Nigerian culture is to occupational health and safety on ...

Table of Contents CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 2

1.1 Background of Study ............................................................................................................. 2

1.2 Concept of Safety .................................................................................................................. 3

1.3 Health and Safety on Construction sites ................................................................................ 4

1.4 Problem Statement ................................................................................................................. 5

1.5 Aims and Objectives of the study .......................................................................................... 5

1.6 Justification of the study ........................................................................................................ 5

1.7 Limitations of study ............................................................................................................... 6

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................. 7

2.1 Construction Safety ............................................................................................................... 7

2.2 Safety in the Construction Industry ....................................................................................... 7

2.3 History of Safety Regulations ................................................................................................ 8

2.4 Laws Relating to Occupational Health and Safety ................................................................ 9

2.4.1 United Kingdom ............................................................................................................. 9

2.4.2 United States of America ............................................................................................. 11

2.4.3 Nigeria .......................................................................................................................... 12

2.5 Construction Safety in Nigeria and the UK ......................................................................... 16

2.6 Trends in Developing Countries Worker Skills .................................................................. 18

2.7 The Role of the Employer in Site Safety ............................................................................. 19

2.8 The Role of Employees in Site Safety ................................................................................. 19

2.9 Construction Accidents and Worker Compensation ........................................................... 19

2.10 Worker Compensation ......................................................................................................... 20

2.11 Statistical Distribution of Building Construction Site Accidents ........................................ 21

2.12 Trends Associated with Accidents on Construction sites .................................................... 21

2.13 Construction Accidents and Body Injury ............................................................................ 22

2.14 Building Construction Worker ............................................................................................ 22

2.15 Health and Safety Regulations ............................................................................................ 23

2.16 Enforcement of Regulations ................................................................................................ 23

2.17 Health and Safety Management ........................................................................................... 24

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2.18 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 25

CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY ..................................................................................................... 26

3.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 26

3.2 Research Design .................................................................................................................. 26

3.3 Area of Study ....................................................................................................................... 26

3.4 Population of the Study ....................................................................................................... 27

3.5 Sample and Sampling Technique ........................................................................................ 28

3.6 Description of Instruments for Data Collection .................................................................. 28

3.7 Validity of the Instrument.................................................................................................... 28

3.8 Reliability of Research Instrument ...................................................................................... 28

3.9 Method of Data Collection .................................................................................................. 28

3.10 Likert Scale .......................................................................................................................... 29

3.11 Procedure for Data Collection ............................................................................................. 30

3.12 Method of Data Analysis ..................................................................................................... 30

CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ................................................................................. 31

4.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 31

4.2 Analysis of Demographic Variables of Respondents .......................................................... 31

4.3 Answers to Research Questions .......................................................................................... 34

4.4 Summary of Major Findings................................................................................................ 49

4.5 Discussion of Major Findings.............................................................................................. 50

CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ........................ 52

5.1 Summary .............................................................................................................................. 52

5.2 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 52

5.3 Recommendation ................................................................................................................. 53

5.4 Future Work ......................................................................................................................... 54

REFRENCES.................................................................................................................................. 56

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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of Study

What meaning is derived when talking about health & safety on construction sites? Firstly, looking

at each individual term and giving its respective meaning and how it relates to the topic at hand.

The world health organization would specifically define occupational health by stating that

"occupational health deals with all aspects of health and safety in the workplace and has a strong focus

on primary prevention of hazards." Occupational health is a field of study that has everything to do

with prevention of accidents and injury while trying to ensure the safety of employees while at work.

The ILO/WHO joint committee on occupational health tries to explain how occupational health should

aim at the promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of wellbeing for all employees and upkeep

of an environment which can help employees adapt their physiological and psychological capabilities.

(ILO/WHO Joint committee, 2003, p.10)

Occupational health and safety is a complex field of study that has to do with the general wellbeing

of employees at their place of employment,

Occupational health has been defined as “enabling people to undertake their occupation in the way

that causes least harm to their health” but the world health organization has tried to broaden this

definition due to the fact that health is a much bigger matter, health can better be defined as “a state

of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.”

Putting the health of employees first is undoubtedly the most necessary element to achieve a

productive and efficient work place mentality, this has been known to enhance efficiency and improve

the mental state of employees.

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1.2 Concept of Safety

Due to the diversity and uniqueness of jobs, certain jobs carry higher risks than others therefore

employers are always responsible for the physical safety of their employees who regularly visit the

place of work. These days it is not hard to find organizations being legally prosecuted due to work

related accidents, generally we find these to be the most common causes of accidents at the work

place: failures to assess risks accurately, plan tasks correctly, neglecting to provide the right training

and supervision. These problems are mentioned time and time again (Correll, 2018)

Some observations can be taken from this, when it comes to avoiding health and safety problems,

having the right procedures, systems and training in place is at least as important as the physical state

of the premises and equipment. With these amendments into all organizations work ethic, the number

of work-related accidents would drastically reduce.

The regulation of organizational health and safety is fairly recent phenomenon, even though work

related accidents and hazards have been occurring since the beginning.

Organizational health and safety risk factor changes drastically depending on occupation, from

workplaces where an employee would experience physical hazards such as falls to other workplaces

where an employee would experience chemical or psychological work hazards such as doctors or lab

technicians. The construction industry has been known to be the most dangerous modern day work

industry.

Falls are one of the most common causes of fatal and non-fatal injuries among construction workers.

Due to the fact that accidents may have disastrous consequences for employees as well as

organizations, it is of utmost importance to ensure health and safety of workers and compliance with

HSE construction requirements. Health and safety legislation in the construction industry involves

many rules and regulations.

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1.3 Health and Safety on Construction sites

It is imperative to provide safe working conditions to construction workers due to intrinsic hazards

and risks associated with every work situation (Olutuase, 2014). It was observed that the performance

of any construction personnel is usually a function of safe working conditions and deals with both

physical and psychological wellbeing of workers on sites and other persons whose health is likely to

be adversely affected by construction (Kheni et al. 2008). Therefore, it is necessary to provide and

maintain relevant measures that would ensure high level of health and safety on construction sites to

provide protection against risk and hazards arising from high technological advancement in the

construction industry. The European agency for safety and health at work (EU-OSHA 2004)

recommends that employers and project supervisors must cooperate in order to protect employees’

health and safety. The EU-OSHA (2004) provide a minimum requirement for preventing accidents on

small construction sites. The check list of the preventive actions contained in EU-OSHA (2004) if

properly implemented would go a long way in preventing accident at sites.

Figure 1.1: Construction Site in Abuja

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1.4 Problem Statement

Due to the rapid industrialization of the Federal Capital Territory, there has been a substantial increase

in construction projects, this automatically gives an increase in site related accidents and injury at the

expense of the welfare and safety of workers. These accidents are attributed to improper enforcement

of health and safety regulations. Without construction safety the rates of accidents and deaths can only

increase therefore this research seeks to mitigate these problems.

1.5 Aims and Objectives of the study

The aim of this research project is to Investigate the practiced standards of occupational health

and safety in construction sites in private companies within Abuja Nigeria and compare them

to international best practices specifically the standards upheld in the United Kingdom and the

United States of America.

This aim can be achieved through the following objectives outlined below:

• To study various legislations regarding occupational health and safety in Nigeria and

comparing these cultures to those used in the United Kingdom and United States of America.

• To investigate the adherence to legislations in regards to health and safety on construction sites

in private companies within Abuja Nigeria.

• To highlight problem areas with the aim of improving health and safety practices in Nigeria.

1.6 Justification of the study

When looking at the adverse effects of ethics in the practice of health and safety on construction sites

in Nigeria, the conclusion was arrived upon that there is a significant difference when compared to

the practices in the abroad and what rings through is the fact that the regulatory agencies responsible

in Nigeria have a lackluster attitude towards their duty and responsibilities to every Nigerian in the

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sector. Due to the behavior of these regulatory agencies, this lackluster attitude towards health and

safety has been assimilated on certain sites to the highest degree, unfortunately, a large portion of the

manual labor employed are illiterate. Therefore, they do not even know some of their basic rights as

workers. This is most true when it comes to health and safety where laborers generally believe that

when they are involved in work related accidents it is always their faults and they try to recover as

fast as they can so that they can come back to site and continue earning the meager wages with which

they cannot do without.

This is the sad truth for a large portion of Nigerian laborer and this has to do with different factors;

firstly due to the fact that the Nigerian educational system has failed our youths for not providing

proper educational opportunities, secondly some of the organizations that hire these laborers do not

even have proper health and safety training or equipment to prepare these young men and women for

what they are about to face on site and finally the regulatory bodies responsible for upkeep of health

and safety guidelines in Nigeria has turned into corrupt organizations whose main objective is

embezzlement and bending the law to benefit themselves is why these shortcomings must be rectified.

The topic chosen for this research project aims to shine a light on these happenings and try to highlight

what is to be expected.

1.7 Limitations of study

The comparisons made in this study are going to be limited to credible and available research in the

United Kingdom and United States of America. While in Nigeria the study will be limited to

construction sites of private companies and individuals within the Federal Capital Territory via online

surveys and questionnaires.

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CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Construction Safety

Construction is a large industry that has a world reputation for its quality, but it remains one of the

most dangerous professional industries in the world. In 2004/05, the fatal injury rate (per 100 000

workers) was 3.4 while the industrial average was 0.8. In light of this the ‘Revitalizing Health and

Safety’ campaign launched by the Health and Safety Commission and the Government of the United

Kingdom in June 2000, the construction industry set itself a target to reduce the rate of fatal and major

injury to its workers by 40% in 2004/05 and by 66% in 2009/10.

FIG 2.1: STATISTICAL CAUSES OF CONSTRUCTION WORK FATALITIES

2.2 Safety in the Construction Industry

Contemporary project management research has made strong cases for the examination of the softer

features of projects like communication, cultural, social and human aspects and their impacts on the

project management process within organizations (Ochieng et al. 2013, Hanisch and Wald, 2011).

One lesson learned so far is that, existing initiatives need to focus on the human as well technical

aspects related to safety since, efforts from the human aspects come to the forefront in any attempt to

effective implementing safety strategies within the construction industry. Also, faced with the

seemingly abysmal safety performance within the construction industry, researchers and practitioners

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have constantly reflected upon existing safety management systems and recommended alternative

initiatives. Another anticipated practical contribution is the need to constantly examine the role of

senior managers in safety (Flin 2003; Wu et al. 2016). Therefore, senior project practitioners who act

as facilitators for project teams can gain additional insights into how to create more optimum safety

climates. It will equally enable managers identify and regulate suitable safe behavioral styles before

and during the commencement of future projects. This is especially relevant, since findings of past

investigation reports have showed senior managers with considerable discretion, and immense safety

accountabilities (Baker 2007; National Commission 2011).

Figure 2.2: Personal Protective Equipment

2.3 History of Safety Regulations

The evolution of Occupational Health and Safety services led to implementation of laws and

regulations in 1833 among the English. They put to a halt the belief that accidents were inevitable and

predestined to happen, they argued that these accidents could be controlled. They suggested that

ignorance, carelessness of the workers led to accidents in the then expanding mechanized world.

Therefore, they advocated safety education to help reduce suffering of factory workers. The passage

of the “Health and Morals Act” in 1802 by the British Parliament marked the beginning of such laws.

The act aimed at limiting the hours of work for children and providing for inspection of the factories

to assess the working conditions. It demanded for adequate protection of workers from injuries.

Several trades were grouped under the British Factories Act, in 1864 the act was later widened to

include several industries and places which employed more than 50 persons. It prevented workers

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from eating in poisonous or unpleasant plant atmosphere hence it required artificial ventilation to be

put in place for such factories. The inspection of factories began in 1897, this led to the adoption of

workers compensation.

Klein (2009) revealed that in the United States of America, E.I du Pont by his singular act of stating

that people must understand the hazards in which they live at his gun powder factory in the year 1802

was one of the earliest documented individual acts of safety. This act was a mere statement and not a

regulation. Until the year 1916, all works were regulated with the “common law”, the common laws

allocated the workers safety to themselves. The employers were not liable in any form. The worker

compensation law was established after 1916 by the American government, this law enforced the

employers to be liable for the workplace safety issues. The employers were subjected to catering for

the medical care and lost wages of the workers during their absence from work. This was deemed to

be a moral responsibility before being a duty (Reese, 2003). These forced payments made the

employers more safety conscious giving rise to reduced accidents rates and death rates declines

(Petersen, 1971). The Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSH Act) became effective in the United

States of America in April 1971 being applied to more than 5 million businesses and about 60 million

workers (Hammers et al., 2000).

2.4 Laws Relating to Occupational Health and Safety

2.4.1 United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, Health and Safety at Work Act of 1974 is the key legislation governing the

OSH management. This Act establishes the Health and Safety Executive (HSE). HSE is the focal OSH

regulatory authority overseeing England, Scotland and Wales. The Health and Safety Executive

Northern Ireland (HSENI), is responsible for HSE management in the Northern Ireland.

In terms of structure, currently, HSE has a management board comprising of a secretary and eight

Directors, each managing a specific unit. The Board itself is under the purview of a Chief Executive

officer. HSE used to have a separate Governing Board called Health Safety Commission (HSC). HSC

comprises of non-executive members headed by a Chair person. HSC provides broad OSH policies

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and guidance and also checkmates activities of the HSE. HSE and HSC merged in 2008 to form a

single body- HSE. In addition, HSE is also supported by a research-based agency called the Health

and Safety Laboratory (HSL). On behalf of the HSE, HSL provides workplace health and safety

research, training and consultancy services to industries, commerce sectors, Government and

professional bodies.

HSE is a Non-Departmental Public Body (NDPB) with a crown status which means that it is largely

self-determining. In terms of budgets, UK HSE is funded mainly by the Department for Work and

Pensions, grants-in-aid and incomes from major hazard sites. HSE reports to the Secretary of State for

Work and Pensions. The Secretary of State is supposed to have limited powers over HSE (Since it is

an NDPB) especially in terms of OSH law enforcement. This arrangement is meant to confer some

degree of executive independence to HSE which is good for proper OSH management.

On the other hand, HSE does not directly enforce OSH laws across all workplaces in the UK. For

instance, the mandate for UK civil nuclear safety regulation is given to the Office for Nuclear

Regulation (ONR) which is an independent statutory corporation. Like HSE, ONR reports to the

Department for Work and Pensions. ONR works closely with the Department of Energy and Climate

Change, among others. Also, enforcement of OSH regulations at certain local business outfits such as

shops, hotels and restaurants is the direct responsibility of the local authorities rather than HSE.

Similarly, certain Government agencies are responsible for safety and health administration in some

specific cases, e.g. Road traffic issues and Waste disposal are the responsibilities of Police and

Environmental agency respectively.

A major step towards OSH database building was taken in 1980 with the enactment of the Notification

of Accidents and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations (NADDOR) (S.I. 1980/637) which was

subsequently replaced by Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations

(RIDDOR) in 1995. Some of the main official OSH data sources are: Health and Safety Online

(HandS-On), HSELINE database and the Labour Force Survey (LFS) data.

For the 2013/14 fiscal year, the estimated HSE operating cost is $238.4m per year (this does not

include running costs of ONR) and the total workforce of the UK (comprising England, Scotland,

Wales and Northern Ireland) is estimated at 33.1m in March, 2014. Excluding Northern Ireland, the

total workforce of Great Britain (GB) alone is about 32.2m. Hence, it can be shown that the implied

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cost of OSH maintenance incurred by HSE per 100,000 employees is about U.S $0.741m per year

(assuming U.S $1 = GB £0.65).

Some of the early historical events standing as pillars for the current UK regulatory regime are: the

establishment of the Robert Owen's Grand National Consolidated Trades Union in 1834; enactment

of the Workmen's Compensation Act in 1897 and the Factories Act in 1961 (c. 34). Among others,

these historic events play important roles in shaping UK’s workplace in terms of employee safety,

health and welfare.

2.4.2 United States of America

Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 is the main legal basis for administration of OSH in the

United States of America. This Act establishes the Occupational Safety and Health Administration

(OSHA). OSHA is the competent statutory authority with mandate to enforce OSH regulations in the

U.S. Principally, OSHA is complemented by a research-based body called National Institute for

Occupational Safety (NIOSH); Mine Safety & Health Administration (MSHA) and Occupational

Safety and Health Review Commission (OSHRC). OSHRC entertains appeals made by duty holders

against enforcement actions. MSHA is established by the Federal Mine Safety & Health Act of 1977

and is responsible for mines safety in the U.S.

OSHA is headed by an Assistant Secretary (A.S) and reports to the Secretary of Labour who heads

the U.S Department of Labour. Two Deputy Assistant Secretaries support the A.S with management

of various Directorates. A chief of Staff, Senior Policy Advisor and Communication Officer also

report directly to the A.S. Thus, although OSHA’s budget is appropriated by the U.S congress, with

this arrangement in which OSHA boss is under the purview of the Secretary of labour as an Assistant,

OSH matters are likely to be influenced considerably by the Secretary of Labour.

U.S civilian nuclear safety management mandate is vested on the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory

Commission (NRC) which was established by the Energy Reorganization Act of 1974. Functionally,

NRC is an independent body headed by a five-member commission. The U.S President appoints one

of the five commissioners to serve as the Chairperson of the Commission.

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In terms of OSH data gathering, a notable and relatively more sustainable data collation effort began

in 1970, this was based on the “Recording and Reporting of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses” under

the Williams-Steiger Occupational Safety and Health Act (29 CFR Part 1904). Some of the important

U.S official OSH data sources are: OSHA Data Initiative (ODI) and the National Census Database.

For the 2014 fiscal year, the estimated OSHA operating cost is $552.2m and the total U.S labour force

is about 156m. Hence, the implied cost of OSH maintenance incurred by OSHA per 100,000

employees is about $0.354m per year. A number of historic events took place and culminate in the

current OSH management landscape. These include the establishment of National Labour Union in

1866; enactment of the Massachusetts Factory Act in 1877 which is the first U.S factory inspection

law. The first legal provision covering federal employees was articulated in the Federal Employers'

Liability Law of 1906. These events play significant roles in consolidating employees’ rights in terms

of OSH, collective bargaining and general welfare.

2.4.3 Nigeria

Currently, OSH management in Nigeria is largely based on the National Policy on Occupational

Safety and Health (1994) and the Factories Act (1958) which appears to be quite inadequate in terms

of coverage, empowerment, independence and currency. The very few complementary OSH related

regulations are distributed across various legal documents. In principle, the Inspectorate Division of

Ministry of Labour and Employment is vested with the responsibility of OSH management, which so

far has not been effective.

Nigerian Nuclear Regulatory Authority (NNRA) is responsible for nuclear safety and radiation

protection. NNRA was established by the Nuclear Safety and Radiation Protection Act of 1995 and

became functional in 2001. NNRA is currently under the administrative purview of Ministry of

Petroleum Resources. The requirement for duty holders to report OSH related incidents is stipulated

in the Factories Acts (1958, 1987 & 1990). However, enforcement has been poor so far. This failure

has been attributed to some structural deficiencies associated with the Factories law. For instance,

duty holders who fail to report specified OSH incidents are liable to a fine no more than N1000

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(Factories Act (1990), Section 51(4)), which is equivalent to about $6.25 (assuming U.S $1.0 = NG

N160). An important goal of sanctions, which include correction and deterrence, is defeated here.

In terms of data gathering, currently, there is no reliable online central OSH database in Nigeria.

Nevertheless, the Health Management Information System in Nigeria and the National Bureau of

Statistics are valuable sources of generic demographic data. For the 2014 fiscal year, the estimated

operating cost of the NG ID is $5.0m per year. For the same year, the total labour force of Nigeria is

about 55m. Hence the implied cost of OSH maintenance incurred by the NG ID per 100,000

employees is about $0.009m per year.

Nigerian Civil Service Union (NCSU) is among the major earlier efforts seeking to entrench the

principles of collective bargain and worker welfare in Nigeria. NCSU, which was limited to public

servants only, was legally recognized in 1938 by the Trade Union Ordinance. A number of legislations

were enacted in the last half of the 20th century, such as the National Policy on OSH Act (1994, 2006

and 2020), the Factories Act (1958, 1987 and 2004), the Labour Act (1974 & 1990) and the

Workmen's Compensation Act (No.17, 1987, Cap. W6 LFN, 2004, 2010). These key developments,

among others, define the current OSH outlook in Nigeria. While the above sections highlight some of

the major characteristics of OSH systems in the five case study countries; the following sections bring

to focus, compare and contrast some of the key notes observed in the course this study. Close reference

is made to Nigeria’s OSH system throughout the discussions.

Another agency saddled with the responsibility of guiding, directing and controlling physical

development within the Federal Capital Territory is the department of Development Control.

Development Control is the organ of the FCT Administration that is vested with the responsibility of

monitoring and ensuring compliance with all development guidelines, largely, the Abuja Master Plan

and the FCT Regional Development Plan as conceived by the founding fathers before 1979. The

Development Control was a Division under the Department of Planning and Survey before it became

a full-fledged Department of its own in 2002. Activities of Department of Development Control in the

FCT have far reaching impact on the environment, health, safety and convenience of the people. While

activities are painful and herculean to the people and officials respectively, they are nonetheless aimed

at achieving the goals and aspirations of the founders of Abuja, the new Capital City of Nigeria, one

within which people can live, work, recreate and interact with utmost ease.

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The Federal Capital City and indeed the entire Territory have witnessed flagrant abuse and distortion

of development policies and guidelines. The city has suffered unscrupulous land speculation activities,

manifested through indiscriminate conversion of flood plains and green areas, unprecedented and

spontaneous growth of slums and squalid settlements leading to the collapse of infrastructure and

other essential services, as well as an extremely low urban environmental quality. There were also

increased rate of traffic congestion, crime and haphazard development contrary to the aspirations of

the founding fathers and concepts of the Master Plan for the new capital city. It is in this vein that the

Federal Government in 2003 adopted the policy of the restoration of the Abuja Master Plan in its

entirety.

It is important to define certain terms used in the health and safety field. According to the Health and

Safety Executive, health and safety is defined as protecting people from illnesses and injuries (i.e.

harm) triggered by work-related conditions or activities (HSE, 2003). Hughes and Ferrett (2008)

defined accidents as unplanned events that result in injury or ill health of people, or damage or loss to

property, plant, material or the environment or a loss of a business opportunity. Although this

definition only considers the occurrence of an adverse outcome as being the result of an accident,

other definitions like Ridley and Channing (2003); Stranks (1994) considered the occurrence of an

adverse outcome as well as the nonoccurrence of an adverse outcome to be among the consequences

of accidents. Nonetheless, the common theme in most definitions of accidents provided in literature

is that accidents are unplanned or unexpected events.

According to Mohamed (1999), construction accidents result in tragic human events which have

tendencies to cause construction site disruptions, demotivate project personnel, hinder the

performance of projects and also damage the reputation of the construction industry. The peculiarities

associated with the construction industry as well as the emergence of regulations and international

standards, has driven several nations and organizations to explore strategies for the improvement of

their safety performance. Furthermore, in the wake of past catastrophic disasters (for example the

British Petroleum oil platform explosion in the Gulf of Mexico, the San Jose mine in Chile, the Aegean

Highway project in Greece), both developed and developing countries have further recognized the

necessity of improving safety on heavy engineering construction sites, particularly to reduce the

number of occupational accidents and injury.

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As a result, Weibye (1996) and Kandola (1997) presumed that most forward-thinking organizations

have moved from a reactive to a proactive approach towards safety. As highlighted previously, the

emergence of regulations and international standards, has driven several nations and organizations to

explore strategies for the improvement of their safety performance. Nevertheless, due to the fact that

globalization is an inevitable trend, just as construction safety is a global issue in that it is a concern

wherever construction projects are undertaken, it might be unfeasible for individual nations to legislate

in isolation because changes that once only affected their own population and possibly their nearest

neighbors now have more far-reaching consequences. Therefore, with the growing international

activities in construction there also has to be an increasing awareness of the importance of better

understanding of cross-cultural management and communication of safety related issues. So far, this

literature review has revealed the existence of dramatic events occurring within the construction

industry, thus highlighting the huge importance of safety performance.

Thus, the focus needs to be on the need to improve the process of safety in the construction industry

taking into account a wider variety of factors. In addition, it is worth mentioning that, although

compliance with regulations remains the main concern, the construction industry is starting to see a

shift from strictly compliance-driven safety programs to those that emphasize the ‘human side’ of

safety and stress the health and welfare of workers (Cesarini et al. 2013).By focusing on eradicating

dangers at the construction sites through an approach that personalizes safety and health, senior project

managers can embrace and promote a safety philosophy throughout their operational network. This

approach modifies the traditional enforcement mentality, which immediately threatens employees

who violate standard safety rules with disciplinary action. Building a safe workplace requires constant

effort and continual improvement, but the result is well worth the investment of time, resources and

money.

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2.5 Construction Safety in Nigeria and the UK

As expantiated above, the construction industry may not be entirely uniform globally because of the

wide variations from individual countries, regional and sub-regional economic structures,

occupational and governmental structures around the world. However, as stated earlier, the

construction industry still plays a vital role in boosting the economy of any nation. Due to the lack of

infrastructural expansion and underdevelopment experienced in Nigeria, the construction industry

greatly underscores in the relevance of occupational safety in construction. According to Idoro (2004)

construction industry practice and technology in Nigeria have witnessed significant foreign

participation from its colonial era to date. Studies by Diugwu et al. (2012); Idoro (2008) also

established that after several years of independence, Nigeria still relies on the health and safety

regulations of its colonial rulers.

Despite the high level of foreign patronage, Idoro (2004) concluded that safety practices in the

Nigerian construction industry have not improved. Specific findings indicated that not all foreign

construction organizations have shown evidence of better awareness of safety regulations and

practices when compared to indigenous firms (Idoro 2004). While this may not be unconnected with

the prevailing poor level of inspection of c` qonstruction sites by safety regulatory bodies, it

amplifies the urgency on the part of stakeholders in the Nigerian construction industry to improve

their current level of health and safety enforcement. Furthermore, studies show the number of fatalities

and injuries arising from construction activities in Nigeria (Ayedun et al. 2012). Quite logically, all

these impact adversely on the overall safety performance of construction organizations in Nigeria.

Therefore, while it has been observed that there have been efforts to bring improvements, it can be

concluded that there are still major gaps and deficiencies in current safety levels within the Nigerian

construction industry.

From the UK perspective, most industrial sectors in the United Kingdom collectively have safety

records which compare well to those of other European nations (HSE, 2015a 2011a). Nonetheless, the

Health and Safety Executive acknowledged that a critical examination of the Health and Safety state

within the UK construction industry still reveals a distressing situation. Statistics from the Health and

Safety Executive indicate that the United Kingdom construction industry has been closely linked with

an unattractive Health and Safety performance (HSE 2011b). Records show that the construction

sector recorded an annual average of over 60 deaths in the last 10 years (HSE 2011c). According to

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Oloke et al. (2007), the sector has recorded over 2800 work-related death in the last 25 years while

there were about 31 per cent work related deaths between 2002-2003 (Haslam et al., 2005). It is

important to state that there have been downward trends in accidents and fatalities lately because of

improvements in safety performance (Donaghy 2009). However, it was argued by Hoyle (2009) that

these reductions have merely been caused by the fewer activities caused by the impact of the recent

economic situation. With a number of accidents occurring on construction sites, there are serious

safety problems that still need to be addressed because they pose a great threat to the sustainability of

the United Kingdom construction industry. Hence, the subject of health and safety in construction

organizations has remained of great concern to industry stakeholders such as the government,

professionals, academics as well as the general public.

So far, the United Kingdom Government has launched various campaigns like “Revitalizing Health

and Safety”. In the words of former Deputy Prime Minister, John Prescott, Revitalizing Health and

Safety is about injecting a new impetus to better health and safety in all workplaces. Also, “Turning

Concern into Action” which shows the tragic cost in terms of human resources lost in construction

accidents in the United Kingdom. All these campaigns have been targeted at boosting safety within

the United Kingdom construction industry. Despite these efforts, HSE (2011b) observed that issues

of safety have still occurred on United Kingdom construction sites resulting in needless loss of

economic assets, accidents as well as the death of numerous workers. The review of literature on

safety in Nigeria and the United Kingdom established that safety has remained an important focus of

debate in the construction industry.

Cooper (1994) explained that the technical and engineering approaches have typically focused on

eliminating the possibility of accident occurrences by introducing novel safety designs, according to

Choudhry et al. (2006), the legislative approaches have not been very impactful because of limitations

of resources during implementation and monitoring, while Hale (1984) observed that despite the

opinion that safety trainings remedies most ills concerning accidents, evidence exists that this

approach has not always been effective.

Within the context of this paper, efforts have been made to add to the existing body of knowledge by

way of appraising the perspectives of senior manager’s on safety within the Nigerian and United

Kingdom construction industry. Micheal et al. (2005) noted that senior managers play an important

role towards attaining organizational safety and their commitment to safety has been identified among

18

the keys to the success of safety initiatives within organizations. It is for this reason that the barriers

and challenges of safety in construction today have been somewhat mitigated.

2.6 Trends in Developing Countries Worker Skills

This sector in every Nations economy is referred to as a labor-intensive sector (it uses number of

workers per unit of output). The laborers in the construction industry account for about 75-80% of

total work force in the industry (Habitat International, 1983). The International labour organizations

2001 report confirmed the labour-Intensive nature of most developing countries construction industry,

it stated that “despite mechanization, the industry is still largely labor-intensive especially in

developing countries” this is definitely connected with the high illiteracy rate among workers in these

countries which Nigeria is also part of and above all financial constraints making the acquisition of

such machines look challenging and impossible in some cases.

The workers are classified into three (3) groups, with respect to their skills, they are: unskilled, semi-

skilled and skilled workers though majority of workers in the construction industry are unskilled

(John, 2004). Construction work usually serves as an alternative to farmers who usually jump into it

without prior skills/adequate training (ILO, 2001). In Brazil around 1960-1980, an estimated 30

Million people left the Rural areas for Urban areas, most of this population ended up joining the

construction industry without acquiring adequate skills (ILO, 2001). Similarly, in India, about 670

unskilled workers on 11 construction sites in Delhi migrated from rural towns to urban centers, with

the major reasons behind their actions being poverty and unemployment (Anand, 2000).

In China, the growth of the construction industry also attracts excess labour from rural areas. Most of

the urban construction sites rely mainly on the labour provided by the rural workers. In 1996 Beijing

construction industry employed a total of 424,000 workers from 60 different provinces (Lu and Fox,

2001). This trend in employing such rural migrant workers by construction firms in most developing

countries might perhaps be because of the cheap labour they provide, neglecting their level of

education and training. This translates into the high number of illiterate workers in most construction

sites across developing countries (Nigeria inclusive).

19

2.7 The Role of the Employer in Site Safety

The success of any project depends on the amount of planning and quality of decisions taken on site.

Virtually all construction accidents occur as a result of lack of proper training, deficient enforcement

of safety, unsafe equipments, unsafe site conditions and poor attitude towards safety (Toole, 2002).

The employer is charged with the responsibility of overall site safety (OSHA 1926.16). They have the

highest influence on site safety because they coordinate, direct and monitor the work of employees.

The employees are usually saddled with tasks of providing labour on site, as such if they create

hazards, they must fashion out measures to protect their employees. Studies have shown that most

construction accidents can be reduced, avoided or even eliminated if effective decisions are made

during the design and planning phase of a project (Hecker, 2005).

2.8 The Role of Employees in Site Safety

It is the duty of all employees on site to guarantee a safe atmosphere for effective implementation of

building activities. Employees on site include the engineers, architects, surveyors, building

construction workers and so on and so forth.

2.9 Construction Accidents and Worker Compensation

Worker compensation is basically an insurance policy which covers injuries sustained by workers on

site. If by any means however the employer (Contractor) is liable to blame in any way possible as to

the cause of the injury legal means could be used in resolving such cases (Mitchel and Goff, 2012).

In Nigeria, it is widely believed that most compensation are based on the Contractors generosity

(Umoh, 2000). This is fact falls perfectly in line with my original perception in regards to this

peculiarity found in construction sites in Nigeria and is further aided because of the high rate of

unemployment and underdevelopment which cuts across the country.

20

2.10 Worker Compensation

Worker compensation is a collection of laws which clearly state precise benefits injured employees

are entitled to in case of occurrence of any accidents during work hours or on site (findlaw.com).

Findlwa.com a credible online resource for legal issues presented some entitlements to workers as

follows:

Medical Care: The worker has the right to all available medical care to cure or reduce the effect of the

injury. All medical bills drug prescriptions and even transportation to and from the Hospital is to be

covered by the employer. The Worker is however bound by the worker compensation benefits to use

the company Doctor though they could seek for care elsewhere after 30 days with a written request to

that effect.

Temporary Disability: If the nature of the injury sustained entails the worker taking some time off the

job, the worker might be entitled to temporary disability payments, though these payments will not be

up to the normal wages earned. It normally equals about two-thirds of the workers’ weekly pay.

Permanent Disability: Workers are entitled to some monetary benefits in cases when they fail to

recover fully from injuries sustained. This form of disability implies that the worker cannot compete

in the labour market with other healthy workers. In order to determine the amount to be paid as

compensation, the age of the affected worker, occupation and earnings are usually considered. Such

a worker might also be trained in other vocations in which they can perform with the disability in

order to help serve as a source of income in the future.

For effectiveness of such claims by the workers, they should ensure the following:

• Report the injuries to their employers, best done in writing keeping a personal copy for record

purposes.

• Complete a claims form, also keep a copy of the claims form filled. The employer is then mandated

to the Workers compensation Insurance Company for assistance.

• All these processes should however be completed as soon as possible to avoid delays, (findlaw.com,

2013).

21

2.11 Statistical Distribution of Building Construction Site Accidents

According to the National Safety Council (NSC), the statistical distribution of accidents experienced

in building construction sites is as follows: Hand tools- 8%, transport-6%, machinery-8%, being struck

by falling objects-11%, Personal falls-27%, handling of materials-26% and miscellaneous-6%. These

statistics give a clue about the sources of accidents on building sites.

2.12 Trends Associated with Accidents on Construction sites

Studies have shown that younger less experienced workers experience more work injuries than older

experienced workers (Breslin et al 2003). According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics, age group

0-14 and 15-24 experienced more injuries in 2001. They were of the opinion that the older the age

group of workers, the less accidents cases experienced.

In the United States of America, Canada and Europe however, adolescents are frequently injured

making it suitable to be considered a public health hazard (Breslin et al., 2003). The study showed

that male adolescents experienced accidents 1.5 - 4 times more than those over 25 years old. Prenesti

(1996) also showed that workers above 25 years are more likely to be injured than older workers, he

further stated that young workers rarely know their rights and hence they were easily manipulated by

employers to participate in unsafe tasks. The basic risks young workers take is trying to grow up too

fast (Wortham, 1998) thus adequate training and supervision is essential when employing the services

of young workers. Dehaas (1996) also suggested that training and supervision were critical to young

workers safety, recommending the implementation of induction processes on sites in order to address

workplace hazards and training. Rix (2001) in his research on work injuries in America showed that

workers within the age ranges of 16-19 years accounted for 3.5 % of injuries, 20-24 years accounted

for 11.6%, 25-34 years had 28.2%,35-44 years with 28.2%, 45-54 years with 18%, 55-64 years with

7.6 % and those Over 65years accounting for about 1.2% of the injuries. The Bureau of Labour

Statistics estimated that about 150,000 accidents occur on construction sites each year with workers

between the age of 25 and 34 years being most likely to be injured.

However, Wang Yousong (1998) in a study conducted in China from the construction site statistics

concluded that there was no significant relationship between accidents and age group, i.e. the

22

probability of accidents occurring across all age groups on site is the same. In Nigeria, there is little

to or no statistics about workers safety issues, this makes it look as if the problem is a Western one

because most data available are obtained from these western countries whereas the reality on ground

is that such problems are more rampant in developing nations like Nigeria.

2.13 Construction Accidents and Body Injury

Research has shown that contusions and cuts were the most common injury types accounting for about

29.4% and 22.4% respectively (El-Shafei, 2007). A hospital showed that lacerations had 37%, sprain,

strains and pain had 22.3% and contusions/abrasions accounted for 15.3%. Cases of injuries to the eye

where about 10.8% while fractures had 8.7% (Hunting et al., 2004). Non-fatal injuries like lacerations

were common among construction workers in Egypt. These injuries usually occurred on the upper

and lower limbs of the body, interestingly none of the injured workers reported receiving first-aid

treatment (Reem Abbas et al., 2013).

2.14 Building Construction Worker

The term building construction worker refers to a person engaged in the physical construction of a

building. These individuals could be either skilled or unskilled, depending on the nature of work they

are expected to perform on the building site. (sokanu.com). Building construction workers perform a

wide range of tasks, although virtually all these tasks require some form of training and experience,

some can be performed with little or no skills. The typical building site worker executes some basic

tasks like:

• Load or unload building materials to be used on site.

• Clean and prepare construction sites by removing all the debris and potential hazards around

the site.

• Operate machines used in construction works (concrete mixers, cranes etc).

23

2.15 Health and Safety Regulations

Effective regulations are fundamental in ensuring employees state of work in the delivery of

construction projects in safe atmosphere. Idoro (2008) and (2011) observed that almost all the existing

safety and health regulations in Nigeria originated from foreign countries. The Factories Act of 1990

is an adaptation of the UK Factories Act of 1961 (Idoro, 2008) while the Occupation Safety and Health

OSH Act of 1970 was said to originate from America. The control of substances hazardous to health

regulation of 1988, the PPE at work regulations of 1992, and management of health and safety at work

regulations of 1999 are all British regulations (Idoro, 2011). The first effort in terms of regulation

relating to health and safety at work in Nigeria was the Factories Act of 1958 (Dodo, 2014). This Act

was repealed and replaced by Factories decree 16 and workman compensation decree No. 17 which

became effective in 1990. The Factories Act of 1990 (Article 47 and 48) contains regulations

governing the provisions of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for workers. Idoro (2011)

concluded that neither the Factories act of 1990 nor the PPE (EC directive) 1992, sufficiently capture

the construction sites and their operations, which indicated that construction works in Nigeria is

unregulated in terms of occupational health and safety.

2.16 Enforcement of Regulations

The enforcement of any type of regulation is basically crucial for ensuring the efficacy of such

regulation. Idubur and Osiamoje (2013) stated that “regulation devoid of enforcement is tantamount

to no law”. This by implication means that lack of proper enforcement of health and safety regulations

often permits non-compliance which consequently contributes to poor state of occupational health and

safety (Umeakafor et al., 2014a; 2014b). The Federal ministry of Labour and Employment

(Inspectorate Division) is responsible for the enforcement of these regulations whose main focus is

the protection of health and welfare of people in the workplace and people that may be adversely

affected by the activities of the workplace.

The enforcement of occupational safety and Health in Nigeria has not been effective over the years,

which could be attributed to lack of proper funding and lack of basic resources and training (Dodo,

24

2014), lack of safety culture, lack of implementation culture (Umeakafor et al., 2014a; 2014b and

2014c), culture dimensions (Okolie and Okoye, 2012) and lack of training (Adenuga et al., 2007 and

Akpan, 2013) and overall corruption plaguing the industry. The benefits of enforcement of

occupational health and safety regulations are evident in countries with remarkable health and safety

records like the UK, USA and Germany. Even though there is no reliable data to establish the level of

compliance and enforcement of health and safety regulations in Nigeria, evidences have indicated that

enforcement and compliance to regulations is not a typical activity which is considered as a contributor

for the low performance of the Nigerian construction industry.

2.17 Health and Safety Management

A proactive safety management system has the core attributes of systematic identification of hazards,

assessment and control of risks, evaluation and effective implementation of risk control measures

(Bluff, 2003). The integration of health and safety measures in to the total quality management system

within the construction sector could significantly contribute to cost efficiency, quality assurance,

environmental sustainability and better employer-employee relationship (Okolie and Okoye, 2012).

The adoption of health and safety management system demonstrates in practical terms the readiness

of any organization to bring to minimum the frequency and severity of accidents, ill health and damage

to property (Diugwu et al., 2012). Health and safety management system therefore highlights and

emboldens the awareness of responsibilities and aspects of occupational safety and health as well as

the impact of health and safety standards on the performance of organizations.

Diugwu et al. (2012) is of the view that the potency of health and safety management system depends

on the existence of functional health and safety laws which guarantees the health, safety and welfare

of workers and visitors. Digwu et al., (2012) further observed that there is a serious gap in health and

safety management in Nigeria due largely to dysfunctional laws causing apparent lack of regulations

which conforms with the assertion of Idoro (2011) that the country is lacking requisite statutory

occupational health and safety laws, reiterating that even those in force are skeletal in nature and

nonfunctional. It was also concluded that the existing safety management system is poorly organized

and characterized by ineffective and poor documentation. This is further demonstrated by the

frequency of number of accidents being recorded by construction companies (Olutuase 2014).

25

2.18 Conclusion

The literature reviewed provided the required help in the Nigerian culture in regards to health and

safety on construction sites compared to the United Kingdom and USA. Studies available to the

researcher on Nigerian culture in regards to health and safety on construction sites were reviewed

based on the literature available. While reviewing credible sources of information, knowledge gaps

were identified which further justifies the needed impetus for the present study. Some of these gaps

include gaps in enforcement of outlined legislations, lack of proper safety training of site employees,

lack of proper safety management systems and so on. Therefore, the present study is aimed at closing

the identified gaps by generating data on the resources available through critical analysis and broad

open-minded observations.

26

CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

This chapter presents the methodology used to explore the standard of occupational health and safety

on construction sites in Nigeria (Abuja). Having undergone a review of literature, the observations

were compiled into a well-structured questionnaire. In order to achieve the objectives, set for the

study, it is important to consider the kind of method being adopted (Naoum, 2001). This necessitated

the gathering of information using the following sub-headings: Research Design, Area of the Study,

Population of the Study, Sample and Sampling techniques, Instrument for data collection, Validity of

the Instrument, Reliability of the Instrument, Method of data collection using the Likert scale and

Method for data analysis.

3.2 Research Design

This study adopted the Online Survey Research Design. It was deemed appropriate for this study,

Osuala (2005) said that it is a design which studies a population through a sample in order to determine

the status of a given phenomenon. Furthermore, Best and Kahn (2006) pointed out that the design

collects relatively large data at a given time, and it is essentially cross-sectional because it is interested

in the statistics that result when data are abstracted from a number of individual cases.

Finally, Olayiwola (2007) related that it describes a particular state of affairs at a given time and draws

inferences from the sample group, using appropriate statistical technique(s). Therefore, since the study

made use of the online questionnaire which was distributed among the respondents, the Online Survey

design was seen as meeting the necessary requirement for the study.

3.3 Area of Study

Abuja is Nigeria’s Federal Capital Territory. The Capital Territory came into existence by virtue of

the Federal Capital Act of 1976, it covers a land mass of about 8,000 square kilometers with six (6)

area councils namely: Municipal, Abaji, Bwari, Gwagwalada, Kuje and kwali. The FCT was created

27

on 4th February, 1976 but developmental activities started around 1980. The Federal administration

formally moved to Abuja in 1991. Abuja is bounded by Kaduna in the north, Niger on the west, plateau

on east and south-east and Kogi state on south-west. Abuja falls within latitude 7º25' N and 9º 20º

north of the equator and longitude 5º 45' and 7º 39'.

Figure 3.1: Map of Abuja

The Federal capital Territory Administration (FCTA) was established on 31st December 2004 the

FCTA since its inception till date has played a pivotal role in the governance and developmental

activities of Abuja. It is under the supervision of the minister of the FCT, the minister is assisted by a

Permanent Secretary and Directors. The minister reports to the president of the country. The president

has the final say on all administrative issues and policies.

3.4 Population of the Study

The total population of the study is 35 respondents comprising of all workers in private organizations

in the construction sector. Adeniyi et al (2011) defines population as the total number of large

habitations of people in one geographical area, it often connotes all the members of the target of the

study as defined by the aims and objectives of the study.

28

3.5 Sample and Sampling Technique

Due to few numbers of the respondents, the entire population was used, which is the entire 35

respondents.

3.6 Description of Instruments for Data Collection

The five-point Likert rating scale questionnaire was used in this study and 13 items were used for

the study. It will be made up of two sections. Section A consist of demographic information of the

respondents while Sections B consist of the questionnaire items which will be designed to collect data

to answer the research questions of the study. The rating scale used was: Strongly Agree: 5; Agree: 4;

Neither Agree nor Disagree: 3; Disagree: 2 and Strongly Disagree: 1.

3.7 Validity of the Instrument

The instrument was subjected to face and content validation by my Project Supervisor. Validity is

often defined as the extent to which an instrument measures what it purports to measure, the

instrument measurers what is intended to measure (Kimbelin & Winterstein, 2008).

3.8 Reliability of Research Instrument

In order to ensure the validity of the questionnaires, they were designed in a simple and straight

forward manner, they are easy to read and respond to. The questionnaire was issued online via a

Google form.

3.9 Method of Data Collection

The data for the study will be collected from two (2) main sources namely: Primary Source and

Secondary Source.

Primary Source: This represents the main source of data used for the research. The primary data were

obtained from questionnaires issued by personal on-site interactions in addition to online

29

interviews/interactions with the respondents. The questionnaires were quite simple to read and

understand, this helped facilitate participation of the respondents especially the workers. The

questionnaire was carried out using the Likert 5-point scale.

3.10 Likert Scale

In 1932, Rensis Likert, a psychologist interested in measuring people's opinions or attitudes on a

variety of items, developed the original Likert scale. Today, Likert scales are widely used in social

and educational research. A Likert scale is a psychometric scale commonly involved in research used

to represent people's opinions and attitudes to a topic or subject matter. It employs questionnaires,

often used interchangeably with a rating scale, although there are other types of rating scales to

measure opinions.

A Likert scale is basically a scale used to represent people's opinions and attitudes to a topic or

subject matter. The Likert scale ranges from one extreme to another, for example “extremely likely”

to “not at all likely. It uses psychometric testing to measure beliefs, attitudes, and opinions of subjects.

Likert scale is important for research because it can be used to measure someone's attitude by

measuring the extent to which they agree or disagree with a particular question or statement. Likert

Scale questions constitute one of the most widely used tools in researching popular opinion.

Secondary Source: An extensive literature review was undertaken on topics related to occupational

health and safety in order to have a sound knowledge of the topic. Research journals, academic thesis

and conference papers were the main sources of the secondary data gathered. The secondary data

helped in shaping out the structure of the research questionnaire.

The questionnaire was issued and retrieved online, some were retrieved on the same day of issuance

while some were retrieved days later. This was because some of the respondents claimed they were

too busy on site so they will fill them when less busy. Out of the thirty-five (35) questionnaires issued

online none was returned unfilled. This made the response rate to be 100% which is adequate

(Oladapo,2005). Newman et al (2002) cited in Fedrick (2010) suggested that a response rate of about

30% was adequate for construction industry studies.

30

3.11 Procedure for Data Collection

An introductory letter was obtained from Head of Department. The questionnaire was administered

to the respondents. This procedure afforded the opportunity to further explain the items to the

respondents and also enhanced collection of the completed questionnaire forms.

3.12 Method of Data Analysis

Data was collected and analyzed using descriptive statistics. Descriptive statistics essentially involves

the computation of simple frequency and percentage to describe the demographic information and to

answer research questions and presented in a tabular form for discussion.

31

CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Introduction

This chapter gives the report of the findings of this study based on the data collected from the

respondents. The bio data of the respondents consisting of the Gender, Age and Educational

Qualification were presented under the analysis of the demographic variables of the respondents. They

therefore consisted of the first set of data and were presented in tables of frequencies and percentage

scores. Furthermore, to answer the research questions, each of the questionnaire items was analyzed

using the Five-point Likert scale with a bench mark of mean score of 3 which indicates neither agree

nor disagree.

To allow for good analysis of the items, better judgment and conclusion, the data collected on each of

the items were summarized into agree and disagree. The summaries, frequencies, percentage scores

and mean scores as well as the grand mean scores were presented in tables under the analysis of the

research questions.

4.2 Analysis of Demographic Variables of Respondents

The demographic variables of respondents were analyzed under their respective subheadings and

presented in tables below:

Table 4.1: Distribution of respondents by gender

Gender Frequency Percentage (%)

Male 28 80

Female 7 20

TOTAL 35 100

Source: Online study from the 3rd of June till the 10th of June 2021

32

Figure 4.1: Pie chart Distribution of respondents by gender

Table 4.1 showed that 28 respondents, representing 80% were males, while the remaining 7

respondents representing 20% were females. This indicated that males constituted the largest

proportion of respondents in this questionnaire.

Table 4.2: Distribution of Respondents by Age Group

Age Frequency Percentage(%)

18-30 12 35

30 and above 23 65

TOTAL 35 100


33

Figure 4.2: Pie chart Distribution of respondents by Age Group

Table 4.2 above showed the distribution of respondents based on their years of experience. Twelve

(12) respondents (35%) were between 18 – 30 years. Those ranging from 30 – above were 23 which

constituted 65%. This is an indication that the majority of the respondents (23) representing 65% of

the total respondents are matured with multiple years of construction experience.

Table 4.3: Distribution of Respondents by Educational Background

Educational Background Frequency Percentage(%)

Undergraduate 5 15

Graduate 30 85

TOTAL 35 100


34

Figure 4.3: Pie chart Distribution of respondents by Educational Background

Table 4.3 above showed the distribution of respondents based on their background of education.

Five (5) respondents (15%) were Undergraduates while 30 which constituted 85% were of graduate

level or higher. This is an indication that majority (30 respondents representing 85%) of the

respondents are Graduates and Educated people.

4.3 Answers to Research Questions

Ten research questions were answered based on analysis of data as contained in tables 4.4 to 4.13

in line with the respondents' responses to the questionnaire items. All the responses were analyzed

using the mean scores obtained from the Five-point Likert scale questionnaire used for the collection

of the data. For better understanding and clear interpretation, the data were grouped into agreed and

disagreed and the grand mean scores formed the basis for final decision on each of the research

questions.

The details of the responses are presented in the section below.

35

Table 4.4 Summary of mean responses on how good health and safety practices

are being upheld at construction sites in Abuja.

s/n Statements Responses Frequency Percentage

1 As an individual

with experience

at construction

sites in Abuja,

would you say

good health and

safety practices

were being

upheld?

Strongly Agree

Agree

Neither Agree/Disagree

Strongly Disagree

Disagree

2

7

11

1

14

6%

20%

31%

3%

40%

TOTAL 35 100

Source: Online study, 2021

Figure 4.4: Pie chart Distribution of results

36

Table 4.4 presents the responses to research question one. In response to question 1, a total of 2 (6%)

of the respondents strongly agreed that good health and safety practices are being upheld at

construction sites in Abuja, 7 (20%) respondents agree that good health and safety practices are being

upheld at construction sites in Abuja, 11 (31%) represents the respondents who neither Agree or

disagree on the motion, 1 (3%) of the respondents strongly disagreed while 14 of the respondents

representing 40% disagreed.

The table above reveals that majority of the respondents 40% representing 14 respondents disagreed

that good health and safety practices are being upheld at construction sites in Abuja.

Table 4.5 Summary of mean responses on weather sufficient personal protective

equipment were provided while on site in Abuja


2 While on site,

would you say you

were provided with

sufficient personal

protective

equipment?

Strongly Agree

Agree


Strongly Disagree

Disagree

1

11

7

-

16

3%

31%

20%

0%

46%

TOTAL 35 100


37


Table 4.5 presents the responses to research question two. In response to question 2, a total of 1 (3%)

of the respondents strongly agreed that sufficient personal protective equipment were provided while

on site in Abuja, 11 (31%) respondents agree that sufficient personal protective equipment were

provided while on site in Abuja, 7 (20%) represents the respondents who neither Agree or disagree on

the motion, 0 (0%) of the respondents strongly disagreed while 16 of the respondents representing

46% disagreed.

From the above table, it means that majority of the respondents 46% representing 16 respondents

disagreed that sufficient personal protective equipment were provided while on site in Abuja.

Table 4.6: Summary of mean responses on how sufficient training was provided

to employees in Abuja.


3 Would you say

sufficient training

was provided to

employees?

Strongly Agree

Agree


Strongly Disagree

Disagree

2

5

7

3

18

6%

14 %

20%

9%

51%

TOTAL 35 100

38



Table 4.6 presents the responses to research question three. In response to question 3, a total of 2

(6%) of the respondents strongly agreed that sufficient training was provided to employees while on

site in Abuja, 5 (14%) respondents agree that sufficient training was provided to employees while on

site in Abuja while on site in Abuja, 7 (20%) represents the respondents who neither Agree or disagree

on the motion, 3 (9%) of the respondents strongly disagreed while 18 of the respondents representing

51% disagreed.

From the above table, it means that majority of the respondents 51% representing 18

respondents disagreed that sufficient training was provided to employees while on site in Abuja.

Table 4.7 Summary of mean responses on the Federal ministry of Labor and

Employment has done a good job in regards to the regulation of health & safety

on construction sites in Abuja.


4 Would you say the

Federal ministry of

Strongly Agree

Agree

3

6

9%

17%

39

Labor and Employment

has done a good job in

regards to the regulation

of health & safety on

construction sites?


Strongly Disagree

Disagree

7

5

14

20%

14%

40%

TOTAL 35 100



Table 4.7 presents the responses to research question four. In response to question 3, a total of 3

(9%) of the respondents strongly agreed that Federal ministry of Labor and Employment has done a

good job in regards to the regulation of health & safety on construction sites in Abuja, 6 (17%)

respondents agree that Federal ministry of Labor and Employment has done a good job in regards to

the regulation of health & safety on construction sites in Abuja, 7 (20%) represents the respondents

who neither Agree or disagree that Federal ministry of Labor and Employment has done a good job

in regards to the regulation of health & safety on construction sites in Abuja, 5 (14%) of the

40

respondents strongly disagreed while 14 of the respondents representing 40% disagreed with the

statement.

From the table above, it is obvious that majority of the respondents 40% representing 14

respondents disagreed that Federal ministry of Labor and Employment has done a good job in regards

to the regulation of health & safety on construction sites in Abuja.

Table 4.8 Summary of mean responses on weather nonprofessional

workers/laborers have a good understanding of health & safety and their rights in

Abuja.


5 Would you say

nonprofessional

workers/laborers have a

good understanding of

health & safety and their

rights?

Strongly Agree

Agree


Strongly Disagree

Disagree

1

2

6

8

18

3%

6%

17%

23%

51%

TOTAL 35 100


41


Table 4.8 presents the responses to research question five. In response to question 5, a total of 1

(3%) of the respondents strongly agreed that nonprofessional workers/laborers have a good

understanding of health & safety and their rights in Abuja, 2 (6%) respondents agree that

nonprofessional workers/laborers have a good understanding of health & safety and their rights in

Abuja, 6 (17%) represents the respondents who neither Agree or disagree that nonprofessional

workers/laborers have a good understanding of health & safety and their rights in Abuja, 8 (23%) of

the respondents strongly disagreed while 18 of the respondents representing 51% disagreed with the

statement.

The results from the above table shows that majority of the respondents 51% representing 18

respondents disagreed that nonprofessional workers/laborers have a good understanding of health &

safety and their rights in Abuja.

Table 4.9 Summary of mean responses on weather how students in Nigerian

Universities studying construction related courses are being given sufficient

technical training before graduation.

42


6 Would you say students

in Nigerian Universities

studying construction

related courses are

being given sufficient

technical training before

graduating?

Strongly Agree

Agree


Strongly Disagree

Disagree

0

10

5

8

12

0%

29%

14%

23%

44%

TOTAL 35 100



Table 4.9 presents the responses to research question six. In response to question 6, a total of 0

representing (0%) of the respondents strongly agreed that students in Nigerian Universities studying

construction related courses are being given sufficient technical training before graduation, 10 (29%)

respondents agree that students in Nigerian Universities studying construction related courses are

43

being given sufficient technical training before graduation, 5 (14%) represents the respondents who

neither Agree or disagree that students in Nigerian Universities studying construction related courses

are being given sufficient technical training before graduation, 8 (23%) of the respondents strongly

disagreed that students in Nigerian Universities studying construction related courses are being given

sufficient technical training before graduation while 12 of the respondents representing 44% disagreed

with the statement.

The results from the above table indicates that majority of the respondents 44% representing

12 respondents disagreed that students in Nigerian Universities studying construction related courses

are being given sufficient technical training before graduation.

Table 4.10 Summary of mean responses on how development controls are

competent and diligent in their duties and dealings.


7 Would you say

development controls

are competent and

diligent in their duties

and dealings?

Strongly Agree

Agree


Strongly Disagree

Disagree

1

8

10

3

13

3%

23%

29%

9%

36%

TOTAL 35 100


44


Table 4.10 presents the responses to research question seven. In response to question 7, a total of 1

representing (3%) of the respondents strongly agreed that development controls are competent and

diligent in their duties and dealings, 8 (23%) respondents agree that development controls are

competent and diligent in their duties and dealings, 10 (29%) represents the respondents who neither

Agree or disagree that development controls are competent and diligent in their duties and dealings,

3 (6%) of the respondents strongly disagreed that development controls are competent and diligent in

their duties and dealings while 13 of the respondents representing 36% disagreed that development

controls are competent and diligent in their duties and dealings.

This implies that the majority of the respondents 36% representing 13 respondents disagreed

that development controls are competent and diligent in their duties and dealings.

Table 4.11 Summary of mean responses on weather private companies keep a

higher standard of occupation safety and health than projects carried out by

government.

45


8 Would you say projects

carried out by private

companies keep a

higher standard of

occupation safety and

health than government

projects?

Strongly Agree

Agree


Strongly Disagree

Disagree

7

12

8

-

8

20%

34%

23%

0%

23%

TOTAL 35 100



Table 4.11 presents the responses to research question eight. In response to question 8, a total of 71

representing (20%) of the respondents strongly agreed that private companies keep a higher standard

46

of occupation safety and health than projects carried out by government, 12 (34%) respondents agree

that private companies keep a higher standard of occupation safety and health than projects carried

out by government, 8 (23%) represents the respondents who neither Agree or disagree that private

companies keep a higher standard of occupation safety and health than projects carried out by

government, 0 (0%) of the respondents strongly disagreed that private companies keep a higher

standard of occupation safety and health than projects carried out by government while 8 of the

respondents representing 23% disagreed that private companies keep a higher standard of occupation

safety and health than projects carried out by government.

This implies that the majority of the respondents 34% representing 12 respondents agreed that

private companies keep a higher standard of occupation safety and health than projects carried out by

government.

Table 4.12 Summary of mean responses on weather relationships between clients,

consultants and constructors are generally good from your experience.


9 Would you say you

have experienced

generally good

relationships between

clients, consultants and

constructors?

Strongly Agree

Agree


Strongly Disagree

Disagree

2

25

7

-

1

6%

71%

20%

0%

3%

TOTAL 35 100


47


Table 4.12 presents the responses to research question nine. In response to question 9, a total of 2

representing (6%) of the respondents strongly agreed that relationships between clients, consultants

and constructors are generally good from your experience, 25 (71%) respondents agree that

relationships between clients, consultants and constructors are generally good from your experience,

7 (20%) represents the respondents who neither Agree or disagree that relationships between clients,

consultants and constructors are generally good from your experience, 0 (0%) of the respondents

strongly disagreed that relationships between clients, consultants and constructors are generally good

from your experience while 1 of the respondents representing 3% disagreed that relationships between

clients, consultants and constructors are generally good from your experience.


relationships between clients, consultants and constructors are generally good from your experience.

Table 4.13 Summary of mean responses on whether the government has done

enough in the pursuit of good occupational health and safety practices in Abuja

construction


10 Would you say the

government has done

enough in the pursuit of

Strongly Agree

Agree


3

7

9

9%

20%

25%

48

good occupational

health and safety

practices in Abuja

construction?

Strongly Disagree

Disagree

2

14

6%

40%

TOTAL 35 100



Table 4.13 presents the responses to research question ten. In response to question 10, a total of 3

representing (9%) of the respondents strongly agreed the government has done enough in the pursuit

of good occupational health and safety practices in Abuja construction, 7 (20%) respondents agree

that the government has done enough in the pursuit of good occupational health and safety practices

in Abuja construction, 9 (25%) represents the respondents who neither Agree or disagree that the

government has done enough in the pursuit of good occupational health and safety practices in Abuja

construction, 2 (6%) of the respondents strongly disagreed that the government has done enough in

the pursuit of good occupational health and safety practices in Abuja construction while 14 of the

respondents representing 40% disagreed the government has done enough in the pursuit of good

occupational health and safety practices in Abuja construction.

49


the government has done enough in the pursuit of good occupational health and safety practices in

Abuja construction.

4.4 Summary of Major Findings

Based on the specific objectives and research questions used for the study, the following were

the major findings of the study:

1. Good health and safety practices are being NOT being upheld at private construction sites in

Abuja.

2. Sufficient personal protective equipment was not provided for workers while on site in Abuja.

3. Sufficient training was not provided to employees while on site in Abuja.

4. Federal ministry of Labor and Employment has not done a good job in regards to the regulation

of health & safety on construction sites in Abuja.

5. Nonprofessional workers/laborers don’t have a good understanding of health & safety and

their rights in Abuja.

6. Students in Nigerian Universities studying construction related courses are not given sufficient

technical training before graduation.

7. Development controls are not competent and diligent in their duties and dealings.

8. Private companies keep a higher standard of occupation safety and health than projects carried

out by government.

9. Relationships between clients, consultants and constructors are generally good from your

experience.

10. The government has not done enough in the pursuit of good occupational health and safety

practices in Abuja construction.

50

4.5 Discussion of Major Findings

This study considered the Practiced standards of occupational health and safety on

construction sites in Nigerian compared to practices in the UK and USA. The results from most

interviews suggest that knowledge and skills of people planning and executing construction projects,

work, legislations of the construction industry, cost of safety implementation and safety in the

construction industry.

Regarding legislations governing safety within the construction industry in UK, what emerged

from the findings is that there are substantial amounts of legislations relating to construction safety

and this aligns with the major literature. According to Horbury and Hope (1999), from the inception

of the twentieth century several regulations have been put in place to control activities and address

specific problems on construction sites in the United Kingdom. From the construction regulations of

1961 and 1966 which were more concerned with the requirements for plant and equipment safety,

legislations governing safety in the construction industry have evolved (Horbury and Hope 1999).

Previous efforts resulted in the introduction of the Construction Design and Management (CDM)

regulations. Various revisions of the CDM culminated in the current CDM regulations in 2015 (HSE

2015). This current regulation integrates health and safety into the management of projects and

encourages everyone involved to work together with the overarching aim of improving the general

health and safety of the construction industry workforce and stakeholders. Generally, it can be

concluded that the safety legislations in the UK construction industry have been developed to ensure

management of construction businesses from mere measures adopted in accident prevention to

embrace more systematic and proactive approaches to minimizing the risk of hazards.

On culture, the findings demonstrated that culture embraces the values and system of meanings

peculiar to a group of people which are learned and shared by them (Ankrah et al. 2009). When put

in perspective, culture has the potential to shape the behavior of individuals, groups of individuals

within organizations, industries and societies. This distinctive ability of culture to shape the behaviors

of individuals is of high significance within the construction industry because of its peculiar nature of

service delivery which involves the congregation of diverse participants who regularly have differing

orientations or objectives.

Abeysekera (2002) described culture within construction as the characteristics of the industry,

approaches to construction, competence of craftsmen and people who work in the industry, the goals,

values and strategies of the organizations they work in. In noncomplex terms, culture within the

51

construction industry is about what is carried out, how and when it is done, who is involved and why

certain things follow particular patterns. The generic overview of culture provided can be put in

context with safety which forms the core of this paper. Thus, safety culture can be tersely described

as those shared values, beliefs, attitudes and behaviors individuals, groups of individuals have

regarding safety.

52

CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND

RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Summary

This study is determining the practiced standards of occupational health and safety on private

construction sites in Abuja Nigeria. The aim and objectives of this study were sufficiently completed,

related literatures were reviewed in the study. A research design used in the study was of an online

survey method. The target population was projected to cover those in the Construction industry in

Abuja.

Data collected were analyzed using frequency counts and simple percentage scores to describe the

demographic information of the respondents and answered the research questions provided. The

results showed that the majority of the respondents strongly agree that the occupational health and

safety on construction sites are being not being upheld. It was concluded that it is not the number of

employees an organization has that determines its effectiveness but the quality of workers. It’s also

recommended that there is an inevitable need to promote and sustain the standards of occupational

health and safety in construction sites especially dealing with employee/worker health.

5.2 Conclusion

The importance attached to the safety of workers on construction sites can never be overemphasized.

This is due to the occurrence of accidents on sites result in far reaching consequences like delays in

project completion time, alter overall cost of executing project, taint the reputation of the construction

firm, de-motivate the co-workers and in some cases lead to death.

This work has explored the safety aspect of building construction practice in the Federal Capital

Territory, pointing out issues faced by the workers on site, the shortcomings on the part of the

construction companies in providing some basic safety materials and facilities was exposed. Though

the employers overwhelmingly signified their knowledge/awareness of the available safety

regulations guiding the industry, this research indicated they obviously neglected implementing them.

This indicated that the responsible governmental agencies and ministerial departments in charge of

the construction industry are seriously lacking in carrying out their roles and services.

53

There was a consensus between the Site staff and workers, they both believed lack of safety training

was the major cause of accidents experienced. Educational qualification is also an important aspect

which needs to be addressed.

Review of literature on the available legislations in Nigerian construction sector revealed that

virtually all the laws are old and outdated taking resources from the health and safety at work act of

1974. These regulations urgently need to be updated to cater the peculiarities of the Nigerian

construction sites.

This research revealed that Nigerian construction workers lack safety consciousness in their

practice, it further revealed that the workers do not get adequate training before they start work. The

longer years spent on site, the fewer amounts of accidents experienced by the workers, it was however

observed that the older workers had more awareness of their rights and privileges this having to do

largely with their educational background.

5.3 Recommendation

Based on the findings of this research, the following recommendations are believed to have a

significant impact if implemented:

1. The government should ensure all construction sites erect safety signs before construction can

commence. Pictorial books/leaflets presenting different hazardous working conditions should

also be provided for the workers, these books should contain just pictures so it would be easily

understood by even the illiterate workers. In cases where write-ups are needed, it is strongly

recommended that they are translated into Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba languages which are the

three (3) most popular languages in Nigeria. This will benefit workers who understand either

of the languages.

2. The federal ministry of labor, the Nigerian institute of safety professionals and Development

Control who are the agencies with oversight functions of ensuring strict implementation of the

regulations should be strengthened and provided with the legal backing to carry out their roles

effectively, accident documentation on these sites should be done effectively.

3. The establishment of a Nigerian building society will help check the activities of building

practice in Nigeria. Building societies are available in other countries of the world as such

Nigeria should replicate this.

54

4. Nigeria lacks a construction industry training board (CITB), it should be established to serve

the purpose of training and advisory services for the construction workers.

5. The Council for the regulation of building in Nigeria (CORBON) and Nigerian institute of

building (NIOB) should be strengthened and giving all legal backings in order to carry out

their statutory responsibilities effectively.

6. Nigerian employers should be sensitized on the need for adopting safety measures first before

considering profit making and other benefits.

7. The Insurance companies should make insurance of workers on site a priority.

8. The available regulations urgently need to be updated. Most importantly they should be

updated into solely Nigerian versions making them suitable for implementation on Nigerian

construction sites. The bill for the enforcement of the National building code of Nigeria passed

in 2006 also needs to be passed by the national assembly.

9. A National bank of commerce and industry could be set up in Nigeria, it will specifically deal

with financial issues related to the labor sector. Registered building site workers could get

financial assistance from such banks.

10. Site meetings should be encouraged on site, such meetings will enable workers express their

grievances, observations and challenges to their employers easily.

5.4 Future Work

These are some works that can be done in future which further delves into the topic at hand at different

scopes:

• In future, more research should be conducted with a larger pool of respondents which should

include government related construction so as to gain a clearer understanding of Abuja

construction.

• In future, research should be conducted in different regions within Nigeria so as to understand

culture on different sites in different areas.

• In future, interviews can be conducted with workers and laborers to gain a deeper

understanding of their own experiences.

55

• In future, an online medium should be created where the National Information Management

System (NIMS) on occupational accidents, injuries and diseases can be accessed and easily

updated.

56

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