Pakistan Military Regime and transformation.

By: Shahnawaz

Pakistan has remained from 1955 to under both de facto and de jure Martial Law Regime for the most part of its existence .

It lead to weaken all institutes and promoted authoritarian system among them too.

Army/Democratic Govt/Political Parties absolute and even some NGOs/Civil societies have authoritarian psychological effected in behaviors of peoples.

Pakistan still not make way out and state still under oppression of Generals, Feudal and capitalists.

Pakistan: Govt regime/System

Pakistan main economy and population is living in rural areas and Agriculture is one of the main economy.

After Independence in1948 ; Pakistan had much impressed from Soviet five years plan and so plan had created in Pakistan.

1960s were called the decade of development and economic growth, the so-called ‘golden decade’, of Pakistan.

But after it due totalitarianism regime 1955 in Pakistan, became changed development and troubled all economic growth.

Authoritarian regimes became threat to economy and development and they were owner of all economy.

Pakistan: History of real Economy and Planning for Development Of Pakistan

Anti Indian and Anti American only. During some efforts made by Govt of Pakistan by Ayub 1960 to weak Landlord system but During Zia era 1977 it became end and it make them more strong (apposite to Korea).

Pakistan: Development

Anti IndianPro Islamic

Society 1955-80

Radical Forces for

protection/assistance

Economy crashed/all economy reforms end.

State promoted more radicalism and called strategic depth/no industrial progress archived

Pakistani regime was became anti Indian/Pro Capitalists/changed in to radicalism/full authoritarian regime.

Regime make it self more strong and take dreadful actions against all political parties and grow there own political forces.

After 1971 war; authoritarian regime became little bit weak but later 1977, but it “hegemonic” it hanged elected prime minster Bhutto 1977.

Pakistan: Confused regimeBecame more strong and changed in to Totalauthoritarian regime;

Pakistan: 1958 Authoritarian regimes changed all economic growth, they became set there on development and economic empire and they General running state.

So, Army and Feudal supported each others. Feudalism and Capitalism became more strong than any other institutions.

Due to international changes, authoritarian regimes and Feudal system became more and more strong.

Pakistan: Authoritarian Regimes and economy 1955-2009

During Cold war USA/NATO/European Union Supported and assisted by financially and they totally ignored violence of authoritarian regime of Zia against non violence movements in Pakistan.

Due to heavy supported and funded by Martial law regime of Zia is became converted as radical Islamic regime and became more strong and regimented chances become very decreased.

Zia authoritarian regime in 1978; rationally build a anticommunist /anti Indian society with help of Islamic factors in Pakistan. Major Political parties became unpopular due democratic and communist views.

Pakistan: Cold war Impact on regime

Zia regime end all land reforms in Pakistan and with support of feudal/landlords it make more strong political support for his regime.

Under Zia regime Capitalism became more strong and it was transformed in Islamic ways in 1977.

Army it self became changed her self as part capitalism and they purchased various factories from owners forcefully.

Civil society/Political Parties movements became oppressed by regime very ironically 1983.

Pakistan: Cold war Impact on regime

The mode of development state in Pakistan

Maximal Intervention of the state (Statis mobilization)

Minimal Intervention of the

state

Democratic Integration

Authoritarian

Integration

Pakistan

Zia authoritarian regime was too strong and he amended Pakistani constitutional and transferred all legal powers to President/Army and he selected all his peoples in every institutions.

After death of Zia 1980 Senate Chairman Ishaq Khan became president and he dismissed two democratic governments Prime Minster Benazir and Nawaz due to lack economical growth and corruption issues.

After end of Cold war US became end all financial assistance and put embargo on Pakistan due nuclear issue.

Pakistan: Democratic instability 88-98-End of Cold War Effects

Pakistan still dependants on mainly on agriculture sectors and its main funds were came through American assistance and settle Pakistan annual budget.

Pakistan industrialization five years policy and export policy was totally failed and state economy became collapsed in 1988-99

It effected badly on peoples mostly belonged peasant and due lack funds and limited democracy went to IMF and ADB for assistance 1990.

Nawaz in 1996; on the demand of IMF and ADB private various Govt Banks, industries.(he and other political parties purchased and few purchase through Int).

Pakistan: Effects of End of Cold war and end of development.

Nawaz 1999 regime also not put disallowed grow civil society and NGOs.

Nawaz regime became start confrontations with Judicial System/Army and Politics parties.

Pakistan economy was just taken breath through privatization and IMF/ADB funds.

Pakistan done Nuclear Test 1998 and his economy and development became freeze up.

Later Military Coup up in 1998 because of corruptions/threat to national security issues.

Pakistan: Failure of Limited Democratization and Successes of Hegemony of Army.

Pakistan: Musharraf regime was under various sanctions from US/EU/West/Middle East .

Musharraf put banned on political/ civil activities 1999.

After 9/11 USAID and Paris Club had rescued Pakistan economy and provided half development funds to it and economy became boomed .

Pakistan end IMF relief finance and through assistance of USAID/UKAID/AUSAID other developments various NGOs and civil societies obtained funds.

But this assistance was temporary effects majority public goes near poverty lines and make regime more strong.

Pakistan: Musharraf regime 1999 and Miracle of 9/11

Pakistan development reached 7.1 in 2005. Economy was only temporary developed but after ends Musharraf regime and due internal conflict of US-Pak on Afghan war they limited AID.

Through Lawyers movement; Musharraf resigned 2008: NRO end various cases of political parties leaders and Gen elections was held and PPPP became won 2008 (After assassination of Benazir).

Due to war of terror most of investment /Economical and development condition became worst and Pakistan again went to IMF and peasant class more effected and poverty/Corruption became reached very high. Flood in Pakistan 2010 make more economical conditions worst.

Civil Society and NGOs became have no strong voice.

Pakistan: Economy Fake development boost up in authoritarian regime.

Pakistan became start process of democratization but Govt continue authoritarian polices.

On the name of Development elected Govt Zardari regime done more corruptions and later Prime Minster became resigned.

After end first time a democratic Govt in Pakistan and 2nd elections held in 2013.

Nawaz came through NRO and became elected third time prime minster in Pakistan.

Economical and development still dependants on IMF/ADB funds and due Pressure Govt want extended privatization.

Citizen and Civil societies movements highlighting that Army human rights violation increased and Common people not getting any benefits as social support from state .

Pakistan: Democratization in 2009 and Low development/IMF/ADB/WTO.

Through privatization Pakistan 1980; officials selling state property to own political parties factors.

Due to high corruptions various manufacturing and other economical factors shifting towards different countries.

Pakistan 1993; due to heavy privatization, mostly Pakistan big national became sold.

Currently Poor Democratic regime have authoritarian mentality and (ministers/political parties members) through hidden force; purchasing various factories locally and increasing capitalism in Pakistan.

Pakistan: Corrupt regimes

Pakistan: Development Indicators

Pakistan: USAID and International AID

Pakistan: Poverty and International Funds

Pakistan: Poverty and International Aid

Pakistan: Corruption

Pakistan: State GDP is surviving only through International Aid only1960 t0 2014.

Development of Pakistan0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Labour ForcePopulation Below Poverty Labour Force FemaleDevelopment RateLitercy Rate

Pakistan: Development

Due to high institutions and Political Parties corruptions through development process.

Due to Cold War and 9/11 Authoritarian regime became strong in peoples and democratic system facing constant transition/Cold democracy.

When State Institutions became Capitalists than difficult to developed country development policies.

No Proper development Polices from authoritarian regimes nor democratic Govt.

Conflict between Govt and intuitions. Political destabilization and uncertainty in Democratic system.

Absence of strong Public watch Dog.

Pakistan: Development authoritarian regimes policies : its minute transformation and without neoliberalism

Question and Answer

Question and Answers

http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/Working%20Paper/WorkingPaper-72.pdf

https://csis.org/publication/private-sector-development-pakistan

http://fletcher.tufts.edu/Praxis/Archives/~/media/Fletcher/Microsites/praxis/xv/Crosswell.pdf

http://relooney.fatcow.com/SI_Expeditionary/0-Important_57.pdf

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_liberalisation_in_Pakistan

http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/pols/Currentissue-pdf/Roots%20of%20authoritarianism%20in%20Pakistan-KU.pdf

http://www.hoover.org/publications/policy-review/article/5470

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Accountability_Bureau

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatisation_in_Pakistan http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf

http://www.undp.org/content/dam/pakistan/docs/MDGs/MDG2013Report/UNDP-Report13.pdf

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