Ordinance No. (V-72A) Master of Science-M.Sc. (All Disciplines)

(Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, Botany,

Zoology, Biotechnology)

Faculty of Science

SWAMI VIVEKANAND SUBHARTI UNIVERSITY, MEERUT

(Approved by the Academic Council)

Ordinance No. (V-72A)

Master of Science-M.Sc. (All Disciplines)

M.Sc. all Disciplines Ordinance with Syllabus, Faculty of Science, SVSU, Meerut

Page 1 of 114

Ordinance No.- V (72A)

Ordinance relating to Master of Science (M.Sc.) Programme

Chapter-1

General

1. This ordinance may be called ‗Ordinance Relating to Master of Science (M.Sc.) courses. 2. It shall come into force with immediate effect.

3. This ordinance shall apply to all programmes leading to M.Sc. courses.

Chapter-2

Eligibility for Admission

4. An applicant who has passed Graduation Examination from any recognized University/Institute

with relevant subject will be eligible for admission in the first year of the M.Sc. courses.

5. The admission shall be based on the merit of Entrance examination and marks of qualifying

examination (Graduation or equivalent). An applicant must hold the degree from a recognized

University with minimum 45 % marks (40% for SC/ST).

Chapter-3

Teaching course

6. The M.Sc. courses shall be of two years duration, divided into four semesters.

7. The M.Sc. course is available in following streams:

a. M.Sc. (Physics)

b. M.Sc. (Chemistry)

c. M.Sc. (Mathematics)

d. M.Sc. (Botany)

e. M.Sc. (Zoology)

f. M.Sc. (Biotech)

8. The study and evaluation schemes of the M.Sc. Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, Botany,

Zoology and Biotechnology courses are enclosed as an Annexure-I, II, III, IV, V and VI

respectively.

9. The Academic calendar shall be as follows

Ist and III

rd,semester : 1

st August to 30

th November,

Exam. : 1st to 15

th Dec.

IInd

, and IVth

semesters : 1st January to 30

th April,

Exam. : 1st to 15

th May

Chapter-4

Attendance

10. The students are expected to attend all the classes and should not have less than 75% attendance

in theory as well as in practical classes where held, to become eligible to appear for the university

examination. Shortfall in attendance can, however be condoned in deserving cases to the extent of

10% by the Principal. If the short fall is more than 10% but not more than 15% the Principal may

recommend deserving cases to the vice chancellor for condonation the order of the Hon’ble Vice-

Chancellor in this regard shall be final.


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Chapter-5

Examination

11. The distribution of marks for sessional, End semester theory papers, practical and seminar,

projects, industrial training shall be as indicated in Study and Evaluation Scheme.

12. The examination in each semester shall be conducted in two parts:-

A:- Internal assessment (IA) carrying 30 % of total marks. Internal marks of theory subjects,

practicals and projects shall be awarded as per the breakup of sessional marks given below.

(a) Theory Subject

(i) Midterm written test including in-between snap tests if any 70 % of IA marks

(ii) Teachers Assessment based on attendance, assignments etc. 30 % of IA marks

(b) Practical

(i) Midterm Viva-voce test including in-between snap tests if any 70 % of IA marks.

(ii) Teachers Assessment based on attendance, lab records etc. 30 % of IA marks

(c) Make up test may be held for those students who fail to appear in any of the midterm tests

for genuine unavoidable reasons, provided prior permission was taken from the

Principal/Dean.

(d) A maximum of 10 marks shall be awarded [Clause 12 A{a(ii)} & 12 A{b(ii)}] for attending

classes (theory / practical) as per the following norms:

85% or more attendance - 10 Marks

80% or more but less than 85% attendance - 9 Marks






50% attendance - 1 Mark

Less than 50% attendance - 0 Mark

B:- University Examination carrying 70% of total marks.

13. The entire course has to be completed within a maximum of four (04) yrs. from the date of

original admission in the course.

Chapter–6

Paper setting, Evaluation & Results

14. The work of setting the End semester examination papers, conduct of the End semester and

Annual examinations, Evaluation and declaration of results shall be as per the laid down

Examination policies / latest University Notifications.

Chapter – 7

Power to Modify

15. In the event of any emergent situation, if any deviation is considered necessary, the Vice

Chancellor is authorised to modify the Ordinance. Subject to subsequent ratification by the

Executive Council.


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Syllabus

Programme: M.Sc. PHYSICS


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M.Sc. PHYSICS (II Semester)

Course Name: QUANTUM MECHANICS- II, Course Code: M.Sc-Phy-201

Unit 1. Time dependent Perturbation Theory : First order perturbation, Interaction of an atom with

electromagnetic field, Transition probabilities, Fermi Golden rule, Dipole approximation.

Unit 2. Induced and Spontaneous radiations: Einstein A and B coefficients, Induced and spontaneous

emissions of radiations, their applications in the construction of gas and solid lasers.

Unit 3. Quantum Theory of Radiation: Classical radiation field, Fourier decomposition and radiation

oscillators, Creation, annihilation and number operators, Photon states, Quantized radiation field, Basic

matrix elements for emission and absorption, Spontaneous emission in the dipole approximation,

Plank‘s radiation law.

Unit 4. Relativistic Equations: Klein-Gordon equation and its plane wave solution, Proximity density in

KG theory, Difficulties in KG equation, Dirac equation for a free electron, Dirac matrices and spinors,

Plane wave solutions, Charge and current densities, Existence of spin and magnetic moment from Dirac

equation of electron in an electromagnetic field.

Unit 5. Dirac Equation: Dirac equation for central field with spin orbit interaction, Energy levels of

Hydrogen atom from the solution of Dirac equation, Covariant form of Dirac equation.

Text and Reference Books:

Quantum Mechanics by L.I. Schiff

Modern Quantum Mechanics by J.J. Sakurai

A Text Book of Quantum Mechanics by P.M. Mathews and K.Venkatesan

Quantum Mechanics by A. P. Messiah


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Course Name: STATISTICAL MECHANICS, Course Code: M.Sc-Phy-202

Unit 1. Foundation of Statistical Mechanics & Ensembles: Phase space, concept of Ensemble, Ensemble

average, Liouville‘s theorem, equation of motion and Liouville‘s theorem, Canonical Ensemble,

Microcanonical Ensemble, Grand Canonical Ensemble, partition functions.

Unit 2. Statistical Quantities: Calculation of statistical quantities, Energy and density fluctuations,

Entropy of an ideal gas using microcanonical Ensemble, Gibb‘s paradox, SackurTetrode equation.

Unit 3. Postulates of quantum statistical mechanics, Density matrix, Statistics of indistinguishable

particles, Maxwell-Boltzmann, Fermi- Dirac and Bose- Einstein Statistics, properties of ideal Bose and

Fermi gases, Bose- Einstein condensation.

Unit 4. Cluster expansion for a classical gas, virial equation of state, ising model, mean-field theories of

the ising model in three, two and one dimentions, Exact solutions in one-dimention. Landau theory of

phase transition, critical indices, scale transformation and dimentional analysis.

Unit 5. Fluctuations: Correlation of space-time dependent fluctuations, fluctuations and transport

phenomena, Brownian motion, Langevin theory, fluctuation dissipation theorem, The Fokker-Plank

equation.

Text and Reference Books :

Statistical and Thermal Physics by F. Reif

Statistical Mechanics by K. Huang

Statistical Mechanics by R. K. Pathria

Statistical Mechanics by R. Kubo

Statistical Physics by Landau and Lifshitz

Statistical Mechanics and properties of matter, theory and application by E.S.R. Gopal


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Course Name: ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS, Course Code: M.Sc-Phy-203

Unit 1 . Quantum Mechanical Treatment of one-electron Atom, Spin-Orbit interaction and fine structure

of hydrogen atom, Spectra of alkali elements. Singlet and triplet States of Helium,

Unit 2 . Many electron atoms: Central field approximation, Thomas-Fermi field, Atomic wave function,

Hartree and Hartree –Flock approximations, Spectroscopic Terms: L S and J J coupling schemes for

many electron atoms, wavefunctions and energies of multiplets., Electric dipole and Electric

Quadrupole. Molecular Physics:

Unit 3. Born - Oppenheimer approximation, Heitler-London theory of H2, LACO treatment of H2 + and

H2 .Classification of Molecules, Types of Molecular Spectra and Molecular Energy States: Pure

Rotational Spectra, Vibrational-Rotational Spectra, Raman Scattering, Selection rules , Nuclear spin and

intensity alternation , Isotope effect, Classification of electronic states , Coupling of rotational and

electronic motions, Electronic spectra: Franck-Condon principle.

Unit 4. Infrared Spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, Photoelectron Spectroscopy, Nuclear Magnetic

Resonance , Chemical Shift, and Electron Spin Resonance (Introduction and their principles only).

Spectroscopic Techniques:

Unit 5. General description and working of infra-red Spectrophotometer, Photoelectron Spectrometer,

Simple Raman Spectrometer, NMR Spectrometer and ESR Spectrometer.


Introduction to atomic spectra by H.E. White

Spectra of diatomic molecules by Herzberg

Atoms and molecules by M. Weissbluth

Quantum theory of Atomic Structure Vol I by Slater

Quantum theory of molecules and Solids by Slater

Fundamentals of molecular spectroscopy by C.B.Banwell

Introduction to molecular spectroscopy by G.M.Barrow

Molecular spectroscopy by Jeanne L.McHale

Molecular spectroscopy by J.M.Brown

Spectra of atoms and molecules by P.F. Bemath

Modern spectroscopy by J.M. Holias


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Course Name: ELECTRODYNAMICS & PLASMA PHYSICS, Course Code: M.Sc-Phy-204

Unit 1. Electrostatics: Electrostatic field E due to a charge distribution, Values of div E curl E, scalar

potential Φ, Poisson‘s and Laplace‘s equations, Electrostatic potential energy and energy density,

Dielectrics, displacement vector D , electrostatic energy in dielectric media, formal solution of boundary

value problems with Green function; Methods of images, point charge near an infinite conducting plane,

Point charge in the presence of grounded conducting sphere, Point charge in presence of charged

insulated sphere, Conducting sphere in uniform electric field.

Unit 2. Magnetic statics: Magnetic induction B due to current distribution, Equation of continuity, div B

and curl B , Vector potential A, Macroscopic equations, Magnetization M and magnetic field H.

Unit 3. Time- Varying Fields: Faraday‘s law of induction, Energy in the magnetic field, Maxwell‘s

displacement current, Maxwell‘s equations, Maxwell‘s equations in terms of vector and scalar

potentials, Poyntings theorem, Relativistic properties of E and H and covariance of Maxwell‘s

equations, Lienard- Wiechert potentials due to a point charge, Electric and magnetic fields produced by

a charged particle in uniform and arbitrary motion, Power radiated by an accelerated charge, Larmor‘s

formula and its relativistic generalization and angular distribution of radiation from a charged particle

with colinear velocity and acceleration, Synchrotron radiation.

Unit 4. Plane Electromagnetic Wave: Plane electromagnetic waves in a nonconducting medium, Linear

and circular polarization, Reflection, Refraction of electromagnetic waves at a plain interface between

dielectrics, Fresnel relation polarization by reflection and total internal reflection, Waves in a

conducting medium.

Unit 5. Plasma: Definition of plasma ,Concept of temperature, Debye shielding, Criteria for plasma,

Single-particle motions in E and B fields, Magnetic mirrors and plasma confinement, Plasma as fluid,

the fluid equation of motion , The stress tensor, Equation of continuity and equation of state, Waves in

plasmas, Plasma oscillations, Plasma frequency ωp,Electron plasma waves, ion waves, Electron and ion

oscillations perpendicular to B, Electromagnetic waves perpendicular to B and parallel to B, Cut offs

and resonances. Kinetic theory and plasma, Boltzmann equation, Derivation of the equation of

continuity and fluid equation of motion by taking moments of Boltzmann equation.


Classical Electrodynamics by J.D. Jackson

Foundations of Electromagnetic theory by J.R. Reitz, F.J.Milford and R.W.Christy

Introduction to Electromagnetics by David J. Griffiths

Introduction to Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol-1: Plasma Physics by Francis F. Chen

Plasma Physics by S.N. Sen.


Page 8 of 114

M.Sc PHYSICS (IV SEMESTER)

Course Name: PHYSICS OF NONOMATERIALS, Course Code: M.Sc-Phy- 401

Unit 1 . Introduction to Nanostructure Materials: Nanoscience & nanotechnology , Size dependence of

properties, Moor‘s law, Surface energy and Melting point (quasi melting ) of nanoparticles,

Unit 2. Band structure of solids: Free electron theory ( qualitative idea ) and its features, Idea of band

structure, insulators, semiconductors and conductors, Energy band gaps of semiconductors, Effective

masses and Fermi surfaces, Localized particles, Donors, Acceptors and Deep traps, Mobility, Excitons,

Density of states, Variation of density of states with energy and Size of crystal.

Unit 3. Quantum Size Effect: Quantum confinement, Nanomaterials structures, Two dimensional

quantum system, Quantum well, Quantum wire and Quantum dot, Fabrication techniques.

Unit 4. Characterization techniques of Nanomaterials: Determination of particle size, XRD (Scherrer‘s

formula), Increase in width of XRD peaks of nanoparticles, Shift in absorption spectra peak of

nanoparticles, Shift in photoluminescence peaks, Electron Microscopy: Scanning Electron Microscopy

(SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM), Scanning

Tunnelling Electron Microscopy (STEM), and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM).

Unit 5. Synthesis of Nanomaterials: Key issue in the synthesis of Nanomaterials, Different approaches

of synthesis, Top down and Bottom up approaches, Cluster beam evaporation, Ball Milling, Chemical

bath deposition with capping agent, Carbon nanotubes (CNT)- Synthesis, Properties and Applications.

Text and References Books:

Nanostructures & Nanomaterials, Synthesis, Properties & Applications by Guozhong Cao, Imperial

College Press.

Introduction to Nanotechnology, by Charles P. Poole, Jr. Frank J. Owens, John Wiley & Sons Inc.

Publication.

Quantum Wells, Wires and Dots by Paul Harrison, John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Quantum Dot Heterostructures, by D. Bimberg, M. Grundman, N.N. Ledenstov.

Introduction to Nanoscience and Nanotechnology by Hornyak G.L., Tibbals H.F., Dutta J., Moore J.J.,

CRC Press.

Carbon Nanotechnology by Liming Dai Carbon


Page 9 of 114

M. Sc. PHYSICS ( IV Semester )

Course Name: SPECIAL PAPER-III (ELECTRONICS), Course Code: M.Sc-Phy- 402

Unit 1. Digital communication: Pulse – Modulation systems, sampling theorem – Low – Pass and Band

– Pass signals, PAM, Channel BW for a PAM signal . Natural sampling. Flat – top sampling. Signal

recovery through Holding, Quantization of signals, Quantization error, Differential PCM, Delta

Modulation, Adaptive Delta Modulation, CVSD . Digital Modulation techniques : BPSK, DPSK,

QPSK, PSK, QASK, BFSK, FSK, MSK

Unit 2. Mathematical representation of Noise: Sources of noise. Frequency domain representation of

noise, effect of filtering on the probability density of Gaussian noise, spectral component of noise, effect

of a filter on the power spectral density of noise. Superposition of noises. Mixing involving noise.

Linear filtering. Noise Bandwidth, Quadrature components of noise, Power spectral density of nc(t),

ns(t) and their time derivatives.

Unit 3. Data Transmission: Baseband signal receiver, probability of error . Optimum filter . White noise.

Matched filter and probability of error. Coherent reception. Correlation, PSK, FSK, Non- coherent

detection of FSK. Differential PSK, QPSK, calculation of error probability for BPSK, BFSK, and

QPSK.

Unit 4. Noise in pulse – code and Delta – modulation system: PCM Transmission, Calculation of

Quantization noise, Output – signal power, Effect of thermal noise in D M, Output signal – to – noise

ratio in PCM, DM, Quantization noise in DM, Effect of thermal noise in Delta modulation , Output

signal to noise ratio in DM .

Unit 5. Computer Communication Systems: Types of networks, Design features of a communication

network, examples TYMNET, ARPANET, ISDN, LAN. Mobile Radio and Satellites: Time division

multiple Access (TDMA), Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), ALOHA, Slotted ALOHA,

Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) Poisson distribution, Protocols, Cellular communications,

Mobile communication via Satellites, Bandwidth consideration in INTERNET


Principles of Communication Systems, second Edition by Taub and Schilling Communication Systems,

third edition, by Simon Haykin


Page 10 of 114

M.Sc. Physics (IV- Semester)

Course Name: SPECIAL PAPER –IV (ELECTRONICS), Course Code: M.Sc-Phy- 403

Unit 1. Materials for Integrated Circuits Classification of IC, CMOS Process Overview , Electronic

grade silicon , Crystal growth ,Czeehralski and float zone crystal growing methods, Silicon shaping

lapping , Polishing and wafer preparation,

Unit 2. Hot Processes-I: Oxidation and Diffusion Oxidation of silicon, oxide deposition by thermal dry

oxidation and wet oxidation method Diffusion Process, Diffusion Coefficient, Fick‘s 1st and 2nd Laws

of Diffusion, Vacancy –Impurity interactions, Dopants and Dopant Sources , Doping by Diffusion, ion

implantation, Diffusion Process Control, Diffusion Systems, Implantation Technology, Selective

Implantation, Junction depth, Channelling, Lattice Damage, Annealing ,Dopant Diffusion and Related

Operations: Equipment for Diffusion and Related Operations.

Unit 3. Thin Films: Metals and Nonmetals Vacuum Science and Technology, Evaporation theory and

electron beam evaporation, evaporation system, idea of DC and R.F. sputtering system, Physical vapor

deposition methods, Design construction of vacuum coating units, Chemicals Vapor Deposition,

Reactors for Chemical Vapor Deposition, CVD Applications, Epitaxy methods for thin film deposition,

Vapor-Phase Epitaxy,

Unit 4. Photolithography, Photoresist Processing and Etching Wafer Cleaning methods, Wafer

Preparation method: Vapor HMDS Treatment for adhesion improvement of photoresist, photoresist

coating methods, soft backing of photo resist, post exposure backing of photo resist, Negative

photoresist, Positive photoresist, Contrast and sensitivity of photoresist, Chemical Modulus Transfer

Function (CMTF ) of Photoresist, Resist Exposure ( single, bi-layer and multi level photoresist exposure

) and Resist Development, Hard Baking and Resist curing, Photolithographic Process Control.

Photolithography: An Overview, lithography, Raleigh criterion for resolution, Photolithography source,

Resolution and numerical aperture, Photolithographic methods: Contact, proximity and projection and

their resolution limit, Photo mask and mask Alignment, Limitations of optical lithography, Concept of

phase-shift mask, Idea of electron beam lithography, Electron optics, Idea of an X-ray lithography and

x-ray mask, Wet chemical dry etching for material removal, Reactive plasma etching, Ion milling, (17)

Unit 5. Interconnections and Contacts and Packaging and Yield Ohmic Contact Formation, Contact

Resistance, Electromigration, Diffused Interconnections, Polysilicon Interconnections, Buried Contacts,

Butted Contacts, Silicides, Multilayer Contacts, Liftoff Process, Multilevel Metallization. Testing, Die

Sepration, Die Attachment, Wire Bonding, Packages, Flip-Chip Process, Tape-Automated-Bonding

Process, Yield, Uniform and Nonuniform Defect Densities.


Page 11 of 114


Integrated Electronics- Milliman and Taub

Microelectronics –Milliman and Gros

Thin Film Phenomena- K.L. Chopra

Hand Book of Thin Film- Marshel and Glang

VLSI Technology- S.M. Sze.


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M.Sc. PHYS. (IV SEM.)

Course Name: COMPUTATIONAL METHODS AND PROGRAMMING,

Course Code: M.Sc-Phy- 404

Unit 1. Computational methods: Methods for determination of zeros of linear and nonlinear algebraic

equations and transcendental equations, Bisection method, Muller‘s method, Quotient-difference

method, Newton-Raphson method Solution of simultaneous linear equations, consistency of a system of

linear equation, Gaussian elimination, LU decomposition method, matrix inversion, Jacobi iterative

method, Gauss-Seidel method, convergence of Gauss-Seidel method

Unit 2. Diagonalization of matrices, Eigen values and eigenvectors of matrices, Power and Jacobi

method. Finite differences, Newton‘s formula for interpolation, Gauss, Stirling, Bessel‘s, Everett‘s

formulae, Divided differences, Newton‘s general interpolation formula, Lagrange‘s interpolation

formula.

Unit 3. Numerical differentiation, Numerical integration, Trapezoidal rule, Simpson 1/3 and 3/8 rules,

Boole‘s and waddles rules, Newton-Cote‘s formula, Euler- Maclaurin formula, Gauss quadrature

formula. Method of Least square curve fitting, straight line and quadratic equation fitting, curve fitting

of curves y =axb , y =aebx, xya = b and y = abx , curve fitting by sum of exponentials, data fitting with

cubic splines.

Unit 4. Numerical solution of ordinary differential equations, Euler, Picard and Runge Kutta methods,

Predictor and corrector method, elementary ideas of solutions of partial differential equations, solution

of Laplace equation

Unit 5. Programming: elementary information about digital computer principles, compilers, interpreters

and operating systems, Fortran programming, flow charts, integer and floating point, arithmetic

expressions, built in functions, executable and non executable statements, IF statements, GO TO

statements, DO loop and implied DO loop, simple computer programmes.

Text and References Books:

Introductory Methods of Numerical analysis by S.S. Shastri

Numerical Analysis by Rajaraman (19)

Numerical Methods by E. Balagurusamy

Fortran Programming by Rajaraman

Numerical methods for scientific & Eng. Computatioans by Jain, Iyenga


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Syllabus

Programme: M.Sc. Chemistry


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M.Sc Chemistry- I Semester

Inorganic Chemistry

M.Sc. C-102 (A)/MSC-CHEM-101

Paper-I

Unit- I

Stereochemistry and Bonding in Main Group Compounds

VSEPR, Walsh diagrams( tri atomic molecules), dπ-Pπ bonds, Bent rule and energetic of hybridization,

some simple reaction of covalently bonded molecules.

Unit-II

Metal-Ligand Equilibria in Solution

Stepwise and overall formation constants and their interaction, trends in stepwise onstants, factors

affecting the stability of metal complexes with reference to the nature of the metal ion and Ligand,

chelate effect and its thermodynamic origin, determination of binary formation constants by pH-metry

and spectrophotometry.

Unit-III

Reaction Mechanism of Transition Metal Complexes

Energy profile of a reaction ,reactivity of metal complexes, inert and labile complexes, Kinetic

application of valence bond and crystal field theories, Kinetics of substitution reactions-acid hydrolysis,

factors affecting acid hydrolysis, base hydrolysis, conjugate base mechanism, direct and indirect

evidences in favour of conjugate mechanism. Anation rections, reaction without Metal-Ligand bond

cleavage. Substitution reactions in square planer complexes, the trans effect, mechanism of the

substitution reaction.

Unit-IV

Redox reactions(electron transfer reaction)- Mechanism of one electron transfer reactions [such as

Henry Taube‘s classical reaction of (NH3)Co3+

-Cr2+

, Inner sphere type reactions]. Outer sphere type

reaction (cross reaction) and Marcus-Hush theory (No mathematical treatment).

Unit- V

Metal Ligand Bonding

Adjusted CFT, Limitations of crystal field theory. Octahedral, tetrahedral and square planer complexes.


Page 15 of 114


Organic Chemistry

M.Sc. C-102 (B)/ MSC-CHEM-102

Paper-II

Unit- I

Nature of Bonding in Organic Molecules

Delocalized chemical bonding, conjugation, hyperconjugation, bonding in fullerenes, tautomerism.

Aromaticity in benzenoid and non-benzenoid compounds, alternant and non alternant hydrocarbons,

Huckel‘s rule, energy level of n-molecular orbitals, annulenes, antiaromaticity, homo-aromaticity, PMO

approach. Bonds weaker than covalent-addition compounds.

Unit-II

Stereochemistry

Conformational analysis of cycloalkanes, decalins, effect of conformation on reactivity, conformation of

sugars, steric strain due to unavoidable crowding. Elements of symmetry, chirality, molecules with more

than one chiral centre, threo and erythro isomers, methods of resolution, optical purity. Enantiotopic and

distereotopic atoms, groups and faces. Stereospecific and stereoselective synthesis. Asymmetric

synthesis. Optical activity in absence of chiral corbon (biphenyls,allenes and spiranes), chirality due to

helical shape.

Unit-III

Reaction Mechanism : Structure and Reactivity

Types of mechanism, types of reactions, thermodynamic and kinetic requirements, kinetic and

thermodynamic control, Hammond‘s postulate, Curtin-Hammett principle. Potential energy diagrams,

transition states and intermediates, methods of determining mechanism, isotopes effects. Hard and soft

acids and bases .Generation, Structure, stability and reactivity of carbocations, carbanions, free radicals,

carbenes and nitrenes. Effect of structure on reactivity- resonance and field effect , steric-effect,

quantitative treatment.

Unit-IV

Aliphatic Nucleophilic Substitution

The SN2, SN1, mixed SN1 and SET mechanism. The neighbouring group mechanism, neighbouring

group participation by π and 𝜎 bonds, anchimeric assistance. Classical and non classical carbocations,

Phenonium ions, nonbornyl system, Common carbocations rearrangements.

The SNi mechanism, Nucleophilic substitution at an allylic, alipahatic trigonal and a vinylic carbon.

Reactivity effects of substrate structure, attacking nucleophile, leaving group and reaction medium.

Unit-V


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Aliphatic Electrophilic Substitution

Bimolecular mechanism- SE2 and SE

1.The SE

1 mechanism, electrophilic substitution accompanied by

double bond shifts. Effect of substrates, Leaving group and the solvent polarity on the reactivity.


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Physical Chemistry

M.Sc. C-102 (C)/ MSC-CHEM-103

Paper-III

Unit-I

Introduction to Exact Quantum Mechanical Results

The Schrodinger equation and postulates of quantum mechanics. Discussion of solution of the

Schrodinger equation to some model system viz., particle in a box, the harmonic oscillator, the rigid

rotor, the hydrogen atom.

Approximate methods The variation theorem, Linear variation principle. Perturbation theory (First

order and nondegenerate). Application of variation method and perturbation theory to the Helium atom.

Unit-II

Angular Momentum Ordinary angular momentum, generalized angular momentum, eigen functions

for angular momentum, eigen values of angular momentum, operator using ladder operators, addition of

angular momenta, spin, anti symmetry and Pauli‘s exclusion principle.

Electronic structure of atoms Electronic configuration, Russell- Saunders terms and coupling

schemes, Slater-Condon Parameters, Term separation energies of the pn configuration, term separation

energies for the dn configurations, magnetic effects spin-orbit coupling and Zeeman splitting,

introduction to the methods of self- consistent field, the virial theorem.

Molecular Orbital Theory Huckle theory of conjugated systems, bond order and charge density

calculations. Applications to ethylene, budadiene, cycloproponyl radical, cyclobutadiene etc.

Introduction to extended Huckle theory.

Unit-III

Classical Thermodynamics Brief resume of concept of laws of thermodynamics, free energy, chemical

potential and entropies. Partial molar properties : partial molar free energy, partial molar volume and

partial molar heat content and their significances. Determination of these quantities. Concept of fugacity

and determination of fugacity.

Unit-IV

Statistical Thermodynamics Concept of distribution, thermodynamic probability and most probable

distribution. Ensemble averaging, postulates of ensemble averaging Canonical, grand canonical and

microcanonical ensembles, corresponding distribution laws (using LaGrange‘s method of undetermined

multipliers).


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Partial functions- translational, rotational, vibrational and electronic partitional functions, calculation of

thermodynamic properties in terms of partition functions, Application of partition functions.

Heat capacity behaviour of solids- chemical equilibria and equilibrium constant in terms of partition

functions, Fermi-Dirac statistics, distribution law and applications to metal. Bose-Einstein statistics-

distribution law and application to helium.

Unit- V

Non Equilibrium Thermodynamics Thermodynamic criteria for non equilibrium states, entropy

production and entropy flow, entropy balance equations for different irreversible processes (e.g. heat

flow, chemical reaction etc.) transformation of the generalized fluxes and forces, non equilibrium

stationary states, phenomenological equations, microscopic reversibility.


Page 19 of 114


Biology for Chemists

M.Sc. C-102 (D)/ MSC-CHEM-104

Unit 1

Cell structure and Functions Structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, intracellular organelles and

their functions, comparison to plant and animal cells. Overview of metabolic processes-catabolism and

anabolism. ATP- the biological energy currency.

Unit 2

Carbohydrates Conformation of monosaccharides, structure and functions of important derivatives of

monosaccharides like glycosides, deoxy sugars, myoinositol amino sugars, N-acetylmuramic acid, sialic

acid, disaccharides and polysaccharides. Structural polysacciandes-cellulose and chitin, storage

polysaccharides-starch and glycogen, Structure and biological functions of glycosaminoglycans or

mucopolysaccharides. Carbohydrates of glycoproteins and glycolipids. Role of sugars in biological

recognition, Ascorbic acid.

Carbohydrate metabolism-Krebs‘s cycle, glycolysis. Glycogenesis and glycogenolysis.

Gluconeogenesis, pentose phosphate pathway.

Unit 3

Lipids Fatty acids, essential fatty acids, structure and functions of triacylglycerols,

glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids cholesterol, bile acids, prostaglandins, Lipoprotein‘s-composition

and function, role in atherosclerosis, Properties of lipid aggregates-micelles, bilayers, liposomas and

their possible biological functions. Biological membranes, Fluid mosaic model of membrane structure.

Lipid metabolism-𝛽-oxidation of fatty acids.

Unit 4

Amino –acids, peptides and proteins

Chemical and enzymatic hydrolysis of proteins to peptides , secondary structure of proteins, forces

responsible for holding of secondary structures, α- helix, βsheets, super secondary structure, triple helix

structure of collagen. Tertiary structure of protein –folding and domain structure . Quintenary structure.

Amino acid metabolism-degradation and biosynthesis of amino acids. Sequence determination:

chemical/enzymatic/mass spectral, recrimination/detection.

Unit 5

Nucleic Acids


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Purine and pyrimidine bases of nucleic acids & and their base pairing via H-bonding. Structure of RNA

and DNA, double helix model of DNA and forces responsible for holding it. Chemical and enzymatic

hydrolysis of nucleic acids. The chemical bases of heredity, an overview of replication of DNA

transcription, translation, and genetic code. Chemical synthesis of mono and trinucleotide.


Page 21 of 114


Computer for Chemists

M.Sc. C-102 (E)/ MSC-CHEM-105

This is a theory –cum Laboratory course with more emphasis on laboratory work

Unit 1

Introduction to computer and computing: Basic structure and functioning of computers with a PC

as an illustrative example . Memory, I/O devices . Secondary storages . Computer languages. Operating

systems with DOS as an example . Introduction to UNIX and Windows. Data processing principles of

programming. Algorithms and flow- charts.

Unit 2

Computer Programming in FORTRAN/C/BASIC

The language feature are listed here with reference to FORTRAN, The instructor may choose another

language such as BASIC or C and feature may be replaced appropriately. Elements of the computer

language. Constants and variables Operations and symbols. Termination statements. Branching

statements such as IF or GO TO statement. LOGICAL variables, Double precision variables

subscripted variables and DIMENSIONS. DO statements FUNCTION and SUBROUINE. COMMON

and DATE statements. Decision control structure case4 control structure, functions, introduction to

arrays, programmes based on above.

Unit 3

Programming in chemistry

Development of small computer course involving simple formula in chemistry such as Vander Waal,s

equation, Ph titration, kinetics, radioactive decay, Evaluation of lattice energy and ionic radii from

experimental data. Linear simultaneous equation to solve secular equation with in the Huckel theory.

Elementary structural features such as bond lengths, bond angels, dihedral angels etc. of extracted from

a database such as Cambridge database.

Unit 4

Use of Computer Programmes

Execution of linear regression, X-V plot, Numerical integration and differentiation as well differential

equation solution programmes, monte-carlo and molecular dynamics.

Unit 5

Introduction to MS office (MS word, MS Excel, MS PowerPoint) lab sessions based on MS office

package Introduction to Internet Explorer.


Page 22 of 114

M.Sc Chemistry- II Semester

Inorganic Chemistry

M.Sc. C-202 (A)/ MSC-CHEM-201

Paper-I

Unit-I

Electronic Spectra and Magnetic Properties of Transition Metal Complexes Spectroscopic ground

states, correlation, Orgel and Tanabe-Sugano diagrams for transition metal complexes (dl-d

9 states),

calculations of Dq, B and β parameters, charge transfer spectra, spectroscopic method of assignment of

absolute configuration In optically active metal chelates and their stereochemical information,

anomalous magnetic moments. magnetic exchange coupling and spin crossover.

Unit-II

Metal π Complexes

Metal carbonyls, structure and bonding. vibrational spectra of metal carbonyls for bonding and

structural elucidation, important reactions of metal carbonyls; preparation, bonding.

Unit-III

Metal Nitrosyls and Phosphine Ligands

Structure and important reactions of transition metal nitrosyl, dinitrogen and dioxygen complexes;

tertiary phosphine as Ligand

Unit- IV

Metal Clusters

Higher boranes, carboranes, metalloboranes and metallocarbene‘s. Metal carbony and halide clusters,

compounds with metal-metal multiple bonds.

Unit-V

Nuclear Chemistry

Radioactive decay & equilibrium. Nuclear Reactions, Q-value cross-sections, types reactions, Chemical

effects of nuclear transformations Fission & Fusion, Fission product & fission yields. Radioactive

techniques, tracer techniques.


Page 23 of 114


Organic Chemistry

M.Sc. C-202 (B)/ MSC-CHEM-202

Paper-II

UNIT- I

Aromatic Electrophilic Substitution

The arenium ion mechanism. orientation and reactivity, energy profile diagrams. The ortho/para ratio,

ipso attack, orientation in other ring systems. Quantitative treatment of reactivity in substrates and

electrophiles. Diazonium coupling, Vilsmeir reaction Gattermann-Koch reaction.

Aromatic Nucleophilic Substitution

The SNAr. SN1. benzene and SRN 1 mechanisms. Reactivity - effect of substrate structure. leaving

group and attacking nucleophile. The von Richter. Somme let-Hauser and Smiles rearrangements.

UNIT-II

Free Radical Reactions

Types of free radical reactions, free radical substitution mechanism. mechanism at aromatic substrate,

neighbouring group assistance. Reactivity for aliphatic and aromatic substrates at a bridgehead.

Reactivity in the attacking radicals. The effect of solvent reactivity. Allylic halogenations (NBS),

oxidation of aldehydes to carboxylic acids autooxidation, coupling of alkynes and arylation of aromatic

compounds by diazonium salts. Sandmeyer reaction, Hunsicker reaction.

Elimination Reactions

The E2. F.1 and El CB mechanisms and their spectrum. Orientation of the double bond Reactivity -

effects of substrate structures, attacking base, the leaving group and the medium. Mechanism and

orientation in pyrolytic elimination.

UNIT-III

Addition to Carbon-Carbon Multiple Bonds

Mechanistic and stereochemical aspects of addition reactions involving electrophiles nucleophiles and

free radicals, Regio- and chemo selectivity, orientation and reactivity Addition to cyclopropane ring.

Hydrogenation of double and triple bonds, hydrogenation of aromatic rings. Hydroboration. Michael

reaction.

UNIT-IV

Addition to Carbon-Hetero Multiple Bonds


Page 24 of 114

Mechanism of metal hydride reduction of saturated and unsaturated carbonyl compounds, acids, esters

and nitriles. Addition of Grignard reagents, Wittig reaction Mechanism of condensation reactions

involving enolates–Aldol. Knoevenagel, Claisen, Mannich, Benzoin, Perkin reactions

UNIT-V

Pericyclic Reactions

Molecular orbital symmetry, Frontier orbitals of ethylene. 1,3- butadiene, 1,3,5- hexatriene and allyl

system. Classification of pericyclic reactions. Woodward—Hoffmann correlation diagrams. FMO and

PMO approach. Electrocyclic reactions- conrotatory and disrotatory motions, 4n, 4n+2 systems. Cyclo

additions antarafacially and suprafacial additions, 4n and 4n+2 systems, 2+2 addition of ketenes.

Sigmatropic rearrangements - suprafacial and antarafacial shifts of H.Sigmatropic shifts involving

carbon moieties, 3,3- and 5,5- Sigmatropic rearrangements. Claisen, Cope Rearrangement, Ene reaction.


Page 25 of 114


Physical Chemistry


Paper-III

Unit- I

Chemical Dynamics

Methods of determining rate laws, collision theory of reaction rates, activated complex theory,

Arrhenius equation and the activated complex theory: ionic reactions, kinetics salt effect, steady state

kinetic and thermodynamic control of reactions. Dynamic chain (hydrogen-bromine reaction. pyrolysis

of acetaldehyde, decomposition of ethane), photochemical (hydrogen-chlorine reactions) and treatment

oscillatory reactions (Belousova -Zabelinskaya reaction).

Dynamics of molecular motions, dynamics of unimolecular substrata reactions (Lindemann

Hinshelwood and Rice-Ramsperger - Kassel-Marcus [RRKM] Theories of unimolecular reactions).

Unit-II

Catalysis

Homogeneous catalysis, kinetics reaction of enzyme, general features of fast reactions, study of fast

reactions by flow method, relaxation method, flash photolysis and the nuclear magnetic resonance

method,

Unit-III

Surface Chemistry

Adsorption: Surface tension, capillary action, pressure difference across curved surface (Laplace

equation). vapour pressure of droplets (Kelvin equation), Gibbs adsorption isotherm, estimation of

surface area (BET equation).

Micelles: Surface active agents, classification of surface active agents, micellization, critical micellar

concentration (CMC), factors affecting the CMC of surfactants, thermodynamics of micellization.

Unit- IV

Macromolecules: Polymer - definition, types of polymers, kinetics of radical activity polymerization.

Mechanism of polymerization. Molecular mass, number and mass average molecular mass, molecular

mass determination Elementary treatment of Osmometry, Viscometry, Light scattering methods.

Unit-V


Page 26 of 114

Electrochemistry

Electrochemistry of solutions. Debye-Huckel - Onsager treatment and its extension, Debye-Huckel-

jerum mode, Lippmann equations (surface :bond Over Stern. excess). Guoyu -Chapman, Stern. Over

potentials, exchange current density, derivation of Butler -Volmer equation, Tafel plot. Quantization of

charge transfer, tunnelling. Semiconductor interfaces - theory of double layer at Semiconductor.

electrolyte solution interfaces, structure of double layer interfaces.

Electrocatalysis- influence of various parameters, Hydrogen electrode.

Bioelectrochemistry, Polarography theory, Lekovic equation, half wave potential and tones. its

significance.

Introduction to corrosion, forms of corrosion, corrosion monitoring and prevention methods.


Page 27 of 114


GROUP THEORY & SPECTROSCOPY

M.Sc. C-202 (D)/ MSC-CHEM-204

Paper-IV

Unit- I

Symmetry and Group Theory in Chemistry

Symmetry elements and symmetry operation, definitions of group, subgroup, relation between orders of

a finite group and its subgroup. Conjugacy relation and classes. Point symmetry group. Schon flies

symbols, representations of groups by matrices (representation for the Cn, Cnv, Cnh. Dnh etc. groups to

be worked out explicitly). Character of a representation. The Great orthogonality theorem (without

proof) and its importance. Character tables and their use; spectroscopy.

Unit-II

Unifying Principles

Electromagnetic radiation, interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter absorption. emission,

transmission, reflection, refraction, dispersion, polarisation and scattering. Uncertainty relation and

natural line width. and natural line broadening. transition probability, selection rules, Intensity of

spectral lines, Born-Oppenheimer approximation.

X-ray Diffraction

Bragg, condition, Miller indices, Laue method. Bragg method, Debye-Scherrer method of X-ray

structural analysis of crystals.

Unit-III

Vibrational Spectroscopy

Infrared Spectroscopy Review of linear harmonic oscillator, vibrational energies of diatomic

molecules, zero point energy, force constant and bond strengths; anharmonicity, Morse potential energy

diagram, vibration-rotation spectroscopy, p,a.R branches. Breakdown of Oppenheimer approximation;

vibrations of poly atomic molecules. Selection rules, normal modes of vibration. group frequencies.

overtones, hot bands, factors affecting the band positions and intensities, far IR region, metal-ligand

vibrations, normal co-ordinate analysis.

Raman Spectroscopy Classical and quantum theories of Raman effect. Pure rotational, vibrational and

Vibrational-rotational Raman spectra, selection rules, mutual exclusion principle.


Page 28 of 114

Unit-IV

Electronic Spectroscopy

Atomic Spectroscopy Energies of atomic orbitals, vector representation of momenta and vector

coupling, spectra of hydrogen atom and alkali metal atoms.

Molecular Spectroscopy Energy levels, molecular orbitals. vibronic transitions. vibrational

progressions and geometry of the excited states, Franck-Condon principle, electronic spectra of

polyatomic molecules. Emission spectra; radiative and non-radiative decay, internal conversion, spectra

of transition metal complexes.

Photoelectron Spectroscopy Basic principles; photo-electric effect, ionization process. Koopman's

theorem. Photoelectron spectra of simple molecules, ESCA, chemical information from ESCA. Auger

electron spectroscopy - basic idea.

Unit-V

Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Nuclear spin, nuclear resonance, saturation, shielding of

magnetic nuclei, chemical shift and its measurements, factors influencing chemical shift, deshielding,

spin-spin interactions, factors influencing coupling constant 'J'. Classification (ABX, AMX. ABC, A2B2

etc.), spin decoupling: basic ideas about instrument. NMR studies of nuclei other than proton - 13C.

Application of NMR.

Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy Basic principles, zero field splitting and Kramer's degeneracy.

factors affecting the ‗g‘ value. Isotropic and anisotropic hyperfine coupling, constants.


Page 29 of 114

M.Sc. Chemistry-III Semester

Photochemistry

M.Sc. C-302 (A)/ MSC-CHEM-301

Paper-1

UNIT-I

Basic of Photochemistry

Absorption, excitation, photochemical laws, quantum yield, electronically excited states- life times-

measurements of the times. Flash photolysis, stopped Flow techniques, Energy dissipation by radiative

and non-radiative processes, absorption spectra, Franck-Condon principle, photochemical stages-

primary and secondary processes.

UNIT-II

Photochemical Reactions

Interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter, types of excitations, fate of excited molecule,

quantum, yield, transfer of excitation energy, actinometry.

Properties of Excited States

Structure, dipole moment, acid-base strengths, reactivity. Photochemical kinetics-calculation of rates of

radiative processes. Bimolecular deactivation, quenching.

UNIT-III

Determination of Reaction Mechanism

Classification, rate constants and life times of reactive energy states determination of rate constants of

reactions. Effect of light intensity on the rate of photochemical reactions. Types of photochemical-

photo-dissociation, gas-phase photolysis.

UNIT-IV

Photochemistry of Alkenes

Intermolecular reactions of the olefinic bond-geometrical isomerism, cyclization reactions,

rearrangement of 1,4 and 1,5-dienes,

Photochemistry of Carbonyl compounds

Intramolecular reactions of carbonyl compounds-saturated, cyclic and acyclic, α and βunsaturated

unsaturated compounds, Cyclohexadiene‘s. Intermolecular Buchi Reaction

UNIT-V

Photochemistry of Aromatic Compounds

Isomerisation‘s, additions and substitutions.

Miscellaneous Photochemical Reactions

Photo-Fries reactions of anilides. Photo Fries rearrangement. Barton reaction. Singlet molecular oxygen

reactions. Photochemical formation of smog. Photo degradation of polymers, Photochemistry of vision.



Page 30 of 114

Spectroscopy

M.Sc. C- 302 (B)/ MSC-CHEM-302

Paper-II

UNIT-I

Ultraviolet Visible Spectroscopy

Various electronic transitions (185-800 nm), Beer-Lambert law, effect of solvent on electronic

transitions, ultraviolet bands for carbonyl compounds, unsaturated carbonyl compounds, dienes,

conjugated polyenes. Fieser-Woodward rules for conjugated dienes and carbonyl compounds ultraviolet

spectra of aromatic and heterocyclic compounds Steric effect in biphenyls, Application of UV-visible

spectroscopy.

UNIT-II

Infrared Spectroscopy

Characteristic vibrational frequencies of alkanes, alkynes, aromatic compounds, alcohols, ethers,

phenols and amines, Detailed study of Vibrational frequencies of carbonyl compounds (Ketones,

aldehydes, esters, amides, acids, anhydrides, lactones, lactams and conjugated carbonyl compounds),

Effect of hydrogen bonding and solvent effect on vibrational frequencies, Applications of IR

spectroscopy.

UNIT-III

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

General introduction and definition, chemical shift, spin-spin interaction, shielding mechanism,

mechanism, of measurement chemical shift values and correlation for protons bonded to carbon

(aliphatic, olefinic, aldehydic and aromatic) Intensity of NMR signals, chemical exchange, effect of

deuteration, virtual coupling, stereochemistry hindered rotation, nuclear magnetic double resonance,

contact shift reagents, solvent effects. Fourier transforms technique, Nuclear Over Hauser Effect (NOE)

Resonance of other nuclei-F, P. Application of NMR spectroscopy.

Carbon-13 NMR Spectroscopy

General Considerations, chemical shift, Introduction to 2 D NMR.

UNIT-IV

Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy


Page 31 of 114

Hyperfine coupling, spin-orbit coupling and significance of g-tensors, application to transition metal

complexes (having one unpaired electron) including biological systems and to inorganic free radicals

such as PH4, F2- and (BH3), Application of ESR spectroscopy.

UNIT-V

Mass Spectroscopy

Basic principles, theory, Instrumentation, mass spectrum, determination of molecular formula, Mc

Lafferty rearrangement, Metastable ions or peaks, nitrogen rule, General fragmentation modes of

important organic compounds.


Page 32 of 114


Analytical Chemistry

M.Sc. C- 302 (C) MSC-CHEM-303

Paper-IV

UNIT-I

Introduction

Classification of analytical methods-classical and instrumental, types of instrumental analysis, selecting

an analytical method.

Errors and Evaluation :

Definition of terms of mean and median, precision-standard deviation, relative standard deviation,

accuracy, absolute error. Types of error in experimental data-determination (systematic), intermediate

(random) and gross. Sources of errors and the effect upon the analytical results methods for reporting

analytical data. Statistical evaluation of data indeterminate errors. The use of statistics.

UNIT-II

Radiochemical methods :

Elementary working, Principles of Geiger Muller, Ionization, proportional and -ray counters. Neutron

radiation sources, radio tracer techniques. Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA) : Principle, Techniques

and applications in preparation of some commonly used radioactive isotopes. Use of radioactive

isotopes in analytical and physiochemical problems, Isotopic Dilution Analysis (IDA), advantages and

limitations of IDA, comparison of IDA with NAA. Principle of Radiometric Titrations, Types,

Experimental techniques and its applications.

UNIT-III

Thermal methods of Analysis :

Introduction of different thermal methods, Thermogravimetry- TGA & DTA, static thermogravimetry,

quasithermogravimetry and dynamic thermogravimetry, Instrumental and balances, X-Y recorder,

thermogram, factors affecting thermograms. Application of thermogravimetry.

Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) : Introduction, instrumentation, DSC-curves, factors

affecting DSC curves and applications.

Thermometric Titrations : Introduction, Instrumentation, apparatus, theory and applications.


Page 33 of 114

UNIT-IV

Chromatographic Techniques :

Adsorption and Partition Chromatography, Paper Chromatography, Thin Layer chromatography lon

exchange and Gas chromatography, HPLC, Size Exclusion Chromatography, their principles,

techniques and important applications.

UNIT-V

Electroanalytical Techniques :

Voltammetry

General introduction, Principle, Instrumentation, types of Voltammetry Polarography (Principle &

Instrumentation), Cyclic Voltammetry, Pulse Methods. Stripping Technique : Anodic and Cathodic

Stripping Voltammetry and their applications in the trace determination of metal ions and biologically

important compounds.

B. Ion Selective Electrodes :

Electrical Properties of membrane, Glass electrode with special reference to H+, Na+, K+ ions,

operation of solid membrane electrode, operation of liquid membrane electrode, coated type ion

electrode. Applications of ion selective electrode in determination of some toxic metal and some anions

(F-, CI- Br, I- , and NO3-.


Page 34 of 114


Bioinorganic Chemistry

M.Sc. C- 302 (D1)/ MSC-CHEM-304

Paper-III

Unit-I

Introduction

Chemistry of amino acids proteins and their derivatives; methods of isolation and identification;

Primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures of proteins; determination and biochemical

applications of the structures proteins; Nomenclature of nucleosides and nucleotides; Effects of acid and

alkali on hydrolysis of nucleic acids ; Structure of DNA and RNA ; prokaryotic versus eukaryotic

organisms.

Unit- II

Metal lons in Biological Systems

Essential and trace metals. Na+/K+ pump

Role of metals ions in biological processes.

Unit-III

Bioenergetics and ATP Cycle

Standard Gibbs energy change in biochemical reactions, exergonic and endergonic. Hydrolysis of ATP,

synthesis of ATP and ADP. DNA polymerization, glucose storage, metal complexes in transmission of

energy, chlorophylls, photo system I and photo system II in cleavage of water.

Unit-IV

Transport and Storage of Dioxygen

Heme proteins and oxygen uptake, structure and function of haemoglobin, myoglobin, hemocyanin‘s

and hemerythrin, model synthetic complexes of iron, cobalt and copper.

Unit-V

Electron Transfer in Biology Structure and function of metalloproteins in electron transport process

cytochromes and ion-sulphur proteins.

Nitrogenase

Biological nitrogen fixation, molybdenum nitrogenase.


Page 35 of 114


Bioorganic Chemistry

M.Sc. C- 302 (D2)/ MSC-CHEM-305

Paper IV

Unit-I

Introduction



applications of the structures proteins; Nomenclature of nucleosides and nucleotides; Effects of acid and

alkali on hydrolysis of nucleic acids ; Structure of DNA and RNA ; prokaryotic versus eukaryotic

organisms.

Unit-II

Enzymes

Introduction and historical perspective, Chemical and biological catalysis, remarkable properties of

enzymes like catalytic power, specificity and regulation. Nomenclature and classification, extraction and

purification. Fisher‘s lock and key and Koshland‘s induced fit hypothesis, concept and identification of

active site by the use of inhibitors, affinity labelling and enzyme modification by site-directed

mutagenesis. Enzyme kinetics, Michaelis-Menten and Lineweaver-Burk Plots, reversible and

irreversible inhibition.

Unit-III

Mechanism of Enzyme Action

Transition-state theory, orientation and steric effect, acid-base catalysis, covalent catalysis, strain or

distortion. Examples of some typical enzyme mechanisms for chymotrypsin, ribonuclease, lysozyme

and carboxypeptidase A.

Kinds of Reactions Catalysed by Enzymes

Nucleophilic displacement on a phosphorus atom, multiple displacement reactions and the coupling of

ATP cleavage to endergonic processes. Transfer of sulphate, addition and elimination reactions, enolic

intermediates, intermediates in isomerization reactions, cleavage and condensation, some isomerization

and rearrangement reactions. Enzyme catalyzed carboxylation and decarboxylation.

Unit-IV


Page 36 of 114

Co-Enzyme Chemistry

Co-Factors as derived from vitamins, co-enzymes, prosthetic groups, apoenzymes. Structure and

biological functions of co-enzyme A, thiamine pyrophosphate, pyridoxal phosphate, NAD+, NADP+,

FMN, FAD, lipoic acid, vitamin B12 Mechanisms of reactions catalyzed by the above co-factors.

Enzyme Models

Host-guest chemistry, chiral recognition and catalysis, molecular recognition, molecular asymmetry and

prochirality. Biomimetic chemistry, crown ethers. Cryptates. Cyclodextrins, cyclodextrin-based enzyme

models, calixarenes, ionophores, micelles, synthetic enzyme of synzymes.

Unit-V

Biotechnological Applications of Enzymes

Large-scale production and purification of enzymes, techniques and methods of immobilization of

enzymes, effect of immobilization on enzyme activity, application of immobilized enzymes, use of

enzymes in food and drink industry-brewing and cheese-making, syrups from corn starch, enzymes as

targets for drug design. Clinical uses of enzymes, enzyme therapy. enzymes and recombinant DNA

technology. Application of enzymes in organic synthesis.


Page 37 of 114


Biophysical Chemistry

M.Sc. C- 302 (D3)/ MSC-CHEM-306

Unit-I

Introduction



applications of the structures of proteins; Nomenclature of nucleosides and nucleotides; Effects of acid

and alkali on hydrolysis of nucleic acids ; Structure of DNA and RNA ; prokaryotic versus eukaryotic

organisms.

Unit-II

Biological Cell and its’ Constituents

Biological cell, Structure and functions of proteins, enzymes, DNA and RNA in living systems. Helix

coil transition.

Bioenergetics

Standard Free energy change in biochemical reactions, exergonic, endergonic Hydrolysis of ATP,

synthesis of ATP from ADP.

Unit-III

Statistical Mechanism in Biopolymers

Chain configuration of macromolecules, statistical distribution end to end dimensions, calculation of

average dimensions for various chain structures. Polypeptide and protein structures, introduction to

protein folding problem.

Biopolymer interactions

Forces involved in biopolymer interactions. Electrostatic charges, and molecular expansion,

hydrophobic forces. Dispersion force interactions. Multiple equilibria and various types of binding

processes in biological systems. Hydrogen ion titration curves. DNA Protein Interaction.

Unit-IV

Thermodynamics of Biopolymer Solutions


Page 38 of 114

Thermodynamics of biopolymer solutions, osmotic pressure, membrane equilibrium, muscular

contraction and energy generation in mechanochemical system.

Cell Membrane and Transport of Ions

Structure and functions of cell membrane, ion transport through cell membrane, irreversible

thermodynamic treatment of membrane transport, nerve conduction.

Unit-V

Biopolymers and their molecular Weights

Evaluation of size, shape molecular weight and extent of hydration of biopolymers by various

experimental techniques. Sedimentation equilibrium, hydrodynamic methods, diffusion. Sedimentation

velocity, viscosity, electrophoresis and rotational motions. Biological nitrogen fixation, molybdenum

nitrogenase, spectroscopic and other evidence, other nitrogenases model systems.


Page 39 of 114

M.Sc. Chemistry-IV Semester

Environmental Chemistry

M.Sc. C- 402 (A)/ MSC-CHEM-401

Paper I

Unit I

Environment

Introduction. Composition of atmosphere, vertical temperature, heat budget of the earth atmospheric

system, vertical stability atmosphere. Biogeochemical cycles of C, N, P, S and O. Biodistribution of

elements.

Unit II

Hydrosphere

Chemical composition of water bodies-lakes, streams, rivers and wet lands etc. Hydrological cycle.

Aquatic pollution - inorganic, organic, pesticide, agricultural, industrial and sewage, detergents, oil

spills and oil pollutants. Water quality parameters - dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand,

solids, metals, content of chloride, sulphate, phosphate, nitrate and micro-organisms. Water quality

standards. Analytical methods for measuring BOD, DO, COD, F, Oils, metals (As, Cd, Cr, Hg, Pb, Se

etc.), residual chloride and chlorine demand. Purification and treatment of water.

Unit III

Soils

Composition, micro and macro nutrients, Pollution - fertilizers, pesticides, plastics and metals.

Waste treatment.

Unit IV

Atmosphere

Chemical composition of atmosphere - particles, ions and radicals and their formation. Chemical

and photochemical reactions in atmosphere, smog formation, oxides of N, C, S, O and their effect,

pollution by chemicals, petroleum, minerals, chlorofluorohydrocarbons. Green house effect, acid

rain, air pollution controls and their chemistry. Analytical methods for measuring air pollutants.

Continuous monitoring instruments.

Unit V

Industrial Pollution

Cement, sugar, distillery, drug, paper and pulp, thermal power plants, nuclear power plants, metallurgy.

Polymers, drugs etc. Radionuclide analysis. Disposal of wastes and their management.

Environmental Toxicology

Chemical solutions to environmental problems, biodegradability, principles of decomposition, better

industrial processes. Bhopal gas tragedy, Chernobyl, Three Mile Island, Sewal D and Minamata

disasters.


Page 40 of 114


Organic Synthesis

M.Sc. C- 402 (B)/ MSC-CHEM-402

Paper II

Unit I

Organometallic Reagents:

Principle, preparations, properties and applications of the following in organic synthesis with

mechanistic details:

Group I & II metal organic compounds

Li, Mg, Hg, Zn and Ce Compounds

Transition metals

Cu, Pd, Ni, Fe, Co, Rh, Cr and Ti Compounds.

Unit II

Oxidation

Introduction. Different oxidative processes. Hydrocarbons- alkenes, aromatic rings, saturated C-H

groups (activated and unactivated). Alcohols, diols, aldehydes, ketones, ketals and carboxylic acids.

Amines, Hydrazines and sulphides. Oxidation with ruthenium tetraoxide, iodobenzene diacetate and

thallium (III) nitrate.

Unit III

Reduction

Introduction. Different reductive processes. Hydrocarbons- alkanes, alkenes, alkynes and aromatic

rings. Carbonyl Compounds- aldehydes, ketones, acids and their derivatives. Epoxides, nitro, nitroso,

azo and oxime groups.

Unit IV

Rearrangements

General mechanistic considerations- nature of migration, migratory aptitude, memory effects. A

detailed study of the following rearrangements:Pinacol-Pinnacolone, Wagner-Meerwin, Favorskii,

Arndt-Eistern synthesis, Neber, Beckmann, Hoffman, Curtius, Schmidt, BaeyerVilliger, Shaprio

reaction, Barton, Chichibaben, Hoffman-Lofler Freytag reaction, Wittig reaction.

Unit V

Metallocenes, Nonbenzenoid Aromatic and Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds

General considerations, synthesis and reactions of Ferrocene, Chrysene, Azulene.


Page 41 of 114

M.Sc IV Semester

Polymers


Unit – I

Basics

Importance of polymers .Basic concepts: Monomers, repeat unit, degree of polymerization. Linear,

branched and network polymers. Classification of polymers. Polymerization: condensation, addition,

radical chain, ionic, co-ordination and copolymerization. Polymerization conditions and polymer

reaction .Polymerization in homogeneous and heterogeneous systems.

Unit - II

Polymer characterization

Polydispersion-average molecular weight concept. Number, weight and viscosity average molecular

weight. Polydispersity and molecular weight distribution. The practical significance of molecular

weight. Measurement of molecular weight. End group, viscosity light scattering, osmotic and

ultracentrifugation methods. Analysis and testing of polymers and chemical analysis of polymers

spectroscopic methods, physical testing – tensile strength, fatigue, impact, Tear resistance, hardness and

abraision resistance.

Unit – III

Structure and properties

Morphology and order in crystalline polymers-configuration of polymer chains. Crystal structures of

polymers. Morphology of crystalline polymers, strain-induced morphology, crystallization and melting.

Polymer structure and physical properties-crystalline melting point. Tm-melting points of homogeneous

series, effect of chain flexibility and other steric factors, entropy and heat of fusion. The glass transition

temperature. Relationship between Tm & Tg, effects of molecular weight, diluents, chemical structure,

chain topology, branching and cross linking. Property requirements and polymer utilization.

Unit –IV

Polymer processing

Plastics, elastomers and fibers. Compounding, processing techniques: Calendering ,die casting,

rotational casting, film casting, injection moulding, blow moulding, extrusion moulding,

thermoforming, foaming, reinforcing and fiber spinning.


Page 42 of 114

Unit – V

Properties of commercial polymers

Polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polyamides, polyesters, phenolic resins, epoxy resins and silicon

polymers. Functional polymers- fire retarding polymers and electrically conducting polymers.

Biomedical polymers- dental polymers and artificial skin.


Page 43 of 114


Chemistry of Natural Products

M.Sc. C- 402 (D)/ MSC-CHEM-404

Unit I

Terpenoids and Carotenoids

Classification, nomenclature, occurrence, isolation, general methods of structure, determination,

isoprene rule, Structure determination, stereochemistry biosynthesis and synthesis of the following

representative molecules : Citral, Geraniol,α termpeneol Menthol, Farnesol, Zingiberen.

Unit II

Alkaloids

Definition, nomenclature and physiological action, occurrence, isolation, general methods or structure

elucidation, degradation, classification based on nitrogen heterocyclic rings, role of alkaloids in plants,

Structure, stereochemistry, synthesis and biosynthesis of the following: Ephedrine, (+) Coniline,

Nicoline, Atropine, Quinine and Morphine.

Unit III

Steroids

Occurrence, nomenclature, basic skeleton, Diel‘s hydrocarbon and stereochemistry, Isolation, Structure

determination and synthesis of Cholestrol, Bile acids, Androsterone, Testosterone, Estrone, Progestrone,

Aldosterone, Biosynthesis of steroids.

Unit IV

Plant Pigments

Occurrence, nomenclature and general methods of structure determination, Isolation and synthesis of

Apigenin, Luteolin, Quercetin, mytcelin, Quercetin-3-glucoside, Vitexin, Diadzein, Butein, Aureusin,

Cyanidin -7- arabinoside, Cyanidin, Hirsutidin. Biosynthesis of flavonoids: Acetate pathway and

Shikimic acid pathway.

Unit V

Prophyrins

Structure and synthesis of Haemoglobin and Chlorophyll.

Prostaglandins

Occurrence, biogenesis and physiological effects Synthesis of PGE2 and PGF2a.


Page 44 of 114


Medicinal Chemistry

M.Sc. C- 402 (E)/ MSC-CHEM-405

Paper III

Unit I

Introduction to Medicinal Chemistry

Introduction to important functional groups in medicinal chemistry, a century of drug research.

Drug design

Strategies for drug research including various targets, lead generation/ sources for drugs, receptor and

drug receptor interactions; enzymes and design of inhibitors; concept of Prodrugs, hard and soft

drugs.

Unit II

Combinatorial Chemistry

Introduction; solid support and linkers; combinatorial synthesis of compounds on solid phase, split and

mix method, premix method, spatially addressable parallel chemical synthesis, multiple synthesis;

Identification of active compounds from combinatorial libraries; Analytical methods for characterization

of combinatorial libraries; Application of combinatorial libraries using solid phase chemistry.

Computational approaches

Structure activity relationship, concept of QSAR, physicochemical parameterslipopilicity, partition

coefficient, electronic-ionization constants, H-bonding, steric parameters, Hammett equation. Isosterism,

bioisosterism.

Unit III

Biodisposition and implications

Pharmacokinetics; concepts including absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of the drug,

pharmacokinetic parameters; drug metabolism including phase I and phase II biotransformatins;

mention of the uses of pharmacokinetics in drug development process. Molecular toxicology, avoidance

of toxic intermediates,

Unit IV

Neuroactive agents

The chemotherapy of the mind: Introduction, neurotransmitters, CNS depressant, General anaesthetics,

mode of action of hypnotics, sedatives, antianxiety agents, bezodiazepines, buspirone, neurochemistry

of mental diseases. Antipsychotic drugsthe neuroleptics, antidepressants, butyrophenone, serendipity

and drug development, stereochemical aspects of neuroactive drugs. Synthesis of Diazepam,

Oxazepam, Chlorazepam, barbiturates.


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Cardiovascular agents

Introduction , cardiovascular diseases, drug inhibitors of theperipheral sympathetic function, central

intervention of the cardiovascular output, direct acting arteriolar dilators, synthesis of amyl nitrate,

sorbitrate, diltiazam, quinidine, verapamil, methyldopa, atenolol, oxeprenolol.

Unit V

Antineoplastic agents

Introduction, cancer chemotherapy, role of alkylating agents and antimetabolites in the treatement of

cancer. Mention of carcinolytic antibiotics and mitotic inhibitors; synthesis of mechlorethamine,

cyclophosphamide, melphalan, uracil, mustards, 6- mercaptopurine. Recent development in cancer

chemotherapy, the hormones and natural products.

Local anti-infective drugs

Introduction and general mode of action, synthesis of sulphonamide, furazolidone, naxilidic acid,

eiprofloxacin, dapsone, aminosalicylic acid, isoniazid, ethionamide, ethambutol, fluconazole,

econozole, gresiofulvin, chloroquin, primaquin.


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Syllabus

Programme: M.Sc. Mathematics


Page 47 of 114

SEMESTER II

Paper Name: METRIC SPACES

Paper Code: MSc-Math-201

Unit I

Metric on a set, pseudo-metrics and metrics Distance between two sets. Equivalent metrics. Limit points

and closure: closed sets, Derived set of a set. Adherent points and closure of a set, Dense subsets,

Interior of a set and its properties, Subspaces, Product spaces, Structure of Open balls in a product

space. Closures and interiors in a product space, Finite product of metric spaces.

Unit II

Convergent séquences. Cauchy séquences. Characterization of adherent points and limit points in terms

of convergent sequences. Convergence in products. Convergence in Euclidean spaces. Cluster points of

a sequence. Subsequence‘s. Cluster points and convergent subsequence‘s. Algebra of convergent real

sequences. Spaces of sequences.

Unit III

Continuity at a point. Continuity over a space. Continuity of composite, graph and projection maps.

Algebra of real valued continuous functions in a metric space. Homeomorphisms. Isometries. Relation

between isometries and Homeomorphism. Uniform continuity.

Unit IV

Complete metric spaces. Completeness and Continuous mappings. Completeness and subspaces.

Cantor‘s Intersection Theorem. Contraction Mapping Principle. Connectedness: Connected metric

spaces. Connected sets. Characterization of connected subsets of the real line. Properties of

Connectedness

Unit V

Compact spaces and Compact subsets. Compact subsets of the real line. Sequential compactness and its

characterization. Countable compactness, Bolzano-Weierstrass property. Sequential characterization of

BWP. Equivalence of BWP and sequential compactness. Covering characterization of the BWP.

Bolzano-Weierstrass Property and Total boundedness. Bolzano-Weierstrass Property and compactness.

Lebesgue covering lemma. Compactness and completeness, Compactness and uniform continuity.

Boundedness of continuous real-valued functions on compact metric spaces.


Page 48 of 114

Paper Name: COMPLEX ANALYSIS


Unit I

Complex integration. Cauchy-Goursat Theorem. Cauchy‘s integral formula. Higher order derivatives.

Morera‘s Theorem. Cauchy‘s inequality and Liouville‘s theorem The fundamental theorem of algebra.

Taylor‘s theorem. Maximum modulus principle. Schwarz lemma.

Unit II

Bilinear transformations, their properties and classifications. Definitions and examples of conformal

mappings Meromorphic functions. The argument principle. Rouche‘s theorem. Inverse function

theorem.(Statement only).

Unit III

Laurent‘s series. Isolated singularities. Residues. Cauchy‘s residue theorem. Evaluation of integrals.

Branches of many valued functions with special reference to ARG z, log z and za .

Unit IV

Weierstrass‘ factorization theorem. Gamma function and its properties. Riemann zeta function.

Riemann‘s functional equation. Runge‘s theorem. Mittag-Leffler‘s theorem. Analytic continuation.

Uniqueness of direct analytic continuation. Uniqueness of analytic continuation along a curve. Power

series method of analytic continuation.

Unit V

Canonical products. Jensen‘s formula. Poisson-Jensen formula. Hadamard‘s three circles theorem. Order

of an entire function. Exponent of Convergence. Borel‘s theorem. Hadamard‘s factorization theorem.


Page 49 of 114

Paper Name: MATHEMATICAL STATISTICS


Unit I

Probability: Set theoretic approach, Baye‘s theorem, Geometric probability, Random experiments,

Sample spaces, Random variables, Distribution functions, Joint probability distribution function,

Conditional distribution function, Transformation of one and two dimensional Random variables,

Mathematical expectation : Covariance, Variance of variables, Chebysheff‘s inequality.

Unit II

Moment generating function, Cumulant generating function and cumulants, Applications and why they

are used, Discrete distributions: Geometric, Binomial, Poisson and uniform distributions, Continuous

distributions: Normal, Exponential, Gamma, Chi-square ,t , F, Beta , and uniform on an interval.

Unit III

Central limit theorem and applications (1) for a sequence of independent, identically distributed random

variables (2) to establish normal approximations to other distributions, and to calculate probabilities,

Statistical inference and sampling distribution.

Unit IV

Correlation and regression: Partial and multiple correlations, Correlation coefficients, rank correlation,

Regression lines and its properties.

Unit V

Test of significance: (1) Null and alternative hypotheses, Simple and composite hypotheses, Errors, Test

statistic. (2) Large sample tests for proportion and mean, Small sample test based on t, F and Chi-square

statistics.


Page 50 of 114

Paper Name: OPERATIONS RESEARCH


Unit I

Operations research and its scope, Necessity of operations research in industry. Linear programming

problems. Convex sets, Simplex method, Theory of simplex method. Duality theory and sensitivity

analysis. Dual simplex method.

Unit II

Transportation and Assignment problems of linear programming. Sequencing theory and Travelling

salesperson‘s problem.

Unit III

Replacement: Replacement of items that deteriorate. Problems of choosing between two machines,

Replacement of items that fail completely, Problems in mortality and staffing. Inventory problems,

Simple deterministic and stochastic models of inventory control.

Unit IV

Network analysis: Shortest-path problem, Minimum spanning tree problem, Maximum flow problem,

Minimum cost flow problem, Network simplex method. Project planning and control with PERT/CPM.

Unit V

Queuing theory: Steady state solution of Markovian queuing models: M/M/1, M/M/1 with limited

waiting space. Game theory: Two person zero-sum games, Games with mixed strategies, Graphical

solutions, Solutions by linear programming.


Page 51 of 114

SEMESTER IV

Paper Name: FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS


Unit I

Normed linear spaces, Banach spaces, Examples and counter examples, Quotient space of normed linear

spaces and its completeness. Equivalent norms,

Unit II

Reisz Lemma, Basic properties of finite dimensional normed linear spaces, Bounded linear

transformations and normed linear spaces of bounded linear transformations, Uniform boundedness

theorem and some of its applications.

Unit III

Dual spaces, weak convergence, open mapping and closed graph theorems, Hahn Banch theorem for

real and complex linear spaces.

Unit IV

Inner product spaces, Hilbert spaces – Orthonormal sects, Bessel‘s inequality, complete orthonormal

sets and Perseval‘s identity.

Unit V

Structure of Hilbert spaces, Projection theorem, Riesz representation theorem, Adjoint of an operator on

Hilbert space, Self-adjoint operators, Normal and Unitary operators. Projections


Page 52 of 114

Paper Name: NUMBER THEORY


Unit I

The Division Algorithm, the gcd, The Euclidean Algorithm, Diophantine equation ax + by = c. The

fundamental theorem of arithmetic. The Sieve of Eratosthenes. The Goldbach conjecture.

Unit II

Theory of Congruences – Basic properties of Consequence, Linear Congruences, Chinese remainder

theorem, Fermat‘s Theorem, Wilson‘s Theorem. Statement of Prime number theorem. Some primality

testing.

Unit III

Number-Theoretic Functions – The functions T and Sigma. The mobius inversion formula, The Greatest

integer function, Euler‘s Phi function – Euler Theorem, Properties of the Phi-function, Applications to

Cryptography.

Unit IV

The order of an integer modulo n, Primitive roots for primes, The theory of indices, Euler‘s criterion,

Legendre‘s symbol and its properties, Quadratic reciprocity, Quadratic congruences with composite

moduli.

Unit V

Perfect Numbers, Representation of integers as sum of two squares and sum of more than two squares.


Page 53 of 114

Paper Name: FUZZY SETS AND ITS APPLICATIONS


Unit I

Basic definitions, á -level sets, comparison with classical (crisp) sets, Types of fuzzy sets, extension

principle.

Unit II

Fuzzy complement, t-norms, t-conorms, combination of operations, aggregation operations. Fuzzy

numbers, linguistic variables, arithmetic operations on intervals, arithmetic operations on fuzzy

numbers, lattice of fuzzy numbers, fuzzy equations.

Unit III

Crisp versus fuzzy relation, projections and cylindric extensions, binary fuzzy relations, binary relations

on a single set, fuzzy equivalence relations, fuzzy compatibility and fuzzy ordering relations.

Fuzzy measures, evidence theory, possibility theory, fuzzy sets and possibility theory.

Unit IV

An overview of classical logic, multivalued logic, fuzzy propositions, fuzzy quantifiers, linguistic

hedges, Inference from conditional fuzzy propositions, Inference from conditional and qualified

propositions.

Information and uncertainty, non-specificity of crisp and fuzzy sets, fuzziness of fuzzy sets.

Unit V

Individual, multiperson, multicriteria decision making, fuzzy ranking method, fuzzy linear

programming. Methods of defuzzification.


Page 54 of 114

Paper Name: MATHEMATICAL PROGRAMMING


Unit I

Convex sets, convex functions, pseudo-convex functions, quasi-convex, explicit quasi-convex, quasi-

monotonic functions and their properties from the point of view of mathematical programming. Kuhn-

Tucker conditions of optimality.

Unit II

Theory of revised simplex algorithm. Duality theory of linear programming. Sensitivity analysis.

Unit III

Parametric linear programming. Integer programming and linear goal programming.

Unit IV

Quadratic programming: (i) Wolfe‘s algorithm (ii) Beale‘s algorithm (iii) Theil and Vande-Panne

algorithm.

Unit V

Duality theory of quadratic and convex programming, separable programming, sequential unconstrained

minimization.


Page 55 of 114

Syllabus

Programme: M.Sc. Botany


Page 56 of 114

II Semester

Paper: 1. DIVERSITY OF ALGAE, LICHENS AND BRYOPHYTES

Paper code: M.Sc. Bot 101

Unit – I 10h

Algae: salient features (pigments, food reserves, flagellation, thallus organisation, reproduction and life

cycle) and classification of different class. Lichens: Introduction, classification and Structures.

Economic importance of algae and lichens.

Unit – II 10h

Comparative study of classes of Chlorophyceae, Xanthophyceae and Bacillariophyceae, with reference

to: Range of structure of plant body including ultrastructure, Methods of reproduction and Variation in

life cycles.

Unit – III 10h

Comparative study of Phaeophyceae and Rhodophyceae with reference to: Range of structure of plant

body. Range of mode of reproduction. Variation in life cycles.

Unit – IV 10h

Bryophytes: salient features, distribution in India and Classification. Range of thallus structure (plant

body) and anatomy in Bryophytes (with suitable examples) a general account of Marchantiales,

Jungermanniales, Anthocerotales, Sphagnales, Funariales and Polytrichales.

Unit – V 10h

Evolutionary tendencies in sporophytes of Bryophytes (Progressive sterilization of sporogenous

tissue): Reproduction, life history, Inter-relationship, affinities of various groups of Bryophytes.

Ecology and economic importance of Bryophytes.

Practicals:

1. Laboratory equipments and techniques

2. Preparation of permanent slides of algae.

3. Preparation of culture media to isolate algae.

4. Isolation and culture of algae.

5. Study of vegetative and reproductive parts of Riccia, Marchantia, Funaria and Anthoceros.

6. Study of vegetative and reproductive parts of Sphagnum, Polytrichum, Pellia, Porella

7. Industrial visit


Page 57 of 114

Paper: 2. DIVERSITY OF MICROBES AND PLANT PATHOLOGY


Unit-I 10h

Bacteria: History and Classification, archaeobacteria and eubacteria: Characters, Ultrastructure,

nutrition, reproduction, Cyanobacteria: salient features and biological importance in agriculture.

Bacterial disease in crops, vegetables and fruits. Economic importance.

Unit – II 10h

Virus: History and classification, nature, characteristics and ultrastructure of virus, replication and

transmission. Viral disease in crops, vegetables and fruits. Phytoplasma, spiroplasma, viroids and

prions: General characteristics, structure, reproduction and role in causing plant diseases.

Unit – III 10h

Fungi: History and classification Range of Thallus organization, reproduction, Differentiation in fungi:

control of i) dimorphism. ii) conidiation. iii) mating (with the help of Sex hormones). Heterothallism,

Heterokaryosis, parasexuality and physiological specialization in Fungi. Economic importance.

Sterilization techniques, culture media, isolation, identification, preservation and enrichment

techniques.

Unit – IV 10h

Special reference to following divisions: Structure and reproduction of Mastgomycotina,

Zygomycotina, Basidiomycotina and Deuteromycotina; fungal disease in crops, vegetables and fruits.

Unit – V 10h

Plant pathology: History, Parasitism and disease development, Genetics of plant diseases, weapons of

plant pathogens, Défense mechanism of plants, epidemiology. Host parasite interaction. Management

of phytopathogens: plant quarantine, seed certification. Integrated disease management: cultural,

chemical and biological control measures.

Practicals:

1. Preparation of culture media, isolation, identification and culture of fungi and bacteria.

2. To study about Plant pathogenic fungi, bacteria and virus of various crops mention in the syllabus.

3. Preparation of permanent slides of various plant pathogenic fungi and bacteria.

4. To study about enzymatic activities of fungi.

5. Identification and characterization of Plant pathogenic fungi and bacteria.


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6. Counting of fungal and bacterial population by the use of counting chamber and

spectrophotometer.

7. Preparation of modal of TMV and Bacteriophage.

8. Gram staining.

9. To isolate plasmid DNA from bacteria.

10. Serological techniques.

11. Industrial visit.


Page 59 of 114

Paper: 3. CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Paper code: M.Sc Bot 103

Unit-I 10h

Dynamic cell: structural organization of plant cell, cell membrane, nucleus, chromosomes; cell division:

cell cycle, differences between mitosis and meiosis.

Unit-II 10h

Cell organelles: ribosomes, dictyosomes, lysosomes, er, golgi bodies, mitochondria, chloroplast,

microbodies and plasmodesmata.

Unit-III 10h

Genetic material: DNA and RNA as genetic material (experimental evidences), structure of DNA and

RNA, DNA replication, DNA damage and repair, genetic code.

Unit-IV 10h

Protein synthesis: basics, mechanism of protein synthesis in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, transcription,

RNA processing, reverse transcription, translation and regulation of protein synthesis in prokaryotes

(structural, regulatory genes and operon model).

Unit-V 10h

Control of gene expression at transcription and translation level: Regulation of gene expression in

phages, viruses, prokaryotes and eukaryotes, role of chromatin in regulating gene expression and gene

silencing.

Practicals:

1. Study of Generalized plant cell.

2. Study of cell organelles

3. To study the stages of cell division.

4. Extraction of nucleic acid from molds and plant leaves.

5. Quantitative determination of nucleic acid by spectrophotometric method.

6. To perform RAPD amplification of specific target sequence from genomic DNA.

7. Study of PCR techniques.


Page 60 of 114

SUGGESTED READINGS:

1. The world of cell: W.M.Backer Pearson education

2. Molecular cell Biology Lodish Baltimore, W.H. freeman & Co.

3. Essential of Cytology: C.B. Powar Himalaya Publications

4. Cytology:V.B. rastogi, Kedarnath and Ramnath, Meerut.

5. Cell Biology, genetics, Molecular Biology, Ecology and Evolution:verma and Aggarwal, S. Chand

& Co.


Page 61 of 114

Paper 4: BIODIVERSITY OF PTERIDOPHYTES, GYMNOSPERMS AND

PALAEOBOTANY


Unit – I 10h

Pteridophytes: Classification, characters of important classes. Comparative organography, systematics,

reproduction and Phylogeny of the following: Rhynia, Psilotum Isoetes, Calamites, Ophioglossum,

Botrychium.

Unit – II 10h

Structure and reproduction : Angiopteris, Osmunda, Dryopteris, Pteridium, Marsilea, Salvinia, Azolla

and Indian Fossils. Telome concept. Stelar system, Heterospory and seed habit, Apogamy, apospory,

parthenogenesis. Soral evolution. Alternation of generations.

Unit – III 10h

Gymnosperms: Classification and distribution . morphology, structure and life history:

Lyginopteridaceae (Lyginopteris), Medullosaceae (Medullosa), Glossopteridaceae and Caytoniaceae.

Cycadales: Cycads.

Unit – IV 10h

morphology, structure and life history: Ginkgoales: Ginkgo. Coniferales: Abies, Cedrus, Cryptomeria,

Cupressus. Podocarpus, Cephalotaxus and Araucaria. Ephedrales, Welwitschiales and Gnetales:

Taxales: A general account. Economic importance of Gymnosperms.

Unit – V 10h

Paleobotany: geological time scale. Types of fossils, process of fossilization and fossil preservation

methods. Techniques of study of fossils. Distribution of fossils in India

Practicals:

1. Study of the stele in Pteridophytes.

2. Study of vegetative and reproductive parts of Selaginella, Equisetum and Azolla.

3. Study of vegetative and reproductive parts of Cedrus, Cupressus, Podocarpus, Araucaria

4. Study of Cycas coralloid root, leaflet, male and female cone.

5. Study of Pinus needle, male and female cone.

6. Study of Ginkgo and Gnetum.

7. Fossil study of gymnospermic plants.

a. Educational visit of Botanical Gardens and Palaeobotany institutes and survey and collection of

Bryophytes and Pteridophytes through educational visit.

II Semester


Page 62 of 114

Paper 5: TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS AND ECONOMIC BOTANY

Paper code: M.Sc. BOT 201

UNIT I 11h

Plant systematics: The Components of systematic, Major objectives of systematics; Botanical

Nomenclature: ICBN, Phylogenetics: The nature of phylogeny. Importance and characters of

homology. The role of field studies; the role of the herbarium in Botanical gardens, herbarium of

botanical technique, chemotaxonomy, molecular taxonomy, numerical taxonomy and serotaxonomy .

UNIT II 10h

Classification: Natural, Artificial and Phylogenetic systems of classification: Hutchinson, Cronquist,

Takhtajan and Dahlgren. Basic knowledge of phylocode and A P G system.

UNIT III 10h

Dicotyledon: Rannanculaceae, nymphyaceae, nelumbonaceae, papaversceae, Brassiaceae,

caryophyllaceae, Malvaceae, teliaceae, Rootaceae, Meleiaceae, Fabaceae, Rosaceace, myrtaceae,

cucurbitaceae and apiaceae

Unit IV 9h

Monocotyledons: Zingiberaceae, Araceae, Amaryllidaceae, Palmaceae and orchidaceae

Unit V 10h

Botanical names, families, characteristics, cultivation and utilization of the important plants belonging

to the following categories: Fiber plants, Spices and condiments, Beverages, Medicinal plants; Non-

wood plant products (NWPs): rubber, dyes, resin, gums.

Practical:

1. Study of locally available plant families of dicots and monocots mention in the syllabus.

2. Preparation of herbarium of locally available wild plants.

3. Educational visit to NBRI, BSI, FRI and Botanical Gardens.

4. To study about the plants of economic importance (mention in the syllabus).


Page 63 of 114

Paper6: ANATOMY AND REPRODUCTION IN ANGIOSPERMS


Unit-I 10h

Plant Anatomy:

Shoot development: shoot apical meristem (SAM), Cytological and molecular analysis, Leaf

(Marginal meristem). Root development: root apical meristem (RAM), Cell fates and lineage

differentiation of vascular tissue, regulation of root growth.

Unit – II 10h

Epidermal structures, ontogeny and classification of stomata, trichomes and secretory glands.

Phloem: Structure and development. Xylem: Structure and development. Vascular cambium.

Nodal Anatomy: evolution of nodal vasculature. floral development.

Unit – III 10h

Embryology:

Morphology and structure of flower, Megasporogensis. Structure and development; Female

gametophyte; ultra structure of ovule and embryo sac. Microsporogenesis; pollen development,

pollen germination, development of male gametophyte, palynology and its applications.

Unit – IV 10h

Pollen-Pistil interactions, Pollination mechanism and vectors, double fertilization. Sexual

Incompatibility: its genetic basis, molecular aspects, physiology and biochemistry. Barriers to

fertilization, Polyembryony and Endosperm structure and types.

Unit – V 10h

Embryogenesis; development of dicot and monocot embryos. Fruit growth and development. Seed

development, parthenocarpy, apomixis

Practicals:

1. Study of dicot and monocot stems, roots and leaves.

2. Study the anamolous growth of dicot root and stem.

3. Study the reproductive parts of the flower.

4. Study the different types of ovules.

5. Study about embryo of the plant.

6. Study of germination of pollen grains.


Page 64 of 114

Paper7: GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING


Unit I 10h

Mendel‘s Laws of inheritance and modified ratios. Allelic and non allelic interaction of genes. Multiple

alleles: alleles, coat colour in rodents, blood groups in Humans, self incompatibility.

Unit – II 10 h

Linkage and crossing over: chromosome mapping, linkage groups, mechanism of chromosome pairing

and synaptonemal complex. Sex determination in man, Drosophila and plants. Maternal effects and

Extra- nuclear inheritance.

Unit – III 10 h

Biochemical genetics, concept of gene. Structural changes in chromosomes, Numerical changes in

chromosomes, Apomixis .

Unit – IV 10 h

Mutation: Types of mutations, Physical and chemical mutagens, gene mutations, induction and

detection of mutation, mutation by transposons. Concept of gene: gene structure and expression; gene

fine structure, cis-trans test, Biochemical genetics, introns.

Unit – V 10 h

Plant breeding: Methods of plant breeding. Genetic basis of inbreeding, hybridization and heterosis,

exploitation of hybrid vigour. Plant breeding work done in India with special reference to potato, maize,

rice, wheat, sugarcane and cotton.

Practicals:

1. Study of Mendal‘s law.

2. Study of Gene interaction.

3. Study of Chromosome.

4. Study of emasculation.

5. Improvement of crop by selection methods.

6. To study self pollinated, cross pollinated and clonal propagated crops.

SUGGESTED READINGS:

1. Concept of genetics V II Edition William s. Klug, Pearson Education

2. Genetics; P.K. Gupta, Rastogi Publications

3. Genetics-A molecular approach : T. A. Brown , Chapman & Hall

4. Gadener principles of Genetics –Snustad &Simmons

5. Genetics from gene to genome –Hartwell McGraw Hill

6. Principles of genetics; R.H. Tamarin, Tata McGraw Hill


Page 65 of 114

Paper: 8, Plant Ecology and Phytogeography


Unit – I 10h

Ecological factors (light, air, water, topographic, edaphic, biotic), Genecology and Ecological niche.

Population Ecology, Community Ecology.

Unit II 10h

Ecological succession: Process concept and trends, Ecosystem. Pollution: Kinds of pollution (Air,

Water, Soil and Noise) and green house gases, Ozone hole, and global warming. Biogeochemical

cycles (C, N, P, S and Hydrological cycle).

Unit – III 10h

Biodiversity: types and its Conservation i. e. In situ and Ex-situ conservation, endangered species. Soil

erosion and conservation, rainwater harvesting, chipko movement, van mahotsava, Afforestation and

reforestation.

Unit – IV 10h

Phytogeography: Principles, vegetation and regions of India. Remote sensing: Concepts, principles,

processes, tools, techniques in acquisition of R.S. data. Ecosystem Stability: Concept (resistance and

resilience), Ecological Perturbations, Plant Invasion.

Unit V 10h

International Biological Programme (IBP), Man and Biosphere Programme(MAB). Environmental

Impact Assessment (EIA), Ecosystem Restoration. Energy resources– Renewable and Non-

renewable. Environmental Auditing. Ecological Management: Concepts, Sustainable Development,

Remote sensing and GIS as Tools for Resources Management. Phytoremediation: Prevention and

Control, Methods of reducing Environmental impacts.

Practicals:

1. To determine the minimum size of quadrate.

2. To determine the frequency, density and abundance of various sps. in a given area.

3. Study of soil texture and soil profile of a given area.

4. To measure the soil Temp, pH and moisture.

5. To determine water holding capacity.

6. To determine the BOD and COD.

7. Educational visit of National Park, Sanctuaries and Wild Life Institutes.


Page 66 of 114

II Year, Semester III

Paper 9: PLANT PHYSIOLOGY


Unit I 10h

Water relations: Colligative properties of water. symplast and apoplast; ascent of sap, transpiration,

anti transpirants, guttation, and hydroponics.

Unit II 10h

Macro and micro nutrients: roles of essential elements; mineral deficiency symptoms; ion antagonism

and toxicity. Transport of ions across cell membranes, passive and active absorption, Donnan‘s

equilibrium, role of cell membrane, proton pump and ion flux.

Unit III 10h

Photosynthesis: mechanism of photosynthetic processes, photosynthetic quantum yield, and

photorespiration. Respiration: mechanism, electron transport system and ATP synthesis, oxidative

phosphorylation, glyoxylate cycle. Factors effecting photosynthesis and respiration.

Unit IV 10h

Plant growth regulators: Structure, types, biosynthesis, physiological effects (Auxin, GA, Cytokinin,

ABA and Ethylene).

Unit V 10h

Flowering: role of light, photoperiodism –long day, short day and day neutral plants; vernalization,

florigen concept. Phytochromes.

Practicals:

1. Demonstration of transpiration and guttation.

2. Starch test in chloroplast.

3. Estimation of chlorophyll and carotenoid content of plant tissue.

4. Demonstration of plasmolysis.

5. Demonstration of osmosis and diffusion.

6. Separation of plant pigment by chromatography.

7. RQ value of different seeds.

8. Demonstration of geotropism and phototropism.

9. Demonstration of ascent of sap through xylum.


Page 67 of 114

SUGGESTED READINGS:

1. Ainsworth C (2006) Flowering and its Manipulation, Annual Plant Reviews, Vol. 20. Blackwell

Publishing, Oxford, U.K.

2. Brown TA. (2002) Genomes, BIOS Scientific Publishers Ltd, Oxford, UK.

4. Davies P J. (2004) Plant Hormones: Biosynthesis, Signal Transduction, Action. 3rd Edition,Kluwer

Academic Publisher, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.

5. Jordan BR. (2006) The Molecular Biology and Biotechnology of Flowering, 2nd Edition,CAB

International, Oxfordshire, U.K.


Page 68 of 114

Paper 10: BIOCHEMISTRY


Unit I 10h

Introduction: Water; structure and physical properties, pH, Buffers, atoms and chemical bonds.

Unit II 10h

Biomolecules: Classification, structures and properties of Carbohydrates; monosaccharides,

disaccharides and oligosaccharides, lipids, proteins: primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary, amino

acids, and enzymes.

Unit III 10h

Bioenergetics: metabolic concept, bioenergetics, glycolysis, glucogenesis and gluconeogenesis, Krebs

cycle, ETC, oxidative phosphorylation, biosynthesis of lipids (phospholipids, long chain fatty acids,

unsaturated fatty acids and triglycerides) and oxidation of fatty acids (α and β oxidation, ketogenesis).

Unit IV 10h

Amino acids (general overview, nitrogen metabolism, regulation and biosynthesis) and nucleotides

(two biosynthetic pathways; de novo and salvage). Degredation and clinical disorders of nucleotides;

pyrimidine and purine.

Unit V 10h

Elements of nutrition: components of an adequate diet, vitamins; History, occurrence, general

characteristics, classification, structure, properties, metabolism and deficiency of fat soluble and water

soluble vitamins.

Practicals:

1. Preparation of buffers of different pH value.

2. Qualitative test for sugar, proteins and fat.

3. Demonstration of in vivo and in vitro amylase activity.

4. Paper chromatography of amino acid.

5. Electrophoretic separation of proteins.

6. Extraction and isolation of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA).

7. Use of dialysis for the separation of micro-molecules from macromolecules.

8. Anaerobic respiration of yeast.

9. Effect of temperature on enzyme activity.

SUGGESTED READINGS:


Page 69 of 114

1. Principles of Biochemistry: A.L. Lehninger, Nelson and cox, McMillan worth Publishers.

2. Biochemistry: Christopher K. Mathews Von Holde & Ahern Pearson Education.

3. Biochemistry: Voet and Voet, John wiley and Sous, Inc. USA.

4. Harpes‘s review of Biochemistry: R.K. Muray et al, Prentice- Hall international Inc.

5. Fundamentals of Biochemistry: Cohnand stumf

6. Biochemistry: Zubey WCB Place Dabuque.

7. Understanding enzymes: T. Palmer. Pub. Toward Chichester England


Page 70 of 114

Paper 11: INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY


Unit I 10h

Industrially important microorganisms. Isolation from water, air, rotted food and identification,

Culture; auxenic and synchronous. Microbial growth in controlled environment, aseptic conditions.

Medium development and scale up. Growth curve.

Unit II 10h

Fermentation and its types, fermenter; types and design, computer control of fermentation process.

Upstream and downstream processing.

Unit III 10h

Microbial production of food; meats and meat products, milk and dairy products, alcoholic beverages,

malt beverages, oriental foods and Single Cell Proteins.

Unit IV 10h

Food contamination and spoilage (cereals, vegetables, egg and poultry, meat and meat products,

alcoholic and malt beverages, milk and milk products, tin products).

Unit V 10h

Microbial production of: organic acids, enzymes, vitamins, antibiotics, principles of food preservation.

Food preservation by high & low temperature, radiation, cryopreservation.

Practical:

1. Isolation of microorganisms from air, water and rotted vegetables.

2. Culturing and preservation of isolated microorganisms.

3. Role of yeast in bread making.

4. Production of wine from cane sugar and grapes and estimation of alcohol.

5. Production of vinegar and estimation of acetic acid.

6. Production of sauerkraut and estimation of lactic acid.

7. Production of antibiotics.

8. Study about a fermented.

9. Industrial visit.

SUGGESTED READINGS:

1. Prescott L, Harley J, Klein D (2005) Microbiology, 6th edition, Mc Graw-Hill.

2. Singh VP and Stapleton RD (Eds.) (2002) Biotransformations: Bioremediation Technology for

Health and Environmental Protection. ―Progress in Industrial Microbiology Vol. 36‖, Elsevier

Science.

3. Subba Rao NS (1982) Advances in Agriculture Microbiology, Butterworth-Heinemann.

4. Subba Rao NS and Dommergues YR (Eds.) (2001) Microbial Interactions in Agriculture and

Forestry Vol. 2, Science Pub. Inc.


Page 71 of 114

Paper 12: GENETIC ENGINEERING AND GENETIC RESOURCE


Unit I 10h

Genetic Engineering: - Definition and explanation, scope of GE, Concept and importance of GE, RDT

in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, Restriction enzymes, DNA Fingerprinting.

Unit II 10h

Cloning and expression vectors:-Plasmid, Phage, M13, Phagemid, BAC, YAC, Expression vectors, Use

of Promoters, Expression through Strong and Regulatable Promoters, binary and shuttle vectors.

Unit III 10h

Libraries and molecular probes: - Construction and Screening of genomic and cDNA libraries, BAC

libraries and assembly of BACs. Molecular probes and their preparation, labeling and applications,

Southern, Northern, Western blotting.

Unit IV 10h

Polymerase Chain Reaction: - Basic principles and its modifications, designing of primers, Different

schemes of PCR, application of PCR, RACEs, Electronic PCR (e-PCR), RT- PCR, Real-Time PCR,

Gene Sequencing: - Different methods of gene isolation, techniques for sequencing (Maxam & Gilbert

degradation method, Sanger‘s Dideoxy method).

Unit V 10h

IPR, Biopiracy: Introduction, types (patent, copy right, geographical indications, trade mark and trade

secrets), PVP & FR. GATT, TRIPS and terminator technology. Applications of nanotechnology in

various fields. Biosafty and bioethics.

Practical:

1. To perform RAPD amplification of specific target sequence from plant genomic DNA.

2. Isolation of plant proteins from seeds.

3. Isolation of plant proteins from plant leaves.

4. Isolation and culture of plant protoplast.

5. Isolation of total plant RNA from rice plant and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction.

6. To grow individual cells on a nutrient medium using various method.

7. To demonstration the transformation of Agro bacterium.

8. To demonstrate the Agro bacterium –mediated transformation of tobacco.


Page 72 of 114

SEMESTER IV

Paper: 13: INSTRUMENTATION and BIO-ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES


Unit I 10h

Microscopy: principles, Resolving power and application of light microscopy electron microscopy

(team & sem).

Unit II 10h

Centrifugation ; brief history type of centrifugation , theory of centrifugation types of centrifuge.

Unit III 10h

Electrophoresis; history principles application and factor affection of electrophoresis with detail

reference to Agarose PAGE, PAGE Capillary electrophoresis continuous 2D – PAGE IEF

Unit IV 10h

Spectroscopy: theory and principles of NMR , Mass- spectroscopy UV and visible spectroscopy

Unit-V 10h

Chromatography: General principles and techniques of HPLC LPLC GLC, Adsorption, affinity

chromatography

Practical:

1. To perform Gel Electrophoresis .

2. Quantitative determination of DNA and RNA by Spectrophotometric method.

3. To study the working of PCR.

4. To perform PCR amplification of specific target sequence from genomic DNA.

5. To study southern hybridization.

6. Extraction of nucleic acids and their detection by using centrifuge.

7. To determine the concentration of given salt solution by using spectrophotometer.

8. To perform DNA sequencing and determine the DNA sequencing by reading an

9. Autoradiogram obtained from sequencing gel.

10. pH analysis

SUGGESTED READINGS:

1. Instrumental method of chemical analysis Chatwal and Anand Himalay publishing

2. Sharma ;V.K. Techniques in microscopy and cell biology Tata Mc Graw Hill


Page 73 of 114

Paper14: BIOINFORMATICS and BIOSTATISTICS


Unit I 10h

Bioinformatics: Databases - NCBI, EMBL, DDBJ, Genbank, Pubmed, Patent databases, TAIR, PDB,

ATIDB). Online tools -BLAST, ORF finder, Primer3, protein motif and structure prediction tools;

Vector NTI, DNA STAR.Bioinformatics in genome sequencing and annotation.

Unit II 10 h

Presentation of Data: Frequency distributions, graphical presentation of data by histogram,

frequency polygon, frequency curve and cumulative frequency curve.

Unit-III 10h

Measures of central tendency and dispersion: - Mean, Median, Mode and their simple properties

(without derivations), and calculation of median by graphs, range, mean derivation, standard deviation,

coefficient of variation.

Unit-IV 10 h

Test of Significance: - Sampling distribution of mean and standard error, large scale sample tests(tests

for an assumed mean and equality of two population means with known S.D.), small sample tests(t-tests

for an assumed mean and equality of means of two populations when sample observations are

independent, paired and unpaired t- test, t- test for correlation and regression coefficients), t-test for

comparison of variances of two populations, chi-square test for independent of attributes, goodness of fit

and homogeneity of samples.

Unit-V 10 h

Experimental Designs: Principles of experimental designs, completely randomized, randomized block

and Latin square designs, simple factorial experiments (mathematical derivation not required), analysis

of variance (ANOVA) and its uses.

SUGGESTED READINGS:

1.Attwood TK and Parry-Smith DJ (2004) Introduction to Bioinformatics, Pearson Education

(Singapore) Pvt. Ltd.

2. David Edwards (Ed.) (2007) Plant Bioinformatics: Methods and Protocols, Humana Press, New

Jersey, USA.

3. Kulas JT (2008) SPSS Essential: Managing and Analyzing Social Science Data. John Wiley & Sons,

New York.

4. Pagano M, Gauvreau K (2007) Principles of Biostatistics. Thomson India Edition, New Delhi.


Page 74 of 114

5. Randal Schwartz, Tom Phoenix and Brian d Foy (2005) Learning Perl (4th edition), O‘Reilly &

Associates, ISBN: 0-596-10105-8.

6. Rex A. Dwyer (2004) Genomic Perl: From Bioinformatics Basics to Working Code, Cambridge

University Press, and 1st South Asian Edition.

7. Rosenkrantz WA (2009) Introduction to Probability and Statistics for Science, Engineering and

Finance. CRC Press, Boca Raton.


Page 75 of 114

ELECTIVE PAPERS:

Paper 1: ADVANCE MICROBIOLOGY

Paper code: M.Sc. BOT 403A

Unit I 10h

Air microbiology: History of Aeromicrobiology, Aeromicroflora of different places, characteristics of

phylloplane microflora; morphological and physiological characters, nutrition, radiation, RH,

temperature. Aeroallergence and aeroallergy.

Unit II 10h

Water microbiology: Microbes in different environment; marine and fresh water. Microbial analysis of

water: sanitary test for coliforms. Purification of water; sedimentation, filtration, disinfection.

Unit III 10h

Soil microbiology: Physico-chemical properties, rhizosphere and rhizoplane microorganisms, factor

affecting microbial communities in soil, organic matter decomposition, factor affecting organic matter

decomposition, index of soil fertility, biogeochemical cycles.

Unit IV 10h

Environmental microbiology: organic compost, vermicomposting, biogas, treatment of industrial

effluents and municipal waste, biodegradation, biodeterioration of useful products bioaccumulation,

biomineralization, microbial plastic environmental laws.

Unit V 10h

Agriculture microbiology: role of microorganism in the soil formation, texture and soil profile;

interaction among soil microorganism, Integrated pest management(IPM), Biofertilizers

(BGA,rhizobia,mycorrhiza) Biopesticides.


Page 76 of 114

Paper 2: ADVANCE PLANT PATHOLOGY

Paper code: M.Sc. BOT 403B

Unit I 10h

History of plant pathology, aspects of plant pathology, parasitism and disease development, effects of

plant pathogens on plant physiological functions. Genetics of plant diseases, epidemiology.

Unit II 10h

Chemical weapons of pathogens, defense mechanism, Control measures; physical, cultural, chemical,

biological, by using transgenic plants, plant quarantine.

Unit III 10h

Plant diseases caused by fungi: diseases caused by fungal like organisms, ascomycetes,

basidiomycetes, deuteromycetes.

Unit IV 10h

Plant diseases caused by algae, bacteria and mollicutes: red rust, bacterial spots, blights, vascular wilts,

soft rot, gall, canker, scabs, phytoplasmal and spiroplasmal diseases.

Unit IV 10h

Plant diseases caused by viruses and nematodes: rigid rod shaped, filamentous, potyviridae,

closteroviridae, luteoviridae, cucumoviruses and geminiviruses, root knot and cyst nematodes.


Page 77 of 114

Paper 3: PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY

Paper code: M.Sc. BOT 403C

Unit I 10h

Plant tissue culture: History, concepts of cell differentiation and totipotency; pathways for in vitro

regeneration: organogenesis, somatic and gametic embryogenesis; protoplast isolation, culture and

regeneration; somatic hybridization. Applications: Haploid production, micropropagation in

horticultural and agricultural crops and forestry, meristem culture, somaclonal variations,

cryopreservation and germplasm storage.

Unit II 10h

Principles, methods and applications of genetic transformation: Agrobacterium interactions; Direct gene

transfer methods, marker and reporter genes; case studies of transgenic traits in plants; marker-free

transgenics; transgene silencing; environmental, social and legal issues.

Unit III 10h

Genetic resource: exploration and germplasm collection, introduction and exchange of PGR , Different

kinds of PGR, Taxonomical Classification of PGR, Basic, derived and molecular, core collections,

principles of germplasm characterization, evaluation, maintenance and regeneration, Plant quarantine

aspects- Sanitary and Phytosanitary Systems (SPS). Utilization of GR,World centres of primary

diversity and secondary centers of cultivated plants; crop domestication genes.

Unit IV 10h

Transgenic Plants in dicots and monocots: - Utility of Transgenic in basic studies and in crop

improvement (resistance for herbicides, viruses, insects and abiotic stresses, Barnase and Barstar for

hybrid seed production), Biosafety issues including risks associated with transgenic crops.

Unit V 10h

Molecular Farming: - Expression of nutritional value substrates in plants like seed storage proteins e.g.

Glycinin, Conglycinin, Legumin, Phytohaemaglutinin, Phaseolin, Prolamins, Albumins and Designer-

proteins, edible vaccines, Engineering for vitamins and Iron-Deficiency.

Books Recommended

Applied plant biotechnology-Ignacimuthu, Tata McGraw Hill New Delhi.

An introduction to plant tissue culture: M .K. Razdan Elsevier publication

Plant tissue culture: S .S Bhojwani and M.k. Razdan Elsevier publication

DESERTATION AND VIVA VOICE

Paper Code: M.Sc. BOT 451


Page 78 of 114

Syllabus

Programme: M.Sc. Zoology


Page 79 of 114

SEMESTER-I

PAPER I

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY AND ANIMAL TAXONOMY

MSC Z 105 – A/ MSc-Zoo-101

UNIT-1

a. Science of taxonomy- Definition, concepts, history, scope and applications of biosystematics.

b. Principles of Zoological Classification- Theories of biological classification and their history,

hierarchies of categories and the higher taxa 08 hrs.

UNIT-2

a. Concept of species- Species category, different concepts and intraspecific categories.

b. Modern trends in taxonomy. Behavioural taxonomy- chemotaxonomy. Cytotaxonomy and molecular

taxonomy. 08 hrs

UNIT-3

a. Procedures in taxonomy- Taxonomic collections, Process of identification procedure of classifying,

description and publication.

b. Principals and application of zoological nomenclature- origin of code, Rules of zoological

nomenclature (ICZN), interpretation of rules of nomenclature. 08 hrs

UNIT-4

a. Animal as food – Fish products, dairy products, piggery, pearl, leather and wool industry.

Domestic animals- Popultry, cattle and Pisciculture 08 hrs

Unit- 5

a. Economic insects- Apiculture, sericulture, insect pests and integrated pest management.

b. Biological control and biological indicators. 08 hrs


Page 80 of 114

PAPER -II

EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY

MSC Z -105 B/ MSc-Zoo-102

UNIT -1

a. Origin of Life including aspects of pre-biotic environment, Abiotic and Biotic Evolution,

Theories of Organic Evolution, Emergence of Evolutionary Thoughts.

b. Origin and evolution of economically important microbes and animals (Horse & Elephant)

08 hrs.

UNIT - 2

a. Distribution of Animals: Distribution with Space, Distribution with time.

b. Dispersal of Animals: Means, Barriers, Migration. 08 hrs

UNIT - 3

a. Concepts of Evolution: Micro Evolution, Macro Evolution, Phylogenetic Gradualism.

b. Molecular Evolution: Concepts of neutral evolution, molecular divergence and molecular clock;

molecular tools in phylogeny: origin of new genes and proteins : gene duplication and

divergence.

UNIT- 4 08 hrs

a. Mechanism of Evolution: Isolating Mechanism, Speciation, Alopatricity and Sympatricity:

Convergent Evolution: Sexual Selection: Co-evolution, Natural Selection,

b. Adaptation- Introduction, Adaptive Radiation and Modifications, Coloration & Mimicry.

UNIT-5 08 hrs

a. Evidences in favour of organic evolution.

b. Evolution of Horse. Elephant and Man.

08 hrs


Page 81 of 114

PAPER -III

NON-CHORDATA

MSC Z 105 -C/ MSc-Zoo-103

UNIT-1

a. Protozoa: General characters, outline classification, organelles in protozoa locomotion in

protozoa and reproduction in protozoa.

b. Porifera: Important features, outline classification, structural peculiarities, skeleton and

regeneration in sponges. 08 hrs

UNIT- 2

a. Cnideria: Important features, outline classification, Polymorphism in cnidarians coelenterates,

gradation of mutagenesis, skeleton in coelenterates and coral reefs.

b. Ctenophora: Important features, outline classification, general organization and affinities.

c. Helminths: Important features, outline classification platyelminths and nemathelminthes.

UNIT- 3 08 hrs

a. Annelid: Important features, outline classification, segmentation and coelome, excretory system

and regeneration.

b. Arthropoda: Important features, outlilne classification, Integumentary system, respiratory

system and larval forms in crustacean.

c. Onychphora: Important features, outline classification, general organization and affinities.

UNIT-4 08 hrs

a. Mollusca: Important features, outline classification, shell, foot and its modification torsion and

detorsion in gastropoda.

b. Echinodermata: Important features, outline classification, body wall and skeleton, laraval forms

and regeneration. 08 hrs

UNIT- 5

a. Minor non coelomata phyla: General organization, classification, and affinities of phvlum

rotifer and acanthocephalan.

b. Minor coelomate phyla: General organization, classification and affinities of phylum

chaetognatha, pogonophora, Phoroida and brachiopoda.

c. Hcmichordata: General organization classification and affinities.

08 hrs


Page 82 of 114

PAPER –IV

CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

MSC Z – 105 D MSc-Zoo-104

UNIT -1

a. Introduction to the cell –Cell theory ,Ultrastructure of the cell, Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic cells

, organization of eukaryotic cells , cell cycle , cyclin dependent kinases (Cdks) cell cycle and

cancer .

b. Cell membrane – Models of the fine structure of biomembrane including detailed fluid mosauc

model,organization of lipids& proteins. Specific membrane proteins . functions of plasma

membrane transport ,diffusion ,active transport pumps uniports ,symports and antiports ) . 08 hrs

UNIT –2

a. Cytoskeleton –Structutr and dynamics of microtubules, actin filaments ( microfilaments)

,intermediate filaments , cilia & flagella

b. Cell organelles -.origin ,structure and functions of mitochondria , ribosome golgi complex

endoplasmic reticulum lysosome centrosome endosome peroxysome

c. The nucleus –Nuclear envelope , nucleolus, Chromosome type structure , chemical

compositionand functions of chromosomes . 08 hrs

UNIT -3

a. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic genome – Fine structure of DNA , DNA Replication ,

Biosynthesis of DNA , Protein synthesis ( Transcription , translation and regulation of gene

regulation Genetic code) 08 hrs

UNIT -4

a. Cell communication – Cell-cell signaling , cell surface receptors, Second messenger system ,

Kinase pathways, signaling from plasma membrane to nucleus ( signal transduction) .

b. Cell adhesion & cell junctions - Cellular affinity, Cell adhesion molecules (CAMS) .Ca++

dependent cell –cell adhesion. Ca++ independent cell-cell adhesion, cadherins, selectins

integrins, cell junctions . 08 hrs

UNIT -5

a. Cell division – Mitotic cell division ,Cell death – Necrotic cell death , Programmed cell

death(apoptosis) and their mechanisms.

b. Cell commitment –Specification of cell fate by progressive cell cell interaction . 08 hrs


Page 83 of 114

PRACTICALS MSC Z 155 /MSc-Zoo-151

Economic Zoology

1. Study of Life cycle of Bombyx mori

2. Study of Life cycle of Apis

3. Study of Life cycle of Odontotermis

4. Study of Life cycle of Lacca

Evolution

5.Study of evolution of Horse through various models

6.Adaptive modification of feet and claws in birds

7. Adaptive modification in mouth parts of insects

8.Study of evolution through homologous and analogous organ

Nonchordates

9.Study of museum Specimens and slides of Non chordates

10. Study of museum Specimens slides of Proto chordates

Cell and Molecular Biology

11. To examine the phenomenon of cell permeability using hypotonic ,isotonic and hypertonic

solution.

12. Study of cell organelles with the aid of slides

13. Preparation of slides of bacteria from curd ,milk , and tartar for study of prokaryotic cells.

14. Preparation of buccal epithelium cells slide by using suitable staining technique for study of

eukaryotic cell.

15. Buccal smear preparation for localization of mitochondria by using Janus green stain.

16. Study of Mycoplasma , E. Coli ,Bluegreen algae

17. preparation of chromosomes from onion root tips for study of mitosis by squash method

18.DNA extraction from onion

19. DNA extraction from banana

20. DNA extraction from human cheek cells


Page 84 of 114

SEMESTER-II

PAPER -I

BIOSTATISTICS AND BIOINFORMATICS

MSC Z 205-A/MSc-Zoo-201

UNIT-1

a. Biostatistics- Basic concept, Fundamentals of measurements, Qualitative & quantitative

Variables Collection, Classification, Tabulation & Presentation of data.

b. Measures of Central Tendency- Objectives of Averages, Various Measures of Central

Tendency (Mean, Median, Mode) and their merits & Demerits, Choice of suitable Averages.

08 hrs

UNIT- 2

a. Measures of Dispersion-Objective of measuring variability, properties of good measure of

dispersion, Types of measure of dispersion. Merit & Demerits of standard Deviation.

b. Correlation Analysis- Importance of correlation Analysis, Types of Correlation. Measures

of Correlation, Regression Analysis, Difference between Correlation & Regression,

Regression of Y on X and X on Y.

c. Test of Significance- Testing of Hypothesis, Errors in Hypothesis Testing, Level of

significance, Chi-square test, ‗Z‘ test & ‗T‘ test, Analysis of variance, Probability

Distribution (Poisson, Binomial & Normal) 08 hrs

UNIT- 3

a. Bioinformatics- Introduction, Components of Computer, Number System, Logic Gates,

Flow Chart, Comprehension of C & its Programming.

b. Basics for operating system (windows) , Ms.-word, Power Point, Introduction of Data Base

Management System (DBMS).

c. Internet- Basics for Biologists Electronic mail, Electronic Mail Servers, Downloading files

with anonymous File Transfer Protocol, Gopher. www.Mosaic . 08 hrs

UNIT - 4

Primary Database, Secondary Database, Sequence Databases (European Molecular Biology

Laboratory, Gen Bank, DNA Data Base of Japan (DDBJ) SWISS-PORT Protein information

Resource. TREMBL), Protein Family/Domain Databases (Prosite, Pfam & Prints),

Submitting sequence to Database and information retrieval through ENTERZ

08 hrs


Page 85 of 114

UNIT -5

Sequence Database – Collecting & storing sequences , local alignment, Global Alingment

,BLAST( BLASTP, BLASTN ,BLASTX,TBLASTX) 08 hrs


Page 86 of 114

PAPER -II

GENETICS

MSC Z 205-B/MSc-Zoo-202

UNIT- 1

a. Mendelian principles – Dominance, segregation, independent assortment, deviations from

mendelian inheritance.

b. Methods of gene Transfer- Transformation, Conjugation, transduction, bacteriophages-

types, structure and morphology of T4 Phage. 08 hrs

UNIT- 2

a. Chromosomes- Structural and numerical alterations of chromosomes, Molecular anatomy of

cukaryotic, heterochromatin and euchromatin, giant chromosomes, polytene and lambrush

chromosomes, sex chromosomes.

b. Gene-Maping-Concept of recombination, linkage map, cytogenetic map, physical maps,

molecular maps, levels of genome mapping significance of genome mapping. 08 hrs

UNIT 3

a. Population genetics- Gene pool and gene frequencies, Hardy-weinberg law of genetic

equilibrium and changes in gene frequencies.

b. Somatic cell genetics- cell fusion and hybrids-agents and mechanism of fusion,

heterokaryon 08 hrs

UNIT-4

a. Genetic Techniques- Cloning, PCR, DNA, sequencing FISH, GISH, DNA- fingerprinting,

chromosome walking and application of genetic engineering.

b. Genetic code- Properties of genetic code, codon assignment, chain initiation and

termination, mutations and the genetic code. 08 hrs

UNIT 5

a. Genetic disorders- chromosomal disorders. Inbora errors of metabolism. Tay-sachs diease,

albinism, phenyketonuria. Lesch-nvhan syndrome.

b. Organization of genetic material- Packaging of DNA as nucleosomes in eukaryotes.

Repetitive and unique DNA sequence, split genes. Overlapping genes and psedogenes.

08 hrs


Page 87 of 114

PAPER –III

MAMMALIAN PHYSIOLOGY

MSC Z 205 -C/MSc-Zoo-203

UNIT I

a. Blood and circulation -Blood corpuscles haemopoiesis plasma function blood volume ,blood

volume regulation , blood groups ,haemoglobins

b. Cardiovascular system – anatomy of heart ,myogenic heart ECG –its principle and

significance, cardiac cycle , blood pressure , Neural and chemical regulation of all above . 08 hrs

UNIT -2

a. Nervous System – Neurons action potential gross neuroanatomy of the brain and spinal cord,

central and peripheral nervous system , neural control of muscle tone and posture .

b. Sense organ –Vision , hearing and tactile receptors 08 hrs

UNIT -3

a. Respiratory system –Comparison of respiration in different species ,Transport of gases,

exchange of gases ,Waste elimination ,Neural and chemical regulation of respiration

b. Excretory system – Structure of kidney ,Urine formatin , Urine concentration , Waste

elimination ,Micturiton regulation of water balance, blood volume , blood pressure , electrolyte

balance , acid base balance .

c. Digestive System – Digestion , absorption energy balance .BMR 08 hrs

UNIT -4

a. Thermoregulation-Comfort zone , body temperature – Physical , chemical ,neural regulation

acclimatization

b. Stress adaptation 08 hrs

UNIT-5

Endocrinology and reproduction- Endocrine glands basic mechanism of hormone action ,

hormone and diseases , reproductive processes ,neuro endocrine regulation 08 hrs


Page 88 of 114

PAPER IV

BIOCHEMISTRY

MSC Z -205 –D/MSc-Zoo-204

UNIT- 1

a. Structure of atoms , molecules and chemical bonds

b. Composition Structure and function of biomolecules ( carbohydrates , lipids, proteins nucleic

acids vitamins ) 08 hrs

UNIT -2

a. Stabilizing interaction (Van der Waals, electrostatic, hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic

interaction, etc.)

08 hrs

UNIT -3

a. Conformation of proteins ( Ramachandran plot , Secondary , tertiary and quaternary structure .

domains , motif and folds ) 08 hrs

UNIT -4

Metabolism of Carbohydrates, lipids amino acids nucleotides and vitamins 08 hrs

UNIT -5

a. Principle of catalysis ,Enzymes , and enzyme kinetics , enzyme regulation , mechanism of

enzyme catalysis , isozymes

b. Bionergetics , glycolysis , oxidative phosphorylation , coupled reaction , group transfer ,

biological energy transducers. 08 hrs

PRACTICALS M SC. Z 255/MSc-Zoo-251

Genetics

1. Study of Human and Allium Karyotype (normal abnormal)

2. Genetic exercises based on monohybrid and dihybrid cross

3. Genetic exercises based on independent assortment

Biochemistry

Qualitative techniques :

1. Qualitative analysis of functional group in the given solution of Carbohydrates .


Page 89 of 114

2. Qualitative analysis of function group in given solution of proteins. Quantative techniques

3. Calorimetric estimation of glucose in the given solution .

a. Calorimetric estimation of total protein in given solution.Enzymology:

4. Effect of pH on the action of salivary amylase .

5. Effects of temperature on the action of Salivary amylase.

6. Effect of inhibitor on the action of salivary amylase .

7. Study the activity of Trypsin using fresh tissue extract

Physiology

1. To identify the components of food.

2. To observe the action of salivary amylase on starch .

3. Estimation of hemoglobin percentage by haemoglobinometer.

4. To enumerate the total number of RBC

5. To enumerate the total number of WBC

6. Determination of ABO blood groups

7. Rh factor.

8. Measurement of blood pressure

9. To determine bleeding time

10. To determine the clotting time of blood.

11. To prepare the haemin crystal of blood

12. Estimation of haematocrit value in blood sample of human.

13. Detection of abnormal constituent of human urine

14. Detection of normal constituent of human urine

15. Study of location of endocrine glands by model diagram of Rat.

16. Study of permanent slides –

a. L.S. of Pituitary gland of rat

b. T..S. of thyroid gland

c. T .S. of parathyroid gland

d. T .S .adrenal gland

e. T .S. of testis

f. T .S. of ovary

g. T .S. of pancreas


Page 90 of 114

THIRD SEMESTER

PAPER -I

CHORDATA

MSC Z -305 A/MSc-Zoo-301

UNIT-1

a. Protochordata : Origin & Evolution of Chordate, General Organization & Affinities of

Larvacea. Thalicacea and Cephalochordate.

b. Vertebrate Ancestry : Introduction, Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates.

c. General and Comparative Account of Integumantary system and urinogential System.

08 hrs

UNIT-2

a. Fish: General Character, Special Characters, General Organization and affinities of

Obstracoderm &

Coelacnthiformes

b. Amphiba: General Characters, Special Characters, Parental Care, Neoteny

08 hrs

UNIT -3

a. Birds: General Character, Special Characters, Flight Adaption Migration and territorial

Behaviour. 08 hrs

UNIT-4

a. Mammals; General and special Characters of Mammals, Organizaton & Affinities of Prototheria.

b. Mammals: General Organization and Affinities of Marsupialia

c. Mammals: Aquatic Mammals with Reference to Cetaceae.

08 hrs


Page 91 of 114

PAPER- II

DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY

MSC Z -305 B/MSc-Zoo-302

UNIT-1

a. Introduction- History background and theories of development, theory of preformation,

epigenetic theory, theory of pengenesis, recapitulation theory, gemplasm theory, mosaic theory,

regulated theory, gradient theory and theory of organizers.

b. Parthenogenesis- Natural Parthenogenesis, arrhenotoky, thelyoky, accidental parthenogenesis,

rudimentary parthenogenesisd, artificial Parthenogenesis Parthenogenesis in human being,

genogenesis, androgenesis and significance of Parthenogenesis.

c. Basic concepts of development: Potency, commitment, specification, induction competence.

Determination and differentiation: morphogenetic gradients; cell fate and cell lineages; stem

cells: genomic equivalence and the cytoplasmic determinants; imprinting: mutants and

transgenics in analysis of development. 08 hrs

UNIT-2

a. Gameters and fertilization- Spermatogenesis, oogenesis and fertilization.

b. Early development- Cleavage and blastula, Pattern of cleavage, Laws of cleavage, types of

cleavage, effect of yolk on cleavage. Physiology of cleavage morula and blastula. 08 hrs

UNIT-3

a. Gastrulation- Process of gastrulation invegination, involution, infiltration, delamination and

mechanisms. Accessory processes of gastrulation concrescence and convergence. 08 hrs

UNIT-4

a. Metamorphosis- metamorphosis in insects and amphibians, biochemical and morphological

meramophic changes and hormonal control of metamorphosis.

b. Regeneration- Regenerative potentials in different animal groups, mechanism of regeneration in

amphibian and planeria. 08 hrs

UNIT- 5

a. Aging- introduction, consequences of aging causes of aging, control of aging through genes and

aging of cells in vitro Carrel‘s immortal cells.

b. Abnormal development

i. Teratology- Causes of abnormal development, therapeutic drugs as teratogens, drug testing

experimental teratology.


Page 92 of 114

ii. Neoplasia- Etiology, growth and differentiation of tumor cells cell growth and

oncogenesis,loss of homeostatic control, growth and invasiveness of placenta. 08 hrs


Page 93 of 114

PAPER- III

ENVIORNMENTAL BIOLOGY

MSC Z -305 C/MSc-Zoo-303

UNIT-1

a. The Environment: Physical environment: biotic environment; biotic and biotic interactions.

b. Habital and niche: Concept of Habitat and niche; niche width and overlap; fundamental and

realized niche; resource partitioning character displacement.

c. Biogeography: Major terrestrial biomes, theory of island biogeography; biogeographical zones

of India. 08 hrs

UNIT-2

a. Population ecology: Characteristics of a population: Population growth curves; population

regulation: life history strategies (r. and k selection) concept of metapopulation- demes and

dispersal. Interdemic extinctions. Age structured population. 08 hrs

UNIT-3

a. Ecosystem: Structure and function: energy flow and mineral cycling (CNP) primary production

and decomposition structure and function of some Indian ecosystems; terrestrial (forest,

grassland) and aquatic (fresh water, marine, eustarine)

b. Ecological succession: Types; mechanisms; changes involved in succession; concept of climax.

08 hrs

UNIT-4

a. Applied ecology: Environmental pollution: global environmental change biodiversity status

monitoring and documentation; major drivers of biodiversity change biodiversity management

approaches. 08 hrs

UNIT-5

a. Conservation biology: Principles of conservation, major approaches to management Indian case

studies on conservation/management strategy (Project Tiger, Biosphere reserves)

08 hrs


Page 94 of 114

PAPER-IV

ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR

MSC Z-305D/MSc-Zoo-304

UNIT-1

a. Stereotyped behavior- Taxes, reflexes, instinct and motivation.

b. Individual behavior patterns- Conflict behavior. 08 hrs

UNIT-2

a. Learning and memory- Definition, forms, development and mechanism of learning, neural

basis of learning, memory in animals.

b. Communication- Study of communication, messages and their meaning, the forms of signals,

communication in animals as language. 08 hrs

UNIT 3

a. Environmental perceptions- Mechanical, electrical, chemical, olfactory, auditory and visual.

b. Biological rhythms- Circadian and circannual rhythms, migration, biologic clocks, orientation

and navigation. 08 hrs

UNIT 4

a. Neural and hormonal control of behaviour- Neural structure, general pattern of nervous

system in animals, hormones in relation to different behavioural patterns.

b. Pheromones and behaviour- Introduction, definition, classification and role of hormones

behavioural patterns.

c. Neuroendocrine control of behaviour- Endocrine secretions, neuroendocrine control

mechanism in certain behavioural patterns. 08 hrs

UNIT 5

a. Social behaviour- Social structure, social dominance, domestication, advantages of grouping,

developments, social organization in insects and primates.

PRACTICALS M SC Z 355/MSc-Zoo-351

Chordates

1. Study of museum specimens of fishes amphibia, reptiles, birds and mammal

2. Study of histological slides of fishes ,amphibia reptiles, birds mammal

3. Study of extinct reptiles: Dinosaurs : Models


Page 95 of 114

4. Study of wonder vertebrate Animals

5. General methods of microscopic preparation-Killing and narcotization, Fixing, washing, staining

a. Destaining, dehydration, de-alcoholization, mounting Labelling

6. Microtomy – General Principle

Developmental Biology

1. Study of spermatogenesis by model diagram

2. Study of oogenesis by model diagram

3. Study of fertilization by model diagram

4. cleavage pattern by model diagram

5. Study of slides T.S. passing through testis of mammal

6. Study of slides T.S. passing through ovary of mammal

Ecology

1. To determine the texture of given soil sample.

2. To determine the moisture present in the given soil sample.

3. To determine the Ph of given soil sample.

4. To determine the temporary hardness of a given sample of water.

5. To determine the amount of dissolved oxygen in the given sample of pond water.

6. Study of grassland communities by quadrat Method by working out frequency density, and

abundance of organism

7. Study biotic component of a pond by collection and identification of plants and animals.

8. Study of conflict behaviour ,FAP behaviour predation pressure

9. Territorial behaviour in Birds


Page 96 of 114

FOURTH SEMESTER

PAPER-I

PARASITOLOGY

BIOLOGY OF PARASITE-I

MSC Z -405 A/MSc-Zoo-401

UNIT-1

a. Animal Association and Categories: Introduction, Basis principal & concepts, Symbiosis,

Parasitism, Commensalism, Types of parasites.

b. Parasitic adaptation: Evolution of parasitism, Fate of parasite, Adaptation to parasitism.

08hrs.

UNIT-2

a. Host Parasite relationship: Host specificity [(Ectoparasit:. i. Laraval stages parasitic & adult

free living, ii. Adult parasitic & laraval stages free living, iii. Both larva & adult parasitic).

(Endoparasite: i. Laraval stages parasitic & adult free living, ii. Adult parasitic & laraval stages

free living)]. Action of parasite upon their hosts (Effects of parasites upon invertebrates, Effects

of parasites upon vertebrates).

08hrs.

UNIT-3

Parasitic Protozoa: Introduction, General classification, Trypanosoma gambiense, Leishmania

donovani. 08hrs.

UNIT-4

a. Termatoda: Introduction, General classification, types of termatodes, Larval forms.

b. Termatoda: Paragonimus westeramani.

Termatoda: Blood flukes (Schistosoma haematobium, S. mansoni & S. japonicum) 08hrs.

UNIT- 5

a. Cestoda: Introduction, General classification.

b. Cestoda: Larval forms.

Cestoda: Echinococcus granulosus, Hymenolepis nana & H. diminuta. 08hrs.


Page 97 of 114

PAPER-II

BIOLOGY PARASITE-II

MSC Z -405 B/MSc-Zoo-402

UNIT-1

a. General organization, classification & general pattern of life cycle of Nematodes (animal, plant

parasitic & Entomopathogenic), Parasitic adaptation

Introductive Nematology: Introduction, General Morphology, Economic importance, Types of

plant nematodes, Host range, Biology 08hrs.

b.

UNIT-2

a. Family-Strongyloidae: Strongyloides stercorales

b. Family-Ancylostomatidae: Ancylostoma duodenale.

Famil-Filaridae: Wuchereria bancrofti. 08hrs.

UNIT-3

a. Techniques in Nematology: Methods of sampling (Soil & plant samples), Methods of

extracting nematodes from soil & plant samples, Methods of processing nematodes for

observation.

Plant nematode relationship: Host parasite relationship, Mechanism involved in injury &

histopathology of infected tissue, Interaction with other microorganism, Brief structure, life

cycle, epidemiology, pathogenecity and control of root knot & cyst Nematodes.

08hrs.

UNIT-4

Acanthocephala- General organization & classification. 08hrs.

UNIT-5

a. Medically important insects: Arthropods and vectors of human diseases (mosquitoes, lice, flies

& ticks); Mode of transmission of pathogen by vectors, chemical, biological and environmental

control of arthropoid vectors.

Insects carrying vesication, Urtrication and Venomenization. 08hrs.


Page 98 of 114

PAPER – III

PHYSIOLOGY, BIOCHMISTRY AND IMMUNOLOGY OF PARASITE

MSC Z -405 C/MSc-Zoo-403

UNIT-1

a. Nutrition: Uptake and digestion in protozoa, trematoda, cestoda and nematode. Metabolism,

Carbohydrate.

b. Parasitic reproduction: Asexual, sexual reproduction, synchronization of parasite with host

reproduction, in vitro cultivation of parasite.

c. Egg shell: Formation in helminthes, chemistry of egg shell formation, role of Mehli‘s glands.

08 hrs.

UNIT-2

a. Excretion: Nitrogen excretion and water and ionic regulation in parasites.

Nervous system and sense organs: Morphology of nervous system and sense organs, nervous

transmission and behavioural coordination. 08 hrs.

UNIT-3

a. Parasite transmission: Mechanism of host selection and its consequence, penetration and

circadian rhythm.

b. Ecology of Parasitism: Niche biology, population dynamics, negative interaction, problems of

escape and dispersal, problem of mate finding.

Growth and establishment of parasite: Hatching, establishment, site selection, migration.

08 hrs.

UNIT-4

a. Cells of immune system: Lymphoid cells (T-lymphocyts, B-lymphocyts), null cells,

mononuclear cells, granulocytic cells, mast cells, basophils, dendritic cells, MHC molecules and

compliments.

a. Immunoglobulin: Basic structure of immunoglobulin, fine structure of IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE,

Monoclonal antibodies, parasite antigen.

Antigen antibody interaction: Strength of antigen-antibody interaction, cross reactivity,

precipitation reaction, agglutination reaction. 08 hrs.

UNIT-5

a. Immunobiology of Protozoans: Host response against Plasmodium infection during Malaria.

b. Immunobiology of Termatodes: Immunological response against termatode, Schistosoma

infection, immunodiagnosis of termatodes.

c. Immunology of cestodes: Immunity of larval and adult cestodes, immunodiagnosis of cestodes.


Page 99 of 114

Vaccines: Passive immunization, active immunization, designing of vaccines for active

immunization, whole organism vaccines, recombinant vactor vaccines. DNA vaccines, synthetic

vaccines. 08 hrs.

PRACTICALS M SC Z 455/MSc-Zoo-451


Page 100 of 114

Syllabus

Programme: M.Sc. Biotechnology


Page 101 of 114

Semester I

PRINCIPLES OF GENETICS [MSC BT 106 (A)/ MSc-BT-101]

Unit-I

Introduction: History of Genetics, its scope and significance, Mendel‘s experiments, Principles of

Segregation and Law of Independent Assortment, Lethality and Interaction of genes. 06

Unit-II

Linkage and crossing over: Linkage in higher eukaryotes, Coupling and Repulsion Hypothesis,

measurement of Linkage, Detection of linkage, Breakdown of Linkage, Four- strand crossing over,

Three-Point Test cross, cytological basis of crossing over, Interference and Coincidence, Crossing over

and Chisma formation, Factor affecting recombination frequencies. 08

Unit-III

Genetics of Sex Determination and Differentiation: Sex-linked, Sex- limited and Sex- influenced traits

in Drosophila and Human beings, Theories of Sex-determination- Chromosomal theory, environmental

theory and genic balance theory, Sex- determination in dioeciously plants, Sex reversal and

Gynandromorphs, Human sex anomalies (Klinefelter‘s Syndrome and Turner‘s Syndrome). Benzer‘s

work on rII locus in T4 phases. 10

Unit-IV

Mutation and Mutagenic Agents: Brief history of mutation, physical and chemical Mutagens, Detection

of mutation in Drosophila (CIB method, Muller-5 method), Detection of mutation in plants and their

practical application in crop improvement. 06

Unit-V

Multiple Alleles: Concepts of multiple alleles, self incompatibility alleles in Nicotiana, coat color in

rodents, Blood group in Humans, antigen-antibody interaction in inheritance of A, B, AB and O blood

groups, H-antigens, MNS system, Rh Factor, Epitasis and multiple allelism (Bombay blood group)

10

Books recommended:

1. Concept of genetics V II Edition William s. Klug, Pearson Education

2. Genetics; P.K. Gupta, Rastogi Publications

3. Genetics-A molecular approach : T A Brown , Chapman & Hall

4. Gadener principles of Genetics –Snustad &Simmons

5. Genetics from gene to genome –Hartwell McGraw Hill

6. Principles of genetics; R.H. Tamarin, Tata McGraw Hill


Page 102 of 114

CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY [MSC BT 106 (B) /MSc-BT-102]

Unit-I

Cell Division: Cell Cycle, differences between mitosis and meiosis, mechanism of chromosome

moment, reduction division and equational division, double reduction. 08

Unit-II

Chromosome mutation and diseases: Translocation, inversion, trisomy, tetrasomy, monosomy,

nullisomy: Classification, methods of production, role in evolution. 08

Unit-III

Genetic Material: DNA and RNA as genetic material (experimental evidences), structure of DNA

(including Z-DNA and 5- hasisekharan‘s RL model), super coiling of DNA (base stacking,

orientations). 06

Unit-IV

Lemda T4 Phage genome: Lysogeny, lytic phase. Regulation of gene action and control mechanism (cI,

cII,cIII genes). 08

Unit-V

Organization of Genetic Material: Chromosome ultra structure and nucleosome concept, packing of

DNA as nucleosomes in eukaryotes, techniques used for discovery of nucleosome, structure and

assembly of nucleosomes, solenoid, phasing of nucleosomes, DNA concept and C-value paradox,

repetitive and unique sequences, overlapping, pseudo, split gene. 10

Books Recommended

1. The world of cell: W.M.Backer Pearson education

2. Molecular cell Biology Lodish Baltimore, W.H. freeman & Co.

3. Essential of Cytology: C.B. Powar Himalaya Publications

4. Cytology:V.B. rastogi, Kedarnath and Ramnath, Meerut.

5. Cell Biology, genetics, Molecular Biology, Ecology and Evolution:verma and Aggarwal, S. Chand

& Co.


Page 103 of 114

BIOSTATISTICS AND BIOINFORMATICS [MSC BT 106 (C) /MSc-BT-103]

Unit-I

Presentation of Data: Frequency distributions, graphical presentation of data by histogram,

frequency polygon, frequency curve and cumulative frequency curve. 06

Unit-II

Measures of central tendency and dispersion: - Mean, Median, Mode and their simple properties

(without derivations), and calculation of median by graphs, range, mean derivation, standard deviation,

coefficient of variation. 08

Unit-III

Test of Significance: - Sampling distribution of mean and standard error, large scale sample tests(tests

for an assumed mean and equality of two population means with known S.D.), small sample tests(t-tests

for an assumed mean and equality of means of two populations when sample observations are

independent, paired and unpaired t- test, t- test for correlation and regression coefficients), t-test for

comparison of variances of two populations, chi-square test for independent of attributes, goodness of fit

and homogeneity of samples. 10

Unit-IV

Experimental Designs: Principles of experimental designs, completely randomized, randomized block

and Latin square designs, simple factorial experiments (mathematical derivation not required), analysis

of variance (ANOVA) and its uses. 06

Unit-V

Bioinformatics: Introduction, scope and application. Bioinformatics databases (NCBI, DDBJ, Gene-

Bank), BLAST, PSI-BLAST, FASTA. Phylogenetic analysis. 10

Books recommended

1. Fundamentals of computer: P.K. Sinha, New Delhi EPB Publication.

2. Introduction to bioinformatics: T.K. Attwood, Pearson Education.

3. Statistical methods: S.P. Gupta S. Chand & Company, New Delhi.


Page 104 of 114

TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES OF BIOTECHNOLOGY [MSC BT 106 (D) /MSc-BT-104]

Unit I

Microscopy: Principles, Resolving Power and applications of Light Microscopy, Electron

Microscopy (TEM & SEM). 08

Unit II

Centrifugation: Brief history, type of centrifugation, theory of centrifugation, types of centrifuge.

08

Unit III

Electrophoresis: - History, Principles, Application and factor affecting of electrophoresis with detail

reference to Agarose, PAGE, PFGE, Capillary electrophoresis, continuous, 2D-PAGE, IEF

08

Unit-IV

Spectroscopy: - Theory and principles of NMR, Mass-spectroscopy, UV and visible spectroscopy.

06

Unit-V

Chromatography: - General principles and techniques of HPLC, LPLC, GLC, Adsorption,

affinity chromatography. 10

Books Recommended

1. Instrumental methods of chemical analysis: Chatwal and Anand, Himalaya Publishing house

2. Sharma, V .K.: Techniques in microscopy and cell biology Tata Mc Graw Hill .

3. Biochemical Techniques: Theory & Practice J.F.Robyt & B.J.White Waveland press Ins .

4. Amold L .Demain & Julian E .Davies :Manual of Industrial microbio .& Biotech second edition

PRACTICAL I– MSC BT 156//MSc-BT-151


Page 105 of 114

Semester II

FUNDAMENTALS OF BIOCHEMISTRY & BIOPHYSICS [MSC BT 206 (A) /MSc-BT-201]

Unit I

Structural and Biochemical Organization: - Amino Acids, Carbohydrates, Lipids and Fatty Acids and

Nucleotides. 08

Unit II

Enzymology: - Enzymes, Elementary Kinetics, Mechanism of enzymes action, assay types, reaction

rates, Extremozymes engineering, enzyme activity and substrate specificity, isoenzymes, co-enzymes,

Vitamins. 08

Unit III

Protein as base unit: - Structure and function, Protein folding and structural complexity, Protein

sequencing. Post-translational modifications of proteins. 08

Unit IV

Major intermediary metabolic pathways: biosynthesis and catabolism of saturated and

Unsaturated fatty acids and nucleotides. 08

Unit V

Glucose Metabolism: Glycolysis, Kreb‘s cycle, ETS of respiration and oxidative phosphorylation

substrate level phosphorylation, anaplerotic pathway. 08

Books recommended

1. Principles of Biochemistry: A.L. Lehninger, Nelson and cox, McMillan worth Publishers.

2. Biochemistry: Christopher K. Mathews Von Holde & Ahern Pearson Education.

3. Biochemistry: Voet and Voet, John wiley and Sous, Inc. USA.

4. Harpes‘s review of Biochemistry: R.K. Muray et al, Prentice- Hall international Inc.

5. Fundamentals of Biochemistry: Cohnand stumf

6. Molecular Biophysics- Structure in Motion

7. Michel Daune, Oxford University press.

8. Basic Biophysics: R. Narayana, New age Publisher

9. Biophysical Chemistry I,II,&III Cantur and Schimmid, Freeman.

10. Biochemistry: Zubey WCB Place Dabuque.

11. Understanding enzymes: T. Palmer. Pub. Toward Chichester England.


Page 106 of 114

GENETIC RESOURCES AND IPR [MSC BT 206 (B) /MSc-BT-202]

Unit I

Biological species and Diversity: Alpha, Beta and Gamma diversity. Evolution of crop plants (wheat,

maize, rice). 06

Unit II

Biodiversity vs. Genetic Resources: - Biodiversity and rate of loss of biodiversity, causes for the loss

of biodiversity, uses of biodiversity, extent of biodiversity in plants and animals, exploration and

germplasm collection, introduction and exchange of PGR, Red Data Books and Endangered species.

08

Unit III

Plant Genetic Resources: - Different kinds of PGR, Taxonomical Classification of PGR, Basic,

derived and molecular, core collections, principles of germplasm characterization, evaluation,

maintenance and regeneration, Plant quarantine aspects- Sanitary and Phytosanitary Systems (SPS).

08

Unit IV

Techniques for conservation of germplasm: - In-situ and Ex-situ methods of conservation,

cryopreservation of genetic material. Role of IPGRI, NBPGR, FAO, CGIAR in conservation of

germplasm. 08

Unit V

IPR and Biopiracy: Introduction, types (patent, copy right, geographical indications, trade mark and

trade secrets), PVP & FR. GATT, TRIPS and terminator technology. 10

Books Recommended

1. Biotechnology, U.Satyanarayan. Books and Allied Pvt. Ltd


Page 107 of 114

PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY [MSC BT 206 (C) /MSc-BT-203]

Unit-I

Plant organ, tissue and cell culture: - Somaclonal variation and its use in crop improvement, embryo

culture and its utility in hybridization programmes, Anther culture, haploid production and their uses,

micro propagation in horticultural crops and forestry and its uses, artificial seeds, techniques of

protoplast culture, regeneration and somatic cell hybridization, achievements, limitations.

08

Unit II

Methods of Gene Transfer in Plants: Agarobacterium mediated gene transfer, direct DNA,

microinjection, particle gun, electroporation. 08

Unit III

Transgenic Plants in dicots and monocots: - Utility of Transgenic in basic studies and in crop

improvement (resistance for herbicides, viruses, insects and abiotic stresses, Barnase and Barstar for

hybrid seed production), Biosafety issues including risks associated with transgenic crops, biosafety

regulations. 08

Unit IV

Molecular Farming: - Expression of nutritional value substrates in plants like seed storage proteins e.g.

Glycinin, Conglycinin, Legumin, Phytohaemaglutinin, Phaseolin, Prolamins, Albumins and Designer-

proteins, antibodies, Engineering for vitamins and Iron-Deficiency, Engineering Traits related to hybrid

seed 08

Unit V

Plant genome Programs: - Impact of genetically modified crops and genomics research in agriculture

and biology, Evaluation of Transgenic plants as to their commercial value, Efficacy and Environmental

concerns, Legislation for Transgenic plants, Economic viability of transgenic plants

08

Books Recommended

1. Applied plant biotechnology-Ignacimuthu, Tata McGraw Hill New Delhi.

2. An introduction to plant tissue culture: M .K. Razdan Elsevier publication

3. Plant tissue culture: S .S Bhojwani and M.k. Razdan Elsevier publication


Page 108 of 114

GENETIC ENGINEERING [MSC BT 206 (D) /MSc-BT-204]

Unit I

Genetic Engineering: - Definition and explanation, scope of GE, Concept and importance of GE, RDT

in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, Restriction enzymes, modifying enzymes, Isoschizomers and cloning

into mutagenesis, DNA Fingerprinting. 08

Unit II

Cloning and expression vectors:-Plasmid, Phage, M13, Phagemid, BAC, YAC, MAC, Expression

vectors, Use of Promoters, Expression through Strong and Regulatable Promoters, binary and shuttle

vectors 08

Unit III

Libraries and molecular probes: - Construction and Screening of genomic and cDNA libraries, BAC

libraries and assembly of BACs into contigs, Molecular probes and their preparation, labelling and

applications, Southern, Northern, Western blotting, Chromosome walking. 08

Unit IV

Polymerase Chain Reaction: - Basic principles and its modifications, designing of primers, Different

schemes of PCR, application of PCR, RACEs, Electronic PCR (e-PCR), RT- PCR, Real-Time PCR

10

Unit V

Gene Sequencing: - Different methods of gene isolation, techniques for sequencing (Maxam & Gilbert

degradation method, Sanger‘s Dideoxy method). 06

Books recommended

1. An introduction to gene technology –from genes to clones: Winnacker.

2. Principle of gene manipulation: Old and primrose.

3. Genetic Engineering: Science and ethics on new frontier: Michael Boyl Peason Education.

PRACTICAL II – MSC BT 256/MSc-BT-251


Page 109 of 114

MICROBIAL, INDUSTRIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY

MSC BT 306 (A) /MSc-BT-301

Unit I

Introduction: - Growth curve, sterilization techniques, Isolation and Characterization. Definition,

classification, sources of useful microbes and classification. 06

Unit II

Use of Microbes in food and dairy, single cell proteins, physiological aspects SCP from CO2,

waste materials and renewable resources, improvement in single cell protein production,

probiotic foods. 08

Unit III

Industrial source of enzymes: Cellulases, Xylanases, Pectinases. Amylase, Lipase and proteases:

production and applications. Commercial production of important antibiotics, amino acids,

insulin, steroids, Fermentation and production of ethanol, acetone. Butanol, glycerol, vitamins

and alkaloids. 10

Unit IV

Pollution: - Types, causes, Prevention and Control, methods of reducing environmental impacts of

chemicals, weedicides, Pesticides and fertilizers, Biotechnological advances in pollution

control through GEMs, Sewage treatment, Newer approaches to sewage treatment, treatment

of solid waste, Energy production-Bio fuels Bioremediation and pollution control through

microbes and plants 10

Unit V

Biotechnology of fermentation: Methods and types of fermentation, dual/multiple fermentation,

continuous fermentation and late nutrient addition, growth kinetics of microorganisms,

fermenter system. 06

Books Recommended

1. Biotechnology and Genomics, P. K. Gupta, Rastogi Publication, Meerut

2. Biotechnology, U.Satyanarayan. Books and Allied Pvt. Ltd.


Page 110 of 114

ANIMAL BIOTECHNOLOGY [MSC BT 306 (B) /MSc-BT-302]

Unit I

Introduction: - Animal Tissue and Organ Culture, Plasma clot method, Raft method, Agar-gel method,

Grid method, cyclic exposure to medium and Gas phase, advantages, limitations and application,

artificial skin 08

Unit II

Cell Culture: - Substrate and suspension culture, Culture Media, natural and artificial, initiation of cell

culture, sub-cultures, Evaluation and Maintenance of cell culture lines, Large scale culture of cell lines,

Monolayer, Suspension culture, Immobilized cultures, Somatic cell fusion, mechanism and applications,

cell culture products and their applications, Interferon‘s. 12

Unit III

Cloning: - Animal cloning, Ethical and Social Issues relating to Human cloning, Transgenic and their

applications. 06

Unit IV

IVF and Embryo Transfer: Introduction and application. Surrogacy, artificial insemination

06

Unit V

MHC and organ transplant: Graft rejection and necrosis. Stem cell preservation. 08

Books Recommended

1. Animal biotechnology -M.Ranga

2. Animal cell culture: R .I. Freshney, Wiley -Liss


Page 111 of 114

IMMUNOLOGY [MSC BT 306 (C) /MSc-BT-303]

Unit I

Introduction: History, concept and scope of immunology 06

Unit II

Immunity: - Innate and Acquired immunity, Passive and Active Immunity, Lymph and organs,

Humoral and Cell Mediated immunity, Specificity and Memory, Transplantation immunity, Major

Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) and Complements. 08

Unit III

Interactions: - Antigen-Antibody reactions, Antigen type-hapten, Immunoglobulin‘s (fine structure of

IGg and diversity), serological reactions, Agglutination, Precipitation, Immuno-electrophoresis, ELISA,

RIA, Immuno-electromicroscopy. 10

Unit IV

Hybridoma Technology: - Monoclonal antibody production, myeloma cell lines, Fusion of myeloma

cells without antibody producing B-cells, selection and screening methods for positive hybrids,

production, purification and characterization of monoclonal antibodies. 08

Unit V

Diseases and Vaccines: - T-cell cloning, mechanism of antigen recognition by T-and B-lymphocytes,

Genetic control of immune response, autoimmune diseases, immunodiagnosis, AIDS, types of vaccines,

strategies for the development of vaccines, infectious diseases. 08

Books recommended

1. Immunology 4th

ED: J. Kuby, W.H. Freeman.

2. Immunology: Nandini Shetty, New Age Publishers.

3. An introduction to Immunology: I.R. Tizzard.


Page 112 of 114

GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS [MSC BT 306 (D) /MSc-BT-304]

Unit I

Origin and Evolution of genomics: - Origin of genomics, the first DNA genomes, microcollinearity

and lack of it, DNA based phylogenetic trees, genomes and human evolution, evolution of nuclear and

organellar (mitochondrial and Chloroplast genome) 06

Unit II

Molecular maps of genomes and comparative genomics: - Genetic maps, physical maps, EST and

transcript maps, functional maps, comparative genomics and collinearity/synteny in maps.

Whole Genome sequencing: - Whole genome shotgun sequencing, clone-by-clone or ‗hiererchical

stotgun‘ sequencing. In silico methods, insertion mutagenesis (T-DNA and transport insertion),

TILLING, DNA chips and microarrays 10

Unit III

Pharmacogenomics: - Use in biomedicine involving diagnosis and treatment of diseases, genomics in

medical practice, personalized medicine, DNA polymorphism and treatment of diseases, use of SNP in

pharmacogenomics. 08

Unit IV

Quantitative and Qualitative proteome analysis technique: - Separation technique- 2D-PAGE, 2-DE

(BN-PAGE), image analysis, X-Ray crystallography, Mass- spectrometery, MALDI and SALDI,

chromatography techniques 10

Unit V

Protein interaction and Protein complex: yeast two hybrid system, protein chips and antibody

microarray 06

Books Recommended

1. Biotechnology and Genomics, P. K. Gupta, Rastogi Publication, Meerut

2. Biotechnology, U.Satyanarayan. Books and Allied Pvt. Ltd.

PRACTICAL III – [MSC BT 356 (A) /MSc-BT-351]


Page 113 of 114

Semester IV

PROJECT (MBT 401)

S. No. Subject Name Subject Code Evaluation Scheme

Sessional

Dissertation Viva-Voice and

Presentation

Total

1. PROJECT MBT

401//MSc-BT-

451

400 100 500

Ordinance No. (V-72A) Master of Science-M.Sc. (All Disciplines)

Documents

Transcript of Ordinance No. (V-72A) Master of Science-M.Sc. (All Disciplines)