecticut rights and praying the interposition of Congress to enable them to obtain a just settlement of their claims. March 8, 1802 As appeared in The Luzerne County Federalist on March 8, 1802: Lancaster, Feb. 27th - On Tuesday last, the motion, relative to fixing the permanent seat of government, of this commonwealth, was taken up in the Senate. The vote was first taken on Columbia, for which there appeared 11. Next on Philadelphia, when 9 rose. Then on Lancaster, which had also 9. And lastly on Harrisburgh, for which there were 14.

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June 7, 1802 As appeared in The Luzerne County Federalist on June 7, 1802: Mrs. Martha, widow of the late illustrious Gen. George WASHINGTON, died at Mount Vernon on Saturday evening the 22nd inst. 1802 Governor McKean signed the first law for the free education of the poor. August 2, 1802 As appeared in The Luzerne County Federalist on August 2, 1802: Alice, a female slave, died lately at Bristol, Pennsylvania, aged 116 years. She was born in Philadelphia, of parents who came from Barbadoes, and lived in that city until she was ten years old, when her master removed her to Dunks' Ferry, in which neighborhood she continued to the end of her days. 1802 Yellow Fever outbreak in Philadelphia killed 835 people. October 18, 1802 As appeared in The Luzerne County Federalist on October 18, 1802: Take Notice - Whereas the subscriber intends to remove immediately with his family out of these horrid regions now groaning under the despotic usurpation of Pennsylvania, he would wish to inform all those that are any ways indebted to him, that their respective accounts will be left with Major James WHEELER. All those who thro' mysterious long-suffering and forbearance, neglect to make payment by the first day of January next, may depend on immediate collection without any further indulgence or friendly admonition. Certified by Ebenezer BEEMAN, Braintrim. December 13, 1802 Dan Byers, a black slave, was hanged for murder in Centre County. April 25, 1803 As appeared in The Luzerne County Federalist on April 25, 1803: The court of Quarter Sessions for this county, on Wednesday passed sentence on the Rioters, who were concerned in the outrage upon Bartlet HINDS, the 29th December last. The defendants submitted to the mercy of the court. The President then addressed them, in an appropriate speech; forcibly representing the enormity of their offence; the folly - the wickedness as well as the danger, of persisting in their attempts to resist the power of the State, and the due execution of its laws; recommending contrition for the past; &a peaceable demeanor in future; and concluded in the following terms. It is incumbent on the Court, in passing sentence upon you, particularly in assessing the fines, to have an eye to the nature of the offence, and to the fortune and ability of the defendants, and we desire it may be particularly noticed, that the fines now imposed, originate in the knowledge, the Court have of your circumstances and inability, to bear heavier mulcts. We are solely restrained by the constitutional injunction "that fines shall not be excessive" from inflicting penalties upon you, proportioned to the nature of the outrage committed.

The judgement of the Court is, that Ichabod HALSEY, Salmon BOSWORTH, Isaac BROWNSON, Jabez HYDE jun. and Ephraim FAIRCHILD, be imprisoned in the common goal of the county of Luzerne, for three months, that Ichabod HALSEY pay a find of ten dollars to the commonwealth, and that Salmon BOSWORTH, Isaac BROWNSON, Jabez HYDE jun. and Ephraim FAIRCHILD, pay to the said Commonwealth, each the sum of twenty dollars. And that Dimon BOSTWICK, Nathan STEPHENS, John PASSMORE, Asa LATHROP, Samuel ROBINSON, Seril PECK, Loyd GOODSALL, Joseph UTTER and Ezekiel MOWREY, do each of them pay a fine of thirty dollars to the Commonwealth; and that each and every of you (lists names again) do give surety to the Commonwealth in five hundred dollars, with one freeholder each in the like sum of five hundred dollars, for your good behavior for the space of one year, that you pay the costs of prosecution." & c.

Connecticut Vs. Yankee April 7, 1804 As appeared in The Luzerne County Federalist on April 7, 1804: The bill for dividing this County has passed both Houses of the Legislature, and there is no doubt but the governor will give it his approbation; the object of this measure is to ruin the Connecticut claimants, by setting them off to a county where the officers and people are extremely bitter against the Yankee interest, and where the Intrusion and Territorial laws may be rigidly executed, and the unfortunate Yankees be persecuted without mercy. The division line runs from the state line, due South to the North East corner of Claverack, thence West and South around to the South West corner of said township, then West to the line that separated Lycoming and Luzerne; consequently all the settlements in the neighborhood of Sheshequin are lost to us. 1804 The beginning of a stage route from Philadelphia to Pittsburgh begun.

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1804 The Bank of Pennsylvania opened a branch in Pittsburgh, which was the first bank in western Pennsylvania. 1804 Stephen Smith was sold to a new master, a lumber merchant, who brought him to Columbia, Lancaster County, separating the young boy from his mother. Stephen worked in the lumberyard, earning some money. Eventually he saved enough to pay $100 for his freedom and $50 worth of lumber to start his business. Despite prejudice, he developed a lumber, coal, and real estate empire with partner William Whipper and became one of the wealthiest African/Americans in Pennsylvania.

18 Commonwealth Murderers September 22, 1804 As appeared in The Luzerne County Federalist on September 2, 1804: In the Name and by the Authority of the Commonwealth of PA - By Thomas M'KEAN, Governor of said Commonwealth. A Proclamation. Whereas it appears to me, by divers dispositions of credible witnesses, that a certain Edward GOBIN, of Lycoming County, yeoman, on the morning of the 27th July last, near the door of the house of Henry DONNEL, Esq. situated on the Tioga River, in said county, was maliciously and willfully shot through the body with a rifle bullet, and so grievously wounded that his life was despaired of; and that the same was done with an intent him the said Edward GOBIN to kill and murder, by a person unknown. And whereas I have received information on oath, that a company consisting of about eighteen persons, dressed like Indians, and said to be employed by persons residing on Sugar Creek in said county, at the rate of twelve dollars a month each, during the Summer, to prevent by force and arms any person or persons from Surveying lands under the laws of Pennsylvania. Now be it known, that a reward of $800 shall be paid to any person or persons, who shall arrest or cause to be arrested the principal offendor aforesaid, who shot the aforesaid Edward GOBIN and $400 for arresting or causing to be arrested, each and every of the accomplices of the principal offender aforesaid, and for bringing them to trial and conviction: And I do further promise a pardon to any of the accomplices, who shall give information to any Magistrate against the said principal offendor, or any of the aidors or abettors of the aforesaid nefarious act, and shall give evidence against them. And I do hereby enjoin all and singular, Judges, Justices of the Peace, Magistrate, Sheriffs and other officers within this State, to be vigilant and active in discovering and causing the criminals aforesaid to be apprehended; and in preventing and punishing offences against the intrusion laws of this Commonwealth, and against any other law for the preservation of the peace; and, I do warn and enjoin all persons whomsoever, to forbear from contravening the salutary provisions in the said laws at their peril. Given under my hand, and the Great Seal of the State, at Lancaster, the 11th August 1804, and of the Commonwealth the 29th. By the Governor, James TREMBLE, Deputy Secretary.

Real Estate Scam January 19, 1805 As appeared in The Luzerne County Federalist on January 19, 1805: Philadelphia - At August Session, 1801, John FRANKLIN, Elisha SATTERLEE and John JENKINS were indicted in Luzerne Co. for combining and conspiring, for purpose of conveying, possessing and settling on certain lands within the limits of said county, under a certain pretended title, not derived from the authority or Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, or the late Proprietors of Pennsylvania, before the revolution. The same persons with Joseph BILES, were at the same sessions, and by the same bill, indicted for combining and conspiring, for the purpose of laying out townships, by persons not appointed, or acknowledged by the laws of this Commonwealth. At November Sessions, 1801, the defendants plead not guilty, and the indictment was marked on the docket - "Removed by Certiorari at the instance of the defendants." 1805 “Short account of the Life and Writings of Robert Barclay” was published in Philadelphia. August 1, 1805 Hannah Miller, a black female, was hanged for murder in Chester County.

19-Year-Old Hung September 19, 1805 Charles Cunningham, a 19-year-old white bound servant, was hanged in York County for murder.

Member of the Order of the Rose Born

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December 12, 1805 William Lloyd Garrison was born in Newbury, Massachusetts. He was an American writer, proponent of the freedom of all men, was a member of the Great or World Council and the Council of Three, and a member of the Order of the Rose, conferred upon him in England in 1834.

Quilty 1806 Philadelphia cordwainers (shoemakers) were found guilty of criminal conspiracy when they strike. Don’t know when this happened: Supreme Court Justice Samuel Chase I believe resigned instead of face impeachment for the handling of John Fries case and “extra judicial reflections” on President Jefferson’s Administration.

Venus is Yet at High Meridian January 16, 1807 As appeared in The Luzerne County Federalist on January 16, 1807: Stop Her! $20 Reward! On the evening of the 14th inst., Desire SABIN, female prisoner, confined for adultery, made her escape from the Goal of this County. She is a fine buxom looking woman; about 40 years of age, has lost her fore teeth, her eyes are lively black, fair complexion and her countenance declares that Venus is yet at high meridian. She had no peculiar mark by which to distinguish her from other weak sisters of the household of love. Whoever will stop her, and bring her back to her place of confinement shall receive the above reward. James WHEELER, Sheriff February 13, 1807 As appeared in The Luzerne County Federalist on February 13, 1807: A horrid murder was committed last month on the Allegheny mountain in Somerset County. David POLLOCK was shot, while travelling the road, his throat cut and robbed of his watch and money. Two Frenchmen committed the act, one of whom was killed in the attempt to take him and the other is secured. May 8, 1807 As appeared in The Luzerne County Federalist on May 8, 1807: Mrs. Ruth, widow of Jonathan SLOCUM, died on Wednesday last, aged 71 years. She with her husband and family, removed to this place form Rhode Island 30 years ago. Here they suffered in common with the other first settlers, all the hardships incident to the establishment of new settlements in a wilderness, together with the distresses arising from domestic persecution, and all horrors of an Indian War. A short time after the family were settled here, a party of savages attacked the house, killed a man at the door, rushed in, seized two of her children, a son and a daughter. The daughter, about five years old, they bore off, and she has never once been seen since by her friends, although it was understood she was not killed. The son was lame from a wound in his foot, and Mrs. SLOCUM, as though certain what must be his fate, as he would be unable to travel, with uncommon fortitude, stepped up to the Indian who had him, and demanded her boy. With a horrid smile, the savage gave him up, and left the house in pursuit of others. The next year another party of Indians came down upon the settlements. Mrs. SLOCUM, his aged father, and a son (Wm. SLOCUM, Esq., of Lackawanna) were at a hay stack, in the field, where they were attacked. Resistance was vain and mercy was a stranger to the bosom of the bloodthirsty wretches. The husband of Mrs. SLOCUM, and his father fell. The Indians pursued Mr. W. SLOCUM and wounded him in the leg; and the ball has never been extracted. Thus has the cup of affliction been often and deeply drained by the unfortunate widow. A husband, father and daughter, were wrested from her by the murderous savages. Mrs. SLOCUM sustained the character of a good wife, an affectionate mother, a kind and charitable friend: and the unaffected regret, exhibited by all her acquaintance, witnesses her worth. June 12, 1807 As appeared in The Luzerne County Federalist on June 12, 1807 and one of many reports and rewards for runaway indentured servants: 6 Cent Reward - Ran away from the subscriber on 14th May last, his indented apprentice, Justus STEVENS, between 15 and 16 years of age, of a good size, dark complexion, and something round shouldered, had on when he went away a brown Sailor jacket, a striped linsey under jacket, and linen overalls. Whoever takes up the said apprentice and returns him to the subscriber, shall receive the above reward, but no charges paid. And all persons are hereby forbid harbouring or employing the said apprentice under the penalty of the law, Jonas INGHAM, Jr., Wyalusing June 26, 1807 As appeared in The Luzerne County Federalist on June 26, 1807: Those Connecticut claimants who have obtained patents form the land office, and whose lands are bound to the state for the payment of the purchase money, are directed to the second section of the following law. They will perceive

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that their patents are void, unless recorded within six months from their date. A number of patents, I am told, are already void, from a neglect of this provision. 1807 Arch Street prison was built in Philadelphia.

Attorney Abuse August 17, 1807 As appeared in The Luzerne County Federalist on August 17, 1807: $300 Reward - Whereas Jeremiah OSBORN, Attorney at Law, late of the Village of Troy, had been charged with the commission of a rape upon the body of Hannah HARRINGTON, his indented servant girl, aged about eleven years; and whereas on process being issued, the said Jeremiah eloped to parts unknown; and whereas at a general meeting of the inhabitants of this Village, the offence with which the said Jeremiah stands charged, is considered a crime of the deepest dye, and in the opinion of said meeting of the utmost importance that the said Jeremiah should be brought to trail, it was the reupon?. Resolved - The effective measures for arresting the said Jeremiah should be taken , and that a committee be appointed for that purpose. In pursuance of said resolution, the committee promise to pay to any person or persons who shall apprehend the said Jeremiah, and lodge him in the goal of this village, the said sum of Three Hundred Dollars. Gershom RICHARDS, Chairman of Committee, Ebenezer FOOT, Secretary. N. B. The above named Jeremiah is about 30 years of age, nearly 6 feet high, dark complexion and a thin habit. (Troy, New York) $300 Reward - Whereas Jeremiah OSBORN, Attorney at Law, late of the Village of Troy, had been charged with the commission of a rape upon the body of Hannah HARRINGTON, his indented servant girl, aged about eleven years; and whereas on process being issued, the said Jeremiah eloped to parts unknown; and whereas at a general meeting of the inhabitants of this Village, the offence with which the said Jeremiah stands charged, is considered a crime of the deepest dye, and in the opinion of said meeting of the utmost importance that the said Jeremiah should be brought to trail, it was the reupon?. Resolved - The effective measures for arresting the said Jeremiah should be taken, and that a committee be appointed for that purpose. In pursuance of said resolution, the committee promise to pay to any person or persons who shall apprehend the said Jeremiah, and lodge him in the goal of this village, the said sum of Three Hundred Dollars. Gershom RICHARDS, Chairman of Committee, Ebenezer FOOT, Secretary. N. B. The above named Jeremiah is about 30 years of age, nearly 6 feet high, dark complexion and a thin habit. (Troy, New York) November 13, 1807 As appeared in The Luzerne County Federalist on November 13, 1807: The following claims have been exhibited to the State Commissioners, under the Act of General Assembly, passed the 4th April 1799 for offering compensation to the Pennsylvania claimants, in the 17 townships of the County of Luzerne, and the several supplements thereto, during their attendance, since 22nd June last, for the purpose of receiving the claims of the Connecticut settlers. Are now published that all persons concerned may take notice thereof. If there are no objections files within four weeks, the Commissioners will award Certificates to the said Claimants. By order of the Commissioners, Jesse FELL, Clerk.

Shawnee Indians Vs. Wyomingers December 25, 1807 As appeared in The Luzerne County Federalist on December 25, 1807: Indian Anecdote - When the first civilized adventurers arrived at Wyoming, and found a permanent settlement in the year 1769, they discovered in the soil, evident marks of a long and populous pre-occupancy and yet but very few of the aboriginals in the country. They enquired of the natives the reason of the present spare population, who accounted for it by the following narration. And though we cannot presume to vouch for its authenticity, yet as the facts narrated appear to be exceedingly congenial to the ordinary habits of savagism, we are inclined to believe them tolerably correct. For it doubtless is, to sanguinary extirpations, resulting from trivial causes that the thin population in all savage countries, is in a great measure owing. We would only remark, for the better illustration of the subject, that the Sawnees town was on the west side of the Susquehannah and that of the Wyomings, on the east side, about two miles higher up. Some Shawnee Squaws of high rank went one day, to make a friendly visit to those of equal rank in Wyoming. Some of the children of the one party caught an elegant green Grasshopper; the children of the other party attempted to rob them of the prize; this produced a squabble among the children; the mothers of both parties soon enlisted in the scuffle, and as soon grew angry: furious blows and bloody noses ensued. The Shawnee women broke off abruptly their friendly visit. And, hastening home in transports of rage, related in loud and affecting

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accents the unhappy reencounter. Their husband catched the flame, and the next day hot with rage, marched off and made a furious attack on the Wyomingers. These though unprepared made a vigorous resistance, and after much bruising and some blood shed, night coming on hostilities ceased. The Wyomingers highly irritated by this unexpected outrage, soon after roused all their energies; made a violent assault on the Shawnees, and killed three hundred the same day; and many of the Wyomingers likewise fell. It is said that the bones of those who perished on the bloody day were still lying on the field of battle, when the first white settlers came on the ground. As trivial as the sanguinary contrast about the green grasshopper, may appear to men of sense and information; it may nevertheless be considered as sufficient a cause for war, as the question about the delivery of five deserters, which now agitates the United States and Great Britain. February 8, 1808 Edward Donnelly, a white, was executed in Carlisle, Cumberland County. A few days before his death he acknowledged murdering his wife, and afterwards consuming her body by fire. When the cap was drawn over his face, he said, "I am gone." He was launched into eternity twenty minutes past twelve o’clock noon. 1808 John Dickinson died at Wilmington, Delaware. He once was President of Delaware State and Governor (President) of Pennsylvania at the same time as all offices were split except the head office. March 14, 1808 John Joyce, a black male roustabout, and Peter Matthis, a 26-year-old black fiddler, were hanged in Philadelphia County for the murder and robbery of Mrs. Cross. April 1, 1808 As appeared in The Luzerne County Federalist on April 1, 1808: Carlisle — Feb. 20th — The following humorous incident is said to have taken place, at the resurrection of John M’KEAN, who was executed at Chambersburgh for the murder of his wife. Some persons had gone to the grave, taken up the body, laid it on a bier and were bearing it away: when a rescue came, they ran away and left the corpse which was taken, and one of the company lay down on the bier, covered with a white sheet; after sometime when their fright was over, the first party came back, found the bier, took it up and marched off, but it being weighty, says one he is d–d heavy, I think so too, says another, well says the man in the sheet, I will walk a piece, upon which the carriers took to their heels and left the man in the sheet to walk home at his leisure. April 1, 1808 As appeared in The Luzerne County Federalist on April 1, 1808: Execution! The two black men, JOYCE and MATHIAS, who murdered Mrs. CROSS, were executed at Philadelphia on the 14th inst. April 15, 1808 As appeared in the Luzerne County Federalist on April 15, 1808: On Monday last, Jedediah SEWARD, was committed to prison in this place for passing a counterfeit bank note. 1808 The first steamship, the Phoenix, arrived in Philadelphia from New York City. October 28, 1808 As appeared in The Luzerne County Federalist on October 28, 1808: WAR! BONAPART declared War against America, seized and imprisoned all American subjects in his dominions, and confiscated all American Property.

Member of Council of Three Born February 12, 1809 President of the United States; instrument in the hands of destiny to free those held slaves in a free country; Immortalized by his noble works and the assassin's hand; Member of the Great, or World Council and Council of Three, of the Fraternitas; co-worker, friend and associate of General Hitchcock and Randolph, was born in Hardin County, Kentucky on this day. February 25, 1809 Peter Allen, a white, was hanged for murder in Wayne County. May 19, 1809 As appeared in the Luzerne County Federalist on May 19, 1809: At Reading, on the 8th inst. Judge SPAYD pronounced sentence of death upon Susanna COXE, a mulatto, on a charge of having murdered her own child. May 26, 1809 As appeared in The Luzerne County Federalist on May 26, 1809: 20 Dollar Reward - Ranaway, on Sunday night, the 14th inst., from the subscriber living in Knowltown Twp., Sussex Co., NJ, a negro slave, named Mike, about 23 years old, and a handsome looking fellow, looking rather young for his age; 5 feet 5 or 6 inches high, dark complexion, although none of the blacknest. He had on a coat considerably worn of a blackish coloured cassimere, home made grey linsey pantaloons, the vest not known, and a half worn roram hat: he is very forward and talkative in company. Whoever takes up said run away, and delivers him into any goal or brings him back to the subscriber, shall receive the above reward, and all reasonable charges paid by Jonathan HILL.

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May 27, 1809 John Charles and a black domestic worker named Elizabeth Moore were both hanged for murder in York County.

Get that New Jersey Guy June 2, 1809 As appeared in The Luzerne County Federalist on June 2, 1809: 30 Dollars Reward. Runaway from the subscriber on the 25th March last, living in the city of Trenton, NJ, an apprentice boy named Jacob HOUGHABOUT, by trade a taylor, 19 years of age, with black eyes, fresh complexion and trim made, about five feet seven inches high; had on when he went away a dark coate, with a black cape, with dark or stripped pantaloons and bootees. Any person or persons that will take up and secure said runaway in any jail, so that his master can get him again, shall receive the above reward and all reasonable charges paid. John MORRIS, Trenton. June 2, 1809 As appeared in The Luzerne County Federalist on June 2, 1809: 30 Dollars Reward. Made his escape on the night of the 24th May from his keeper, while in my custody, on a mittimus issued from Eliphalet MASON, Esq. one of our Justices of the Peace, in and for the County of Luzerne, John E. KENT, who was taken for passing a Twenty Dollar Bill, on the New York State Bank, supposed to be Counterfeit. The said John E. KENT is about 6 feet high, swarthy complexion, and light eyes; his cloathing was a green coat, a dove colored waistcoat, cross-barred with white, light colored fancy cord pantaloons. Said KENT is a good blacksmith and may be lurking around a smith shop. Whoever will apprehend the said KENT, and convey him to the jail of Luzerne Co., shall have the above reward, and all reasonable charges by me. Elisha WYLETH, Constable of Towanday Twp. June 9, 1809 As appeared in The Luzerne County Federalist on June 9, 1809: James W. WHITING, informs the public that he has just received from the Pennsylvania Hospital, a supply of the genuine Kine Pock matter. Those who would wish to be inoculated with this sure preventive of that fatal malady the Small Pox, will do well by applying to him, residing at Capt. P. TRACY’S in Wilkesbarre, where he is ready at any time to attend on those who may call. June 10, 1809 Susannah Cox, a 24-year-old mulatto domestic worker, was hanged at Reading, Pennsylvania for murder of her illegitimate infant child. Susannah walked from her jail cell to the gallows and after praying with her ministers she was made to get up into a cart placed under the gallows beam and stand on top of her own coffin. Once the preparations were completed the horse was led forward and Susannah was hanged. She died after a short struggle and was taken down for burial after 17 minutes.

Honor the Memory of the Brave October 20, 1809 As appeared in The Luzerne County Federalist on October 20, 1809: The massacre at Wyoming is the most memorable event that has occurred in this county, since its first settlement by the white people. Three fourths of the inhabitants able to bear arms were cut off in a single day, and our settlements whelmed in ruin. Our men were borne down by a vast superiority of numbers, and terrible was the destruction that followed. I will not now discuss the question, whether it was proper to risk an engagement under the circumstances in which it took place; but is shall hereafter be done, and I am confident it will appear that our brave but unfortunate troops were actuated by the most glorious motives that can govern and honor a soldier. For my present purpose it is sufficient to say, and I blush while I say it, that hundreds of our brave fathers and brothers, who fell on that fatal day in defense of our liberties, lie buried on Abrahan’s Plains without the notice of a single stone to mark the spot of their interment! It is not disgraceful, while we are enjoying the blessings of that independence which they bled to obtain, that we should have given no evidence of regard for their sufferings and memory? The patriotic stranger often enquires, "Where is the monument raised to those who fell in the battle of Wyoming? Alas! The son can scarcely find the spot where his father sleeps! The grave of our patriots lie unnoticed — unhonored, and almost unknown" Citizens, let it be so no longer: Wipe off the disgrace of your former neglect, and let us do honor to the memory of the brave. "It is proposed that a sum should be raised by subscription, to erect a monument on the spot where those who fell in the battle were buried. A piece of ground including the grave ought to be handsomely enclosed and planted with weeping willows. The expense of the monument must be determined by the amount of the subscription. Decade of 1810’s There were 10 executions in Pennsylvania.

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February 9, 1810 As appeared in The Luzerne County Federalist on February 9, 1810: The Resolution for removing the seat of Gov’t to Harrisburgh (To these nuts that actually like English: I don’t know if it was speled wrong or they latter changed the spelling to Harrisburg), has passed the Senate of this State by a large majority. By the last accounts from Lancaster, the lower house had not acted upon it. June 2, 1810 As appeared in The Luzerne County Federalist on June 2, 1810: 30 Dollar Reward! Made his escape by force from the subscriber on the fourth of June past, the house of Asa DIMOCK, in Clifford Township, a certain Daniel AYLSWORTH, a strong robust man, about six feet high, of a dark complexion. Said AYLESWORTH being taken by the subscriber a prisoner, by virtue of a State Warrant in the name of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, issued by Thomas DYER, Esq., a justice of the peace, in and for the county of Luzerne, for altering and passing a forged and counterfeit Bank Bill, of the New-York State Bank. Whoever apprehends and delivers the said AYLESWORTH to the subscriber, or to any goal in the Commonwealth, shall be entitled to the above reward. Joseph VON SICK, Dep. Constable of the township of Wilkesbarre. 1810 The first steam ferryboat used to convey passengers from Philadelphia to Camden was put into service. The "Camden" was Captain by Zeiba Kellam. The course was from the lower side of Market Street in Philadelphia to Cooper Street in Camden.

The Poor Baby May 3, 1811 As appeared in The Gleaner and Luzerne Advertiser on May 3, 1811: Most Melancholy. A young woman belonging to Northmoreland, sometime last February went to Braintrim to nurse her aged Grandmother, who was in ill health. Circumstances gave rise to suspicion that she was with child, but as her character stood fair and she denied the fact, but little further was thought of the matter. On Wednesday night the 17 April she sat up with the old Lady, and towards one o’clock left the room for some time. She returned again however without her absence being particularly noticed, and continued about the house, assisting as usual until the following Sabbath, at which time suspicion of what had happened, grew so strong that she was charged with having become a mother, and she confessed it. In a Spring about 30 rods from the door, half covered with old trees and brush, wrapped in an apron the little infant was found. A jury was summoned by Esqrs. CHAMPION and STEPHENS of Braintrim, which returned a verdict of wilful murder. The poor girl insists that the child was born dead, and the story that is circulating that she confessed she took its life is incorrect. The sickness of the girl prevents here removal to prison, but she is under keepers, and is expected to be committed in a few days. We sincerely sympathize with the respectable and afflicted family and friends. May 10, 1811 As appeared in The Gleaner and Luzerne Advertiser on May 10, 1811: 50 Dollars Reward. Escaped out of the custody of Jasper FASSETT and James HARRIS, in the township of Braintrim, County of Luzerne, on Tuesday evening, the 30th April last, Densey INGERSOL, a young woman of fair complexion, light hair, light blue eyes, of middle stature, about seventeen years of age; she had on when she made her escape, a cross-barred calico gown and white handkerchief, charged before Henry V. CHAMPION, Asa STEPHENS and Josiah FASSETT, Esquires, with the murder of her child. The above reward, and all reasonable charges, will be paid to any person or persons, who will apprehend and secure the said Deseny INGERSOLL, in any Jail in the United States, and give information to the subscriber of such apprehension. Jasper FASSETT, Braintrim. N. B. Editors of Newspapers thro’ out the United States, will aid the cause of Justice, by giving the above advertisement, two or three insertions in their respective Newspapers. June 7, 1811 As appeared in The Gleaner and Luzerne Advertiser on June 7, 1811: We are happy to have it in our power to state that the aqueduct for supplying the town with water from the great spring on the mountain has been completed. At a trifling expense the water can now be furnished in every kitchen, and stable in town. From the height from which the water is brought, it can be raised over the top of any house in the place, and it therefore affords a great security against fire. June 14, 1811 As appeared in The Gleaner and Luzerne Advertiser on June 11, 1811: Thunder Storm — On Sunday evening last, a thunder storm passed over the lower part of this county, and struck the house of Jacob BALLIOT, in Nescopeck. The lightning descended the chimney, and following a stove pipe, entered the

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room where the family were sitting. Three children were struck to all appearances dead. Two we are happy to learn, recovered. The other girl about 12 years of age, was buried in Thursday.

The Ignorant Indian Pot that they even call an Indian Pot June 21, 1811 As appeared in The Gleaner and Luzerne Advertiser on June 21, 1811: Indian Antiquity. The Editors have received form a friend at Braintrim a curious old Indian pot. In the Great flood of 1807, when the bank of the river was in some places cut away three or four perches, the flat called Hemlock Bottom, in Braintrim Township, suffered exceedingly. Some rods of the bank were entirely swept away. After the waters subsided Mr. YOUNG, the gentleman form whom we received the information and to whom we are indebted for this curiosity, in walking under the bank discovered the pot interwoven among the roots of a tree. With some trouble he got it out without damage, and it is entire except a small hole in the side, form which it seems probable a spout or handle had projected. The pot was found about 6 feet below the surface of the earth and the tree which grew over it is more than two feet in diameter. Its time of lying there therefore must have been very ancient, undoubtedly for ages.

The white people have no knowledge of the art of making such ware. The race of Indians that inhabited this country when the white people came here was equally ignorant of the art. That there must have been a different race of people who inhabited this country before the savages who occupied it when it was discovered by the white people admits of little doubt; they were undoubtedly rude, but yet more civilized than their successors.

The pot holds about 2 quarts the bottom is round; it swells gradually to the middle and then decreases in size to the top -—the lower half is like the bottom of a gourd — the upper part like the top of an urn. It is very thin and light — perfectly smooth inside, but on the outside beautifully and regularly figured. 1811 The first steamboat, the New Orleans was launched from a Pittsburgh boatyard. It was the first steamboat to navigate the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers.

Murder will out July 19, 1811 As appeared in The Gleaner and Luzerne Advertiser on July 19, 1811: "Murder will out." About twelve years ago when the United States were raising troops, a company was enlisted at Wyoming, under Capt. Samuel BOWMAN. Among the soldiers who entered the service was one whose name was PARKER, a young, good-looking man, who had removed to this place from N. Jersey. After the army was disbanded, he returned to this county, and married a young woman of Hanover. They lived together some time, but not on the most agreeable terms. Some reports say that her father advised her to poison him, and that she either stewed a toad in his soup, or put one into his milk for the purpose, but it had not the desired effect. The family quarrel continued to rage, and PARKER became an object of the most inveterate hatred with the wife and all her connexions.

In the southern line of the township of Hanover, in a lone and sequestered spot, there is a pond, frequented by deer, where hunters are much in the habit of going in pursuit of game. To this place, he, his father-in-law and another person, it is thought his wife’s brother, went a hunting. Two of the party only returned, and they reported that PARKER had runaway, taking his course thro’ the woods, and they suspected had gone to his mother in New Jersey. Some pains were taken at the time to ascertain if he had been with his friends there, but nothing more was ever heard of him from that time to this!

The family of the lost man, and all his wife’s connexions soon after removed 3 or 400 miles to the westward.

Not long ago, two young men were out at the lake hunting, when they discovered in the midst of a deep thicket, a pile of stones heaped by the side of a rock. Curiosity led them to open it, when behold, beneath the pile was a human skeleton! It appeared to have been thrown in hastily, partly on its face. The scull, which was fully preserved; had marks of a glancing stroke from a hatchet. The teeth are so entire, that it is evident it was the skeleton of a young man, and the people in the neighborhood are strongly impressed with the opinion that it is the remains of poor PARKER, and that some persons at the westward, know more about it than their own security will permit them to disclose.

The 17 Cheers

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July 26, 1811 As appeared in The Gleaner and Luzerne Advertiser on July 26, 1811: Independence - The Inhabitants of Braintrim and its vicinity, met on the 4th July to celebrate the Anniversary of American Independence, at the house of Hiram WARD, Braintrim. Maj. Daniel STERLING, was chosen President, and John SUTTON, Vice President for the day. After the necessary preparations were made, precisely at 3 o’clock an Oration was delivered by Jasper FASSETT, which was completely suited to the occasion, and merited the approbation of every candid spectator. The sentiments of the composition, and the eloquent manner of delivery, were highly satisfactory to the company, and honorable to the orator. At five o’clock, a very luxuriant repast was served, after which the following Toasts were drank, under the discharge of musketry. 1) May disappointment be to those that would betray their country’s cause, for the sake of ambition, or sordid gain. 2 cheers 2) May heroism and patriotism ever exist in our land, and traitors be expelled from our shores. 2 cheers 3) The brave heroes of ’76 who fought and gained our independence. 1 cheer 4) May the daughters of America adorn it, and her sons defend it, and never meet their enemies unprepared. 4 cheers. 5) Let Independence, Liberty and Virtue, exist in the bosom of every American. 2 cheers. 6) The American Flag, may it never be unfurled in the cause of injustice. 4 cheers. 7) May our patriotic father, ever teach their sons and daughters, the worth of virtue, liberty and independence. 3 cheers. 8) May this, and every succeeding generations of America, celebrate this day with that respect due to it, and may we ever keep it sacred in honor to our fathers, and respect to ourselves. 2 cheers. 9) The brave soldiers of the Revolution, may their grateful country render their old age comfortable. 10) Agriculture, commerce and manufactures, the three-fold cord of our country’s prosperity. 11) The American Artillery, may they ever be charged with double-headed shot, and well levelled at the walls of our enemies. 4 cheers 12) May the rulers of our nation ever manage the affairs of the states as a Washington, that we may ever retain the rights we have gained. 2 cheers 13) The American Fair, may their arms prove our refuge, as well as adversity as prosperity. 2 cheers. 14) The citizens of Braintrim, may they ever celebrate the 4th of July in peace and harmony. 6 cheers 15) The Inhabitants of Wyoming, may they ever enjoy the right of soil, which their fathers purchased by the loss of virtuous blood, and never may their sons disgrace it by cowardice. 6 cheers 16) Universal education, the best supporter of liberty and virtue 17) The combined Seventeen, Let each have a toast, For the venerable host, who imbibes the spirit of ’76. 3 cheers.

We have the satisfaction to state that the day was spent in peace and harmony, as all matters of political faction seemed totally lost, and the brightest sensations of pure love and patriotism seemed to glow in every breast. October 4, 1811 As appeared in The Gleaner and Luzerne Advertiser on October 4, 1811: The Federal majority will be considerably increased in the lower part of the county this year. Last year in Wyalusing — Wysox and Orwell owing to local causes, the opposite ticket had a large majority. Yet the Sheriff ticket was lost by the great number of Federal candidate, the successful candidates no having one third of the whole votes of the freemen.

In Tunkhannock last year the voters did not one half of them give a suffrage for Auditors; it was from this circumstance that one of the auditors was lost. This year Wyalusing, Wysox and Orwell will give handsome federal majorities, and it is hoped all the citizens will vote candidates for ALL the offices. We may therefore reasonably presume that every federal candidate will prevail by a large majority; and this more particularly as Davis DIMOCK, much the best man on the democratick ticket, has absolutely declined. October 11, 1811 As appeared in The Gleaner and Luzerne Advertiser on October 11, 1811: Notice — My son, Enos SMITH, sometimes called J. SMITH, was sent by me on business, form the County of Ontario, town of Middlesex, and State of New-York, in the month of May last, & on his way to Wilkesbarre, at

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Keeler’s Ferry, fell into the hands of some raftmen from Tioga Point, who in an unlawful manner made out an Advertisement in my name, and took the boy and bound him, and took from him his mare, saddle, bridle, and leather, and at Nescopeck falls, or near there, was ordered off the Raft by CHAPMAN, and pushed into the river by TAMMAGE, and it is thought by many, that my son is drowned. I have travelled about one thousand miles, and can find nothing of him. If he is alive, it is my sincere request he should return home. He is about 18 years old, had on long boots, a long drab colored coat and overalls, yellow jacket and handkerchief, and black hat; blue eyes, brown hair, middling slim, and a down look. Any information concerning the boy, will be thankfully received by me. Nathan SMITH. November 15, 1811 As appeared in The Gleaner and Luzerne Advertiser on November 15, 1811: Eloped - From my Bed and Board, my wife, Comfort. It is unpleasant but the necessity is forced upon me. Therefore I do hereby forbid any person from trusting said Comfort, on my account, as I will pay no debts of her contracting, after this date. (This was one of many-women apparently lost almost always, unless the man was kind enough to just leave and the belongings, which did happen but that side of the story was not written about.)

Robbery — The subscriber’s house was robbed on Tuesday night the 5th inst., of Eighty one dollars in bills of the Hartford bank, payable at New-York. Five dollars will be paid to any person who will restore the money. Aaron PERKINS, Northmoreland, Nov. 15th

Anyone Know what a PITCH is? Pitches — The Holders of Pitches are invited to meet at the House of John HARDING, in Exeter, on Saturday the 30th inst. Each person is desired to bring an accurate statement how much his Pitch contains. (If you know what Pitches are please tell someone.) November 22, 1811 As appeared in The Gleaner and Luzerne Advertiser on November 22, 1811: Swindlers — We think it our duty to caution the public against a set of swindlers, who infest the country, and are preying upon the people. They profess to be able to make three dollars out of one, by a secret process; and state that their money will bear the strictest test. They therefore propose to receive any sum in silver, and in a short time promise to deliver double the amount. At first they are very punctual to their engagements, and do actually return two good dollars for one received. By this mean they obtain the confidence of the people — get large sums into their hands, and make off with the booty. As they do all their business upon honour, they give no receipt for the money received, nor do they permit any third person to be present when they receive it. A number of persons, we are informed, have been nearly ruined by the villains, in the upper part of the county. Look sharp for them, citizens, and bring them to justice if you can.

Stop Thief! 10 Dollars Reward! Last Wednesday Morning, Jacob PRITCHARD, broke into my Shop and stole a pair of Boots, a black Surrout Coat (the cloth American manufacturer). He was pursued about three miles in the woods, and on being discovered, dropt the Boots, and made off with the Coat, which he had on. He wore a New Fur Hat, new Calf-skins Shoes and blue pantaloons. Said PRITCHARD is about 22 years old, light complexion, light hair, blue eyes, about five feet, six inches high, stock built, and is a bungler at the Carpenter’s trade. Whoever will take up said PRITCHARD, and bring him to the Jail of this County, will receive the above Reward. Gilbert LAIRD, Wilkesbarre. 1812-1815 War of 1812: United States versus Great Britain. January 31, 1812 As appeared in The Gleaner and Luzerne Advertiser on January 31, 1812: A man of the name of Joseph YOTER who lived a few miles this side of Lewistown, made a violent attack, a few evenings since, upon his Wife, with an axe, with which he cut her on both sides of the neck, until her wind pipe could be seen, and fractured her scull so as to let out a part of her brains. The first information of this diabolical act communicated, by YOTER himself, to several of his neighbors, who at his request, have lodged him in the Lewistown Jail. This poor unfortunate woman, we understand, is still living but very little hopes are entertained of her final recovery. (Hunt. Gazette) February 14, 1812 As appeared in The Gleaner and Luzerne Advertiser on February 14, 1812: The Agricultural Society of Philadelphia, at their Anniversary Meeting in Jan. last, having received information of the very extraordinary exertions of two young men in Luzerne County, and their great success in destroying those destructive animals Cougars, commonly called Panthers, resolved to present each of them

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with a Silver Medal. The names of the meritorious young men, are Zalmon HOLMES and Hesse NORTON; they live in Clifford Township. The dies are now cutting and when finished no time shall be lost in forwarding the Medals. March 6, 1812 As appeared in The Gleaner and Luzerne Advertiser on March 6, 1812: Caution — Whereas my wife, Charity, on the 13th inst. Declared a separation, without any just cause or provocation, I therefore forbid all persons from trusting or harboring her on my account, for I am determined not to pay any debts of her contracting. James VANCE, Harmony, Susquehanna.

The Seven Foot by ½” round Worm March 13, 1812 As appeared in The Gleaner and Luzerne Advertiser on March 13, 1812: Communication - Manual TURNER, of Huntington, Luzerne Co., together with the well known virtues of Dr. CRARY’S Pills, is a convincing proof that the public will be greatly benefited by them. He was for a number of years afflicted with pain in the breast, sickness at stomach, want of digestion and distressing cough. Many Physicians supposed him to be affected with a consumption of the lungs. In the fall of 1810, being in a very weak condition, by the solicitations of friends, he was induced to take a portion of CRAY’S Pills.

They discharged during their operation; a great number of small worms; he was much better, but in March 1811, feeling his old disorder returning, he took a double potion. In their operation, a worm was discharged, which measured seven feet in length, and about half an inch diameter; at the same time about 60 smaller ones, a species of the same. Since that time he had enjoyed good health.

The above statement as it respects myself, is true. Manuel TURBER 1812 The state capital was moved from Lancaster and established in Harrisburg. June 26, 1812 As appeared in The Gleaner and Luzerne Advertiser on June 26, 1812: Declaration of War — An Act declaring War between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the dependencies thereof, and the Untied State of America and their Territories, has been passed. October 8, 1812 Freeman B. Dowd was born in Davenport, Iowa

Shoot the Deserter December 15, 1812 John Rickey, a white soldier, was shot for desertion in Philadelphia County. 1813 –1833 King Ferdinand VII ruled Spain. January 30, 1813 John Schildt, a white farmer, was hanged for murder in Berks County. 1814 Anthracite coal was introduced in Philadelphia and White & Hazard mill employees discovered, a bit by accident that it would burn if left alone to catch on fire. This was unlike bituminous coal, which would blaze up immediately upon fire being put to it. November 18, 1814 As appeared in The Gleaner and Luzerne Advertiser on November 18, 1814: Militia - Four Companies of drafted Militia under the command of Captains BAILEY, CAMP, HALLOCK and MASON, marched from Wilkesbarre on Friday and Saturday last, for Baltimore. They were generally good looking men, and will no doubt, do honor to themselves and their country. November 25, 1814 As appeared in The Gleaner and Luzerne Advertiser on November 25, 1814: Militia Discharged - Part of the Militia, which we last week stated as having marched for Baltimore, have returned, and the remainder, we understand, are on their way home. They went no further than Danville, and there received a discharge by order of the Governor. The reason of their discharge, we have not exactly ascertained, probably it is, that they are not wanted, in consequence of the supposition, that the approach of winter will oblige the enemy to leave the Chesapeake, and return to Halifax and Bermuda. January 1815 Andrew Jackson defeats the British at the Battle of New Orleans.

War of 1812 Ends February 13, 1815 News was received in Philadelphia of the signing of a treaty of peace with England. Festivities followed that evening in celebration of the final attribute to the end of the War of 1812. February 17, 1815 As appeared in The Gleaner and Luzerne Advertiser on February 17, 1815: PEACE! Between the United States and Great Britain. August 11, 1815 As appeared in The Gleaner and Luzerne Advertiser on August 11, 1815: The citizens of Luzerne are requested to meet at the court house in Wilkesbarre, on Wednesday evening inst. at early candle light, to consider of measures proper to be adopted, to raise a contribution for the relief of the inhabitants of

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Petersburg, Virginia lately ruined by fire. Five hundred buildings were consumed and thousands reduced in one night from affluence to poverty, calls in a voice loud and feeling for the commiseration and charity of the prosperous. In the distressful year when Wyoming was desolated, we were not forgotten. The Parish of Dresden in Virginia, contributed 180 dollars for the relief of the Wyoming sufferers. Let us return this donation to the suffering inhabitants of a neighboring town. February 4, 1816 Army Lieutenant Richard Smyth, a white, was hanged for murder in Philadelphia County. 1816 The Philadelphia Saving Society was organized. 1816 Pittsburgh was incorporated. Pittsburgh had a population of 10,000 despite multiple floods and cholera epidemics. 1816 Gas as an illuminant was introduced. The first private residence in the United States lighted by gas was that of William Henry, coppersmith, at No. 200 Lombard Street in Philadelphia. April 28, 1817 The Rush-Bagot Treaty between Britain and the United States limits naval forces on the Great Lakes. July 26, 1817 George Van Holland, a white, was hanged for murder in Crawford County. March 25, 1818 John Tiernan, a white, was hanged for robbery-murder in Allegheny County. 1818 The black community of Columbia, Pennsylvania established the Columbia Abolition Society. 1818 The details, first proposed by the County Commissioners of Philadelphia in November 1815, were sanctioned by the Legislature, when an act was passed providing for the education of poor children at the public expense in the city and county of Philadelphia, forming the "first School District of Pennsylvania." The School Controllers established two schools in Southwark, two in Moyamensing, two in Northern Liberties and two in Penn Township. A model school was erected on the side of Chester Street in Philadelphia, above Race. The first Superintendent of schools was Joseph Lancaster. October 20, 1818 Britain and the United States establish the United States-Canada border along the forty-ninth parallel, and agree to joint occupation of Oregon. June 23, 1819 James Monks, a white hunter, was hanged in Centre County for robbery-murder. September 8, 1819 Vauxhall Garden, N.E. corner of Broad and Walnut Streets in Philadelphia, was destroyed by a mob. Decade of 1820’s There were 10 executions in Pennsylvania. January 29, 1820 George III dies and George IV assumes the throne of Great Britain. 1820 Pennsylvania had a population of 1,040,458. 1820 The black community in Columbia had grown to 288 people and was an important location for the Underground Railroad. 1820-1830 King George IV ruled Great Britain. September 1820 Yellow Fever caused 67 deaths in Philadelphia. February 24, 1821 Spain cedes Florida to the United States.

Prison to get the BAD while the GOOD Suffer March 20, 1821 The Legislature passed an act to provide a State penitentiary within the city and county of Philadelphia. The Cherry Hill farm property on the north side of Francis Lane (later on Coates Street, now Fairmount Avenue) west of the Ridge Road (Corinthian Ave. and Fairmount Ave.) was used. The Cornerstone was laid on May 22, 1821.

French Coded Ice Cream is Invented May 5, 1821 Napoleon Bonaparte dies on Saint Helena Island where he was exiled. He left America Napoleonic French Code in Louisiana, which works, as Louisiana was only the 4th most highest crime rate per capita the last I checked. Who is number one we haven’t a clue as I would like to thank The Great State of Arizona for working with US over the National Standard for Prisons. 1821 The Philadelphia College of Pharmacy and Science was established.

Gang Violence 1820’s Philadelphia nicknamed “City of Brotherly Loot” due to the Ring Gang. January 24, 1822 Orphan's Asylum, corner Eighteenth and Cherry Streets in Philadelphia, burned. 23 children perished.

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The Phenomenal George Lippard April 10, 1822 George Lippard, Philosophic Initiate, genius, dreamer, champion of the oppressed; advocate of the freedom of man; visionary, yet practical reformer; awakener of Abraham Lincoln to the Negro's plight; founder of a Brotherhood of Man and author of many books, was born on the farm of his father, Daniel B. Lippard, in West Nantmeal Township, Chester County, near Yellow Springs, Pennsylvania. George, in his short life, turned into one of the greatest, if not the greatest, writer/publisher/ reporter/novelist/editor of his day and far beyond. Two years after George Lippard was born his father moved the family to Philadelphia. George Lippard attended the public schools of Philadelphia. After graduating from the public school in Philadelphia, George Lippard entered the Classical Academy, at Rhinebeck, New York, and later was enrolled in the Wesleyan University, located at Middletown, Connecticut. Young George Lippard quickly and keenly recognized the wide gap existing between the ideals and teachings in a religious institution, such as the Wesleyan University, and the actual life and behavior of not only those attending the University, with the idea of becoming “servants of the Most High God,” but likewise of those selected for and engaged in instructing and guiding these embryonic “servants.” Try as he would, it was impossible for him to reconcile himself to the difference between professionals and those pretending to be, his sense of right being such that it was impossible for him to be hypocritical. He left the institution in bitterness and with strong condemnatory feelings, forswearing all intention of ever becoming ordained in the Ministry of the Church. Throughout all of his life and works he vividly portrays the hypocrisy of those seeking to become co-workers of the lowly Nazarene and his teachings.

George Lippard was unable to recognize any middle ground. Men of the cloth were engaged in God's business; therefore it was demanded of them that they live according to the teachings; otherwise they were hypocrites and unfit to officiate in God's holy temple.

It is almost unbelievable, young Lippard was now but little more than 15-years-old. He returned from Wesleyan University to his home in Philadelphia at the time of his father's death and shortly thereafter became a student in the law office of William Badger, where he remained for a time, and then later entered the office of Ovid Fraser Johnson, who subsequently became Attorney General of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.

George Lippard had the same conception of “the law” and lawyers as he had previously held of the church and the ministry. He honestly believed that lawyers had to be above reproach; that they could be trusted with life, possessions and character; that confidences, like property, were sacredly guarded by "the law" as practiced by lawyers of the bar. His ever watchfulness, which perhaps was almost an obsession, soon convinced him that he was as greatly mistaken of the administrators of justice as he had been of the church ministers, and after four years in the offices of lawyers, he felt completely disillusioned and as bitter against the evils in the practice of law as he had become against the evils in religious professions.

Lippard now was but 20-years-old and wiser in the ways of life than most men are at eighty. In order to express himself he entered the field of journalism by accepting employment as a criminal reporter on the Philadelphia daily, Spirit of the Times. In 1842, while George was just twenty years of age, the Saturday Evening Post began to publish his first romance.

George became ill. He turned his attention to the study of the American Revolution and all, good and evil that was part of it, and began writing what he termed the “Legends,” by which name they are still known. George wrote history and facts in the guise of fiction, fiction so thinly veiled that all who read could readily understand the references. George Lippard sensed the shame of an artificial democracy, which had followed the over-throw of a king’s rule, for while the government existed in the name of “Democracy” it was actually in the hands and under the influence of a exclusive group of men who still retained all of the old world pride of birth and aristocracy of viewpoint. At 22-years-old George Lippard completed his first volume The Legends of the American Revolution of 1776. George also wrote the Paul Ardenheim, The Mark of Wissahickon.

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Another best-selling novel, Quaker City; or, The Monks of Monk-Hall was drawn from the highly publicized 1843 Singleton Mercer murder case that George Lippard wrote in 1844-1845:

In 1843 a man called Mahlon Herberton lured a female of unknown age to me with the last name of Mercer into his house and at gun point raped and murdered her. Then a young Philadelphian, Singleton Mercer, brother to the murdered female, murdered Mahlon Herberton. Singleton Mercer was acquitted of the murder of Mahlon Herberton.

In Quaker City George Lippard condemned upper-class men who took advantage of innocent women and girls, but he used seduction as a metaphor for the oppression of the helpless. He used titillation, “heaving bosoms”, and attempted rape, to outrage the reader and spur them into social and personal reform.

One of the great “Legends” is that of the “Bell Ringer” of the State House, awaiting the signal to ring the Liberty Bell. This “Legends” another writer named Whittier, a great historian of the Pennsylvania German People (Pennsylvania Deutch) admitted that it was George Lippard who was responsible for his story, ‘Ring, Grampa, Ring,’ in connection with the Liberty Bell. Whittier, for his ‘Pennsylvania Pilgrim,’ was dependent on Lippard for much of his information.

In conjunction with his writings, Lippard also became a lecturer, and related his Legends in courses before many Institutes and Literary Societies, both in Philadelphia and many other parts of the country, so that their popularity became such that the Saturday Courier published them.

George Lippard became one of the most successful authors of his day and edited a newspaper, which had quickly accomplished a circulation of fifty thousand.

George Lippard wrote The Nazarene, then The Carpenter’s Son, and lastly, The White Banner. So popular were these publications that in 1847 Lippard succeeded in founding a fraternal organization then called the Brotherhood of the Union, later to be changed to Brotherhood of America.

In the last years of his life of his life he was associated with Dr. P. B. Randolph, and both men were aggressive members of the Reformatory Party. George went on to die at the early age of thirty-one on February 9, 1854 in Philadelphia after he worked himself to the bone for the sake of others. He was severely missed and therefore, unfortunately, quickly forgotten. George Lippard was not a robust man, and everyone knows the small men are who to watch out for.

Why this fine man isn’t immortalized more is beyond me being that my personal belief is that he gives immortalized Ben Franklin, John Dickinson, Thomas Paine, Marquis de la Fayette, a run for the penny.

But that’s okay, George, we will remember you now in National Treasurer. They forgot Molly Pitcher, J. Paul Selsam, Dr. P.B. Randolph, Aftons, Fannie Sellers, Gus Rangnow, Andrew J. Susce, Johnny Gammage, and countless others too. Anyone who dares to try and be a fine a man or woman as this man was…god helps you. George Lippard was a member of the Council of Three of the Rosy Cross. 1822 The first public school for Negro children was established in Philadelphia on Mary Street. 1822 Mathew Carey, a Philadelphia bookseller, publishes Essays on Political Economy, which supports tariffs and internal improvements at the federal governments expense. February 7, 1823 William Gross, a 27-year-old white bank employee, was hanged for murder in Philadelphia County.

70-Year-Old Hung February 21, 1823 William Crawford, a 70-year-old white, was hanged in Washington County for murder. 1823 Nicholas Biddle became the president of the Second Bank of the United States. However, Pennsylvania and not the federal government chartered The Second Bank of the United States. December 2, 1823 President James Monroe issues a warning to world powers not to intervene in the Western Hemisphere (later known as the “Monroe Doctrine”). 1824 The Historical Society of Pennsylvania was established in Philadelphia. 1824 The Franklin Institute was established in Philadelphia. September 16, 1824 Louis XVIII dies and Charles X becomes King of France. September 27, 1824 General Lafayette arrived in Philadelphia and stopped and slept at the Frankford Arsenal.

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1824 During the year Schuylkill water was introduced into 3,954 private houses, and 185 manufactories in Philadelphia. 1824 A census taken showed that Philadelphia contained 55 printing offices and 150 printers. January 13, 1825 Jason Treadwell, a 30-year-old white farmer, was hanged in Susquehanna County for murder-robbery. 1825 The Anti-Masonic Party carried the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. 1825 In England the first public steam railroad opens. 1825 The Jefferson Medical College was established in Philadelphia. 1825 A second public school for Negro children was established in Philadelphia on Gaskill Street.

Supreme Grand Master Born October 8, 1825 Paschal Beverly Randolph, Physician, Philosopher, world traveler, Supreme Grand Master of the Fraternitas Rosæ Crucis; Hierarch of Eulis and the Ansaireh; member of L’Ordre du Lis of France; the Double Eagle of Prussia, and Order of the Rose of England, was born in the city of New York on this day.

Dr. P.B. Randolph was a member of the Reformatory Party and a great orator of his time. He associated with George Lippard in the last years of George’s life. President Lincoln often drafted him with success. 1826 A global cholera epidemic begins in India.

61-Year-Old Hung February 9, 1827 James Quinn, a 61-year-old white canal worker, was hanged in Lebanon County for murder. 1827 An Apology for the True Christian Divinity: Being an Explanation and Vindication of the Principles and Doctrines of the People Called Quakers by Robert Barclay (1648-1690) 8th Edition was published by Samuel Woods and Sons of New York. 1827 George Ohm formulates Ohm’s Law, the relationship of current and voltage in electrical circuits. 1827 The Mechanic’s Union of Trade Associations was founded in Philadelphia and became the first of many trade councils in the nation. August 1828 Stephen Heimer, a watchman, was set upon and killed at corner of Third and George Streets in Philadelphia. This precipitated a riot among the weavers residing in this neighborhood. November 21, 1828 Christian Sharp, a black male runaway slave, was hanged for murder in Washington County. December 6, 1828 The Reading mail coach, which left the city with nine passengers, was held up by three men on the Ridge Road and Turner's Lane (Oxford Street) in Philadelphia. James Porter, George Wilson and John Poteet afterwards were arrested and convicted. Poteet turned State's evidence. James Porter was executed at Bush Hill on July 2, 1830. July 4, 1829 Cornerstone laid of United States Mint at the S.W. corner of Chestnut and Juniper Streets in Philadelphia. 1829 First locomotive in U.S. runs from Carbondale, Pennsylvania. 1829 Yuengling Brewery started in Pottsville, Pennsylvania. Today it is the oldest Brewery in the United States of America. 1829 Construction began on the Eastern State Penitentiary in Cherry Hill, Pennsylvania. Decade of 1830’s There were 18 executions in Pennsylvania. July 2, 1830 James Porter, a 30-year-old white weaver, was hanged at Bush Hill in Philadelphia County for robbery. December 26, 1831 Stephen Girard, a native of France but for many years an active merchant and citizen of Philadelphia, died in his house. He was buried on the 30th of December at the Roman Catholic Church of the Holy Trinity, Sixth and Spruce Streets in Philadelphia. The remains were transferred in 1850 to the sarcophagus in Girard College, under the control of members of the Masonic order. At his death the value of his estate was appraised at $7,500,000. April 2, 1832 Cornerstone of the Moyamensing Prison was laid.

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June 21, 1832 Lino Mina, a 23-year-old Hispanic male, was hanged in Bucks County for murder. President Jackson Duels Pennsylvania – “The Bank War”

1832 President Jackson launches political war against the 2nd bank of the United States in Philadelphia over corruption called The Bank War. 1832 You are a den of vipers and thieves. I intend to rout you out, and by eternal God, I will rout you out. - President Andrew Jackson Words to a delegation of bankers July 5, 1832 to October 4, 1832 A Cholera outbreak killed 935 people in Philadelphia. August 10-12, 1832 Race riots between whites and blacks broke out at and adjacent to a flying horse exhibition (carousel) South Street above Seventh. A few white boys and colored boys at the scene of an amusement called the “flying horses” in Philadelphia, got into a quarrel. The white boys, who were probably the aggressors, were worsted. The white boys collected a mob that descended on the colored people of Southwark and Moyamensing. They tore down houses, destroyed furniture, beat women and children, and killed an ill colored man. 300 special constables were sworn in to quell the nightly riots. The authorities agreed that the colored must know their place and no one was brought to trial. 1833 Lucretia Mott, a devout female Quaker minister, spearheaded the formation of the Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society. 1833-1868 Queen Isabel II ruled Spain. October 11, 1833 Charles Getter, a white farm hand, was hanged for murder in Northampton County.

Anti-Free Blacks 1834 Anti-Free-Black riots occurred in Philadelphia. A mob tore down a Negro meetinghouse near Wharton Street in Philadelphia. 1834 Events have satisfied my mind, and I think the minds of the American people, that the mischiefs and dangers which flow from a national bank far overbalance its advantages. - President Andrew Jackson Sixth Annual Message to Congress

Use of Federal Troops 1834 don’t know if in Pennsylvania: Irish laborers on the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal riot in protest of poor working conditions. Federal soldiers, under orders of President Andrew Jackson, suppress the riots. 1834 Race riots broke out in Columbia, Pennsylvania. 1834 Race riots broke out again in Columbia, Pennsylvania making Stephen Smith a target. 1834 Pennsylvania became the first state to abolish public hangings. For the next eight decades, each county carried out its own private hangings within the walls of the county jail. 1834 William Strickland designed the Philadelphia Merchants’ Exchange. October 14, 1834 Political riot in Moyamensing happened. Robb's Row section, Christian Street above Ninth Street, was burned. November 21, 1834 Charles Bowman, a black, was hanged for murder in Chester County. 1835 Possibly the world’s first general strike occurred. Several unions executed a simultaneous walkout in Philadelphia. This was done without a guiding strike committee and therefore it is questioned among labor history scholars if this constitutes the world’s first general strike. 12

1835 Philadelphia artists founded The Artist’s Fund Society in Philadelphia. July 12, 1835 Anti-Free-Black riots occurred. Houses inhabited by African/Americans, in the neighborhood of Shippen (Bainbridge) and Eighth Streets of Philadelphia, were sacked. August 14, 1835 Joseph Blundin, a white farmer, was hanged for murder in Bucks County. May 24, 1836 John Earls, a white, was hanged in Lycoming County for murder.

19-Year-Old Hung May 19, 1837 James Moran, a 19-year-old white sailor, was hanged in Philadelphia County for murder. 1837-1901 Queen Victoria ruled Great Britain. 1837 The Philadelphia Vigilance Committee was founded and conducted its early meetings at the African Zoar Methodist Church. The movement was reorganized under the leadership of Robert Purvis.

1 2 Reference: µhttp://www.sonic.net/~figgins/generalstrike/northamerica/unitedstates/pennsylvania.html§

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1837 Banks suspended specie payments. The city of Philadelphia issued "shin plasters." November 1837 Papineau’s Rebellion breaks out in Lower Canada. December 1837 William Machenzie leads a rebellion in Upper Canada. March 30, 1838 James Galligo, a black, was hanged for murder in Allegheny County. May 11, 1838 Henry Smith, a black, was hanged for murder in Lancaster County. May 14, 1838 Pennsylvania Hall, on 6th Street above Cherry Street in Philadelphia, was dedicated. May 15, 1838 Crowds began to gather outside Philadelphia Hall. May 16, 1838 A large crowd estimated at 17,000 people gathered outside the newly built Philadelphia Hall. Inside, the second annual conference of the Anti-Slavery Convention of American Women was taking place. Over two hundred women of both races attended, including Lucretia Mott, Maria Chapman, Angelina Grimke Weld, and Abby Kelly. The crowd broke a window. The Mayor of Philadelphia was asked to intervene but refused. That night a mob broke in and burned it to the ground. May 18, 1838 A shelter for Colored Orphans, Thirteenth Street, above Callowhill in Philadelphia, was burned down by a mob. 1838 Pennsylvania had its fourth constitution. 1838 Voting rights were withdrawn from African/American men in Pennsylvania.

Buckshot War 1838 Buckshot War – Governor Ritner asked President Van Buren for federal troops to put down violence resulting from contested elections to the Pennsylvania legislature. The disturbance was settled locally without the aid of federal troops. December 17, 1838 Schuylkill Bank in Philadelphia failed. March 1839 Louis Daguere invents photography by perfecting a system for capturing images on copper plates. March 29, 1839 William Dunlap, Jr., a white, was hanged for murder in Lycoming County. May 31, 1839 Joshua Jones, a white farmer, was hanged in Potter County for murder.

Get Em in Pittsburgh #1 of 2 1839 The black section of Pittsburgh was burned down. 1839 Karl Leberecht Immermann finishes the novel Munchhausen. 1839 Nicholas Biddle’s state-chartered Second Bank of the United States in Pennsylvania worsens the economic depression of the time. August 9, 1839 James Williams, a black slave, was hanged for murder in Philadelphia County. December 20, 1839 Henry Musselman, a white, was hanged in Lancaster County for murder-robbery. Decade of 1840’s There were 19 executions in Pennsylvania.

Retaliation 1840 The proprietors of Pennsylvania Hall were never compensated for their loss. A mob in Kensington tore up the railroad, and burned a house belonging to the president of the railroad. Knowing that the president had justified an applauded the burning of the Pennsylvania Hall. Emery’s tavern was also burned. 1840 D’Hauteville v. D’Hauteville was a sensational Philadelphia child custody battle between a Swiss nobleman and a Boston textile heiress, sparks a widespread discussion of the increasing tendency to award the custody of children to the mother, “in the best interests of the child.” August 1840 Louis Napoleon is imprisoned after his second attempt to seize power in France. November 11, 1840 and again on November 14, 1840: Earthquakes at Philadelphia were accompanied by a great and unusual swell on the Delaware River. January 15, 1841 The banks resumed specie payments. February 4, 1841 Bank of the United States failed and other banks suspended specie payments. Early 1840s The Vigilance Committee handled about 100 fugitive slave cases per year.

Bloody British Did It August 1, 1842 In 1833 the British Parliament had passed a law ending slavery in the Empire as of August 1, 1834, and on August 1, 1842 the Philadelphia blacks got together to celebrate the anniversary and were walking peacefully, and evidently a gang of whites didn’t like the idea of blacks taking the day off and

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celebrating freedom, so they went tearing into the Negro section, beating up on people and killing a few, and burning property left and right. The mob burned Smith’s Hall and the African Presbyterian Church. The mayor and police arrested those that were attacked instead of the rioters. Then in the following days and nights colored people were attacked. It was a regular Long Hot Summer act, and the militia had to be called out to quell the riot. These riots were called Abolition Riots. September 2, 1842 James Rice, a white drover, was hanged in Bedford County for murder-robbery. 1840’s The laws to imprison for debt was abolished and property rights for married women were extended. 1840’s The Know Nothing movement began as a secret society in the 1840’s. They became a widespread political movement in the 1850’s as the American Party. Their nickname came from their reply to queries about their organization-“I Know Nothing”. They were paranoid to loose American values to immigrants and considered Catholican as a European tool against them. Their violent nature attracted many Whigs and abolitionists. The Whigs turned into the Republican Party and forged alliances with the Know Nothing groups. January 11, 1843 Weavers' Riots in Kensington, (Germantown Avenue and Master Street in Philadelphia) occurred. Rioters assemble at "The Nanny Goat" Market, Washington (American) Street north of Master Street. Sheriff's posse was assailed and beaten. General Cadwalader’s brigade dispersed rioters later.

The Tumultuous Year 1844 Was a tumultuous year for Philadelphia. It went something as follows:

Irish Catholics are killed and Catholic churches and schools burned and destroyed in Philadelphia riots by Know Nothing (Native-born Protestants, also called nativist, anti-immigration) political party. The Know Nothing movement was directed against foreign born, particularly Roman Catholics and unskilled Irish Catholic (weavers). The Know Nothings destroyed Irish Catholic neighborhoods and attacked a Catholic church. Out of this the nativists joined the American Republican Party and the Irish into the Democrat party. The rioters were put down by troops, but two soldiers and seven civilians were killed. March 22, 1844 Samuel Mohawk, a Native American, was hanged for murder in Butler County. May 6, 1844 Riots in Kensington. Several killed. May 7, 1844 Riots renewed in Kensington. More people killed. May 8, 1844 Riots continued. St. Michael's Church (Second and Jefferson Streets) with the Female Seminary adjourning burned in the afternoon. St. Augustine's Church (Fourth and New Streets) burned in the evening. All of above buildings totally destroyed. May 31, 1844 Dishes were thrown from tables due to an intensity V earthquake at Allentown. July 7, 1844 (Sunday) Riots in Southwark; Church of St. Philip de Neri attacked. Fight at night between the military and the rioters; several persons killed. July 18, 1844 Fireman’s riot occurred in Philadelphia. Firemen did not get arrested. August 10, 1884 Thirty towns from Hartford, Connecticut, to West Chester, Pennsylvania, reported fallen bricks and cracked plaster from an earthquake apparently centered near New York City. 1845-1846 Blight destroys most of the Irish potato crop. The Potato Famine claims approximately one million Irish lives and two million leave the country. Many Irish come to the United States. March 28, 1845 Francis Baisler, a white, was hanged for murder in Wyoming County. April 12, 1845 By act of Assembly, the city of Philadelphia and the incorporated districts of Spring Garden, Northern Liberties and Penn, and the township of Moyamensing are required to establish and maintain police forces of "not less than one able-bodied man for one hundred and fifty taxable inhabitants" for the prevention of riots and the preservation of the public peace. April 18, 1845 Samuel Zephon, a black, was hanged for murder in Philadelphia County. 1845 Fire swept through downtown Pittsburgh destroying nearly 1,000 buildings and leaving 12,000 people homeless. Only two people were killed.

Leatherheads #1 1845 In Craigie & Hulbert, Dictionary of American English “The inhabitants of … Pennsylvania [are called] Leatherheads. This may be found in Random House Historical Dictionary of American Slang Volume 2, H-

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O J.E. Lighter, Editor, Assistant Editors J.Ball & J. O’Connor, Project Editor Jesse Sheidlower ISBN: 0-679-43464-X

Imagine labeling ones countrymen such vulgar names and never figuring out why. November 21, 1845 Jabez Boyd, a 24-year-old white ex-convict, was hanged for murder-burglary in Chester County. May 8, 1846 James McCafferty, a 40-year-old white, was hanged for murder in Huntingdon County. May 13, 1846 The United States declares war on Mexico. June 15, 1846 The signing of the treaty of Washington resolves Oregon as an American territory. April 15, 1847 Two elephants drowned in the Delaware River in attempting to have them swim from Greenwich Point to Gloucester Point, New Jersey. June 2, 1847 The McClintock riots occurred in Carlisle. The black community killed one fugitive slave owner. 15

August 21, 1847 At the sugar refinery of George L. Broome & Co., Bread Street near Quarry in Philadelphia, falling walls due to a fire struck down 27 men. They were members of Fairmount engine and Perseverance Hose Companies. Andrew Butler and Charles H. Himes, members of the Perseverance Hose Company, were killed. They were buried at the same time. 51 fire companies, numbering over 3,000 members, attended the funeral. The line of the funeral march was estimated to be three miles long. December 3, 1847 Lawrence Tearney, a 35-year-old white, was hanged for murder in Northampton County. January 20, 1848 Charles Langfeld, a white cobbler, was hanged in Philadelphia County for murder. May 30, 1848 Mexico ratifies the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo and cedes California and New Mexico to the United States. 1848 The Whigs, who held their national convention in the city of Philadelphia, nominated Zachary Taylor for Presidency.

Struggle for African/American and Women Rights Begins 1848 Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton organized the first woman’s rights convention in Seneca Falls, New York, they attached African/American Rights. 300 people attended and approved a Declaration of Sentiments: “We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men and women are created equal.” Momentum grew, however the Civil War broke out and advocates turned their devotion to the war effort. Late 1840s The Vigilance Committee faced political and financial setbacks.

Provisions for free public education, championed by Governor George Wolf and Thaddeus Stevens, were put forth in the Free School Act of 1834, which was implemented in 1849 by legislation requiring compulsory attendance. September 29, 1848 Harris Bell, a white male tramp, was hung for rape-murder in Butler County. December 1, 1848 James Langford, a white bartender, was hanged in Bradford County for murder. May 30, 1849 to September 8, 1849 A Cholera outbreak in Philadelphia killed 1,012 people. 1849 Avery College, the first black – sponsored college, opens in Pennsylvania. October 8, 1849 A riot occurred at Sixth and St. Mary Streets in Philadelphia. The "California House" was destroyed. Decade of 1850’s There were 26 executions in Pennsylvania. 1850 The federal Fugitive Slave Act, The Compromise of 1850 as it was called, was passed strengthening the position of slave owners seeking to recapture slaves. It offered the south a tougher fugitive slave law in exchange for the admission of California as a free state. Pennsylvania abolitionists were outraged, and fears among free blacks of kidnapping raids on youths were rampart. It was like a declaration of war across Pennsylvania. Anti-slavery groups reorganized. The new Vigilance Committee turned over its Underground Railroad activities to William Still, who was a clerk in the Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society office. The Vigilance Committee became the hub of a network that extended up and down the Atlantic and across the state of Pennsylvania. William Still worked closely with Stephen Smith and William Whipper.

1 5 The story can be found at: µhttp://chronicles.dickinson.edu/encyclo/m/ed_mcClintockriot.htm§

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1850 Pennsylvania switched from appointed to elected Pennsylvania Supreme Court Justices. 1850 In Christiana, Pennsylvania black men defeated a group of runaway slave hunters. July 9, 1850 A great fire swept Philadelphia, which commenced on Vine Street Wharf; it destroyed 367 houses.

19-Year-Old Hung August 29, 1851 George Pharoah, a 19-year-old white, was hanged in Chester County for murder. September 11, 1851 Maryland farmer and slaveholder, Edward Gorsuch, pursued four slaves and went to the Christina, Pennsylvania home of William Parker, an African/American who was giving them refuge. Neighbors gathered and gun fighting ensued. Edward Gorsuch was killed. In the confusion, all the Fugitive slaves escaped. You may read about this in: The Underground Railroad by William Still African/American leader of the Philadelphia’s Underground Railroad and a reform Republican who fought the corruption of the party machine. Philadelphia: Porter & Coates 1872

Attorney Thaddeus Stevens Wins September 11, 1851 (This happened on the same day as above, but I do not know if it is the same event, yet similar.) Out of a mob, two whites and 18 blacks were arrested for refusing the federal marshal’s order to assit in the capture of fugitive slaves. They were taken to the federal court in Philadelphia and were charged with treason due to armed resistance to the Fugitive Slave Act. The South wanted them hanged. Enter, stage left, maybe right, Attorney Thaddeus Stevens, this nut managed to convince the jury to find them innocent.

Pittsburgh Poison January 30, 1852 Pamela Lee Worms was hanged in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania for poisoning her husband. 1852 The Know-Nothing Party (American Party) was victorious in Pennsylvania. 1852 A railroad line was completed from Philadelphia to Pittsburgh. It reduced the travel time from four days to 15 hours.

18-Year-Old Hung September 9, 1853 Reese Evans, an 18-year-old white, was hanged in Luzerne County for murder-robbery.

The Peanut War December 7, 1853 The “Peanut War” began in Erie, Pennsylvania.

The coming of the railroad promised a huge boost to the economy in the Erie. The first track laid was the Erie & North East RR Company in 1852. This line had an agreement with a connecting line from New York State that each would use a gauge of six feet. A law was passed in Pennsylvania requiring that all tracks from Erie east have a gauge of six feet and all tracks from Erie west have a gauge of 4 feet 10 inches. In 1852 The Franklin Canal Company opened a railroad line from Erie west to the Ohio State Line, and it connected with another railroad line to Cleveland, but both used a four foot ten inch gauge. This caused travelers to change trains and gauges in Erie making Erie a terminal

The problem began with the New York line that connected to another line in New York State with a gauge of 4 feet 8 ½ inches. They compromised and laid track with a gauge of 4 feet 10 inches. Although this violated the agreement held with the Erie & North East Railroad, the Erie line was forced to change its gauge, thus eliminating the need to stop in Erie. On December 7, 1853, the people of Erie were in such a state of anger over the change that they tore up the track east of Sassafras Street in three places. They pulled down the bridges over State Street and French Street. They threw rotten eggs at railroad officials. On December 28, while railroad men were repairing the track in Harborcreek, near Erie, several angry citizens advanced on them. A train conductor, attempting to ward them off fired his pistol and two men were wounded, although not mortally. Federal Troops were called in and some people were arrested.

It turned into a series of court cases. During the next two years the tracks were torn up again. For a two-month period there was no track at all. The railroads had to haul passengers and freight by wagon from Harborcreek into Erie. The matter became a national news story and Horace Greeley, a former Erie resident who was then editor of the New York Tribune, called it a "Peanut War" which benefited only peanut venders and local teamsters. Eventually the Supreme Court settled this matter and several other railroad problems within Erie County. February 9, 1854 Mr. George Lippard died.

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1854 Pittsburgh had a cholera epidemic. Dr. Martin Delaney worked around the clock without regard to his own safety to treat those with the highly contagious disease. Martin Delaney was a prominent African/American businessman, writer, scientist, army officer, and physician, who founded Pittsburgh’s first African/American newspaper, “The Mystery”. Martin Delaney was among the first men of color admitted to Harvard Medical School and the first African/American major in the U.S. Army. (I got a strange idea. I’m thinking all these Pennsylvania heroes may be over the suppression of government upon the people, due to the lack of social contract.) January 1, 1855 The first American oil company was formed, called: “The Pennsylvania Rock Oil Company”. February 15, 1856 Jacob Armbruster, a white, was hanged for murder in Bucks County. 1856 Want to read about early counterfeiting and more? See: Louden & Co. People’s Alamanac for 1856 July 1, 1856 The long wharf of Merrick & sons, at the foot of Reed Street in Philadelphia caved in. The residents of the neighborhood used it as a recreation resort frequently. Ten people drowned in the Delaware River. July 17, 1856 An excursion train on the North Pennsylvania Railroad leaving the Cohocksink depot, Germantown Avenue and Thompson Street in Philadelphia, containing about six hundred children and young people of St. Michael's R. C. Church, on reaching Camp Hill, near Ambler, collided head-on with a train going southward. 50 people died and 100 were injured. September 21, 1856 Banks suspended in Philadelphia. 1856 President James Buchanan is only President to be elected from a mega state, Pennsylvania, and one of the original 13 colonies.

President James Buchanan Some feels he was a mass murderer. President Jackson is hated for the second Parade of Tears,

while the first was in Pennsylvania. President Jackson served with two slugs in him from dueling. President Nixon you know about him and he pardoned Organized Crime in New Jersey. President Johnson was the biggest Mass Murderer in the History of the United States. 1791-1868: Fifteenth US president, born near Mercersburg, Pennsylvania, USA. Building on a successful law career, he entered politics and served as a Federalist in the Pennsylvania legislature (1815--17) and the US House of Representatives (1821--31), where he went over to the Democratic Party. In 1832--3 he served as ambassador to Russia and returned to serve Pennsylvania in the US Senate (1834--45) until becoming a most effective secretary of state under President Polk (1845--9). After a period of retirement and as ambassador to Great Britain (1854--6), he showed a willingness to accommodate slavery that gained him the presidency in 1856 with the solid backing of the South. During his term (1857--61) he supported laws protecting slavery in the attempt to establish Kansas as a slave state; when pressed by antislavery Americans, he fell back on narrow legal defenses such as the Compromise of 1850 and the Dred Scott decision (1857). All this split the Democratic Party, allowing Lincoln to win the election of 1860. As a "lame duck' president, Buchanan professed the government's helplessness to prevent secession and turned the problem over to his successor. He returned to his Pennsylvania estate but he did support Lincoln throughout the war. 1857 Dun & Co., a commercial reporting agency in America, evaluated Stephen Smith and William Whipper’s business. They estimated the company’s annual sales at $100,000 per year and labeled Smith, “King of the Darkies”. Stephen Smith went on to be the major benefactor for the Stephen Smith Home for the Aged in Philadelphia. 1857 The Philadelphia Academy of Music is established and built. September 25, 1857 Financial panic hit Philadelphia. Bank of Pennsylvania closed its doors. Other banks suspended specie payments. January 20, 1858 City passenger cars run for the first time in Philadelphia, over Fifth and Sixth Street Railway. January 22, 1858 Mary Twigg was hanged for murder in Montour County. February 12, 1858 Charlotte Jones, 35, was hanged in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania alongside Henry Fife, a white shoemaker, for murdering her uncle and aunt, George Wilson and Elizabeth McMasters, in 1857. On

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the gallows Charlotte kissed Henry before collapsing. She had to be supported on the trap while the final preparations were made. April 9, 1858 Alexander Anderson, a 40-year-old black canal laborer, and Henry Richards, a black canal laborer, were both hanged for murder in Lancaster County. 1858 Steam fire engines are introduced in Philadelphia.

I’m confused? I think there was two different men both named Afton that both fought for social justice. One I think lived in the 1800’s and tried the social contract and the other in the 1900’s and Afton, NY is home and named after, I think, the man in the 1900’s. Were they father and son? August 15, 1859 Grand trial of steam fire engines at Fairmount occurred in Philadelphia on account of visit of City Council of Cincinnati, Ohio. Approximately Late December 1859 (Approximately is because the last day in C.K. Washington’s journal is December 23, 1859 and he did not write in it everyday.) – By a mixture of history, legend, and author David Bradley of The Chaneysville Incident ISBN: 0380585863 ISBN: 0060916818 ISBN: 0060104910 deduction: A runaway slave catcher named F.H. Petis and his men were chasing none other then slave runner C.K. Washington and 12 runaway slaves. C.K. had deprived the Southern economy of two million dollars’ worth of slaves and had a $5,000 bounty on his head. Per legend the slaves and C.K. wished to die instead of returning to the south and committed suicide. It is also speculated that a white man named Iiames buried the runaway slaves and C.K. carefully separating the graves between women and child and C.K. These graves are the 13 graves found in Chaneysville.

The graves are of C.K. Washington. Harriet Brewer and her son, William, and two girls Cara and Mara, are buried. Lydia, Juda, and a baby that was born along the way, named Jacob are buried. Linda and her three sons, Daniel, Robert, and Francis are buried. And an old man, named Azacca is buried in Chaneysville.

C.K. Washington was no great hero. He financed his excursions into the south to free slaves by bootlegging whiskey. It is also speculated he killed a man that got him wheat. December 23, 1859 Henry Hulzinger, a black tramp, was hanged for murder in Dauphin County. Decade of 1860’s There were 31 executions in Pennsylvania. May 30, 1860 At 12:05 pm a tornado "resembling a whirlwind of fire and smoke" hit 20 homes near Maysville, Pennsylvania. Seven people died and 30 were injured. 1860 Philadelphia had a population of roughly 565,529 people. 1860 Pennsylvania had over 2,598 miles of railroad. November 12, 1860 Due to threats of secession of the South a great depression of stocks occurs. November 22, 1860 Philadelphia banks suspend specie payments. April 9, 1861 Thomas Armstrong was hanged for murder in Philadelphia County.

The Philadelphia Whale April 23, 1861 A whale was caught in the Delaware River opposite Philadelphia. 1861 Jay Cooke established a banking house in Philadelphia. After the defeat of Union forces at Bull Run, Jay Cooke canvassed every financial institution for a loan of $1,737,500 for the Federal Government. September 4, 1861 Property is seized in Philadelphia that belongs to rebels. September 14, 1861 There was a fire in Continental Theatre in Philadelphia. 14 ballet girls were burned, nine of whom died. Early 1860’s: The U.S. Treasury experimented with various types of paper to discourage counterfeiters. January 3, 1862 John Lovering, a white counterfeiter, was hanged in Juniata County for murder-robbery. March 29, 1862 An explosion occurred at a cartridge factory of Professor Jackson in Philadelphia. Houses in the vicinity shattered, 17 persons died from injuries. 1862 Anti-draft riots in Schuylkill County. 1862 Jay Cooke became the financial agent for the Federal loan.

Mine Foreman Killed 1862 A mine foreman was thrown upon a crowd and beaten to death.

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July 17, 1862 Gold was 18 ½ % of premium. (Sorry, I don’t know of what premium.) Silver was at 13%. There was a great scarcity of specie and small change in Philadelphia. July 19, 1862 Postage stamps and car tickets put in circulation for small change in Philadelphia. October 16, 1862 Gold was at 37%.

19-Year-Old Hung January 4, 1863 Eli F. Sheets, a 19-year-old white farm laborer, was hanged in Beaver County for murder. February 25, 1863 Gold reaches 72%. June 16, 1863 Mayor Henry issues a proclamation calling on the citizens of Philadelphia to close their places of business and prepare to defend the State. State House bell tolled at 3 P.M. A large assembly convened in Independence Square. June 29, 1863 A general mustering for defense of Philadelphia to deter the advance of Lee took place. Earthworks were constructed on roads leading to the city. 1863 Federal Troops win battle of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. President Lincoln delivers Gettysburg Address. September 24, 1863 There was a grand review of colored troops at Camp Wm. Penn in Chelten Hills. October 3, 1863 A parade of colored troops took place in Philadelphia.

52? 1863 – 1866 There were 52 murders in Schuylkill County. December 23, 1863 There was a grand military procession in Philadelphia to receive the 29th Regiment of Pennsylvania Volunteers. Counterfeit bank notes once made of February 20, 1864: Hanover, Pennsylvania First National (Fives).

Attorney Thaddeus Stevens started the Civil War, the South won. 1864 The Confederates burned Attorney Thaddeus Stevens business in Chambersburg, Pennsylvania. Attorney Thaddeus Stevens was a Pennsylvania legislator but also a Washington, D.C. statesman that talked in great disregard for the south and slavery. Apparently General Robert E. Lee felt that Attorney Stevens started the Civil War. He was probably right that it was more of Attorney Thaddeus Stevens than President James Buchanan who started the Civil War. August 12, 1864 A large reception took place in Philadelphia for the Baxter's Fire Zouaves - the 72nd Pennsylvania Volunteers. December 26, 1864 A serious riot took place among coal heavers of Port Richmond. Counterfeit bank notes once made of 1865: Philadelphia Sixth National (Ones).

Secret Service Begins 1865 The U.S. Treasury created the Secret Service to wage war against counterfeiters. Counterfeiting was extremely bad in the 1860’s when some Northerners passed fake Confederate currency. Private and state bank notes were rampant also in the 1860’s. March 14, 1865 Mrs. Rachel Hancock dies from effects of a shot, which the provost Guard was firing at a deserter at Fourth Street, near Buttonwood in Philadelphia.

Serial Killer Antoine “George Emil Banks” Probst #1 of 6 Civil War Days By the end of the Civil War: Antoine Probst had enlisted and deserted in the Civil War repeatedly, earning $300.00 dollars each time. April 9, 1865 News of surrender of Lee's Army reaches Philadelphia. A great celebration commenced. April 15, 1865 News of assassination of President Lincoln at Ford's Theatre on the evening of Good Friday, April 14, 1865, reaches Philadelphia. General mourning starts throughout the city. April 22, 1865 The body of President Abraham Lincoln was brought to Philadelphia to lie in state in Independence Hall while more than 85,000 persons filed past. June 10, 1865 There was a review of returned Philadelphia troops in Philadelphia. General Meade commanded. June 24, 1865 A reception for General Grant took place at Union League House in Philadelphia. Counterfeit bank notes once made of July 1, 1865: Tamaqua, Pennsylvania First National (Fives).

Pre-MOVE House in Philadelphia

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July 3, 1865 Mary Ridey kills, by stabbing, two brothers, Joseph and Isaac Sides, at 1170 North Third Street in Philadelphia. The house was known as "The New Idea." October 16, 1865 A grand parade of volunteer Firemen took place in Philadelphia. In line were 102 hose carriages, 57 steam fire engines, 11 hand engines, 12 hook and ladder trucks, and 26 ambulances. Included were 30 companies from other cities. January 7, 1866 Coldest night known in Philadelphia occurred. The thermometer reached 18 degrees below zero. Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers were frozen over. January 12, 1866 August Frieck, a 48-year-old white brick maker, and Benjamin Marshall, a 29-year-old white brick maker, were hanged in Allegheny County for murder-robbery.

The Pittsburgh Poisoner January 19, 1866 Martha Grinder, 50-years old, was hanged in the Pittsburgh Prison yard. “The Pittsburgh Poisoner” poisoned by arsenic Mary Caruthers and Jane Buchanan, crimes to which she confessed, but it is suspected she poisoned other victims. She astounded the jury at her trial and said, “I love to see death in all its forms and phases and left no opportunity to gratify my tastes for such sights. Could I have had my own way, probably I should have done more.” She went bravely to the gallows.

Antoine Probst #2 of 6 (Murders) April 7, 1866 Christopher Dearing and most of his family were murdered by Antoine Probst, on a farm in the southern section of Philadelphia. Probst murdered by hammer and ax farmhand boy Cornelius Carey, Julia Dearing, four Dearing children and including an infant, and visiting friend Elizabeth Dolan. Willie Dearing, a boy, was away at a friend’s house, and survived. Probst killed and beheaded three adults and five children. He found $10.00 in Mr. Dearing’s wallet, of which $4.00 was later found to be counterfeit. Probst found $3.00 in Mrs. Dolan’s purse. He found a revolver and a watch. He slept the night in the farmhouse and left the next day after feeding the animals.

Antoine Probst #3 of 6 (Caught) April 12, 1866 A single policeman in a tavern at 23rd and Market Street in Philadelphia arrested Antoine Probst. Probst had sold the revolver to a bartender and the watch to a jeweler. He slept on the street. He was easy to apprehend. April 20, 1866 Daniel Busser, a 35-year-old white butcher, and John Howser, a 38-year-old ex-convict, were hanged for robbery-murder in Cambria County.

Antoine Probst #4 of 6 Hung Jury May 1, 1866 The jury took 20 minutes to convict Antoine Probst.

Antoine Probst #5 of 6 Skeleton on Display June 8, 1866 Antoine Probst, 26-years-old white, was hanged in Philadelphia County, but made a confession of his crime prior. His body went to the medical college where it was dissected and the mounted skeleton is still on display. July 4, 1866 There was a large parade in Philadelphia. Representatives from over one hundred veteran regiments and the orphan children of soldiers and sailors killed during the rebellion attended. State flags carried by the Color Guards were restored to the State. Ceremonies took place in Independence Square. The Mayor, General George G. Meade, made a presentation and Governor Andrew G. Curtin received flags. August 4, 1866 Moyamensing Hall on Christian Street above 9th Street in Philadelphia was set on fire and totally destroyed. The arson was by persons opposed to the use of the hall as a cholera hospital. Cholera was prevailing at this time in Philadelphia. October 1, 1866 Richard Tairwell was hanged for murder in Fayette County. December 4, 1866 Peter Bota, a white, was hanged for murder in Lycoming County. First three months of 1867 There were six murderous assaults and 27 robberies in Schuylkill County. April 18, 1867 Albert Teuffel, a white canal boat worker, was hanged for robbery and murder in Bucks County. June 6, 1867 There was an explosion at steam sawmill of Geasy and Ward in Philadelphia. 22 people were killed, some unfortunately were burned alive, and seven were injured. A relief fund of $15,000 was raised for the families of the sufferers.

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June 19, 1867 American Theatre in Philadelphia was destroyed by fire. The falling of the front wall killed ten people. August 29, 1867 George Winnemore, a 22-year-old white spiritualist, was hanged in Philadelphia County for murder-robbery. September 26, 1867 There was a grand reception of General Philip H. Sheridan in Philadelphia. There was also a military and civic display. November 12, 1867 Neal Devaney, a 21-year-old white miner, was hung for murder in Luzerne County.

Poisoning Again November 13, 1867 Lena Miller, 40-year-old white housewife, of German origin, was hanged in either Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania or Clearfield County for poisoning her husband. She may have been hung on November 30, 1867 instead of November 13, 1867 or actually hanged twice; the account from two different sources is messed up on this one.

Supreme Grand Master of the Temple of the Rosy Cross was Born July 17, 1868 Edward H. Brown, Attorney of note, graduate in medicine, construction engineer, Supreme Grand Master of the Temple of the Rosy Cross, Hierarch of Eulis, an Inconnu of the same class as Dr. Phelps, remained even more completely unknown than Dr. Phelps, a member of his Council of Three known as the Priesthood of Eulis was born in Salem, Massachusetts on this day. July 17, 1868 A strike of firemen at the Gas Works in Philadelphia occurred. The city was in total darkness. July 18, 1868 The fireman at the Gas Works were granted an advance of wages. They resumed their work and the night-light shined again in Philadelphia. July 30, 1868 A rattlesnake in the rear of his Charles E. Becker’s saloon bit Charles E. Becker, proprietor of a zoological garden in Philadelphia. He died in 20 minutes. October 22, 1868 Mrs. Mary E. Hill was killed in her house in Philadelphia. George S. Twitchell, Jr., and his wife, the daughter of Mrs. Hill, were arrested on the charge of having committed the murder. Subsequently George S. Twitchell was found guilty and sentenced to be hung. On April 8th, 1869, the day he was to be executed, George Twitchell committed suicide. Mrs. Twitchell was acquitted. March 24, 1869 Joseph W. Smith, janitor of a hall at Sixth Street and Girard Ave. in Philadelphia, was found dead. Corner's jury rendered a verdict that his death was caused by violence. April 4, 1869 The Beneficial Saving Society in Philadelphia was robbed of $1,000,000 in bonds by burglars. The bonds were eventually returned.

The Politician Hanged April 8, 1869 Gerald Eaton, a white politician, was hanged in Philadelphia County for murder. May 31, 1869 The will of Dr. James Rush, which bequeathed over $1,000,000 to the Philadelphia Library Company, was admitted to probate court. June 20, 1869 A party of rowdies threw the carriage of the West Philadelphia Hose Co. into the Schuylkill River. June 30, 1869 A raid was made on the unlicensed distilleries in the 25th Ward of Philadelphia. A corps of marines accompanied revenue officers.

Woman’s Suffrage Begins, African/Americans Forgotten 1869 Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton formed the National Woman Suffrage Association. Lucy Stone and other women had already founded the American Woman Suffrage Association. July 10, 1869 A Flourmill of Rowland & Ervien, on Broad Street below Vine in Philadelphia, was destroyed by fire. Rioting among firemen ensued and the carriage of Goodwill engine was thrown in to the Schuylkill River. August 28, 1869 The Tax Receiver's office at Sixth and Chestnut Streets was entered and robbed of $28,000. September 1869 110 men and boys were killed in the Avondale colliery in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania as a result of an underground mine fire. Decade of 1870’s There were 52 executions in Pennsylvania. 1870 Philadelphia had a population of roughly 674,022 people.

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March 8, 1870 Tremendous hailstorm hit Philadelphia. Hail fell for 20 minutes. Some of the hailstones were larger than eggs. There was a great destruction of windows. March 9, 1870 Gottlieb Bohner, a white laborer, was hanged for robbery-murder in Huntingdon County. February 2, 1871 Pretended policemen entered The Kensington Bank in Philadelphia. Its vault was robbed of bonds and cash to the amount of $100,000. March 15, 1871 Philadelphia’s paid Fire Department begins. March 22, 1871 Lloyd Britton, a colored man, was hanged in Williamsport, Pennsylvania for the murder of Jacob Bray, a German. Lloyd died protesting his innocence. August 1871 600 kegs of powder, found on board a canal-boat on the Delaware River, was seized.

Election Riot October 10, 1871 An election riot occurs in the fourth and Fifth Wards of Philadelphia. Isaiah Chase and Octavius V. Catto, colored, were shot and killed. About 17 men were wounded. October 13, 1871 Mass meeting at National Hall in Philadelphia to give expression to the feeling in regard to the murder of Major Octavius V. Catto, who was the Principal of the Institute for Colored Youth. October 15, 1871 A meeting was held in Philadelphia and collections were taken up for the relief of the sufferers of the Chicago fire. Nearly $500,000 was collected. October 20, 1871 Embezzlement was proclaimed in Philadelphia. It was announced that the City Treasurer, Joseph F. Marcer, embezzled the sum of $478,000. This was caused by the failure of Chas. F. Yerkes, Jr., & Co., brokers, to whom the City Treasurer, contrary to law, had loaned the public money. October 28, 1871 Charles F. Yerkes, Jr., broker for the City Treasurer, was held in $50,000 bail to answer the charge of embezzlement, and $30,000 on the charge of larceny. November 1, 1871 The grand jury presents bills of indictment against Joseph F. Marcer, City Treasurer, and William F. Yerkes, Jr. December 4, 1871 A Reception was held in Philadelphia for the Grand Duke Alexis of Russia. A ball at the Academy of Music commenced in the evening. December 5, 1871 Charles F. Yerkes, Jr., charged with embezzlement of funds belonging to the City of Philadelphia. He was sentenced to pay a fine of $500 and undergo an imprisonment of four years and nine months. December 6, 1871 Joseph F. Marcer, City Treasurer, was sentenced to an imprisonment of four years and nine months in the Eastern Penitentiary and to pay a fine of $300,000.00. Joseph F. Mercer was pardoned September 27, 1872. December 19, 1871 Fourth National Bank of Philadelphia stopped payment and failed. April 2, 1872 A lion at “Porgey” O’Brian’s menagerie, in Frankford, Pennsylvania, mangled Joseph Wittle, a lion-tamer. August 1, 1872 Spotted Tail, with 18 other Indians and their wives, of the Upper Brule, Sioux tribe, arrived in Philadelphia. The next day they went upon an excursion to Cape May, New Jersey. September 30, 1872 Medicine Bear, Long Fox, Red Thunder and 31 others of the Teton and Grand River Sioux Indians arrived in Philadelphia in charge of the Indian agents. October 26, 1872 Big Mouth, Milky Way and 45 other Indians of the Comanche, Kiowa, Arrapalio, Apache, Washita, Caddo, Delaware, Kihi and Tawa Earac tribes arrived from Washington and were taken to the Girard House Hotel in Philadelphia.

Epizooty October 28, 1872 The "epizooty," or horse disease, made its appearance in Philadelphia. It continued its ravages for about a month. During that time almost every horse in the city was affected. Two of the passenger railway companies during this period suspended the running of cars for six days; others suspended on Sundays, and ran but few cars on weekdays. The transportation of goods and other articles almost ceased for some days. Men drew wagons and carts through the streets. November 11, 1872 Funeral of Major General George G. Meade was held in Philadelphia with impressive public ceremonies. December 12, 1872 Edwin Forrest, who wrote tragedies, died in Philadelphia.

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December 31, 1872 Gottfried Kuehnle was killed at his residence and bakery in Philadelphia. Frederick Heidenblut, a journeyman under Kuehnle employ was tried for the crime. Frederick Heidenblut was convicted and hung for the murder on January 20, 1875. February 1873 William Siner, a member of Common Council from the Sixteenth Ward in Philadelphia, was impeached before Select Council upon the charge of keeping a gambling-house. August 6, 1873 Justice Beuislay ascended from Smith's Island (in the center of the Delaware River, opposite Chestnut Street in Philadelphia) on a trapeze attached to a balloon expanded with hot air. The balloon fell into the river Delaware shortly afterward and was carried a considerable distance before Justice Beuislay was rescued from the water. September 16, 1873 Celebration of the 25th anniversary of the Aztec Club, formed in the city of Mexico during the Mexican War by officers of the U.S. Army, was held at the residence of Gen. Robert Patterson in Philadelphia. Generals Grant, Hooker, and many other officers were present. (General Hooker provided prostitutes for his men in the Civil War. This is where the word “Hooker” comes from.) September 18, 1873 Widespread money panic occurs when the Philadelphia banking firms of Jay Cooke & Co., and E. W. Clarke & Co. suspended payment. A run was commenced upon the Fidelity Safe Deposit and Trust Company, which was sustained during the day. Strikes followed for higher wages and an eight-hour workday. Jay Cooke had made $3 million a year in commissions for selling government bonds. Jay Cooke started the wave of panic. While President Grant slept in Jay Cooke’s Philadelphia mansion on September 18, 1873 Jay Cooke rode downtown and locked the door on his bank. People could not pay mortgages, 5000 businesses closed and caused their workers to loose their jobs. September 19, 1873 The financial panic continued in Philadelphia. Great run upon the Fidelity Trust Company and Union Banking Company; both sustained the demands. During the day several prominent brokers failed. September 20, 1873 Financial panic continues throughout the United States in consequence of the failure of Jay Cooke & Co. In New York and other Atlantic cities there was a panic also. Banks, Trust companies and individuals failed. October 23, 1873 A locomotive and eleven oil cars were thrown off the track of the Greenwich branch of the Pennsylvania Railroad at Point Breeze. Running over a horse caused it. The engineer, John Frew, was killed. 1873 Pennsylvania’s fifth Pennsylvania Constitution was written and it was adopted in 1874. This outlawed dueling. February 6, 1874 The Franklin Saving Fund Society in Philadelphia was bankrupt. February 13, 1874 The larger beer brewery of Henry Muller in Philadelphia fell in from the weight of a great quantity of ice that was being stored in an apartment. There were 28 people in the brewery at the time. Nine people were killed, and 11 were badly injured. Everything in the building was destroyed. The loss was estimated at $100,000. February 18, 1874 Autopsies were completed upon the bodies of the Siamese twins, Chang and Eng Bunker, at the College of Physicians and Surgeons in Philadelphia. February 27, 1874 First demonstrations in Pennsylvania were made against taverns and lager beer saloons in imitation of proceedings in Ohio and other western states. About 20 women visited three or four saloons in the neighborhood of Susquehanna Avenue and Fifth Street in Philadelphia. They sang hymns in front of these saloons and delivered prayers. None of the saloons closed. 1874 Ironworkers went on strike in resistance to wage reduction.

Kidnapping July 1, 1874 Charles Brewster Ross, a boy four-years-old, son of Christian K. Ross, of Germantown, Pennsylvania, together with an elder brother, was carried off and kidnapped by two men. The older boy was released at Richmond and Palmer Streets in Philadelphia, and return to his home, but the younger one, Charles Brewster Ross, was not heard from. Very large rewards were offered for his recovery. The case was one, which attracted attention all over the United States.

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July 4, 1874 A tornado hit near Lewistown in Mifflin County Pennsylvania. Six died and 20 were injured. The deaths were in a factory and under a bridge. July 16, 1874 The Athletic and Boston Baseball Clubs left Philadelphia and sailed for Europe on the steamship Ohio. They went on a professional tour of Europe.

Strike at “The Shops” 1874 Railroad men strike at “The Shops” in Susquehanna Borough, Pennsylvania and troops were sent in. No one was killed but the three leaders of the strike were fired. 1874 Employers brought in recent Italian immigrants to the bituminous coal area around Pittsburgh to replace striking miners. This led to the killing of three Italian scabs. Bitter feelings between Italians and others resulted because jurors of the community exonerated the murdering strikers. September 9, 1874 Steamship Abbottsford arrived in Philadelphia with the members of the Athletic and Boston Baseball clubs on board. November 12, 1874 Daniel Omara, a white farmer, and Patrick Irvin, a white farm hand, were hanged in Susquehanna County for murder.

Jerk Em’ November 12, 1874 Sudden suspension method was used for the execution of William E. Udderzook, a white blacksmith, in West Chester, Pennsylvania. Udderzook was convicted of murder. Instead of the conventional gallows that dropped the prisoner through a trap door the method was used where weights connected to the rope jerked prisoner upwards when the hangman released the weights. December 14, 1874 William Mosher and Joseph Clark, abductors of Charles Brewster Ross, were shot and killed while attempting burglary at the residence of Judge Van Brunt, at Bay Ridge, Long Island. January 20, 1875 Samuel Beighley, a white apprentice cobbler, was hanged for murder. March 24, 1875 Joseph Brown was hanged for robbery-murder. July 1, 1875 Albert Brown, a black farm hand, was hanged for rape-murder. August 24, 1875 J.B. Johnson, a professional swimmer of England, swam from the Lazaretto to Gloucester, about ten miles, in a contest with Thomas Coyle of Chester, Pennsylvania. Thomas Coyle gave up before he had swum more than half the distance. September 13-22, 1875 There was a Cricket tournament in Germantown. The Picked Twelve of Philadelphia defeated Canada Twelve by a score of 231 to 144. The British Officers defeated Canada Twelve by 353 to 290. The Philadelphia Twelve beat the British Officers by eight wickets; score, 282 to 281. May 10, 1876 The opening of the Centennial International Exhibition of Industry, at the Centennial grounds, Fairmount Park, by the President of the United States, in presence of members of Congress, Supreme Court, Cabinet, and many other National, State and municipal officers, and over 150,000 people. The Emperor and Empress of Brazil were present, participating in the ceremonies, which were grand and impressive.

ROCKY II August 31, 1876 A prizefight at Pennsville, New Jersey took place between Jimmy Weeden and Young Walker for $250.00 stake. Weeden won the fight. Walker died from the effects of his beating shortly after the fight was concluded. The captains of various boats and the Creedmoor Cutter, a barge, and others, the principal and accessories of the fight, were arrested and held by the Coroner of Philadelphia. September 22, 1876 The police under the direction of Philadelphia Mayor Stokley tore down a number of wooden buildings in Shantytown, in close proximity to the Centennial grounds. November 10, 1876 The Centennial Exposition was formally closed in Philadelphia. During the 159 days that it was open the paying visitors were 8,004,274; free, 1,906,692. Total, 9,910,966 people attended. The free admissions were mainly those of exhibitors, attendants, and employees.

Hang 25 Molly Maguirers 1877-1880 Twenty five Molly Maguirers were hung. 20 were white miners, one was a white tavern keeper, one was a white saloon owner, one was a white butcher, and two were white of unknown profession. Many more went to jail and some turned state evidence. The Molly Maguirers were innocent because Attorney, Mine Owner, and President of the Railroad, Franklin Benjamin Gowen, prosecuted them who had a personal interest in seeing miners hang. Attorney Gowen was not an official of the Commonwealth. An actual District

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Attorney should know that they are not to convict but rather present evidence. Attorney Gowen was a previous District Attorney, not the District Attorney at the time, and had no right to prosecute the Molly Maguires. Attorney Gowen hired a Pinkerton Detective who found no evidence of the Molly Maguirers, also called the Ancient Order of Hibernians. Henceforth, Attorney Gowen then hired another Pinkerton Detective who found evidence in the Molly Maguirers. After getting the Molly Maguirers the Pinkerton Detective railroaded people in Idaho. See: Where the Sun Never Shines By: Priscilla Long ISBN: 1-55778-465-5 Also see: Until You Are Dead “The book of executions in America” By: Frederick Drimmer ISBN: 0-8065-1184-2 and finally you can find all the names of the executed Molly Maguirers and the total 1040 executed in Pennsylvania from July 9, 1693 to April 2, 1962 on the Internet at: http:users.bestweb.net/~rg/execution/PENNSYLVANIA.htm

There is also a movie about the Molly Maguires called The Molly Maguires released in 1970 and starring Richard Harris, Sean Connery, Samantha Eggar, Frank Finlay, Anthony Zerbe, Bethel Leslie, and Art Lund. June 21, 1877 Ten of the Molly Maguirers were hung. This was called, “Pennsylvania’s day of the Rope” and “Black Thursday”.

The ten were: James Boyle, Alexander Campbell, James Carroll, John Donahue, Michael Doyle, Thomas Duffy, Edward Kelly, Hugh McGehan, Thomas Munly, and James Roarity. On June 21, 1877 the first two groups of the condemned “Molly Maguirers” went to the scaffold. Six men were hung in Pottsville, Pennsylvania and four men were hung in Mauch Chunk, (Later named Jim Thorpe after the famous athlete from …Okalahoma, who went to school in Pennsylvania. Jim Thorpe went to school in Carlisle and was a so-called Carlisle Indian.) Pennsylvania. Special train returned the four men’s bodies in Mauch Chunk to Pottsville. In the rain in Pottsville, a crowd of relatives and friends of the condemned gathered. They loudly protested the men’s innocence. James Boyle and Hugh McGehan were the first to go, convicted of killing Policeman Benjamin Yost. McGehan’s final words were, “I only ask forgiveness of the whole world if I have done wrong to them.” James Boyle said to McGehan, “Goodbye, old fellow, we’ll die like men!” Four more men followed James Boyle and Hugh McGehan in Pottsville, Schuylkill County. These other four white miners were James Roarity, James Carroll, Thomas Duffy, and Thomas Munly. Thomas Duffy was 24-years-old. In Mauch Chunk, Carbon County four more Mollies were hanged for the conspiracy to murder of two mine bosses. These four white miners were, Alexander Campbell, John Donahue, Michael Doyle, and Edward Kelly. These four men’s bodies were returned to Pottsville by special train. June 21, 1877 Andrew Lanahan, a white, was hanged for murder in Luzerne County. Was he a Molly Maguire that was convicted of murder instead of conspiracy to murder? I don’t know.

Riot in Wincanton 1877 In Reading the railroad fell two months behind in paying wages. The Trainsman’s Union organized. Two thousand people turned out and tracks were turn up, cars derailed, fire was set to cabooses and a railroad bridge. The 16th Regiment of Morristown (National Guard) arrived from the execution duty of the Molly Maguirers. The crowd grew restless and through stones and fired pistols at the National Guard and then the Guard fired back. Six people died and five of the wounded died later. The crowd grew angrier and the 16th Regiment then refused to fire and stacked their arms. July 23, 1877 Violent strike in Pittsburgh railroad industry damages an estimated 10 million dollars in the city and killing 24 people and many more were injured. The Philadelphia Militia and Federal Troops were sent to Pittsburgh. It was a huge organized strike of a mob. Mainly the Trainsmen Union started it all after one man decided not to go to work. The Philadelphia militia was called in as the railroad and official felt the Pittsburgh militia would not fire in to the crowd. 20 people and four Philadelphia militia died. 79 buildings were burned and freight cars looted. August 13, 1877 Swimming match occurred on the Delaware River between Thomas Coyle, of Chester and George H. Wade, of Brooklyn. The course was from Red Bank to Gloucester, 4 miles. Wade won the race in a time of 1 hour and 40 minutes.

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September 22, 1877 Excitement occurred among brokers and bankers of Philadelphia in consequence of the discovery of an over-issue of stock of the Market Street Railway Co., which it was then ascertained amounted to about 11,000 shares. John S. Morton, President of the company, who with the Treasurer and Secretary had made the over-issue then they resigned. September 28, 1877 John S. Morton of Philadelphia and others implicated, bound over to answer a charge of conspiracy to cheat and defraud. March 25, 1878 Three Molly Maguirers, Peter McHugh, a white miner, Patrick Tully, a white miner, and Patrick Hester, a white saloon owner, were hanged for conspiracy to commit murder in Columbia County. March 28, 1878 One Molly Maguire, Thomas Fisher, a white miner, was hung for conspiracy to commit murder in Carbon County. June 11, 1878 One Molly Maguire, Dennis Donnely, a white miner, was hung for conspiracy to commit murder in Schuylkill County. August 5, 1878 The master of the vessel shot at River pirates attempting to rob the schooner L. Still-man of Great Egg Harbor, N. J., anchored in the Delaware. One thief was killed and two were wounded. October 23, 1878 A cyclone and windstorm hit Philadelphia. There was a great flood in the "Neck" which submerged the whole territory below Miffin Street from the Delaware to the Schuylkill. About ten people died and 30 were injured. Properties were destroyed. Four church steeples blew down. There was immense loss. December 17, 1878 John S. Morton, formerly president and Samuel B. Hahn, formerly treasurer of the Market Street Passenger Railway Company, sentenced to pay a nominal fine, the costs of trial, and to undergo ten years imprisonment, for fraudulently issuing stock of the company. December 18, 1878 One Molly Maguire, John Kehoe, a white miner, was hung for conspiracy to commit murder in Schuylkill County. January 6, 1879 Octavius V. Catto School for colored children in Philadelphia formally opened.

Get the Poor January 6 and 7, 1879 Largest sheriff's sale of real estate ever known in Philadelphia occurred. Nearly 700 properties were levied upon and sold. January 9, 1879 One Molly Maguire, Peter McManus, a white miner, was hung for conspiracy to commit murder in Northampton County. January 14, 1879 Two Molly Maguirers, James McDonnell and Charles Sharpe (maybe Sharp), were hung for the murder of mine operator George K. Smith, based on the testimony of other Molly Maguirers who turned state’s evidence. Mine operator George K. Smith was murdered sixteen years earlier. At this time Attorney Franklin Benjamin Gowen was the District Attorney, but failed to build a case and prosecute at the time. They were hung in Carbon County. It was customary at the time that the hanging ropes come from the manufacture with the nooses already made. However, when the sheriff opened the box he saw the ropes had no nooses. From 9:00 to 10:00AM the nooses were readied. A telegraph arrived from Pottsville saying McDonnell’s wife and children were on their way by train to say their goodbyes. The authorities had agreed with the priests that represented and comforted McDonnell and Sharpe, that the execution would take place at 10:30. Now however, the authorities feared the train from Pottsville would be late or the arrival of the family would upset James McDonnell. They decided to start promptly. It was also decided that the priest Bunce, would drop a handkerchief as a signal to drop the traps. Sharpe said, “I declare I am innocent of the murder of George K. Smith as the child unborn.” Charles Sharpe then turned to his companion, “James McDonnell, you are innocent of the Smith murder.” Both men thanked the sheriff and his family for his kindness. According to the “World” (Magazine or Newspaper) reporter, “Just as the sheriff descended from the platform a telegraph boy with reprieve rang the front door bell but neither the prisoners nor the executioners heeded the sound. Bunce’s handkerchief dropped, the sheriff pulled the rope [that released the trap] and Sharpe and McDonnell fell with a heavy thud. Their bodies twirled until the twist was out of the rope. Sharpe struggled violently for a minute and then both men hung limp as wet rags. All at once there was a slight

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commotion and the word reprieve was on everybody’s lips. The news of the receipt of the dispatch nearly crazed the brothers of Sharpe and McDonnell, who had stood almost unconcernedly throughout the whole proceedings, the nearest men to the scaffold. They called the sheriff a murder and denounced the authorities generally.” January 16, 1879 One Molly Maguire, Martin Bergan, a white miner, was hung for conspiracy to murder in Schuylkill County. November 14, 1879 Two Molly Maguirers, Charles Drews, a 58-year-old white butcher, and Franklin Stichler, a white of unknown profession, were hung for conspiracy to commit murder in Lebanon County.

Attorney Murderer #1 of 2 December 4, 1879 Andrew Tracy, a 25-year-old white lawyer, was hanged in McKean County for murder. Decade of 1880’s There were 42 executions in Pennsylvania. January 26, 1880 U. S. Internal Revenue Collector seized 22 locomotive engines belonging to the Reading Railroad Company at the Port Richmond depot by instruction from Washington, upon a claim of the U. S. Government for taxes on scrip issued by the company in 1878-79.

Birth of an Elephant March 8, 1880 Birth of a female elephant, said to be the first born in captivity, at Cooper & Bailey's London Circus and Menagerie stables in Philadelphia.

Philadelphia Poison April 11, 1880 Mrs. Elizabeth E. Goersen died at the house of her husband in Philadelphia. Coroner's jury found that poisoning with arsenic, administered by her husband, Dr. Alfred G. F. Goersen, caused her death. On the 19th of April Corner's jury also found that he poisoned Mrs. Elizabeth F. Souder, mother-in-law of Dr. Goersen, who died on The 25th of March. Dr. Goersen was convicted of murder. May 13, 1880 Three Molly Maguirers were hung. Israel Brandt, a 45-year-old white tavern keeper, Henry Wise, a 33-year-old white miner, and Josiah Hummel, a white of unknown profession, were hung for conspiracy to commit murder in Lebanon County. July 4, 1880 The steamboat Argonauta, of the Ridgeway Park line, ran down a small boat near the foot of Otis Street in Philadelphia. Kate Mahey and three children drowned. August 11, 1880 The congregation of St. Anne’s Roman Catholic Church made an excursion to Atlantic City by the West Jersey Railroad route. The train carried about 1,300 people. There was a collision between two sections of the train on the return trip at May's Landing, N. J. at 6:30 P. M. One person was killed outright. The escaping steam scalded 32 people. 25 of these 32 people subsequently died. February 3, 1881 Catherine Miller, a 29-year-old white woman, was hanged in Williamsport, Pennsylvania alongside George Smith for them murdering Catherine’s husband. Smith had tried to make the killing look like suicide. They were hanged in private before invited witnesses, including reporters. Both died easily. August 5, 1881 Four colored men were appointed substitutes on the city police by Mayor King. They were the first colored policemen in Philadelphia. October 12, 1881 There was a fire at the Randolph cotton and woolen mill, occupied by Charles H. Landenberger, in Philadelphia. There were 38 workman and girls in the building, all of whom were cut off from escape by the rapid progress of the flames. Nine were killed by jumping from the windows or burned to death while in the building, or died afterward from their injuries. 13 were seriously maimed or injured, 16 escaped.

Electric Lights Begin December 3, 1881 Electric lights were first used in Philadelphia. Chestnut Street was the first illuminated with the electric light with 49 lamps from the Delaware to the Schuylkill. January 16, 1882 Telegraph line of Bankers' and Merchants' Telegraph Company, from Philadelphia to New York, first opened for business. February 17, 1882 James Allison, a white farmer, was hanged for murder. June 30, 1882 A tornado hit the center of Coaltown in Butler County at 7:10 pm. The town was ripped apart; debris was scattered for miles. Three died and 32 were injured.

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August 3, 1882 Excitement in business circles in consequence of the discovery of extensive forgeries and frauds by Charles M. Hilgert, sugar-refiner, refinery, Lawrence St. below Girard Ave. in Philadelphia, estimated to amount to $1,000,000. Hilgert absconds. September 1, 1882 Warrant issued for the arrest of Major Ellis P. Phipps, superintendent of the Almshouse, on a charge of defrauding the city out of $5,000 by a fraudulent warrant. Phipps entered bail to appear before a magistrate, and then absconded. Subsequently large quantities of goods and supplies belonging to the almshouse were found on premises in which Phipps resided. September 15, 1882 There was a public reception of Chief Engineer Melville and Seamen Noros and Nindermann, survivors of the Jeanette Arctic expedition, at Continental hotel in Philadelphia. September 18, 1882 Major Ellis P. Phipps arrested at Hamilton, Ontario. September 19, 1882 First railroad car lighted by electricity arrived at station of Pennsylvania railroad Company in Philadelphia, being also the first using this light in America. October 24, 1882 Landing Day, a Bi-centennial celebration, happened in Philadelphia. A vessel representing the ship Welcome, bearing as passengers persons representing William Penn and other Friends, came up the river, followed by a grand procession of steamboats and tugs. December 6, 1882 Great excitement in the southern part of Philadelphia occurred in consequence of the discovery that a number of graves had been robbed of the dead in Lebanon Cemetery for Negroes, and that the bodies had then been carried to a medical college. December 25, 1882 Joseph Jarvis, Police Officer, was stabbed severely, while in the discharge of his duty, at Leopard St. And Girard Ave. in Philadelphia, by William Rusk, with whom at the time was Jacob Rusk (twin brothers). The two escaped to Trenton, New Jersey, where, having learned that officers of the law were in pursuit of them, they committed suicide by drowning. January 30, 1883 James F. Brown, ex-storekeeper in the Almhouse in Philadelphia, charged with forgery and conspiracy with Ellis P. Phipps, ex-steward, to cheat and defraud the public, was found guilty. May 4, 1883 Maj. Ellis P. Phipps extradited from Canada, was tried for forgery, committed as an officer of the Almhouse in Philadelphia, found guilty in the court of Quarter Sessions and sentenced, June 30, to five year's imprisonment, at hard labor.

Gang Violence May 16, 1883 Ward McConkey, a white gang member, was hanged in Allegheny County for murder.

Telegraph Strike July 19, 1883 At 12 o'clock noon the telegraph operators of the Western Union Telegraph Company, to the number of two hundred and forty, struck and left their work, this was done with a general strike with the operators of that company all over the United States at the same hour. The strike lasted until August 17th, when their officers officially informed the members of the Brotherhood, "The strike is a failure, all the members who can return to work immediately." September 3, 1883 William J. Menow was shot and killed on Front St. above Poplar in Philadelphia by Mrs. Emily Bickel, who claimed to be the wife of Menow. October 24, 1883 The Letitia house, the cottage of William Penn, which was built in 1682 and was the first State House of the providence and the oldest mansion in the city, was removed from Leticia Court to Fairmount Park and was formally presented to the park Commissioners on behalf of the Bi-Centennial Association of Pennsylvania. November 18, 1883 The new eastern standard of time was adopted by the railroad companies of the eastern division of the country and went into operation at noon. By resolution of City Councils, the public clocks were set thirty-six seconds faster than the current time, that being the time of the seventy-fifth meridian and the difference at Philadelphia. June 14, 1884 Collision on the Camden and Amboy Railroad near Ashland, Pennsylvania occurred. Two trains going in opposite directions on the same track ran into each other. Eight persons were killed and nine were badly wounded. August 10, 1884 At 2:09 P.M an earthquake shock, followed by another, was felt in Philadelphia, accompanied by a rumbling sound. Buildings were shaken, bells rung, sashes rattled, doors sprung, various

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articles in some places thrown off of the shelves and tables, and people became anxious. The time of continuance of the shock was estimated at from 4 to 8 seconds. September 23, 1884 Michael Murray, a 51-year-old white tramp, was hanged in Cambria County for murder.

ROCKY III October 28, 1884 Democrats from Schuylkill County went to Tremont to parade. On the way home a fight occurred and black eyes and arms in slings were fashionable. December 10, 1884 A fire took place at Trenton mining patch in Schuylkill County. Eight homes were destroyed and three adults and three children were burned to death. January 9, 1885 Four boys drowned in Hughes basin on Gilpin Street in Yorkville, Pennsylvania when while skating the ice gave way. February 1885 Leonard Vangarden and Erastus Eggleston from Wyoming County were arrested after they passed a $50.00 dollar counterfeit bill to merchant Mr. L. Hirsh in Danville, PA. They were caught with over $500.00 of counterfeit money of various banks. They were caught by basically the new telegraph at the time. The telegraph was used to notify authorities and catch the men on the train in Reading after the left Danville. Then Vangarden and Eggleston sang their sweet tune. They squealed on John Manger, of near Muncy Dam, Pennsylvania. John Manger turned out to be a huge counterfeiter of Pennsylvania. February 12, 1885 Insane department of Philadelphia Almshouse was totally destroyed by a fire; 24 lives were lost. February 12, 1885 Lewis Beach, a 44-year-old white physician, was hanged for murder in Blair County. February 12. 1885 Richard Trueke, a 40-year-old white compositor, was hanged in Philadelphia County for murder. March 5, 1885 Albert Goerson, a white physician, was hanged for murder in Philadelphia County. March 17, 1885 Charles Briggs was hanged for murder in Philadelphia County.

ROCKY IV April 2, 1885 John L. Sullivan and Dominick McCaffrey, professional pugilists, who had arranged for a contest at Industrial Hall in Philadelphia, were arrested for violating the laws in reference to prizefights, and bound over each in $5,000 to answer for conspiracy, and in $5,000 to keep the peace. April 6, 1885 Ten men were buried alive in a cave in at Cuyler colliery at River Run, Pennsylvania. May 13, 1885 Three men and a boy were entombed at North Ashland colliery. July 7, 1885 William H. Bumm, George W. Bumm and Samuel P. Milligan, late teller of Shackamaxon Bank in Philadelphia, were bound over on the charge of conspiracy to defraud the bank. July 7, 1885 James Kane, a white saloon owner, was hanged in Philadelphia County for murder. July 16, 1885 Joseph Taylor, a 28-year-old white convict, was hanged for murder in Philadelphia County. July 23, 1885 News of the death of Gen. U. S. Grant, at Mount McGregor, N. Y., received at Philadelphia at 8.12 A. M. The State House bell was tolled sixty-three times, one stroke for each year of his age. Immediately flags were hoisted at half-mast in all parts of the city. The Mayor's office was draped with mourning, and emblems of woe were displayed at public and private offices, stores, factories, dwellings and other buildings.

Philadelphia Tornado August 3, 1885 A tornado-hit Philadelphia: Heavy rains at intervals, with sharp lightning and thunder from 11.35 A. M. to 9:50 P.M. About 3.30 P.M. a tornado of great force crossed the river Delaware from Gloucester Point. Three large buildings in the Neck at the Pennsylvania salt-works were entirely prostrated, and other property in the neighborhood was damaged. The course of the wind was nearly north by east. The tornado crossed the Delaware to New Jersey. The steamboat Major Reybold, of the Salem Line, and the Peerless ferry-boat, of Gloucester line, were struck by it in the river, had all their upper works, pilot houses and cabins carried away, and the pilot of the Reybold was drowned. At Kaighn's Point the storm took the shore and pursued a northwardly course, by way of Front, Second and Third Sts., to Federal and Linden Sts., extending eastward to Fourth and Fifth Sts., and then upward to Cooper's Point where again crossing the

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Delaware, it struck the Port Richmond coal-wharves, at the foot of William St., passed to the north to the neighborhood of Harrowgate Lane and Kensington Ave., where its force was spent. In Camden large factory-buildings were thrown down or greatly damaged. The roundhouse of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company was totally demolished and locomotives damaged. Dwelling-houses, stores, etc., were unroofed or the walls blown in; trees in great numbers were thrown down; 400 buildings were damaged. In Kensington similar destruction took place. Houses were partially blown down, walls blown in and roofs taken off, with other damage; 150 buildings in this part of the city were damaged. The value of property destroyed was immense. In the city there were 3 lives lost and 38 persons injured; in Camden 4 were killed and 48 injured. In Camden the damage to real estate was estimated at $500,000, in Kensington, at $250,000. The value of personal property destroyed was impossible to compute. The course of the tornado was from 200 to 300 yards in width. In the afternoon there was a heavy flood in the Schuylkill. At the Falls the water, rushing down from the streets and descending to Ridge Ave. rose on the road 7 feet, carrying away small houses and fences, flooding cellars and the first stories of mills and buildings. October 8, 1885 Robert White was attacked and killed, by the elephant Empress at winter-quarters of Forepaugh's circus and menagerie, Lehigh Ave. and Edgemont St. in Philadelphia.

The Jewish Declaration of Independence November 1885 A Group of 15 rabbis led by Kaufman Kohler met in Pittsburgh to discuss the adjustments Jews need to make in order to fit into American life. The resolution passed by the group became known as “The Pittsburgh Platform” and “The Jewish Declaration of Independence”.

The Elephant Beats the Lion December 7, 1885 At the winter quarters of Forepaugh's circus and menagerie, Lehigh Ave. and Edgemont St. in Philadelphia a lion and elephant battle occurred. The Nubian lion, Prince, escaped from his cage and attacked the elephant, Bolivar. A blow from the trunk of Bolivar disabled Prince. Bolivar finished the lion off by tramping upon the lion's body. January 18, 1886 A mob of 400 Hungarian Miners armed with clubs, knives, coke forks, and revolvers, marched from Mt. Pleasant to Stonerville, Pennsylvania. 1886 Mother Jones was at the Chicago Haymarket Massacre. About 1886 A standard gauge of four feet nine inches was adopted for railroads in the United States.

Leatherheads #2 of 3 1886 In Mathews Dictionary of Americanisms “Pennsylvania … its people are Letherheads for some unknown reason. This may be found in Random House Historical Dictionary of American Slang Volume 2, H-O J.E. Lighter, Editor, Assistant Editors J.Ball & J. O’Connor, Project Editor Jesse Sheidlower ISBN: 0-679-43464-X

Unfortunately you will find in this book that a leatherhead means a dull-witted person; idiot; dolt. Pennsylvanians are by no means idiots. As a matter of fact it is Pennsylvania that is one of the best states in education and has for many years. I believe my countrymen and countrywomen are called these names due to their profound lack of social contract or law to the people of Pennsylvania. June 30, 1886 Embezzlement discovered in the accounts of the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal Company, amounting to $652,200.60; of this sum, $615,260 was an over issue of bonds of the company. J. L. Wilson, treasurer and secretary, and Henry V. Lesley, charged with being the guilty parties, absconded. January 12, 1887 The examiner and master to whom had been referred the equity suit arising in consequence of the failure of the Shackamaxon Gank filed his report, deciding that the amount; lost by the bank was $430,210.29, and the defendants, Thomas L. Huggard, cashier of the bank, and Samuel P. Milligan, teller, were chargeable with the whole amount; also that Joseph Concklin was liable for $149,538.23, the estate of William Bumm, deceased, $285,823.42; G. W. and W. H. Bumm, surviving partners, $136,285.13, and G. W. and W. H. Bumm, new partners, $4,720.39.

Daylight Savings Time Begins May 28, 1887 James Francis Thorpe was born in a one-room cabin near Prague, Oklahoma. He was a Sac and Fox Indian.

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1887 The League of Colored Baseball Clubs organized with teams in Baltimore, Boston, Cincinnati, Louisville, New York, Norfolk, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, and Washington D.C. November 21, 1887 Henry V. Lesley and James A. L. Wilson, formerly secretary and treasurer of the Delaware and Chesapeake Canal Company, pleaded guilty in the Court of Quarter Sessions to an indictment to defraud the company, and were sentenced respectively to eight and six years imprisonment. December 27, 1877 Thomas L. Huggard, late cashier of the Shackamaxon Bank; Samuel P. Milligan, late teller; George W. Bumm and William H. Bumm, directors, put on trial to answer the charge of conspiracy to defraud the bank previous to the failure, which took place May 29, 1885. Huggard pleaded guilty, and sentenced to one year and three months' imprisonment; Milligan and George W. Bumm convicted and sentenced to one year's imprisonment each; William H. Bumm acquitted. Gorge W. Bumm was pardoned. February 27, 1888 George M. Palmer, a baker residing at No. 504 Lehigh Avenue in Philadelphia, convicted of causing the death of Louisa Drebel by adulterating cakes and buns with chromate of lead, sentenced to six months' imprisonment. For like adulterations, Frederick Schmidt, a baker residing at Vienna Street and Frankford Avenue, charged with a similar offense, sentenced to six mouths' imprisonment and a fine of $100. June 18, 1888 Henry V. Lesley, late secretary of the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal Company, arrested in Philadelphia, and James H. L. Wilson charged as confederate, arrested in Toronto, for the embezzlement of $661,490, which occurred in June 1886. 1888 The Cuban Giants from New York defeated the Pittsburgh Keystones in the first Colored Baseball Championships of America.

Philadelphia Poison July 11, 1888 George M. Palmer, a baker residing at No. 504 Lehigh Avenue in Philadelphia, held to bail by Corner Ashbridge to answer the charge of having poisoned four persons by adulteration of buns and cakes which he baked with chromate of lead (chrome yellow), used to give the articles a rich yellow color.

Philadelphia Poison July 12, 1888 George M. Palmer and F. Schmidt, bakers, and George W. Millett, salesman, all of Philadelphia were charged with poisonous adulteration of food with chromate of lead (chrome yellow), bound over to answer.

Philadelphia Poison July 21, 1888 Fredrick Schmidt, a baker at baker at Vienna Street and Frankford Avenue in Philadelphia, was by the verdict of a Corner's jury found guilty of having caused the death of Anna E. Helm by the use of poisonous matter (chromate of lead) in the preparation of buns and other breadstuffs, which were eaten by the deceased. July 27, 1888 Alfred Krumm, manufacturer of noodles, held to answer on a charge of adulterating them with chrome yellow (chromate of lead). September 15, 1888 First day of the centennial celebration of the adoption of the Constitution of the United States was held in Philadelphia. Grand civic procession, showing the progress of a century in trades, manufactures and industries, also in education, with participation in the parade of societies, firemen, etc. There were floats and wagons with allegorical figures, machinery, persons at work, models, etc., and the procession required about seven hours to pass any point on the route. It was estimated that half a million people were spectators of the display. March 8, 1889 A tremor, described as lasting 10 seconds, was felt at Harrisburg, Philadelphia, Reading, York, and other towns in that area. The intensity was estimated at V. May 31, 1889 The Johnston Flood happened and 2,209 died.

The Philadelphia Poisoner June 25, 1889 Sarah Jane Whiteling, 51-year-old white housewife, was hanged in Philadelphia in front of 30 witnesses, for the murders, by arsenic poisoning, of her husband, son, and daughter. She tried a defense of insanity brought on by menopause, but the jury didn’t buy it. October 23, 1889 Peter Baronovski, a white, was hanged for robbery-murder. Decade of 1890’s There were 66 executions in Pennsylvania.

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January 20, 1890 George W. Wright pleaded guilty to the embezzlement of $38,660.20 from the order of Tonti in Philadelphia and was sentenced to pay a fine of $1000 and to undergo an imprisonment of four years and nine months in the penitentiary. April 9, 1890 Zach Taylor was hanged for robbery and murder in Greene County. April 9, 1890 Alfred Andrews was hanged for rape-murder in Centre County. April 9, 1890 William Bartholomew, a white, was hanged for murder in Northampton County. April 9, 1890 Charles Carter, a 20-year-old black laborer, was hanged for murder in Cambria County. April 30, 1890 The Bank of America and its numerous branches suspended payments. On the following day the Gloucester City National Bank suspended. This was followed by the suspension of the Fidelity Surety Trust and Safe Deposit Company of Camden and its branches through their officers, as was the American Life Insurance Company, which suspended business on May 10, in compliance with a writ of quo warranto issued by the Attorney General of the State. Numerous suits were brought against the officers of the various institutions involved. June 24, 1890 Joseph Buecher shot and killed Dennis Crowley at Fourth Street and Girard Avenue in Philadelphia. 1890 National Woman Suffrage Association and The American Woman Suffrage Association joined forces as National American Woman Suffrage Association. Little progress was made. Smaller radical splinter groups took to the streets and held Parades and hunger strikes. Arrests and jailing took place. July 24, 1890 Camden County constables raided gambling establishments at Gloucester, Pennsylvania. August 19, 1890 A tornado hit the north edge of South Wilkes-Barre at 5:20 pm. The funnel was seen first as "a column of smoke". 16 people died and 60 were injured. December 1, 1890 First day of the run on the Keystone National Bank, which, though temporarily alleviated, finally led to the suspension of the bank, the exposure of its fraudulent methods and those of other bank officers and of City of Philadelphia Treasure Bardsley. April 2, 1891 Joseph and David Nicely, both white and probably brothers, were hanged in Somerset County for murder-robbery.

The idiots labeled their Country Kids Leatherheads Again Early 1890’s In a book that was missing the title page and first 30 pages that I believe was called The Dictionary of Facts Pennsylvanians nickname was Letherheads. I heard the fine people of Pennsylvania called Rednecks, Ridge Runners, and Hillbillies, Penciltukians, and Country Bumpkins.

I believe that Pennsylvanians were called these names due to their profound lack of social contract. It just so happens that Pennsylvania is one of the best states at education. So how can they be idiots? It is too easy to label a person an idiot. January 28, 1892 The police raided Applegate’s Carrousel or “Palace of Flying Animals” in Philadelphia. About 215 persons, of whom 106 were females, were arrested. March 27, 1892 The jury in the case of Robert Cascaden, charged with the murder of Philadelphia Policeman Findlay, discharged, being unable to agree. May 11, 1892 Philadelphia Police Captain Joseph M. Schooley committed suicide by shooting himself in the City Hall. 1892 Troops were sent to Homestead, Pennsylvania after hired guns killed strikers at Homestead Steel Works. February 1893 Philadelphia and Reading Railroad went bankrupt. May 18, 1893 Harris Blank, a 28-year-old white peddler, and Isaac Rosenweig, a 27-year-old white peddler, were hanged for robbery-murder in Wyoming County. June 29, 1893 Pietro Buccieri, a 38-year-old white shoemaker, was hanged for murder in Berks County. 1893 There were 53 strikes in Pennsylvania.

Lynchings I don’t know what date:

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September 7, 1893 Homes and barns were swept away near East Troy, Granville Center, and Franklindale, in Bradford County by a tornado. Three died and 20 were injured. December 7, 1893 Benjamin Tenis, a white, was hanged for rape and murder in Dauphin County.

Steal Gold December 11, 1893 Henry S. Cochran, ex-Chief Weigher of the Mint in Philadelphia, who pleaded guilty to stealing gold from that institution, was sentenced in the United States District Court to seven years and seven months in the Eastern Penitentiary and to pay a fine of $1,000 and court costs. January 10, 1894 Theodore F. Baker, paying Teller of the Consolidation National Bank in Philadelphia, admitted to the bank officers that he had embezzled about $47,000 of the bank's funds in small sums during the last twenty years. He was committed in default of $15,000 bail to answer in the United States District Court. Baker pleaded guilty, and was sentenced to seven years and six months in the Eastern Penitentiary on March 3. January 13, 1894 Matthew J. Van Dusen, individual bookkeeper of the Consolidation national Bank was placed under arrest, charged with aiding Theodore F. Baker in embezzling its funds. Van Dusen, on February 24, was acquitted. June 13, 1894 John Kauffman, 55, of Cramer hill, near Camden, driven to desperation through poverty, murdered his wife and three children by cutting their throats, and then ended his own life by hanging. July 26, 1894 Wallace Burt, a Native American farm hand, was hanged for robbery-murder in Bucks County. September 6, 1894 Noel Breyessee, a white, was hanged for murder in Allegheny County. September 18, 1894 Charles F. Phillips, ex-President of the Colombian Bank in Philadelphia, which failed in 1887, was held on $10,000 bail on the charge of embezzlement. 1890’s John Bazzano immigrated to the United States. February 17, 1895 Madge Yorke, 22, an actress in the “Baggage Check” Company, was shot and killed in her room at Zeissis Hotel in Philadelphia, by her lover, James B. Gentry, 30, a member of Willie Collier’s Company. Gentry was very drunk and escaped, but was apprehended latter. July 18, 1895 John Good, a black laborer, and William Freeman, a black, were hanged for murder in Westmoreland County. 1895 Charles MacArthur was born in Scranton, PA. He became a famous reporter and playwright.

Trolley Car Riot December 17, 1895 A strike was declared against the Union Traction company in Philadelphia by the Amalgamated association of Street Railway Employees. Disorder and rioting broke out. Motormen were pulled from their cars. Trolleys were disabled and windows broken. Mayor Warwick issued a proclamation requesting peace and order. December 25, 1895 Rioters in Philadelphia attacked several trolley cars in charge of non-union men. One motorman and conductor were wounded. Several cars were wrecked. Ten men charged with inciting a riot were arrested. March 28, 1896 The battleship U.S.S. Iowa was launched from Cramp’s shipyards in Philadelphia. Vice-President Stevenson, Secretary of the Navy Herbert, and others came to witness the launch. March 31, 1896 Ira Gibson shot and killed Sallie March in Philadelphia and then shot and killed himself. May 7, 1896 Herman Mudgett, a 38-year-old white pharmacist, was hanged in Philadelphia County for murder. June 28, 1896 58 men were killed in a massive cave-in of rock and coal in the Newton Coal Company Twin Shaft Colliery in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania. February 2, 1897 The capital at Harrisburg burned. July 22, 1897 Peter Valsalka, a white, was hanged for murder in Luzerne County. August 16, 1897 William C. Wilson aged about 60 years, proprietor of Wilson's Circulating Library in Philadelphia, was brutally murdered on the first floor of his library between 6 and 7 P.M. His head was beaten into a jelly. No clue to the murderer was discovered.

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The Lattimer Massacre September 10, 1897 Sheriff James Martin and his deputies gunned down and killed 19 unarmed men and wounded 36 in what was to become known as the Lattimer Massacre. Sheriff James Martin and his deputies were brought to trial and found innocent for preventing an uprising by “non-native Americans” who were Slovaks, Poles, Italians, Hungarians, and Lithuanians. After Sheriff James Martin and his deputies were found innocent an uprising did occur. The Lattimer Massacre is well documented in a book called Kids on Strike by Susan Campbell Bartoletti ISBN: 0-395-88892-1

Gang Violence April 26, 1898 Patrick Banya, a white miner, and Frederick Rockwell, a 27-year-old white gang member, were hanged for murder in Elk County. January 5, 1899 Zenas Anderson, a parolee, was hanged for murder in Allegheny County. January 9, 1899 An illegal whisky still, between fifty and sixty gallons of whisky, and fourteen barrels of mash, was seized in an establishment on Germantown Ave in Philadelphia. Four alleged proprietors were arrested and held in bail for a hearing. May18, 1899 James Clemmer, a 38-year-old white dairy operator, was hanged in Montgomery County for conspiracy to murder. June 7, 1899 Ralph Wirebach, a white medicine vendor, was hanged for murder in Lancaster County. June 19, 1899 Eight or ten masked men entered the office of the Fairmount Park Transportation Company in Philadelphia, after the cars had ceased running for the night. They overpowered the receiver and five other employees and their hands and feet they bound with wire. They threatened them with death if they resisted or made any noise. They forced open the safe with powder or dynamite, and abstracted $3,355.57, the receipts of Saturday and Sunday. They then escaped. The robbers took the precaution of cutting telephone wires. Three men were arrested in the Park on suspicion of being implicated in the robbery, and were held for a further hearing. 1899 W.E.B. DuBois published his sociology study “The Philadelphia Negro”.

18-Year-Old Hung August 22, 1899 Lewllyn Stout, an 18-year-old white, was hanged in Erie County for murder-burglary. Decade of 1900’s There were 146 executions in Pennsylvania.

19-Year-Old Hung January 3, 1900 Edward Cressinger, a 19-year-old white farm laborer, was hanged in Northumberland County for murder. January 9, 1900 James Eagen and Cornelius Shew, both white, were hanged in Susquehanna County for murder-robbery. January 11, 1900 Robert Brown, a black policy writer, was hanged for murder in Philadelphia County. February 8, 1900 George St. Clair, a black speakeasy operator, was hanged in Philadelphia County for murder. February 15, 1900 Thomas Brennen, a white colliery worker, was hanged for murder in Schuylkill County.

The Roy White Murder May 19, 1900 Roy White was assaulted, knocked unconscious, and robbed. There was no witnesses. May 20, 1900 Roy White died. The Philadelphia Police Department rounded up all black men they could get in Philadelphia and subject them to a new method of interrogation where they deprived prisoners in sweat boxes of food and water until they talked. May 23, 1900 Frank Krause, a white hostler, was hanged in Lehigh County for murder. September 17, 1900 The United Mine Workers of America called for a strike. October 1900 Mary Harris, “Mother Jones”, led a march of 2,000 women with brooms and mops and banging pots and pans from McAdoo, Pennsylvania to Coaldale, Pennsylvania to aid in a six-week strike called in September by the United Mine Workers of America. November 15, 1900 Isaac Birriola, a 55-year-old white barber, was hanged for murder in Tioga County, Pennsylvania.

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January 1, 1901 The first Mummers Parade was held in Philadelphia to mark the beginning of the new century. They made humor out of the ‘horseless carriage’. 1901 John Sebastian LaRocca was born in Sicily. July 23, 1901 Elmer Barner, a white laborer, was hanged for murder in Dauphin County. October 8, 1901 African/Americans Henry Ivory and Charles Perry were hung for Roy White’s murder in Philadelphia County. Perry was probably innocent. December 12, 1901 William Allen, a black, was hanged for murder in Fayette County. February 27, 1902 African/American Amos Sterling was hung for Roy White’s murder in Philadelphia County. He was probably innocent. Counterfeit bank notes once made of 1902: Pittsburgh Exchange National (Fives).

19-Year-Old Hung April 2, 1902 Milton Sheets, a 19-year-old white cigar maker, was hanged for murder-robbery in Somerset County. April 26, 1902 Five men were killed due to an explosion of powder at Kerbs Station in Ringstown, Pennsylvania. May 1902 150,000 mineworkers struck for six months for higher wages, union recognition, shorter hours, and other demands. June 24, 1902 Henry Taylor was hanged for murder in Allegheny County.

Yet, Another Riot July 30, 1902 A riot of 5,000 strikers occurred in Shenandoah, Pennsylvania. A deputy sheriff escorted three non-union workmen (scabs) from the Philadelphia & Reading colliery to Shenandoah’s train station. The deputy’s brother tried to get ammunition to the station, the rioters beat him severely and he eventually died from his injuries. The Pennsylvania National Guard then occupied Shenandoah. This led to President Theodore Roosevelt to set up the Anthracite Coal Strike Commission. Early 1900’s Philadelphia had a number of transit strikes. 1902-1903 President Theodore Roosevelt ended the 150,000-man Anthracite coal strike of Pennsylvania that began on September 17, 1900. January 2, 1903 Five men were killed and a number injured in a dynamite explosion at Oak Hill colliery in West Skidmore. January 30, 1903 A train wreck at Lofty, Pennsylvania occurred and an engineer and fireman were killed. February 19, 1903 Three died due to a train wreck that occurred on the line from Mauch Chunk to Pottsville. 1903 The first World Series was held in Pittsburgh. The Boston Pilgrims defeated the Pittsburgh Pirates five games to three. July 21, 1904 Tomasso Aiello, a white, was hanged for murder in Jefferson County. 1904 Jim Thorpe started at Carlisle Industrial School in Pennsylvania. September 29, 1904 Samuel Archer and James Webb, both black, were hanged for murder in Philadelphia County. February 28, 1905 Eugene Bloch, a white furniture refinisher, was hanged for murder in Leigh County. March 23, 1905 William Byers was hanged for murder in Allegheny County. 1905 The Pennsylvania State Police was organized. March 6, 1906 Charles Brewster, a 43-year-old whit farmer, was hanged for murder in Potter County. June 28, 1906 John Bodnar, a 20-year-old white, was hanged for murder in Chester County.

Black Hand Society September 2, 1906 Pennsylvania Troopers John F. Henry and Francis A. Zehringer were both shot and killed in Jefferson County. They and other Troopers were attempting to arrest suspected Black Hand Society gangsters.

Gang Violence The Black Hand Society was a secretive free-lance gang that preyed mostly on Italian immigrants.

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January 3, 1907 Stephen Carlui, Joseph Celioni, Anthony Delaro, and Rodelli Severio, all white railroad workers, were hanged in Lancaster County for murder-robbery.

19-Year-Old Hung January 17, 1907 Elmer Dempster, a 19-year-old black farm hand, was hanged in Washington County for murder-rape. February 26, 1907 Samuel Anthony, a black singer, was hanged for murder in Philadelphia County. April 30, 1907 Joseph Boccia, a 30-year-old white miner, was hanged for murder in Northampton County. August 22, 1907 Pennsylvania State Trooper John L. Williams was killed by gunshot when he and four other Troopers were attacked by a mob during a riotous strike. August 26, 1907 Police Officer George Shuman of the South Bethlehem Police was killed in the line of duty, while arresting William Handy. Handy was arrested several hours later. September 14, 1907 Pennsylvania State Trooper Timothy Kelleher died after being stabbed by a knife when he witnessed a woman being attacked by two men.

Gang Violence February 2, 1908 A contractor in Palo Alto of Schuylkill County named Antonio DeSalva received a Black Hand Society gang letter to pay $1,000 on penalty of death. His home was fired upon, but neighbors came to his aid. February 3, 1908 A Pennsylvania passenger train went over the bank at Frackville. U. Grant Singfried of Pottsville was instantly killed. February 17, 1908 28 miners were entombed at Mid-Valley colliery. All but one was rescued alive. February 23, 1908 William Handy, a 32-year-old black, was executed in the electric chair in Northampton County for the murder of Police Officer George Shuman.

19-Year-Old Hung March 5, 1908 Luigi Feruchi, a 19-year-old white, was hanged in Philadelphia County for murder. March 10, 1908 Jow Jung and Kung Mock, both Asian and tong members, were hanged in Philadelphia County for murder.

19-Year-Old Hung March 12, 1908 Morris Holmes, a 19-year-old, was hanged in Alleghany County for murder. March 16, 1908 One hundred homes in Gilberton of Schuylkill County were under water due to heavy rains. April 7, 1908 Joseph Talrico and Max Soifer, both white, were hanged for murder in Philadelphia County. April 9, 1908 Warrick Brooks, a black, was hanged for murder in Philadelphia County. May 31, 1908 An extremely local earthquake at Allentown shook down a few chimneys (VI). The disturbance was not felt over more than 150 square kilometers.

17-Year-Old Hung July 14, 1908 Rosario Sergi, a 17-year-old white quarry worker, was hanged in Lawrence County for murder. July 15, 1908 An explosion happened at Williamsport colliery. Six men were killed and a number were injured. August 14, 1908 An explosion at the Ferndale Powder Co. near Ringtown, Pennsylvania killed two men.

Kill the Troopers 1909 Six thousand Industrial Workers of the World (I.W.W.) members were striking in McKees Rock, Pennsylvania against a steel car plant affiliated with U.S. Steel. The I.W.W. or Wobblies as they were called bragged that they would kill Pennsylvania Troopers. Pennsylvania State Trooper Jack C. Smith and three other State Troopers were dispatched to the steel car plant in Allegheny County, where a riotous strike was in progress. While enroute they were attacked by a mob. Trooper Smith was shot and killed. The three other Troopers were severely beaten but survived. Four strikers were killed. July 8, 1909 Bruno Carboni and Joseph Veltre, both white, were hanged in Indiana County for murder-robbery. October 14, 1909 Stanley Nazarko, a white, was hanged for murder in Luzerne County.

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October 16, 1909 Emerson Myron Clymer, the younger son of Dr. R. Swinburne Clymer, was born on this day. From an early age he worked by his father’s side helping to make Beverly Hall the showplace it is today. In the early days Dr. Clymer found it most economical to print his own books and monographs and almost all of these were originally handset by Emerson Clymer. Emerson was not the prolific writer that his father was, however Emerson M. Clymer did publish one text entitled, A Reason for Being.

17-Year-Old Hung November 18, 1909 Stanley Marcavich, a 17-year-old white, was hanged in Northumberland County for murder-robbery. Decade of 1910’s There were 105 executions in Pennsylvania. 1910 Philadelphia had a population of 1,549,008. June 21, 1910 Benjamin and Walter Ashton, both white and probably brothers were hanged for robbery-murder in Lancaster County. 1910 A young man named Joseph Siragusa emigrated illegally from Sicily to Brooklyn, N.Y. He moved to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania at age 18. 1910 John Sebastian LaRocca came to the United States and settled with his family in Indiana County, Pennsylvania. 1910 The Philadelphia Athletics won the World Series. 1911 73 people suffocated in the Penacoast mine in Troop, operated by the Scranton Coal Company in what is known as the Anthracite Mine Disaster. 1911 The Philadelphia Athletics won the World Series. March 26, 1912 Henry Brent, a 43-year-old black miner, was hanged for murder in Somerset County. 1912 Unable to obtain an agreement 150,000 miners walked out, until they obtained a wage of 10 cents. 1913 The electric chair took the place of hanging in Pennsylvania and responsibility for the death penalty went from county jails to the state.

19-Year-Old Hung January 25, 1914 Frank Wells, a 19-year-old white, was hanged in Fayette County for murder-robbery. 1914 The Philadelphia Athletics won the World Series. 1914 World War I started for the United States of America. August 21, 1914 A tornado moved north along the edge of Wilkes-Barre. Twenty homes were unroofed or destroyed and seven people died and 75 people were injured. December 3, 1914 William Abel, a 39-year-old white parolee, was hanged for murder in Philadelphia County. February 23, 1915 John Talp, a convicted murderer from Montgomery County, was the first person to be executed in the electric chair in Pennsylvania. March 8, 1915 Rocco Tassone, a white, was executed by electric chair for murder in Lancaster County. 1915 John Sebastian LaRocca, at 14-years-old, took a job in a coal mine in Yatesboro, Pennsylvania. 1915 until 1962 There were 350 people executed in the electric chair, two of who were women. 1962-1915=47years 350executions/47years = 7.45 executions a year April 25, 1916 James Reilly was the last man hanged in Pennsylvania. He was hanged for murder committed in Philadelphia County. July 10, 1916 Andrew Becze, a white was executed by electric chair for murder committed in Westmoreland County.

18-Year-Old Hung by Current December 4, 1916 Dominick Digiso, an 18-year-old white from Schuylkill County, was electrocuted by electric chair for murder. January 8, 1917 Jonas Brobst, a white, was executed by electric chair for murder committed in Lehigh County. 1917 African/Americans soldiers were supposedly hung in Chester and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. A black man in Binghamton, NY told me that they were hung and it was in a book. I could not find such a book.

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However, it does mention that it was a deadly outbreak at: µhttp://www.jimcrowhistory.org/resources/pdf/hs_es urban_race_riots.pdf§ July 10, 1917 John Nelson, a black, was executed for a murder committed in Wyoming County. August 1917 Socialist Charles Schenck was arrested in Philadelphia for printing and distributing fifteen thousand leaflets that denounced the draft law and the war. Mr. Schenck was found guilty and sentenced to six months in jail for violating the Espionage Act. November 12, 1917 James Anthony and Archie Miller, both black, were executed by electric chair for murder committed in Cumberland County.

19-Year-Old Hung by Current December 3, 1917 Frank Wendt, a 19-year-old white from Blair County, was executed by electric chair for murder committed in Blair County. April 8, 1918 Mike Uptic, a white, was executed for murder committed in Westmoreland County.

Bye Troopers Czap and Dargus April 28, 1918 Pennsylvania State Trooper Andrew Czap died from an ambush in Tide, Pennsylvania of Indiana County when he and two other Troopers were sent to arrest four men for highway robbery. May 13, 1918 Pennsylvania State Trooper John F. Dargus was shot and killed from an ambush as he approached a fugitive murders hideout.

The Postman Kills #1 of 2 June 10, 1918 John Christley, a white postal clerk, was executed by electric chair for murder committed in Dauphin County.

Women Earn Right to Vote. 1918 World War I ends. Thousands of women had volunteered for service in World War I as women have served in all wars of The United States. President Woodrow Wilson wrote to Carrie Chapman Catt, one of the leaders of the woman’s movement, “it is high time that part of our debt should be acknowledged.” July 25, 1918 Five deaths were reported after racial violence in Chester. The unrest lasts for three days. July 26, 1918 A race riot breaks out in Philadelphia that leaves four dead and 60 injured over a three-day period. Reference: µhttp://www.thenorthstarnetwork.com/news/othernews/181547-1.html§

Enticement of Hatred Of national concern were the Espionage Act, the Sedition Act, and Anti-German propaganda of the

Creel Committee. Beethoven music was banned in Pittsburgh and not another city in the United States. Fall 1918 A very bad influenza virus hit the world. Philadelphia lost up to 1,000 people a day. In nine months the epidemic claimed at least 550,000American lives. January 13, 1919 Sam Barcons, a white, was executed by electric chair for murder. June 16, 1919 William Brown, a black, was executed for murder.

What? 1919 A federal employee was imprisoned in Pennsylvania for trying to give a speech on Abraham Lincoln. He was supposedly wined and dinned for his three days in prison though. 1919 In Duquesne, the mayor, James S. Crawford, bragged, “Jesus Christ himself couldn’t hold a meeting in Duquesne.”

Kill Fannie Sellers August 1919 In West Newton a Pennsylvania Police Officer said, “Kill the God Damn Whore,” and as Fannie Sellers lay on the ground a bullet was pumped into her. Fannie had tried to get children away form a mob. (Nothing appears to have happened to the Police Officer per the history books.)

Imprison the Heroine August 1919 After Fannie was murdered in West Newton a woman from West Newton spoke out and she was imprisoned. 1919 Mother Jones led a “children’s crusade” from the textile mills of Philadelphia to New York City calling on President Theodore Roosevelt to abolish child labor. Child Gus Rangnow was a participant. December 22, 1919 Bronoslaw Bednorciki, a white farm hand, was executed for murder. Decade of 1920’s There were 141 executions in Pennsylvania.

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January 5, 1920 Robert Brown, a black army deserter, was hanged for murder-burglary. February 9, 1920 Lawrence Brown, a black, was executed by electric chair for robbery-murder.

19-Year-Old Executed March 1, 1920 Lazarus Bollin, a 19-year-old black laborer, and Boza Draskovich, a 24-year-old white laborer, both from Lawrence County, were both executed for robbery-murder. June 1, 1920 Edward Brown, a black, was executed by electric chair for murder. 1920 Mine strike in Pittston occurred.

Bigot Strikes Again, Yet Hope for Humanity, Don’t Repeat 5th Grade 1920 Bigot President Woodrow Wilson vetoed a bill that would of abolished the Espionage and Sedition Acts. Prior to becoming President I would suspect Woodrow was a racist President of Princeton University that was the only college in the north not to allow blacks at the time. He promised to fight for Civil Liberties if elected President of the United States. Instead he invaded every country he could and promoted the KKK and revitalized Lynching. The Marine Corps hated this man for what the idiot did to Haiti. But alas he went down with disgrace hated by all, including his own party and cabinet, and the American Public was not snowed in the end as a new party won the Presidency by a landslide. Yet there is hope for humanity and a black woman from the US Department of State, well for that matter a white woman US Senator, goes to Princeton University. They probably talked about real democracies at Princeton University where bigot President Wilson was once President of Princeton University.

Please learn your history so you do not have to repeat the fifth grade. Women Given Right to Vote

1920 The Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution was ratified: “The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.” May 16, 1921 Charles Byrd, a black laborer, was executed for murder. July 25, 1921 Joseph Allen was executed for murder. I suppose 1920s An elderly woman in Binghamton told me her two uncles both worked at a hotel in Susquehanna, PA and that Al Capone and all the others were there. Some people may not know, but little Susquehanna Borough was once quite the railroad crossroads of the east coast. She also told me the hotel burned down in the 1960s. I believe there is a tavern called “The Hilltop” in Susquehanna Borough where this hotel once stood. January 3, 1922 Tao Chung, an Asian, was executed for murder in Berks County.

Gang Violence January 23, 1922 Walter Lewis, a black gang member, was executed for murder-robbery in Delaware County.

Gang Violence 1922 Benito Mussolini assumed power in Italy and Sicily. He consolidated his regime in Sicily by subduing the Sicilian Mafia. Sicilian gangsters then fled to America, where they gravitated to bootlegging. One of the main catalysts for organized crime in the United States was Dictator Benito Mussolini. For 2,000 years, the island of Sicily had been occupied by foreign powers whose feudal overlords kept private armies to enforce their authority. The armies evolved into secret societies. After the reign of Napoleon, these Mafia groups became mediators between peasants and the aristocracy. In other words the Mafia "families" became adept at exerting political influence and granting favors, but they also committed crimes and terrorized the populace. The Sicilians brought that legacy with them to America, where the same symbiotic relationship took root in Italian communities. Of all the gangs, which were mostly made up by the different minorities and ethnic groups, the Sicilians proved the most violent. 1922 John Sebastian LaRocca went to prison for three years for assaulting a young woman.

When he got out, he moved to Scranton and married, settling with his wife in Jamestown, N.Y. After a failed attempt to run a gas station, he began transporting illegal liquor between Jamestown and Buffalo. October 22, 1922 Henry Blackeley, a 42-year-old white farmer, was executed for murder in Butler County.

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December 11, 1922 Joseph Thomas, a black, was executed by electric chair for robbery and murder in Allegheny County.

Robin said, “Holy Popping Popcorn Batman” January 1923 to December 1924 The cape crusader, a regular Batman, the first Philadelphia Mussolini, ruled the streets of Philadelphia. Philadelphia hired a town-tamer, Brigadier General Smedley D. Butler, USMC, who had twice won the Medal of Honor. Mr. Butler was short and wiry. He dressed in a trim blue and gold uniform with flowing blue cape with red silk. He rode in an enormous Packard limousine with sirens. His wife accompanied him often. He was on special leave from the Marines. Once he shut down every speakeasy in the city for forty-eight hours to prove it could be done. One week he led a citywide raid and netted more than 1,100 saloonkeepers, gamblers, bookies, and prostitutes. One night, with a revolver, he flushed out seven gangsters. He fired police lieutenants and sergeants whom he suspected of corruption. In the end he caused the removal of votes from the saloonkeepers, madams, and others. Mayor Freeland D. Kendrick gave the Marines their colorful general back. 1923 The Pennsylvania Highway Patrol was organized.

Gang Violence December 10, 1923 Marcantonio Danielle and Angelo Fragassa, both white gangsters, were executed for murder in Washington County. March 17, 1924 George Bland, a black, was executed for murder in Dauphin County. March 31, 1924 Lorenzo Savage, a black voodoo doctor, was executed for murder in Allegheny County. October 14, 1924 Pennsylvania Trooper Francis L. Haley attempted to arrest a suspected bank robber of Abbottstown State Bank. Trooper Haley was shot and killed. Beginning in 1925: Organized crime boss Stefano Monastero ran a bootleg supply warehouses on the north side of Pittsburgh and survived several murder attempts. April 6, 1925 Grant Adams, a 22-year-old white, was executed for murder. June 1, 1925 Tony Burchanti, a white miner, was executed for robbery-murder. September 21, 1925 Michele Bassi and Tony Pezzi, both white male bootleggers, were executed for robbery-murder in Cambria County. September 28, 1925 Julius Branham, a black, was executed for murder.

200? 1926 to 1933 There were more than 200 gangland killings in Allegheny County. January 25, 1926 Robert Brue, Leamon Crocker, and Irvin Grinage, all black, were executed for murder-burglary in Berks County. 1926 William S. Vare’s election to the U.S. Senate was contested, and the U.S. Senate subsequently refused to seat him. February 10, 1927 Four men were entombed at Phoenix Park, a P. & R. C. & I. colliery. They were found dead. February 23, 1927 Three men were killed at South Penn colliery. March 7, 1927 Harry Bentley, Joseph Curry, William Juliano, and Frank Doris, all white, were executed for robbery-murder in Philadelphia County. April 27, 1927 Pennsylvania State Trooper Joseph A. Hoffer and several other troopers went to Union Town to arrest a fugitive murder. As they approached his hideout Trooper Hoffer was shot by a shotgun. He died at the Union Town hospital. May 18, 1927 Three men were killed by dynamite explosion at the Bell colliery.

Kill the Trooper and the Criminals August 27, 1927 Pennsylvania State Trooper John T. Downey was shot and killed when he and a sheriff attempted to disperse a mob that had gathered to protest the execution of two criminals. September 26, 1927 Carl Nolby, a black, was executed for murder.

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October 3, 1927 Patrolman Russel T. Swanson made a traffic stop where the motorist could not properly identify himself. Patrolman Swanson ordered the man and his passenger to the Magistrate office for questioning. While enroute Patrolman Swanson was shot and killed. October 8, 1927 Four men were killed by dynamite explosion at Hammond colliery. November 12, 1927 Bethlehem Police Officer Charles Fenton interrupted a robbery at a “disorderly house” on Columbia Street and while affecting an arrest of several actors he was shot. Officer Fenton died on November 14, 1927. January 9, 1928 Raymond Winter, a 35-year-old white streetcar conductor, was executed for murder-rape in Allegheny County. February 20, 1928 Frank Arnold and Frank Lockett, both black, were executed for murder in Philadelphia County. July 9, 1928 Three men were entombed at Lytle mine.

ACLU says so Late 1920s The ACLU announced that Pennsylvania was the worst at violating American Civil Liberties. Late 1920s Angelo Bruno came to Philadelphia from Sicily. March 25, 1929 Elverez Miquel, a 28-year-old Hispanic, was executed for murder in Schuylkill County. May 16, 1929 Al Capone was arrested in Philadelphia for carrying a concealed weapon. He served a one-year sentence at Moyanensing Prison in Pennsylvania.

Gang Violence August 6, 1929 Organized crime boss Stefano Monastero and his brother, Sam, stepped out of their car in front of St. John's General Hospital in Pittsburgh on their way to visit a member of their gang, assassins opened fire on them with shotguns and killed them.

Police charged Monastero's archrival Joe "The Ghost" Pangallo, who had himself survived numerous attempts on his life, including a 1927 incident in which a dynamite blast blew him through the roof of his car on Wylie Avenue in Pittsburgh. Joseph Siragusa succeeded Stefano Monastero in Pittsburgh. Siragusa made fortune supplying beer makers with yeast; Salvatore Maranzano of New York controlled his rackets. Joe Bonanno of New York became Maranzano's apprentice, supervising his whiskey stills in Pennsylvania. Like many bosses in smaller cities, Siragusa made tribute payments to Maranzano. Late 1920’s and early 1930’s: A new faction of mobsters led by Lucky Luciano was trying to wrest control of the rackets from the old mobsters in New York. December 27, 1929 Pennsylvania State Trooper Brady C. Paul and another patrolman named Trooper Moore stopped a vehicle from Ohio at a roadblock five miles from New Castle, Pennsylvania. One of the three passengers fired at the Troopers fatally wounding Trooper Paul and injuring Trooper Moore. Decade of 1930’s There were 82 executions in Pennsylvania. Between 1930 and 1960: The Rosen Mob, a Jewish led gang with strong Irish and Italian components, dominated Philadelphia’s organized crime. They were all minorities. (I think the whites do the white-collar crime.) June 30, 1930 Martin Avery and William Sled, both black, were executed for robbery-murder in Allegheny County. June 30, 1930 Frank Tauza, a 44-year-old white, was executed by electric chair for murder. July 18, 1930 Pennsylvania State Trooper Charles L. Stewert was on surveillance duty at a cemetery and was shot and killed. September 1930 39 Philadelphia banks went bust.

18-Year-Old Hung by Current January 8, 1931 Alexander Williams, an 18-year-old black reformatory inmate from Delaware County, was executed for murder-rape. February 23, 1931 Irene Schroeder, a 22-year-old white female waitress, and Glenn Dague, a 35-year-old white insurance agent, were executed by electric chair for shooting a policeman in Allegheny County.

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May 12, 1931 Pennsylvania State Trooper Timothy G. McCarthy was assisting a Fulton County sheriff with service of a warrant on a belligerent mountaineer in Brush Creek Township. The mountaineer fired a concealed pistol and killed Trooper McCarthy. September 10, 1931 An unknown assailant(s) assassinated Mobster Maranzano who Joseph Siragusa made payments to. September 13, 1931 Joseph Siragusa, a 49-years-old early mob boss of Pittsburgh was a bootlegger known as the "Yeast Baron" of Allegheny County when he was shot five times in the basement of his elaborate home by three New York hitmen. John Bazzano became the new organized crime boss of Pittsburgh. John Bazzano built an empire by controlling sugar and yeast for beer makers. He lived with his wife and five children in a palatial Mt. Lebanon home. July 27, 1932 Pennsylvania State Trooper John S. Valent stopped three men walking in the Jamesway parking lot in Lewistown after they ditched their stolen car. This was about 400 or 500 yards from the State Police substation. The three could not produce any ID and where being taken to Lewistown substation for questioning when one of the men shot Trooper Valent twice. He was pronounced dead on arrival to the hospital.

Get the Volpe Brothers July 29, 1932 The Volpe brother were rubbed out as ordered by Mobster John Bazzano who tried to exert his power by ordering the gang murder of the Volpe brothers. The eight Volpe brothers were racketeers in the Turtle Creek Valley who claimed royal Italian blood and virtually owned police and politicians in Wilmerding, Pennsylvania. One of them, James, served on the Wilmerding Council.

They made no effort to hide their status. According to one news account, they were known for their "gaudy display of showmanship, calculated to impress their humble neighbors and feed a colossal conceit."

John Volpe drove a 16-cylinder Cadillac with bulletproof windows and a license plate that read "J.V.8." -- The 8 stood for the eight brothers. He also wore a watch fob studded with 25 diamonds arranged to form his initials.

Bazzano had agreed to take on the Volpes as his partners, and they used the Roma Coffee Shop on Wylie Avenue in Pittsburgh, which Bazzano owned, as their headquarters.

But when the brothers expanded their territory into East Liberty and the North Side of Pittsburgh, Bazzano ordered them rubbed out.

On the morning of July 29, 1932, gunmen pulled up to the coffee shop and opened fire. John was shot four times on the sidewalk. Inside the shop, a spray of bullets struck Arthur Volpe as he ate a bowl of corn flakes. James Volpe died trying to hide behind the counter.

On the weekend of the funeral, an estimated 50,000 people visited the Volpe home to pay their respects -- including judges, prosecutors, police and politicians.

The turnout of people to the funeral and wake illustrated another reality of the mob. Despite its criminal and violent nature, the Mafia was respected by the public as much as feared. That respect is one of the reasons for the longevity of organized crime. The main reason for organized crime is the lack of social contract and people not armed with the law to do anything about it.

After the Volpe hit, two of the surviving brothers, Louis and Joseph, complained to the La Cosa Nostra Commission in New York, which had been recently formed to oversee Mafia disputes. Because the hit had not been sanctioned, the hierarchy decided to make an example of Bazzano.

In an often-used mob trick, John Bazzano was lured to a dinner in New York and set upon by almost everyone in attendance. August 8, 1932 John Bazzano’s body turned up in the middle of a street in Brooklyn, N.Y., wrapped in a burlap sack. He had been stabbed 22 times in the chest with ice picks and strangled with a rope. His tongue had also been cut out and his lips sealed with tape.

Police arrested 14 La Cosa Nostra members a few days later, including notorious New York mobster Albert Anastasia. They charged them with loitering.

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After the gruesome death of John Bazzano, Vincenzo Capizzi replaced him in Pittsburgh as the head of the Mafia family. Capizzi ruled the family until 1937, when he voluntarily stepped down. Control passed to Frank Amato Sr., of Braddock, whose son Frank "Sonny" Amato Jr. is a current mob member, according to the former Pennsylvania Crime Commission and the FBI.

Amato Sr. expanded the family's influence beyond Allegheny County, concentrating mostly on gambling, but in 1956 developed a kidney ailment and resigned to become under boss.

John Sebastian LaRocca took over. 1933 John Sebastian LaRocca and his wife moved to Pittsburgh, where he set up a beer equipment and concrete block business in Oakland. In the next decade, he gained control of the numbers rackets in Homewood and elsewhere. He was arrested and convicted several times for larceny, receiving stolen property and operating a lottery.

Children’s Strikes 1933 There were children’s strikes in Allentown, Philadelphia, and western Pennsylvania. September 3, 1933 Pennsylvania State Trooper Herbert J. Brantlinger stopped at the Melrose Station to investigate theft of gas and oil. As he approached the station he was hit by rifle fire. He died at the hospital an hour later. January 8, 1934 Anthony Tretosky, 19, and Frank Stabinski, both white parolees from Luzerne County were executed for murder-burglary. April 9, 1934 Richard Bach, a 25-year-old white, was executed for rape-murder. 1934 Angelo Bruno formed a partnership with Carlo Gambino. October 29, 1934 An earthquake shock of intensity V was felt at Erie. Buildings swayed, people left theaters, and dishes were thrown from cupboards. The earthquake was felt with lesser intensity at Edinboro, Girard, Mill Village, North East, and Waterford. Mid-1930’s Charles Weisberg, also known as “The Baron,” was charged with mail fraud in Pennsylvania for trying to sell forged documents and autographs. He tried to sell falsified signatures of Jane Mansfield, Stephen Collins Foster, and Francis Hopkinson. He tried to sell Walt Whitman letters and manuscripts. He also tried to sell fakes of works by George Washington and Abraham Lincoln.

Gang Violence April 8, 1935 William Talarico and Walter Mika, both white gang members, were executed by electric chair for robbery-murder in Philadelphia County. December 2, 1935 Martin Farrell and Francis Wiley, both white, were executed for murder and kidnapping in Bucks County. 1936 Johnston, Pennsylvania flooded again. May 25, 1936 Clarence Thompson, a black 35-year-old parolee, was executed by electric chair for robbery and murder in Delaware County. February 1, 1937 Robert Dreamer, a 30-year-old white railroad switchman, was executed for murder-rape in Washington County. April 22, 1937 Pennsylvania State Trooper John E. Fessler assisted a sheriff and his deputy in serving a warrant on a man in Cooper Township in Montour County. Trooper Fessler was shot in the abdomen and died the following day. May 10, 1937 Edward Shawell a 36-year-old black, and Marcus England, a 39-year-old black, were executed for murder-robbery in Berks County.

What Happened to Batman? 1937 A Philadelphia grand jury exposed a conspiracy between the gambling syndicate and both the mayor and the district attorney. 1937 The Pennsylvania State Police merged with the Pennsylvania Highway Patrol to organize The Pennsylvania State Police. July 26, 1937 John Becker, a 37-year-old white watchman, was executed for murder in Jefferson County. August 13, 1937 Pennsylvania State Trooper John J. Broski was killed when he tried to arrest armed men at the Boulevard Inn at Bear Creek Township in Luzerne County.

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72-Year-Old Policeman Executed March 21, 1938 Martin Sullivan, a 72-year-old white policeman, was executed for murder in Allegheny County.

Gang Violence March 28, 1938 Albert Gregg, a gangster, was executed for robbery-murder in Philadelphia County. April 25, 1938 John Oreszak, a 21-years-old white, Theodore Dumniak, a 20-year-old white, and Edwards Rose, a 21-year-old white, all bandits, were executed for murder-robbery-rape in Delaware County. June 13, 1938 Wendell Bowers, a 20-year-old white parolee, was executed for rape-murder in Montgomery County. July 15, 1938 An earthquake shock with much localized effects occurred in southern Blair County. Broken dishes and fallen plaster of an intensity VI were reported at Clover Creek and Henrietta. Wells were affected in Clover Creek Valley. February 27, 1939 William Blackwell, a 40-year-old black, was executed for murder in Allegheny County. March 27, 1939 Roy Lockard, a 27-year-old WPA worker, was executed for murder in Blair County.

The Poison Ring 1939 16 men and women in Philadelphia were convicted, or pled guilty to, first-degree murder. All served long sentences, the shortest being 14 years. The two Pertillo brothers were executed by electric chair. It was estimated “The Poison Ring” netted at least $100,000.00 dollars by taking out insurance on those they would later kill. They killed some 71 people, all but three with arsenic. They were also referred to as “Black Widows” because they killed some husbands and then found new ones to kill. October 23, 1939 Willie Bailey and Ira Redmond were executed for murder in Philadelphia County. October 30, 1939 Walter Tankard and Charles Golden were executed by electric chair for murder in Philadelphia County. Decade of 1940’s There were 36 executions in Pennsylvania. February 26, 1940 Andrew Schurtz, a white WPA worker, was executed for murder in Northumberland County. 1940 Pennsylvania had a population of 9,900,180 people. Census: Allentown had 96,827 people Altoona 80,071 Bethlehem 58,478 Butler 24,448 Chester 59,278 Elizabethtown 4,321 Erie 116,247 Forest City in Susquehanna County 4,261 Harrisburg 83,878 McAdoo 5,161 Montrose in Susquehanna County 1,969 Nanticoke 24,244 New Castle 47,602 New Milford in Susquehanna County 809 Norristown 37,924 Philadelphia 1,935,086 Pittsburgh 665,384 Pottsville 24,391 Reading 110,704 Scranton 140,393 Sharon 25,324 Tunkhannock in Wyoming County 2,161 Uniontown 21,794 Washington 26,078 Wilkes-Barre 86,130 Williamsport 44,262 York 56,666 1940’s Min Matheson faced threats in Pittston, Pa from organized crime and police when she and union workers tried to organize the International Ladies Garment Workers Union. January 20, 1941 Herman Petrillo, a white salesman and leader of The Poison Ring, was executed in Philadelphia County. March 31, 1941 Paul Petrillo, a 49-year-old white tailor and leader of The Poison Ring, was executed in Philadelphia County.

Eric Blair tried to tell you 1984 isn’t return to the 1960’s August 10, 1942 William Wilson, the only person executed in Pennsylvania in 1942, was executed for murder in Allegheny County. George Orwell, real name Eric Blair, wrote 1984. In this book he writes about reality that, “While we are at war we are at peace.” There is a lack of Molly Maguirers, Whiskey Rebellion, hangings, Peanut War, Fries Rebellion, and overall violence while a war is going on. Your perception is only while you have been alive, but in the 1960’s the Vietnam War was going on. In the United States of Iceland it is a requirement to read 1984 before you are allowed to vote. March 29, 1943 John Childers, a 33-year-old black and one of two executed in Pennsylvania in 1943, was executed for murder-robbery in Philadelphia County.

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April 26, 1943 Herbert Green, a 41-year-old black and one of two executed in Pennsylvania in 1943, was executed for murder in Philadelphia County. June 23, 1944 In Greene County a tornado came at 6:11 pm and leveled many homes. 26 people died and 300 were injured. Ten of the people who died were at a business or restaurant or bar or something called Chartiers. June 23, 1944 Another tornado hit Pennsylvania at 6:30 pm and 17 people died and 200 were injured. All the deaths took place at McKeesport, Dravosburg, Port Vue, Versailles, Boston, and Greenock.

Fire the Whistleblower #1 of 3 December 1944 Deputy Zone Inspector with IRS Pittsburgh, Andrew J. Susce turned in his 300-page report on organized crime boss John Sebastian La Rocca to IRS Pittsburgh. Spring 1945 Mr. Susce received his first unfavorable evaluation. August 1945 Andrew J. Susce was fired. The problem was that IRS Pittsburgh was preparing organized crime boss La Rocca’s taxes.

Andrew J. Susce story may be found in Lonely Fighter: One man’s battle with the government of the United States by: John Phillip Hayes ISBN: 081-840-2709 this is a great, easy to read, book in my opinion. It explains how Andrew J. Susce respectfully requested payment from the federal government for years to no avail, but in the front of the book it explains how crooked Pennsylvania is. January 7, 1946 Shellie McKeithen, an oriental woman, was executed by electric chair for murder in Allegheny County.

Good Old Gus 1946 Philadelphia Police Officer Gus Rangnow founded Police Athletic League due to gang violence and juvenile crime he saw on his beat in northern Philadelphia. 1946 A race riot in Philadelphia occurred. October 14, 1946 Corinne Sykes, a 22-year-old female African/American maid, was executed by electric chair for stabbing and killing and robbing her employer in Philadelphia County. January 6, 1947 William Byron, a 39-year-old white bandit, and Charles Moyer, a 25-year-old bandit, were executed for murder-robbery in Delaware County.

Gang Violence January 20, 1947 Mike Bubna, a 37-year-old white gang leader, was executed for murder in Erie County.

19-Year-Old Hung January 27, 1947 Lawrence Brown, a 19-year-old black from Philadelphia County, was executed for murder. February 24, 1947 Allen Black, a 29-year-old white ironworker, was executed for kidnapping-murder-robbery in Montgomery County. April 28, 1947 David Brooks and Albert Wooding, both 22-year-old blacks, were executed for robbery-murder in Philadelphia County. June 7, 1947 A tornado hit Sharon, Pennsylvania at 2:28 pm after killing three people in Warren, Ohio. In Sharon three were killed and 100 were injured. September 29, 1947 Joshua Beatty, a 47-year-old steelworker, was executed for murder in Dauphin County.

Gang Violence October 20, 1947 Mike Bubna, a 37-year-old white gang leader, was executed for murder in Erie County. October 1948 20 people died and 7,000 were ill in Donora, PA due to a weather pattern that caused deadly fume fog to settle on the town coming from the furnaces of the Donora Zinc Works and U.S. Steel. November 8, 1948 Daniel Taranow, a 23-year-old white air force veteran, was executed by electric chair for robbery and murder in Delaware County. July 11, 1949 Rufus Keller, a white parolee, was executed for rape-murder in Lehigh County. Decade of 1950’s There were 31 executions in Pennsylvania.

The Greatest 1950 Jim Thorpe was named “The Greatest American football player” and “The greatest overall male athlete”.

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1950 Pennsylvania had a population of 10,498,012. ROCKY V

1950’s Philadelphia mobsters became known for developing music acts and promoting boxing matches. Fight promoters Frank Carbo and Blinky Palermo operated out of Philadelphia and Southern New Jersey. January 9, 1951 Alexander Agoston Jr., a 42-year-old white, was executed for robbery-murder in Columbia County. February 25, 1952 Edward Bryant and Joseph Chambers, both 28-year-old blacks, were executed for robbery-murder in Philadelphia County. March 26, 1953 Dr. Jonas E. Salk of the University of Pittsburgh developed the polio vaccine.

Clocks Stopped March 28, 1953 Jim Thorpe died. 1953 Citing his criminal record, the Immigration and Naturalization Service tried to deport John Sebastian LaRocca as an "undesirable alien." The effort to deport LaRocca led to a scandal. During the deportation hearings, several prominent figures testified on his behalf. One of them, Allegheny County Judge Premo J. Columbus, LaRocca's former attorney, said, "there is no human being I would respect more than John LaRocca."

Fine, I promised you a Rose Garden #2 Outgoing Governor John S. Fine ruined the deportation when he granted LaRocca an unprecedented

backdated pardon for a 1939 larceny conviction. Governor John S. Fine granted LaRocca a pardon on Governor Fine’s last day in office. That decision caused uproar, but Governor Fine dismissed it as a "tempest in a teapot." November 2, 1953 Pennsylvania State Trooper Floyd B. Clouse was shot and killed while serving a warrant. January 7, 1954 The area around Sinking Spring, west of Reading, experienced minor damage from an earthquake. Plaster fell from walls (intensity VI), dishes and bottles tumbled from shelves, and furniture was upset. Other slight damage to several brick and frame buildings was reported. The tremor was felt in western Berks County and eastern Lancaster County. During the rest of the month, many smaller shocks were felt in the vicinity of Sinking Spring. February 21, 1954 A local disturbance probably caused by subsidence of an underground coal mine caused damage estimated at $1 million in a five-block residential area of Wilkes-Barre. Occupants fled into the street. Hundreds of homes were damaged; ceilings and cellar walls split and backyard fences fell over. Sidewalks were pushed sharply upward by a heaving motion and then collapsed. Gas and water mains snapped; methane gas rising from cracks in the earth presented a temporary emergency. February 23, 1954 A second disturbance was reported from the same section of Wilkes-Barre as February 21, 1954. More cracks appeared in ceilings and walls of apartment buildings. Curbs pulled away from sidewalks, and street pavements buckled. Additional water and gas mains were broken. May 17, 1954 Joseph Bibalo, a 23-year-old white from Susquehanna County, was executed for robbery-murder. March 1955 A strike against five Pittsburgh department stores ended after nearly 16 months. 1955 U.S. Senator Williams of Delaware was working on corruption in government and caused Andrew J. Susce 300-page report to be found. It had been misplaced for years. It was found at IRS Philadelphia and not IRS Pittsburgh.

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1955 U.S. Attorney Anderson of Pittsburgh had John Sebastian La Rocca in court and needed two felonies to have the don deported. However Pennsylvania Governor Fine pardoned La Rocca for one of his felonies on Governor Fines last day in office. July 25, 1955 Elijah Thompson Jr., a black 22-year-old laborer from Beaver County, was executed by electric chair for murder. June 4, 1956 Harry Gossard, a 39-year-old white salesman from Cambria County, was executed for murder-rape. 1956 John Sebastian LaRocca took over as boss of the crime family far reaching in Pennsylvania. Gabriel "Kelly" Mannarino ran his own empire in New Kensington with his brother Sam and became a local legend, enjoying a cozy relationship with politicians.

Racial Disturbance Again 1957 A racially motivated disturbance resulted from the attempt of one African-American family to move into a previously all-white Levittown, Pennsylvania. Governor George M. Leader sent in the State Police, as the local authorities could not handle the violence. See “Civil Rights and Integration” at: µhttp://www.docheritage.state.pa.us/documents/levitown.asp§ 1957 Race segregation was found in two school districts. 1957 The U.S. Supreme Court overruled the Pennsylvania Supreme Court to find that Negroes could be admitted to Girard College in Philadelphia although the 110-year old will that created the college and left it to be administered by Philadelphia specifically banned Negroes.

Batman Returns 1957 A grand jury indicted two commissioners and other high commission personal for fraud and malfeasance in office. Governor George M. Leader suspended the commissioners without pay and the Pennsylvania Supreme Court upheld Governor Leader’s right to do that. Also involved was a company acting as consultant, contractor, and inspector on the northeastern extension of the turnpike.

Trolley Strike Again 1957 There was a trolley and bus operator strike in Pittsburgh for 56 days. November 3, 1957 Pennsylvania State Trooper Phillip C. Melley was shot and killed while attempting to disarm a teenager who was holding three other officers hostage. November 14, 1957 John Sebastian La Rocca was one of those to escape from the police at Joe Barbara’s house in the hills of Apalachin, New York. Any hills of Apalachin, NY are no more than a few miles from Susquehanna County and Pennsylvania. LaRocca attended the infamous meeting of mob leaders at a house in Apalachin, N.Y., with his lieutenants, Michael Genovese and Gabriel “Kelly” Mannarino. There was a conference of 58 Mafia bosses at Joe Barbara’s house. (Joe called his last name Barbar so as not to discrace Italians.) First a Vestal Police Officer noticed organized crime figures checking into a hotel. Then they were followed to their so-called secret meeting at Joe Barbara’s house, who preferred to be called Joe Barbar, to conceal his Italian or Sicilian heritage. They were in the process of taking down license plates when the mob got scared and ran. They set up roadblocks and caught some of the Mafia bosses. 1957 Gabriel Mannarinos’ mother died. Pittsburgh Mayor David L. Lawrence arrived at the organized crime family home of Mannarino to pay his respects. Late 1950’s Nig Rosen was arrested for his central role in the “French Connection” heroin ring. He later settled in Florida. (Get it? They always settle in another lack of social contract state. Yes they are kind of violent down there too.) 1958 Gabriel “Kelly” Mannarinos’ associates were arrested and later convicted for trying to ship $10,000 worth of rifles and machine guns stolen from an Ohio armory to rebel soldiers in Cuba under Fidel Castro.

The scheme was an attempt to take back control of the Sans Soucie, a casino in Havana owned by Mannarino, who believed that Castro would protect his gambling interests. January 22, 1959 Twelve men died in a tragic accident at the River Slope Mine of the Knox Coal Company. May 4, 1959 Cleveland Thompson, a black 36-year-old from Allegheny County, was executed by electric chair for robbery and murder.

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1959 John Sebastian La Rocca appeared before the Senate Rackets Committee and pleaded the Fifth Amendment when asked by Robert F. Kennedy if he was among those who escaped the roundup at Apalachin. Decade of 1960’s There were only 3 executions in Pennsylvania before the U.S. Supreme Court outlawed executions in 1962. January 16, 1960 The United Steelworkers of America and Ingersoll-Rand Company settled a 158-day strike involving 2,500 workers in the company’s plants in Phillipsburg and Easton, Pennsylvania. July 11, 1960 A six day strike of 2,400 RCA scientists and engineers ended in the Philadelphia area. 1960 Pennsylvania Railroad maintenance workers staged a strike for 12 days. 1960 Pennsylvania had a population of 11,319,366 and a crime index of 1,049.4. January 23, 1961 Arthur Schuck, a 44-year-old white electrician from Beaver County, was electrocuted by electric chair for murder. September 14, 1961 A moderate earthquake that was centered in the Lehigh Valley shook buildings over a broad area and alarmed many residents. There was only one report of damage - loose bricks fell from a chimney at Allentown (intensity V). However, police and newspaper switchboards throughout the area were swamped with calls from citizens. Other places with intensity V effects included Bethlehem, Catasauqua, Coplay, Egypt, Fountain Hill, Freemansburg, Hellertown, and Weaverville. December 27, 1961 In the northeast portion and suburbs of Philadelphia buildings shook, dishes rattled, and other objects were disturbed. Police and newspaper offices received many calls from alarmed citizens inquiring about the loud rumbling sounds due to a category V earthquake. Several New Jersey communities across the Delaware River experienced similar effects. April 2, 1962 Elmo Smith was executed for the rape/slaying of a 17-year-old girl in Montgomery County. He was the last person to be executed by electric chair in Pennsylvania. Early 1960’s Most of the Jewish mobsters had retired or died leaving primarily Angelo Bruno’s Cosa Nostra for organized crime in Philadelphia. 1963 Riot in Philadelphia.

Gang Fight Center 248? 1963-1973 Philadelphia was the gang fights center of the U.S.A. There were 248 gang murders including 43 in 1971 and 39 in 1972. Most of the victims were teenagers and some were innocent bystanders. This and other things may be found in The Mid-Atlantic States of America by Neal R. Peirce and Michael Barone published in 1977 by W.W. Norton & Company Inc., New York, NY ISBN: 0-393-05541-8. March and April 1964: There was a series of racial demonstrations in Chester. May 12, 1964 A strong local shock, measured at magnitude 4.5, cracked a wall and caused some plaster to fall (category VI) at Cornwall, Pennsylvania. Slight landslides were reported in the area. In one building, a radio was knocked from a table and a wall mirror moved horizontally. Workers in an iron mine about 360 meters underground were alarmed by a "quite sever jarring motion." Summer 1964 A Negro couple’s car stalled at an intersection in “The Jungle” in Philadelphia. Two Philadelphia police officers, one white and one black, tried to move the car. The wife of the owner of the car became abusive and she was arrested, two nights of rioting followed. I suspect around 1964 A prison guard told me that a boy was chained to the porch in Susquehanna County, as if they drove by and did nothing. August 1964 In north Philadelphia was the scene of a weekend of violence. 1967 A disorder in Philadelphia occurred. April 1967 Defense Personnel Support Center in Philadelphia had a problem with numbers writing, horse race betting, and loan-sharking. Peola Jones, Vicki Capone, and 24 others were convicted of minor offenses; all 26 were fired from their federal jobs. The Bruno crime family received the end cut of profits. May 16, 1967 Statewide voters approved a constitutional modernization plan. 1967 A FBI sting happened at Naval Base Philadelphia for illegal activities such as numbers running and so forth. Fall 1967 A lengthy and violent strikes by steel haulers disrupted the economy of Western Pennsylvania.

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1967 There were riots in Philadelphia in which two persons were killed, 339 were injured, and some three million in property damage was inflicted.

KGB #1 Around 1967 Two KGB officers, a male and a female, lived as husband and wife in Philadelphia. They had been in contact with a Naval Code Clerk attached to the National Security Agency. In December 1996 Operation Cowslip was declassified. 1967 Reading gained national attention when the President’s Commission on Law Enforcement and the Administration of Justice published a report called “Wincanton: The Politics of Corruption”, authored by John A. Gardiner, a young political scientist. “Wincanton” was a cover name for Reading, and Gardiner explained that he went to great lengths to substitute fictional names. The cover did not last long because on the same day the report was published, the New York Times ran a parallel story on “Reading, Pa., Sin City”. Since then, “Wincanton” has become a textbook case of how city officials can personally profit from illegal gambling, prostitution, and other criminal activities.” The report chronicled how a onetime bootlegger named Irving Stern (his real name was Abraham Minker) set up a gambling empire that grossed millions of dollars a year, his payoffs and control of the police permitting him to run his rackets with impunity. His downfall and that of Mayor Robert Walasek (real name John C. Kubacki) finally came in the early 1960’s when federal investigations led to Minker’s conviction on income tax evasion and Kubacki’s dual convictions on extortion charges. Reform administration broke the back of organized crime in Reading, though some minor corruption continued. Reference: The Mid-Atlantic States of America page 187 1967 A ring of employees stole fuel oil, platinum, gold, and silver from the Philadelphia Navy Base. All were convicted. The Bruno family sold much of the material on the black market.

The Postman Kills #2 of 2 September 12, 1967 Hubert Bighum, a postal employee, murdered his supervisor, Charles Huber, after Bigham received a change of assignment with no loss in pay. Hubert Bigham was sentenced to death. However his sentence was commuted to life latter when the Supreme Court struck down the death penalty. 1968 A three – month constitutional convention adjourned in March after drafting reforms. April 4, 1968 Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. It sounds harsh but I can’t find any recommendations he made to improve the social contract or civil rights. He talked about color of skin and how people shouldn’t be judged by it. Years latter the million-man march happened. For what when African/American rights are covered in the Constitution of the United States? I feel it just needs to be posted on the wall. What do you think? 1968 Riots in seven cities in Pennsylvania followed the assassination of Dr. King. Late 1960’s: LaRocca and underboss Mannarino, along with Thomas "Sonny" Ciancutti, attended a national conference to pick a successor to New York crime boss Vito Genovese, who is not related to Michael Genovese. December 10, 1968 A small earthquake, whose epicenter was in New Jersey, caused intensity V effects at Darby, and Philadelphia. The shock was measured at magnitude 2.5. Although relatively minor, it broke windows at a number of places in New Jersey. Tollbooths on the Benjamin Franklin and Walt Whitman Bridges in Philadelphia trembled during the earthquake. January 1, 1969 Pennsylvania had its sixth constitution. This did not outlaw dueling. Since the Pennsylvania Declaration of Rights of 1969 replaces that of 1873 some smart aleck put in a law book a motion for dueling.

Murder in the Union 1969 Joseph Yablonski, his wife, and his daughter, from Pennsylvania, were murdered. W.A. “Tony” Boyle, former chief of the United Mine Workers, from West Virginia, was sentenced to a three life sentence for setting up the murders of the union rival family. The FBI got involved due to crossing state lines. 1969 U.S. Attorney Arlen Specter found corruption in the Housing Redevelopment Program in Philadelphia.

Gang Violence 1969 Riots in York, PA last 10 days and began when a white gang member shot and injured a young black man. More than 60 people were injured, 100 were arrested, and entire city blocks were burned. Lillie Belle

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Allen from Aiken, S.C. was killed in the fourth day of rioting when her and family members were in a car that strayed into a white gang neighborhood and stalled. Lillie got out of the car and waved her arms and yelled, “Don’t shoot” before being hit by a bullet. Lillie was a 27-year-old mother of two. For more information see “Pennsylvania Mayor Arraigned for 1969 Racist Murder” at: µhttp://www.wsws.org/articles/2001/aug2001/york-a07.shtml§ August 29, 1969 Bethlehem Police Officer Phillip J. Fahy was shot and killed while he and his partner Officer Merle Getz chased Bebley Wells. Officer Getz returned fire and wounded Wells. Wells was convicted and was in prison at least as of 2001, to the best of the documentation off the Internet. A bridge that spans the Lehigh River is named the Phillip J. Fahy Memorial Bridge.

19-Year-Old Did It December 12, 1970 Pennsylvania State Trooper Gary R. Rosenberger was an undercover narcotics investigator. Trooper Rosenberger’s body was discovered in a small stream in old Lycoming Township in Lycoming County. He was shot nine times. A 19-year-old man was charged with murder. Scranton, Pennsylvania probably contained a mid-Atlantic counterfeiting operation to as far back as the late 1800’s. Details are foggy. 1970 Penn Central was the biggest commercial bankruptcy in American history. Some directors and key officers had neglected the railroad and saved themselves thousands by dumping personal stock before the Penn Central’s troubles became public knowledge. The railroad kept on paying dividends on its stock even when its cash position had become desperate, and deceptive bookkeeping was used to hide the true state of affairs. In 1976 Penn Central line became part of the quasi-government corporation called “ConRail”. Reference: The Mid-Atlantic States of America pages122-123 1970 Pennsylvania had a population of 11,793,904 and a crime index of 2,185.8

MOVE #1 Early 1970s One of Pennsylvania’s most famous episodes in racial/political unrest began. A Philadelphia handyman, Vincent Leaphart, began calling himself John Africa. A small group of families in west Philadelphia adopted the last name Africa and became members of a common family. 1971 Philadelphia had a transit strike. 1971 Frank L. Rizzo was elected mayor of Philadelphia. 1971 Pittsburgh newspapermen and teachers went on strike.

KGB #2 1959 to 1972 The KGB operated from a safe house in Big Spring Park near Harrisburg. They were going to go after power lines, military basses, oil pipelines, missile sites, etc. 1972 The Pennsylvania State Supreme Court ruled in Commonwealth v. Bradley that the death penalty was unconstitutional, using as precedence the earlier U.S. Supreme Court decision in Furman v. Georgia.

Admittance to Invisibility 1972 The U.S. Senate Committee of the Judiciary published “The Layman’s Guide to U.S. Constitutional Rights”. This was a big seller and admittance that The Constitution of the United States, containing US Constitutional Rights, was invisible only in High School History books, Political Science books, and in a case in Washington D.C., and only in English. The Constitution of the United States is a great document renowned internationally and from a young nation composed of large amount of immigrants and many foreign students and foreign visitors entitled to our laws and rights while in this country. We fail miserably at posting The Constitution of the United States on the wall in different languages for protection of freedom let alone to provide a better future for the children. Anyone got a glasscutter for that case in Washington? We could give it to The US Census Bureau to transcribe it into different languages and put in cases across the nation as needed. December 7, 1972 A slight damage (V) earthquake was reported at New Holland. In addition, Akron, Penryn, and Talmage experienced intensity V effects. The total area covered approximately 1,200 square kilometers of Berks and Lancaster Counties. 1973 Teachers strike.

MOVE #2

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1973 The common family with the last name of Africa renamed themselves MOVE. They bought an apartment building at 33rd and Pearl Streets in Philadelphia. The group believed in a back-to-nature philosophy. Members of the group were accused of stockpiling bombs. Neighbors complained to the police of excessive garbage and other health hazards. Philadelphia city demanded to inspect the property. MOVE erected an eight-foot-high stockade around the property. (MOVE should have been scared of Pennsylvania’s lack of social contract, not the Philadelphia police or the authority of the Philadelphia city.) Over the next few years MOVE members were seen with weapons on top of the barricade in reaction to other court-order inspections. April 25, 1973 Pennsylvania State Trooper Robert D. Lapp was with fellow Troopers in the arrest of an escapee from New Jersey State Prison for murder. As Trooper Lapp entered the unlighted apartment he was shot and killed instantly. State Trooper Lapp’s killer was then shot and killed by fellow Troopers. 1973 A long running dispute between the Pennsylvania State Police and the Pennsylvania Crime Commission came to a head. Attorney General J. Shane Creamer, who headed the crime commission, charged State Police Commissioner Rocco Urella with tapping the telephones of a crime commission unit investigating charges of corruption in the Philadelphia Police Department. Urella denied the charges and asserted the crime commission investigations duplicated state police efforts. Governor Milton J. Shapp forced the resignation of Creamer, fired Urella, and chose as his new attorney general Israel Packel. The state later sought to prosecute Urella and five former state troopers for wiretapping, but the court, on the grounds of insufficient evidence, dismissed the charges. 1973 Alexander Jaffurs was fired from his position as chief counsel for the state’s Liquor Control Board (LCB). Jaffurs testified before the House Liquor Control Committee that 13 state legislators and Governor Shapp and his aides had attempted to influence state regulation of the liquor industry through political pressure. Jaffurs also charged that LCB employees and high state officials had received free liquor from distillers. Governor Shapp denied the charges leveled at him and accused Jaffurs of “incompetence and poor judgment.”

The House of Ill Repute 1974 Philadelphia Magazine called the Pennsylvania legislature “The House of Ill Repute”. May 23, 1974 A fatal fire occurred in the City of Williamsport. Ellen Mae Ryan, 37, Robert Carson, 38, and five children from ages three to six-years-old died. The fire may have been possibly set. The case remains unsolved. 1974 The death penalty was reinstituted in Pennsylvania. 1974 Independent truck drivers objected that some of the constraints aimed at conserving gasoline were unfair to them. They protested by stopping their trucks on the roads.

Politico-racket Complex in Western Half of the Commonwealth U.S. Attorney Thornburgh of Pittsburgh filled a prison with racketeers including the Chief of Police

and Mayor of Jeanette. In 1975 U.S. Attorney Richard Thornburgh said, “The very things I suspected have come to pass. We’ve convicted two councilmen from the Lawrence-Barr era. One obstructed enforcement of state gambling laws and took payoffs. The other was convicted on two counts of extortion.” Thornburgh also obtained indictments of 36 police officers and other local officials that led to 19 convictions. U.S. Attorney Thornburgh once gave lectures and spoke of a politico-racket complex as he called it in western Pennsylvania. Richard Thornburgh went on to become a governor of Pennsylvania. U.S. Attorney Dick Thornburgh used Andrew J. Susce’s long lost 300-page report in his prosecutions of mobsters in the 1970s. 1975 Governor Shapp reportedly said before a federal grand jury that he could not trace the disposition of $20,000 in funds to his 1970 gubernatorial campaign.

Governor Shapp disbanded his Equal Rights Task Force in 1972, dismantled the Governor’s Affirmative Action Council in May 1975 and set up an Affirmative Action Bureau under the jurisdiction of the state secretary of administration. A month later, Col. Harold Pierce, the highest-ranking black officer in the Pennsylvania Air National Guard resigned. He alleged that the guard’s leadership and Governor Shapp blocked the rise of blacks to key posts. Pierce, a physician, pointed out that only six of the 570 Pennsylvania

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Air National Guard officers were black. Of 4,200 guardsmen, only 162 were blacks. Colonel Pierce questioned the Commonwealth’s commitment to equal opportunity for all Pennsylvanians. 1975 The governor’s criminal justice commission approved $1 million to underwrite the continued investigation by Walter M. Phillips, Jr., of alleged government corruption in Philadelphia. The state legislature, led by Sen. Henry H. Cranfrani, a Democrat of Philadelphia, attempted to halt Phillips’ work. The commission, with only one dissenting vote, decided to continue Phillips’ investigation for one more year. Phillips wanted to bring to trial most of the 42 people indicted by the grand jury as a result of his previous work. Included in this group were policemen, city officials, and others accused of serious offenses.

“Governor Shapp’s early press conferences as a political candidate were dominated by questions about the no less than 15 separate investigations by federal, state and local authorities under way into his administration. His 1970 campaign manager and a member of his cabinet were convicted of extortion. In 1976 Governor Shapp fired a special prosecutor he had hired to ferret out political corruption in Philadelphia after the prosecutor pursued corruption cases against Shapp’s cronies.” Reference: The Mid-Atlantic States of America pages 138-139 1976 An attempt to recall Philadelphia Mayor Frank L. Rizzo ended with a court ruling that the petitions fell short of the necessary 145,448 valid signatures. 1977 Pennsylvania House Speaker Herbert Fineman was convicted of obstructing justice and sentenced to two years in prison for attempting to quash an investigation into bribery and sale of student admissions to professional schools. State Senator Henri Cianfrani, chairman of the powerful Appropriations Committee, awaited trial following a 110-count federal indictment on charges of racketeering, mail fraud, income-tax evasion, and obstruction of justice. Another senator and a former house member were also charged with Fineman and Cianfrani. 1977 Johnston, Pennsylvania flooded again. 1977 State Adj. Gen. Harry J. Mier, Jr. resigned under fire and was fined $1,000 upon pleading guilty to making personal use of National Guard property. September 1977 Governor Shapp fired Commonwealth Secretary C. DeLores Tucker, the highest-ranking black female state official in the nation, charging that she used her office as a “clearinghouse” to handle personal speaking engagements.

Bye Holly September 9, 1977 Helen (Holly) Maddux disappeared. September 13, 1977 Pennsylvania State Trooper Joseph J. Welsch was shot and killed while assisting a Constable with a warrant in Jackson Township in Tioga County, Pennsylvania. The Constable was also shot, but survived. 1977 Governor Shapp repaid some $300,000 that the Federal Election Commission charged the Shapp presidential campaign had illegally received in matching campaign funds in 1976. December 1977 The death penalty was ruled unconstitutional in a Pennsylvania Supreme Court decision. 1978 Charles Dougherty, who became the city’s first Republican congressman since 1956, unseated Democrat Joshua Eilberg of Philadelphia, indicted two weeks before the election for an alleged conflict of interest. 1978 U.S. Attorney General Griffin Bell touched off a squabble in January when he attempted to fire U.S. Attorney Marston of Philadelphia and replace him with a Democrat. Marston countered that he was in the midst of an investigation of Flood and Eilberg, and charged that Eilberg had been in touch with President Carter in an attempt to hurry Marston’s ouster. 1978 Democrat Representative Daniel Flood of Wilkes-Barre had been indicted on charges of bribery, conspiracy, and perjury, but won reelection to a 16th term by fewer than 10,000 votes – roughly one eighth of the margin he enjoyed two years earlier. Late 1970’s: As LaRocca's health began to fail; leadership fell to Mannarino, Joseph "Jo Jo" Pecora and Michael Genovese. But Pecora was convicted on gambling charges in 1979, and a year later Mannarino died of cancer.

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1978 Former Democrat Congressman Frank Clark, 62, who represented southwestern Pennsylvania for 20 years, was indicted on 13 counts of mail fraud, perjury, and income tax evasion.

MOVE #3 Early August 1978 Police used force to break into the MOVE compound after the group reneged on an agreement to comply with a court order to vacate its commune in a residential area. Philadelphia police officer, James J. Ramp, was shot dead. Three other police officers and four firefighters were wounded. No MOVE members died but some were injured. Five men and four women, the “MOVE Nine”, were convicted of third-degree murder and seven counts each of attempted murder and sentenced to 30-100 years in prison. September 1978 Dedication ceremonies for Three Mile Island Unit 2 are held in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. September 1978 The Pennsylvania State legislature drafted a new version of legislator for the death penalty that went into effect over the veto of Governor Shapp. 1979 Mayor Frank Rizzo, labeled “The Philadelphia Mussolini” was barred by statute from seeking another term.

Three Mile Island March 1979 Equipment failures and human error contribute to an accident at Three Mile Island nuclear reactor at Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. A series of events led to the worst nuclear accident in U.S. history. March 28, 1979 Philadelphia police served a search warrant to search Ira Einhorn’s apartment and found Holly Maddux’s body in a trunk. Former District Attorney Arlen Specter and soon to be U.S. Senator Specter, represented Ira. Ira Einhorn was granted bail. Bail was set at $40,000.00, requiring only $4,000 to walk free. Barbara Bronfman, a Montreal socialite who had married into the Seagram distillery family, paid bail. She met Ira through an interest in the paranormal. Murder Incorporated, a professional hit squad, probably existed in Hazelton. Details are foggy. June 13, 1979 Pennsylvania State Trooper Albert J. Izzo was an undercover drug buyer and was shot to death as he tried to make an arrest in Mahoningtown, Pennsylvania in Lawrence County.

Freedom Fighters Shot Down August 1979 In an unprecedented move, the US Justice Department filed suit against the Philadelphia Police Department, Mayor Frank Rizzo, and 18 other city officials, charging them with systematic police abuse of minorities. The suit was dismissed by a federal judge who criticized the Justice Department for filing the suit during the final days of the Rizzo administration, thus denying the defendants their day in court. According to a man: He told me he saw a sporting event of Philadelphia on TV. He told me the Philadelphia Police under Mayor Rizzo walked out on the field in full riot gear and faced the crowd while the crowd hadn’t done anything prior.

17? Late 1970’s Early 1980’s: There were 17 unsolved murders in Altoona, Pennsylvania area in a two-year period. 1980 The Pennsylvania based Bethlehem Steel Corporation was fined $325,000 in August after pleading guilty to a million – dollar bribery scheme designed to generate business for its ship repair yards. 1980 Pennsylvania had a population of 11,824,220 and a crime index of 3,683.2. 1980 U.S. Representative Michael J. “Ozzie” Myers, a Philadelphia Democrat, became the first congressman since Civil War days to be expelled from the House, following his conviction on bribery charges in the nation’s first Abscam trial. Myers subsequently was defeated in a bid for reelection in November, but Raymond Lederer, a second Philadelphia Democrat congressman awaiting trial under an Abscam indictment, won another term. In a subsequent case, a jury found three Philadelphia city councilmen guilty of accepting Abscam bribes, but on appeal a federal judge overturned the convictions of George Schwatz and Harry Jannotti, ruling that the FBI had overstepped its bounds in setting up an elaborate payoff scheme. I remember a story from TV: A New Jersey State Trooper was killed. They eventually tracked the killers to a bank robbery gang in a farmhouse in Pennsylvania. The police missed them in Pennsylvania. The gang put things in storage in Binghamton, New York and moved to somewhere in the New England where they were caught.

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Police brutality and police killed in the line of duty are both acts of violence. It is my belief that it happens less in the documented less violent states per capita of Maine, North Dakota, West Virginia, Vermont, South Dakota, New Hampshire, and Kentucky. People appear less prejudicial in these states. Why haven’t you heard of the mob in these states? Granted New Jersey, Florida, Texas, Arizona, Hawaii, New York, Maryland, Illinois, California, Washington, are kind of violent too. I think we should go after these intelligent librarians to post The Constitution of the United States and state constitutions on the wall and provide Small Claims Court brochures away from the metal detectors that inconvenience people away from the law and therefore promote violence by encouraging people to solve their differences in violence instead of court. Maybe we can do it in bus stations, subways, schools, hospitals, prisons, courthouses, train stations, restaurants, and bars.

Gee, it could even be done in Russian to take care of the Russian Mafia. Our Russian/American friends hate them. The FBI can’t monitor them as the police turn them in. They break the rules and kill with no mercy and with a vengeance. See ya later Alligator! In a while Crocodile! It will take some time. 1980 In a trial, a member of the state senate, a former senate majority leader, and a turnpike commissioner were convicted of placing ghost workers on the legislative payroll. Don’t you just hate politicians, lawyers, and cops? Everything the law touches. If only the statewide social contract could be improved. You would love your state and country more.

Why are these Wise Guys always in the same States? March 21, 1980 The ambush slaying of Philadelphia crime boss Angelo Bruno touched off gang murders and the disappearances of several mobsters in a war for control of the Mafia family. Tony Bananas and consigliere Alfred Salerno killed Angelo Bruno, “The Gentle Don” also known as “Angie”. April 1980 Angelo Bruno’s consigliere, Alfred Salerno, was tortured, stabbed, and shot to death. 1980 The state Crime Commission reported that organized crime figures, using legitimate business as a front, held paving and defense contracts. Summer 1980 Angelo Bruno’s chief loan shark was stuffed into two green plastic garbage bags. October 1980 Six persons were charged with rigging the State Lottery’s Daily Number Game on April 24, 1980 to cash in on heavy bets. 1980 Fort Indiantown Gap was pressed into service as a processing center for 19,000 Cuban refugees. Although 88% were resettled with sponsors during a five-month period, the program was plagued by unrest among the refugees and incidents that alienated residents of the surrounding area. On August 5, 1980, rioting erupted inside the camp, resulting in one death and more than 60 injuries. In October, the remaining 2,000 inhabitants were airlifted to Fort Chaffee, Arkansas. Late 1980 A bomb full of nails blew up Angelo Bruno’s successor, Phil Testa. January 1981 Ira Einhorn fled the country.

MOVE #4 Early 1980s John Africa and others, who were not in the MOVE compound during the 1978 police raid, moved into 6221 Osage Ave. in Philadelphia. 6221 Osage Ave is a west Philadelphia row house that was owned by John Africa’s sister, Louise James. Again neighbors complained to police, however this time it was over MOVE harassment and long speeches over loudspeakers. MOVE fortified the house and erected a bunker with gun ports on the roof.

Serial Killer George Emil Banks “Antoine Probst” #6 of 6 Civil War Days September 25, 1982 George Emil Banks killed his girlfriends and their children and a girlfriend’s mother in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania. He killed a lot of people. He was drug crazed on something. George Emil Banks used an AR-15 semi-automatic rifle. (A woman in California told me her husband is always kidding her about Pennsylvania, that he is a “Banks brother”. I don’t know what a Bank’s brother means, but I suppose he was referring to George Emil Banks.) 1980’s to 1990’s: Mob watching in Philadelphia became a sport. 1982 Alan Lee Pursell was convicted of first-degree murder of 13-year-old Christopher Brine in Lawrence Park Township.

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June 12 or June 13, 1983: (Yes PA State Police you made a mistake in contradicting the dates in the wording on the Internet, no big deal.) 24-year-old Peggy Sue Hogue was found in a revine, dead, just of River Road, in Perry Township, Lawrence County. She had a blunt force trauma to her head and neck and what appeared to be choke marks. She was last seen alive hitchhiking along Lawrence Avenue, just outside of Ellwood City in Lawrence County, Pennsylvania after she left the Parkgate Bar in Ellwood City. The case remains unsolved. 1984 John Sebastian LaRocca died and the Pittsburgh family chose Michael Genovese as the new boss. Genovese aggressively pursued the drug trafficking trade, in violation of old mob rules. 1985 A sleuth in Philadelphia traced Ira Einhorn to Ireland under the name Ben Moore. By the time detectives arrived Moore was gone. Authorities then missed him two more times. May 11, 1985 Philadelphia police had warrants for members of MOVE and received an obscenity letter that MOVE supposedly sent warning that police interference would be repelled with “smoke, gas, fire and bullets.” The letter stated it was from MOVE’s Minister of Communication, Ramona Africa. Ramona Africa later claimed she did not write the letter.

MOVE #5 May 13, 1985 Philadelphia police met armed resistance from MOVE when they attempted to make arrests. Police called for reinforcements. After a 90-minute gun battle, police withdrew for several hours. Late in the afternoon police dropped a satchel bomb on the bunker on the roof. Officials held back on sending in firefighters to combat the flames. The fire destroyed the MOVE compound and 60 neighboring homes. It was the most destructive residential fire in Philadelphia history and left 250 people homeless. 11 MOVE members died in the fire, five children and six adults, including John Africa. Ramona Africa and a 13-year old, Birdie Africa, escaped from the fire but were caught by police. May 31, 1985 Death came hard to Pennsylvania due to tornadoes. 54 people died and 557 were injured as follows: 3:59 pm 12 dead 82 injured At Albion; the tornado devastated an area ten blocks long and two blocks wide in the center of town. 4:17 pm 16 dead 125 injured This tornado hit Atlantic (5 dead), Hannasville, Cooperstown, Sheakleyville, and Dempseytown. 5:30 pm 7 dead 30 injured A tornado moved through Venango and Forest Counties passing near Tionesta, German Hill, and Starr. 5:30 pm 10 dead 100 injured A tornado hit Niles, OH, and then Wheatland, PA, where 95% of the town's industry was destroyed. 7:00 pm 4 dead 40 injured Most of the destruction was at Kane as the tornado hit Warren, McKean, and Elk Counties. 7:10 pm 9 dead 120 injured Shopping centers, homes, and businesses were destroyed across Beaver and Butler Counties. 8:25 pm 6 dead 60 injured Campers, trailers, homes, and businesses were destroyed across Lycoming, Union, and Northumberland Cos.

MOVE #6 1986 Ramona Africa was convicted of riot and conspiracy and sentenced up to seven years in prison. A commission appointed by Mayor W. Wilson Goode, criticized the city for the May 13, 1985 incident of MOVE, and stated, “Dropping a bomb on an occupied row house was unconscionable.” Residents of Osage Ave. and Pine Street in Philadelphia, whose houses were destroyed by the fire, moved into new homes built by the city at a cost of $14 million dollars. Throughout the 1980’s: The FBI systematically attacked cocaine networks that provided the mob with a steady flow of income. Major cocaine cases involved key associates of the mob, including Gary Golden, Eugene Gesuale, Joe Rosa, Marvin Droznek and Paul "No Legs" Hankish. The drug investigations eventually led to Charles "Chucky" Porter and Louis Raucci Sr., Genovese's top officers, who orchestrated the distribution of thousands of kilos of coke.

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Mid-1980’s: With drug profits flowing, the Pittsburgh family had initiated new members for the first time in many years. Porter and Ciancutti became members in 1986. Joseph Naples and Lenine "Lenny" Strollo, who controlled the Youngstown rackets, were inducted in 1987. 1986 As contracts expire, more than 20,000 municipal and private employees strike. 1988 Nicodemo Scarfo was tried for criminal conspiracy, ten homicides, five attempted homicides, extortion, gambling, narcotics, and jailed for life. Nicodemo Scarfo was the perpetrator of the murder of Angelo Bruno and his associates. He ordered the murders of nineteen more members, forty in all.

MOVE #7 1988 Philadelphia city agreed to pay $2.5 million to the five children parents that died in the MOVE fire of May 13, 1985. Several of the parents were in jail as the “MOVE Nine”. Philadelphia also paid $1.7 million to Birdie Africa. 1988 Barbara Bronfman admitted she was paying for Ira Einhorn’s living expenses. She provided authorities with a Stockholm, Sweden address, but when authorities arrived he was gone.

WARNING: Alter Boy Killed I don’t know when this happened: A Philadelphia jury convicted three teens of third-degree murder from Abington Township, an affluent suburb north of Philadelphia. They beat to death 16-year-old Eddie Polec with baseball bats. The three teens killed Eddie after a fight between youths in two Philadelphia-area neighborhoods after a rumored rape of a girl, which proved untrue. Eddie Polec was an altar boy. Eddie received seven skull fractures from the baseball bats in the teen’s hands on the steps of St. Cecilia’s Catholic Church. (By all means pray to your god for guidance. Then please do it yourselves by building the social contract. I only have the latest available statistics as of 8/8/03 from the U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics which is the 2001 violent crime rates for areas over 100,000 populations. It shows Philadelphia with a population of 1,518,302 people and being #19 most violent areas in the nation. Houston, TX with 1,997,965 people is #39, and New York, NY with 8,023,018 is #82. Children are probably safer in Houston or New York than Philadelphia even though Philadelphia has less people.) November 19, 1988 A ten week trial concluded. All members of the Nicodemo Scarfo crime family were found guilty. December 3, 1989 The first in the world simultaneous heart, liver, and kidney transplant was done at Presbyterian-University Hospital in Pittsburgh. February 2, 1990 Carl Devalia, 40, was reported missing. He failed to return to his residence in Coatesville, Pennsylvania, Chester County. 1990 Philadelphia, with the worst credit rating of any major U.S. City, teeters on the brink of bankruptcy. 1990 Porter, Raucci, and seven others, were convicted of racketeering and went to prison. 1990 Pennsylvania had a population of 11, 881,643 and a crime index of 3476.1. November 29, 1990 Governor Robert P. Casey signed legislation to change the method of execution from the electric chair to lethal injection. February 19, 1991 Antuan Bronshtein shot Jerome Slobotkin to death near his Philadelphia home. In 1988, Slobotkin had testified against Nicodema Scarfo and other Scarfo associates, claiming to be a victim of a Scarfo protection racket. June 11, 1991 Moisy Zusim, the owner of a West Philadelphia jewelry store, and his employee, Leonid Klazanovich, were shot to death with semi-automatic weapons during a robbery at the jewelry store. 1991 Joseph Naples was killed in a mob hit in Youngstown in 1991 that the FBI suspects Lenine "Lenny" Strollo engineered.

Freedom Fighter I don’t know when this happened: A man in Addison, New York started a business against Pennsylvania.

Policeman Killed I don’t know when this happened: Philadelphia police officer Patrick Boyle had to endure the murder of a fellow police officer that he loved the most. His only son, 21-year-old Philadelphia police officer Daniel Boyle, was murdered. Daniel Boyle had stopped the driver of a stolen car in North Philadelphia. A repeat felon, drug-using man, named Edward Bracey drove the stolen car. Edward fired numerous shots through the

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windshield of the patrol car striking officer Patrick Boyle in the head. A police radio captured the fatal shots and Danny’s last words. Patrick Boyle buried his son a few days later. Edward Bracey had been arrested many times for car theft. Twice he had been released without bail or supervision for failing to show for trial. In just 1994 alone, Philadelphia judges were forced to release defendants in 15,000 cases because a federal judge had imposed a population cap on the city’s jails. In one 18-month period, Philadelphia police rearrested 9,732 defendants because of the federal judges ruling. These defendants were charged with 79 murders; the murder of Philadelphia police officer Daniel Boyle by Edward Bracey was one. They rearrested 959 robberies, 2,215 drug-dealing crimes, 701 burglaries, 2,748 thefts, 90 rapes, 14 kidnapping charges, 1,113 assaults, 264 gun-law violations, and 127 drunk-driving incidents. Police Officer Pat Boyle asked, “Can anyone explain to me why Danny had to die.” No one could answer him. (Dear Police Officer Boyle, I can’t bring back your son. I can reduce the violence in Philadelphia by building the social contract federal and state. The people could be educated on the law so they are less likely to break it. The lower courts could be used for people to settle their differences in court instead of resorting to violence. Educating those in prison that I once read are uneducated and come from non-loving families so they are less likely to be repeat offenders. Let me try sir, please. Maybe, the City of Brotherly Love will pan out and hold true. There are other cities in the United States that are more populated than Philadelphia, like Los Angeles and New York with less violence per capita.)

Wilkes-Barre Poisoner August 1991 Robert Curley, 32, died in his Wilkes-Barre hospital. 1997 Joann Curley confessed to murdering her husband with rat poison for his life insurance. Joann received a sentence of 10-20 years in prison. 1992 Ramona Africa was released from prison after serving the maximum seven-year sentence. 1992 Lances T. McKnight, a former assistant superintendent in Southeast Delco School District, was sentenced for abusing four boys. He receives $4,133.67 a month pension still in 2004.

Striking Distance (A Politico-Racket Complex Production) 1993 A movie called Striking Distance is released that is a 1/50 chance to take place in Pennsylvania. It stars Bruce Willis as a Pittsburgh Police riverboat captain. It features police hitting police, false imprisonment, and police serial killer. This happened; I heard it twice, because many men lost their pay: A worksite foreman, who lives in Binghamton, NY, had his truck stolen with all his tools aboard. They took it out and burned it with all the tools aboard as to threaten him not to work on the site in Wilkes-Barre or maybe Scranton, PA. The city closed down the worksite and prevented organized crime from moving in. No one is mad at the foreman. (Maybe they can get reeducated and be upset at Pennsylvania’s lack of social contract.) March 18, 1993 Amish man Edward Gingerich murdered his wife Katie as their children looked on in horror. September 13, 1993 The skeletal remains, positively identified by dental records as Carl Devalia, and were discovered by hunters in a wooded area in Chester County. An Autopsy revealed that the cause of death was multiple stab wounds. Authorities believe it was drug related, but the case goes unsolved. November 2, 1993 Democrat William G. Stinson, candidate who ran for Northeast Philadelphia’s Second Pennsylvania Senate District, won. December 8, 1993 A structure fire happened at 419 Linton Road, Duncannon, Perry County, Pennsylvania. After the fire was extinguished, the bodies of Lynn Marie Stansfield and Dale Wolf were discovered inside their residence. They had been shot to death and the fire was set to conceal the homicide. This case remains unsolved. December 10, 1993 The body of a white female was found sexually assaulted and strangled to death near Carlisle. Her identity and the case remain unsolved. January 11, 1994 Alexander Gutman was shot to death execution-style by Northeast Philadelphia resident and Soviet émigré Antuan Bronshtein at the victim’s Philadelphia jewelry store. Anything wrong with

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posting on the wall The Constitution of the United States and The Pennsylvania Declaration of Rights (Pennsylvania state constitution) in Russian in Russian/American neighborhoods? April 27, 1994 Stinson, some of his campaign workers, and members of Philadelphia’s City Board of Elections were found guilty in a civil suit to steal the election by using absentee ballot fraud. Attorneys for Stinson, and the city commissioners, tried to persuade the U.S. District Court that such practices were common and long standing in Philadelphia. Bruce S. Marks, who initially lost to Stinson, replaced Stinson’s seat in the Pennsylvania Senate. Reference: “The Philadelphia Inquirer” April 27, 1994, at: http://www.rbtaylor.net/stinson_seventh.htm

Too Kind without the Law (Actor Nicholas Cage hits PA #2 of 2) Bank War 1994 A movie called Trapped in Paradise is released that is a 1/50 chance to take place in Pennsylvania. It stars Nicholas Cage as one of three brothers that rob a small-town bank on Christmas Eve and try to return the money when the locals show them kindness. Stealing is related to a lack of social contract and I believe this movie made fun of Pennsylvanians due to their lack of social contract. July 27, 1994 An intense tornado touched down in Limerick, passing through a development called "The Hamlet." Three people died and 25 people were injured. December 20, 1994 An unidentified white female skeletonized remains were found in Sugarloaf Township. The remains were there for six months to two years, most likely closer to 18 months. She was between 34 and 47 years old and 5’1” to 5’4” tall and missing ten teeth. The case is unsolved. 1995-1998 A total of 10 police officers from Philadelphia's 39th District were charged with planting drugs on suspects, shaking down drug dealers for hundreds of thousands of dollars, and breaking into homes to steal drugs and cash. January 18, 1995 Arkady Shvartsman was shot and killed by two gunmen as he sat in his vehicle during the evening rush hour, just a few blocks away from the Philadelphia Police Department headquarters. The gunmen left untouched Shvartsman’s briefcase, which contained over $10 thousand dollars, and was sitting next to Shvartsman. May 2, 1995 Keith Zettlemoyer became the first person executed by lethal injection in Pennsylvania. 1995 Raucci died while a federal prisoner. Porter turned informant shortly after Raucci died. July 11, 1995 A body was discovered in a wooded area in East Caln Township, in Chester County, Pennsylvania. The body was dismembered and placed in a suitcase draped with trash bags along a creek. On January 28, 1996, a hiker found two human legs in Bucks County that belonged to the body in Chester County.

The unCommon Man October 1995 Johnny Gammage was killed due to a police scuffle in Bretwood, Pennsylvania a Pittsburgh suburb. He died per the Coroner’s report of asphyxiation due to the police scuffle. Johnny Gammage was from Syracuse, New York and had the audacity to be black and drive a Jaguar in Pennsylvania. He was stopped for allegedly pumping his brakes. The Jaguar belonged to Pittsburgh Stealer Defensive End Seals, his cousin. A childhood friend of Johnny Gammage in Binghamton, NY wishes to express his condolences to the family.

Bye David January 26, 1996 John du Pont killed 1984 Olympic gold medallist David Schultez. 1996 Delaware County, Pennsylvania, teacher, Hugh A. Mooney, was convicted of child pornography charges for his connection with a nationwide porn ring called, “Overseas Male”. He lost his teaching license in 1997. He receives $3,965.77 per month in state pension funds.

The Greatest 1996-2001 James Francis Thorpe was awarded American Broadcasting Company’s “Wide World of Sports Athlete of the Century”.

MOVE #8 June 24, 1996 A jury awarded Ramona Africa and two co-plaintiffs, whose family members had died in the MOVE fire, a total of $1.5 million dollars from the City of Philadelphia.

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December 30, 1996 Philadelphia Police Officer, Allen L. Wilson, 40, pleaded guilty to stealing more than $46,000 while on patrol during the early 1990s. Wilson, a 17-year veteran officer, confessed to extortion, theft, and conspiracy to violate civil rights. As part of the FBI's case against Wilson, Philadelphia Highway Patrol Officer Michael Stieber, 41, admitted that he and Wilson stole and divided $43,000 from drug dealers in 1992 while they were partners (The Highway Patrol is the name of a unit in the Philadelphia police department). I don’t know when this happened: I read in a Reader’s Digest that an accountant at a college in a north Central state found a college investment fund (for colleges themselves, not students) too good to be true and suspected a pyramid scheme. It turned out to be a pyramid scheme that originated from a company in Pennsylvania.

Pennsylvanians are roughly 4.29% of the people in the United States and do 8.25% of the Fraud 1997 Fraud, led by health care scams, was an $80 billion a year problem in the United States. Of this $6.6 billion dollars was in Pennsylvania. There are roughly 280 Million Americans in the United States and 12 Million Pennsylvanians. 12/280= 4.29% 6.6/80=8.25% Improving the social contract in Pennsylvania will save money from fraud, which is nothing compared to the lives to be saved through the reduction of violence.

Get the Law #12 1997 Philadelphia had the third highest amount of robberies in the country for big cities. Only Detroit and Chicago beat Philadelphia for robberies. At this time New York City, which is in New York State where former Pennsylvania women, women I perceive are the instinctive ones, call my Pennsylvanian countrywomen and kids, Rednecks, Ridge Runners, and Hillbillies, anyway it was New York City with mucho much more people but fewer robberies. They gather the statistics, but do nothing. It is New Yorkers who are the stupid ones. Pennsylvania is excellent at education, but lousy at the law.

The Million Woman March of the Paxton Boys 1997 The Million Woman March took place in Philadelphia, PA.

I suspect they march for their rights, but do not know exactly what to try for. June 18, 1997 Ira Einhorn was arrested in Champagne-Mouton, France. He was living under the assumed name of Mallon. July 13, 1997 Donald Edward Seebold III, 21, was killed due to some kind of blunt trauma to the head. He was found in the road, Troxelville Road, Centre Township, Snyder County, Pennsylvania by his friends, still alive, they thought he passed out. He never awoke and died. The case remains unsolved. July 21, 1997 Caroline Ann Brader’s nude body was found along the eastbound berm of the Pennsylvania Turnpike about 2.5 miles west of the Willow Grove Exit. Ms. Brader was a known prostitute and was last seen the night before in Allentown possibly getting into a white van. The case goes unsolved.

Bye Joline July 27, 1997 Muncy Boro Police Department conducted a missing report on 10-year-old Joline Witt. August 27, 1997 Konstantinos “Gus” Boulias was shot to death in his home after a struggle, the probable robber fled with nothing. The case remains unsolved. September 6, 1997 Hikers in Armstrong Township in Lycoming County found Joline Witt’s body. The case remains unsolved.

Bye Charlotte September 11, 1997 Charlotte Fimiano, an agent with Weichert Realtors, showed a vacant home in Hellertown, Lower Saucon Township, in Northampton County. Charlotte was found strangled and shot to death. The case remains unsolved. December 1997 Ira Einhorn beat the extradition charges in France and walked out a free man. 1998 16 defendants pleaded guilty to bookmaking and related charges in Schuylkill County. 1998 Roger Heller, a social studies teacher, was convicted of sex abuse of a high school senior. He collects $1,607.18 per month in pension still in 2004. 1998 Five defendants were sentenced to prison for being part of a marijuana and cocaine distribution ring in Philadelphia. They were distributing from storefronts in Philadelphia.

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President Oprah Winfrey says so I don’t know when this happened: Oprah Winfrey said on TV, “Why is it always Pennsylvania?” regarding father’s rights. 1998 There was a riot at Penn State University during the Arts Festival. 15 people were arrested. July 1998 Ten defendants were arrested on cocaine trafficking for the McMiller/Dixon cocaine organization in Allegheny and Beaver counties. September 23, 1998 A 30-year-old male was charged for allegedly making anti-gay threats and assaulting a lesbian outside a bar in August in Bridgeport, PA.

Bye 19-Year-Old Donta October 1998 A 19-year-old Donta Dawson, an unarmed African/American youth, was shot dead by a police officer who approached him after seeing him sitting in a stationary car with the engine running. The officer opened fire, shooting Dawson in the eye, after he said Dawson leaned forward and raised his arm. The officer was twice charged with manslaughter (voluntary and involuntary) but city judges dismissed the charges each time. He was fired from the force but is currently seeking to get his job back through arbitration. In July 1999 the city agreed to pay Donta's family $712,500 in settlement of a civil action.

School Shooting #1 of 3 April 24, 1998 A 48-year-old science teacher, John Gillette, was shot to death in front of students at a graduation dance in Edinboro, Pa. Two students were wounded. A 14-year-old student, Andrew Wurst, at James W. Parker Middle School was charged. Reference: ABC News.com “Violence in U.S. Schools” at: http://abcnews.go.com/sections/us/DailyNews/schoolshootings990420.html#bet Pennsylvania needs to post their state constitution and The Constitution of The United States on the wall in all middle schools. Distributing a pamphlet on how the Small Claims Court System of Pennsylvania would help, once a Small Claims Court System is established in Pennsylvania. Posting law terms on the wall would help also. People don’t know how the Electoral College works for instance either. What I mean to say is that I read once on a diner paper placemat that fifth graders are the most knowledgeable at states and capitals. What is wrong with a little law and political science to elementary school children? It happened in Chicago, Illinois: October 13, 1994 Five-year-old Eric Morse and his eight-year-old brother, Derrick, refused to steal candy for 10 and 11 year old boys. The two boys brought Eric and Derrick to a vacant 14th floor apartment and twice dangled Eric out of the window. Five-year-old Eric plunged to his death. 1998 A 1998 report by the General Accounting Office cites examples of publicly disclosed drug-related police corruption in the following cities: Atlanta, Chicago, Cleveland, Detroit, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York, Philadelphia, Savannah, and Washington, DC.

Bye? June 27, 1998 Workers discovered the body of an unknown female at the Pine Grove Landfill in Schuylkill County. The body may have originated in the Philadelphia or surrounding area as per the rubbish that was near the body. The case remains unsolved.

Bye Carmelo December 13, 1998 Carmelo Molina, 47, was found stabbed to death in his residence in Kennett Square Borough. He was last seen alive on December 6, 1998. The case remains unsolved. January 18, 1999 Two white males and a white female allegedly assaulted two men of Indian descent and shouted racial slurs at them in Hatfield, Pennsylvania. January 29, 1999 A white man allegedly threatened three white youths and two black youths with racial slurs and hit one youth with a brick in Bethel Park, PA. February 2, 1999 Two 20-year-old males were convicted of aggravated assault for attacking a gay psychiatrist in Philadelphia. June 1999 YBM Magnex of Newtown, Pennsylvania pleaded guilty in the U.S. District Court, Eastern District of Pennsylvania, to one count criminal information charge of a multi-object conspiracy to commit securities fraud and mail fraud. Reference: “Congressional Statement of Federal Bureau of Investigation” µhttp://www.fbi.gov/congress/congress00/fuentes.htm§ 1999 Lenine "Lenny" Strollo became a government witness and testified at a federal trial in Cleveland.

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August 19, 1999 Police Sergeant John Vojtas of the Brentwood Police was ordered in a civil trial to pay $215,000 to the estate of Judith Barrett, his former fiancée, who committed suicide with his service weapon. It was ruled she did this, in a civil trial, due to Sergeant Vojtas’ abuse. Brentwood Police are the same once accused of murdering Johnny Gammage who died from asphyxiation due to a struggle with the Brentwood Police as per a coroner’s report. April 2000 Holly Notestine of Bedford County disappeared. June 12, 2000 Officials at Microsoft applauded the Pennsylvania State Police for the Investigation and discovery of $22 million dollars worth of counterfeit software and counterfeit end user agreements by Automated Distribution Inc. (ADI) of Harrisburg. Allegedly ADI had worldwide criminal connections. Jim Halkins was indicted on 18 counts of trafficking counterfeit goods. Why do these counterfeiters, mob, and gangs identify Pennsylvania? Is it the FBI is stupider in Pennsylvania than Maine or South Dakota or West Virginia? Or is it that Pennsylvanians are not armed with the law? Okay, fine, the FBI is stupider in New Jersey and Illinois and Florida. Lets kill more police and hate the attorneys, and politicians, and imprison more people, and do some school shootings too. It is kind of tough to get a state and country to think. 2000 420 people were arrested while protesting at the 2000 Republican National Convention in Philadelphia, PA. Included those arrested were Camilo Vivieros, Darby Landy, and Eric Steinberg. 2000 Pennsylvania had a population of 12,281,054 and a crime index of 2,995.3.

Sound Barrier Rebellion 2000 As per the news in Scranton sound barriers were placed along route 81. People felt the sound barriers were intended for their neighborhood. So they demonstrated instead of going to court. 2000 As per the news of Scranton children in a public elementary school were taken to the library to await there parents who had refused to dress them in the new school uniforms for the first day of class. Did the school want to identify the violent elementary school children or the violent Pennsylvania society off campus? It is Pennsylvania’s lack of social contract, or lack of law to Pennsylvanians. 2000 Karen Sampson was convicted of two first-degree murder charges in Philadelphia. Karen Sampson shot to death a pregnant woman that was the friend of her ex-girlfriend. 2000 Daniel Ryan committed forgery, theft, and theft by deception. He is still at large.

Attorney Murderer #2 of 2 2000 Richard Baumhammers, a 35-year-old non-practicing attorney, was convicted of eight counts of ethnic intimidation. Baumhammers, who is white, shot his Jewish neighbor, two men from India, two Asian men and one black man. Driving through Pittsburgh he killed five and paralyzed one on April 29, 2000. September 19, 2000 Microsoft Corporation brought software piracy lawsuits against City Computer of Pittsburgh, Computer Ease of Pittsburgh, and VMI of Pittsburgh. October 2000 Ciancutti, one of the few members of the Pittsburgh organized crime family left at 70-years-old is in trouble, he was arrested with 14 associates on charges of running a gambling ring in Fayette County, Pennsylvania.

Get Em in Pittsburgh #2 of 2 November 2000 Voting machines failed in Pittsburgh’s predominantly black neighborhoods of both the 12th and 13th wards on Election Day.

School Shooting #2 of 3 March 7, 2001 A girl was shot in school in Williamsport, Pennsylvania. Elizabeth Catherine Bush, 14, wounded student Kimberly Marchese in the cafeteria of Bishop Newmann High School. Elizabeth was depressed and frequently teased. 2001 Springettsburg Township in York County dumped sludge from wastewater treatment plant on subsidized farmer’s land and not on approved dumpsites. Furthermore this official illegal dumpsite was uphill from nearby residence that used well water. July 21, 2001 Ira Einhorn arrived under arrest at the Philadelphia International Airport. August 21, 2001 Terri Maurer-Carter declared that in 1982 Judge Sabo was discussing the case of Mumia Abu-Jamal and heard Judge Sabo say, “Yeah, and I’m going to help them fry the ####.”

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October 1, 2001 Theodore Sosangelis, of Southampton, pleaded guilty to charges of counterfeiting and/or distribution of a nutritional product, and was sentenced to probation. November 1, 2001 Cindy Song was last seen in the early morning hours after a Halloween party at State College. November 9, 2001 Suspects were charged in a Penn DOT licensing scam. The charges allege that from May 1998 through February 2000, Robert Ferrari Sr., a Penn DOT employee, provided fraudulent driver’s licenses to 54 individuals, all of whom were charged. He also was charged with supplying licenses to two defendants who have been previously charged. I don’t know when this happened: A woman from Plymouth, Pennsylvania, a small town between Wilkes-Barre and Hazelton, swears that a person or persons went into the graveyard to register the dead to vote and that it is such an embarrassment to the community that it is not talked about, but the person or persons was caught. March 2002 Corinne Wilcott, 21, of Erie, was sentenced to seven to 14 years in prison for attacking her romantic rival, Shenna Carson, and killing the teenager’s fetus. June 24, 2002 34 people were arrested in Erie in a huge drug bust. July 2002 Mr. Allen Jones was appointed lead investigator at the Pennsylvania Office of the Inspector General into an off-the-books account. The account, labeled for “educational grants” was funded in large part by Pfizer and Janssen Pharmaceuticals. Payments were made from this account to state employees who developed guidelines recommending expensive new drugs over older proven less expensive drugs. One of these recommended new drugs was Janssen’s antipsychotic medicine risperidone (Risperdal). Risperdal has recently been found to have potential lethal side effects. The Food and Drug Administration issued a warning letter to Jansen on April 27, 2004 saying that Janssen’s “dear Healthcare Provider” letter about risperidone (Risperdal) was “false or misleading” because it failed to disclose the minimized risks of the drug relating to “serious adverse events including ketoacidosis (Acidosis caused by the increased production of ketone bodies, as in diabetic acidosis.), hyperosmolar coma (Hyperosmolar nonketotic coma: A complication seen in diabetes mellitus in which very marked hyperglycemia occurs {such as levels over 800 mg/dL} causing osmotic shifts in water in brain cells and resulting in coma. It can be fatal or lead to permanent neurological damage. Ketoacidosis does not occur in these cases. ), and death.” August 7, 2002 A federal grand jury in Pittsburgh indicted a Butler, Pennsylvania man for stealing more than $150,000 from his union from 1993 through 1998. John L. Dorries Jr. was a former business agent for Operating Engineers Local Union 66, in Monroeville. He also hid his thefts from the IRS. November 2002 A person claimed he voted his conscience and voted for a libertarian in Pennsylvania. However, there were no votes tallied for the Libertarian Candidate.

Bye Trooper Sepp November 10, 2002 Pennsylvania State Trooper Joseph J. Sepp died of a gunshot wound he received the previous day after a vehicle pursuit. Officers in Summerhill stopped a man for suspected drunk driving. They noticed he had a gun and ordered him to get out of the car. The man then fled in the car and led officers on a pursuit until he crashed into a patrol car and utility pole in Ebensburg. The suspect then exited his car and opened fire striking Trooper Sepp. Trooper Sepp was transported to Memorial Medical Center where he succumbed to his wounds. The suspect was charged with murder. Trooper Sepp leaves behind a wife, daughter, and two sons. 2002 A federal judge overturned Alan Lee Pursell’s death sentence. 2002 Greg Yarbenet, an Erie County teacher for 32 years, is serving an 11 to 22 year sentence for molesting a girl, but still collects a $3,272.85 per month pension. (Pennsylvania legislator is working on legislation to stop paying pensions to convicted felons.)

This is Morbid: The Return of Philadelphia Police Officer Gus Rangnow. January 7, 2003 Detective Anthony Johnson of the Philadelphia Police died. Detective Anthony Johnson volunteered as a part-time basketball coach. He was at Overbrook High School when a student came into the gym and caused a disturbance. The student refused to leave and as Detective Johnson escorted him out of the gym the boy took a swing at him and started to struggle. Detective Johnson was able to get handcuffs on the

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boy before he collapsed. Detective Johnson was taken to the hospital and pronounced dead. The boy was later arrested and charged with assaulting a police officer and with other charges pending.

KGB #3 January 8, 2003 A 22-year-old, Russian born American, boss of a violent Philadelphia gang, that was called the KGB, plead guilty to racketeering and other charges in federal court. Leonid “Big Lenny” Chernyak faced a prison term in the 14-16 year range. He paid $10,500 in cash, and forfeited his 1998 Lexus. He did kidnapping, extortion, armed robbery for $20 by shoving a gun in a students mouth, robbed teenage girls who wanted to buy 200 ecstasy pills, and more. January 2003 A 15-year-old boy threw a 18 pound chunk of ice off an overpass and killed Elaine Cowell, 33, who was sleeping in the passenger seat of her minivan while her husband drove. January 10, 2003 The Federal District Court in Harrisburg ordered Thurston P. Bell of Hanover, Pennsylvania to stop promoting a fraudulent tax scam known as the “Section 861” argument. January 24, 2003 Scott Know, co-owner of Sosangelis of East Coast Ingredients, L.L.C. and Fast Track Nutrition, L.L.C., both of Philadelphia, was sentenced to 18 months imprisonment for his role in the counterfeit Muscletech scheme of a Canadian made nutritional product. February 7, 2003 Anita Scott was last seen leaving her residence on Sycamore Mills Road in Upper Providence Township at 6:00PM. March 19, 2003 There was a robbery at “The Red Apple Kwik-Fill” on Mercer Road in Butler County. The robber is still unknown and is not caught.

School Shooting #3 of 3 April 24, 2003 James Sheets, 14, killed Principal Eugene Segro of Red Lion Area Junior High School in Red Lion, Pennsylvania, before killing himself. July 1, 2003 to November 6, 2003 Counterfeit credit cards were made in Pennsylvania. Federal investigators, who used factious bank accounts to catch him, caught Kevin Henson of Pennsylvania. August 16, 2003 A fatal hit and run occurred in York County and the unknown suspect is still at large. August 2003 The boy who threw the chunk of ice and killed Elaine went to a juvenile facility. August 21, 2003 John Douglas Brown escaped near Pittsburgh and is still at large. August 28, 2003 A neck-clamp bomb killed Brian Douglas Wells in Erie. Nobody knows if it was Wells who was behind the bomb or not for sure, but it looks doubtful as he had a good reputation in the community. September 2003 The body of a baby was found in Philadelphia under a concrete slab. The mother was suspected of killing the newborn boy. September 17, 2003 Ten related arson fires in Wayne County occurred. The unknown arson suspect is still at large. September 2003 Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong shot to death James Roden in her East 7th Street home in Erie. Bill Rothstein may have helped move the body, but he died of cancer. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong is still not convicted. October 10, 2003 Robert C. Recaldini Jr., 21, of Washington, Pennsylvania was sentenced to 18 months in the Intermediate Punishment Program, with the first two months on electronic home monitoring and the next three months undergoing intensive supervision, for spray-painting racial slurs on his neighbor’s home. He was also ordered to complete 20 hours of community service. October 2003 Philadelphia Police conducting a security sweep discovered an FBI listening device in the City Hall office of Philadelphia Mayor John Street. October 2003 Former executive of Rite Aid of Camp Hill, Pennsylvania ex-Vice Chairman Franklin Brown was convicted of making false statements to the Securities and Exchange Commission, obstructing justice, witness tampering, and other crimes. Brown faces a maximum of 65 years imprisonment and $2.5 million in fines on the 10 counts. November 5, 2003 Nancy Willett disappeared; she was a patient at Harrisburg State Hospital, Cameron & Maclay Streets, in Harrisburg.

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November 10, 2003 In Gloucester Township James R. McGee, Brad A. Carr and Francis J. Tinney, all 19, were charged with bias intimidation for allegedly verbally harassing a group because of the members’ sexual orientation. December 1, 2003 An unknown arsonist struck in Enola, Pa. January 1, 2004 Pennsylvania has 237 people on death row. 141 are black men, 68 are white men, 19 Latino men, 2 Asian men, 3 black females, 2 white females, and 2 black juveniles. The most notable inmates are probably George Banks and Mumia Abu-Jamal.

The following is a brief summary of those on death row as of January 1, 2004: AL 196, AZ 128, AR 40, CA 634, CO 3, CT 7, DE 21, FL 381, GA 114, ID 21, IL 8, IN 39, KS 7, KY 37, LA 92, MD 12, MS 69, MO 60, MT 5, NE 7, NV 89, NJ 15, NM 2, NY 5, NC 205, OH 213, OK 106, OR 31, PA 237, SC 76, SD 4, TN 104, TX 458, UT 10, VA 27, WA 11, WY 1, US Government 28, Military 7, Total = 3510 New Hampshire has capital punishment but no one on death row. The following jurisdictions do not have capital punishment: Alaska, District of Columbia, Hawaii, Iowa, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, North Dakota, Rhode Island, Vermont, West Virginia, and Wisconsin. February 2, 2004 Tanaga Howard, 31, is accused of stabbing to death her 41-year-old boyfriend, Darrel Henderson. A third-degree murder charge is sought while Tanaga’s Attorney claims it was self-defense.

First of Three Police Killed in March 2004 March 19, 2004 Warrant Officer Joseph E. LeClaire, Jr., was shot and killed in Pennsylvania when he and two other court officers attempted to serve a warrant. March 25, 2004 Darrel W. Sivik, a Pennsylvania Citizens’ Militia member, from Crawford County, Pennsylvania, was arrested on gun charges. He is a gun dealer and sold a machine gun to George Buliunka who was also arrested. March 31, 2004 Two Bradford County, PA Sheriff Deputies, Michael Allen VanKuren and Christopher Michael Burgert, were killed in the line of duty while serving a warrant at Briggs’ junkyard in rural Wells Township. Both deputies were wearing bulletproof vests. April 6, 2004 Camilo Vivieros, Darby Landy, and Eric Steinberg were acquitted of all charges on the 2nd day of their trial.

Fire the Whistleblower #2 of 3 April 28, 2004 Mr. Allen Jones, an investigator at the Pennsylvania Office of the Inspector General was escorted out of his workplace and told, “not to appear on Office of the Inspector General property”. This happened after OIG official accused Mr. Jones of talking to the press. Reports of Mr. Jones findings were widely reported in the New York Times and elsewhere. Mr. Allen Jones findings showed that pharmaceutical company Janssen had paid key officials who had influence over the drugs prescribed in Pennsylvania run prisons and mental hospitals. Mr. Allen Jones had been removed earlier as lead investigator on the case after being told by a manager that “drug companies write checks to politicians on both side of the aisle.” May 7, 2004 Mr. Allen Jones filed a suit against his former supervisors charging that Pennsylvania Office of the Inspector General’s policy of barring employees from talking to the media was “unconstitutional”. Mr. Jones alleges in his complaint filed in the Middle District Court of Pennsylvania, that he is being harassed by his superiors and Pennsylvania governmental institutions in order to “cover-up, discourage, and limit any investigations or oversight into the corrupt practices of large drug companies and corrupt public officials who have acted with them.” Attorney Don Bailey, Mr. Jones attorney, said the case is a critical test of the right to a free press. Attorney Bailey commented, “If they shut the employee up and they have all the documents locked up in a drawer there is no free press.”

Bye John May 11, 2004 Gunmen for unknown reasons shot John Whitehead, an R&B singer, songwriter, and producer, dead in Philadelphia. He was working on his car with a friend. The friend, Ohmed Johnson, is expected to recover.

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John Whitehead formed a group with friend Gene McFadden in the 1960’s called “The Epsilons”. In 1979 they had a hit called, “Ain’t No Stoppin’ Us Now”. May 12, 2004 Skeletal remains were found in a marsh on Whippoorwill Road and Route 22, which is a main east/west roadway in Hanover Township, the northern section of Washington County, very close to West Virginia. The remains were that of a Black female from mid 20’s to mid 30’s who stood 5’8”. The forensic anthropologist believes the remains had been at the location at least a year and possibly more.

Fireman Arson and Stealing May 2004 Members of the Brookville Volunteer Fire Department, about 70 miles northeast of Pittsburgh, got into some serious trouble over arson and stealing. President Ryan Riskel was convicted of arson, burglary, and related charges. Member Wade Northey pleaded guilty to arson and intimidation to his role in setting several fires in Jefferson County beginning in 2002. A former President pleaded guilty to three counts of arson and other charges. No one was killed in these fires. May 30, 2004 They tried to capture a black bear in Solebury, PA 30 miles north of Philadelphia. June 2004 Dustin Buzard of the Brookville Volunteer Fire Department was convicted of two counts of criminal conspiracy. June 2004 Faridah Ali and Delores Weaver of Philadelphia were indicted on fraud charges along with several members of their family. They were indicted for trying to defraud a government-funded adult education program that held classes in the mosque's religious school. June 2004 Allegany County SWAT team member, Mark M. Short, admitted to stealing thousands of rounds of ammunition and trading them for weapons at a gun shop. Mr. Short’s home was raided and a substantial amount of ammunition was recovered. $1,000 dollars worth of SWAT team ammunition was found at a Beaver County gun shop.

Bye Police Officer Wise June 4, 2004 Allegedly Andrew Smith, murdered 32-year-old Reading Police Officer Michael Wise. June 29, 2004 Attorney Ronald A. White, a former Philadelphia City Treasurer Corey Kemp, the president and regional vice-president of Commerce Bank, and others were indicted for a corruption investigation. Here it is: U.S. Department of Justice United States Attorney Eastern District of Pennsylvania 615 Chestnut Street Suite 1250 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19106-4476 (215) 861-8200 FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE June 29, 2004 WHITE, KEMP, AND 10 OTHERS CHARGED IN PHILADELPHIA CORRUPTION CASE PHILADELPHIA – United States Attorney Patrick L. Meehan, F.B.I. Special Agent-in- Charge Jeffrey Lampinski, and I.R.S. Special Agent-in-Charge Jerome Lisuzzo announced the indictment of 12 defendants, including attorney Ronald A. White, former Philadelphia City Treasurer Corey Kemp, and the president and regional vice-president of Commerce Bank/Pennsylvania, N.A., in a case alleging corruption in connection with financial transactions of the City of Philadelphia and other deals involving Kemp.

The indictment alleges that White corrupted City Treasurer Kemp, from January 2002 through October 16, 2003, by making payments and giving other benefits to Kemp. In exchange, Kemp followed White’s direction regarding the decisions Kemp was required to make regarding the employment of financial service companies to carry out bond transactions, and other matters. Kemp’s decisions created large financial gains for White and those White favored.

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“The nameplate on the desk of the City Treasurer may have read Corey Kemp but Ron White was calling the shots,” said Meehan. “This is an indictment not only of the defendants but of a ‘pay to play’ culture that can only breed corruption.”

The indictment states that, throughout 2002 and 2003, White showered Kemp with payments and other gratuities, with the intent to influence Kemp in his official actions. These gifts included at least $10,000 paid in 2002, a $10,350 deck for Kemp’s house in 2003, a trip to the Super Bowl in San Diego in January 2003 (including transportation by private jet and limousine, and a ticket to the game), tickets and limousine rides to all three days of the NBA All- Star events in Philadelphia in February 2002, and numerous other meals, parties, and choice tickets to sports and entertainment events. The indictment asserts that White also held out the promise of vast future riches, assuring Kemp secret participation in what White represented would be lucrative financial opportunities in the development of the Philadelphia International Airport and a racetrack/casino proposed at the Philadelphia Naval Yard.

“There was a seemingly endless stream of benefits in exchange for control that Kemp was more than willing to surrender,” said Meehan. “In effect, the public trust was being bought and sold.”

The indictment states that in exchange for these benefits, Kemp permitted White to direct Kemp’s decision-making as Treasurer of the City. On a daily basis, White instructed Kemp regarding which providers to select for participation in City transactions, and which to exclude, and Kemp followed those instructions. Kemp successfully recommended that White himself be hired as counsel in City bond deals, more frequently than any other attorney, earning White $633,594 in fees during Kemp’s tenure. Kemp also repeatedly recommended the selection of a printing company nominally controlled by White’s paramour, defendant Janice Renee Knight, which earned $308,632 in City bond deals during the same period. On one occasion, according to the indictment, Kemp told a financial advisor to the City that White would be paid $35,000 on a deal “just for the hell of it,” even though White “didn’t really do anything.” Kemp then informed White of the same thing, saying, “you got your boy sitting in, in the Treasurer’s seat, man . . . that’s what we do, man, take care of each other.”

White also profited by directing Kemp to award City business to firms favored by White, which in turn, to obtain White’s access and influence, paid White legal fees and retainers, gave additional business to Knight’s printing company, and made contributions to politicians, charities, and other causes White favored. One of the firms that benefitted from White’s and Kemp’s corrupt scheme was Commerce Bank. The indictment charges that Commerce Bank/Pennsylvania president Glenn K. Holck and regional vice-president Stephen M. Umbrell themselves made favorable and otherwise unavailable loans to Kemp, such as for 100% financing on his house at a time that Kemp had extremely poor credit, and paid benefits to White knowing that White exerted influence over Kemp. As a result, Kemp favored Commerce Bank in the award of a $30 million line of credit and other transactions. (With respect to the line of credit, after Commerce submitted its bid to the City in a closed bidding process with other banks, Kemp told White on May 28, 2003, “just some advice in the future, ‘cause they submitted their proposal first, right? Tell them don’t submit it first, because I can tell you what came in, and then you can tell them how to beat the s---.” White so advised Holck and Umbrell. Kemp then informed Holck and Umbrell what offer would win the deal.)

The indictment rests in part on conversations monitored by the government pursuant to judicial authorization for approximately nine months during 2003. During that time, according to the indictment, White and Kemp openly discussed their criminal scheme, in which Kemp permitted White to take over Kemp’s official decision-making in exchange for benefits from White and others. For example, on February 12, 2003, while discussing the selection of financial services firms favored by White, White stated, “well, we moving s---, ain't we Corey? . . . there ain’t nobody in it but me and you now.” Kemp replied, “That’s it, everybody else out the picture,

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huh?” During 2003, White occasionally promised Kemp that, if Philadelphia Mayor John F.

Street, whom White supported and who employed Kemp, were reelected in November 2003, White would continue to benefit Kemp and Kemp would become financially set. For example, on August 25, 2003, White stated to Kemp, “the key for us right now, man, is to concentrate on getting John elected, so it gives us four more years to do our thing. If we get four more years, Corey, we should be able to set up, you know, I mean and for you we maybe only talking about only two, you know what I mean?” Kemp said, “that’s good, that’s good, that’s cool.”

The indictment states further that in permitting White to direct his official actions, Kemp knew his actions not only benefitted White and White’s interests but also the political candidates White supported, including the Mayor. White and Kemp agreed that when White demanded political contributions from financial services firms to the Mayor’s campaign, the firms had to make them or face the loss of the ability to obtain City business. On August 26, 2003, discussing that matter, White said to Kemp, “either you down or you ain’t with it.” Kemp replied, “right, cause if they don’t, if they ain’t with us they ain’t gonna get nothing.” White said, “that’s right.” Kemp said, “you know, you just hate to say it but that’s the way it is, man, I mean, this is . . . election time, this is time to either get down or lay down, man, I mean, come on, to me, personally it’s not even a hard decision.”

The indictment states that in furthering his political agenda White was motivated by financial gain rather than political conviction. It recounts a conversation he had on September 24, 2003, when he stated to a fellow fundraiser, “the whole thing, man, you know I don’t care about none of this s---, man, none of this politics s--- means nothing to me. What we want to do is, we business people, we want to protect our f---ing investment, and we need to talk about how we gonna do that . . . if John loses.”

The indictment further alleges that: -- During the spring and summer of 2003, Kemp and White engaged in an effort to extort an investment broker at Legg Mason, Inc. in Baltimore, Maryland. When White and Kemp learned that the broker was interested in obtaining City of Philadelphia business, they acted to try to extract from the broker his assistance in getting work in Baltimore for White and for Knight’s printing company, and later demanded a $5,000 campaign contribution to the Mayor of Philadelphia. When the broker did not deliver, his request for business was summarily denied. -- In August 2003, White, with Kemp’s assistance, demanded a $25,000 campaign contribution for Mayor Street’s campaign from a Philadelphia financial advisory firm, in exchange for a ticket to the Mayor’s box at the Philadelphia Eagles season opener and the opportunity to obtain City business from Kemp. -- White, at the behest of defendants Charles LeCroy and Anthony C. Snell, who were executives of J.P. Morgan, submitted a false invoice to J.P. Morgan seeking the payment of $50,000 for legal work which White did not actually perform on a Mobile, Alabama bond transaction. LeCroy and Snell arranged this payment, which was made on May 30, 2003, against the intent of their employer, in order to secure White’s assistance in obtaining business for J.P. Morgan in Philadelphia, which could result in personal benefit for LeCroy and Snell. -- In May 2003, Kemp traveled to New York City to play a fictitious role at a business meeting conducted by White and defendant La-Van Hawkins. The purpose was to deceive a person with whom Hawkins wished to do business into believing that Hawkins had available funds, from the Philadelphia pension fund, to engage in the transaction. -- Kemp engaged in other fraudulent schemes.

First, Kemp and defendant Francis D. McCracken, the pastor of St. James Chapel Church, Church of God in Christ, in Reading, submitted false statements to Commerce Bank in order to obtain an advance of $115,898.37 on a loan made by Commerce to the Church. By falsely representing that work had been done to refurbish the Church, Kemp and McCracken were able

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to obtain over $50,000 which they diverted for their personal benefit, concealing their fraud by laundering proceeds through a series of bank accounts they controlled. They also discussed a plan to use an additional $50,000 of the funds loaned to the Church to make an investment on their personal behalf in a private investment opportunity being offered by Ronald White regarding development of a racetrack/casino at the Philadelphia Naval Yard. This plan did not come to fruition, however, by the time the defendants’ criminal conduct came to light.

Second, Kemp and McCracken perpetrated a fraud on a state-funded welfare-to-work program.

Third, Kemp and an attorney, Rhonda M. Anderson, established a business to assist individuals in making claims against unclaimed funds held by the City or having payments made for lost or misplaced bonds issued by the City. Kemp received cash for his participation in this business even though, as he explained to Anderson, he was the City official charged with making such payments and was not permitted to receive cash payments in connection with the performance of his duties.

The defendants in this case are: 1. Ronald A. White, 54, an attorney, of Sedgwick Street in Philadelphia. White is

charged with conspiracy to commit honest services fraud, 22 counts of wire fraud, four counts of mail fraud, two counts of extortion, and five counts of making false statements to the FBI. If convicted on all counts, he faces a maximum sentence of 555 years imprisonment and an $8.25 million fine.

2. Corey Kemp, 34, the former City Treasurer, of King Fisher Drive in Birdsboro, Pennsylvania. Kemp is charged with conspiracy to commit honest services fraud, 20 counts of wire fraud, 15 counts of mail fraud, two counts of extortion, three counts of making false statements to a bank, four counts of money laundering, and one count of filing a false tax return. If convicted on all counts, he faces a maximum sentence of 798 years imprisonment and a $10.75 million fine.

3. Glenn K. Holck, 44, the president of Commerce Bank/Pennsylvania, who resides on Greenbriar Lane in Newtown, Pennsylvania. Holck is charged with conspiracy to commit honest services fraud, eight counts of wire fraud, and one count of mail fraud. If convicted on all counts, he faces a maximum sentence of 185 years imprisonment and a $2.5 million fine.

4. Stephen M. Umbrell, 44, the regional vice-president of Commerce Bank/Pennsylvania, who resides on Cornell Drive in Delran, New Jersey. Umbrell is charged with conspiracy to commit honest services fraud, eight counts of wire fraud, and one count of mail fraud. If convicted on all counts, he faces a maximum sentence of 185 years imprisonment and a $2.5 million fine.

5. La-Van Hawkins, 46, a Detroit businessman. Hawkins is charged with conspiracy to commit honest services fraud, four counts of wire fraud, and four counts of committing perjury before the federal grand jury which investigated this case. If convicted on all counts, he faces a maximum sentence of 125 years imprisonment and a $2.5 million fine.

6. Janice R. Knight, 40, a businesswoman, of Wade Drive in Cherry Hill, New Jersey. Knight is charged with conspiracy to commit honest services fraud, three counts of wire fraud, and three counts of making false statements to the FBI. If convicted on all counts, she faces a maximum sentence of 80 years imprisonment and a $1.75 million fine.

7. Charles LeCroy, 49, a former managing director of the southeast regional office of J.P. Morgan, who resides in Winter Park, Florida. LeCroy is charged with two counts of wire fraud. If convicted on both counts, he faces a maximum sentence of 40 years imprisonment and a $500,000 fine.

8. Anthony C. Snell, 44, a former vice-president of J.P. Morgan, who resides in Smyrna, Georgia. Snell is charged with two counts of wire fraud. If convicted on both counts, he faces a maximum sentence of 40 years imprisonment and a $500,000 fine.

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9. Denis Carlson, 49, a senior vice-president of Janney Montgomery Scott, who resides on Mermaid Lane in Philadelphia. Carlson is charged with two counts of making false statements to the FBI agents investigating this case; it is alleged that Carlson misrepresented his relationship with White and his purpose in giving Corey Kemp the free use of a vacation condominium Carlson owned. If convicted on both counts, he faces a maximum sentence of 10 years imprisonment and a $500,000 fine.

10. Francis D. McCracken, 54, the pastor of the St. James Chapel Church, Church of God in Christ, who resides on North 3rd Street in Reading, Pennsylvania. McCracken is charged with three counts of making false statements to a bank, four counts of money laundering, and six counts of mail fraud. If convicted on all counts, he faces a maximum sentence of 290 years imprisonment and a $3.25 million fine.

11. Jose Mendoza, 44, of Elm Street in Reading, Pennsylvania. Mendoza was a worker employed by McCracken, and allegedly assisted in the preparation of a false statement submitted to Commerce Bank. He is charged with one count of making a false statement to a bank, and if convicted, faces a maximum sentence of 30 years imprisonment and a $1 million fine.

12. Rhonda M. Anderson, 30, of Walnut Park Drive in Philadelphia. Anderson is an attorney who allegedly participated in a fraudulent scheme with Kemp. She is charged with one count of mail fraud, and if convicted, faces a maximum sentence of 20 years imprisonment and a $250,000 fine.

This case was investigated by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, with the assistance of the Internal Revenue Service, the Philadelphia District Office of the Securities and Exchange Commission, the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, and the Pennsylvania Attorney General’s Office, Medicaid Fraud Control Section. UNITED STATES ATTORNEY'S OFFICE Contact: RICH MANIERI EASTERN DISTRICT, PENNSYLVANIA Public Affairs Suite 1250, 615 Chestnut Street 215-861-8525 Philadelphia, PA 19106 COPIES OF NEWS MEMOS AND RELATED DOCUMENTS CAN ALSO BE FOUND AT HTTP://WWW.USDOJ.GOV/USAO/PAE June 29, 2004 Employees of three Philadelphia banks, Commerce Bancorp, Inc., J.P. Morgan Chase & Co., Janney Montgomery Scott LLC, were indicted in an investigation with ties to who was then the Philadelphia Treasurer, Corey Kemp.

Fire the Whistleblower #3 of 3 July 1, 2004 Dr Stefan Kruszewski, a psychiatrist hired by the Bureau of Program Integrity in the Pennsylvania Department of Public Welfare, filed a law suit in a federal court in the Middle District of Pennsylvania, charging that he was fired on 11 July 2003 after he uncovered widespread abuse and fraud in the bureau. Dr Kruszewski charges in his suit that a number of drug companies used “political friendships, money, and other emoluments” to achieve “a level of influence with Pennsylvania’s state government”. July 2004 The now 17-year-old boy from Allentown, who threw the chunk of ice and killed Elaine Cowell, and who has been in juvenile facility since August 2003, was ruled to spend another six months in a juvenile facility. July 2004 Alan Lee Pursell was sentenced to life in prison. July 2004 An employee at a salvage yard found three cases of dynamite in Allentown. They neutralized the dynamite with diesel. They evacuated the area. And they burned 60 sticks of dynamite. July 2004 Philadelphia school officials are delighted. Treasure was latterly discovered in Philadelphia schools. 19th and 20th century art, such as paintings, sketches, murals, tapestries, and ancient artifacts, which had been donated to the schools over the years, has been discovered in school basements, boiler rooms, closets, and hallways. They were taken down over the years for painting and remodeling and put into storage and forgotten, till now. The collection is worth probably tens of millions of dollars.

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July 2004 Philadelphia Police apprehended Mark Stukes, wanted for murder of Rosalyn Hearn in Harrisburg. July 29, 2004 Damien Schlager, 24, was arraigned in York on one count of criminal homicide for the murder of Christina Colon, who will possibly be ruled pregnant at the time, and it may be ruled that Damien was the father. Christina Colon's body was found Thursday in a wooded area near Funkhouser Quarry in Peach Bottom Township, York County. She had been missing for about a week. State Police said Schlager confessed to shooting Colon in the head, and then told Pennsylvania State Police where they could find her body. August 2004 Didn’t happen, the end. Today: There are 54 Pennsylvanians missing.

Leatherheads #4 Today: Former Pennsylvanian women in better social contract New York, and not in New Jersey-“The 2nd Soprano Organized Crime Compromise”, call their countrymen Rednecks, Ridge Runners, and Hillbillies, with passionate hatred. New York men are not much better. They call their countrymen Penciltukians and Country Bumpkins with lot less passionate vulgarity. But at least they say Rednecks, Ridge Runners, Hillbillies, and Leatherheads throughout the 1800’s meaning plural and the whole state or ah Commonwealth. Today: Mucho much American counterfeit dollars are seized before they even enter the United States. Today: There are four Commonwealths in The United States of America. These are: Texas, Louisiana, Wyoming, and Tax-A-Chussets. All a Commonwealth was suppose to mean many years ago was. “A Piece of Land” so every country in the world, except Atlantis, is a so-called Commonwealth, but society will never understand that. Today: 49 states and the City of the District of Columbia and Federal Law fall under what is called “Common Law” that comes from them Bloody British. Louisiana has French Coded Ice Cream Law called Napoleonic French Code in their Parishes. Today’s closing joke, well everything will be okay one day: If you could build a better highway in Pennsylvania, they would like to see it. Sorry, needed a positive note ending. Pennsylvania’s lack of “The Law” in “Ye Old Social Contract Theory” in the so-called “Republic” is:

• No Small Claims Court System. (Pennsylvania’s lowest courts are District Justices that charge more than some other states. Also I believe District Justices of Pennsylvania do not have to be law school graduates and have trouble reaching a decision. There is no arbitration board. Insane Truth is there is no easy to understand pamphlet that explains the Small Claims Court System.)

• The terms Commonwealth, Court of Common Pleas, and the Commonwealth Court, that teaches ignorance that the law or rights are for the ‘Common Man’ instead of to the individual like The Constitution of the United States. (I found many Pennsylvanians believing that Pennsylvania was a Commonwealth and the law was for the Common Man. As a matter of fact a Chief of Police for his excuse of what he did, (Not a police officer anymore, it’s been no fun.) told me, “Parker, you need to understand this is a commonwealth and the law is for the Common Man”. They are only terms, some if not all are forever gone at this time. Thank you.

• Pennsylvania constitution is in a book on too few bookshelves for generations. (People don’t look in a book. If the Pennsylvania Constitution were posted on the wall, then more people would understand the law, be know it all jerks, and be less likely to break the law. Seven different designs of The Pennsylvania Declaration of Rights, please, to keep it interesting. Put on it things like the state motto, bird, and flower. You could on the

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Pennsylvania constitution the number of square miles in Pennsylvania. Perhaps pictures of Independence Hall or the state capital, things of that nature. Just put a line through Commonwealth till you get it right please. And don’t forget those Spaniards and French and Russians and Germans and Chinese and Japanese and well, you get the idea.)

• Pennsylvania has too many representatives in their House of Representatives-203 (The confusion this large number of House of Representatives causes is discussed in The Mid-Atlantic States of America. The Pennsylvania legislator, the combined Pennsylvania House of Representatives and Pennsylvania Senate, is at least the second most highly paid state legislator in the country: According to the Council of State Governments, The Book of the States, 2000-2001 Edition California has 40 seats in their state Senate and 80 seats in the California House of Representatives. The annual salary of a California legislator is $99,000 plus per diem for living expenses. That is 40+80=120 California Legislators. 120 x $90,000 = $10,800,000 total salary combined for California legislators. New York has 61 seats in the New York Senate and 150 seats in the New York House of Representatives. The annual salary of a New York legislator is $79,500 plus per diem living expenses. That is 61 + 150 = 211 New York State Legislators. 211 x $79,500 = $16,774,500 total salary combined for New York legislators. Pennsylvania has 50 seats in the Pennsylvania Senate and 203 seats in the Pennsylvania House of Representatives. The annual salary of a Pennsylvania legislator is $59,245 plus per diem living expenses. That is 50 + 203 = 253 Pennsylvania legislators. 253 x $59,245 = $14,988,985 total salary combined for Pennsylvania legislators. This makes the Pennsylvania legislator the second highest paid state legislator in the country.)

• No Small Claims Court System Brochures to Elementary School Children in Spanish to take home to teach parents to settle differences in court instead of violence and to prevent a 6-year-old shooting a 6-year-old like in Michigan.

• The Spoiled Brats of Pennsylvania, with the nicest land, fail to except their responsibility and get Lance Armstrong to design the nations largest bicycle race so the French can win. (Four people have come up with the idea for Sports to reduce violence. This is Gus Rangnow. And a man who used baseball in Philadelphia as mentioned in The Mid-Atlantic States of America. And President Nixon, who dealt with violence in the District of Columbia, started the President Physical Fitness Program. And President Bush does baseball for the kids. Wouldn’t it be nice for Pennsylvania to start a yearly huge bicycle race? Isn’t it about time they except their responsibility for having the nicest land?)

• Pennsylvania fails to except their responsibility and run a “Weekly Special” and publish The Constitution of The United States in Hebrew on the Internet for three reasons: 1) That would really upset Osama bin Laden. 2) This would bypass the African/Americans for another 300 years. 3) This would give “The Law” to the Jewish/Americans and that way if they mess it up we can blame them.

• The Layman’s Guide to U.S. Constitutional Rights is in the basement by the Arch of the Covenant. (That would be great for busses and back of those airplane seats and cause the locks to be shipped to Guatemala if it could be rewritten and updated at a seventh grade reading level-please. And in Spanish sent to FOX News in Burbank, CA so they don’t have to look out the window and see barbed wire on overpasses surrounding highway signs. And in Japanese to Japanese Airways.)

• These poor Pennsylvanians are so incredibly incompetent it is unreal. You are not going to believe this one. Here they sit as the Keystone State. They are supposedly one of the best states at edumacation; yet, well it is … gosh golly batman it is sad in a way. I’m cereal and have lived and been through Pennsylvania many times and have never seen a “Law Protects Freedom” bumper sticker. Just imagine! We really need to help them.

• Pennsylvania Hillbillies fail to uncover “Gold in them their Hills” and adhere to the National Standard for Prisons. (That’s okay because it doesn’t exist while everyone and

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their mother are for it, therefore one person has to start it as the group can’t think and it must be a random thought at first: There is no instructor prison guards. Prisoners are suppose to be uneducated and come from non-loving families, people have a “Gold Mine in them their hills and can’t realize it.” Treat them like dogs and produce some more animals makes no sense.) There are no bookshelves and blackboards and signage in cellblocks. There are no bright colors. There is no training officer prison guard to order training material from the state and federal training materials catalogs. There are no supply prison guards. Prison Guards apparently do not want to accept their responsibility for more pay. They do not request teachers from the outside. There is no occupational testing and occupational handbooks. I believe Charley wants prisoners to have 800 number cards to call to find jobs when they are released, why people can’t listen to him is beyond me. (A man said, “Listen” twice, the idiot covered up murder and didn’t listen. My father did it by Listening, period. Attorney Mark Roberts said, “Sorry about you father Parker he was the most intelligent man I ever met. The intelligent ones you have to be scared of. At times I think the 16-year-olds are the most intelligent.) There is no education for dyslexia. There are no computers for prisoners with education on hard drives, floppies, CD’s, and DVD, because everyone knows you learn more if you can see and hear education so earphones are needed too. They do not separate prisoners into GED cellblocks so the uneducated will not be chastised though the stupid kid games that would be reduced anyway when prisoners are more constructively empowered with edumacation. That woman who refused to testify against President Clinton wants to get involved in Reading Program for prisons why people don’t listen to her is unimaginable. There are too many old books and romance novels and religious material and not enough Jewish, Mouslim, and Mormon religion, etc. Let them have music. No cable prison show by prisoners. No request forms for Mechanical Engineering Cell Blocks, etc. No required reading. They continue to waste money by not putting insulation on the outside of prison walls despite federal statue requires prisons to be kept at 68 degrees. They got it all from the Bastille and William Penn tried.)

• Pennsylvanians fails to post The Constitution of The United States on the wall in Prisons, Airports, Schools, Bus Stations, and where ever those stupid metal detectors are in Russian, Romanian, Hungarian, Slovak, Japanese, German, French, and Spanish, because the Anglo Americans don’t deserve their Rights.

• Penciltukians return Federal 1983 forms but not original complaints attached, nice trick.

• Leatherheads continue to be irresponsible and not cast a replica Liberty Bell. • Due process ordains; The Prince of the Monarchy of Pennsylvania fails to promote

Domestic Tranquility. (Four Score Ago-George Lippard) Conclusion

A man nearly insisted that I see Fahrenheit 9/11. After I saw it I told him I did. He asked me, “How did you like it.” I told him, “I do not care about stupid Presidents.” He then walked away mad. I wanted to tell him, “I cared about intelligent librarians that think they know everything but do not post state constitutions and The Constitution of the United States on the wall and distribute Small Claims Court System brochures”. But alas the scorn of man left me.

Fahrenheit 9/11 did remind me of the people crying and the need to write my now horror story to comfort those who lost loved ones.

Let me not portray Corruption of Blood like Michael Moore without giving recommendations to reduce it.

The World’s Greatest Poet from Massachusetts “If it had not been for these things I might have live out my life talking at street

corners to scorning men. I might have die, unmarked, unknown, a failure. Now we are not a

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failure. This is our career and our triumph. Never in our full life could we hope to do such work for tolerance, for justice, for man’s understanding of man, as now we do by accident. Our words, our lives, our pains…nothing! The taking of our lives of a good shoe-maker and a poor fish peddler-all! That last moment belongs to us-that agony is our triumph.” -Bartolomeo Vanzetti in court

Calestino Madeiros, 25, who tried to save the men, was brought first to be executed. Why if Madeiros had nothing to do with Sacco or Vanzetti was he executed on the same night of August 23, 1927? Nicola Sacco, 36, was next to be executed. “Long live anarchy!” he shouted in Italian. In broken English he said, “Farwell, my wife and children and all my friends.” Suddenly, he seemed to take notice of the seven witnesses, “Good evening, gentlemen,” he said politely. “Farwell, mia madre!” he cried. Bartolomeo Vanzetti, 39, was the last of the three to be executed. Apparently they saved the best for last. He shook hands with Warden Hendry, “I want to thank you for everything you’ve done for me, Warden.” Vanzetti seated himself in the chair and addressed the small group in the chamber, “I wish to tell you I’m innocent. I never committed any crime…but sometimes some sin. I thank you for everything you’ve done for me. I’m innocent of all crime…not only of this one but of all. I’m an innocent man.” The mask had been fastened over Vanzetti’s face. “I wish to forgive some people for what they are now doing to me.” He spoke no more. Six minutes after Vanzetti entered the room, he was pronounced dead. After the execution riots took place in major cities and foreign countries. Thousands of sympathizers marched with the hearses.

What

Has Changed Since Then?

LAW PROTECTS FREEDOM

.Review In a partial “Gold in them their hills” for the Understanding this Confusion Review

New York- “Those Yankees call their Countrymen Names” Vs.

Pennsylvania- “The Holy Experiment that did not Work” Vs.

Violent Michigan Wolverines Vs.

Hawaii 6th most violent Hawaii 5’O Commonwealth where Aloha means- “We so scared of you but give us the money”

New York had a strong British Governor and did not vote for The Declaration of Independence signed August 2, 1776, by some Pennsylvania delegates, retroactive to July 4, 1776, which gives us permission to overthrow government in a way, respectfully though, as abolish government when its bad

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which doesn’t mean we have to fire people just get rid of North Dakota. Let us not loose sight of North Dakota creeps hear ye with the least violence per capita that doesn’t help the rest of USa. New York Colony was basically the Tory Colony during The American Revolution (1775 or 1776 depending how you look at it-1781 but Treaty of Paris signed 1783) and had that Tory Regiment shipped off to Canada. While Pennsylvania, whose Quaker Government was overthrown in Summer 1776, and had a Revolution (that isn’t ended yet, so help me Fannie Sellers, Deputy Zone Inspector Andrew J. Susce, MOVE, Alter Boy, Johnny Gammage, three school shootings) within the American Revolution. September 10, 1776 the Pennsylvania Declaration of Rights (PA state constitution) gave the law to the “Common Man” and to the Individual on September 18, 1776 as there is not five Pennsylvania Declaration of Rights, but six, and they got that wrong in history books and political science books. September 17, 1787 The Constitution of the United States was written in Philadelphia, within the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. December 12, 1776 Pennsylvania became the second state or ah first Commonwealth. July 26, 1788 New York becomes the 11th state. But the Common Man Revolution was suppose to end in 1790 with The Pennsylvania Declaration of Rights but they kept Commonwealth terms and lack of “the law” so henceforth the Revolution Continued in Pennsylvania, but they can improve the social contract even better saving gold and lives or lives and gold depending on if you’re an economist or phlebotomist what ever that means. The phenomenal George Lippard (1822-1854) of The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania tried like mad to write about and end British rule and no one listened. May 24, 1871 Edward H. Rulloff, written about in Rogue Scholar was hanged in Binghamton, NY, this was labeled the crime of the 1870 decade, no doubt by another violent state called The University of Michigan recently. Along came three Presidents: James A. Garfield (1881 Granted he unfortunately didn’t last long shot in D.C. at the train station and the assassin said, “I am a Stewart and Arthur is President now.” Chester A. Arthur (1881-1885), and Grover Cleveland (1885-1889 but again 1893-1897), that laid into New York for Roscoe Conklin corruption and being the second worst at the Spoils System while Pennsylvania was the worst at the Spoils System. (Just imagine naming towns Roscoe and Conklin in NY.) By 1897 Pennsylvania, was always about the best at education, later got bad at education, now again like one of the best states at education, but Pennsylvanians were labeled Leatherheads throughout the 1800’s, which means dork, and Pennsylvanians are no way stupid. August 21, 1959 Hawaii becomes the 51st Commonwealth. 1972 The US Senate Committee on the Judiciary wrote The Layman’s Guide to U.S. Constitutional Rights, a big seller, and admitted The Constitution of the United States was invisible in a way. Today New York with reduction of legislative body referendum enjoys a much better Small Claims Court System with a brochure and Arbitration Board like Federal HMO Legislation and like to Northern Ireland and 150 members in NY House of Representatives to have former Pennsylvania women in New York call Pennsylvanians Rednecks, Ridge Runners, and Hillbillies, with passionate hatred while the men have less vulgarity and say Country bumpkins, and Penciltukians, but what do these New Yorkers know? New York stinks at posting The Constitution of the United States and the New York State Constitution on the wall and passing out Small Claims Court brochures and the new The Layman’s Guide to U.S. Constitutional Rights, in Russian at Brighton Beach, NY where the Russian Mafia rules or in even English in too sad Dryden, NY where all those murders occurred. Pennsylvania has confusing Commonwealth, Court of Common Pleas, and The Commonwealth Court terms, and too many 203 members in the Pennsylvania House of Representatives, and they don’t post The Pennsylvania Declaration of Rights or The Constitution of the United States on the wall to have New Yorker’s call their countrykids names, but they probably do it in West Virginia too, a low violent state, but not Maryland or Ohio or New Jersey. 2005 George Lippard, reborn, found life saving gold in New York basement by once Trapped in Paradise star Nicholas Cage about Pennsylvania so help me National Treasurer that it has only been two Presidents to Pennsylvania so far leaving the Commonwealth of Hawaii to be overthrown by the women and the egotistical men can sleep on the couch tonight because everyone knows a Commonwealth is an Old English term that only means “a piece of land” and Hawaii has a bunch of pieces of land being the 51st Commonwealth after that piece of land in the District of Columbia known as Rumor Control Central. So being that these egotistical men write the history all the time the passionate women in Hawaii can correct this. Something like that.

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In Memory of the Victims of 9/11 and George Lippard (1822-1854) of Pennsylvania I was thinking of calling it a new drug for the children. Hollywood calls it National Treasurer while I uncovered a way to save American lives, not gold. I like to call it: The United States of Iceland, know it all of the law jerk kids, the adults are almost hopeless, but We can try. I search for intelligent 16-year-olds to join the Reform Party and end British Rule once and for all. A two-year-old was murdered in Endicott, NY recently; I believe the victims of 9/11 would love to do it for him. This is for the children, with some jokes to ease it in to adult heads. Yes, I am really a cursed man. Unable to believe in God. Women who meet God fall in love with the guy. I am more interested in boxing him for what he did to me.

National Treasure of the United States of Iceland, Bigfoot Took It! The Democrats wrote, “It is a fight for freedom.” President George W. Bush, “I know how to make

you freer.” President George W. Bush at his Inaugural speech with Democrat President William J. Clinton present said, “We need to ring the Liberty Bell.” These are pansy words as Reform Party Majority Leader George Lippard would have called it, “The United States of Iceland know it all of the law jerk kids, the adults are almost hopeless, but We can try, harder!” It has a much better Liberty ring to it than George Lippard's original idea of The States of Attorneys.

Icelanders are neat people. The country is very clean and beautiful and Greenland is Iceland and Iceland is Greenland and all that. They are the most literate country in the world and they get in your face and argue the counter point. They hate Americans, they hate Russians, and they hate the British for bombing them. Icelanders hate everyone else, but they don’t kill each other, but one murder a year if that. Them Icelanders stick together and protect each other’s children extremely well with a phenomenal social contract.

We The People of The United States of Iceland will protect your children regardless if they are African/American/Jews, Jewish/Americans/Green Party, Russian/American/Lyndon LaRouches, Democrat/Arab/Americans, and even the Republican/Anglo/Children. We are going for The United States of Iceland know it all of the law jerk kids, the adults are almost hopeless but WE can try. We are sticking to it and fighting for the children’s freedom. Did we mention for the children. You understand for the children. We should do it for the children if not yourself. U.S. Senator Clinton said on TV, “The mood in Washington is unreal, I still think the Democrats can win, but we have to do it for the children.”

Bloody British The Bloody British did not provide a British Governor to Pennsylvania in 1681 and removed the

heredity of law. What about the Magna Carta? William Penn called it, “The Holy Experiment”. I respectfully suggest you take your rowboat to Maine and go right and get those Bloody British for what they did to The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. We are tired of British rule in the United States of Iceland and we don’t like Bloody British.

The Bloody British provided a strong British Governor in New York and formed a Bloody British Tory Democracy forcing Connecticut <SP> to hopscotch over New York and into Pennsylvania for Connecticut's expansion attempt to the Pacific Ocean. New York formed Tory Regiments and did not vote for The Declaration of Independence. Granted the Tories were shipped and marched to Canada but along came three Presidents that straightened out New York. However WE are only up to two Presidents to Pennsylvania so far.

3 Choices of Law in the United States 47 states, D.C., and federal, have British Common Law, and they don’t call them Rednecks. Louisiana has Napoleonic French Code, and they don’t call them Hillbillies. Pennsylvania has Wild Wild West Law, the law of the gun, entirely too British. They call them

Rednecks, Ridge Runners, Hillbillies, Country Bumpkins, and Leatherheads throughout the 1800’s. North Dakota is simply French. Why no one figured that out is beyond me.

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The Uncommon Man MOViEs within the Revolution that hasn’t ended YET! On September 10,1776 The Pennsylvania Declaration of Rights (PA State Constitution) gave the law

to the “Common Man”. (1790-Two authors wrote, apparently one following the other very well educated J. Paul Selsam in History at Princeton University, the very same University of nutty Professor Einstein and Bigot President Wilson and where Democracy building Ms. Condolezza Rice and U.S. Senator Clinton went, the Republicans go to Georgetown, or something like that, got it wrong that The Pennsylvania Revolution within The American Revolution ended in 1790.) The Whiskey Rebellion, Fries Rebellion, Bank War, Peanut War, Know Nothing Riots, Molly Maguirers all innocent prosecuted by a non-official of the Commonwealth, Lattimer Massacre, Fannie Sellers murdered, Metropolis of Philadelphia real Cape Crusader, Poison Ring, Phenomenal Philadelphia Police Officer Gus Rangnow who founded PAL, Children Strikes, The Incredible IRS Deputy Zone Inspector Andrew J. Susce who got fired for his report on Organized Crime Boss John Sebastin La Rocca before La Rocca escaped from Barbera’s House in the hills of Appalacin, NY conveniently located near Pennsylvania, Gang Fight Center of USA, KGB in Pennsylvania, Philadelphia Mussolini, bombing of MOVE house, Angelo Bruno murder set off mob wars, US Attorney Dick Thornburg saying western Pennsylvania was involved in a politico-racket complex as he called it, 3 school shootings, and Uncommon Man Johnny Gammage killed for being black and driving a Jaguar. All were not “Common Man” men. So help me Bond, James Bond, Sean Connery in The Molly Maguirers, Politico-Racket Complex Striking Distance starring Bruce Willis, Trapped in Paradise insult to Pennsylvania’s lack of law starring Actor Nicholas Cage, one Federal input Babylon 5 where Actor Bruce Boxleitner tried to “Change the Commonwealth” after finding a Susquehanna County Penal Colony Planet with many falsely incarcerated, The Hollywood generated parallel Trial & Error about an African/American, but I’m white, in jail illegally made for TV movie on PAX TV denied to enter evidence after American University Law Professor, “We have some antiquated judiciaries”, Star Trek: Voyager episode “Bliss”, numerous federal input to Hollywood Sliders episodes, one federal input to Hollywood Alley McBeal Show – The prosecuting attorney said, “Commonwealth”, the defense Attorney said, “Commonwealth” and the actor judge said, “Not in this Commonwealth”, and a Pennsylvanian woman saying on TV, “We still have kids killed in school,” United Way, who couldn’t distribute a Small Claims Court brochure if you paid them, and they do, issued a Commercial of a Pennsylvania woman screaming behind a curtained window, Mayor of York prosecuted for passing out bullets to kill Lilly in 1969 when it was actually Mayor of York and other KKK demonstrating with guns right next to Route 81 in 1997, which I wouldn’t have seen in any other state or ah Commonwealth, a Pennsylvania man saying on TV, “Will you just tell me what it is,” Elementary School Children on TV for having to wear uniforms at a public school to identify the violent elementary school children, a woman kicked out of a hospital on TV for passing out donuts and for registering a Labor Union members, and Barbara’s House on Binghamton News, and the “Sound Barrier Whiskey Rebellion” of Wilkes-Barre, and National Treasurer when Nicholas Cage got it right and found life saving gold in New York with a better social contract, while NY didn’t vote for The Declaration of Independence till three Presidents laid into them, under a church by Wall street at Parkington Lane. Well fine, on the News of Binghamton, “Pennsylvanians are Depressed,” very sad story, I only wish I could take back time before 9/11, but at least Pennsylvanians will get happier one day and the Pennsylvania Revolution due to a lack of law or social contract will come to an end, finally…And the great New York man said, “I only wish I could be a Pennsylvanian so I could be apart of changing things.”

However, We deny the flag with the crown in the blue field with red and white stripes with the actress in front of it said on a Sliders episode, “I am sick and tired of this Monarchy here in The United States,” as that one was the federalizes traitors that did that and supported Bloody British.

“But when a long Train of Abuses and Usurpations, pursing invariably the same Object, evinces a Design to reduce then under absolute Despotism, it is their Right, it is their Duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future Security.”- Declaration of Independence – Sorry, I had to steal it.

That means: When you find something wrong with North Dakota it is your duty to not be a couch potato your whole life and get some passion in your life and do your best to get rid of them.

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You can’t go through life having a love-love relationship or hate-hate relationship. It doesn’t work. Therefore love these Pennsylvanians and hate these creeps of North Dakota with the least violence per capita and do not help the rest of US and obtain some passion in your life.

The Constitution of the United States of Iceland-“Law Protects Freedom” Preamble

We the People of the United States of Iceland, in Law and Order to form a more perfect Union and protect our children for once, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defense against North Dakota with the least violence per capita and do not help the rest of U.S. and promote the general welfare. And secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our prosperity, and we do ordain do not like these Maniacs of FBI Maine much smarter than FBI New Jersey either. Boy is this Constitution of the United States on the Internet in Hebrew really going to upset Osama bin Laden, but in Arabic will probably upset him more! WE shall embarrass Canada to no end!

Article I - Violence has nothing to do with Population We are much smarter now. Violence has nothing to do with population. According to The U. S. Department of Justice Statistics in 2003 New York City was the most populated area in the country, and a diversified ethnic city, yet was only the 82nd most violent area over 100,000 populations that US Department of Justice tracks. If you can’t trust the USDOJ whom can you trust? Violence has to do with statewide social contract except The City of the District of Columbia, which is citywide. In 2003 most violent area per capita per USDOJ Statistics Washington, D.C. was #13. In 2001 the least violent state per capita per FBI statistics was the Creeps of North Dakota who do not help the rest of US.

Article II New York-“Those Yankees call their Countrywomen Names” New York Colony had a strong British Governor and did not vote for The Declaration of Independence. The crime of the decade happened in Binghamton, NY in 1871. Along came three Presidents: James A. Garfield (1881), Chester A. Arthur (1881-1885), and Grover Cleveland (1885-1889)(1893-1897) that laid into New York for Roscoe Conklin corruption and being the second worst at the Spoils System while Pennsylvania was the worst at the Spoils System. Pennsylvanians were labeled Leatherheads throughout the 1800’s per the dictionaries of the time. Leatherhead means dork, while Pennsylvania was just about the best state or ah Commonwealth at edumacation. Today New York State has a very good Small Claims Court System and brochure and with an Arbitration Board like federal HMO legislation that President Bush signed into law and the New York State Small Claims Court System went to Northern Ireland by President Clinton and New York State does not have confusing Commonwealth terms for former Pennsylvania women in New York who know both different societies, but not exactly what it is on the different sides of the fence, to call their countrymen not armed with “the law” in Pennsylvania Rednecks, Ridge Runners, and Hillbillies, with passionate hatred, while the men of New York say Country Bumpkins and Penciltukians with less vulgarity. Today it has only been two Presidents: William J Clinton and George W. Bush to Pennsylvania so far. Some Commonwealth terms have been removed that is that at least The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Attorney Generals Office is now The State of Parker’svania Attorney Generals Office. However New York has violent room for a vast improvement in their Social Contract and can pass out their Small Claims Court System brochure in Spanish and English and further arming society with “the law” of posting the New York State constitution and The Constitution of the United States on the wall for instance in Russian in the Library at Brighton Beach, NY where the Russian Mafia rules. And sad Dryden, NY. We can be smarter than this for the children.

Article III Pennsylvania -“The Holy Experiment that did not Work in The Monarchy” Know Ye: The Prince of the Monarchy of Pennsylvania has continually confused our British

Brethren in Pennsylvania that the law is for the “Common Man” with the confusing terms that teach ignorance in violation of The Constitution of the United States as follows: Commonwealth, Court of Common Pleas, and The Commonwealth Court. The Prince counts too high with 203 members in the Pennsylvania House of Representatives. The Prince does not provide a good Small Claims Court System with District Justices who are not law school graduates and there is no Small Claims Court brochure, insanity! The Spoiled brat Prince, with the best land, does not provide the biggest bicycle race in

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Pennsylvania within The United States of Iceland to further reduce violence and help the French. The Prince does not post The Pennsylvania Declaration of Rights on the wall in Italian at airports, prisons, libraries, and hospitals, but instead scares our harbored countrymen with metal detectors and forms scabs. The Prince doesn’t even post The Constitution of The United States on the wall at courthouses, bus stations, schools, or Pittsburgh in Icelandic, but instead scares our women with X-Ray machines and makes them sick. The Prince couldn’t listen to the Truckers if you paid him, and they do, and hasn’t a clue as how to build a road in Pennsylvania. That Prince can’t even uphold the National Standard for Prisons. The Prince of Pennsylvania continues to be irresponsible and fails to have his Court Jester cast a spell for a replica of the Liberty Bell. The Prince of Pennsylvania does not promote Domestic Tranquility and shows National Treasure in Pennsylvania elementary schools transforming Pennsylvania children into know it all of “the law” jerks. The Prince of The Monarchy of Pennsylvania changed the road signs from “Welcome to The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania” to “Welcome to the State of Pennsylvania” without asking to join the Union. Can someone please help the Prince and teach him that James Brown, an uncommon man, is the King of Rock and Roll!

Article IV Vermont -“It isn’t the Green Mountain Boys after All” The Governor of Vermont can’t fool US. It is Vermont has the shortest state constitution as to why

they’re so placid. Article V New Jersey -“The Second Organized Crime Compromise”

No one in New Jersey knows the way to Hoboken and FBI South Dakota is much smarter than FBI New Jersey and does not help them. Therefore organized crime crosses the George Washington Bridge into NYC and Godzilla runs away. New Jersey continues to promote Hurricane Carters by not posting The Constitution of the United States on the wall in English. New Jersey continues to pull over African/Americans for driving BMW’s by not posting the New Jersey State constitution on the wall in Romanian. New Jersey caused President Nixon to pardon organized crime in New Jersey by having a Small Claims Court brochure that specifies to sue for specific items and what about what it doesn’t specify?

Article VI Aloha means: - “We so scared of you but give us the Money.” An official Hawaiian actually put it on the Internet that, “We don’t have as many murders as the

mainland.” Then answer me this, why is Hawaii listed as the 6th most violent state by the FBI last I checked? So help me Hawaii 5 O. Hawaii does not post The Constitution of the United States on the wall in Mongolian. I have your Small Claims Court brochure right here-Thank You-I like it. But I find it has two serious problems 1) Look at the cover it is red and black. Get rid of the red and take all of your stock and pass them out. Red means hate to the human eye so as to hate court. Color means you spend more to produce it. If you want color put some blue in it which means trust to the human eye and through in some flowers or black and white for mass production. 2) Mass produce it. People here on the mainland continue to solve their differences in violence and not in court. You need to make society smarter by mass production and learn distribution in primarily English of your Small Claims Court brochures, like to 6th graders to take home to their parents to teach their parents to settle their differences in court, and The Constitution of The United States in primarily English, and the Hawaii State constitution posters too. Start valuing life and beat these North Dakota creeps that don’t help the rest of US. Viva The Commonwealth of Hawaii Revolution!

Article VII - “Stay Away from Altadena, California Where Rodney King is From” We know of the law jerks of The United States of Iceland don’t think it’s funny that it takes three

Californians to screw in a light bulb, one to hold the ladder, one to screw in the light bulb, and one to relate to the experience. At the Altadena Library they do not post The Constitution of the United States on the wall. At the Altadena Post Office across from Ralph’s Supermarket where they striked and hired scabs they do not post the California constitution on the wall in Spanish. It gets worse so please be Timothy Leary. In Altadena, California they do not protect their children and pass out the California State Constitution to 6th graders to take home to their parents to teach the parents to settle their differences in court. We told you they were nuts!

Article VIII Alabama - “Too Long of a State Constitution” We the People of The United States of Iceland, do not like that Alabama is a lot like Florida but they

can count faster. Alabama has the longest state constitution of over 25,000 words unable to post on the wall.

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Article IX Illinois - “Al Capone in PA Twice too” We the members of the Reform Party strongly feel that our countrywomen in Illinois deserve equal

protection of the law in Illinois regardless of race, creed, political party, religious affiliation, or what county the women of Illinois reside in. Furthermore we understand fully that Illinoisans are extremely intelligent people, only human, entitled to corrupt a baseball game only once (1919), and make a Valentine Day mistake. We thank Illinois for correcting the undemocratic republican anti-racial organized crime compromise resolution and fixing their Small Claims Court System that charges differently in each county per population of cost to court or something ridiculously intelligent as that. And again don’t forget those constitutions and the new Layman’s Guide to US Constitutional Rights and see if you can beat those Hoosiers to the Right and will someone please help those above in Wisconsin with those ridiculous Cheese Hats. Again thanking you in advance for your cooperation in this matter. Sincerely, George Lippard, Reform Party Majority Leader.

Article X - Admittance to Invisibility We got it all figured out now, well, almost. In 1972 The U. S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary

published a document called The Layman’s Guide to US Constitutional Rights. This was a big seller. It was also admittance that The Constitution of the United States in High School History Books, on the Internet, and in some case in Rumor Control Central, and only in English, was in fact INVISIBLE. While any intelligent 16-year-old, before society sets in, knows that LAW PROTECTS FREEDOM. The Layman’s Guide to US Constitutional Rights needs to be rewritten and at a seventh grade reading level, please, in Spanish and French etc. and put in bus seats and domestic and international airline seats so foreigners are not scared of our violence anymore. Mucho Gracias Senor.

Article XI Maine - “Those Maniacs have a good Social Contract” Today Maine is one of the least violent states per capita like “Live Free or Die” license plates,

Vermont, South Dakota, North Dakota, and West Virginia; each of which broke off other state or territories and must of changed “The Law” to the better and not generate stupid Hollywood Conspiracy Theory Movies. However Maine is a perfect example how society can’t think, the masses get it wrong, and the Vulcan Mind Melt hasn’t been invented yet. Maine has doubled the price to the consumer of their Small Claims Court System over the last decade. No one noticed. Sure enough their violence went up, and bureaucracy probably too, but they don’t talk as Down Easterner Wobster funny as the use guys that park the car in the yard.

Article XII - Commonwealths Today in the United States of Iceland there are four Tory Democracy Commonwealths. These are

Hawaii, Missouri, City of D.C., and Massachusetts. A Commonwealth is an old English term meaning “a piece of land,” but society will never understand that. So help me Ohio Court of Common Pleas.

Article XIII - State of D.C. We the People of The United States of Iceland went and did it. We purchased a star and named it The

State of Rumor Control Central. The City of D.C. is now a State and Free to write a constitution, which they could of written all along as there never was any law against it, and stop being one of the most dirty little violent cities in the world. But please allow us to interject into their constitution: KNOW YE THAT ANY MALE OVER THE AGE OF 16 THAT SPEAKS POLITICS IN THIS STATE OF RUMOR CONTROL CENTRAL PAST 4:30 PM PACIFIC SAVINGS TIME REGARDLESS OF DIPLOMATIC AMMUNITY WILL GO TO THE STOCKADE.

Article XIV The Promised Phone Call We the people of The United States of Iceland being of sound mind do hereby promise that if The

Monarchy of Pennsylvania doesn’t improve the Social Contract and learn how to value life for once we are calling Canada and give the French Canadians North Dakota and drive those Bloody British out of Pennsylvania once and for all!

Article XV Louisiana – “The French Code State” Louisiana, Ce vous plaite parish, is the only state with Napoleonic French Code. This works as last

we checked Louisiana was the 4th most violent state per capita.

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Article XVI Mississippi -“Mississippi Burning” Today after “Mississippi Burning” if you drive from California to Arizona to New Mexico to Texas

to Louisiana to Mississippi to Alabama to Cocaine Alley or the other way beginning in Florida you will come across Mississippi the least violent state per capita of all the southern border states.

Article XVII - 10,000 Laws Makes No Sense Layman’s guide to hurting people: Winston Churchill said, “10,000 Laws Makes no sense.” It makes

no sense to write more and more laws and statues so in another twenty years Law Libraries will be even bigger and confuse society even more.

Article XVIII - Million Man March Million Man March was because it is more expensive to drive to Washington, D.C. than obtain The

Constitution of the United States poster. Wait a minute if we turn it around, the more law society gets, the freer they become, the less violence, violence cost a fortune, economy improves. Wow! You are on a role here to save American lives and find the gold and an exit!

Article XIX Florida -“Those Gators got Cocaine” Florida’s Small Claims Court System need to be totally rewritten as it doesn’t list charges which

appears to be per population of the different counties of Florida but it is impossible to make heads or tails out of it and I suspect it is not in Spanish. You can respectfully request one from The Florida Attorney General’s Office if you like. Florida does not post the Florida State Constitution and The Constitution of the United States on the wall in Spanish and English, either. Well we tried.

Article XX - Stay Away From Binghamton, NY 1871 The crime of the decade happened in Binghamton, NY and nothing has changed since 1871 but

people think it got worse, but in fact it has while wars are not going on as per George Orwell (real name Eric Blair) who wrote 1984. Cocaine was also a large problem in this country years ago too. Things that can be done for Binghamton is: The Constitution of the United States in many different languages could be posted on the wall in front of the government complex in Binghamton and at the student Union at Binghamton University the New York State constitution could be posted in Spanish and English and if someone wants to ad in the Declaration of Independence and the new Layman’s Guide to US Constitutional Rights so be it. The Constitution of The United States and New York State Constitution could be posted at schools, hospitals, prisons, Broome Community College, Greyhound Terminal, and Trailways Terminal. The Constitutions could be posted on the wall in Spanish and English and maybe other languages rotated at the Library and since people don’t solve their differences peacefully and for instance allow thieves to steal unchecked to learn to steal again then the New York State Small Claims Court brochure in different languages could be made available at the library. In this way violence could be drastically reduced with people armed with “The Law”. All for paper, not anywhere near as valuable as life, which is much more valuable than gold. And don’t forget the airport.

Article 21 Bonus Section: The National Standard for Prisons National Standard for Prisons doesn’t even exist yet, a shame. This will drastically reduce

violence in the United States and fight repeat prisoners while everyone and their mother are for it, therefore one person has to start it as the group can’t think and it must be a random thought at first: There is no instructor prison guards. Prisoners are suppose to be uneducated and come from non-loving families, people have a “Gold Mine” in them their hills and can’t realize it. (Treat them like dogs and produce some more animals makes no sense.) There are no bookshelves and blackboards and signage in cellblocks. There are no bright colors. There is no training officer prison guard to order training material from the state and federal training materials catalogs. There are no supply prison guards. Prison Guards apparently do not want to accept their responsibility for more pay. They do not request teachers from the outside. There is no occupational testing and occupational handbooks. I believe Charley wants prisoners to have 800 number cards to call to find jobs when they are released, why people can’t listen to Charley at CORE is beyond me. There is no education for dyslexia. Anyone knows how to educate Dyslexics? There are no computers for prisoners with education on hard drives, floppies, CD's, and DVD, because everyone knows you learn more if you can see and hear education so earphones are needed too. They do not separate prisoners into GED

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cellblocks so the uneducated will not be chastised though the stupid kid games that would be reduced anyway when prisoners are more constructively empowered with edumacation. That woman who refused to testify against President Clinton wants to get involved in Reading Program for prisons why people don’t listen to her is unimaginable. There are too many old books and romance novels and religious material and not enough Jewish, Mouslim, and Mormon religion, etc. Let them have music. No cable prison show by prisoners. No request forms for Mechanical Engineering Cell Blocks, etc, in the state or other states. No educational database to track progress and order specific books and DVD and CD etc. No required reading. They continue to waste money by not putting insulation on the outside of prison walls despite federal statue requires prisons to be kept at 68 degrees. (They got it all from the Bastille and William Penn tried.)

Article XXII North Dakota – “Your Out of Here” I believe North Dakota has a Small Claims Court System with no fee, except perhaps to the looser, I

tried, they wouldn’t tell me, I guess they hate me for the national funeral I represent. North Dakota has no school shootings, does not allow a Michael Moore production of Cops Show

without solutions, does not generate serial killers, and has no stupid conspiracy Hollywood theory movies. Strike One: My friend in Binghamton, NY once lived in North Dakota and was arrested by a North

Dakota State Trooper for being caught in a blizzard and was taken the rest of the way to work. Strike Two: After work there was another North Dakota State Trooper there to give him “a ride”

home but he already had a ride home by another employee. My friend tells me the people of Binghamton, where they read about a two-year-old murdered in Endicott, NY and do nothing, can not comprehend North Dakota where people leave car doors and homes unlocked and walk the streets at night, and there is only two seasons in North Dakota hot and cold and giant mosquitoes.

Strike Three, Out of There: North Dakotans are prejudicial against white folk. Don’t go to North Dakota if you are white, as three whites walking down the street in North Dakota constitutes a war party.

Strike Four: The Federal Government tried to straighten out North Dakota long ago by placing monuments, it never worked.

Strike Five North Dakota couldn't generate a hate group if you paid them. No ACLU, NAACP, Citizens Watch, Amnesty International, etc. The only one they have is Indian Affairs where they actual think they discovered America.

Strike Six: North Dakotans say, “Ahaa” which in French means: “We don't like the lower 49!” Strike Seven: North Dakotans can't play Baseball.

Article XXIII Texas – “Texas is bigger than Alaska” It takes two Texans to eat an Armadillo, one to watch for cars. Texans can’t stand Yankee sarcasm,

that one ought to drive those guys nuts! Article XXIV - Monroe Doctrine

The bad news is we will have to loose North Dakota. (If you need more North Dakota jokes all you have to do is go to violent Montana and ask around.) However, building an iron curtain along the southern border is ridiculous. The States of California, Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas, will have to post The Constitution of the United States and their state constitutions on the wall in Spanish and we will have to out Fox Mexico and post the Mexican Constitution on the wall in English with a good small claims court system. Although North Dakota will be sadly missed, at least we gain The United States of Iceland to the southern border of Mexico.

Article XXV - Other Violent Areas Atlanta, Georgia has been a violent area for generations, which they track but the group gets it wrong

and they can’t figure it out, that it is the entire state. Springfield, Massachusetts and Baltimore, Maryland are up there too. No doubt Los Angeles where Hollywood Rules. Many towns in Florida and Tennessee are violent too. At least one day, hopefully, they’ll beat Bismarck, North Dakota.

Article XXVI – The Great State of Arizona It was Arizona that has repeatedly slammed them selves on TV that as come to the rescue of

Pennsylvania. Thank you so much the Great State of Arizona.

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Article XXVII – Ex Post Facto We haven’t a clue what Ex-Post-Facto Law is. After all we are Icelandic not Pig Latin. All we know

is that it was written somewhere long ago and still violated today by intelligent folk. Hopefully one-day society will learn that life is to be valued and peaceful not only during times of war as Eric Blair (Penname George Orwell) alleviated to in 1984.

Article XXVIII – “How Ignorant of The Law are They” Why they are so ignorant of “The Law”that Court TV enters evidence Nationally found in Michael Jackson's Bedroom before his trial was over. Thereby denying him a Right to a Fare Trial.

Article XXIX – Other Violent States not Mentioned Many people already know in the back of their head. For instance: There was an anti-police brutality

organization on the Internet in Portland but address or state was not listed. Was that Portland, Maine or Portland, Washington where in a rural county in Washington State they got that farmer? So Washington State, despite that placid movie Montana and their prison system, New Mexico, North Carolina, South Carolina who came close to not voting for The Declaration of Independence, Maryland, Delaware, Commonwealth Virginia and Wyoming, and just about all but South Dakota including State of Confusion Tampa/Orlando/Fort Lauderdale/Miami but not Key West because President Jackson failed to concur Conch Shells. And that US Congressman before9/11 was right, “We can use history to figure it out.”

Review to Get the Bloody British for once • Better Small Claims Court Systems and brochures (passed out for once) • Get rid of North Dakota! • State Constitution posters (Alabama kind of long though) • New Layman’s Guide to U.S. Constitutional Rights (Some other languages perhaps) • Better Federal Court to get rid of saying, “You can't fight City Hall.” • The Constitution of the United States posters (Different languages too) • Get rid of North Dakota!

Plan 1 To the North we have the Indian Nations in Binghamton that Continental Army Officer Clinton and

Sullivan will never tread on again: 1) Court TV to Binghamton High School 2) Violent Michigan Wolverines publishing a book on the murder of the decade in Binghamton in 1871 3) US Senator Clinton to the Binghamton Library 4) Ms. Judy Collins to Binghamton-Reason behind the Vietnam War in National Holding pattern as all I have left to possibly see my now adult Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy kids. My father graduated from Georgetown University and worked for US Senator Howard Smith and was on the National Security Council. After the Vietnam War my father petitioned and tried to get the reason behind the Vietnam War declassified but was denied, I went with him to Washington D.C. in 1972 not 1974 as in National Treasure and went to the Smithsonian Institute for the day. 1984 my father died and US Congressman Smith came to my funeral in Blairstown, N.J. and asked me if I knew what it was. My father was a stinking hero and I am the grandson of a stinking hero who donated the wood for the Asbury Park Boardwalk during the depression to keep men working. 5) Pedophiles and issue in Binghamton. I know political correct child abuse in Pennsylvania that I got in trouble for because I had to know about it and even keeping mouth shut about it to no avail. 6) Before I even realized National Treasure was a government input to Hollywood writers fantasy wake movie about 9/11 and that my name mentioned in Scranton I hear and they are saying in Binghamton he is somewhere in Binghamton. 7) Star Street actually crosses Clinton Street keeping the “Pun” in Politics. 8) A woman told me the federal government hired organized crime to get rid of the KKK in Binghamton, which was huge in Binghamton once, but I never could find that. 9) A Fireman pulled a goof on me for my book. 10) A woman came to my apartment bearing gifts and said, “Don’t give up the fight” and ran away. MY UNSUNG HERO) A woman who lost her grandmother on the subway in 9/11 came to Binghamton and found me, blew my mind, outright rescued me from my horror story that I must tell, and ran away before I could thank that great woman.

To the East we have New Jersey-“The 2nd Organized Crime Compromise”

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To the West we have Ohio with a Court of Common Pleas and where it was a close race for the Presidential election.

To the South we have West Virginia with at least 50 amendments to their state constitution and they will take away your birthday if you so much as spit on the sidewalk; even Redcoats couldn’t be dumb enough to go to West Virginia. Also Washington D.C. is heavily informed.

Henceforth we give North Dakota to the French Canadians thereby driving out the Bloody British from Pennsylvania once and for all leaving them to retreat no doubt to Maryland. By giving North Dakota to the French Canadians we can also obtain a star for the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and we therefore will not have to do any sewing. Then we can educate you oil below the Mason Dixon Line and push the Redcoats to Virginia. Virginia, who started it all with The Commonwealth of Virginia Declaration of Rights that is nearly verbatim to The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Declaration of Rights, then can be edumacated. Virginia’s Commonwealth constitution came first. Therefore we should be able to finally be done with the Bloody British near Yorktown.

Plan 2 if Plan 1 fails We’ll let Connecticut assume control of Wyoming Valley again.

Alternate Plan: Army of Passionate Icelandic Women It is very sad. Icelandic Women sit on their beautiful island and see the Northern Lights and realize the world revolves around them, but have lost all their passion for life. This is why the population of Iceland has gone down over the years. However, there is one small hope for humanity. A fine Icelander woman goes by the nickname of Ice Princess who Emails President Bush, others, and myself, “Tag your it.” Got to love her!

Plan 3 if Plan 2 fails We’ll get The Green Mountain Boys to establish Westmoreland State.

If all else fails We’ll name it Parker’svania, as my sons name was once Parker. Only state with an apostrophe, it kind of grows on you.

Last Resort We’ll get our hero Mr. Bill O’Reilly, FOX TV News commentator, who made it on David Letterman

Show even, and sidekick of National Treasure movie, to run for President of the United States of Iceland. The Secret Message on back of The Constitution of the United States

The fine children of Time Magazine were the ones that uncovered the secret message on back of The Constitution of the United States within an issue of history. It read, “It’s a plot to get Mr. Hannity to learn his history and Pennsylvania Shall Win!”

Dear Abigail you can swear at me all you want. I hate the scumbag terrorist stupid psychological warfare too. Love You Forever, Parker

P.S. Holy Popping Popcorn Batman! Please don’t anyone tell the Bloody British about Altadena, California what ever you do.

Pow! Register to Vote before the children disrespect you. Zap! Bam! Boom! As per Admiral Hyman George Rickover's book: How the Battleship Maine was

Destroyed the U.S.S. Maine blew up internally from the magazine. Therefore the Spanish/American War was a complete mistake and the Philippines will have to be returned to the Constitutional Monarchy of Spain. The Hispanics will win that way for once. As per the rules for discovering this for The King of Spain I am entitled to name it. I have decided to rename The Republic of the Philippines to The Republic of Iceland. That ought to keep the militant groups cool. Please change your maps accordingly.

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I’m not sure It appears that Pennsylvania actually pays District Attorneys for convictions and thereby creating

political prisoners (in trouble for what others do). That is they are paid per conviction instead of salary while District Attorneys are not suppose to be vindictive and convict but rather present evidence. I am the man that caused the United Nations to say “The United States is famous for political prisoners” just after 9/11. A District Attorney, now out of office still not convicted, caused false information in the Susquehanna County Transcript, legal paper for the county, against a man and thereby convicted the man prior to his trial, while everyone supposedly knows a person is guaranteed a fair trial. A non-official of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania prosecuted me, just like they did to the Molly Maguire’s, and denied to enter evidence, while the so basic right to prosecution by an official. You haven’t heard the half of what a resident of Susquehanna County said, “This is Corn Cob County in He-Haw Land” and another resident, “This is the most lawless state in the nation if not the world.”

Once upon a time some states tried allowing the jury to talk and ask questions and I don't know who ever monitored it as if it worked or not.

Notes

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Federal Government “Them Federalizes are Okay”

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April 14, 1865 President Abraham Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth on Good Friday in Ford’s Theater in Washington, D.C. John Wilkes Booth was killed by a soldier. Booth’s last words were, “Tell Mother I die for my country.” The country was intense national hysteria. Mary Ann Surrat (Possibly Surratt), Lewis Paine, George Atzerodt, and David Herold were hastily tried for complicity in the plot to kill President Lincoln. The death sentences were confirmed by the President on July 5th and the execution was set for 1.00 p.m. on July 7th 1865. They all were hung very publicly. A large gallows had been built specially in the yard of the Washington Arsenal prison, it had two traps and two ropes were suspended above each. Lewis Paine said at the gallows, “Mrs. Surratt is innocent. She does not deserve to die with the rest of us.” All four died together after General Hartranft clapped his hands three times. The ropes and the scaffold were then cut up and the pieces were given away as souvenirs. Mary Ann Surratt was the only woman to have been hanged, not just executed, under Federal law for her part in the assassination of President Lincoln. 1881 Charles Guiteau, a disappointed job seeker, assassinated President James Garfield, shortly after President Garfield’s election. 1898 Due to a circulation battle the Hearst and Pulitzer newspapers chains single-handedly propelled America into the Spanish-American War. The U.S.S. Maine’s magazine blew up internally it was not sabotage. The entire war was a mistake. 1937 -1971 Former US Senator and U.S.Supreme Court Justice Hugo Lafayette Black from Alabama, who was appointed to the Supreme Court by President Franklin Roosevelt, and served on the U.S. Supreme Court from 1937-1971, was a dues paying member of the Klan. June 19, 1953 The United States put to death, at Sing Sing Prison in New York, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg. Ethel Rosenberg, the atomic spy, required two more shocks of electricity than her husband, Julius. The Rosenbergs, I believe, were the only Americans killed for espionage in peacetime in the history of the United States. May 17, 1954 In Brown vs. Board of Education, the U.S. Supreme Court rules “separate but equal” schools are unconstitutional. November 13 and December 21, 1956 The U.S. Supreme Court rules bus segregation laws in Alabama are unconstitutional. Montgomery busses are integrated and the boycott ends. 1957 Civil Rights Act of 1957 is passed that contained measurers to protect voting rights of African/Americans. Ella Baker becomes first executive secretary of SCLC. March 15, 1963 The last hanging under Federal jurisdiction was that of 27-year-old Victor Harry Feguer at the Fort Madison prison in Iowa for the murder of Dr. Edward Bartels. August 28, 1963 The largest march on Washington, D.C. ever took place. 200,000 demonstrators took part. July 2, 1964 Civil Rights Act of 1964 is passed. This outlaws racial discrimination in employment and education, and segregation of public accommodations. March 28, 1968 Shirley Chisholm became the first African/American in Congress. 1971 Congressional Black Caucus was organized to legislate for needs of black Americans. 1995 Million Man March happens in Washington, D.C. calling for “Atonement, Reconciliation and Responsibility” among black men. The masses often get it wrong. Instead of driving or bussing to Washington they could have obtained The Constitution of the United States poster for a lower price and received their rights.

Don’t Know which State or D.C. or Federal

June 24, 1633 Margaret Hatch was hanged for murder. December 20, 1787 The youngest person hanged in America was Hannah Ocuish. She was 12 years and nine months old when she was hung. Hannah supposedly was a half-breed Indian girl. She was executed for the murder of a 6-year-old girl whom she had beaten to death after an argument. I think this happened in Connecticut.

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May 1916 Jesse Washington was lynched. Pieces of his mutilated body sold for ten cents. 1831-1832 Black Hawk War: United States versus the Sac and Fox tribes.

Alabama 1 “The State with the too long State Constitution”

According to 2001 figures Alabama has 35 seats in its Senate and 105 seats in its House of Representatives. Each member of the Alabama legislator is elected for four years. Their sessions are held annually and they were paid $10.00 per day plus per diem. December 14, 1819 Alabama is admitted as the 22nd state. 1836 Cherokees begin their enforced migration to Oklahoma. January 15, 1889 George Meadows was lynched in Alabama. April 1931 Racial tension begins that Alabama is famous for. In the Scottsboro Trial eight black youths are convicted and sentenced to death. 1953 The NAACP obtains the admission of Autherine Lucy to the University of Alabama. However, harassment leads her to soon withdraw. 1954 Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., becomes pastor of Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama. December 1, 1955 A black seamstress, named Rosa Parks, refuses to give up her seat on a Montgomery school bus and is arrested. A 381-day black boycott of city busses follows. January 1957 The Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) is created in Alabama. Martin Luther King, Jr. becomes its first president. May 14 and May 20, 1961 Freedom Riders are beaten by mobs outside Anniston, Alabama. Also beatings occurred at Anniston, Birmingham, and Montgomery bus terminals in Alabama. April 1963 A sit-in begins in Birmingham, Alabama to protest segregation of restaurants. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. writes his famous “Letter from a Birmingham Jail.” May 3, 1963 Ousted Mayor Eugene “Bull” Connor, of Birmingham, orders fire hoses and dogs turned on peaceful demonstrators. 1963 Governor George Wallace prevented the integration of Tuskegee High School by encircling the building with state troopers. September 15, 1963 Four black schoolgirls are killed in the bombing of the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church in Birmingham. January to February 1965 A full-scale voter-registration drive begins in Selma, Alabama. Hundreds are arrested. March 7 to 17, 1965 “Bloody Sunday”- A march from Selma, Alabama to Montgomery demanding voter rights ends in violence as marchers are attacked. March 21 to 25, 1965 March from Selma to Montgomery is successfully completed under protection of the National Guard. 1977 A Ku Klux Klan member is convicted of the 1963 bombing of the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama. December 28, 1992 Governor Guy Hunt and three aides are indicted on charges of conspiracy and theft of campaign contributions. February 19, 1999 Billy Jack Gaither, a gay man, was abducted, beaten to death with an ax handle, and set afire on burning tires in a remote area.

1 To learn more about Alabama politics you can try a book I never read called The Deep South States of America by Neal Peirce. Also in Facts About the States Second Edition, by Joseph Nathan Kane, Steven Anzovin, & Janet Podell, published by The H.W. Wilson Company, New York in 1993 ISBN: 0-8242-0849-8 there is a good bibliography for all fifty states, Puerto Rico, and Washington, D.C. Also there is a book called The Almanac of American Politics by Michael Barone published in 1972, 1974, & 1976 that I never read.

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October 14, 2003 Fliers from the neo-Nazi National Alliance were distributed in several neighborhoods of Montgomery, Alabama. January 2, 2004 Sergeant Larry Wayne Russell and Officer Anthony Lee (Tony) Mims with the Athens Police Department were shot and killed when they were ambushed while responding to a call. The suspect, who was intoxicated and had a history of mental illness, had called police at approximately 1245 hours and asked to speak with FBI agents. The suspect then called back minutes later and asked for the police if there were no FBI agents available. When the officers arrived at the scene, they were ambushed and shot several times. The suspect opened fire on Officer Mims when he arrived at the scene, shooting him several times through the windshield of his patrol car. Sergeant Russell then arrived at the scene, and was shot as he attempted to exit his patrol car. Sergeant Russell was flown to a local hospital where he succumbed to his wounds a short time later. The suspect surrendered at the scene and was taken into custody. He has been charged with six counts of capital murder. Sergeant Russell had served with the Athens Police Department for 19 years, and is survived by his wife and five children. Officers Mims had served with the Athens Police Department for 15 years, and is survived by his wife, four children, and one grandchild.

Alaska 2 “The State farthest North, East, and West”

According to 2001 figures Alaska has 20 seats in its Senate and 40 seats in its House of Representatives. Alaska Senators are elected for four years. Alaska members of the Alaska House of Representatives are elected for two years. Their sessions are held annually and they were paid in 2001 $24,012 annually plus per diem. According to the statistics compiled by the FBI for 2001 Alaska is the 20th most violent state per capita. January 3, 1959 Alaska became the 49th state. February 19, 1997 A 16-year-old student fired a shotgun in a common area at a High School in Bethel, Alaska. The principal and a student were killed. 2-A

Arizona 3- “The Great State of Arizona” I would like to thank The Great State of Arizona for working with me on the National Standard for Prisons and Tent City in Phoenix on TV twice now. Thank you Arizona.

Arizona is the Great State due to the FBI reporting that it is the most violent. (Arizona really isn’t the most violent; Pennsylvania is per Pennsylvania’s own history. It is just that Pennsylvania does not have the 2 To learn more about Alaska politics you can try a book I never read called The Pacific States of America by Neal Peirce. Also in Facts About the States Second Edition, by Joseph Nathan Kane, Steven Anzovin, & Janet Podell, published by The H.W. Wilson Company, New York in 1993 ISBN: 0-8242-0849-8 there is a good bibliography for all fifty states, Puerto Rico, and Washington, D.C. Also there is a book called The Almanac of American Politics by Michael Barone published in 1972, 1974, & 1976 that I never read. 2 -A ABC News.com “Violence in U.S. Schools” at: http://abcnews.go.com/sections/us/DailyNews/schoolshootings990420.html#bet 3 To learn more about Arizona politics you can try a book I never read called The Mountain States of America by Neal Peirce. Also in Facts About the States Second Edition, by Joseph Nathan Kane, Steven Anzovin, & Janet Podell, published by The H.W. Wilson Company, New York in 1993 ISBN: 0-8242-0849-8 there is a good bibliography for all fifty states, Puerto Rico, and Washington, D.C. Also there is a book called The Almanac of American Politics by Michael Barone published in 1972, 1974, & 1976 that I never read.

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law to report the statistics.) Arizona’s crime index is more than twice that of North Dakota. The poor people of Arizona probably don’t even know what happened to them, being that one can’t touch this Arizona Social Contract thing. They are probably too close to the situation to realize it. So we’ll lay into Arizona real good and they can beat them North Dakota creeps that enjoy the least violent state per capita and do not help their countrykids. Something like that. You may view Arizona’s Crime Rate at: http://www.disastercenter.com/crime/azcrime.htm

FULL NAME: State of Arizona POSTAL ABBREVIATION: AZ INHABITANT: Arizonian ADMITTED TO THE UNION: February 14, 1912 CAPITOL: Phoenix STATE NAME: Comes from aleh-zon, a Papago Indian term meaning “little spring”, in reference to a spring in the southern part of the territory (now in Mexico). Arizona is also known as the Grand Canyon State, the Apache State, and the Copper State. MOTTO: Ditat Deus (God enriches) SONG: “Arizona March Song” lyrics by Margaret Rowe Clifford, music by Maurice Blumenthal FLOWER: Saguaro flower TREE: Paloverde (green-barked acacia) BIRD: Cactus wren GEM: Turquoise NECKWARE: Bola tie AREA: 114,000 Square Miles (6th largest state)

According to 2001 figures Arizona has 30 seats in its Senate and 60 seats in its House of Representatives. Arizona legislators are elected for two years. Their sessions are held annually and they were paid in 2001 $24,000 annually with no per diem. 50,000 years ago: A meteor hit Northern Arizona with a force greater than 20 million tons of TNT. The meteor was estimated to be 150 feet across. It left a crater 700 feet deep and 4,000 feet across. Today the crater is 550 feet deep and 2.4 miles in circumference. 20 football games could be played simultaneously on its floor. It became a National Landmark in 1968. You can visit the crater, see: http://www.barringercrater.com/ 1821 Arizona passes from Spanish to Mexican rule. 1846 Colonel Stephen Watts Kearney leads U.S. troops across Arizona to occupy California in the Mexican War. February 14, 1912 Arizona became the 48th state. 1930 An U.S. Senate Investigating Committee confirmed the systematic kidnapping of Navajo children to put them in boarding schools. The church denominations, which ran the schools, authorized the kidnappings in order to fill their quotas. 1932 to 1936 The Stock Reduction Program was established on the Navajo Reservation by the U.S. government which killed more than 250,000 Navajo sheep, and goats, and tens of thousands of Navajo horses by federal agents. The policy was implemented by the BIA in coordination with the soil conservation service, and the Navajo had no say in its adoption. In fact they were never told the rationale behind it. Although Navajo women actually owned the sheep, the five BIA Navajo agencies held meetings only for Navajo men, instructing them in the concept of "carrying capacity" of the land. An acre could "carry" no more than 6 sheep. At first federal officers paid the Navajos for the sheep and goats and loaded them onto trains to sell in the cities. But soon the federal officers simply shot thousands of sheep and left the carcasses to rot. Since sheep were the mainstay of the Navajo economy and culture, the difference between one dozen and two dozen sheep often meant the difference between starvation and survival. The stock reduction was viewed by the Navajo as a monstrous act, and contributed to their refusal to adopt a reform government in 1934. 1942 Nearly 18,000 Japanese-Americans are interned in a camp at Poston. 1948 Navajo Indians win the right to vote in Arizona. 1974 Congress passed the Hopi Land Settlement Act (also called the Navajo Relocation Act), which eventually forced the relocation of more than 12,000 Navajos who lived over the coal deposits in the Hopi-Navajo Joint Use Area. It became the largest Indian removal since the 1800s. Harrison Loesch, Assistant Secretary of the Interior, testified that only 800 families would be affected by the law. Although the bill was ostensibly made to settle a land dispute between the Hopis and Navajos, it removed the people who lived over the coal and who were in the way of strip mining. The Peabody Coal Company opened a second mining

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site after the passage of the act. Loesch left the Interior Department to become Vice President of Peabody Coal. June 28, 1978 Actor Bob Crane, Hogan of Hogan’s Heroes, was found bludgeoned to death in his own motel room in Scottsdale, Arizona. Investigators revealed he videotaped his encounters with women. Mr. Crane’s murder remains unsolved. 1986 The Navajo Tribe buys the 491,000-acre Big Boquillas Ranch for $33.6 million near Seligman, Arizona. The scheme about this was that two real estate men bought the ranch from the Tenneco Company in Bakersfield, California, for $26.2 million and sold it minutes later to the Navajo Tribe for $33.6 million. One realtor made a $4 million dollar profit, and Peter MacDonald, Chairman of the Navajo Tribe, got $25,000 to pay down on his $70,000 bank loan, and a 1 year old BMW 735i automobile. When the Federal government found out about this, the realtor caved in and agreed to wear a wire against MacDonald. The realtor was also given immunity from prosecution and an agreement from the Federal government not to take away his $4 million profit from the land deal. 1989 The Navajo Tribal Council placed Peter MacDonald, a Navajo Code Talker during World War II, and later, 15 years as Chairman of the Navajo Tribe, on paid leave from his Navajo Chairmanship position. This reason was because of bribery and corruption charges relating to the Big Boquillas Ranch deal in 1986 which added 491,000 acres to the Navajo Nation. Two realtors gave the Navajo Chairman $25,000 to pay down on his $70,000 bank loan, and a 1 year old BMW 735I automobile, for the profit they made on the land deal.

Peter MacDonald's removal led to five months of struggle within the Navajo Nation. Within these 5 months, Peter MacDonald drew battle plans. On July 20, 1989, the "Peter's Patrol" (about 200 MacDonald supporters), tried to overthrow the Navajo Nation government and incited a fatal riot in Window Rock. Peter's Patrol stormed the tribal administrative building and when the Navajo Tribal Police tried to stop them, Peter's Patrol battled the police with sticks. From this, the Navajo Police had fired on and killed two MacDonald supporters.

In February 1993, Peter MacDonald was sentenced to 14 years in federal prison at Bradford, Pennsylvania for trying to over throw the tribal government and inciting a fatal riot in Window Rock, Arizona, which caused the deaths of two MacDonald supporters, and for fraud, racketeering and conspiracy convictions. Ten other MacDonald supporters were also sentence for various federal charges stemming from the riot occurring on July 20, 1989.

Peter MacDonald suffered through bad health while in prison. He suffered a heart attack in March 1996, and after complaining of chest pains in March 1998, he was transferred to the Federal Medical Center, Fort Worth, TX. He then went through quadruple bypass surgery on July 16, 1998. On January 20, 2001, the day of the inauguration of the 43rd U.S. President, George Walker Bush, outgoing U.S. President William Jefferson Clinton pardoned Peter MacDonald; he was released from the Federal Medical Center the same day. November 12, 1999 250 Tomato workers went on strike from Bonita Nurseries, Inc. in Wilcox, Arizona. 100 more workers, all of which were mostly Mexican, soon joined them. Four workers and an Arizona Daily Star reporter were arrested on charges of trespassing and enticing a riot on payday after a lock-in not a lockout. February 6, 2000 A 20-year-old University of Arizona student was sitting at a café when a man came up behind him and punched and stabbed him with a large knife, saying he had killed an "f---ing faggot." The victim was treated at a local hospital and released. April 2, 2001 A crowd of about 1,000 rioted in Tucson when the Wildcats lost their national title. Three vehicles were burned, 17 people were arrested, and 22 businesses sustained $20,000 in damage. Police fired rubber bullets, “sting ball” grenades, beanbags, and tear gas. June 2001 Ramon Martinez-Cruz, 33, of Phoenix was arrested in Durango for carjacking and beating to death a man in Tucson, Arizona. February 2002 A director of a camp for troubled youngsters was arrested on murder and child-abuse charges for the death of a 14-year-old Anthony Haynes and the beating of 13 other campers. Two other staff were arrested. Allegations include spanking, stomping, beating, whipping, denying water and shade, and

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putting mud in their mouths and force to stand in 116-degree heat. Others might have been arrested too. They are still in business, but I suspect their leadership and policy has changed drastically. May 14, 2002 Three men were arrested for the murder plot of Arizona Governor Jane Hull and Sheriff Joe Arpaio. A jail inmate foiled the plot. An undercover Sheriff’s Deputy poising as a hit man recorded the conversations. Donald Lee Cochran, Danny Leo Warner, already in jail, were charged. Also charged was Robert G. Bradford, a Mormon clergyman who met Cochran while serving as a volunteer chaplain at Phoenix’s Madison Street Jail. October 28, 2002 A riot team of 16 police officers broke up an uncontrolled crowd of 2,000 people who were pushing and shoving to get tickets to a Wildcat game. October 9, 2003 Frank Roque, 44, was sentenced to death for murdering a Sikh gasoline station owner in Mesa in retaliation for the 9/11 attacks. October 27, 2003 Fliers from the supremacist American Revolutionary Nationalist Nuclei were left in a neighborhood in Yuma, Arizona. November 3, 2003 Thaddeus R. Carroll was sentenced to 18 months in prison for burning a cross in a black woman’s yard in Phoenix in April 1999. November 11, 2003 About 20 members of the neo-Nazi Aryan Nations rallied in Phoenix.

Arkansas 1875 to 1896 The Honorable Isaac C. Parker presided over a staggering 13,490 cases in his 21 years. He presided at Fort Smith, Arkansas. He sentenced 160 men to death and 79 of them were hanged. The first group of prisoners to hang, on September 3, 1875 was of three white men, two Indians, and one black man all of whom had been convicted of murder. Eight men had originally been sentenced to death but one was shot while trying to escape and a second had his sentence commuted to life in prison because of his youth. The hanging attracted huge media coverage for its day. Reporters came from Little Rock, St. Louis and Kansas City. Many of the large Eastern and Northern daily newspapers also sent reporters to cover the event. More than 5,000 people had turned out to watch the prisoners march from the jail to the gallows. They were seated together on a bench along the back of the gallows and had their death warrants read to them. Each was asked if he had any last words. They were then lined up on the trap and George Maledon, the hangman, adjusted the nooses around their necks and drew the black hoods over their heads. At the signal from Judge Isaac C. Parker, Maledon pulled the lever to release the trap door. George Maledon took great care in his work and his prisoners usually died of a broken neck rather than by strangulation. Maledon also carried out another 6 man hanging later in his career. Hangmen. America had few "professional" hangmen, most hangings being carried out by the Sheriff of the County in which the person was sentenced. Perhaps the most notable hangman was George Maledon who was Judge Parker's hangman at Fort Smith and hanged at least 60 men on the 12 man gallows there over his 20 year term of office. He used thirteen coil nooses made from high quality hemp, specially made for him in St. Louis. He was very particular in oiling the rope to ensure it ran freely and tested each rope with a sandbag to remove the stretch from it. His normal drop was 8 feet which almost always resulted in the prisoner' neck being broken. As he said, "I never hanged a man who came back to have the job done over". He received the very high fee of $100 per hanging. For more information on Judge Parker and a picture of the Fort Smith gallows visit http://www.fortsmith.net/fshistoricsite/fshistoricsite.htm July 1957 Whites riot in Little Rock, Arkansas and prevent nine black students from entering Little Rock Central High School. President Eisenhower sends in the National Guard. December 15, 1997 Two students were wounded at school in Stamps, Arkansas by Colt Todd age 14. Colt was hiding in the woods when he shot at the students as they stood in the parking lot. March 24, 1998 There was a school shooting at Westside Junior High School near Jonesboro. Four students and a teacher were killed. Two students were injured. Andrew Golden age 11, and Mitchell Johnson age 13,

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did the shooting. They shot at their classmates and a teacher from the woods. The two will be released from prison when they each turn 21. November 18, 1998 James Ward, 37, was stabbed to death in his home. An 18-year-old male, who was charged with the crime, claimed that Ward had made two sexual advances toward him. January 14, 1999 Yitzak Abba Marta was sentenced to life in prison without parole for the 1996 beating and strangulation of a transvestite. October 31, 2003 Fliers from the neo-Nazi White Revolution were distributed throughout a neighborhood in Little Rock, Arkansas.

California 4

September 9, 1850 California becomes the 31st state admitted to the union. September 18, 1852 Jose Forrni murdered Jose Attari. On December 10, 1852 Jose Forrni was hanged on the western slopes of Russian Hill in San Francisco in front of a large crowd. April 5, 1854 William B. Shippard stabbed to death Henry C. Day. On July 28, 1854 he was hanged in the presence of at least 10,000 people in San Francisco. This was the last public execution in San Francisco due to an order of court from the Court of Justice. May 2, 1856 Nicholas Graham was hanged in the yard of the County Jail on Broadway in San Francisco for stabbing Joseph Brooks to death. December 10, 1858 Henry F.N. Meuse and Charles Douse were hanged in San Francisco for the murder of Peter Becker. June 10, 1859 William Morris, “Tipperary Bill,” was hanged for the murder of Richard H. Doak. September 31, 1860 James Whitford was hanged in San Francisco for shooting and killing Edward Sheridan. March 1, 1861 Albert Lee was hanged in San Francisco for killing his wife. February 5, 1864 George W. Colmere killed himself in San Francisco the night before his hanging. George had killed his wife. June 12, 1864 John C. Clarkson was hanged in San Francisco for cutting Caroline F. Park’s throat with a knife. July 6, 1865 Chu Wong was hanged in San Francisco for murdering his mistress. January 22, 1866 Barney Olwell was hanged in San Francisco for shooting and killing James Irwin. April 22, 1866 Antonio Sassovich was hanged in San Francisco for murdering Edward Walter. September 6, 1866 Thomas Byrner was hanged in San Francisco for murdering Charles P. Hill. May 4, 1877 Ah Sue, alias Chin Mook Sow, was hanged in San Francisco for murdering one of his countrymen. April 26, 1878 John Runk was hanged in San Francisco for murdering Police Officer Coots. 1964 Over 800 free speech supporters are arrested during a sit-in at Berkley. 1965 Race riots in Watts for six days cause 35 deaths. Approximately 1,000 are injured and almost $50 million in property damage. Fire damage is estimated to be $175 million. Some 50,000 local and state police and National Guard troops are called out to quell the riot. 1966 Renewed outbreak in Watts. October 1966 Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale founded the Black Panther Party in Oakland, California. 1969 Cesar Chavez leads a grape-picker strike. 1969 A violent riot at Berkley occurred. 1969 Representatives of 20 Indian tribes seize Alcatraz. 4 To learn more about California politics you can try a book I never read called The Pacific States of America by Neal Peirce. Also in Facts About the States Second Edition, by Joseph Nathan Kane, Steven Anzovin, & Janet Podell, published by The H.W. Wilson Company, New York in 1993 ISBN: 0-8242-0849-8 there is a good bibliography for all fifty states, Puerto Rico, and Washington, D.C. Also there is a book called The Almanac of American Politics by Michael Barone published in 1972, 1974, & 1976 that I never read.

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1988 Seven protestors of the United Farm Workers were beaten in San Francisco. They won a $24 million dollar lawsuit. 1989 Don Jackson, a former police sergeant in Hawthorne, California gained nationwide fame after appearing in a video of police brutality. January 16, 1991 Federal police at an anti-war demonstration at the Westwood Federal Building attacked Bill Gandal. On March 23, 1991 Bill died in the hospital where he was taken for his injuries. 1991 Senator Alan Cranston is rebuked for “improper and repugnant behavior” after he interfered with the federal regulation of a saving and loan institution owned by Charles H. Keating, Jr. March 3, 1991 A 25-year-old black man named Rodney King from Altadena in Los Angeles County, California was clubbed, kicked, and beaten by Los Angeles policeman after a car chase. It was videotaped and widely shown on television.

In Los Angeles, in wake of the Rodney King beating, a black policewoman reported that she found a Ku Klux Klan calling card on her car in the station lot. She also reported a black male officer had a similar card placed in his locker in the station.

In San Bernardino, California black officers received threatening messages from the “Aryan Police Officers’ Association”.

A Los Angeles County Sheriff deputy was dismissed for burning a cross inside the county jail. He was reinstated. On New Year’s Eve, the same deputy shot and killed a Mexican national who was shooting his gun in the air to celebrate the holiday.

In Glendale, California police were caught using a racist silhouette of a black man for target practice. In Richmond, California a police group calling itself the Cowboys circulated a letter promoting the

killing of “black bucks”. 1995 52 are killed in three days of rioting in south-central Los Angeles after four white police officers are acquitted of beating African-American motorist Rodney King. Two of the officers are later convicted in a civil trial. Following the verdict in the trial of police who brutally beat Rodney King, violence erupts in Los Angeles. The deadliest disturbance in recent history, the city burns for three days and close to 3,000 are injured. Property damage is substantial, estimated in the hundreds of millions of dollars. Close to 5,000 Army troops are called in to restore order. I don’t know when this happened: A woman sat in the front seat of her car, waiting for her 17-year-old daughter outside a Bible study class. She was shot at close range, in front of her nine-year-old son, even though she complied with the demand by robbers that she give them her purse. Moments after his mother was shot the victim’s son burst into the home and interrupted the study group. “My mother’s been shot!” he cried and collapsed into tears. A dozen people rushed out to find her slumped in the front seat. The young mother died a short time later. April 28, 1998 Two teenage boys are shot to death and a third is wounded as they played basketball at a Pomona, California elementary school hours after classes had ended. A 14-year-old boy was charged; the shooting is blamed on rivalry between two groups of youths. 4-A

March 12, 1999 A 35-year-old Latino male pleaded guilty to murder for the strangulation killings of five gay men in 1986 and 1989. April 13, 1999 Skinheads allegedly kidnapped a black man and etched a swastika into his chest with a piece of glass. May 1, 1999 An 18-year-old male and three juveniles were convicted of violent hate crimes in connection with a racially motivated assault on a Hispanic man in March. July 18, 1999 Three men who beat them with aluminum baseball bats while yelling anti-gay epithets attacked two transgender women. One of the victims required hospitalization for a head injury. August 1, 2000 An individual was charged with the murder of four women, one of which was a 16-year-old girl at Yosemite National Park. He told police investigators that he had fantasized about killing women for three decades.

4 4-A ABC News.com “Violence in U.S. Schools” at: http://abcnews.go.com/sections/us/DailyNews/schoolshootings990420.html#bet

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March 5, 2001 Two children were killed and 13 were injured at a school shooting at Santana High School in Santee, California. Charles Andrew Williams, 15, was the killer. March 22, 2001 Jason Hoffman, 18, wounded a teacher and three students at Granite Hills High School in Granite Hills, California. A policeman shot and wounded Jason Hoffman. September 9, 2003 Attorney General Bill Lockyear announced the head of a massive health care fraud ring responsible for defrauding California’s Med-Cal system of more than $20 million was sentenced to 16 years in prison. See http://yubanet.com/artman/publish/article_4816.shtml October 8, 2003 Jerrod Cohn, 36; Brian Walter, 26; and Michael Daugherty, 30, in Mountain View, California were charged with assault with a hate crime enhancement for allegedly beating a 22-year-old man because they believe he was gay. November 15, 2003 Burbank California Police Officer Matthew Pavelka was killed in a brief shootout with suspected gang members. Glendale Police have helped the neighboring city by executing search warrants for David A. Garcia, who is wanted in connection with the shooting.

Glendale Police loaned Burbank a lieutenant, two sergeants, 22 officers to patrol the city and several civilian workers to staff the department's front desk, records bureau and jail. The extra help allowed Burbank personnel to attend the funeral of the first officer killed on the job in 80 years.

The Glendale men and women working in Burbank were either off duty and volunteering there time, or part of the Glendale Police volunteer reserve force.

On Nov. 15, Burbank Police Officer Gregory Campbell became suspicious when the occupants of a 1999 Cadillac Escalade could not produce the vehicle's registration papers. Campbell called for backup, and Pavelka responded to the scene in the north lot of the Ramada Inn at 2900 N. San Fernando Blvd.

As the officers approached the SUV, suspected gang members Ramon Aranda, 25, and Garcia, 19, both of Sun Valley, got out of the car and started shooting at the officers, police said. Campbell and Pavelka returned fire, killing Aranda. Garcia ran away and was still at large Friday.

Campbell's injuries were critical, but doctors expect him to recover. Pavelka died in surgery late that night. December 14, 2003 A flag that read “Happy Hanukkah” was burned at the home of a Holocaust survivor in Westlake Village, California. February 20, 2004 Police Officer Richard Lizarraga with the Los Angeles Police Department was shot and killed while investigating a domestic disturbance in the Leimert Park area of Los Angeles. He and his partner were flagged down by a woman while on patrol. The woman informed the two officers she was having problems with a friend and wanted him removed from her home. As the officers approached the man to search him, he pulled out a handgun and opened fire, striking Officer Lizarraga in the abdomen, below his vest. Officer Lizarraga's partner returned fire as the suspect fled the scene.

Officer Lizarraga was transported to a local hospital where he died from his wounds approximately 2 hours later. The suspect was arrested about 3 hours after the shooting during a large manhunt. The shooter was a gang member who was on parole and had a long criminal history. The suspect attempted to hang himself in his cell a few hours after his first court appearance. He died the next day from the wounds he received in that attempt.

Officer Lizarraga had served with the Los Angeles Police Department for 2.5 years. His wife survives him. March 6, 2004 At about 7:45 p.m., 31 year old, Jermaine "Omar" Choctaw was standing in the Coin Laundry parking lot at the 8400 block of South San Pedro Street when he was shot and fatally wounded. A 17-year-old female was also struck by gunfire and transported to a local hospital where she was treated and released. Mr. Choctaw, who was affectionately known as Biggie, for the last several years had committed part of his life to preventing gang violence. He was an experienced gang intervention specialist for Unity T.W.O., Inc. and he diligently worked on the eastside to prevent gang violence. At the Los Angeles Sentinal Newspaper's corporate office, a press conference on Tuesday was held on his behalf. Several community

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activists, gang intervention workers, and local police came together to show their support and to express their outrage to the tragic end of a person that so many loved and respected. The family wanted to stress that this murder was not gang-related and had nothing to do with his affiliation with the Swans. Because of his work with Unity T.W.O., Inc, family and friends did not want his death to be associated as a gang confrontation killing. They stated that the killing was "cowardly" and that he will be missed by so many. A candle light vigil was held for Biggie on Tuesday March 9, 2004 at San Pedro and 84th Street on the eastside at 7:00 pm. April 10, 2004 Police Officer Isaac A. Espinoza of the San Francisco Police Department was shot and killed as he and his partner investigated a suspicious person on Newhall Street. When they called out to the man, he turned around and opened fire with an AK-47 and then fled. Officer Espinoza’s partner was struck in the leg. The suspect was later apprehended. April 15, 2004 Police Officer Stephan Gury of the Merced Police Department of California was shot and killed while conducting a traffic stop. April 21, 2004 California Highway Patrol Officer Thomas Steiner was shot and killed while standing in front of the Pomona Courthouse. Officer Steiner was shot three times, including once in the head. He was shot by a 16-year-old suspect intent on killing a police officer. It was later discovered that the suspect shot Officer Steiner in an attempt to gain the respect of a member of a Los Angeles gang he was attempting to join. So fight back society. Move into WATTS with California constitution posters and The Constitution of the United States posters. Pass out pamphlets on how the California Small Claims Court System works. Do the same to the Latino/American communities in California but do it in Spanish. Do the same to the Chinese/Americans in California and the Japanese/Americans. Definitely get The Constitution of the United States and the California constitution posted on the wall at LAX. Do the same to the other airports in California. April 23, 2004 Reserve Deputy John Sandlin with the Solano County Sheriff’s Department was killed in an automobile accident during a vehicle pursuit. May 12, 2004 California prosecutors plan to pursue a 1999 murder case. They plan to charge a jailed kidnapper in the death of a seven-year-old girl.

Colorado 5

August 1, 1876 Colorado became the 38th state. 1879 26 soldiers and Indian agents killed by Utes in the “Meeker’s massacre”. 1914 20 persons, including 12 children, die when National Guardsman burn a tent colony of striking Colorado Fuel & Iron Corporation miners at Ludlow. Then more than a 1,000 miners take up arms in a 10-day uprising that culminates in the dispatch of federal troops. 1924 KKK members in Colorado are elected to major state offices, and Klan endorsed candidates are elected governor and senator. 1974 Six years of bitter resistance to racial integration end in the court-ordered busing of 18,000 school children. 1992 Demonstrators attack a bus carrying KKK members from a Klan rally at the Colorado statehouse on Martin Luther King, Jr. birthday.

5 To learn more about Colorado politics you can try a book I never read called The Mountain States of America by Neal Peirce. Also in Facts About the States Second Edition, by Joseph Nathan Kane, Steven Anzovin, & Janet Podell, published by The H.W. Wilson Company, New York in 1993 ISBN: 0-8242-0849-8 there is a good bibliography for all fifty states, Puerto Rico, and Washington, D.C. Also there is a book called The Almanac of American Politics by Michael Barone published in 1972, 1974, & 1976 that I never read.

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March 15, 1999 A 25-year-old Denver Skinhead was convicted of murder and attempted murder and sentence to life in prison for the 1997 shooting death of a West African immigrant at a bus stop and the wounding of a bystander. April 20, 1999 The Columbine Massacre occurred at Columbine High School in Littleton, Colorado. Two students, Dylan Klebold and Eric Harris, murdered 12 students and one teacher. They then killed themselves. 23 other students were wounded. It was the worst school shooting in U.S. History.

October 1, 2003 Fliers from the National Alliance were left in several yards in Boulder.

October 25, 2003 Fliers from the National Alliance were distributed throughout a neighborhood in Westminster, Colorado. October 28, 2003 The letters “KKK”, the phrase “All Muslims will die” and two swastikas were painted near a mosque in Greenwood Village, Colorado. November 1, 2003 Fliers from the neo-Nazi National Alliance were distributed throughout the city of Alamosa, Colorado.

Connecticut 6

January 9, 1788 Connecticut became the 5th state. From 1894 till Gerald Chapman’s execution in 1926: Execution in Connecticut had been operated by buckshot, which was released by the weight of the prisoner standing on the trap. The shot ran down a chute until there was sufficient weight of shot to trigger the mechanism, which then released the weight and shot the prisoner 6 feet into the air. April 26, 1926 Gerald Chapman at Weathersfield, Connecticut was executed by a weight that was connected to the rope and the warden operating a lever with his foot released this. Chapman was hoisted 12 feet into the air and the force broke his neck. September 1969 Race riots in black and Puerto Rican sections of Hartford are worst in the city’s history. March 15, 1999 A white man was convicted of intimidation by bigotry or bias and second-degree assault and placed on two years of special probation for a 1996 racially motivated attack on a black man.

Delaware 7

Hanging remains a lawful option (to lethal injection) in Delaware, but it is doubtful that any prisoners

on death row in Delaware will choose it, over lethal injection. That is after Billy Bailey did. December 7, 1787 Delaware became the 1st state. 1962 General dockworkers strike on the east coast that tied up virtually all shipping to and from U.S., crippling the Delaware shipping industry. 6 To learn more about Connecticut politics you can try a book I never read called The New England States by Neal Peirce. Also in Facts About the States Second Edition, by Joseph Nathan Kane, Steven Anzovin, & Janet Podell, published by The H.W. Wilson Company, New York in 1993 ISBN: 0-8242-0849-8 there is a good bibliography for all fifty states, Puerto Rico, and Washington, D.C. Also there is a book called The Almanac of American Politics by Michael Barone published in 1972, 1974, & 1976 that I never read. 7 To learn more about Delaware politics you can look in Facts About the States Second Edition, by Joseph Nathan Kane, Steven Anzovin, & Janet Podell, published by The H.W. Wilson Company, New York in 1993 ISBN: 0-8242-0849-8 there is a good bibliography for all fifty states, Puerto Rico, and Washington, D.C. Also there is a book called The Almanac of American Politics by Michael Barone published in 1972, 1974, & 1976 that I never read.

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April 1968 Riots broke out in the city of Wilmington after the murder of Martin Luther King, Jr. The National Guard was called out to the city. 1975 Wilmington teachers go on six-week strike for better pay. Wages are raised over three-year period. January 25, 1996 Billy Bailey became the third person to be hanged in America since the resumption of executions in 1977 (the other two were Charles Campbell and Westley Allan Dodd both in Washington state). Bailey was 49 years old, balding and wearing glasses and had been on death row for 16 years.

He was born the 19th of 23 children. His mother died shortly after his birth and his stepmother beat him and called him worthless, according to records of social workers who found Bailey, at 12, "a seriously disturbed child who needs professional help."

It was argued, however, that Bailey got that help, in institutions and from the foster family he turned to for support.

He was sentenced to death in 1980, at the age of 33, for the shooting of an elderly farming couple, Clara and Gilbert Lambertson.

He had robbed a liquor store and then hitched a ride from his foster sister's house and asked to be dropped at the Lambertson's farm. There, apparently intent on stealing their pickup truck, he shot them, arranged their bodies in chairs and fled on foot to nearby woods, where he was captured by a Delaware State Trooper.

Asked why he committed the murders, Bailey said: ''I don't really know. I just know that I feel bad about it. It hurts sometimes when I think about it. When I say hurt, I think about the Lambertsons and how much they hate me and I start to cry and sometimes I cry myself to sleep at night." Members of the victims' family were not moved.

He said he did not remember the killings because he was drunk and high on Valium at the time. Delaware had, along with many other states, moved to lethal injection in 1986. However Bailey and

two other men had been sentenced before the change in the law. All three were offered the choice of lethal injection and one, William Flamer, who was executed on January 30th 1996, opted for it. The third, James Riley has yet to choose. Bailey told the state Pardons Board at a clemency hearing "I feel the law sentenced me to hang and I should hang. I don't want to, but that was the law."

Delaware had not carried out a hanging for 50 years so sought advice from corrections officials at Walla Walla prison in Washington State (the only other state that has actually carried out any hangings.)

The wooden gallows (pictured here) had been built in the grounds of the Delaware Correctional Centre at Smyrna in 1986, as Bailey's first execution date approached. It is an amazing structure complete with a roof and had required renovation and strengthening before Bailey could be executed on it. The platform housing the trap door is 15 feet from the ground and is accessed by 23 steps.

Delaware used an execution protocol written by Fred Leuchter. This specifies the use of 30 feet of 3/4 inch diameter Manila hemp rope, boiled to take out stretch and any tendency to coil. The area of the rope sliding inside the knot was lubricated with melted paraffin was to allow it to slide freely. A black hood is specified by the protocol, as is a sandbag to test the trap door and a "collapse board" to which a prisoner can be strapped if necessary.

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Bailey was moved from his prison cell to a caravan close to the gallows in preparation for the execution where he spent his last 24 hours sleeping, eating, watching television, talking with staff and meeting with his sister Betty Odom, 53, the prison chaplain, and his attorney.

For his last meal he had requested a well-done steak, a baked potato with sour cream and butter, buttered rolls, peas and vanilla ice cream.

A few minutes before midnight Bailey was led into the yard which was surrounded by prison guards with dogs. His glasses had been removed. He was wearing a prison-issue blue denim coat draped over his shoulders, the top two buttons fastened to keep it from blowing off in the wind. His arms were fastened at his sides. As is customary, a direct telephone line to the Delaware Governor was kept open up to the last minute in case of a reprieve. Two guards wearing black jump-suits and black hoods held in place by baseball caps, escorted Bailey who weighed 220 lbs. up the steps to the gallows platform where he stood with the six coil noose swaying in the night breeze beside him until the 40 or so witnesses had entered the compound. He stood expressionless, flanked by the guards for nearly five minutes. One faced forward holding Bailey's left arm. The other kept his back to witnesses and held the prisoner's shoulder. Warden Robert Snyder, who was to be the hangman, was standing further to the right when the witnesses were in position Bailey was led onto the trap, a nylon webbing strap placed around his ankles and a black hood pulled down over his head and upper chest. The noose was placed over the hood. Several times Snyder felt at the hood to be certain that the knot was correctly positioned beneath Bailey's left ear. Snyder asked Bailey if he had any last words but did not hear Bailey's reply. "Pardon?" Snyder said, "No sir." Bailey repeated.

Bailey stood calmly on the trap and was seen to squeeze his right fist into a tight ball. A moment later, at 12:04 a.m., Warden Snyder holding the gray wooden lever with both hands, released the trapdoor which opened with a loud bang. Five feet of manila rope followed Bailey through the hole and his body jerked to a halt 10 feet above the ground. According to one witness it looked like a rag doll with the head over on side at a sharp angle. Bailey's body spun counter clockwise six times, then rotated once in the opposite direction. A canvas tarpaulin was now released to conceal the body, just his dangling feet in white tennis shoes remaining visible. He was pronounced dead eleven minutes later, at 12:15 a.m. EST (0515 GMT) by the doctor. Gail Stallings, a spokeswoman for the Correction Department later told reporters that the execution had occurred "without complication."

An independent trauma surgeon said 11 minutes was not an unusual amount of time to wait for the pulse to stop after the spinal cord has been cut. "The heart beats on its own," said the surgeon, Willie C. Blair. "That's why we can transplant them." Edmund Lyons, Bailey's attorney, said he "found the process mediaeval and barbaric." Saxton Lambertson, 68, one of the victims' two sons who witnessed the execution along with seven reporters and 12 official witnesses, said his parents "were very innocent people they were old and small and he was a big brute. He chose to shoot them so he chose to die." The victims' great-grandson, Chris Lambertson, 20, of Dover, Delaware had waited outside of the prison and said afterwards "I'm out here to see that justice is served". "Just because Billy Bailey wanted their truck, he killed my great-grandparents. Without a doubt, he should die." 150 demonstrators for and against the death penalty had also congregated at the prison. Bailey's execution was Delaware's first hanging for 50 years, only 25 other people (including three women) being hanged from 1904 to May 1946. Executions were carried out in public up to 1935.

This execution seems it should have been 1896. Although the actual execution was accomplished without any apparent suffering, no effort is made to spare Bailey's feelings or speed up the process. This may

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well be the last hanging in Delaware and the authorities there obviously did not feel inclined to spend money on a new gallows.

District of Columbia 8 “The 13th most violent Area”

1791 President Washington selects the District of Columbia as the seat of the national government. 1800 The capital is transferred from Philadelphia to the District of Columbia. Summer 1949 Jim Crow segregation reigned in Washington, D.C. Liberals and blacks were upset over the swimming pools not being integrated in D.C. The Department of Interior, which ran the pools, decided to integrate the all white pools. Henceforth two hundred whites battled two hundred black and whites in a riot. The pools remained integrated. 1966 Racial disturbances continue to plague the city. 1968 The assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr., sets off six days of intense violence. President Nixon calls in troops to quell the looting and burning. 1970 Increased efforts are made to solve Washington’s chronic problems in transportation, crime, education, social services, and revenue. I don’t know when this happened: A local builder was killed in the parking lot of an office building he owned. A hired assassin killed the builder. The builder’s former father-in-law hired the assassin. January 21, 1999 A 30-year-old man was charged with a hate crime and assault with a dangerous weapon for allegedly hitting a black man with a nightstick and refusing to serve him at a restaurant in October.

Florida 9 “Those Gators have Cocaine”

1835 –1842 Seminole War: United States versus the Seminole tribe. March 3, 1845 Florida became the 27th state. 1867 Ku Klux Klan is organized in Palatka. 1876 Florida is charged with the tampering of its electoral vote in the Fild-Hayes presidential election. December 17, 1979 The Miami police chased Arthur McDuffie, a black insurance man. He pulled over and up to 12 police officers wielding flashlights hit him. He died four days latter of a fractured skull. Almost five months later four officers on trial were acquitted. Miami then had three days of rioting, 18 persons were killed, and hundreds were injured. 1981 “Cocaine Cowboys” in South Florida cause increase in violence and crime. February 1987 A 23-year-old black man named Melvin Hair was killed by a white Tampa police officer after responding to a report that Hair was threatening his family with a knife. Hair’s death touched off two nights of violence in Tampa.

Five men died in Tampa police custody in a span of five months. The officers involved were white. Four of the dead men were black, and one was Cuban. December 1986 Police of the Tampa Police Department beat New York Mets pitcher Dwight Gooden.

8 To learn more about District of Columbia politics you can look in Facts About the States Second Edition, by Joseph Nathan Kane, Steven Anzovin, & Janet Podell, published by The H.W. Wilson Company, New York in 1993 ISBN: 0-8242-0849-8 there is a good bibliography for all fifty states, Puerto Rico, and Washington, D.C. Also there is a book called The Almanac of American Politics by Michael Barone published in 1972, 1974, & 1976 that I never read. 9 To learn more about Florida politics you can try a book I never read called The Deep South States of America by Neal Peirce. Also in Facts About the States Second Edition, by Joseph Nathan Kane, Steven Anzovin, & Janet Podell, published by The H.W. Wilson Company, New York in 1993 ISBN: 0-8242-0849-8 there is a good bibliography for all fifty states, Puerto Rico, and Washington, D.C. Also there is a book called The Almanac of American Politics by Michael Barone published in 1972, 1974, & 1976 that I never read.

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1989 The U.S. Senate impeached U.S. District Judge Alcee Hastings for accepting a bribe. Sometime before 1996: The ninth foreign visitor had been murdered within a year. In the ninth murder two teenagers fired handguns through the car windows on both sides hitting a young man from England in the neck, and killing him. They wounded a woman in the arm and chest. The wounded woman made it to a pay phone and called 911 and said, “I want an ambulance. My husband’s dying. We’ve been shot. There’s blood coming out of his mouth and I think he’s dying…. Please!” Four days earlier police had arrested three people and charged them with the ruthless murder of a German tourist. Uwe-Wilhelm Rakebrand was shot to death with a sawed-off .30-caliber rifle while driving on a Miami freeway with his pregnant wife by his side. The suspects “hunted” their prey, the police said. February 24, 1999 A black woman, Jody-Gaye Bailey, died after being shot in the head by a self-proclaimed Skinhead. Minutes before the shooting in Ft. Lauderdale the perpetrator reportedly boasted of wanting to “go out and kill a n---er.” April 3, 1999 Ashley Mance, a 6-year-old black youth, was killed by one of 12 rounds fired from a self-proclaimed Skinhead in St. Petersburg, Florida. October 31, 1999 After shouting anti-gay epithets, a teenager allegedly drove into a group of young people dressed in drag on Halloween night, killing 17-year-old Allison Decratel and injuring another person in Iverness, Florida. May 1, 2000 Two of five men accused in the beating death of a mentally retarded man went on trial in what is being called a racially motivated killing in Jacksonville. May 26, 2000 One teacher, Barry Grunow, was shot and killed at Lake Worth Middle School by Nate Brazil age 13. October 4, 2003 The letters “KKK” and “SUR13” were spray-painted on a vacant house in Deland, Florida owned by an African-American man. November 22, 2003 Stamatios Kannis, 22, and John Himonetos 21, and Michael Kitsos, 21, allegedly attacked a group of people outside a restaurant they believed were gray. The trio also allegedly made anti-gay remarks and warned the group not to return to the area. November 30, 2003 Clinton Hughes was charged with battery for allegedly attacking a black man who was walking with his white girlfriend in Jacksonville. December 2, 2003 Jeremy Felix, 19, was charged with criminal mischief for allegedly spray-painting swastikas and the letters “KKK” on an apartment from which he was evicted in Cape Canaveral, Florida. December 13, 2003 Racial epithets were spray-painted on a Holocaust Museum exhibit in St. Petersburg. December 28, 2003 Five black swastikas were spray-painted on the walls of a Jewish residence and furniture was slashed. February 7, 2004 Deputy Sheriff Brian Robert Litz with the Marion County Sheriff’s Office was shot and killed at approximately 1300 hours while making a routine well-being check on an elderly man, who lived alone in a retirement community. The man’s son had called the Sheriff’s Office asking the department to check on his father. He advised that his father had a gun and that he said he had not heard from his father in two days. When Deputy Litz approached the house to check on the 74-year-old man, the man began to argue with Deputy Litz. At some point during the incident, Deputy Litz exited the house and called for additional units. When they arrived, one of the deputies took cover behind a post, while Deputy Litz walked up to the man’s front window. As Deputy Litz approached, the suspect opened fire, killing Deputy Litz. The other deputies on the scene returned fire, killing the suspect. Deputy Litz had served with the Marion County Sheriff’s Office for 7 years and was a member of the K9 unit. He is survived by his wife and 5-year-old son. May 10, 2004 Tips called into “America’s Most Wanted” television show helped capture 21-year-old Peter Cunningham in Bronx who shot 23-year-old Jason Tavares in a drug deal gone wrong in Lauderhill, Florida.

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Georgia 10 “Hang the Jew” January 2, 1788 Georgia became the 4th state. 1867 KKK makes first appearance in Georgia. 1905 In Watkinsville, Georgia in Oconee County two brothers, Lewis and Rich Robinson, were arrested and charged with the murder of a white man. They were brought to the local jail and held pending trial. In the same jail were seven other prisoners charged with a variety of crimes including theft. On June 29, 1905 a mob of approximately 100 men wearing robes and masks showed up at the jail. The Sheriff had been kidnapped and brought along to open cell doors. At gunpoint, the deputies were forced to turn over all the prisoners. The prisoners were tied up and marched to the center of town where they were beaten and tied to a fence. The leader of the mob gave the command to shoot. Eight prisoners were dead. One man, Joe Patterson, escaped with two bullet wounds in his chest. August 16, 1915 Leo Frank, a Jewish New Yorker, was lynched in Georgia for a murder he probably did not commit. When he came out of the courthouse the crowd shouted, “Hang the Jew.” Leo Frank had very bad propaganda, outright lies put in the paper against him. Thanksgiving night 1915 25,000 Klansmen paraded through the streets of Atlanta, Georgia to celebrate the opening of the movie, “The Birth of a Nation”. January 31, 1930 James Irwin, a black, was accused of the murder of a white girl in the town of Ocilla, Georgia. He was taken into custody by a mob, his fingers and toes were cut off, and his teeth were pulled out by pliers. He was castrated. Then James Irwin was burned alive in front of hundreds of onlookers. No one was ever punished for this barbaric killing. 1931 Dennis Hubert, a black man, was in a park in Atlanta, Georgia. Three white women were in the park drinking. One woman fell to the ground and Dennis Hubert remarked, “You better take the drunk lady home.” The next day a young white man shot and killed Dennis Hubert for the “crime” of insulting a white woman. Later, an Atlanta jury acquitted the killer. 1961 Charlayne Hunter and Hamilton Holmes, with court orders, request permission to enter the University of Georgia. State officials briefly terminate permission to enter the University of Georgia. State officials briefly terminate school funds and mobs attack Hunter’s dormitory. 1966 Race riots in Atlanta. 1987 Ten thousand civil rights supporters march on the all-white town of Cumming, a KKK stronghold. March 1991 In Atlanta two black youths were beaten by police officers after a car chase. One fifteen-year-old was killed. May 20, 1999 A 15-year-old upset over a broken romance, opened fire at Heritage High School in Conyers, Georgia injuring six students. February 26, 2000 A judge overturned the conviction and death sentence of Ed Johnson. March 10, 2000 Darrell Ingram, age 19, killed two students in Savannah, Georgia while they were leaving a dance sponsored by Beach High School. October 22, 2003 Profanity and anti-gay slurs were spray-painted on the garage doors of a gay man’s residence twice in one week in Atlanta. October 24, 2003 Christopher Botts, 26, was sentenced to eight years in prison and four years probation and ordered to pay $10,000 fine for attacking two black brothers in April 2002. Ulysses Andrade, 28, was sentenced to four years in prison and one year of probation plus a $5,000 fine for his role in the incident. It happened in Atlanta.

1 0 To learn more about Georgia politics you can try a book I never read called The Deep South States of America by Neal Peirce. Also in Facts About the States Second Edition, by Joseph Nathan Kane, Steven Anzovin, & Janet Podell, published by The H.W. Wilson Company, New York in 1993 ISBN: 0-8242-0849-8 there is a good bibliography for all fifty states, Puerto Rico, and Washington, D.C. Also there is a book called The Almanac of American Politics by Michael Barone published in 1972, 1974, & 1976 that I never read.

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October 27, 2003 Angela Pisciotta, 21, was sentenced to six years for aggravated assault plus two years to be served consecutively for beating two black men in April 2002. Pisciotta was ordered to pay a $10,000 fine, undergo anger management therapy and spend two years on probation. November 13, 2003 Eric Sullivan, 25; Jerrel Garner Jr., 29; Stacy Jones, 30; Steven Jones 41; Jeremy Sims, 28; and Billy Wells, 31, were each charged with one count of terroristic threats and acts for allegedly burning a cross in a person’s yard in Trenton, Georgia.

Hawaii

August 1, 1998 A straight man was killed in a public shower facility by a group of teenagers because they thought he was gay. December 25, 2003 University of Hawaii beat University of Houston 54 to 48 in the Hawaii Bowl. Player rioted after the game.

Idaho

November 2, 2003 Zachary Loren Beck, a 24-year-old Aryan Nations member, was charged with felony malicious harassment as a hate crime for allegedly punching a Hispanic man in Coeur d’Alene, Idaho.

Illinois 11 “Al Capone in PA too”

December 3, 1818 Illinois became the 21st state. 1853 The Illinois legislature forbids free blacks to enter Illinois. 1865 Illinois is the first state to ratify the 13th Amendment, abolishing slavery. 1886 A bomb kills seven policemen during a rally at Chicago’s Haymarket Square. The rally was for an eight-hour workday. Anarchists are blamed, and four men are later hanged. Mother Jones was there.

The Haymarket bombing On November 11th 1887 four anarchists were hanged in Chicago for throwing a bomb at the police who

were trying to control a demonstration in a public square on May 4th of that year. 7 policeman and 4 demonstrators died and many more were injured. 8 of the anarchists were subsequently arrested and charged

with murder. Seven of the eight were sentenced to hang, although subsequently two had their sentences commuted to life in prison and one committed suicide while awaiting execution.

The remaining four, August Spies, Albert Parsons, George Engel and Adolph Fischer were hanged at noon in front of an audience of some two hundred people, including many journalists, despite many petitions for

clemency. The gallows was erected between the first and second floor balconies of the prison, spanning the whole

width between the wall and the balconies with a 25-foot beam over a fifteen feet long x five feet wide trap. Four ropes with British style running nooses were suspended from metal rings on the beam. (See photo)

At 11.45 a.m. Chief Deputy Cahill ordered the witnesses to remove their hats and a few moments later the condemned men were led in one at a time. Each was dressed in a white shroud and had his hands pinioned

behind him. The nooses were placed around their necks and the white hoods pulled over their heads.

1 1 To learn more about Illinois politics you can try a book I never read called The Megastates of America by Neal Peirce. Also in Facts About the States Second Edition, by Joseph Nathan Kane, Steven Anzovin, & Janet Podell, published by The H.W. Wilson Company, New York in 1993 ISBN: 0-8242-0849-8 there is a good bibliography for all fifty states, Puerto Rico, and Washington, D.C. Also there is a book called The Almanac of American Politics by Michael Barone published in 1972, 1974, & 1976 that I never read.

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According to the Chicago Tribune "For a moment or two the men stood like ghosts". Spies said something that was inaudible but Fischer shouted "Long live anarchy" as did Engel. Parsons began to speak but all were

silenced by the crash of the falling trap, released from a booth behind the gallows. They fell four feet and twisted and writhed at the ends of their ropes. The bodies were examined by doctors and one by one they were declared dead, Fischer taking the longest at 7 minutes and 45 seconds. Many prominent people were

concerned about the justice of their convictions and executions. More detail on this case can be found at http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAhaymarket.htm

1887 Chicago executed the four so-called Haymarket conspirators. They were dressed in their shrouds for execution. Their guilt was never proven. 1894 President Grover Cleveland sends federal troops to Chicago to help crush the Pullman Car Company railroad strike. 1917 More than 100 blacks are killed in two East St. Louis race riots. 1919 In five days of July rioting in Chicago, 22 blacks and 16 whites are killed. 1920 Eight White Sox Players are indicted for “throwing” the 1919 World Series. About 1924 Two University of Chicago students, Leopold and Loeb, killed a boy in a quest to commit the perfect murder. February 14, 1929 Seven are killed in Chicago’s St. Valentine’s Day Massacre. Al Capone’s hit men, disguised as police officers, kill seven Irish gang members. 1936 One of the nation’s largest bootlegging operations is exposed in Chicago. 1968 Eleven blacks die in Chicago rioting following the King assassination. 1969 Trial begins of the Chicago 8 – Black Panther leaders who incited the 1968 convention riots. 1988 Investigators backed an officer who said he killed a man who charged him. However they never checked an autopsy report that showed the victim had been shot in the back. I don’t know when this happened: A seventeen-year-old was shot in the head and murdered at a high school football game. He was shot with a semiautomatic. 25-caliber handgun as he rode in a car, dressed as the school’s mascot. November 23, 1998 A man was sentenced to life in prison for the 1996 hate motivated murder of a gay man in Huntley, Illinois. April 5, 1999 Naoki Kamijima, 48, was a Japanese American shop owner who was shot to death in Crystal Lake outside of Chicago. The gunman was allegedly searching stores for employees of certain ethnicities before finding and shooting Kamijima. April 5, 1999 A 24-year old was convicted of assault and disorderly conduct for committing a hate crime when he threatened a biracial couple outside a grocery store in February in Gurnee, Illinois. In May he was sentenced to one year in prison. May 5, 1999 A 28-year old was sentenced to 12 years in prison for a racially motivated attack in 1997 in Chicago when he intentionally ran over a black man with his utility vehicle after spitting on him and hurling racial insults. May 24, 1999 Four black men were charged with attempted murder and civil rights violations for allegedly shooting a white teenager in Fall River. July 4, 1999 A White Supremacist killed an African-American man, Ricky Byrdsong, and wounded six orthodox Jews in Chicago before killing a Korean student, Won-Joon Yoon, in Bloomington, Indiana. October 22, 2003 James R. Buskirk, 17, was charged with a hate crime for allegedly writing racial slurs on a piece of paper he then gave to a black student in Collinsville, Illinois. November 12, 2003 Harley Hermes, 21, a self-proclaimed racist Skinhead, was sentenced to 20 months in prison for conspiring to violate the civil rights of four black children in August 2002 in Chicago. November 14, 2003 Dennis L. Hayes and Donald S. Davinroy, both 23, and Larry E. Tyler Jr. were each charged with a hate crime, aggravated battery and mob action for allegedly attacking a black man in Belleville, Illinois. November 19, 2003 Shaun Derfield, 23, was ordered to serve 37 months in prison and pay a $6,000 fine for yelling racist taunts at black teens and holding a knife to a girl’s throat in August 2002 in Chicago.

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2003 The governor pardoned four people on death row. Supposedly police had tortured the people into confessions. February 4, 2004 Detective William Rolniak, Jr., with the Riverdale Police Department was shot and killed execution style after being taken hostage inside the Riverdale Police Department. The suspect had been arrested for attempted murder, home invasion, and aggravated kidnapping after breaking into a home and abducting his ex-girlfriend at gunpoint. He had just finished being interviewed by an assistant state's attorney and was being moved from one room to another room in the station, when he grabbed Detective Rolniak's service weapon out of its holster at approximately 2015 hours. The suspect was not handcuffed at the time because he had been cooperating with the authorities. The suspect forced Detective Rolniak out of the building, took him behind a building across the street from the police station, and shot him in the head. The man then attempted to carjack three different cars, shooting an elderly occupant of one car during the attempt. Three other officers arrived at the scene and shot and killed the suspect. Detective Rolniak was transported to Christ Medical Center where he died a short time later. Detective Rolniak had served with the Riverdale Police Department for 14 years. His wife, two teenage daughters, and parents survive him.

Indiana

July 4, 1999 A White Supremacist killed a Korean student, Won-Joon Yoon, in Bloomington, Indiana after he killed an African-American man, Ricky Byrdsong, and wounded six orthodox Jews in Chicago. October 29, 1999 Three men, one of which has since been charged, broke into the home of two men and, convinced the men were homosexuals, burned and repeatedly kicked the victims, taunting them with homophobic remarks during the attack. This took place in Indianapolis, Indiana. November 23, 1999 Two white teenagers were charged with murder in what prosecutors say was the racially motivated random shooting of a black teenager in Elkhart, Indiana. March 30, 2001 Donald R. Burt, Jr., a 17-year-old student who had been expelled from Lew Wallace High School in Gary, Indiana, killed one student. November 18, 2003 A Holocaust museum was set afire and the words “Remember Timothy McVeigh” were written on the wall in Terre Haute, Indiana. December 23, 2003 Alex Witmer, 22, received the maximum, 65-year prison sentence for the racially motivated killing of a black man in 1999 in Elkhart, Indiana.

Iowa

June 4, 1999 A 21-year-old was charged with assault and violation of individual rights in connection with a racially motivated beating in May in Fort Dodge, Iowa. October 14, 2003 A black man allegedly attacked a white woman while yelling racial slurs in Council Bluffs, Iowa. October 28, 2003 Anti-gay and hate messages were written on the dormitory door of an openly gay black student in Iowa City, Iowa.

Kansas

The gallows in the Kansas State Penitentiary stood in the corner of a general warehouse just outside the prison walls and was always referred to as "the corner". It was used for 15 state executions and four military hangings between 1944 and 1965.

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April 14, 1965 Perry Edward Smith, 36, and Richard Eugene Hiskock (maybe Hickock), 33, both white men, were hanged for the killing of the Clutter family in the Kansas State Penitentiary in Lansing, Kansas. Their case became famous in Truman Capote's book "In Cold Blood", which was also made into a film. June 22, 1965 The last hangings, prior to suspension of the death penalty, which the death penalty was later reinstituted, took place at the Kansas State Penitentiary in Lansing, Kansas. On June 22nd, 1965 George Ronald York and James Douglas Latham were executed for the murders of 7 people in a violent rampage they did while they were serving in the U.S. Army.

Kentucky

August 14, 1936 The last public hanging in America was suppose to take place, however at least five more men were hung in America in public view. Rainey Bathea, at Owensboro, Kentucky was hung on the morning of August 14, 1936 for the murder and rape of a seventy-year-old white woman. December 17, 1937 There was a semi public hanging in Kentucky within wooden stockades, of John "Peter" Montjoy at Covington, Kentucky. June 3, 1938 There was a semi public hanging in Covington, Kentucky within wooden stockades of Harold Van Venison. December 1, 1997 Three students were killed and five were wounded as they participated in a prayer circle at Heath High School. Michael Carneal, 14, was the shooter. September 1, 1999 Three men were sentenced for hate crime convictions resulting from a 1994 attack on a black man in a bar in Wichita, Kansas. November 7, 1999 Two heterosexual men, one a student at Kansas University, were walking down the street in Lawrence, Kansas when some men directed anti-gay epithets at them and proceeded to attack them. One of the victims was knocked to the ground and repeatedly beaten.

Louisiana 12 “The only state with French Code”

April 30, 1812 Louisiana became the 18th state. Early 1900’s Eleven Italians were lynched in New Orleans. 1946 A 15-year-old black boy named Willie Francis was to be executed in the state’s portable electric chair. When the current was turned on, the doomed youth strained against the straps, then was heard to whisper, “Let me breathe.” The power was then turned off and then on again. The boy’s body arched and he said, “Take it off.” The warden ordered the dynamo shut down. Willie was unbuckled and he stood up from the chair. He was given a week’s reprieve so the defect could be fixed. Willie’s case captured public attention. A lawsuit was started declaring a second execution would be “cruel and unusual punishment” under the Eighth Amendment. The United States Supreme Court decided against Willie and he went to the chair again in 1947. This time Willie was killed. 1992 Democrat and former governor Edwin Edwards indicted three times on criminal charges, defeated David Duke, KKK Grand Dragon and American Nazi leader. April 1998 A nude woman’s body, a Jane Doe, was found on Interstate 49. The murder and identity of the woman remain unsolved. It soon may be featured on “America’s Most Wanted”.

1 2 To learn more about Louisiana politics you can try a book I never read called The Deep South States of America by Neal Peirce. Also in Facts About the States Second Edition, by Joseph Nathan Kane, Steven Anzovin, & Janet Podell, published by The H.W. Wilson Company, New York in 1993 ISBN: 0-8242-0849-8 there is a good bibliography for all fifty states, Puerto Rico, and Washington, D.C. Also there is a book called The Almanac of American Politics by Michael Barone published in 1972, 1974, & 1976 that I never read.

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May 20, 1999 A reported Klansman aged 22 was charged with aggravated rape, oral sexual batter and crime against nature for allegedly raping a black man in 1997 in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. September 26, 2000 Two students were wounded with the same gun during a fight at Woodson Middle School in New Orleans. April 14, 2003 One 15-year-old was killed and three students were wounded at John McDonough High School in New Orleans by gunfire from four teenagers who were not students at the school. The shooting was gang related. October 2, 2003 Frank Palermo, 37, was sentenced to seven years in prison for dousing the cars of three black motorists in New Orleans with gasoline in 1988 while a 3-year-old boy was in the cars. January 8, 2004 Lieutenant Sidney A. Zaffuto with Orleans Parish Criminal Sheriff’s Office was shot and killed during a bank robbery while moonlighting as a security guard. Three suspects entered the bank and immediately disarmed Lieutenant Zaffuto while holding him at gunpoint. A second deputy, who was in the rear of the bank, observed what was occurring and confronted the suspects. A shootout ensued and Lieutenant Zaffuto was shot in the chest, and the second deputy was struck in the leg. Two of the suspects were also wounded and the three fled the scene. A plainclothes detective, who observed the suspects fleeing, called for backup and he and responding officers took two of the suspects into custody. Two U.S. Coast Guard petty officers, which were armed while transporting ammunition through the area, took the third suspect into custody. Lieutenant Zaffuto had served Orleans Parish Criminal Sheriff's Office for a total of 21 years. He was posthumously promoted to the rank of Lieutenant. His wife, son, two stepchildren, and two grandchildren survive him. May 2004 Four suspects are in jail for the 2003 murder of a Gonzales, Louisiana woman and her son. June 22, 2004 Robber Samuel Parker was shot to death in an attempted robbery. Though dead, he has now been connected to other robberies. July 2004 Two 15-year-olds were arrested in Leesville, Louisiana after leading police on a high-speed chase. They are suspected of smashing mailboxes. July 2004 An Alexandria police officer and his canine Arco were injured in stopping a robbery of a coke machine by crowbar at the zoo. Marcus Daniels, 17, was arrested.

Maine “Them Maniacs got them a good social contract” 1778 The Continental Congress divides Massachusetts into three districts, one called the District of Maine. 1816 Record cold wave, known as “1800-and-froze-to-death,” occurs. 1819 Maine votes to separate from Massachusetts and adopt a state constitution. March 15, 1820 Maine is admitted to the Union as the 23rd state and as a free state. 1834 State Anti-Slavery Society is formed. 1838 An earthquake hit Maine, with vibrations lasting for 20 days, damages homes and lighthouses. 1898 Battleship Maine blows up internally (But they didn’t know that then, you may want to read Admiral Rickover’s book.) in Havana Harbor. Spanish-American War follows. Maine furnishes a volunteer regiment. 1917 – 1919 Maine shipyards are busy supplying ships to the U.S. in World War I. The state contributes 35,000 men and 116 million to the war effort. Early 1900’s There was a riot in Portland while probation of alcohol was going on. The crowd demanded the alcohol from the courthouse stored for medical purposes. One man was killed. 1973 November 19 the U.S. Supreme Court upholds The Maine law that licenses industries involved in the handling of oil and that imposes liability for any damage caused by oil spills. 1977 The United States Justice Department indicates it will support the Passamaquodly and Penobscot Indian tribes in their suit against Maine for the recovery of their aboriginal lands. 1987 Kennebec River floods Augusta area. Lewiston, on the Androsoggin River, also hit by floods.

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July 31, 1998 A 39-year old male was charged with terrorizing, violating a protective order, and disorderly conduct for allegedly threatening to kill and behead two lesbian neighbors in Falmouth, Maine. August 25, 1998 Tremont Maine A male was arrested for allegedly taunting a man with anti-gay slurs and throwing rocks at him in Tremont, Maine. January 20, 1999 A 47-year old male was convicted of hate crime assault for assaulting his neighbor in March because he believed the man was gay. This happened in Alfred, Maine. March 18, 1999 A 25-year old male pleaded guilty to burglary, assault and a bail violation and was sentenced to 18 months in prison for his participation in a racially motivated attack on an Asian family in August in Alfred, Maine. May 18, 1999 A 39-year old was charged with reckless conduct with a dangerous weapon after he allegedly used racial epithets and threw bricks at a biracial family in Portland, Maine. July 13, 1999 A self-proclaimed Klansman pleaded guilty to attempted murder and was sentenced to three years in prison and four years of probation for a racially motivated attack on a black Portland Police Officer in September. August 13, 1999 A white youth allegedly yelled racial slurs and assaulted a Somalian woman in June. A permanent restraining order was sought against the teen. This happened in Portland. (Maine had its natural disasters, but little, if any, injustice. Maine has a Small Claims Court System and must have broken away from Massachusetts and changed what they didn’t like.)

Maryland 13

April 28, 1788 Maryland becomes the 7th state. 1834 Irish laborers for the C&O Canal revolt against working conditions. 1877 B&O workers stage a strike and riot. 1920 Although it is national law Governor Albert Ritchie refuses to enforce prohibition. 1922 United Mine Workers strike in western Maryland. 1962 There were sixty Freedom Riders arrested for sit-in demonstrations at various segregated restaurants. 1968 Rioting lasts four days following Martin Luther King’s assassination. 1977 Governor Marvin Mandell is found guilty of mail fraud and bribery. December 7, 1999 A 73-year-old black woman was murdered when she was driving home from a Christmas shopping trip with two relatives after a pick-up truck with two people in it began following them, honking their horns and flashing their lights. This happened in Chestertown, Maryland. April 25, 2000 A lesbian woman, who along with her partner had been the targets of repeated anti-gay slurs and vandalism, was attacked by a grown man and his 12-year old son in Germantown, Maryland. May 15, 2000 The second body of a male-to-female transgender person to be murdered in the D.C. area was found in Suitland, Maryland. June 1, 2000 A 25-year old male plead guilty in Baltimore to first-degree murder, attempted murder and armed robbery after admitting that he murdered a gay man and tried to kill another because, he told police, he thought gay men were "evil." May 7, 2004 There was a school shooting at Randallston High School in Baltimore County, Maryland. Ronald P. Johnson Jr., 20, was apprehended while three others are sought. Four students were wounded. January 17, 2001 One student was shot and killed in front of Lake Clifton Eastern High School in Baltimore, Maryland.

1 3 To learn more about Maryland politics you can look in Facts About the States Second Edition, by Joseph Nathan Kane, Steven Anzovin, & Janet Podell, published by The H.W. Wilson Company, New York in 1993 ISBN: 0-8242-0849-8 there is a good bibliography for all fifty states, Puerto Rico, and Washington, D.C. Also there is a book called The Almanac of American Politics by Michael Barone published in 1972, 1974, & 1976 that I never read.

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October 9, 2003 Fliers from the neo-Nazi National Alliance were placed on cars throughout a neighborhood in Frederick, Maryland.

Massachusetts 14 “Tax-A-Chusetts” September 30, 1630 The first hanging for murder in America took place in Plymouth, Massachusetts. John Billington, who had come to America on the Mayflower, was executed by hanging for shooting another settler with a blunderbuss. December 6, 1638 Dorothy Talby was hanged in Salem, Massachusetts. Dorothy murdered her 3 year old daughter, Difficulty. March 12, 1643 18-year-old Mary Latham was hanged for adultery. Mary was the only woman to be executed for adultery in American history. June 1, 1660 Quaker Mary Dyer was hanged from a tree in Boston by Puritans for returning to the colony. In other words she gave her life for her religion and to fight Massachusetts law banishing Quakers. Mary Dyer has two statues honoring her, one is at The State House in Boston, Massachusetts and the other is at Earlham College in Richmond, Indiana in front of Stout Meetinghouse. A Brief story follows: Mary Dyer was a follower of mid-wife and religious activist Anne Marbury Hutchinson, who taught that God could be communicated directly (without the assistance of a minister) and that salvation could be assured. This view was considered heresy by the Puritan religion, which taught that it was impossible to know whether one was "saved" or not (which resulted in the colonial Puritans being a rather anxious group). When Hutchinson was excommunicated by the Boston Puritan Church for her beliefs, Dyer sided with her. Subsequently, Mary Dyer and her husband (William Dyer) were also excommunicated and banished from the colony. They eventually settled in Newport, Rhode Island, where Mary Dyer and her husband enjoyed a political atmosphere of greater religious tolerance.

Following a voyage to England in 1652, Mary Dyer became a follower of George Fox - the founder of the Society of Friends (Quakers) - whose teachings were similar to those of Anne Hutchinson. When Mary Dyer returned to Boston in 1657, she was imprisoned due to her uncompromising expression of her Quaker beliefs. She was granted release when her husband promised that she would keep silent until she left the colony.

In 1658, religious intolerance in Boston reached a horrible height, when a law was passed banishing Quakers under "pain of death." When Mary Dyer learned that two Quakers of her acquaintance were jailed in Boston, she went to visit them in 1659 - and was herself imprisoned (probably by design -- Dyer was very pro-active). That September, Mary Dyer and the two other Friends were released, after being assured that they would be executed if they returned. Nevertheless - only a few weeks later - an undaunted Mary Dyer, in the company of other Friends, returned to Boston resolved to "look the bloody laws in the face."

Imprisoned once again, Mary Dyer saw her two fellow Quakers hung to the death. While herself bound and with the rope around her neck she received a last-minute reprieve (which was almost certainly prearranged). Against her wishes, Mary Dyer returned to Rhode Island; but soon came back to Boston - knowing the inevitability of her fate, but determined to give up her life in order to gain the "repeal of that wicked law".

1 4 To learn more about Massachusetts’s politics you can try a book I never read called The New England States by Neal Peirce. Also in Facts About the States Second Edition, by Joseph Nathan Kane, Steven Anzovin, & Janet Podell, published by The H.W. Wilson Company, New York in 1993 ISBN: 0-8242-0849-8 there is a good bibliography for all fifty states, Puerto Rico, and Washington, D.C. Also there is a book called The Almanac of American Politics by Michael Barone published in 1972, 1974, & 1976 that I never read.

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On June 1, 1660, she was led once more to the scaffold and executed by hanging - refusing to repent, holding fast to her beliefs to the very end. Mary Dyer was happy to be martyred for her beliefs, as she hoped that her sacrifice would result in a change toward greater tolerance of religious faith.

According to the Memoirs of 19th-century Quaker minister, Sunderland P. Gardner, Mary Dyer's maiden name was Long, and her sister was Herodias Long, who was an ancestor of Gardner's. A description of the persecution of Herodias Long is available in Gardner's autobiography. Despite Gardner's assertion, Mary Dyer was almost certainly only a sister to Herodias Long in spirit and religious conviction. More recent research contends that Mary Dyer's maiden name was Barrett. July 19, 1692 Rebecca Nurse was hanged for witchcraft at Salem. Rebecca was 71-years-old. February 6, 1788 Massachusetts becomes the 6th state. 1898 Massachusetts was the second state to follow New York State’s lead and adopt the electric chair as the means to execution. Ohio was the first state to follow New York. January 1919 On a hot day in the north end of Boston, a faint, odor could be detected coming up through the cracks in the pavement. A horrible disaster was about to be bestowed. It killed 21 people and is not funny. A stinking molasses flood happened.

The town had been suffering through the cold. On this day in January the temperature was unseasonably warm, up in mid-40s. The thaw lifted spirits, however, about 50 feet above street level, trouble was brewing. It took the form of 2.5-million gallons of crude molasses, stored in a 90-foot wide cast-iron tank.

Just after midday, and without warning, the tank ruptured, spewing its contents out onto the main street in one huge wall of sticky, and sweet, deadly muck.

It swept its path, ripping buildings off their foundations, upending vehicles, and burying horses. According to eyewitnesses, the wall of molasses was about 15 feet high near its source, and traveled

through the streets at speeds of around 35 miles per hour. People tried to outrun the wall, but were either hurled against solid objects, or buried where they fell. More than 150 people were injured, and 21 were killed.

The bizarre tragedy had its aftermath in the courts, where the company concerned was forced to pay out more than a million dollars in damages, but for some modern-day Bostonians, the aftermath still lingers. August 23, 1927 Bartolomeo Vanzetti, Nicola Sacco, and Calestino Madeiros, received the electric chair at Boston’s Charlestown Prison a few minutes past midnight. Granted Calestino Madeiros was a murderer, thug, and robber, but what did Sacco and Vanzetti do? Why did they attach a murderer to Sacco and Vanzetti’s execution? Bartolomeo Vanzetti was a fish peddler in Plymouth, Massachusetts. His friend Nicola Sacco was a shoe-factory worker in nearby Stoughton, Massachusetts. Just like many other Italian immigrants of the day they were active in the anarchist movement. I don’t know exactly what the anarchist movement was. I believe anarchists at the time believed in anti-government and non-violence. In 1920 Sacco and Vanzetti were picked up by the police on suspicion. They had been seen with men who had a car resembling one used in a payroll robbery in South Braintree, Massachusetts, the previous April. In that crime, a paymaster and his guard had been shot to death and $15,000 dollars was stolen. Sacco and Vanzetti were charged with murder and robbery. Bartolomeo Vanzetti was additionally charged with an attempted robbery the previous year. None of the stolen money was ever found. Witnesses to the crime of robbery contradicted the identification of Vanzetti and Sacco. However the United States was in the middle of communism and anti-foreign hysteria at the time. Sacco and Vanzetti were convicted and sentenced to die in the chair. Sacco and Vanzetti stayed in prison for years past the normal stay for condemned men at the time; as their lawyers tried numerous appeals. Sympathy spread around the world for the men and money poured in to support their defense. Labor organizations, liberal and radical groups, heads of foreign governments, Albert Einstein, H.G. Wells, Alfred Dreyfus, and Felix Frankfurter, all asked for a new trial. Demonstrations and strikes took place in other countries.

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1925 Calestino Madeiros, a murder under sentence of death, entered the case. Madeiros confessed that he was involved in the South Braintree robbery and neither Sacco nor Vanzetti had any part in the robbery. The court threw out his confession. The storm of protest continued to mount. Finally, Governor Fuller of Massachusetts appointed a committee headed by President Lowell of Harvard University to investigate the case. On August 3, 1927 Governor Fuller announced his committee had found no errors in judicial procedure that would justify the condemned men. They were to be executed promptly. Calestino Madeiros, 25, who tried to save the men, was brought first to be executed. Why if Madeiros had nothing to do with Sacco or Vanzetti was he executed on the same night of August 23, 1927? Nicola Sacco, 36, was next to be executed. “Long live anarchy!” he shouted in Italian. In broken English he said, “Farwell, my wife and children and all my friends.” Suddenly, he seemed to take notice of the seven witnesses, “Good evening, gentlemen,” he said politely. “Farwell, mia madre!” he cried. Bartolomeo Vanzetti, 39, was the last of the three to be executed. Apparently they saved the best for last. He shook hands with Warden Hendry, “I want to thank you for everything you’ve done for me, Warden.” Vanzetti seated himself in the chair and addressed the small group in the chamber, “I wish to tell you I’m innocent. I never committed any crime…but sometimes some sin. I thank you for everything you’ve done for me. I’m innocent of all crime…not only of this one but of all. I’m an innocent man.” The mask had been fastened over Vanzetti’s face. “I wish to forgive some people for what they are now doing to me.” He spoke no more. Six minutes after Vanzetti entered the room, he was pronounced dead. Sacco and Vanzetti are chronicled in paintings, film, drama, fiction, and many books. Vanzetti also gave a speech in court, which many repeat: “If it had not been for these things I might have live out my life talking at street corners to scorning men. I might have die, unmarked, unknown, a failure. Now we are not a failure. This is our career and our triumph. Never in our full life could we hope to do such work for tolerance, for justice, for man’s understanding of man, as now we do by accident. Our words, our lives, our pains…nothing! The taking of our lives of a good shoe-maker and a poor fish peddler-all! That last moment belongs to us-that agony is our triumph.” After the execution riots took place in major cities and foreign countries. Thousands of sympathizers marched with the hearses. What has changed since then? 1976 Governor Michael Dukakis appoints a committee to make proposals for reform in the states court system. 1990 In Boston 13 police officers were fired and 37 suspended as a result of investigations into 472 complaints of police abuse. November 7, 1998 An Easton, Massachusetts teenager threw a large rock at a 17-year-old boy he thought was gay, kicked him in the head and yelled, swore, and called the victim a “fag.” The victim suffered a broken nose and a concussion. December 18, 1998 Two men were charged with a hate crime for allegedly assaulting a gay man and yelling anti-gay slurs outside of a bar in Providence. January 7, 1999 Fall River Massachusetts Four adults and three juveniles allegedly threw bricks, rocks and table legs while yelling racial insults at a group of Cambodian-American children in May January 25, 1999 Taunton Massachusetts A 27-year old was convicted of first-degree murder and sentenced to life without the possibility of parole for the fatal 1996 stabbing of a man whom he believed to be gay. June 6, 1999 Two prep students, ages 18 and 20, were charged with allegedly using a knife to carve anti-gay slurs into another student's back because he was a fan of Queen, which the perpetrators referred to as the "gay band." This happened in Greenfield.

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August 10, 1999 A 21-year old was sentenced to three years in prison, and Scott Oliveira, 19, was sentenced to two years in jail for a May 1998 racially motivated attack on a group of Cambodian youths in New Bedford. October 21, 1999 Two males pleaded guilty to assault and battery, civil rights violations, and destruction of property in a 1997 attack on their Hispanic neighbors in Boston. January 28, 2000 A group of high school teenagers sexually assaulted and attacked a 16-year-old Boston High School student on the subway because she was holding hands with another young girl, a common custom from her native African country. May 17, 2000 A grand jury indicted a 17-year-old high school student on seven charges for attacking a fellow student he believed to be gay. For five months prior to the attack, the perpetrator allegedly harassed the victim. This occurred in Holbrook, Massachusetts.

Michigan 15

January 26, 1837 Michigan becomes the 26th state. 1936 A spontaneous sit-down strike at the General Motors auto plant in Flint begins and soon spreads to other plants and results in collective bargaining. 1943 A Detroit race riot leaves 34 dead and hundreds injured. 1967 A two-day riot in Detroit’s black ghetto leaves at least 43 dead and $50 million in damage. 1981 Stephen T. Judy murdered a young mother and three children in Michigan. Stephen received the electric chair. Police Officer Donald Christy of Lansing, Michigan talked to people on a first-name basis and found the good people outnumbered the bad. He organized a community cleanup and filled 30 dumpsters with litter. He arranged federal funding for floral plantings. He held a contest to choose a name for the neighborhood: Sparrow Estates October 7, 1998 Traverse City Michigan Two males were charged with aggravated assault for allegedly attacking a gay man and yelling anti-gay expletives in Traverse City. January 20, 1999 Two white high school students and two black high school students were suspended after a fight that occurred because the two white students allegedly used racial slurs. Such is life in Pontiac, Michigan. February 24, 1999 Three white high school students were charged with ethnic intimidation in connection with a December hallway fight with two black students. This occurred in Saline, Michigan. March 19, 1999 A male was convicted of assault and battery for assaulting a gay man in October in Traverse City. March 22, 1999 A 45-year old male was convicted of ethnic intimidation, assault and using a firearm in the commission of a felony for threatening a man with a shotgun and uttering a racial epithet in 1998 in Pontiac. September 17, 1999 A 30-year-old white man was charged with ethnic intimidation and assault with the intent to commit murder for allegedly beating a black man, running over him with his car and dragging him 50 feet. It happened in Grand Rapids. February 4, 2000 A 15-year-old boy was convicted of manslaughter for killing Alexander Charles, a 16-year-old schoolmate the previous May. The perpetrator told investigators that he was angry at Charles, possibly over an unwanted sexual advance. It happened in Wayne County, Michigan.

1 5 To learn more about Michigan politics you can try a book I never read called The Megastates of America by Neal Peirce. Also in Facts About the States Second Edition, by Joseph Nathan Kane, Steven Anzovin, & Janet Podell, published by The H.W. Wilson Company, New York in 1993 ISBN: 0-8242-0849-8 there is a good bibliography for all fifty states, Puerto Rico, and Washington, D.C. Also there is a book called The Almanac of American Politics by Michael Barone published in 1972, 1974, & 1976 that I never read.

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February 29, 2000 Six-year-old Kayla Rolland was shot dead at Buell Elementary School near Flint, Michigan. The killer was a six-year-old boy. November 12, 2001 Chris Buschbacher, 17, took two hostages at the Caro Learning Center in Caro, Michigan before killing himself. February 16, 2004 Police Officer Jennifer Timathy-Ann Fettig and Officer Matthew Bowens with the Detroit Police Department were shot and killed while making a traffic stop on Gilbert Avenue at 0200 hours. As the two officers called in the license plate information of the vehicle, while sitting in their patrol car, the suspect exited his vehicle and opened fire with a .40 caliber handgun, striking Officer Fettig several times. The suspect then went out of view as Officer Bowens exited his patrol car and called for assistance.

The suspect reappeared and shot Officer Bowens nine times as the officer was taking cover behind his patrol car. Neither officer had an opportunity to return fire. The suspect fired a total of 22 rounds at the officers during the incident.

The suspect fled in his pickup truck, but a portion of the shooting was recorded in the patrol car's camera. The suspect and his brother were arrested several hours later.

Both officers were transported to Henry Ford Hospital where Officer Bowens was pronounced dead. Officer Fettig was admitted in extremely critical condition and died from her wounds 12 hours later.

Minnesota

1862 38 Sioux Indians were hung at Mankato, Minnesota. This was the biggest mass so-called legal execution in American history. 1911 Minnesota abolished the death sentence. November 21, 1999 Two 21-year-old men were charged with a hate crime after attacking a woman they perceived to be a lesbian in a “road rage” incident. The men allegedly pushed the woman and called her a lesbian and then later attacked her in Maple Grove. September 24, 2003 One student was killed and another student wounded at Rocori High School in Cold Spring, Minnesota by John Jason McLaughlin, age 15.

Mississippi “Mississippi Burning and now the least violent

state anywhere along the Southern Border” April 19, 1937 The last female hung in the United States was Mary Homes in Mississippi on April 19, 1937 for the murder of her employer. Her co-accused Selmon Brooks was hanged shortly afterwards. 1955 Emmett Till, a 14-year-old black Chicago boy, was beaten, shot, and thrown into a river for whistling at a white woman in Money, Mississippi. The murder is unsolved yet, but recently was reopened. June 12, 1963 Medgar Evers, a NAACP field secretary for Mississippi, is murdered in his home in Jackson, Mississippi. June 1964 Mississippi Freedom Summer Project begins. Hundreds of volunteers come to aid voter registration campaigns and set up “freedom schools.” June 21, 1964 James Earl Chaney, Andrew Goodman, and Michael Schwerner, Freedom Summer workers, are murdered in Mississippi. August 1964 Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party is founded with the help of Fannie Lou Hamer. October 1, 1997 Two students were killed and seven wounded at Pearl, Mississippi by Luke Woodham, age 16, who was accussed of killing his mother. Luke and his friends were said to be outcasts and worship Satan.

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Missouri 16

August 10, 1821 Missouri becomes the 24th state. 1864 Centralia massacre 1882 Jesse James killed at St. Joseph. 1936 Leeds Chevrolet Plant in Kansas City is scene of nation’s first sit-down strike. April 2, 1937 Fred Adams went to the gallows set up inside a 10-foot wooden stockade in Kennett, Dunklin County, Missouri for murder. 1000 people turned up to watch. May 26, 1937 Roscoe "Red" Jackson was hanged at Galena, Missouri at 6.00 AM for murder. 2000 people came to watch the hanging. He had killed Pearl Bozarth who was a traveling salesman from Indiana. In August 1934 Bozarth picked up Jackson as a hitchhiker. After this execution Missouri turned to the gas chamber for future executions.

Bank War 1981 Wayne Cryts leads a caravan of 78 trucks to a bankrupt, padlocked grain elevator, which holds soybeans he had stored there since 1979. Cryts spends years in court battles fighting, on behalf of the American farmers, against inequities in the judicial system. May 21, 1998 Three sixth-grade boys had a “hit list” and were plotting to kill fellow classmates on the last day of school in a sniper attack during a false fire alarm according to police in St. Charles, Missouri. 1981 Ken Rex McElroy “town bully” is shot to death in a vigilante-style execution in Skidmore. 1991 The St. Louis Police Department ends a program that brought 7,496 guns from city residents. January 30, 2004 Police Officer Nick Sloan of the St. Louis Police Department was shot and killed while conducting a narcotics operation in North Taylor. He was among several plainclothes officers who made a drug purchase as part of the federal Weed and Seed program. Officer Sloan and another officer approached the suspect after a drug deal and were searching him, when the man grabbed Officer Sloan's service weapon and opened fire, striking both officers. Officer Sloan's partner was able to return fire and killed the suspect. Officer Sloan had served with the St. Louis Police Department for just over 2 years. His 13-month-old child and father, who is a sergeant with the police department, survive him.

Montana

1805 to 1806 Lewis and Clark expedition crosses and recrosses Montana. 1863 Outlaw gang leader Henry Plummer was elected sheriff of Bannack, Montana and all gold camps southeast of the Bitterroot. June 29, 1863 Chief Deputy Donald H. Dillingham of Virginia City becomes first lawman killed in the Line of Duty, assassinated in broad-daylight on Virginia City's Main Street by two of Plummer's deputies. December 1863 102 known are killed and over a quarter million dollars in gold (at 1863 prices) was stolen by Plummer's "Road Agents" gang. Outraged citizens form Vigilante Committee. 1864 Vigilantes hang Henry Plummer and 21 other “Innocents”. Many others are banished from the territory. May 26, 1864 Montana Territory was created. 1872 Congress creates Yellowstone National Park. June 24, 1876 Sioux Indians defeat Col. George B. Custer and 7th Cavalry at Battle of Little Big Horn River.

1 6 To learn more about Missouri politics you can try a book I never read called The Great Plains States of America by Neal Peirce. Also in Facts About the States Second Edition, by Joseph Nathan Kane, Steven Anzovin, & Janet Podell, published by The H.W. Wilson Company, New York in 1993 ISBN: 0-8242-0849-8 there is a good bibliography for all fifty states, Puerto Rico, and Washington, D.C. Also there is a book called The Almanac of American Politics by Michael Barone published in 1972, 1974, & 1976 that I never read.

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November 8, 1889 Montana enters the Union as the 41st state. 1898 William Calder, a ranch hand, was hung in Lewistown, Montana. 1917 Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) organizer Frank Little was lynched in Butte, Montana. December 30, 1939 An estimated 400 witnesses were present for the hanging of Lee Simpson in Ryegate, Montana. 1943 Smith Mine disaster kills 70 coal miners. September 22, 1991 Nine inmates took over the maximum-security building at the Montana State Prison. They snagged the keys of a fleeing corrections officer and freed 68 other convicts. For four hours, rioters unleashed a hell storm: starting fires, hanging other inmates to death with electrical cords, slashing throats. One inmate was flung over a balcony. Corrections officers retook the building after posing as television reporters. Inside, they found five bodies, numerous fires and a floor covered in water and broken glass. 1995 Montana Freemen and federal agents get involved in a standoff in eastern Montana. 1996 Ted Kaczynski, the “Unabomber”, is captured near Lincoln, Montana. May 1997 Prisoners had been sent to Texas from Montana due to Montana’s overcrowded prisons. A fight broke out in the Texas prison exercise yard between inmates from Montana and Hawaii. Hage, 32, of Butte, Montana was beaten in the head with a barbell weight. At first, prison officials thought Hage was fine. A cut in his head was stitched up at a Lubbock hospital and he was sent back to prison. But days later, Hage was rushed back to the hospital suffering from a blood clot in his brain. He lapsed into a coma and his brain stopped functioning. Hage's wife asked doctors to take her husband off life support; he died a week after the brawl.

Nebraska

Nevada 17

October 31, 1864 Nevada becomes the 36th state. 1907 Dispatch of federal troops helps break a strike at Goldfield by the Western Federation of Miners. May 14, 1913 Nevada undertook its one and only execution by firing squad. It consisted of three rifles mounted on a pedestal and fired automatically. Before this Nevada used hanging as its method of execution and after came asphyxiation by gas. On May 14, 1913 Andrigi Mirkovich, a white male laborer from or caught or executed in Nye County, Nevada (Can’t tell which by statistics) was executed by these three so-called rifles for murder. September 17, 1998 Ted Binion, whose family controlled Binon’s Horseshoe in downtown Las Vegas, was found dead in his home. In May 2000 his girlfriend, Sandy Murphy, and her lover, Rick Tabish, were convicted of his murder and sentenced to life in prison. In 2003, their murder convictions were overturned and a new trial was ordered. Rick Tabish remains in jail while Sandy Murphy was released in December 2003, pending a new trial.

NEVADA-The 62 people executed from 1862 to January 23, 1979 NAME AGE RACE SEX OCCUPATION CRIME METHOD DATE MTPL COUNTYCARR, BILL WHITE MALE GAMBLER MURDER HANGING ? 1862 CARSON CITY

MILSTEAD, ALLEN WHITE MALE ? MURDER HANGING JAN 9 1863 LYON

NAT. AMER. MALE ? ? HANGING JUL 1863 WHITE PINE

1 7 To learn more about Nevada politics you can try a book I never read called The Mountain States of America by Neal Peirce. Also in Facts About the States Second Edition, by Joseph Nathan Kane, Steven Anzovin, & Janet Podell, published by The H.W. Wilson Company, New York in 1993 ISBN: 0-8242-0849-8 there is a good bibliography for all fifty states, Puerto Rico, and Washington, D.C. Also there is a book called The Almanac of American Politics by Michael Barone published in 1972, 1974, & 1976 that I never read.

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MILLIAN, JOHN WHITE MALE LAUNDRYMAN MURDER-ROBBERY HANGING APR 24 1868 STOREY

ANDERSON, RUFUS 18 WHITE MALE ? MURDER HANGING JAN 30 1868 LANDER

HEFFNAN, ARTHUR WHITE MALE ? MURDER HANGING MAR 24 1871 STOREY

HALL, DAVID WHITE MALE ? MURDER HANGING JAN 17 1873 NYE

STEWART, JOHNNY WHITE MALE MINER MURDER HANGING APR 24 1874 ESMERALDA

LARKIN, PETER WHITE MALE ? MURDER HANGING JAN 19 1877 STOREY

CROZIER, ROBERT WHITE MALE ? MURDER HANGING JAN 30 1877 HUMBOLDT

MILLS, SAMUEL BLACK MALE ? MURDER HANGING DEC 21 1877 ELKO

ROVER, JW WHITE MALE ? MURDER-ROBBERY HANGING FEB 19 1878 HUMBOLDT

HYMER, CHARLES WHITE MALE ? MURDER HANGING APR 6 1880 HUMBOLDT

HING, CHARLEY ASIAN MALE ? MURDER HANGING FEB 9 1882 HUMBOLDT

INDIAN, DAVE NAT. AMER. MALE ? MURDER HANGING JAN 23 1885 WHITE PINE

GRAY, CLARENCE ? MALE ? MURDER-ROBBERY HANGING MAR 5 1886 HUMBOLDT

CRUTCHLEY, EDWARD ? MALE ? ? HANGING JAN 8 1887 WHITE PINE

POTTS, JOSIAH WHITE MALE MECHANIC MURDER-ROBBERY HANGING JUN 20 1890 1 ELKO

POTTS, ELIZABETH WHITE FEMALE HOUSEWIFE MURDER-ROBBERY HANGING JUN 20 1890 2 ELKO

PARRISH, HANK WHITE MALE MINER MURDER HANGING NOV 12 1890 WHITE PINE

HANCOCK, JOHN ? MALE ? MURDER HANGING SEP 8 1905 LINCOLN

GORMAN, T. 31 WHITE MALE PRINTER MURDER-ROBBERY HANGING NOV 17 1905 1 WASHOE

LINDERMAN, AL 27 WHITE MALE RANCH LABORER MURDER-ROBBERY HANGING NOV 17 1905 2 WASHOE

ROBERTS, FRED 18 WHITE MALE BRASS FINISHER MURDER-ROBBERY HANGING NOV 17 1905 3 WASHOE

SEVENER, J. 48 WHITE MALE MACHINIST MURDER-ROBBERY HANGING NOV 17 1905 4 WASHOE

JOHNNY 29 NAT. AMER. MALE ? MURDER-ROBBERY HANGING DEC 7 1906 1 ELKO

IBAPAH, JOE 24 NAT. AMER. MALE ? MURDER-ROBBERY HANGING DEC 7 1906 2 ELKO

KAISER, CHARLES NAT. AMER. MALE ? MURDER HANGING MAY 21 1909 DOUGLAS

WILLIAMS, GEORGE NAT. AMER. MALE ? MURDER HANGING JUL 24 1909 ESMERALDA

CASEY, PATRICK WHITE MALE ARMY DESERTER MURDER HANGING AUG 16 1911 ESMERALDA

MIRKOVICH, ANDRIGI WHITE MALE LABORER MURDER SHOT MAY 14 1913 NYE

GEE, JON 29 ASIAN MALE TONG ASSASSIN MURDER ASPHYXIATION-GAS FEB 8 1924 MINERAL

JUKICH, STANKO 29 WHITE MALE MINER MURDER ASPHYXIATION-GAS MAY 21 1926 WHITE PINE

WHITE, ROBERT 41 WHITE MALE STOCKMAN MURDER-ROBBERY ASPHYXIATION-GAS JUN 2 1930 ELKO

CEJA, LUIS 28 HISPANIC MALE ? MURDER ASPHYXIATION-GAS SEP 4 1931 HUMBOLDT

HALL, JOHN 52 WHITE MALE BOOTLEGGER MURDER ASPHYXIATION-GAS NOV 28 1932 CLARK

MILLER, ELMER 34 ? MALE ? MURDER ASPHYXIATION-GAS MAY 8 1933 CLARK

BEHITER, JOSEPH 56 WHITE MALE ? MURDER-RAPE ASPHYXIATION-GAS JUL 13 1934 CLARK

JONES, LUTHER 33 WHITE MALE ? MURDER-ROBBERY ASPHYXIATION-GAS JAN 26 1937 ELKO

NADAL, DOMENICO 47 WHITE MALE ? MURDER ASPHYXIATION-GAS JAN 17 1939 ELKO

WILLIAMSON, BURTON 43 ? MALE ? MURDER ASPHYXIATION-GAS NOV 21 1939 CHURCHILL

BOYD, WILSON 44 ? MALE ? MURDER ASPHYXIATION-GAS MAY 28 1940 ELKO

KRAMER, JOHN 64 WHITE MALE PLUMBER MURDER ASPHYXIATION-GAS AUG 28 1942 WHITE PINE

MCKINNEY, FLOYD 34 WHITE MALE MINER MURDER-ROBBERY ASPHYXIATION-GAS NOV 27 1943 CHURCHILL

PLUNKETT, RAYMOND 38 WHITE MALE MINER MURDER ASPHYXIATION-GAS JUN 30 1944 WHITE PINE

LOVELESS, FLOYD 17 WHITE MALE REFORMTRY ESCPEE MURDER ASPHYXIATION-GAS SEP 29 1944 ELKO

SALA, ALBERT 38 ? MALE ? MURDER-ROBBERY ASPHYXIATION-GAS AUG 23 1946 ELKO

SKAUG, PAUL 26 WHITE MALE BURGLAR MURDER-BURGLARY ASPHYXIATION-GAS JAN 10 1947 WASHOE

BLACKWELL, DAVID 19 WHITE MALE REFORMTRY ESCPEE MURDER ASPHYXIATION-GAS APR 22 1949 WASHOE

VARGA, LASZLO 24 WHITE MALE DISHWASHER MURDER-RAPE ASPHYXIATION-GAS JUN 7 1949 ELKO

GAMBETTA, EUGENE 46 WHITE MALE BAR TENDER MURDER ASPHYXIATION-GAS JAN 18 1949 WASHOE

WILLIAMS, JAMES 32 BLACK MALE RAILROAD WORKER MURDER ASPHYXIATION-GAS AUG 24 1950 ELKO

GREGORY, THEODORE 40 ? MALE BARBER MURDER ASPHYXIATION-GAS JAN 29 1951 WASHOE

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ARELLANO, GREGORIO 28 HISPANIC MALE RAILROAD WORKER MURDER ASPHYXIATION-GAS JUL 24 1951 WASHOE ECHEVARRIA, DOMINGO 60 HISPANIC MALE ? MURDER ASPHYXIATION-GAS NOV 13 1952 HUMBOLDT

FOUQUETTE, CLAYTON 41 WHITE MALE ? MURDR-ROB-KIDNAP ASPHYXIATION-GAS APR 13 1953 CLARK BOURDIAIS, FERDINAND 27 WHITE MALE PAROLEE MURDER-ROBBERY ASPHYXIATION-GAS APR 23 1954 CLARK

PEDRINI, FRANK 35 ? MALE ? MURDER ASPHYXIATION-GAS JUL 15 1954 1 WASHOE

LINDEN, LEROY 47 ? MALE ? MURDER ASPHYXIATION-GAS JUL 15 1954 2 WASHOE

STEWARD, EARL 42 ? MALE ? MURDER ASPHYXIATION-GAS FEB 24 1960 ELKO

ARCHIBALD, THAYNE 22 WHITE MALE PAROLEE MURDR-ROB-KIDNAP ASPHYXIATION-GAS AUG 23 1961 WASHOE

BISHOP, JESSE 46 WHITE MALE ? MURDER-ROBBERY ASPHYXIATION-GAS JAN 23 1979 CLARK

New Hampshire

New Jersey 18 “The 2nd Soprano Organized Crime Compromise” December 18, 1787 New Jersey becomes the 3rd state. 1906 New Jersey was the third state to follow New York State’s lead and adopt the electric chair as the means to execution. November 1910 A missing ten-year-old named Marie Smith was found murdered in Asbury Park, New Jersey. A black handyman named Thomas Williams was arrested and then a riot breaks out. Williams was almost lynched. May 1923 An estimated 10,000 New Jersey Klansmen held a klavern in New Brunswick. They burned a 62 foot cross. April 3, 1936 Bruno Richard Hauptmann was executed by electric chair at the state prison in Trenton, New Jersey. He had kidnapped and killed the infant son of Colonel Charles Augustus Lindbergh. Hauptmann was caught after one of the marked bills was traced to him and more were found stashed in his garage. The marked bills were placed after secret meetings in a cemetery for ransom at the time that Lindbergh’s baby was still believed to be possibly alive. However, Lindbergh’s baby was later found dead near Lindbergh’s house. It is speculated that Hauptmann killed the baby by accident when he fell off the ladder at Lindbergh’s house, but he shouldn’t have kidnapped a baby, or any other person for that matter, in the first place. August 1964 Riots break out in New Jersey in Paterson, Jersey City, and Elizabeth, leaving over 100 people injured. July 1967 Four days of rioting in Newark’s black slums leaves 23 people dead, two whites and 21 Blacks, including six women and two children. The disturbance results in over $10 million of property damage. City and state police, and the National Guard converge on the city. The heavy police presence contributes to the tension on the streets. 18-A

1970 The black section of Asbury Park is burned. The National Guard had to be called out. July 22, 1970 Ex-mayor of Newark, Hugh Addonizio, is found guilty of 64 counts of conspiracy to commit extortion and was given a 10-year sentence. He was convicted along with two City Hall associates and two Mafia figures. 18-B

“Hague’s removal from the Jersey scene did not end bossism. John V. Kenny, as it turned out, remained the power upon or behind the throne in Hudson County into the early 1970s, presiding over a system rife with graft, vote-roll padding, nepotism in government, and outright thievery. There was scarcely a let-up, for instance, in the ancient 3 percent for the Democratic organization that all city hall employees felt obliged to pay. The tribute always had to be paid in cash-no checks accepted; the income reportedly amounted to millions of dollars that the organization could use secretly or to finance campaigns. The

1 8 To learn more about New Jersey politics you can look in Facts About the States Second Edition, by Joseph Nathan Kane, Steven Anzovin, & Janet Podell, published by The H.W. Wilson Company, New York in 1993 ISBN: 0-8242-0849-8 there is a good bibliography for all fifty states, Puerto Rico, and Washington, D.C. Also there is a book called The Almanac of American Politics by Michael Barone published in 1972, 1974, & 1976 that I never read. 1 8-A Facts About the States p. 337 1 8-B Facts About the States p. 337 and The Mid-Atlantic States of America p. 259

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political kickbacks were augmented by a 3 percent kickback demand on all contracts done with city or county. Kenny retired as mayor in 1953 to concentrate on running the organization, or as the United States Attorney later put it, to oversee the “plunder” of public money. Late in 1970, Kenny and his satrap, Jersey City Mayor Thomas J. Whelan, were among nine persons indicted by a federal grand jury on counts of extortion, conspiracy, and falsifying income tax returns. Kenny’s case was severed from the others because of illness, but the other eight defendants were convicted following a 1971 trial in which the government estimated they had netted $3.3 million in kickbacks. “Anyone who wanted to do business with Hudson County or Jersey City was required to pay tribute, to kick back,” U.S. Attorney Herbert Stern said in his summation. He said the trial would last a year if every contractor forced to make kickbacks were to testify. (Kenny later pleaded guilty and was sentenced to 18 years’ imprisonment.)” 18-C

“The story of how the corruption issue determined the outcome of the 1973 state election properly goes back to 1970, when under court order federal prosecutors made public tapes of wiretapped conversations of local racketeer, Angelo “Gyp” DeCarlo. The tapes were full of references to major New Jersey politicians, most of whom, if the mobsters could be believed, were on the take. But one name stood out, that of judge and former Essex County prosecutor Brendan Byrne. DeCarlo (whose jail sentence was commuted by President Nixon a month after the 1972 election) was recorded as saying, “It’s Byrne, we can’t make him” – a way of saying Byrne could not be bribed. Another voice on the tape replied, “What’s wrong with Byrne doesn’t he like money?” Nevertheless, Byrne did not become a major political figure until well into the 1973 race. Just days before the filing deadline, he walked into Governor Cahill’s office, resigned his judgeship, and in an outer chamber announced his candidacy for governor. He had already been promised the support of the new Hudson County organization, and two other candidates immediately dropped out of the race. Byrne won the fragmented primary easily, and ran even better in the general election. Some observers claimed that he lacked the charisma and was a wooden speaker, but that didn’t seem to matter to voters. What was relevant was the Byrne slogan: “One honest man can make a difference.” Byrne’s margin might have been less if he had given the voters an inkling of what would become his stand on the thorny tax issue, since his Republican opponent, Sandman, was a firm opponent of any income tax.” 18-D

I don’t know when this happened: In Plainfield, N.J., 50 people demonstrated outside police headquarters, charging that a policeman beat Uriah Hannah, a 14-year-old black. Uriah and his friends were playing with a remote-controlled toy car. A motorist stopped short at the spot where the boys were playing, and a police car ran into the rear of the car. Uriah’s parents claim the officer jumped from the police car, accused the boy of obstructing traffic, and at one time tried to choke him. His parents were arrested when they tried to intervene. Uriah Hannah’s brother committed suicide. August 21, 1996 CNN reports on organized crime in New Jersey. 18-E

I don’t know when this happened: “Slain Teacher Recorded Her Pleas to Abductor”

Facing death at the hands of a teenager thief who wanted her new car to celebrate his 17th birthday, a Tinton Falls teacher left an astonishing and frightening legacy: she secretly tape-recorded a conversation with her killer, Michael LeSane, a student at Toms River South who turned 17 on the day after the killing and allegedly bragged to his friends that he was going to get a “brand new Toyota Camry” for his birthday. The 24-minute tape recording gave investigators a clear picture of the attempts by Kathleen Stanfield Weinstein, 45, a popular teacher, wife, and mother of a six-year-old son, to not only save her life, but understand her abductor as she helped him empty her car of personal belongings near the wooded area in Berkeley Township where she was found bound and smothered with her own clothes. It is clear from the

1 8-C The Mid-Atlantic States of America p. 219 1 8-D The Mid-Atlantic States of America p. 223 1 8-E CNN.COM “New Jersey says organized crime has ties to health care” at: http://www.cnn.com/US/9608/21/oc.health.care

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taped conversation released by the prosecutor that Weinstein tried to bargain for her life. She is heard saying, “Don’t you understand, though, what kind of trouble you are going to get in? Don’t you think they are going to find you?” and “You haven’t done anything yet. All you have to do is let me go and take my car.” LeSane is heard on the tape asking about the car’s service record and lease arrangement. You may read more at: http://www.southcoasttoday.com/daily/03-96/03-20-96/1teach.htm Spring 1998 New Jersey State Troopers stopped a van carrying four minority men. The van started rolling backward and the troopers fired 11 shots, wounding three of them. The troopers were suspended, forbidden from law enforcement in New Jersey, and had to pay small fines. 18-F January 12, 1999 A 38-year old male was charged with simple assault with bias motivation after he allegedly provoked an attack by calling his black co-worker a racial epithet in Parsippany. February 25, 1999 Two males were convicted of aggravated assault and riot and two others were convicted of simple assault and riot for the 1997 racially charged beating of a Chinese man in Hackensack. April 16, 1999 Two males were placed on five years of probation for their participation in a 1997 racially motivated assault of a Chinese man in Patterson. January 15, 2000 After days of anti-gay taunts and threats a 16-year old gay student at Memorial High School was beaten by a classmate. The teen's face was bruised and cut from being tackled and repeatedly punched in the face and body. It happened in Elmwood, New Jersey.

New Mexico 19

January 6, 1912 New Mexico becomes the 47th state. 1901 Black Tom Ketchum, a white man, was tried to be hung in New Mexico, but was decapitated instead. Next to Butch Cassidy, Black T. Ketchum was the most wanted criminal in the Southwest. When Ketchum was hung he fell through the trap door and his head was torn off. 1953 New Mexico grants Navajo Indians the right to vote. 1967 Hispanics led by Reies Lopez Tijirina raid the Rio Arriba County courthouse in an effort to obtain title to some 2,500 square miles under Old Spanish and Mexican land grants. 1972 The FBI reports that Albuquerque has the highest crime rate among U.S. cities with 5,926 serious crimes annually per 100,000 populations. July 16, 1979 The largest nuclear accident in the United States (including Three Mile Island) occurred at a United Nuclear Company milling plant on the Navajo Nation in Church Rock, New Mexico. More than 1,100 tons of uranium waste gushed through a ruptured Tailing Mill dam, releasing more than 100 million gallons of radioactive water into the Rio Puerco. Livestock grazing near the river got untreatable sores, soon became ill and died. Navajos were forbidden to drink the water or sell their livestock. When tested, the Rio Puerco showed 6,000 times the allowable level of radioactivity. The river, which flows from New Mexico into Arizona, showed radioactive groundwater spreading throughout the geologic layer known as the Rio Puerco Alluvium. The cleanup still continues today as a Superfund Site of the Department of Energy. 1980 Inmates of the state penitentiary kill 33 fellow prisoners in a rampage. November 19, 1999 Victor Cordova Jr., 12, shot and killed Araceli Tena, 13, in the lobby of Deming Middle School in Deming, New Mexico.

1 8-F “The Case Against the New Jersey State Troopers”: http://crime.about.com/library/weekly/aa011402a.htm Organized crime is well known in New Jersey. If you would like to learn more about organized crime in New Jersey see “A Criminal Encounter” section of The Mid-Atlantic States of America pages 239-245. Also you can read the book Blood Oath about organized crime mostly in New Jersey and some about Philadelphia area. 1 9 To learn more about New Mexico politics you can try a book I never read called The Mountain States of America by Neal Peirce. Also in Facts About the States Second Edition, by Joseph Nathan Kane, Steven Anzovin, & Janet Podell, published by The H.W. Wilson Company, New York in 1993 ISBN: 0-8242-0849-8 there is a good bibliography for all fifty states, Puerto Rico, and Washington, D.C. Also there is a book called The Almanac of American Politics by Michael Barone published in 1972, 1974, & 1976 that I never read.

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June 10, 2000 Participants in a gay pride parade in Albequerque were run down by a man in a minivan yelling obscenities. One victim was hit twice in the knees and thrown off the hood. The perpetrator tried to swerve into the crowd, which included small children.

New York 20 “Them Yankees call their Countrymen Names”

1712 Slaves in New York City revolted and killed at least nine whites. 1730 An Indian chief had his head cut off and stuck on a pole in Chemung County, NY for murder. 1741 The “Negro Plot of 1741” happened. Citizens believed Negro and white conspirators intended to burn New York City and kill the white citizens. 13 slaves were burned and 18 were hung. 1780 Major John André, a young British officer, was hung at Tappan, New York as a spy. July 26, 1788 New York becomes the 11th state. 1797 The first New York State prison was built in Greenwich Village called Newgate. 1824 Auburn Prison contained but 550 separate cells, too few for the amount of prisoners in New York. Sing Sing Prison was soon built. 1848 First Women’s Rights Convention is held at Seneca Falls. They combined rights of women with rights of African/Americans and tried for both causes, these women were prominent abolitionist. 1849 A mob, mostly Irish, charged the Astor Place Opera House throwing bricks. They did that because an English actor, William Charles Macready, was playing Macbeth, in competition with an American actor, Edwin Forrest, who was acting the same role in another production. The mob shouted, “Burn the damn den of aristocracy”, as they threw bricks. The militia was called out and about 200 were killed or wounded. 1862 Captain Nathaniel Gordon was hung at New York’s Tomb Prison. Captain Gordon was the only American to die for transporting slaves. July 13-16, 1863 New York City anti-draft riots results in 1,200 casualties. The New York City “Draft Riots”, one of the bloodiest outbreaks of violence in the history of the United States. Immigrant mobs sweep through New York City, killing Blacks and hanging many victims from lampposts. Roving mobs destroys the Negro Orphan Asylum on Fifth Avenue. The damage to property is estimated to be close to $2 million. March 1, 1867 Henry Gardner, a soldier of the 12th United States Infantry, was hanged three times in the local jail of Chemung County for murder. He had used the butt of his gun to kill Amasa Mullock in a robbery. Henry Gardner received a horrible end. He was dropped through the trap three times. Then his body was mummified and given to Dr. P.H. Flood who kept the body on display in his office in a glass case. The body of Henry Gardner was removed to the cellar of Dr. Flood and then to a barn. One night a group of boys found the corpse and dragged it away to a vault at a brewery. The boys burned the corpse and then a murder investigation happened, until they realized it was Henry Gardner’s body. Evening of August 19-20, 1870 Something funky happened in Binghamton, NY. What turned out to be the crime of the decade or century. What exactly happened is unclear as I have not read the book and you will have too, if you so desire. The book is called Rogue Scholar by the University of Michigan ISBN: 0-472-11337-2 1871 A ring of corrupt city officials in New York is broken. May 24, 1871 Edward H. Rulloff, written about in Rogue Scholar was hanged in Binghamton, NY for the murder of Fredrick A. Merrick a clerk over some sort of botched robbery. 1877 Peter H. Penwell was hanged in the Chemung County court yard for the murder of his wife. January 6, 1882 Joseph Abbot, an Elmira Reformatory inmate, was hanged for the murder of, George Reed, another prisoner. August 6, 1890 The first person ever executed by electricity happened in Auburn, NY at Auburn State Prison. The first person executed by electricity was William Kemmler.

2 0 To learn more about New Jersey politics you can look in Facts About the States Second Edition, by Joseph Nathan Kane, Steven Anzovin, & Janet Podell, published by The H.W. Wilson Company, New York in 1993 ISBN: 0-8242-0849-8 there is a good bibliography for all fifty states, Puerto Rico, and Washington, D.C. Also there is a book called The Almanac of American Politics by Michael Barone published in 1972, 1974, & 1976 that I never read.

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William Kemmler deserted his wife and child in Pennsylvania and ran off with a married woman named Tillie Ziegler. They both drank heavily and settled in a slum in Buffalo, NY. March 29, 1889 they got into a fist fight and William Kemmler killed Tillie Ziegler with a hatchet. May 6, 1889 William Kemmler went on trial and was found guilty four days later of murder. He was sentenced to death. A New York Governor stated hanging was barbaric or something and a New York committee came up with electrocution. Thomas Edison wanted high voltage Alternating Current (AC). Mr. Westinghouse wanted no part of it, but if you must Direct Current (DC). The contraption became AC but worked, or did it? Morphine couldn’t be used as, what about the morphine addicts and the justification of a drug. The French stuck with the guillotine, which was too bloody for the United States. On August 6, 1890 large crowds and press gathered outside the Auburn State Prison. Inside the fatal room were 25 witnesses, these were: Prison officials, Kemmler’s judge, the District Attorney that prosecuted Kemmler, reporters, clergymen, 12 medical men, Dr. A.P. Southwick-known as the father of the electrical execution law, and Dr. George E. Fell who had invented a patent resuscitator with which he had revived three apparently dead people and was hoping to use it on William Kemmler. They jolted William Kemmler for 17 seconds and were amazed that he was still alive. They quickly jolted him again for over a minute, and William Kemmler died. The result met mixed emotions as it was a grotesque execution, yet got the job done in a hurry. Edwin T. Davis became the world’s first official electrocutioner when he pulled the switch on William Kemmler. He later was appointed State Electrician and was the first man to hold that title in New York, but he ended up working in New Jersey and Massachusetts also. Edwin T. Davis lived a secluded scared life that friends and associates were forbidden to talk about. Davis practiced his profession of execution for 24 years and perfected the electric chair and means. He resigned in 1914 and committed suicide years later when his wife left him. In his tenure he executed 240 persons male and female. Edwin T. Davis they say earned $10,000 as he once sold plans and ideas to New York State. He initially refused to train others, but was forced to by New York State. July 7, 1891 Four murders were the first to die in the new chair at Sing Sing Prison in New York. December 1891 Martin D. Loppy was given four shocks of electricity in the electric chair at Sing Sing Prison. His left eyeball ruptured. February 1892 Charles E. McElvaine was executed at Sing Sing Prison, who murdered a grocer. He was a guinea pig at the execution. They tried to electrocute him by putting his hands in salt water, just like Thomas Edison had suggested.

They electrocuted Charles E. McElvaine for fifty seconds with his hands in water, but he was still alive. July 27, 1893 William G. Taylor, a convict, had killed another prisoner and was sentenced to die in the electric chair at Auburn, New York. When the current hit him his legs stiffened and shot out so hard they pulled out the front of the chair. The electricity was shut off and a box was hurriedly found and shoved under the chair to keep it from collapsing. Then he was electrocuted again. Then he breathed and they tried to electrocute him again but the generator failed. So they then put Taylor on a cot and gave him pain killers. They ran wires to tie in with the power lines outside the prison in Auburn, New York. By the time they completed this, in about an hour, Taylor died. March 20, 1899 Executioner Edwin T. Davis had to execute the first woman in the United States sentenced to die in the electric chair. Her name was Martha Garretson Place. Martha Garretson had married William W. Place, a widower of Brooklyn, New York, after working as his housekeeper. By his first wife William W. Place had a child named, Ida, to whom he was devoted. The second Mrs. Place, Martha Garretson Place, grew insanely jealous of Ida. On February 7, 1898, she murdered 17-year-old Ida. She first threw acid in Ida’s eyes. Then she hacked her with an ax. Then she smothered her with pillows.

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Mr. Place came home and his wife attached him with the ax and fractured his skull. The injured man staggered out of the house and summoned help. The police arrived and found Mrs. Martha Garretson Place unconscious after attempting to take her life with gas. August 12, 1912 Executioner Davis executed the largest number of men put to death in a single day at Sing Sing Prison in New York, which were seven. Five Italian immigrants were put to death for the murder of Mrs. Mary Hall, while none of the five wielded a weapon, yet all shared the guilt somehow by the law. Mrs. Hall had been stabbed to death during a robbery. Four of the condemned men had been at the robbery, but none set eyes on the woman. The fifth man, named Giusto, held Mrs. Hall while the sixth, Zang, plunged a knife into her. Zang was executed a month before the other five Italians. Four of the five Italians couldn’t understand why they had to die, since they hadn’t taken part in the murder. They shrieked and screamed through their execution, until the last was killed. Later, their bodies were taken by relatives to Brooklyn, where they were exhibited for a fee to raise funds for their funerals. This was until health official intervened. 1917 Women granted suffrage in state elections. 1919 Mary M. Lilly and Ida B. Sammis become the first women elected to the New York State legislature. March 20, 1927 Ruth Snyder and her lover Henry Judd Gray murdered Ruth’s husband in Queens for $95,000 dollars in insurance money she took out without her husband’s knowledge. The two met the electric chair at New York’s Sing Sing Prison on January 12, 1928. 1931 Two men were to be executed in Sing Sing Prison; the motor generator had burned out so they ran wires to the city power lines outside the prison. Witnesses to the two executions were treated to flashing sparks, smoke, and burning flesh. 1943 A race riot occurred in Harlem, New York. November 14, 1957 Police did not raid the Apalachin, NY convention of 58 mafia bosses gathered for a conference at Joe Barbara’s house. A Police Officer first noticed the mob checking in at a hotel in Vestal, NY. Then two New York State Troopers and Two Alcohol Agents took down license plate numbers at Barbara’s house. The mob then panicked and ran. The police set up a roadblock and picked up those wondering on foot. 58 mob guys, them wise guys, were identified. 1964 A race riot erupts in Harlem, New York leaving one person dead and over one hundred injured. 1964 Riots in Rochester, New York, leaves four dead and some 350 injured. 1965 Malcolm X, a Muslim black nationalist and founder of Organization of Afro-American Unity, is assassinated in New York City.

New York Bank War 1975 New York City is bankrupt. 1977 Castellano’s Ranbar Packing, Inc., was indicted by a federal grand jury in Brooklyn on charges of defrauding the government with counterfeit or stolen food stamps. They netted about $660,000 dollars. 1983 A riot at Sing Sing Prison began with over 600 inmates taking 17 Correction Officers hostage. It ended two days later after intense negotiations. 1984 A Nassau County grand jury refused to hand up an indictment against a Nassau County detective who shot a black man named Ricky McCargo. Several witnesses said Ricky McCargo was on his knees, begging for his life, when he was shot. 1985 John Gotti has Paul Castellano murdered in front of Sparks Steak House in Manhattan. John Gotti then takes over the Gambino family. 1987 and 1988 Approximately 8,000 police brutality complaints were investigated in New York City and never did another officer incriminate another officer. August 1988 Police enforced a curfew in a city park and 52 people required medical attention. 1989 “Junk bond king” Michael Milken is indicted on 98 counts of racketeering and fraud. February 1990 Five New York City Police Officers were charged in the death of Federico Pereira. 1990 41 people died in New York City Police gunfire. 1991 Federal investigators found that Jimmy Failla, a member of the Gambino crime family, was dumping toxic waste from New York City to areas as far away as the mountains of West Virginia. April 3, 1992 Gambino family organized crime boss John Gotti is convicted on federal charges of racketeering and murder. June 24, 1992 John Gotti is sentenced to life.

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1992 Victor “Vic” Amuso, boss of the Lucchese crime family, is convicted on 54 counts of racketeering including allegations of corruption in trucking, airfreight, construction, and garbage hauling. September 2, 1998 Three men allegedly assaulted two men they believed to be gay in NYC. January 28, 1999 A 28-year-old white man was sentenced to 10 years in prison for the 1996 racially motivated beating of a black man outside a nightclub in Westhampton. March 20, 1999 Two women were charged with assault and aggravated harassment after they allegedly attacked an Asian youth and yelled racial insults in Woodside, New York. September 1, 1999 Three white people were arrested after they allegedly attacked a black man and his two white friends after the group entered a bar filled with white patrons in Yaphank, New York. July 15, 2002 A teenager wounded two students at Martin Luther King Jr. High School in New York, NY. December 23, 2003 Lieutenant John Finn of the Albany Police Department gave a foot chase to a robbery suspect. During the chase, the suspect turned around and opened fire, striking Lieutenant Finn three times. One of the rounds was stopped by his vest, one struck him in the leg, and the third entered his torso between two panels of the vest. The officer was able to return fire and struck the suspect in the chest several times, wounding him. Lieutenant Finn was transported to Albany Medical Center Hospital where he remained in critical condition until his death 6 weeks later.

The suspect was originally charged with attempted murder, but will face revised charges as a result of Lieutenant Finn's death. January 1, 2004 New York State has five people on death row, all are men. Two are black, two are white, and one is Latino/American. May 2004 Since 1995 New York State has spent 76 Million on defending those that the death penalty was sought. 816 cases since 1995 were considered, and 52 cases that the death penalty notices were actually filed.

New York has a Small Claims Court System, which is in at least some counties, that is a $10 fee to $1,000 sought and $15 up to $3,000 sought. Also an arbitration board is used prior to going in front of a law school graduate judge. There is also any easy to understand pamphlet and form to fill out. New York State has a high crime rate. More is needed besides a Small Claims Court System. The pamphlet could be passed out to elementary school children to take home to their parents. The Constititution of the United States and the New York State constitution could be posted on the wall. In Brighton Beach were the Russian/Americans do not like the Russian Mafia The Constitution of the United States and a New York Constitution could be posted in Russian. Same idea could be done for Chinatown. You get the idea. Sure post it in those violent prisons too. Post them on all military bases in New York. Airports, Casinos, Schools, restaurants, gee you’ll have to get the people involved and sell it perhaps.

North Carolina 21

November 21, 1789 North Carolina becomes the 12th state. November 10, 1898 At least 14, maybe hundreds, of African/Americans were killed in Wilmington, N.C. Details are not reliable. White man, Will Mayo, may have been shot. A black owned paper published an assumed racial slur. Alfred Moore Waddell, a former U.S. Congressman, and an attorney, took offence that no one did anything especially after voting day. They burned the paper’s office. The elected mayor and city council were removed; some of who were black, and revolt leader Alfred Moore Waddell took office. Restrictions in African/American voting followed and Jim Crow era of segregation followed too. February 1, 1960 The sit-in movement begins when four black students ask for service at a whites-only lunch counter at Woolworth’s in Greensboro, N.C. 2 1 To learn more about North Carolina politics you can try a book I never read called The Border South States of America by Neal Peirce. Also in Facts About the States Second Edition, by Joseph Nathan Kane, Steven Anzovin, & Janet Podell, published by The H.W. Wilson Company, New York in 1993 ISBN: 0-8242-0849-8 there is a good bibliography for all fifty states, Puerto Rico, and Washington, D.C. Also there is a book called The Almanac of American Politics by Michael Barone published in 1972, 1974, & 1976 that I never read.

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1970 Shooting and fires break out in Henderson during protests against school segregation. January 26, 1999 A black man was convicted of robbery with a dangerous weapon for the racially motivated robbery of two Hispanic men a year earlier in Winston-Salem, N.C. April 10, 1999 Three white men were arrested in Winston-Salem after they allegedly attacked a black man and yelled racial slurs. April 24, 1999 A 21-year old was charged with assault for the purpose of ethnic intimidation and injury to real property for allegedly assaulting a black man and damaging his car because of the man's race in Winston-Salem. February 12, 2004 Investigator Mark Reid Tucker with the Wake County Sheriff’s Office was shot and killed as he investigated shots being fired. Investigator Tucker observed the suspect firing a shotgun in a field. The suspect, who was on felony probation, thought he was going to be arrested for firearms possession so he shot and killed Investigator Tucker. His body was found next to his unmarked patrol car near the intersection of Holly Springs Road and Winding Oak Road. His service weapon was still in its holster. The suspect fled the scene, but was apprehended two days later after the Sheriff's Office received a tip from a member of the community on a hotline they had set up. The suspect was arrested and charged with murder. Two other men were also arrested and charged with helping the suspect hide from police. April 4, 2004 Sergeant Jeffrey T. Hewitt with the Buncombe County Sheriff’s Office was shot and killed in a residence on Fairhaven Court. He and three other deputies were serving mental commit papers to a subject who had been involved in a domestic disturbance earlier in the night.

Ohio 1896 Ohio began substituting electrocution by the electric chair in 1896. Ohio was the first state to follow New York State’s lead at execution by electric chair. 1954 Sam Sheppard the doctor was granted a new trial. He had served 10 years in the Ohio Penitentiary for his wife’s murder, he was set free. Sam Sheppard’s son, Sam Sheppard, tried to bring the man to justice who killed his mother and tried to clear his father’s name. Dr. Sam Sheppard heard a struggle upstairs. He was hit over the head and claimed to come too and chased a form, well he never got a good look, out of the house that hit him again. This is the man with the movie and old black and white TV shows about him it was called “The Fugitive” or something. However, Sam Sheppard did not escape from prison he was released and his son tried to prove his innocents. February 1, 1999 Three white men were charged with felonious assault in Toledo for allegedly stomping a white man. Two of the accused claim to be Skinheads. May 4, 1999 Self-proclaimed Aryan Nations and Klan members were involved in a fight in which they directed racial slurs and threats towards black customers at a store in Youngstown. May 15, 1999 A 28-year-old white man was charged with ethnic intimidation after he allegedly made insulting comments to a black man and spit in his face after a confrontation at a softball game in Harrison, Ohio. January 19, 2000 Scott Roberts, a gay man, told the Columbus Dispatch that he believes he and his partner of six years, Bill Camelin, were attacked because they are gay. Camelin was shot to death in the attack, and Roberts was wounded in the knee in Columbus, Ohio.

Oklahoma 22

2 2 To learn more about Oklahoma politics you can try a book I never read called The Great Plains States of America by Neal Peirce. Also in Facts About the States Second Edition, by Joseph Nathan Kane, Steven Anzovin, & Janet Podell, published by The H.W. Wilson Company, New York in 1993 ISBN: 0-8242-0849-8 there is a good bibliography for all fifty states, Puerto

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November 16, 1907 Oklahoma becomes the 46th state. Evening of May 31, 1921 to June 1, 1921 In Tulsa, Oklahoma evidence now points to at least 300 were killed and hundreds wounded. More than 1500 African/American restaurants, 30 stores, 2 movie theaters, a hospital, a bank, a post office, libraries, and schools were destroyed. Airplanes were even used to bomb them. It all started over a mistake and then racial slurs against blacks in the newspaper. 1970 Oklahoma is sued by the ACLU on grounds that files on some 6,000 potential troublemakers are used to prevent persons from obtaining jobs or entering college. 1973 One of the nation’s costliest prison riots erupts at the state prison resulting in deaths of several prisoners, injuries to guards, officials, and other prisoners, and over $20 million in property damage. April 19, 1995 168 People died from a fuel and fertilizer bomb at the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building. Timothy McVeigh was executed in June 2001 for the bombing. Terry Nichols was convicted on federal charges and is serving a life sentence. Terry Nichols was found guilty of 161 Oklahoma state murder charges on May 26, 2004. Terry Nichols now faces life in prison or death by lethal injection. December 6, 1999 Four students were wounded as Seth Trickey, 13, opened fire with a 9mm semiautomatic handgun at Fort Gibson Middle School.

Oregon

May 21, 1998 Two students were killed and 22 others were wounded in the cafeteria at Thurston High School in Springfield, Oregon. 15-year-old Kip Kinkel was the killer. Kinkel had been arrested and released a day earlier for bringing a gun to school. His parents were later found dead at his home. February 2, 1999 Four males were charged with intimidation for allegedly assaulting a security guard because he is black in Salem, Oregon. February 11, 1999 Two males were charged with intimidation and assault for allegedly beating a man because of his sexual orientation in Tillamook, Oregon. November 5, 1999 A 38-year old was charged with aggravated murder for allegedly beating a Hispanic man to death in Corvallis, Oregon.

Rhode Island

February 13, 1999 A 45-year-old was charged with assault with a deadly weapon for allegedly hitting a man with a bottle while yelling anti-gay slurs in Pawtucket, Rhode Island. September 19, 1999 A group of men shouting anti-homosexual slurs allegedly assaulted five gay men in Providence.

South Carolina 23

Summer 1526 A Spanish colonizer, Lucas Vasquez de Aylhon, founded a community near the mouth of the Pedee River in what is now South Carolina. The settlement had about five hundred Spaniards and one

Rico, and Washington, D.C. Also there is a book called The Almanac of American Politics by Michael Barone published in 1972, 1974, & 1976 that I never read. 2 3 To learn more about South Carolina politics you can try a book I never read called The Deep South States of America by Neal Peirce. Also in Facts About the States Second Edition, by Joseph Nathan Kane, Steven Anzovin, & Janet Podell, published by The H.W. Wilson Company, New York in 1993 ISBN: 0-8242-0849-8 there is a good bibliography for all fifty states, Puerto Rico, and Washington, D.C. Also there is a book called The Almanac of American Politics by Michael Barone published in 1972, 1974, & 1976 that I never read.

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hundred Negro slaves. Illness caused numerous deaths. In October Aylon died. Probably in November several of the slaves rebelled and fled to the Indians. May 23, 1788 South Carolina becomes the 3rd state. Summer 1822 Head slave revolt plotter Denmark Vesey, and leaders Peter Poyas, Mingo Harth, Gullah Jack, Blind Phillip, and others were executed in Charleston, SC. 1871 Governor Robert Scott requested President Grant to send in federal troops to suppress the violence. October 11, 1911 South Carolina State Legislator Joshua Ashley and a newspaper editor led a mob to lynch Willie Jackson for attacking a white child. 1968 Classes at South Carolina State College are suspended following violence and student rioting against segregation in a local bowling alley in Orangeburg. 1971 22 whites are indicted on riot charges for overturning two school buses carrying black students in March 1970. 1991 Scandals in the state legislature, the state’s largest university, its most powerful law firm, and its largest newspaper rock South Carolina politics. June 23, 1999 Two former members of the Christian Knights of the Ku Klux Klan were sentenced for shooting three black people outside a nightclub in Columbia in 1996. March 3, 1999 A former Christian Knights of the Ku Klux Klan member was sentenced to 26 years in prison for his role in a nightclub shooting that wounded three black teens in Columbia in 1996.

South Dakota

Tennessee April 12, 1864 General Forest was responsible for the Fort Pillow Massacre when over 300 black men, women, and children were murdered by his troops. Some were burned at the stake while others were buried alive. Early 1866 Founded in the town of Pulaski, Tennessee by six Confederate Army veterans, the name “Ku Klux Klan” was a distortion of the Greek word for circle; Kuklos. It was formed because a group of men were bored with post war Tennessee. They rode as pranksters first dressed in white, rumored to be ghosts of Confederate soldiers. They soon began to pick on blacks. April 4, 1968 Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee after leading a march. May 19, 1998 One student was killed in the parking lot at Lincoln County High School in Fayetteville, Tennessee. He was to graduate in three days. The victim was dating the ex-girlfriend of his killer, 18-year-old honor student Jacob Davis. March 12, 2004 Deputy Sheriff Jason Scott of the Loudon County Sheriff Department was shot and killed as he arrived at the scene of a domestic disturbance on Palmer Drive in rural Loudon County. He was shot four times as he exited his patrol car by a 16-year-old boy who had beaten his mother because she had refused to let him drive to school because he had been drinking the night before. May 11, 2004 A five-year-old girl witnessed the murder of her parents in Lewis County, Tennessee.

Texas 24 “Get your Gun” April 21, 1836 Texas wins independence from Mexico by defeating Santa Anna’s army at San Jacinto.

2 4 To learn more about Texas politics you can try a book I never read called The Megastates of America by Neal Peirce. Also in Facts About the States Second Edition, by Joseph Nathan Kane, Steven Anzovin, & Janet Podell, published by The H.W. Wilson Company, New York in 1993 ISBN: 0-8242-0849-8 there is a good bibliography for all fifty states, Puerto Rico, and Washington, D.C. Also there is a book called The Almanac of American Politics by Michael Barone published in 1972, 1974, & 1976 that I never read.

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December 29, 1845 Texas becomes the 28th state. 1924 The electric chair was introduced in Texas. Five black men awaited execution in the Huntsville State Prison. The warden inquired who was to be the executioner. The warden was informed he was going to be the executioner. The warden then resigned. The new warden, a former sheriff, pulled the switch. 1979 I left a friends house and went to a bar in Austin, Texas. I had one beer and left. On the landing of the stairs I saw a complacent Mexican man. Suddenly about four Austin City police cars pull up and the white man at the bottom of the stairs starts saying, “Come on, come on”. I walk pass an officer and joke, “You got me blocked in.” He responded, “We will only be a minute.” They walked by the white man and handcuffed the Mexican man. They handcuffed him and dragged him down about 20 steps and to the patrol car. They then opened the passenger side front door of the patrol car and gathered in a circle of about eight police officers, one of which looked of Mexican decent, and began to pummel this man. I was waiting in my car in full view. I couldn’t take it any more after about 30 seconds of their pummeling and said, “Hay”. Then two officers came to my car and Officer Gates punched me in the eye. I was handcuffed and dragged and placed in the front seat of Officer Gates patrol car. He threatened me and threatened to pull over the car and beat me. I was 18-years-old and white. At the Austin City Police Department he took me aside and threatened to beat me up again. The next morning I saw the Mexican/American man in the elevator, he didn’t appear as beaten up as I was. I pled not guilty to being drunk and disorderly and saying, “F…ing Pigs,” and was released. The first trial they stalled and I refused to plea bargain and we did not go to trial. The next trials date my attorney and I went up against eight police officers. My friend testified that I had just left his house and therefore couldn’t be drunk. I showed the picture of myself with a bloody eye. I was found not guilty of public intoxication, but the female Mexican/American judge wrote in her decision that she couldn’t believe I just said, “Hay,” and got into all that trouble. So I then went to the Austin City Police Department Internal Affairs and asked for their help. Two weeks latter I read in the paper that Austin City Police Officer Gates was suspended for beating up on teenagers. I went on to hold a secret clearance in the Navy and once interviewed for two different government jobs in Washington, D.C., but stayed in the U.S. Navy instead.

The Dallas News reported that more than 2,000 federal investigations, twice as many as for any other state, were conducted of civil rights violations by police officers in the 1984-1989 periods. 1987 The NCAA cancels Southern Methodist University’s football season after SMU makes illegal payments to players.

Carlos Warren with the Texas Department of Public Safety was killed when he confronted three men in a car near Bergstrom Air Force Base. October 31, 1989 Alex Gonzales, an off-duty Houston Police Department officer, shot to death 50-year-old Ida Lee Shaw Delaney. Officer Gonzales was convicted of voluntary manslaughter and given a seven-year sentence.

A reserve officer, a dispatcher, and a jailer were dismissed after the membership in the KKK was revealed.

Texas Bank War 1990 Bank failures and high unemployment strain the state’s economy.

Four grand juries disbanded after investigating ex-policeman Scott Tschirhart killing of Byron Gillum, a Houston security guard. Byron Gillman was the third African/American killed by Houston Police Officer Tschirhart, who is white. February 1991 A Texas policeman stopped a truck and was shot. The video was shown on national TV for about one day. A month after this, on March 3, 1991, the Rodney King beating occurred and received much more air time. 1993 Outside Waco, federal agents besiege the compound of the Branch Dravidians, a secretive religious cult, after a gun battle with cult members in which several agents are killed. 51 days later, the compound burns to the ground. Cult leader David Koresh and as many as 90 of his followers die in the blaze. I don’t know when this happened: A seven-year-old girl from Plano was taken from a Dallas playground while her parents were watching their son play soccer on an adjacent field. The girl was eventually found; she had been strangled to death. The man police arrested was on parole for conviction of charges of burglary.

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He was also a convicted sex offender. In 1988 the suspect had broken into a North Dallas apartment and sexually assaulted an eleven-year-old girl. May 21, 1998 A 15-year-old girl was shot and wounded at a suburban Houston high school when a gun in the backpack of a 17-year-old classmate goes off in a biology class. The boy is charged with a third-degree felony for taking a gun to school. June 7, 1998 James Byrd Jr. was chained to a pick-up truck and dragged to his death on a backwoods road in a racially motivated attack in Jasper. January 17, 1999 Two black gay men, Laaron Morris and Kevin Tryals, were shot to death and one of the men was left inside a burning car in Texas City. February 5, 1999 A white librarian allegedly dragged an elementary student across a floor while using a racial slur in Houston. February 16, 1999 A 59-year-old male was convicted of assault and sentenced to a year in jail for partially blinding a man in October because he believed the man to be gay. It happened in Houston, Texas. May 13, 1999 A 39-year-old was charged with ethnic intimidation, attempted vehicular assault, and possession of explosives after he allegedly tried to torch a mosque in Littleton, Texas. April 10, 2003 William Karr, 63, and his common-law wife Judeth Burey, 54, had amassed a huge amount of weapons in rural east Texas town of Noonday, Texas. They were caught with more than 60 pipe bombs, machine guns, silencers, and remote-control briefcase bombs. Found was a cyanide bomb almost ready to go. Also there was anti-black, anti-Semitic, antigovernment, and how to make bombs and chemical weapon literature found. February 24, 2004 The U.S. Supreme Court overturned Delma Banks death sentence. Banks can therefore appeal to the lower courts. Delma Banks, an African/American, was convicted by an all white jury of murdering Richard W. Whitehead, 16, who was white. Richard W. Whitehead was found with two bullets in his head in a park near Texarkana, Texas, in April 1980. March 10, 2004 Former Texas Tech professor Thomas Butler was sentenced to 24 months in prison for illegally shipping Tanzanian plague samples back to that country and for defrauding the university in unrelated research he performed for pharmaceutical companies. March 13, 2004 Police Officer John Logan with the Huntington Police Department died from gunshot wounds from the previous day. Officer Logan made a traffic stop and attempted to arrest the suspect when he found the man had warrants. The suspect pulled out a handgun and shot Officer Logan in the head and back. The suspect fled the scene and was chased to Nacogdoches County by other officers. He fled into a mobile home and barricaded himself inside for two hours before committing suicide.

Utah 1857 Mormon Bishop John D. Lee played an important role in the massacre of 123 emigrants passing through Utah. 1896 Charles Theide was hung in Utah by a mechanism that jerked him up into the air by the dropping of a counterweight. 1915 Joe Hill, also known as Joseph Hillstrom, was executed by firing squad for murder. He was originally picked up in Salt Lake City. 1950 The Intermountain Intertribal Boarding School opens in Brigham City, Utah. The students were all Navajos. 1957 Navajo Indians win the right to vote in Utah. 1977 Gary Gilmore became the first man executed in the United States in ten years when he sat down before a firing squad strapped to a chair. (I am not sure, but I believe Gary Gilmore was given his choice of execution method and choose the firing squad. He did go to his means thinking he would be standing instead of strapped to a chair.)

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March 1, 2000 Two people outside a gay bar were beaten and three others terrorized. The perpetrators later yelled anti-gay slurs and threw beer bottles at another car that had two men in it. It happened in Salt Lake City, Utah. May 23, 2000 Police are investigating whether a 19-year-old woman working for the Southern Utah Wilderness Alliance was beaten and robbed because her attackers presumed she was a lesbian in Salt Lake City.

Vermont

Not the Green Mountain Boys after all but the shortest state constitution as to why they are so less violent.

Virginia

March 1, 1622 The first recorded hanging in America occurred. Daniel Frank was hung in Virginia for cattle stealing. 1632 Jane Champion, probably the first woman executed in America, was hung in Virginia Colony for an offense that went unrecorded. June 24, 1633 Margaret Hatch was hanged for murder. 1790 Col. Charles Lynch, a landowner in Virginia, held illegal trials in his front yard, upon conviction, probably about every time, Lynch would whip the accused while tied to a tree in his front yard. This is where the term lynching came from. He did this during the American Revolution and tried Tories also. August 1800 Gabriel Prosser, 24, a religious man led a slave revolt against Richmond. Due to very heavy rain and informants he was caught. Gabriel Prosser and 34 of his men were arrested, convicted, and hanged. July 4, 1826 President Thomas Jefferson died at his estate in Monticello, Virginia. He died fifty years after The Declaration of Independence. He was a great humanitarian also, and wrestled with the presence of his slaves. He went to his grave carried by slaves. February 1831 Nat Turner got his sign, “I should arise and prepare myself and slay my enemies with their own weapons” in the form of a solar eclipse. Nat had four disciples, Henry Porter, Hark Travis, Nelson Williams, and Samuel Francis. They killed at least 57 whites in Southampton County. Many innocent blacks were killed in retaliation. The prophet was hung November 11, 1831 in Jerusalem, VA. Nat Turner prophesied that it would grow dark and rain at his hanging. It did, and then a dry spell alarming many whites and Negroes. September 10, 1852 Jane Williams and her husband John, both black slaves, died side by side for the slaying of their master's wife and child at Richmond, Virginia. The execution drew a crowd of 6,000. The state offered to pay Jane's owner $500 compensation for taking away his property by executing them! February 26, 1858 On this day 30-year-old Jenny (Hall), an African/American, was hanged in Virginia for murder. April 22, 1881 A crowd of about 100 gathered outside the County Jail in Lunenburg County, Virginia for the private hanging of Lucinda Fowlkes (black, age unknown) who had murdered her husband with an ax. It was alleged that her husband abused her. January 22, 1892 Margaret Lashley and her boyfriend James Lyles, both were black, were hanged in Danville, Virginia for the murder of Margaret's husband. Margaret had been convicted of being an accessory to the murder. August 16, 1912 Virginia Christian was executed by electric chair for bludgeoning her employer to death. August 23, 1936 Henry Lee Lucas was born at Blacksburg, Virginia. He killed at least 100 people. Young Henry was beaten by his father and had a prostitute for a mother who did it in front of him. June 15, 1998 One teacher and one guidance counselor were wounded by a 14-year-old boy in the school hallway in Richmond, Virginia.

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January 29, 1999 A 38-year-old male was sentenced to life in prison and fined $100,000 for his role in the 1997 death of a black man who was beheaded and burned in Independence, Virginia. March 1, 1999 A gay, homeless man, was killed and his severed head was left atop a footbridge in James River Park near a popular meeting place for gay men in Richmond.

Washington 25

A man from the State of Washington, while in California, told me that Washington State wasn’t one of the most violent states. Here it is: Hanging remains a lawful option (to lethal injection) in Washington State. 1885 Anti-Chinese riots occurred. November 11, 1889 Washington becomes the 42nd state. 1916 Seven die on the Everett docks as participants in a free-speech demonstration organized by the Industrial Workers of the World battle special deputies. 1919 An Armistice Day clash in Centralia between American Legionnaires and members of the Industrial Workers of the World leaves seven dead. A mob lynches an IWW organizer and burns down the local union hall. 1942 A total of 14,559 persons of Japanese birth or ancestry are moved from Washington to World War II relocation camps. 1985 John Davis, a white 46-year-old farmer was beaten severely by Sheriff deputies in rural Mason County, Washington. John and his nephew were driving horses and a load of hay and held up traffic. A Sheriff Deputy went over the load speaker and asked him to pull over. The load speaker scared the horses. The Sheriff was apparently upset when John was finally able to stop the horses and pulled out his gun. He then beat him and two other deputies arriving on the scene joined in on the pummeling. John Davis latter received a $375,000 settlement. (Getting state constitutions, and The Constitutions of the United States posted in rural counties, surely would help.) February 2, 1996 A 14-year-old boy killed a teacher and two students at a junior high school in Moses Lake, Washington. A third student was injured. 25-A

November 6, 1998 A gay man was severely beaten with rocks and broken bottles in his neighborhood by a gang of youths shouting “faggot.” The victim sustained a broken nose and swollen jaw. It happened in Seattle February 4, 1999 A reported Skinhead was charged with assault for allegedly beating a black man in January in Spokane. February 1, 1999 A 32-year-old white man pleaded guilty to assault and was sentenced to one year in jail with all but five days suspended service for making racially motivated threats to a black man in March in Spokane. 1999 World trade protest in Seattle. November 5, 2003 Gary L. Ridgway admitted to killing 48 women by pleading guilty to 48 counts of murder in the 1st degree.

2 5 To learn more about Washington politics you can try a book I never read called The Pacific States of America by Neal Peirce. Also in Facts About the States Second Edition, by Joseph Nathan Kane, Steven Anzovin, & Janet Podell, published by The H.W. Wilson Company, New York in 1993 ISBN: 0-8242-0849-8 there is a good bibliography for all fifty states, Puerto Rico, and Washington, D.C. Also there is a book called The Almanac of American Politics by Michael Barone published in 1972, 1974, & 1976 that I never read. 2 5-A ABC News.com “Violence in U.S. Schools” at: http://abcnews.go.com/sections/us/DailyNews/schoolshootings990420.html#bet

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West Virginia Roughly 2,000 years ago: The largest Adena Burial Mound was built in now Moundsville, West Virginia. In 1838 the mound was measured at 69 feet high and 295 feet in circumference at its base. Today artifacts and exhibits interpreting the lifestyles of the Adena people are displayed in the Delf Norona Museum adjacent to the burial mound.

Wisconsin

January 11, 1999 A 19-year old was sentenced to 30 days in jail with work release, fined $500 and placed on one year of probation after entering a plea agreement for attacking a black man in 1997 and using a racial slur. It happened in Antigo, Wisconsin. February 2, 1999 Three males pleaded guilty to battery for kicking and beating a black man while yelling racial slurs in Pulaski, Wisconsin. May 1, 1999 A 27-year-old man intentionally swerved his car in Kenosha onto a sidewalk to run over two African-American teens on bicycles. After hitting the two cyclists, he left the scene and kept driving until stopped by police. May 16, 1999 A white man allegedly swerved his car intentionally and sped toward two black teens as they rode their bicycles along a sidewalk in Kenosha. July 21, 1999 Two 18-year-olds were charged with a hate crime for allegedly chasing down a black family with their car, yelling racial slurs and throwing bottles at the family in Waupaca. August 2003 Glenn Kopitske, 37, was found dead in his living room by his mother. He was face down, a gunshot wound in the back of his head, two stab wounds in his back, and another stab wound in his heart. Gary Hirte, an Eagle Scout, was arrested in 2004 for the murder. Gary was 17 when the murder was committed. Gary bragged to friends in High School about the murder. He received a scholarship to Saint Cloud State University in Minnesota for criminal justice prior to the murder. He is being held at the Winnebeggo County Jail in Wisconsin.

Wyoming

August 12, 1998 Matthew Shepard, an openly gay 21-year old University of Wyoming student, was savagely beaten, tortured, tied to a wooden fence in a remote area, and left to die in freezing temperatures. It happened in Laramie, Wyoming.

24 People executed in the United States from January 1, 2004 to April 23, 2004 Texas executed 8, Oklahoma 4, Ohio 3, South Carolina 3, Virginia 2, Arkansas 1, Florida 1, Nevada 1, and North Carolina 1. 14 Whites were executed, 9 Blacks, and 1 Asian who was a foreign national. There were 30 victims. 25 White victims, 4 Black victims, and 1 Asian victim. 14 Whites killed 17 Whites. 6 Blacks killed 8 Whites. 3 Blacks killed 4 Blacks. The Asian foreign national killed 1 Asian. 2 volunteered to be executed. There were 4 who killed multiple victims. 1 White killed 3 Whites. 1 White killed 2 Whites. 1 Black killed 3 Blacks. 1 Black killed 2 Whites.

EXECUTION DATE

NUMBER SINCE 1976

NAME AGE STATE RACE VICTIM RACE

METHOD

01/06/04 886 * Ynobe Matthews 27 TX B W Lethal Injection01/06/04 887 Charles Singleton 44 AR B W Lethal Injection

01/09/04 888 Raymond Dayle Rowsey 32 NC W W Lethal Injection

01/13/04 889 T P t D k 39 OK B B L th l I j ti

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*volunteer ~foreign national ´ white defendant executed for black victim