OCR GCSE (9-1) Physical Education

Mark Scheme

Paper 1 Physical factors affecting performance (01)

Mark Scheme - The Skeletal System

1.1.a – The structure and function of the skeletal system

1. Name the four bones found in the leg. (4) Femur, tibia, fibula and patella – 1 mark each.

2. Name the two articulating bones at the shoulder joint. (2) Humerus and scapula – 1 mark each.

3. Name the six functions of the skeleton. (6)

Support, protection, movement, posture, mineral storage and blood cell production – 1 mark each.

4. Name and explain two functions of the skeleton that would be important to a horse rider.

(4) Protection (1) if this horse rider was to fall off from the horse their brain would be protected by their skull and their rib cage protects the lungs and heart (1) Posture (1) the skeleton acts as a framework with muscles being attached to bones via tendons allowing the horse rider to stay upright on the horse. (1) Mineral storage (1) this allows bones to become stronger and denser, this would help if the horse rider was to fall from the horse. (1)

5. Explain, with a sporting example, how the function of the skeleton blood cell production

can be beneficial. (2) The long bones of the skeleton contain red blood marrow where red blood cells are produced. These carry the oxygen to where it is needed. (1) By having an increased number of red blood cells the body would be able to exercise for longer without tiring, this would be beneficial to a long-distance runner who would be able to run at a high intensity for the duration of the race without tiring. (1)

6. Name the two types of joint in the body, giving the locations of each. (4)

Ball and socket (1) Hip and Shoulder – 1 mark each. Hinge (1) Elbow and Knee – 1 mark each.

7. Using an example from the sport of your choice, identify the two types of movement that

can occur at a hinge joint. (4) Flexion (1) Preparing to kick a ball, the first phase of the running action, lifting a dumbbell in a bicep curl, preparing to throw a ball. (1) Extension (1) Extending the leg to kick a ball, straightening the leg when running/clearing a hurdle, lowering a dumbbell in a bicep curl, execution of a throw. (1)

8. Explain, with a sporting example, the function of ligaments. (3) Ligaments attach bone to bone. (1) They prevent movements that are extreme, stopping dislocation. (1) This would be important to a tennis player when they need to quickly change direction laterally following their opponents shot to return the ball. (1)

9. Other than ligaments, state the two other connective tissues found at joints. (2)

Cartilage and tendons – 1 mark each.

Mark Scheme - The Muscular System

1.1.b – The structure and function of the muscular system

1. Describe the locations of the trapezius, latissimus dorsi and the deltoid. (3) Trapezius – top of the back. Latissimus dorsi – across the lower back. Deltoid – over the shoulder – 1 mark each.

2. Name the three muscles in the leg. (3) Quadriceps, hamstrings and gastrocnemius – 1 mark each.

3. Name the muscle which contracts to flex the spine, allowing a sit up. (1)

Abdominals (1) 4. Name the muscle which contracts to extend the arm at the elbow. (1)

Triceps (1) 5. With a sporting example, describe the role of the gastrocnemius. (2)

Allows plantar flexion at the ankle to point toes (1) a gymnast would use this when pointing their toes during a pike jump (1) / a netballer would use this to go onto their toes when marking/shooting (1)

6. With a sporting example, describe the role of the pectorals. (2)

Allows adduction at the shoulder to bring the arms to the midline of the body and inward rotation of the arm (1) a rugby player would use this when grabbing and holding onto an opponent when performing a tackle (1) / a tennis player would use this on the follow through from playing a forehand shot (1)

7. Describe the role of the agonist in an antagonistic pair. (1) The agonist contracts to allow movement, becoming shorter and pulling on the bone. (1)

8. Describe the role of the fixator in an antagonistic pair. (1)

The fixator stabilises the joint, whilst it does not move it contracts to fix the muscles to the bone and steady the movement. (1)

9. Explain how the biceps and triceps work as an antagonistic pair. (3)

These muscles create flexion and extension at the elbow joint. (1) During flexion, the biceps is the agonist and is contracting whilst the triceps, the antagonist, relaxes. (1) When extending the arm, the triceps contracts whilst the bicep (the antagonist) relaxes. (1)

10. Explain how the hamstring and quadriceps work as an antagonistic pair. (3)

These muscles create flexion and extension at the knee joint. (1) During flexion, the hamstring is the agonist and is contracting whilst the quadriceps, the antagonist, relaxes. (1) When extending the leg at the knee the quadriceps contracts whilst the hamstring (the antagonist) relaxes. (1)

Mark Scheme - Levers, Planes and Axes

1.1.c - Movement analysis

1. Draw and label a 1st class lever. (1)

2. Draw and label a 2nd class lever. (1)

3. Draw and label a 3rd class lever. (1)

4. Give a sporting example of when a 1st class lever would be used. (1)

Heading a football, lifting head to take a breath in swimming, head movement during a front landing. Any appropriate example involving raising the head. (1)

5. Give a sporting example of when a 2nd class lever would be used. (1)

Preparing to take a shot in basketball/netball, during the take off for long/high jump, jumping for a header in football. Any appropriate example involving standing on toes. (1)

6. Give a sporting example of when a 3rd class lever would be used. (1)

Throwing a ball/javelin, performing a bicep curl. Any appropriate example involving movement at the elbow. (1)

7. Identify the plane of movement that splits the body into front and back. (1)

Frontal (1) 8. Name the plane of movement which a squat would take place in. (1)

Sagittal (1) 9. Name the axis of rotation that a forward roll would take place on. (1)

Transverse (1) 10. State a sporting action which would involve rotation around the longitudinal

axis. (1) Pirouette in dance, full twist in trampolining, pivot in netball (1)

Mark Scheme – The Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems

1.1.d – The cardiovascular and respiratory systems

1. Name the three types of blood vessel. (3) Arteries, veins and capillaries – 1 mark each

2. Name the valves that are located between the atria and ventricles in the heart and explain their function. (3) The tricuspid and bicuspid valves (2) their role is to prevent the backflow of blood into the atrium from the ventricle when it contracts. (1)

3. Name the blood vessel responsible for transporting the blood from the heart to the body. (1) The aorta (1)

4. The amount of times the heart beats per minute is the definition of which key term? (1) Heart rate (1)

5. Explain what happens to stroke volume during exercise and why. (3) During exercise stroke volume increases (1). When we exercise the body requires more oxygen at the working muscles (1). Therefore, the stroke volume increases to send more oxygen to where it is needed, allowing the performing to continue to exercise at a high intensity (1).

6. Describe the function of the red blood cells and explain how they aid a sportsperson during performance. (3) The role of red blood cells is to carry oxygen from the lungs to the muscles and remove carbon dioxide from the muscles to the lungs (1). A performer is aided by blood cells as they contain haemoglobin which carries oxygen to their working muscles where it is needed during exercise (1). This will allow the performer to continue to exercise at a high intensity without stopping (1).

7. Name the five parts of the respiratory system that the air passes through. (5) The mouth and nose, the trachea, the bronchi, the bronchioles and the alveoli – 1 mark each.

8. Explain the process of gaseous exchange. (4) Gaseous exchange occurs in the lungs at the alveoli where diffusion takes place (1). This is when gas moves from an area of high concentration to low concentration (1). There is a high concentration of oxygen in the alveoli following inhalation and a low concentration of oxygen in the blood, therefore the oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the blood where it can be taken to the heart where it is then pumped to where it is needed (1). There is a high concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood and a low concentration in the blood, so the carbon dioxide diffuses into the alveoli where it can be exhaled (1).

9. With a sporting example, explain anaerobic respiration. (2) Anaerobic exercise is exercise which does not allow for the predominant usage of oxygen. Anaerobic exercise is performed in the absence of oxygen (1), the body can provide energy very quickly for sports such as a javelin throw or a gymnastics vault which only last a few seconds (1).

10. With a sporting example, explain aerobic respiration. (2) Aerobic exercise is exercise which involves the use of oxygen for the duration of the exercise (1). It can be maintained for long periods of time. Examples of aerobic exercise include marathon running and swimming (1).

Mark Scheme - The Effects of Exercise of the Body Systems

1.1.e – The effects of exercise on the body systems

1. Name three short term effects of exercise on the cardiovascular system. (3) Heart rate increases, stroke volume increases, cardiac output increases, vascular shunt occurs – 1 mark each.

2. Explain how an increase in muscle temperature can be beneficial to a sportsperson. (1)

When muscle temperature increases the muscles become more flexible, this helps to prevent injuries such as torn muscles during exercise (1).

3. Name and explain how the respiratory system responds to exercise to meet the demands

of the activity. (4) When we exercise we require more oxygen to create energy to continue exercising (1). For this to occur our body responds as our breathing rate increases, we breathe quicker allowing more oxygen to reach our muscles (1). This results in the amount of air being inspired and expired per minute increasing as the body requires us to take in more oxygen, this means our minute ventilation increases (1).. As a result of the demand for oxygen we also take deeper breaths, resulting in an increased tidal volume (1).

4. State the mechanism that causes the blood to be redistributed to the working muscles. (1)

Vascular shunt mechanism (1). 5. Explain muscular hypertrophy and how it can benefit performance with a sporting

example. (3) As a result of regular physical exercise muscular hypertrophy will occur. As you train at high intensities your fast twitch muscle fibres increase in size (1). This in turn leads to an increase in muscular strength and speed (1). Muscular hypertrophy would benefit a rugby player as their increased muscle size and strength would allow them to complete stronger tackles throughout the game, making it difficult for an opponent to gain ground up the field (1).

6. Name and explain the long-term effect of exercise on the skeletal system. (2)

Regular weight bearing training will strengthen bone matter usually through lifting weights or using weight machines (1). This will benefit an athlete as thicker bones allow more force to be delivered and more pressure to be withstood (1).

7. Discuss what happens to resting heart rate as a result of regular exercise. (3)

As a result of regular exercise our resting heart rate will become lower (1). The increased size of the heart and the amount of blood ejected per beat (stroke volume) means it takes less beats in a minute (heart rate) to supply the body with enough oxygen at rest (1). This means there is less strain on the heart at rest as the heart is able to meet the demands of exercise easier (1).

Mark Scheme - The Components of Fitness

1.2.a – The components of fitness

1. Name the component of fitness defined as ‘the range of movement available around a joint’. (1) Flexibility (1)

2. Define the components of fitness agility and muscular endurance. (2) Agility is ‘the ability to change direction at speed’ (1) Muscular endurance is ‘the ability to move your body and muscles repeatedly without fatiguing’ (1)

3. Name and explain two important components of fitness to a gymnast. (4) Balance (1) to remain on the beam without falling off (1). Flexibility (1) to move the limbs of the body into positions to produce gymnastic movements such as the splits or a crab (1). Speed (1) to produce a quick run up when performing a vault (1). Strength (1) to lift themselves up when using apparatus such as the rings/pommel horse/bars or performing a handstand (1).

4. Name and explain two important components of fitness to a golfer. (4) Power (1) when performing a long-distance drive down the fairway towards the green (1). Speed (1) to swing the club as quickly as possible when performing a drive/tee shot (1). Coordination (1) to use their eyes and arms to ensure the make accurate contact with the ball, resulting in a better shot (1).

5. The 30m sprint test and the standing jump test measure which components of fitness? (2) Speed and power – 1 mark each.

6. Give a sporting example of who would require cardiovascular endurance. (2) A long-distance cyclist would need cardiovascular endurance to ensure that they are able to complete a long-distance race. Their heart and lungs need to work effectively to provide their muscles with oxygen to work for the long period of the race at a high level (1). If they did not have good cardiovascular endurance then they wouldn’t be able to supply the body with the oxygen needed to exercise and would have to stop resulting in a slower time (1).

7. Discuss the relative importance of power to a boxer and a swimmer. (3) A boxer needs power when performing a punch in order to knock the appointment out and win the fight, without this their opponent could easily counter their weak punches (1). A swimmer would need power when jumping out of the blocks at the start of the race to get the best start possible (1). I believe power is more important to a boxer than a swimmer as whilst a good start is highly beneficial in swimming, time could be made up during the strokes whereas without a powerful punch it is unlikely that a boxer could beat their opponent by knockout (1).

8. Discuss the relative importance of speed to a sprinter and a long-distance runner. (3) To a sprinter speed is vital as the athlete needs to be able to most their legs as quickly as possible to cover the distance in the quickest time (1). A long distance would need speed when producing a sprint finish as the end of the race (1). I believe speed is more important to a sprinter as their race can be completed in under ten seconds so they must move as quickly as possible to be in with a chance of beating their opponents, whereas a long-distance runner can make up the time throughout the race (1).

Mark Scheme - The Principles of Training

1. Name the four principles of training. (4) Specificity, Progression, Overload and Reversibility – 1 mark each.

2. Explain the principle of specificity and how a golfer would use this in their training programme. (3) Specificity involves matching the training to the needs of the activity (1). For improvements to be made the activities that athletes complete in training must relate to their sport (1). A golfer would use this principle by completing lots of shot practice as well as some weight training to increase their drive power, by doing so this will benefit their performance when they come to compete whereas the would be no better at golf by going for a 10km bike ride (1).

3. Discuss reversibility and when this may occur. (3) Reversibility is when any fitness adaptations caused by training are lost as a result of a not training (1). This will mean that due to not training an athlete will lose the fitness levels they had gained through training (1). This could occur when an athlete is ill, injured or on off season following the season (1).

4. Gradual increases in exercise in order for the body to adapt through overload defines which principle of training? (1) Progression (1)

5. Name the 7 methods of training. (7) Continuous, Circuit, Fartlek, HIIT, Plyometrics, Weight and Interval – 1 mark each.

6. Discuss fartlek training, giving a sporting example of who may use this method. (3) Fartlek training is training which varies in intensity and duration and consists of bursts of intense effort alternating with less strenuous activity (1). A rugby player would use fartlek training to develop their speed (1). In training they would run at varying speeds and intensities switching between jogging, running and sprinting. This would help them in a match as this method is similar to a game where they may be jogging then need to sprint to burst through the defensive line to score a try (1).

7. Name and explain a method of training that could be used to aid a rugby players performance. (3) An appropriate method of training (fartlek, continuous, interval, weight) (1). A description of the training method mentioning which component of fitness it can develop (1). A specific sporting example of how this method would improve their performance within a game (1).

8. Which method of training involves jumping, hopping and bounding to develop power? (1) Plyometrics (1)

9. Name the five stages of a warm up. (5) Pulse raiser, mobility, stretching, dynamic movements and skill rehearsal – 1 mark each.

10. Explain one of the benefits of completing a cool down at the end of exercise. (2) • A cool down features low intensity exercise and stretching (1). Completing a cool down

allows the heart/breathing rate to be gradually lowered/the body temperature to be lowered/blood and oxygen to continue to circulate and remove waste products/lactic acid to be removed/muscle and joint soreness reduced (1).and breathing rate is gradually lowered.

1.2.b – Applying the principles of training

Mark Scheme – Preventing Injury in Physical Activity and Training

1. Name the five methods of reducing the chance of injury in sport. (5) Wearing protective clothing, wearing the correct clothing/footwear, warming up and cooling down, matching the competition and lifting/carrying equipment appropriately/safely – 1 mark each.

2. Explain the why it is important for a footballer to wear the correct clothing/footwear during a match. (3) It is important that a footballer wears the correct clothing such as a football kit and footwear such as football boots (1). Football boots will provide the player with grip on the surface (1). This will prevent them from slipping over unnecessarily which could lead to an injury such as a twisted ankle or potentially injuring another player by slipping strongly into a tackle (1).

3. Name an item of protective clothing worn by a cyclist and when this would benefit them in sport. (2) A cyclist would wear a helmet to protect their skull and brain (1). This would help them if they were to fall from their bike as it would absorb the impact felt when hitting the ground or any object, reducing the chance of a serious head injury (1).

4. With a sporting example, explain the importance of matching the competition in sport. (3) It is very important to match the level of competition in sport, especially contact sports, to reduce the chance of an injury occurring (1). This can be done by ensuring that all participants are the same gender, age, weight and of a similar ability (1). This is because in some sports such as boxing these characteristics could provide an advantage which could lead to a serious injury, for example, in boxing a heavyweight would have a large advantage over a lightweight so that fight would not go ahead due to safety (1).

5. Explain why it is important that a 100m sprinter completes a thorough warm up prior to competing. (3) Warming up the muscles and the joints helps to prevent injury during activity as they are more flexible and prepared for any sudden movements or changes in pace. Warming up would reduce the chance of a 100m sprinter pulling a muscle as they sprint down the track at a high intensity (1).

6. State two hazards which could occur within a sports hall and give an example of an injury which may happen as a result. (4) Water on the floor (1) a slip leading to a twisted ankle etc. (1) Equipment not stored away (1) a trip leading to a broken bone (1)

7. State two hazards which could occur within a fitness centre and give an example of an injury which may happen as a result. (4) The user having not received any training (1) incorrect use/technique leading to muscle strains or falling from equipment (1) Equipment not stored away (1) a trip leading to a broken bone (1)

8. State a hazard which could occur at a swimming pool and give an example of an injury which may happen as a result. (2) Chemical imbalance (1) skin conditions such as burns/rashes or poisoning (1) Lack of life guard or signage showing depth (1) drowning (1)

1.2.c – Preventing injury in physical activity and training