IIcuuslererasr Hrant Dink vakf YaymlanHalaskargazi Cad. Sebat Apt.No 74/1 Osman bey, ~i~li34371 Istanbul0212240336502122403394

u,rbl>trSu,4U, 'vU,5n'1, I>UIi>u,'v'llnI>LI>~U,8 ~u,rSu,ru,'IlbS'vbrQ

ARMENIAN ARCHITECTS OF ISTANBULIN THE ERA OF WESTERNIZATION

Unla q.l1PIHll.4wl.I1PWUlllnlwb t fl-hljt1lhup.b:p 20lD-pIT J"lura-wGUjnll./1 uti!: U1b:llJ1mlltgwb«u,rb~trSu,4U, 'v U,5n'l, I>UIO'u,'v'll ru-u- ~U,8o'u.rSu.ru,'11bS'i..JbrQ}} tunpUlq.pml. gmgwfiwG'1-tur arrtG GbflU:

This book is prepared within the scope of the exhibition"ARMENIAN ARCHITECTS OF ISTANBUL IN THE ERA OF WESTERNIZATION"opened in December 2010, Istanbul.

"-PWUllUf1Ul4nqabwG'llwUlJ1UlUUlbg'EditorHASAN KURUYAZICI

L unj ill TI It nq'CoordinatorZEYNEP TA~KIN

fCt'wpquwGnlJ<l"r1G'TranslationVAHAKN KESHISHIAN

Upp-wq.pmratnG'DuzeltiARPi KANTARCIYAN

q.J1rQP gbuumnnur'Book DesignERKAL YAVi

t2tu'lpntT"lnG'Graphics ApplicationLORA BAYTAR

llnrU:!p LmuwGljlUJ1GhpCover PhotographsU.nftaJ111nrU2' / Front CoverSiBEL GUNAKtnllblp 4mu~' I Back CoverGOKHAN TAN

q,nlGbpnl Qwulnlli bl SUjwq.pnl]'a)nU'Color Separation and PrintingMAS MATBAACILIK A.~.Hamidiye MahallesiSoquksu Caddesi No:3Kaqithane - Istanbul02122941000

Ij.. SUjwq.pnqatnU. f"lurawGUjnll, 'f.b:Y1I1bll'pb:p 2010151 Edition, Istanbul, December 2010

ISBN 978-605-89900-6-7l.n1{wUWtnp ntm'

S~

ENKAVAKFI

CHRESTfOUNOATION

OF ISTANBULin the Era of Westernization

fulJPuq.l>r / EDITED BY~IJ.UIJ.\.0 q.n"r n"bIJ.9.CIfCHASAN KURUYAZICI

•

NRAHT DiNK VllilNRAHT DINK FOUNDATION1IlI111W lMJbl11'l1 •

.1I,."·1 ~1"Ii i:::1II'I:

!t'

':1I',I'.

9° U.plmhnwljwuwgnq l>UIil'u,\o'l\nl>ll> zus lfu,rSu,ru,'l\bs\Obrc.

Iil-U"Q. lfUIil-... euiru "U"U.CP~u. " ..."lfQ...... ta- lfU.PSUpu.~bSm~Iil-"'''''''c. 1

uu-um. nl<lJ.rro-n'v

.......wJuwJ!UJfi4,LU!l.UCl.q.r IflwltuuG nQUlwGp2I! umuuc t riuqunwpunqtnnflbpm :RwG]1

uD. uhpmGrr U,Upnll2. ctfO'. T).lUflntG, unhip :RlUG titlj T).WP' wUnGg npUltu U1fl-2ntGp QWPUl1JJ.f1wUjb:UlGhp ownwlWO hG OUUtuGttuG unllJa"wGGt:pmQ: I'Jlwl-hwGGhrm fin~Ul4G TIl wqT).hgnqO'pGn trpb:Gg pWpo.pWljtUlpG fhuUUlQhG ctrw.'lllipmG, q.t}uunnpnLJa-hwup.' Cl-rrq.np lJ,tirrllU]}1 (1764-1831), npmG ]Ul2.np-~wb hG "1wlhwG TIGUlwGr~r 2wnwcjnlGhrTI' "wpWwhUl u'urpw (1800-1866), 'ur4n'lnU "1tl (1826-1858), 3w4n~ "1tl (1838-1875) hI qhp1wwtu'UWpq.flU fJlq (1835-1899): I'flwlhwUahrl"I! wnwd:il fhu(ipwcl1uQoJ<t "lwpo.wbhl dnllnt\.rnll1.l4UlGmratIlQ 2wfiwo tG. (}(i}. rpupmG OuuwGl:nuQ umuitwUat-pmQ fiwuwp 4wnmgwo rraQg 2.Qtll UjUllunnGtpmJ., UlhlluiljUlllHwO t..I,nu-ljlnpr wljlhpmG' Unql'wG u,wUlrq lft6rUlr (r2juwb' 1839-1861) Snluw-wwfi,t "1wlWUlTIhI Umll'wG u,wUlrq u,qrqr (r2juwb' 1861-1876) "1tl-ItpUltlP bl 2nrwllwGp UjwI1UlnGhpl!: U,unGR W]G 4wnnlgGb:pG b:G,npnGRpwgump4 fib:lllW:gPRPmlUP1G4l! Ghpljw]wgGb:G Gwb:1wljw'l-b:uw4wG 2P2w~GwljQb:pt Qhpu:~ iTlwlb:wGQhpJ:l.4ummgwo b:Q GWb:1ub:a lUPlnt{ umllUwQw-4wG uq4rl'Ghp, jWUl4wwtu ctiO'. ~wpw4turG: ~QPnw-r OtrH, .Qr1,rl~lft6rUlrlt, Opl'wqrlT[ ("1rllr1~ lft6rUlrlt), Snluwwwfi,t, iO't2qr~rlt,.Qhw'lTIl'fiwGt, Cl>hpl'hlGrhwl 4,WlrUlt h1 U,qrqrlt' uq4rl'GhpTI, npnG~Gnp Pw9wlw]U1muQb:pm lj'wnw2GnpllhG ub:q' OuuwGb:wG QWplllWpWUjb:-lllmlUb:wG ut2. W]Ul!GU1wGp2PG 'l-hpw4wU1wpmlUb:wG uwurG:~

QG'l-fiwGpwUjtu n~-rulwu tuwl<'PwGb:pm, b:1 uwuGwmpwUjtu2pGwpwpw4wQ wUUjwptqpQ t/.pW! pitun'l. iTlwlb:wQCihpm QWPU1WPW-

.QIU;r'B lfttir4'rJC lfqyll~11Uq.upq.~ '"DOMED CUBE (KU~(jK) MECIDIVE MOSQUE

Ujb:lllmlUr1CiI!, qpb:lUt utupn'l.2. d'fO'. nurpm nGlUwgRpG, uto uutuwupqflurfiunnnuuo t npUjtu «ljnpoutGmu» OuuwGhwG Sumuiurpunqlnnm-lUb:utCi. uqu U1b:uWljtllll! juquutnhunc t upG}.b:l m2 fO'wQqpuutlUPawuwGw4w2P2wQ:5 u,!U inhumjabunl ljwpb:lr t fiwG'l-pt4rl uqu 2P2.wCipawuwGwljwqpmlUp1GGb:pmG tn 1873-r nlUnll-fi l/'fiuwfI-fi OUlfwtl/IJl:fi6[LJwGnQ' (Itnhuflhiufl OWpUlwpwl1.jb:lllmlUb:wGJ ut2., qhlpuqnul ut! tiurp-uuunur-iqbumrpburf iluruhfl, iqunnnunnnnuuo '-tphGGw]p gmgwfiutGlltuPQwnrlUnt{: u'lll awuwGwljtG p t{b:p iTlwlb:wGGb:pm 4umn19Ghpl! «u'lw<'P-pwGljw» wGmwGmuto hG, W]UrG:gG' hlpnUjwljwG GuttuWUlPUjb:Pl! t!G'l-o-PpGw4n'l., pwqumtqtu] UUlRP ln puwgWljwGmlUl:i:wG pnjnp WIG umdui-Gr~Ghp~, npnG~ Y'QGyhpw4gtrG wl~ ljlnpJwnml'hwG: U,IUTIG~oprGw-ljmlUplGl! ljt! 'l-pU1wpljmp npUjtu utpUlwgnlmut! ljwlupmlUb:wG Utnb:'l.0W-qnpawljwG Gb:pnLdr ljnpmuUlpG,~ Gutht qrU1mlUhwG, wpmb:uU1p b:twpfib:ulllwqnpomlUb:wG wGljmup G:9

u'lU qlmtupG ut2. phpnLuta 1{1WUtnl:i:Pl!'iTlwlhwGGhpmG lUt' npUjtuU1b:TlwljWG WP'l-rlGwpb:pmlUb:wG 2UlpmGwljw4wGntlUPtGt! wUjwfint{n'l.lOUl4Ghp b:t lUt wP'1P OuuwGhwG nO. ut! ulllb::'l.ob:lnLwGnGg fib:U1wumU1D.llwlt! gn19 U1wlnt{, wnplU lj'D.Gowlb:G fi}1uGnt/.rGt{hpw2wpwllpb:lm wGnGgUjlliUlUnLlUPtGl!b:t t{b:pllipdb:tnpb:lm wGnGg w2lunld nL pwquwPllPtQ uutU-Gllilj9nLlUPlGD.OuuwGl:i:wG 6llipU1Wputt4b:UlmlUb:wG UjwUlUnLlUb:wG ut2.:lfWUGllitnpWP-llip gnlg ljt:!lnpmr, lUt pG}.Ujtu lliGnGR qwGwqwG l.fI12.ngGl:ipnt{UjlliilllliP u'l.wo b:GUjwfiUjutGhlm nwuwp OuuwGhwG 6wptnwpwUjhlnnt-lUPtGn, lliGnp U1h'1wljwG UWU1WljWpWp filliuutljwpqhpn ht QWptnWpllit4h-U1WljwGwlwGllnllUGhpJ:l., fiwljwnutlj htpnUjwljLUG GnpWo.hlmlUl:i:wG, GrllUP,wpnhuU1lliqpU1nLlUhlliG1:u ljppwpljn'l.Ghpnt lliupn'l.2wljwG qhpW4W]nLlUhwG:1O

llpnmQp rIwplllwJlwu(l:nnGlipnL q.pwuliGhwljflrt-fllWQlliljwlwljwG AllipliQnpnq.muGb::JlI! lil u.GljnLUI!U,PRnLGr i::fwplnWPWUjhlIlGhpnL q,.plliuhGb:wljJ:l. (Hassa Mimarlan

Ocagl), np OuuwGhwG ljwIuPnLlUhwG dwplnwpwUjhUllliljwG Gwluwqp-ob:pn UjWU1PWUtnn'l. Cl-lJuwtnp odlliluG tp lj. "lnlunl GmllidmutGP t/.hp, 4wquwlmomwo tp 1831-pG:" '"un!G wUlhG wGnp UjWpUlUlljwGm-lUPtGGhpJ:l.hl 'l-PlliulliljWG qnpollinGmlUPlGGhpI! 1{1nJuwGgmwo tpG UjWUl-4wG Gnp uwpurGr UTI'u,p~mGr OrGwpwpw4wG SGoptGml'wG (Ebniye-iHassa MOdiriyeti): UW4W]G, UjWUlljWG wlu uwpu}1GJ:l.Wt4wfint{nLWO }.tpljllipn'l. hl UjwUlpwuUlmwo D.WptnWPWUjhlIlGlipnt/., n}. }1ulj llpwtIwljwGur1ngGhpnq, np 4TI G2wGw4tp, l't 2mUlnq wG4wPUT[ wrUlr TIllwP rrluGTJ-ppGb:pD.fihUlwUjGllhr'2 '"unIGG tp t4wpwqwG GWhl wGnp !w2.nPTJ-woUllipUp GrG' lJ.pJ,1mG}1 4wnnlg Ghpm S Gop tGmlUhwG (Ebniye-i HassaMuavinligi, np rpwljwGmlUb:wG ut2. UnlG UjWUlljWG uwpu}1GG tp, pW19t/.hpwGmwGmwo), Gwb::l' 4wnn]gQhpm Junpfimp'l-PU (Ebniye Meclisi):"1wUl4wG wlu uwpurGrG firuGmurG wrUlr lW1npl')tp wpnmGr 2rGw-pwpwljwG W2JuWU1wGpGb:.pm wUjwljh't).pnQwgnLul! (wlhlP dp211' wGnpyh~pnGwgmuTI "1wlhwG TIGUlwGr~r Jhn~rG ut1):

'-lwnn!gGhpm tunpfimp'tH!. ljwqumwo tp luwnG' pUlwU t4W2lnoG-hwGhpt hl:glliGp uD. n}.-pullliU luLUl<'PwGhpt, GhpqpWtnlWO' InlG ht fiw]fiwuwlG~Ghpt:" U,Ur4W 4TI G2wGw4t, l't wlu 2P1wGrG wp~tG rU4oWG,gmwb tp WIGmaTI, qnp 4Q GhP4wlwgGtrG juWl<'PwGhPTI2rGwpw-pWljlliG fipwUjwpwljpQ t{pW]. G2b:wllUmwljwGtG wnw2. u}1wIG PUlwuUh-pm ~rp~hr 4TIUlpmtrG GuwG WW2UlOGw4wGuwrurGGhpmG ut1:

tunpfimPllD. ljwqunuuo tp ljwlupmlUhwG ut2. 2pGwflwpwljwGopwq.ppGhpmu t{PWl t{hpwfiuljn'l.mlUPtG uWfiuwGhlnL, uwuGw"lnpwp-wp'2}1Gwpwpw4wG w2luwlIlwGI2Ghpm fiwuwp GwluwtnhunLWO owluub:.pI:!qhpwUlhuml'hwG hGl'WP4hlm, rG'wtu Gwhl qr6hlr fiwpghPTI 4wpqw-mphlnL fiwuwp: UnlG lunpfimpTJ-pG fihUl Cl-ptlUt urwawuwGwlj, ut4 Wll'GmwqmpTJ-p (munakasa) ulliptl'pG ul! htu Ulnh1lbmwo tp, I:!Ulll npmG2PGwpwpwljwG qnpownGmJO'tnGGhpD. UjPUlp 14wllln"lppmtpG fiwuwow]G6WPUlwpwUjhmGb:pm b::lluwl<'PlliGhpm wnw2.wpljwo GmwqwqnlG q.}1G}1:

u,]uUjpunt{, fiwuwowlG p-wphGnpnqmuGhpm UWluwllPmlUPtGUh-pmG, 1840-w4wGGhpm qhp1hpmG wp~tG pUlnp bpwqrpGhpQ 4QljwPCl-wtnpmt}1G '-lwnnlgGhpm lunpfimp1"J-pG ljn'l.tl't, pulj UjwlllmtpGl:i:pI:!y'rpw4wGwgmtrG Gmwqmp~r ~pTIll'hwup: UW4wlG, uq4rl'GhpljllinmgwGhlm UjWluwuGhpl!, wll ppwljwGnLlUP"lQ tIl! ljl! t4wpqhQ, nplj'llinnG}.ntr llPlwGwljwlWljlliG UjWlIlljWG uwpupGGhpm 2PGwpwpwljwGw2tuwlIlwGRGhpmG IlliUowGo.ntu}1G:

lfqljpp-Gliflm CflGwpwpmp-liwG u.nnQ}.mwo rt'lwmljwu lfwpuflGGlipU,P~Wphl, uq4rl'Ghpm 2rGwpwpw4wG GWjuwqrbhPTI gnlg

ljm l11wu '-lwnn19Ghpm lunpfimp'l-pG o.hnQwpljmu[! 1840-wljwGGhpmqhp1hpmG:~~p~w-r Otrr<'P, 0pr>wqrlT[ hJ. 2TIPw'lwGr If!;6rUlrltuq4rl'Ghpm

MOSQUE BUILDING IN THE TANZIMAT PERIOD'ALYSON WHARTON

IntroductionThe Balian family were several generations of architects of Armenian

ethruc.ty who served as imperial architects to the Ottoman Sultans overthe course of the 19th century Their status and fame reached its heightin the 19th century under the leadership of Knkor Amira (1764-1831),then Garabed Amira (1800-1866), then Nigoghos Bey (1826-1858),Agop Bey (1838-1875) and finally Sarkis Bey (1835-1899). The familyare best known within the popular imagination for their lavish palacebuildings for the Ottoman Sultans of the 19th century situated along theBosphorus: Dolmabah<;e Palace for Sultan Abdulmecid (r 1839-1861),and Beylerbeyi and (lragan Palaces for Sultan Abdulaziz (r.1861-1876).These are also the buildinqs which have been given the most academicattenticn.' Yet, the Balians also built a large group of imperial mosquesover the middle of the 19th century. These mosques: Hrrka-i $enf, Ku<;ukMecidiye, Ortakby (Buyuk Mecidiye). Dolmabah<;e, Te,vikiye, Sadabad,Pertevniyal Valide and Azizive'. give us a new insight Into the role of thefamily in the history of Ottoman architecture'.

The architecture of the non-Muslim kalfas, and specifically of theBalians, who dominated the building milieu for the majonty of the 19th

century, has almost constantly been written off, since the time of the lateTanzimat itself, as the 'annihilation' of Ottoman architecture. This viewcan be seen in the chronicles of the time', and also according to theUsul-u Mimar-i Osmaniye6 a treatise on architecture from 1873 producedfor the Vienna Exposition. The Balians' works have since this time beenlabelled 'alafranga'; as copying European prototypes but without any ofthe thought that accompanied those movements.' This copying is seenas a reflection of the loss of the creative power of the Empires, and alsoas the loss of the techniques of craftsmanship and good building.'

The evidence that this chapter will put forward, both of theBal.anshaving involved themselves In the continuation of local productionmethods, but also of their commitment to creating a modern Ottomanstyle, allows us to Significantly re-write their historiography and start toview them as active and valued participants in the history of Ottomanarchitecture. It will show how they were, in many respects, engaged infighting to preserve Ottoman architecture, its local supply systems andarchitectural traditions, against a wholesale take-over by Europeanfashions, goods, technology and practitioners."

Bureaucratic Reform to the Imperial Architects' Office andDeclineThe Imperial Architects' Office (Hassa Mimarlan Oca9J), which had

been the palace office in control of architectural projects within theOttoman Empire since the conquest of Constantinople, had been abolishedin 1831.11 Its duties and financing systems were tranceferred to a newbody: the Directorate of Imperial Buildings (Ebniye-i Hassa MOdiriyetl) atthe same time. However, this body was not supplied with trainedarchitects and was beset by financial problems that meant that it wasSoon unable to fulfil its brief." And so, within the successor organization,the Ebniye-i Hassa Muavlnligi (which was essentially the same body butre-named) there was a further body created: the Building Council(Ebniye Medisl) The establishment of this body set the conditions for

ARMENIAN ARCHITECTS OF ISTANBUL in the Era ofWesternizotion 91

the de-centralization of the carrying-out of imperial building works (orrather re-centralizat.on under the Balian family) that was to follow.

The Building Council consisted of a mixture of Muslim officials butalso several non-Muslim kalfas from both the Greek and Armeniancommunities were inc'udec." This reflects the acknowledgement of thepower of these kalfas over the building trade at this time; before thisdate only Muslims had been given positions in these official bodies.

The Council was set up to supervise building projects in the Empire,but particularly to oversee estimates of the expenditure of building projectsaswell as to engage In the settling of disputes. At around the same timeas the founding of the Council there was also the establishment of anew system: the Dutch auction (munakasa). This would contract outbuildinq projects to independently working architects and kalfas accordingto the lowest bid. The Building Council was in charge of this system.

And so, in general and in theory, according to the reforms thatwere made, by the late 1840s, projects were organized by the BuildingCouncil and then contracted out via the Dutch auction system.However, the casesof mosque building show a different reality concerningthe involvement of the bureaucratic bodies m building works.

Bodies Involved in Mosque Building ProjectsMosque building projects Indeed show the involvement of the

Building Council In building in the late 1840s. Mosques that werebegun around 1848 when the Building Council was established, suchas the Hirka-i ~erif, Ortakby and MeCldiye Mosque at Cllagan had thenotebooks containing their estimates of the costs of the building (ke,ifdeften) sealed by the Building Council, by the Individual members of theBUilding Councilor simply by the director of the Building Council, SeyyidAbdulhalirn Efendr However, subsequent to this brief overseeing of theestimates around 1848, we cannot see any involvement of that Council

Snjuunqiuhgl; lfqlllt~ltu q.tlptrarr ...DOMED CUBE DOLMABAHQE MOSQUE

9';!

OflPWqpllllJq1ll1rar Unqwu[llllllLUU UUjUlpW[[P-I.! ...SULTAN'S LODGE ORTAKOY MOSQUE

2rGnq.'nGQ 4'hGJ>lli~pmr U4UlliO TIllllil 1848,1' uomhpQ, hpp nruGmllio tp4wnnlgGhpm tunpfintflll-J:1.: -'.w2nlhmmlwpGbpmG l1tl wpawGwq.pTIlWO

b:U2J1G.nLJahwGfhmhup GwtuwU1hunllub owluuhrn' fiwmnunrmuuo 4umnlg-Ghpm tunpfimlHI_rG 4unl' tunpfimp'1-f1 ullllb:Gwu{hm' Ututll.l1 u'UjUlf111~llilru t4>tGmrrG 4n~ut: Ulli4llijG, 1848,1' 2mp1llijU 4llipOllimhtljhplli'fiuljnflnqab:GtG tUl12, Gw!uwq.!lbhpm tit}?: lunpfimflll-pG. ljnrllIt;- nptilt;- q.np-ownGnqab:wG itGi2 fiwGll-}1UJrrl: 'GlUI:H tPUlumb:p 41! UjwljurG, rat Gnuu-qmpTJ-r q.nrbUlnnlT~[! l{rrwfl!.jTIlUHJ t U'qljtrraGhpm UjWflwqwlpG rat'" ni:

'GWfuwfiw2tllGb:PI! uwfitiwGmwo itG 4wnnlgGb:pm tunpfimp'1-pGljnllllt, lUJl l.4UlpqwUjtu tthJ1lUUlhunqab:wG hGrawflljTIlWO to.: t").J1Ulhtr t,TIr uHn.l'lUpGtpJ:1. UjlUUlflWUUlTIlWO tiG llUU14lU1.l!tu lUlG GWluwpwpmrab:wG

ljnrJl1t, nr Gwluwq.j1btra 14UHllUlUluwGwUlnlG tp: U'J1Gi JlU1U1Gp t, npIil'lli Gqr UlliJ>P dlliulli Glli4lli2P flliGr G, Glli]ulli~rohpTI llliOlli]u tjlmj, n]um']"<}b:wGlj'b:GrrrwpljmtpG fiuljn'1.mrrrb:wG U1WpP.b:puwljwPf\-wljGb:pm t{PW1:

fO'w.G.qpuw rrrp UWUWGw ljw2P ~w GpG ljwnn 19nlWO u q ljp rrrG.b:pn1uwG.pwuwuG. mumuGwuppmrrrb:GtG. ljt! Ujwpqmp, np u'!G GW!tHU<+pOb:pt!,npnG.J;l ppwq.npOmwo b:G.G.w]U4pG.uqljprrrGb:pm 1{wlPb:pmG. t{pwl, w.GnG.gtJ.b:pwfiu4n'1.mrrrplGt! ljlUlllWpmWO t lJpoGw4wG UG2wPU q.nlJ;lP 1Jwluw-pwpmrrrtwG. (Evkafl Humayun Nezareti) ljn'1.ut. upGl fiWUtUWU1WpWp Gnpljwnn19G.tpm t{tpwfiuljn'1.m]"<}plGn ppwljwG.wgmgwo t UpJ;lmG.p q.wG.-a.wtnwG uw]uwpWpmrrrplGn (Hazine-i Hassa Nezareti): UjG uqljprrrG.hpt!,npnGJ;l lJpOG.w4wG. UG2wPU q.nmp 'GwluwpwpmratwG <+npOG.tU, ljt! p.wgw-lWIU1tG. 2PGwpwpmrrrhwG. t!G.rawgJ;lpG wnulll::q UP2:wuU1mraplG wl')Gwluwpwpmrab:wG. ljn'1.ut' 2wp.wJO'wljwG. fiw2mtl/nulj ljwU1wpmwo t, mpwpa.wGw<+pmwo t 2pGnqahwG tltlumUlJ:!: Uwljw1G, q.wGQWU1wG tJ.tpw-fiuljn'1.mrrrtwG GhpJ;lnl <+U1Gmn'1.ljwnn1gG.hpm Ujwpwq.wlPG, t!Gf\-wutG.J:lJ;lwGp uJ:!U1b:U1pWljp.nGwo tG.. b:ppb:uG. unulj Gwtuwfiw2P1Ghpm t{tpwp.hp-hWl· pulj 2rUmJO'b:wG J:lG.JO'wgJ;lrG(2wp.wruwljwG. hlhulmtnDJ t{b:pwfiuljn-fLmraplG It b:fLwo: UutG I.ljwpwq.w1r, fiLUplj t U2hl, np T1-ptwGw4wl wlub:pljm p.wuwG.umG:pGtpG wl npb:lt twljwG f\-tp ltG luwfLwgwo f<l'tuGqr-

UlUrup uwuwGwljw2P2:wGp uqljpraGb:pm 2pGmratwG ut~: bpljnq2G. wlnnbit J1pwlwunqaplG. lmGtrG 2J1Gwpwpmrrrb:wG t{pWj, wll a.tLn1{ ut!ljt! ownwjtpG ll-PlwGw4wlmratwG' tnGopJ1Ghlm, q.npowljgtlm ln t{tpw-fiuljtqm iJlwltwG t!G.U1WG.J1:Qp4wU wll qopunnp nl-rulLUuluwl~wGtpmGq.npob:pt!:

l..ltpnG2tWlt! 4I! fiunnnunnm]i Ihuln 'Iluqhurf J:!GmwG.r:Qr wGfj.wu-Ilhpmf fj.plwGwljLUl q.pwutGtwljGtpt Ilhnu Ujw2111oGw1{wpmrahunip..lliGnG2 4~ IjllipallimpmtrG nnu.Lu uq4rl"Ghpm 2rGmJ>hlliU Ijhpllinu4n~,Ilhp , flurtn fiwU1mgmuGtp ljJ:! uUlwGwlpG wnwGarG qnnchpm fiunlurp ,Ulli4llijG ~npollinGml"rtGGhp~ hppb2 PPlliP ,trG [uumrlbn: 'ulli]ulli~rO~'1.b:ljwt{wpnlllumup.b:pJ:! utlj ljnllut, urlU ljnllut' qnpcunnpflhpm, urnfibu-uuumnflbnm ln tJ.wpUjtm umfihutnunnnflhnm [unulphpp, nrnGJ;l ljw14mwotrG Oplli~rprG, Ulhmlli4lliG Ulllitn4lliG IlllipurGGtpm tjln]ulliptG 4pGllilrGmrtfLwljr 'Iluqhurf t!Gl1lwGrJ;lpG filnn q.npowlj9pl: lJ.lu lI1b:umraptGJ:lpG.Gmrab:wG 14rU1p umumh uqljrraG.tpm 2rGmrab:wG orpGwljGb:pntJ.,opwq.ppp uD ljwnw1{wpuwG. tllwGwljG.tpm unupqurpurflnulm]:

lfq~PJUGhpl..JlUnmgwGnf\. lunutpbp'U.GfiwUlW~WG lJ'pwq.rp Glipm l..Jwnwqwpn lUI!Iil'lliGqrUllil"r 2P1lliGrG 4llinntgntlliO uq4rJ>Gbptu 21', lliG"lliU 4TI

UjlUU1Wfip,np iJlwltwG t!G.U1wGr:Qpt{tpwfiuljnrtnqahwG GhpJ;lhlllpmwo t:iJllUlb:UlGGtPt! nl-pulwu tuwl~wGtpm tumup. uJ:! mG.tpG, np UjtUlJ;l tfiwu~Gwl rp.p oq.GwljwG 6'.UlPUlWPW14tU1, 2J1GwpwP tJ.wPUjtll1 ljwuIjhpllinu4n~, npnG2 "npo~ 4TI IjlliptrG rphGg tjln]ulliptG: l1lliplliUlhm'11llilblliGrG nbm lli2]ullimllio hG' lJ.PJ>Pu (UtpljtpblliG), OnlliGGtu btUl"h;PlliG, rU4 Ullip"rU '11llilblliGrG nhm' lJ.nr4>lru bt '11hmpnu ]ullil4>lliGbPTI:lJ.jU ]ullil;PlliGbpmG 4Gr2GbpntG 4TI nlliGnrUlrG2 Glli]ullipllipmJ>hlliG'tJ.b:pwfiu~rl UjWUllUuluwG.wU1mp ljn'1.ut UjUlU1pWUUlnlWO WPo.wGUlq.pm-J>PtGGbpmG ut1: Iil'lliGqrUllil"r 2PflliGtG UrllijG ut4 lliU~lliU 4~ RlliGnr'UlrG2 '11llilhlliG 4Gr2rG' Iil't2ljr2rjt uq 4rJ>r Ullliplli"llilrG, np tG]>lli~PlliPlliPl1tuPlliUlbtn '11llilhlliGr 4Gr2G t:

lJ.lu luwl~UlGtpJ::l. JWUUllu ljwnw1{wpmratwG UOtrl q.npor ~nlmwOb:G' IWU1ljWUjtu wlu ~wu wIG 14W2UloGt! t{wJltlm. oprUwlj' 1848-pGOnlliGGtuG nt rp np~rG' lJ.p]>rG (UtpljtphlliG) bt UJ>b4>lliG ]ullil4>lliGbp~lJJloGwljwG UG2wPU q.n1J;lr l..JwluwpwpmratwG ~nrtut G2wGwljmwotpG uq4rl"Ghpm 2rGntJ>blliG TIGJ>lli92rG nU4blm, qnp UtnlliGaGllio tplJwPWUjtU1 iJlwlb:wG.J:I.[BOAI4

, I.MSM, Dosya ['!O'll.raUlOpwpJ: 23/ Gbmlek[4n~2]: 592], rU4 U]>b;PlliG Iullil;PlliG 4~ Ullli2moGlliljlliptp lJ.P2ntGrq.lUGa.WUlwG 'GwluwpwJlm'!O'hwG ut~, ppw.~w.Gw.gG.hlm fiWUUlP 4UlJlq.u~ 2rGlliplliplli4lliG "npobp [BOA, HH.d. 13340]: lJ.jU ]uWl4>lliGhpQPpbG2 hw pllitlli4lliG lliq~h9P4 ~rP2 mGtrG: UJ>h;PlliG )ullil4>llijrU2Gnpnmllio tp U't6'~ln~Jt4llijubplli4lliG 12lliG2lliG [BOA, A.) OVN.MHM0:17/ G:57]: <DlliumoptG ]ullil;PlliGbPTI 4~ "npolli49tru rpbGg bGJ>lli4lliltJ.wP14b:mG.hpm lUlU1m~ ]umup.p uJ:l. fib:l1l: CrGUlpwpmrahwG l1lnuwpG.t-ptG 4~ Ulllipqmr, np hpp lJ.p]>rG ]ullil4>lliG llipaw4mlliO tp OPl"lli"rt~rlfq4rJ>P 2rGmJ>blliG ~npotG bt lliGnp tjln]ulliprGlliO tp U]>b4>lliGluwl~wG, 1n1G q.npoUlLnpG.hpt P.UlTl4wgUlO p.nlnpnt{rG. Gnp lumup. ut!tjln]ulliPrGlliO tp lJ.PJ>rGr ]umuprG, nr 4lliqumllio tp llijn Ullli2moGGbpQIjllipn~ nllilbpm lliGntGGtpt [BOA, Evd.14274]:

nphtt 4lliU4lliOt Ijhp t, np ]ullil4>lliGhp~ 4lliUlntlliO trG '11llilblliu~GmlliGr2r ~npolliljllipml"hlliG bt lliGnGg tjln]ulliptG 4'rPW"npotrGOpwq.ppGhpU: <))WUU1UlgroptG lJwPWUjhUl iJlwlb:UlGpG 1{uwpnuuO tpGfiuljwlwlp.uG. q.muwpGhp hl pGj2.14tmJ;! tWIT]. q.muwrrG tJ.hpwp.w2lumu[!4llimlliptp [BOA, 1.0. 304119254]: '),rp2hpm tnllippbpml"rtGQ G4llimblrt GWtl lJWPWUjhU1 iJlwlhwGrG U1pmwo ~nlmutG' CUfu/JJ/:-/J <'/JllJwJmfi/uwlrflwul!, r U1wpp.hpmrarlG. urlU luwl~wGhrmG: lJ.1u luwl~UJ.GhpmG.q.npohJlt! mllfLw4roptG Y'wnt!G.~mpG iJlwlhwG.GhpmG. tl wGnQg t{b:pw-"pmllio "npohpmG: OprGlli4, Ul"b4>lliG Iullil;PlliG lli2]ullitnlliO t U't6rmrjtqopwGngpG. hl iJltwoq SW'1.WlwppQ t{pwJ, npnGJ2 b:pljnlJ;lG.Wl tJ.hpwq.pmwohG '11llilblliGGhpmG ht 4TI 4pbG lliGnGg jllitnm4 nPn2uTI lBOA, A.)MKT.NZO, 0: 173/ G:26]: lJ.jU 4lliUl~ 4TI nlliUtnllimmp nllij4lli4lliGwTJ.prlGb:pmG ut~: q.tnrq. 8wuUjmj2.ob:wG. fipuG.mhlnt{ «L,W!WUU1UJ.G»nllil4lli4lliG I"bpl"rG nlli~nPnlliO tnb~b4ml"rtGGhpntG Ijpllij, 4TI "pt, J>tpGlUjt"u lJwPWUjb:U1 tllwlb:wG. rr oq.Gw.~wG 6'.wpll1wpwUjb:l1l UPTUpG/ullil;PllilrG nlliG~tUl Glli]ulliGanlj lhgntlliO, OPJ>lli"rt~P lfq4rJ>r lli2]ulli'mlliG2rG ut1 qllijG tjln]ullippGllio t InjG UJ>b4>lliGnlj (Pamukciyan, 2003,142-143): OuuwGb:wG wPlurlGtpmG ut~ lurum UWYWl hG U1h'1.hljmrurlG-GhJlt! iJlwlhwGGtpTIl uwurG, mumr iJlwlhwG [!GmwGpJ;lp Ulnb:rt0mWO[!lTIlohlTIlfiUlUWpUU1P14TIlWOb:GJ;lfinu TIlfinG.gpmwo Wlll-14wll)wnr~Gb:pJ:! :QntJ.-J;lntJ.r p.hflb:l (blpn14wYWG, L,w1yw~wG UlTJ.pplpG.b:pm hl GrlrrrwljwG \.f1wu-

in projects. There is also no evidence of the Dutch auction processhaving been carried out for these mosques.

The compilation of the estimates for a project were not, furthermore,carriedout by the Building Counol, they were merelyoverseen.The notebooks(defter) were actually prepared by the specific government ministry thatwas responsible for the project, and, over the Tanzimat period, thiscould vary, as well as the degrees of supervision projects were given.

Cases of imperial mosques built over the Tanzimat show howprojects that were built on the site of a previous mosque were generallyoverseen by the Ministry of Pious Foundations (Evkaf-I Humayun

Nezeteti). In contrast, new foundations were overseen by the Ministryof the Imperial Treasury (Hazme-i Hassa Nezaretl) The mosques thatwere under the charge of the Ministry of P,OUSFoundations show agreater Involvement of that Ministry in their building process: weeklynotebooks were produced that record the major inputs to the buildingsystem and their costs. However, those that were overseen by theTreasurywere only given a few notebooks, sometimes only regarding theirestimates, and the processof building (its weekly inputs) was not supervised.Nevertheless,the role of both of these bureaucratic departments cannot beviewed as Significant to the building of the mosques of the Tanz!mat.ln bothcases they represent not an authority over building but a way for thebureaucracy to co-opt, coordinate with and oversee the operations ofthe Balian family, as well as other powerful non-Muslim kallas, In some way.

This is most clearly shown by the employment of members of theBalian team in bureaucratic roles overseeing mosque building, theirbeing given salaries, as well as payments for individual jobs, however,their operations still remaining separate. The management teams overthe projects but also by the teams of labourers, craftsmen and elitecraftsmen who were involved in the project can instead be tied not tothe State bodies but to the control of the Balians.

)

The Teams Behind Mosque Building: Management ofIndividual ProjectsMosques built over the Tanzimat period were rarely put into

action through the agency of members of the Balian family. They had agroup of non-Muslim kalfa, which can be translated as assistant architect,master builder, or supervisor, who carried out the mosque builds ontheir behalf. These were: Artin Kalfa (Serverian), Ohannes Kalla andIstefan Kalfa, for Garabed Balian and Ahiflis, and Bedros for SarkisBalian. The seals of these kalfas can be seen on the documentationproduced by the Ministry that was responsible for overseeing theproject. There is only one case from the Tanzimat where we see the sealof a Balian: the Tesvikiye Mosque, the estimates for which were sealedby Garabed Balian.

These kalfas were often employed by the government bodies insome role or another: for instance, in 1848, Ohannes and his sonArtin (Serverian) along with Istefan kalfas were all appointed by theMinistry of Pious Foundations to supervise mosque projects undertakenby that Ministry (BOA", I.MSM, Dosya: 23/G6mlek: 592). In addition,Istefan Kalla was employed by the Ministry of the Imperial Treasury tocarry out a number of building jobs (BOA, HH.d. 13340). These kalfaswere influential m their own right Istefan Kalla was given a MecidlyeImperial decoration (BOA, A.)DVN.MHM D:171 G:57). They alsoapparently were accompanied by teams of administrators tied to theirperson: when Artin Kalfa was dismissed from the Ortak6y Mosqueproject and Istefan Kalla replaced him, we see in the building accountsthat a whole new team of Greek under-officials had taken the place ofArtin's team made up of Armenian names that had held those postsbefore (BOA, Evd.14274)

ARMENIAN ARCHITECTS OF ISTANBUL in the Era of Westernil;otion 93

UUI411UUIWlfl U"q4Pla!1 Umjjaudnutuuu UUIUlllW[IP-D. &SULTANS LODGE SADABAD MOSQUE

trtopurn UUIWptulJP-P UwulpnluuhJ11!. ... STAIRCASE COKSU PAVILION

These kalfas were undoubtly tied to the operations of the Balianfamily and were carrying out works on their behalf. This ISshown by thefact that Garabed Balian was given the large total payments and was Incharge of re-allocating this (BOA, I.D. 304/19254). The difference Instatus IS also shown by the label given to Garabed Balian: Ebniye-iHOmayun Kalfas! as opposed to the other kalfas We can link the Jobsthat these kallas were employed to carry out to the Balians by previousattributions. For instance, Istefan Kaffa worked on the MecidiyeBarracks and the Beykoz Pavilion both of which have been attributed tothe Balians and show the markings of their style (BOA, A)MKlNZD,D:1731 G:26). Furthermore, we can use Armenian sources to prove thisrelationship: Kevork Pamukciyan tells how the Armenian newspaperHayastan stated that Garabed Balian became jealous of his assistantarchitect Artln Kalla and replaced him with a Greek Istefan on the workof the Ortak6y Mosque (Pamukciyan, 2003, 142-143). There is verylittle information concerning the Baliansthemselves in the documentationof the Ottoman archives however, so we have to rely on putting thepieces of the puzzle together (in addition to the European andArmenian sources as well as the material evidence) as opposed tohaving a ready picture of how things were organized from the top level.

It is clear from the Ottoman documentation that there was,alongside this group of non-Muslim kallas who oversaw the mosqueprojects, a team of Muslim officials who were engaged in the supervisionof some aspects of the job In the case of the Ministry of Pious

.(I' •. tl1:1'!I i'II, 1

[II,

:1

.,

94

OPIJluqpLlllfqllrrar Ulu[lJ).lll]uhbPll .... STAIRCASE ORTAKOY MOSQUE

Ulhrm 4nru~.ra),tPntuwGw4 4WpOpWglUO 4wpbJ"ll2GhpmQ fib:tnhttqnt, ratrU,~tu 4Q 4wp'lWlnptra !WpWphpm1'r,UahpQ t/apta t/wp:

OuuwGhwu tLwLb:pWq.rpGhrtG lUUlUl4 t, np lIq'lj/"IJ'aGhpm GwJuW-qpbhpm 11'pwq.npcn.iwG fihmtilTI'1 n~-J1ulLUU Juull~tuahrm tunnr-p.tG quart,4Wfl GlUtl rUIWU llfUl2tnoGwUlwpGb:pm Jumup. UD., np 4Q fiuytr q.npoJ"l4UlJlq. lIt! J.!.wdrGGhpm tLrwJ: llpoQUl4wG lJ.G2wpd q.nmr lJwjuwJ1wpm-1'awU a, Op1'W'lr'~r lJ'q4r1'r ~wpW'lW!ra, IUUlw4 'lw~wtj>wp UQ4Q!.jwquhGj;1, rat junu.ipt! npnGgtIt 4wQUnlWO tr' q.1JuUllnp UjW2U10GWUlUIpUQ' IfhImp U'tnutUl rJowm<},'lpwqrpr UQ'pw/>ftu/ ~Wuru< UWlrn, awa.q.W.uaWP4'1p lljlUU1UlUjuWGWUlnlGbp. (q.ltu-Wtnfln' Qt12trlllU, hl ulnuGbprr'LJ.lr u,~w a. Wll U,lr u,~w uQ): LJ.pl'ru Juwl<}wlr (a'lhUlw'lWIW Ul'a-<'Pilla) tGraUl4LU1TIQahwG GbP12b:l, np Qwrarllfr fihUl GnlG fiwGq.u.n1wQ:QI!mal;jl' RwGr np GnlaW2JuWUlWt/WPOQmatra, 4wp /iwq~tift-thl tltUiw2ft-tpW'l4wgwo lli2JuWlllUl4U1QU' ul! lBOA, Evd, 13764J: U.jll hp4nt l.ljWZUlOG-GhpQ 4Q 1'mr, I't 4'wnQa,mtra Juwl<}wlra, npn~naUlal wana~ 4~ tj>n-Jumtra, hpp Juwl<}Wa 4~ tj>nJumtp (ra,U<cu nww' lnlar), ura,. ]tulwUl.ljwZUloGhwGhpIl wGl/lm.pnlu 4J:1. uGwIPG zPGwpwpnt~hwG wup-nru:~Qal'wgRra:

CpGwpwpnqahwG ZlOp-w~w4wG fiwZnthgn19GhptG lllUlW4 t'Ifftl/>tlftm-ra, 0wqwptift-ra, Ifwqwqwtift-rU a, "ltp6ft-]ta ur1wl1mm-raplGI!, npnG)2 4'W14wfint\.trG zrGntWowGpl~hpm UWUlW4lOPWpntUJ:1.lltUjpzpGntrahwG tlw!p[!: 4.wlhpwranllUahptG lUUlw4 It, rat Wlll wGa.hpJ:1.'llwlhwGGhpntCi 4lOl.ljntWO tpCi, rat" llPlwGw4WlntrahwG, 4WphtP thGrawllphl, np luWl<'PwGhpntG l.ljtu wGnGJ2 hlU 4wl.ljhp ntGtrG hpljmJ2pGfihUl lOr

C/Jwqw{ltij7-p hl uW'lwqw6j7-p l.ljwzlt1OGGhpmG uwupG UlhTJ.h4nt-raplGGhp 4J:1.J2wTJ.hGf! t\.wlhpw~nt'1rahpm ut2 Ulh'1 q.UlWO q.GmuGhpmp-wdpGtG, nput lj'puwGwCiU, mp4t wunGu '1PlwGw4wlm~hwG4w~mwo U<W2UlOahwaap ,aa h~wo: rlta4rq ~toafirlr 4n'lutljWUlWpntWO mumuGwuppnqahwG nwuwowlCi, t'fltntpUjtlP UjwlWlJ1PzpG.mrahwG wZluwUlwGJ2GtipmG ut2 Ghpq.pmwo tpG wlhlr utio raplntllllllwGwljwlw4wG UjwZUloGhwGhp, UpJ2nlCip q.WGOWUlWG 'Gwluwpw-pmrahGtG, npnGg zWPJ2rG q.GmuGhpm UjwUlwuluwGWUlntGhp, npnGutiwGlgmwb trG Ijw6umn{l'Jj7 wGmGnt\.: U'qljJ1raGhpm zrGmrahwG ut2GbpClPWlnlWb rj7wqw{l6j7GhplJ. t!Gl").nwGpw14tu nl-rulwu trG, npnGf!4a'lpnGwgwo tra '1.wlWrurnl ut1 a. macra wa4wJu 'lnpomatml'r.a,I'Chl 4~ 'lnpow4gt]ta U<W2UlOaw4wa uwpl1raaapma RaUl:

l.wultlwmwUjtu ljpGwQ)2 hqpw4w9Ghl, np UjWUlljWQ uwpupGQb-pmQ wnIJ.Glmral"nGIJ., pQlUjtu' lJpoQw4wG UQzwpd q.nmp uwluwpwpm-ratiwG, uqljpraQhpm zpG.mrahwQ q.npownGm~plGQhpmG GmwqwClnlGa~wo t' U<WlWUlaapm 2raml'hwa nwuauwUl, ra,U<tu tp '11tlltpu<tlr~wpwqwlra, app wlalr uao 1'rtnt/ ~apwnu4]t, Jumupap Ur1wumJua~wo aU: LJ.uta ~WpW'lWlr, uq4rl'ahpm zramruawa 'lnpoQ gnjg4m mWl UhpUl q.npbwljgmraplG ulJ.' ZpQwGpqap bl wzluwUlmdp UlbTJ.W4wGUWUlW4wpwpuwG fiwUW4WPq.tG Ghpu, npmCi pGnJran UlnwGoGwl.ljtuitp t/1nlumwb T).wuw4wG ZP2wGtG r tltip: U1U wutGn gnlg 4m UlWG, npIO'wGqpuwruP dwuwGwljwZP2wGpG' UpJ2mGp Q'wpUlwpw14hmGhpm,+pwuaaw4ra IW1nP'lwO ~wUl4wa uwpuraaapQ 1'ta.,tra I1r1WUUlhp

uqljrraGhpm zpGnqahwG Ujwpwq.wGbpmG. p-w19 tn wlG14tu t'flwlhwGnGUlwGrur q.npomGtm~plGn wnGmwq GnpnZlwUlljmrurlGGhp chunwGq.wb tp:

q.npounnflGhflnl ln Ikpfibmnunnpfihpm hrnulphpfO'waqruwl'r awuwaw4wZP1war uq4rl'Uapm 2raml'aWa ut1

Ghp qnunnuub wZluWUlntd[! tn wpfitiulJ1wl11pGbpn UlnuwrGhpmG ut2lPzmwb tG njuqtu wutZt: CGT).nwGpwl.ljtu nunnulnupqnuj it hTJ.wo,rG,U<cu' ftw/>wm [qurjuqlnn] 4wu 2wPftpm [wz4apUl], pWl9 lnupq u~qunbpwpmqjahnru ut1 4Q nwU'lrU<rUR "lW2~ [qjjuunnp] 4n,murG: U,IUwGa.bpmG, p-wgr rpbGg wztuwmwG)2f1 TJ.ruwg lrunmunnuuc tltillipmuGh-ptG tn t\.wpl.ljtUlnt~hwG WUUlpuwGtG, lWlblwtltiwP un lWUlljwgmwo f:2t lPzmwo rut uqu tumup.hPJ:l wpnhuUlwljgWljwG tumup.bpt rat ..tuGwr$t urn qWlrG: U,uhGwlGl").tl.ljU, purqiluqaht t\.llilhpw~nuUabp 9n19lj111UlWG, rat 4Wpw14bUl t'flwlhwG lW1I14w9111uGhp 4wmwPWO t tuGwr$rG[BOA, I.DH, 444/29339J np 4Q ftwuutunnk, I't '11tlltPU<CI]t wuqunnhwztuwUlmdrG uhbwuwuGnlruf1lGJ:1. lpu qwp tuGwr$tG:

'GwJuwpWpml'r.aahpm wpJur.wlra ar'l'apnlu ut1, fO'waqruwl'rdwuwGwljwZP2wGp G Ilhp qpunmurc qrmourmn Ilhpru ln wp flbuuunmn Gh-pm uwuGwqf1UlWljwG tumuphrJ:l wnwqwGmraplG un lln Gbp"ljwlw9GhG,np IWUlm4 t awal'lwuw4wa c!wuwaw4w2P1war UrqtluwGrlt lJ'q4rl'rUlnuwpGtpmG, mumuGwurpmwb toutp Lpqa<'l>r t'flwpJ2wGr ljnllut15

,

GWhl d'C. l").wpm u111uwpGbpmG, rGil.ljtu' UJwquwlr, fipwmwpw4111wbUWUlr 'llW-lJ1wlIr 4nTJ.ut:16

Snluw~wn,t lJ'q4r1'r 2rawpwpmruawG d'fO'. 2wpl'mwa gwa4~4'~G'l'lP4t' /iwq~ti/iwa [~apw4wgmaapJ, ali6tiwpwa [nrlUaap],uW{lwGZloqwG [wUlwTJ.QwqnpbGbp], t{l{ltpt2wG [ullngwqnpo], ntuuw-Ifwa [aap4wpwpaapJ, />tGtpt/iwa [l'rl'a~w'lnpoUhp], awppw2wa[qwP'lwG4wp]t~aapJ, u~wti/iwa [oatj>n~ahp], />w2ti/iwa [Rwpw4ntj>-aapJ, mnl~wpti/iwG [npUaw'lrpahp], fiwlflfwlWa [phnaw4rpaap],fiw{l~pw{lwG [ZWllwJ'u l.ljWUlpWUUln'1 Gbp], ntGzPu{lwG [pwGnl11pGhpl./>tpGtti/iwG [Gw.w~wpaapJ, lw~lfwti/iwa [4nlTIl~r tj>npn~aap],pt;tti/iwG [I'W~rRwqnpoUhp], Ifw~wqwti/iwa [Juwaml'~Waaap] a.Ifftl/>tlftmwa ['lwaaw~wnUapJ [BOA, Evd 15220]: ~wa awa. Wll uwu-GWq.pUlntrarlGGhp npnG12 lrZmwo hG lW2np'l-n'1zwp-wraGtipmG. OprGw4'lI1nfJpwuwtiliwG [4wnwqnpbl, oJuwtiliwG r1!wCiTJ.W4wqnpoGhp], li{lwZ-!U[!tiliwG ll/lwl.ljm'1r l/lnpnllGhp], I2nl{l2mGtimliwu [llwl.ljwpwqnpbl,unlJoltim/iwa [1pm~r 2ran~Ghp] a. tiwlfti/iwa [w~w4a'lnpoJ [BOA, Evd1523-2]: 'Gwa. 4wpalnp aa' PWltlfptpwa17p8 [tj>npw'lpn~aap] [BOA,Evd 1537-3] til uljwtiliwGj7 unuwl2j7 [scagliola, 4wU' llipntumwljwG uwp-uwp 2ran~aapJ [BOA, Evd 15394]:

UIUUjruntl, uwuGwq.rmmrarlGGbpm nruGwllwG uwun lj111 qWJT].wuwljwG dwuwGwllwzP2wGta, pCii14tu' f!wpwljnl/lGhpn, npuCiwT).rp-UapQ, 4nlm~r tj>npn~UapQ, panaw4rpaapQ, qwp'lwa4wpr,Uap~ h.wlla:UunGu CiwtunpT). ZP2wGtCi r tlhp Gnp wG111wUmuCibp Ultlwgwa hG.opraw4r nwuwp' uta/{npW28 t/apwomwo t' />w2ti~ft [Rwpw4nlj1J,"ltaawa' mnl~wpti8ft [npUaW'lrp], uft1PUi/{tP8pmp2n1atinlft [4wU<wptJun~nt/w4 2]tan~J:

Un l/lnl/lnluntrrrrlGGhp hlU CillwlI1tilP hG. WltlW'1a.wq.npanqa-tiwGwnQa,mn'l fir.~ap~ wlalr 2WUl aa: bl't UrqC!UWa]tICr ~WpW'lWlraurwla uc4 attitiwp 4Q Ir2mr, fO'wUqruwl'r awUWaW4W2P1wara 4~lrzmpG Gt66wf1D., UW{lwGljoq[!, uJn'l{lwuwtil!G bl lI1j7lzljt{ln [ltlWZnll]:U,lhlrG, wlwGT).W4wG lliGmwGmuCihpm 4Ppwnmuu, 4PGwl OW04hl GnptiwrltlWpwpmhuUlGhpm oqUlwqnpbmul!, oprGw"lj' t{l{lt12t2wfiTI 4PGwl~apwpaprl 2n'lau'lngaapma, np ~a'lnwapwgwb tp fO'waq]tuwl'rcrwuwCiw"ljw2P2wGpG hl UG'l-fiwGpwl.ljtu fiwJhpm ohn)2l! "lj1J.qUlCimtp,npnCi)2 4'wztuWltltrG 'llwlhwGGhpntG fihltl:

Sw4w'rU 4Wl awal JuG'lrp]ta I1rLU 4n~u~. WIU UlnuWpaapQIwnwJu ,aa ~a'l'lP4wb WIU2P1war tlq4]tl'aapm 2raml'awa anpwpW4WapwdpCiGhPl!: lfhqr owGora OUlWP WpfitiUUlWl11pGhp, wpmtiuUlwq.tltlGbp,npnG12 wnnGi11lWO tiG 'llwlhwGCitipnl q.npahpmG nhm, 1..4WpqwUjtu ihGGzmwo wlu lI1nuwpGhpmG ut2: q.npotipm ur2wqq.wJpG gwGgn 111lUWP-OW4r UlWlj wnGh111l fiwtiWP14tlll12 t TJ.ptitil wn wllprlpGtiJl11l: u'pUlwurGC},npong 'GwtuwpWp11lrahwG wp3lUGwqpmrarlGUbp11lG ut2 oprGw"lj 41lIr2mr lnla u~ngw'lnpo uQ' [~Q'RnQ], np 4'LU2Juwmtp OpI'W'lr''lrlJ'q4r1'r 2raml'aWa t/pwl [BOA, HR.MKT, D:621G:46]: '11wlhwaahpmawnI!Gim~plGCitipn OUlWP uwuGwq.tmG"hpm £ihUl 4l! IPZWltlW4hG CiWb:.ll.wl-4WljwG hl blpnl.ljW4wG w'1p-rlpGhpl!: ",W4wnw4 wCinp, TIp 14WlwmCitip11lzrGmrutwQ Ciwluwq.pahpm PW'1llWltlUWUP, uq"ljrruGhp11l l.ljWpwq.wJrCiwltlr UW4Wl TJ.rUWOtiG wJT].14Pup ur2ngGtip11l hl wltlr ZWltl llrpwpllmw.OtiG UlhTJ.W4wG hl wlwGT].w4wG t'1wGw4Gb:pn:

.,

ARMENIAN ARCHITECTS OF ISTANBUL in the Era of Westerl1izotion

.gp'>lu~lJtnp'PM lJq4rpl' ·glHwmr U'I,uwrtpQ &KU<;;UK MECioiYE MOSQUE, HOODED MINARET

Uunpunqunp lfqtlllFlll ·g!lllUlllp LJl1Lnu[ltFlll A.SADABAD MOSQUE, HOODED MINARET

UqJlqJ1JI: lJqlll1lilll .12]lIwlnp LJ]llnupl:l<l[! (q.ntJluu) ....Aztztve MOSQUE (KONYA). HOODED MINARET

Foundations and the buildnq of the Ortakoy Mosque we have a clearidea of who this team was made up of: a chief official, Memur MehmedRauf, a scribe, Katib Hasib Salih, as well as a team of financial officialsor mutemed (the chief Zekeria, and the others: Ali Aga and diqer (lit'the other' Ali Aga). Underneath Artin Kalfa (and later Istefan), who wasof the same status as the katib -as he was given the same salary- therewas a team of a yazro and eleba~/ (BOA, Evd, 13764). These two postsseem to have been affiliated to the kalfa since they change when theidentity of the kalfa changes (and from Armenian to Greek), whereasthe Muslim officials remain the same for the whole building process.

In the weekly building accounts there is also the Involvement ofthe mutemed as well as the oezsra, magazaCl, and bekci, who wereinvolved in purchasing and the supply of goods to the building site. It isnot clear from the documentation whether these figures were affiliatedwith the Balians or the bureaucracy, instead, perhaps, like the kalfas,they had ties to both.

The identities of the pezarc, and magazaCi that are given in thesection of the documentation for purchased goods (miJbayaat) suggest,for instance, that these were not however officials tied to the bureaucracy.In the case of the building of the Beylerbeyi Palace studied by CenqizGoncu there was a much larger bureaucratic team from the Ministry ofthe Imperial Treasury in its building, which included officials namedpezera and other officials in charge of purchasing. In contrast, in thecase of mosque building, these pezera were non-Muslims based inGalata who had independent activities, although they may also havehad ties of employment to the official bodies.

Indeed, we can conclude that the involvement of the officialbodies such as the Ministry of Pious Foundations was very low in thesecases of mosque building in comparison with the cases of palaces suchas the Beylerbeyi which had much larger administrative teams involved.However, the operations behind the cases of mosque building donevertheless show a large degree of continuity with local supply systemsof materials and labour, the nature of which had not changed greatlysince the classical period. This shows how, although the successorbodies to the Imperial Architects' Office were not heavily involved In

mosque building cases In the Tanzimat, the operations of the Balianfamily still Inherited a number of its qualities.

Teams: Labour and CraftsmenThe labour and craftsmen employed on the building of the

mosques of the Tanzimat period was referred to in the notebooks as

SnLlYull_4Ulh~t lJqLlrral14npfl[ilhwu n6mlLJI1[lUl[ltJilQ. ....DOLMABAHyE MOSQUE,

CORINTHIAN MINARET

OppwqrullJQllrr"114np[IJ"l:iwun6mlLJllllLllptJilI! ....ORTAKOY MOSQUE,

CORINTHIAN MINARET

ame/e. It was mostly not divided Into a hierarchy such as iJstad or ,akird(master and apprentice) but in some documents the term ...ba~1(chle!...) can be seen and a separate wage was allotted to theseindividuals, apart from the ordinary level craftsmen/labourers. It is notspecified whether this team was recruited from the guilds or esnaf.However, there are some documents that show that Garabed Balian didallocate payments to the esnaf (BOA, IDH, 444/29339), and much ofthe labour of the Beylerbeyi Palace was from the esnaf whichindicates this to be the case (Goncu, 2006, 31)

The types of labourers and craftsmen employed on the mosquesof the Tanzimat, according to the documentation of the ministries,include a large number of types that can also be seen in the classicalperiod accounts of the building of the Suleyrnaniye Mosque studied byOrner LUtfi Barkan but also in is" century accounts such as those ofAyazma published by Sadi Bayram.

The list from week 19 of the construction of the DolrnabahceMosque includes: yaz/oyan (officials), neccaran (carpenters),marangozan (carpenters), errekesen (sawyers), ressaman (painters),tenekeyan (tin smiths), nakka,an (decorators), slVaClyan (plasterers),ta~Clyan (stone-cutters), duvaroyan (masons), hammalan (porters),har,karan (mortar-makers), rencpeten (day-labourers), tekneciyan (boatdrivers: for delivery of supplies'), lag/moyan (sewer-makers), ke,eciyan(felt-makers), magazaoyan (shop keepers) and miJtemedan (financialofficials) (BOA, Evd 15220). There are some additional types added over

95

".,-,,

U.plm/mwqwawgnq l>UliI'u. \, 'llnJl.ll> zue uur-suru 'lllJS\, lJr C

Op13UltlllLIllIqLlrfilll Y]lhli]1nL OJ3hUJlll~ ...Boxy BALCONY ORTAKOY MOSQUE

lJ2UUlphlr to bnum Ljlup1:nnp qtupqurqnul Gbp , npnuQ lllh'l G-lIlWOto GnlGt1U4 tiqljJ1raGbrnt 2pGnqahwG tnrnlurpurlpuf gwGgwn UlpQ.WU.Wq-pnlJa(llGGbpmG lIt£.: U.nLU2:J1G~'pUlphqwflrfllwG llUltlt:wl 2b:ZU1mwam-ratnGG L, uuruflunnnumurp GhrgrG lwrnlLUpwGJ2J1 tit2:: 'i../tip4U1JlUlpQhpI!UlZiuwtnUU} to SnltilUUllUn~tJ1 U'qljJ1rar ln wll 4umnlgGhrTI1. ZpGmra-h:wGtuUp-nll.£. [IGJ'OLU£9pG, rG~1.4tu Iiurht qWflTJ.wGljUlpnll ln ottfm'lljWpu{hUl-Ghp: u.unGg 2U1J12pG to. Ihutn 4w1h.u.q.npaGtpD., QwGTJ-Ul4wqnpiHitrI!,G4UlJ1}1~ahJ1I!, Ulrf1hU1.J1Ul4U1G UWpUlUp}1 bht/1nll hl :Qwflwljm.p t!.lUflUjhUl-Gtprr, GWtl npuGw~ppGtprr, npnGQ zpGmJ>twG t[pwl 4'W2JuWtntpGu4PC[ptG UpG,tl t[tp1, np tptlWG 4rr nwGt wGnGg 4wptlnp ~tprr n',tl'rwlu zrGmJO'hwG, Ulnh1lUJ1U1lUQrG P-LUptqwprpJwG Ulzluw.UlluGJ2GtpmGtlt1 :

bp4pnp'1- qwpq.wgnnl'rf uwpUlwpwpmhuUlp Gnpwq.n]G Gmwumu-Ghpm oq.Ulwq.nponllIG t, RW4wnw4 wGnp, np wIGjumw40ptG ~t WpUlW-gnlmwo WPQwGwq.pnqa-plGGhpmG ut2: rG~Ujtu gnlg 4m UlW] tflfltpt-2Wur [u'lngwqnpbJ OPpGw4E, npG wGmGGtpE 4pGwG bwb4wb Ellwlq.pUlwq.npoGw4wG Gnpnqa-lnGGhpn, pG~14tu t Ujwpwq.wG 2nq.hu'lngGh-pmG: UW4wIG, 4n UlhuGhGJ,2Gnp uwplllwpwpmhuUlp uD. J3'U1t/lwGgmunwpRhUlllW4wG uwpuwpp 14wpwq.W]pG, np lWlGoptG oq.Ulwq.npomwo tlflwlhwGGhpm fO'wGqpuwrar owuwGw4w2P2wGr q.npohpmG ut2:17

lnuphtnp hG GWhl wUjw4r RWl"raWlran'1Ghpn wIG uq4r"J3'GhpmG Rwuwp,npnGJ,2 mGtrG Gnp hl nwuwpo.w4 o.hlhpml. 14wlllmRwGGhp, hl wlhlr uhoiUIl..pwq.rohp' J,2wGhpphlt lllhuGmwo tpG:

l.w4wnw4 W]UGnpwpwpmrarlGGhpmG, wlu q.npohpn4n t!.ulllwRmtrGuho rarnnt!. gwo wztuwUlwt!.wpo.m.t q.npowtnpGhpm, oPpGw4' ntGipaflwG,fiwuuW/wGhll!f1QWU1WG, npnGJ,2t/lntuwppGwo tpG wG9hwlP U1tl/2/lfluthluUlpm4 w2tuwUlmopG: l.wlwGw4wG t, np wlu q.npowmpGhpD. ljm q.W]pG~w'lwn.UllrG RWJW'l.~lUU1luwlhptG, npnGg 4t! RwG'lrUjpGn wll Ujwpwq.w-Ghpm hlU, ulUuGwmpwpwp' wurpwGhpm (RWI nwuw]GJ,2r t!.hpGWtuwl)CfnpomGtmra-wG ut2· oprGlU4' lJ.pnmGp 4.um0YJ-p q.npowpwGr UjwpwCfw-JpG,18ljwphlr t GZhl GWhl ljhpUjlUUp q.npowpwGD., npnGn ]wuwlu nWlhpmmGoppGmra-hwG Ghnhl 4D.q.U1GmtrG:19

~UlpUjliUl lJ.pfihuUlwmpGlipm lumuplipOuuwGtwG wPJuPlwlpG t[WltpwqppGtpm' uc[4PJ>Gtpm 2pGm-

"J3'hwGtlhpwphpn'l. Grqa-hpmG ut2 lflwlhwGGhpmG ljGnlUo uP2wqq.W]pGCfnpowpnCihpn wpUlwgntmWo ~hG: '"unjGUjtu ~hG ]PZmrp t\.WpUjhUl Rw]G4wpr~GhpG m wpRhumlUtnpGhpn, npnGg owGoyrr hG~ L.wl4wljwG mblpn14w4wG W'l.PPlpGhpt b:t npnGJ,2uZUlW14tu q.npbw.4gwo hG fJlwlhtuGGhpmGnlnn. oPpGw4' .gtllnw6twG np~p~,'" 'uWlhtuG b'lPWlpGtp," nluttn "1tnC[wtn,UmpnG fJltqrpuhwG:2! l.wlhpm Ghpq.pwlmwbm"J3'hwG ulUurG CfWllwt/lwPun 4pGwG~ 4lUquhl wP1ulnGhpm ut2 Ulh'l. q.ll1WOq.npor wp3.wGwq.pm-yrrplGGhpm WjGUlUUtG, np yn t!.hpwphpr UlltlfituUllJ.{ [wnRwZfn] t\.uwpmu-GhpmG:

U,nnw2rn tluwpmuGhpn gn19 4m ll1wG, np npuGw4wG q.npowmp-wpRhuUlu.nnpGhpnl hl q.GmuGhpm UjWll1Wu1uwGwll1mGhpnl 4mu~_pG,uqYryrrGhpm zpGmyrrhwG hl pwphqwP'luwG wztuwU1wGJ,2GhPIl fJlwlhwGrrGtnwGp~pG 4n'lut 4~ t[utnwRmtpG, wltlP 6P2~' 4rr lljwlnmppmtpGlWlwq.nlG wpnhuunumpGhpmG: u.GnGQ yn 4WUlwptpG pwquwUlhulUlj

C()l1Pf<ll:iLCJ~oWl4.U1ltlLpt lIq4prap Ophurqp ...BoXY BALCONY PERTEVNiYAL VALiDE MOSQUE

w2JuWtnwGQGtp' C[WGWC[illG GplJ>tpnt[: "rr ptptG~ QwGp tlrr oPpGw4·OPJ>wqpl'lP U'c[4PJ>P 2pGmJ>twG t[hp1pG 2P1illGpG' 1'w208Ufw28 [qjjuw-tnp Qwpw4ntl>l BW4np QptlupG 4Wtnwpwb l; t[hp2pG bnhuunqurvmulp,fiwuwu08Ufw28 [~W'lGp~ 2pGn'lGtpm qjJuwlnpJ Bnt[RillGGtu~ pW'lGpQrrtuuwRwphpnt!. UjlUUlWOt ,U1nll.l.wpol!lJ.{Ul2l! [q.ltuwmp npuGwYJ-PP] luntiurlfrJ,2wltm 4wnmgwo t GWlUluwUlnlgn: Iknfilnnnunnntlhnm unujuu-q.lmtuGhpmG Iituht urfifiunmuqurfl 14wtnmtpGhp Ulpmwo hG. If/lGlJ.{tPl!'[wulljpnGrrl fil'w26~ U,nw~tlpG pU4 uft{;pwUf8' [JunpwGrrl fil'w26~ U,lW-GrupG UjwUlmrpmlUb t, UjlUll1mrpnlWo hG GwhlllUPYJ-wpwGRr ll1lUpphp'ljwR4wpwurr wnwGo.rG uwuhp, OprGw4' unuw4lUIGhpn UjWUlPWUUlWOt tunuw r14PwRru u,'l.wG, wpnlPt uW1"[hpt!' nlUUlW fO'W]WPt!: PhpmwooPpGw4Gtprr 4~ t[tpw~tppG OPJ>illqpl'lP U'c[4PJ>pG, np jilltn4Wl.ljtuRwpmull1 wplurl mGr (yrrthl nnu wI 4D. p-wgw4lU]rG YWUlwpmwo ljwpq.uD.w2luwUllUGJ,2Ghpm WPo.wGwq.pmyrrrlGGhp):

O'wpUlwpwUjhll1w4wG, ]WP'lwpwGI!r hl ljlURlUtnpmUr q.npohpmGuWUGWq."tUl tlwPUjhUlGhpm tlull1lURmrm, npnGQ uho uwuwup lI1hllwgrRWl wpRhuU1wmpGhp trG, gnjg ym mWI, rot rG~Ujtu I"flwlhwGGhp 4PgwohG rphGg qlUGwqwG q.npbhpn ljwpu owuwGwljr ut2 hl GnjG wUlhG lW-2n'l9Ghr: 'GWhl ljD..filUUljGwGQ, rat rG~m 4wnn]gr 4lUPq. tiD..l1wuhr hl]WPYJ-wpwGI!Ghp 1m ]WlIlljlUGzmrG yWtrlWpuwG pwpap wpmhUUlnt!.,oprGwlj' lunpwGI!. hllUl1Uj!mGJ:!, I!lUGr np lUjYJ-1WPTj.WpwGI!GhpmG tlPW]UpWjG pwpoPill4wpq t[wPlljttnGtp 4'w2JuwmtpG:

"rr J>mp J>t fil'wGC[puwJ>P 2P1wGpU' "1WjtwGGtprr pptGgbpwq.rpGhpm rpwq.npouwG nGrowgQpG ]wnlUlu wzluWUlWO hG urhlGnlGt!.wpUjhm wpnhumwmpGhpm RhUl: UGnGJ,2 ~trG ulUnuwG1Ul.pw4mpPupoprGW4 q.npohpnt\.. W2tuWUlWO hG uq4ryrrGhpm, UjWlwtnGhpm hlUlwllwlwpGhpm hl Gn]Gpu4 fiW]ljwljlUG hljhllhgrGhpm t\.rwr O'wpmw-pWUjhll1W4wG ll1wpphpm, llUpYJ-WpwGnr TIl nuhpm ljpljGmrorlGn hlGrLJil-wljwG 1{lWUUlWP4Ghpm QGGmrorlGD. Gn]Gllltu 4J:! Rwull1wmhG wluppn'lntJ>plG~: u'PJuPlwlPG wpuwGwqpmJ>plGGtpmG tlt2 GnlGlljtu 4wptlPt RwGYJ-P14rl ]wuwtu ljpljGmnll lUGmGGhpm. <,wUWUOl!u/W2l! OfiwG-Gtu~ oPpGw4, w2JuWlnwb t "1tntplljtlP I.ljWjWtnpG tl OPJ>Wqpl~plfQ4rror 4wnnlgGhpmG ut2' npUjtu Pl!fi[itl!U[Gullwuwmnlgr ljwnmguwGut21: fil'wGC[puwJ>P 2P1wGpG C[wGwC[wG GwJuwqpbtpm t[Pillj w2Juw-U1WO fiJ'Ul20l!lJ.{W2l! tunuw u.1{lnuronw, np mtp tp uht/lwljwG J,2WplU-RwGJir, umwG3.GlUo t GlUhl zrGwGrlrohpm UlUU1wljwpwpnqa-rlGI!:

u'Pl1-Wphl, tlwpUjhll1 wpRhuU1wmpGhpm q.hpwljznnll tihowuwu-GmyrrplGn n~-rUlwU trG (q.ltuWtnplUPlUP nWlhp), npnGI! plUpo.p YJ-rpJ,2hpq.PWlWO trG hl I"flwIhwG IlGUlwGrI1rG uom 14wpphpwp-wp wZluwll1hlmGqmq.nG13wg, mGtrG GWhl rphGg uht/lwywG q.npownGm13rlGGhpD.:u.GnGI! 4n tlulUpmtrG UlUPUlWPW14hUllU4wG hl p-wphqwpYJ-uwG WZ)ulU-UlwGQGhpm llPuw9, jWUwlu GWhl zrGwGrlrohpm ulUUlwljwpwpmyrrhwGRwuwp, b:13t wGq.wu I.!llWlrG I!wpwq.npo yw111wpW4rg wpRhuUlwq.npb-Ghp:

u,]U t\.lUPlllhUl lUpRhumwtnpGhpIl, npnGQ RwulUq.npowljgwo hGI"flwlhwGGhpmG Rhm, RWlwGwplUp fO'lUGQpuw13r 2P2:wGrG 4lUnmgwob:G Gljwll1wnhlr zrGmroPlGGhp, nGYJ-RwGplUUjtu oW'l.ljmu lUUjpn'l. I"flwl-hwGGhpm Rnt\.wGrrG Ghp12hl: U,lU hphlnlroIl RlUU1J1Wll1n'l.rp-p tlwn opr-GW4 4wptlP t ptptl.gttlwn6hwG np~PQ WpnhUlnillGng~, np tl>Wltntwl

U. Uuqmuuourohf b4b'lbgtnj Q.uptFlP «Upmpnjunqunpnuuo» lAjfl12UlUUlUUI! ...STUCCO DOl\IE SURP ASDVADZADZIN CHURCH

the following weeks of construction of the uolmabahcc such as:dcqremeayen (chisseler), oymaClyan (carver), yera/tlClyan (tunnelbuilder), kur,uncuyan (lead-maker), suyo/cuyan (water ways-maker) andcamClyan (glass-maker) (BOA, Evd 15232). Also Significant are theka/emkaran (painters) (BOA, Evd 15373), and siveciyen-i somaki(scagliola, or Imitation marble workers) (BOA, Evd 15394)

Thus the basic team remains from the classical period: stonecutters,masons, drains-makers, porters, decorators, for instance. Some of thesebasic types had been given new names since the earlier period, forinstance: senqtue; becomes ta~C1(stone-cutter), benna becomes duveta(mason) and surbger becomes kur,uncu (lead pipe maker).

There are also some changes however, there is a larger range ofcarpenters involved: whereas in the SOleymaniye there is only theneccar in the Tanzimat there are neccar, marangoz, dogramaCi anddU/ger. Additionally, the use of traditional names may mask the use ofnew technologies, such as the ettekeser: may refer to the steam sawyersthat were prevalent in the Tanzimat and were dominated by Armenianswho worked with the Balians.

Furthermore, there is the problem that these accounts often donot shed light on the more innovative aspects of the mosque buildingprocess at this time: the foreign craftsmen and artists that we knowwere involved in the Balians works are not really mentioned in theseaccounts. Instead, we have to look to other sources to shed light on theInternational networks behind the works: the Hariciye (Ministry ofForeign Affairs) documents a Greek sawyer (bl,kI) employed on theOrtakby Mosque for instance (BOA, HR.MKT, D:62/G:46). Also Armeniansources and European periodicals shed more light on these contacts andtheir involvement in the works of the Balians.Nevertheless,when comparedto the palace projects, the mosques do seem to have employed lessofthese kinds of contacts and more of a local and traditional kind.

There are two important developments that are reflected even inthe sparse documentation of the construction accounts of thesemosques nonetheless. The first is an increased decorative emphasis,particularly with regards to interior decoration. Painters (ressaman) areemployed throughout the building of works like the DolrnabahceMosque as are decorators (nakka,an) and plasterers (s/VaClyan). Thereare also furniture makers/chisselers (dogramaClyan) and carvers(oymaClyan), painters (ka/emkaran) and scaliola workers (s/VaClyan-isomakl). There are also stonecutters (ta,Clyan) and masons (duvarClyan)employed until the very end of construction, showing their Importantrole in the exterior decoration of this mosque, not just it's construction.

ARMENIAN ARCHITECTS OF ISTANBUL in the Era ofWesternizolion 97

'I!P1W1-ll Ctrp~ lJQ411raruc}'dptra)l «Upmpnjunqunpnuuc» l.AiP12(IWUWUj} .....STUCCO DOME HIRKA-l ~ERIF MOSQUE

The second development is the useof new technology. This is not soclearly expressed in the documentation; as was explained with theexample of ettekesen, old names may have masked new techniques suchasthe useof steam-powered5a\NS. Nevertheless,we canseethe encroachmentof new technology in the popularity of the scagliola worker, who waswidely used in the Tanzimat works of the Balians." Glass suppliers(camel) were also important to these mosques which included windowsin new daring shapes and on a larger scale than had been seen before.

Despite these innovations the construction of these works didrely on a large number of low-waged workers such as rencperen,hamma/an, and uceden, who took the place of the devsirme and slavelabour of the past. It ISlikely that these workers pnmarily consisted ofArmenian urban poor, as we see in the casesof many other activities atthis time undertaken by /smites (Armenian communal leaders) such asthe Imperial Gunpowder Factory and we also see this in the textilefactories which were also often under Armenian manaqernent."

Teams: Elite CraftsmenAlthough the documentation of the Ottoman archives concerning

mosque building generally does not shed light on the internationalcontacts that the Balians brought into play in their operations, nor doesit include information on the elite Armenian painters and craftsmenwhom we know from Armenian and European sources that theyemployed regularly on their works, such as Vortik Kemhaciyan17, NalianFreres", Umed Behzad and Sopon Bezirdjian", we do get a glimpse intothese elite Armenian networks through one type of transaction that isincluded in the documentation. These are the sections of thedocuments devoted to 'ale-/-hesab' payments.

The 'a/e-/-hesab' payments show how, in addition to the basicteam of craftsmen/labourers (arne/e) and purchased goods (mubayaat),elements of both the building of the mosque and its decoration weredelegated, or rather contracted out, to chief craftsmen, by the Balianfamily. Theseconsisted of the various structural elements; for instance: theconstruction of the final walls of the mosque by Ta,Clba,1(chief stone-cutter)Agop Zirnrni. the construction of the walls from rough stone (m%z) byHamamClba,1 (chief hamam builder) Ohannes, the construction of theJetty (nhtim) by the Duvarclba,1 (chief mason) Hoca Mihail are someexamples from the end of the construction of the Ortakby Mosque

However, chief craftsmen were also contracted out to createindividual aspects of the decoration and furniture, such as the minberthat was contracted to a Ta>CIArakil and the mihrab to Ta,CI Avanis.

'.

tfUlhunll/l P.p '1-WUpWplUUjlU Q.tiptrar "Uranq;mJWlljWlfIOlluO:>, l..bpgJJWUUJuQ A.STUCCO DOME MAUSOLEUM OF MAHMUD 11

ljwfHpupwup uun.nwljwpwpWO t fil'wGqtnhuJ'QJ1 awuwGwYW2P2Wu.rG.'1"]U'lhwGUbpm ynllut 4wnmgnnuo p.nlnp 14WlWU1G.bpmG: UpnhuU1wGngnp-Wpq.wlwtiblmr qwGwqwG ljbYJ-pnGGhp fiWUUnUUllUO t 4. lJ)nlunl tl't2.,mfl ljwpwupGhpI! 4u 2rGmt-rG 2nq.hu'1ngGhrm.J.. wGnGg lUJlUlUHWm-j'UbwG. h'lwGwljG.hpn 4D. fiUHIwUjlUU1lUUluwGtpG. lUJ1'l-I1Ud~LUa Cl-npowpwG.-GhpmG: U~wOf' <.cPW/ifI 4~ nlUlwumt, rat «np~r~ t.J>tGmrr 4wn4w-pwurr q.nrOlUpwG[!, pwdGbUlrrwljWG. [1Gl(tqmqa-hwG. U[! '-I.t:pwomtqnt~GralUg~r I!t~ t: u'pat Ir2hl. np np~r~ t.J>tGmrG 2rGlUa t Snl'Jw~lUn,ttil 2t!PUH\WG UjWlwlIlGhpmu. ywfilp.upwupGbpmG. uta l.l\uut!: l.wpg t, ratnp,>r~ t.J>tGmrrG uhalUllha 2lUnhp~ lU~wnmlnllua hG n', "rwlG lop]w6wJunpllGbpmG uwuGW]UlUlmlj G.ljwpwq.rrntJ.. hl Qwa", wGfiWlLU-unulr t. np t.lhfilUl(mln UmljitwGn GtyWlllWlj ~mG.J1Gnr Ujullunn uJ:lljwfiw-mrtqTIl f.ibpljwlru, r IWJ1J1ljm qWl, np nU1J1ptG - hrat ywptqr t fiwuhuw-mhl lUp~tG 4llmwa t, hl plUaGhifltphp~ 4PGlUG nwuwphl, np juh9rrGfiwuwp p.wpllp qrG tj6wpwo hG»:')

~wgr fiw! p.wpllpwljwpq wpfihulllwtnpGtpm lumup.tG, npnGgahnGlUP4mrarlGGhp~ ~G'>llUIGmwa trG 0'wGC[rlllUrar 2P~lUGrG, IllUlnlU-ljwpwp lunuIphPI!, npnG.g wnI!G~mwo trG SnllIwUjwfilt lfqyrra-p tt0'lUGC[rUlUrar 2P1lUGr lUll uc[4rraGhpm GlUjuWqrahpmG uha IllUUlUupym qWlrG 4. 'Ilnlunl p.nInp ljn'1utptG t1 ljI! qnpotrG 14wpq qnpowtnp-Ghpm Ujtu '<1l-wuwywG;, wGl/lnt/1nlu ljhpUjml:

lfW1J1wljwpwp lunnrpl:ip

CrGwpwpwljwG 1J1mIwpGtp[! uwGpwuwuGnqa-rtGGtp lj[! fiwllnp-IltG zpGmrahwG wGfipwdt21J1 Grtratpm fiUl!raUilrauwG l.jlipUlptphwl·wpllwGUlqpmUio hG UUl1J1wywpUlprG wGmGI! (mpljt ljpGwG.Q qp1J1GUlIwGnr U1qq.mra-rtGn), wUjpwG.Qr 1J1huwljI!, I!wGwljn hl qrGn, G2mUlb tGUltt qnpbwPI!r G l.jwJPn:

4,wthpwqrpGbpm WIU pUldrGrG ut2 1J1h'1q:1J1WOlllt'1tymrapLGGtpngnJg ljm lllWG pwgwpllwlj lllbllwyUlG ytllpnGUIgmu un: CpGwGrlratpmuWlllwljwpwpmun uho uwuwup ljm qtup 4. 'IlnIunl ZP2wljW!l=!tG,UtuPUUlPI!' lfwpuwpwJr 2P2wGtG: <t>WIlllI! yI! '1pljmtp q.tutumtG,lWuwlu l(wupwpmtp 2D.pw'lwG UjWIWlllr Ujwfitu1J1wGngrG ut2, np2rGwGrlra-tpm 14wfitu1J1wGngr tllipwomwo tp: u,P1- zrGwGr1ra-tpnnpnGJ2 Ujrlllr qnpowbmtrG wp.gmGr GWfuwqrbhpmG ut2, t/1wUlllOptG>!,njulUGgnLWa trG 1lc[4rraGhpm aplUqrpGhpmG:

()rGlUGrlrahp~ UhOWl uuruunlp 4'lU~lUnnLlmtrG lUlG 2P~wGGhptG,npnGI! hpljwp wlllbGt r tllip wnnGlnnub trG W!Il wUjpwGnGhpmG.OPrUlU4, 12ft'$t12ft [lUllUC[lU~WpJ 4nL qum' lflU2PrnnplUltG ("IlU2~P-q.rL'1), uwpuwPD.' UWI!:nqtG., uruuqp' SWpnUW!r 'lW2111wtlwIPta tnypw.Qwpu.' Llnut/1nptG: UpTJ.t"nGwphpwljwG wlllPwGQGtpn GnlGUjtulpu qWlrG inmbuq WplllW'lpwGI!:r lWllllGr ljt'lrnGGtptG: OppGwy'4'lllrGmp~ 4'w~wnntlnttp JulUUqrl'ltG tn "It2r4raw2tG, hp4Wra~'fU'wfira-wQWlttG fn -RUlUt!Ut{lW2wltG:

U'WU1wljwpwpGtpmG wGmGGtpn im t.l.ywltG wGnGg uhoUluwuGm-ratUiG fiwJ nUUllmG thuuhfi, rhutn gnJg urn uunf wJu 2P2wGrG fiuqbnmlUC[,>h9r4 Ghp4wlmrarlG~ lUp'>r"GWphplU4lUG lUU~lUptC[rG ut1: ~lUlUWlllWljLUpwpGbpn nGTJ.fiwGpw14tu ljtTJ.pnGwgwo trG nl-pulwuGtpmGllUmm4 2P1wGGhpm Ilt~. rG,~tu' "It2r4ralU2, tn 4'Wpmw~ptrG n,-PUIwuGtpm wnnGlmnll w14pwGQGhp, rGl14tu ljllUpGlllp bt. tpywrat burq-uwbGhp: flpwywGmratwG ut2, etfU'. ruupru wJu tphtnJla-Gtpn wupnll2nt.l.rGGnp C[lUpqlUgmllGhp ,trG, wll lUp~rlGgG trG GlUjunp,> 2P1lUutG h4waq.npooGGtpmG: u'lU G-npooGGhPD. 14wJuwGwtnpmwo trG IWlllljW14tU wlu2P2wGrG Ilt14r UUlIPWQUI'lwQ fiw]hpm qUl'1ra-nt.l.!-ltL fiw! l;uGwrJ;r pwpq.w-lwumunt.l., rG214tu GUltl qnrowllltptpmG' wurpwGtp (fiwuwIGI!:r '1tljUl-tlwpGhp) nUwlm fiwGq.wuwGQnt.l.. rG2111tu' llwpwUjtlll 'TlwlhwGn:25

UutG 14Wpwq.wlr, YWlrG GWhl ljwpq. uu. qwpq.wgnuJGtp tt>!,mrnjumrarlGGhp GlUju4rG qnpawnGmrar"GGhpnL ut1: lfc[4rraGhpmz}1Gmra-twG qnpor ljwphtnp lWlllymra-rLGGbptG utljG WI n~-rulwuUr2Gnp'l- wnbnnrwywGGhpm bwnwlmrarLGGtptG 0G-lllmrlG tp, nUwlUJtqftp~wa 0wqwp6r, 4lUIl Ifwqwqw6r: L\.hP1rGGhpu ~u~lUnlUGplU-~tu 4h~pnGlUglUa trG '1.lUjlUrarnl ut1, np lUlu 2P~lUGrG ll4uwa tp alU'l-ljrl np14tu Y. 'IlnIunl WPT\-pLGWptpWljwG hl 2rGwpwpwljwG ljh'l-pnG:lj'tGra-wT\-pmr, rat 'lwIwrarnJ wiu tlhptW[! Ujw!uwGwmpmwo tpqnpowlllh'1tpmG q.ng CmywltG finu Ult'1wtPnfumtImG,'6 rG~14tu GWbL'1.Prllr ~wlnhpwC[utG hln~ (] 853-1856) lUpnhumlULnp Ghpm uha nnu~rGnhUl:" UW4lUlG Uc[4rraGhpm 2rumrahwG ~hplUphpn'l GrlrahptG 4~~lUpC[mr, np ulUmlU4lUplUpGhp~ '1.lUllUrarnl ut1 w2junla trG '1.prur'TlunntrwqurG GWfunp'l-nll Zr2wGrG tL wrfibulllwLnpGhpm finugtGwnw2, mU1J1r nrhlt fipun 2mGrGJ2, tGra-wTJ.phlm rat wGnGn ljwUjmwbtrG tuOwfrG:

'lwIUlra-rn] nl-pulwu wntnnpwljwGGbPt! tihowJ,!wGwlj Ul14pwGJ2

4~ UlUUllU4WPlUptrG uc[4rraGhpm 2rGmrahwG qnparG: J:;P4Wrah'ltG~ hlqwuI! ljD. ramrG wnw2GwljUlpq. I!llwl wlll W14pwGJ2GtpmG ut2, PUlJg4lUG GlUblwll Grlrahp, oPrGlU4' GhP4, 4'l~wG~, w~lU4r, rarrah'l hllUllG:u,GnGJ2 1m uWl.J1wljwpwptrG GWhL ljwpq. U[! hLpn14wljwG WUjpUlGI!:Gtp,PW!g ]Wlllmlj llltUWljWGJ'! uJ:1. 2GhpljwIwgGblmG, G2mwo tG np14tu$ptO~ t2Jwur:

"GlUjtu GWfuW14tu numhgw1, t.l.WPUjtlll wpfihul1lwtnpGhpnfiwuwllwlGmrarlG mGtrG tl'qljrra-Gtpm pwphqwPlluwG lWlllmy ljtnnpGhp2r Ghlnt fiwuwp, }1G2Ujtu unuwljwl Gtpn hl wpn!J1 t nwyt hpn: U,un GJ,!lllt'1-lnlG t.l.pwl ljn 2rGmtrG, uhpdhlnt.l. q.Ghl 'lwIwrarnl wntttnpUlljwGGhpm14WUlPWUtnp w14pwGQGbpn: u,Ju t/"1wullln ljn fiwuUlwU1mr GWhL lr2twluqljrrarG unuwljwIGhpnLG t.l.pwl ouuwGtptG wpuUlGwqpmrarLGGhpmGut2, mp wGnGI! ljn Ir2mrG rpptL lllhllwljwG wnwpljwGbp:

CrGmrabwG lllnuwpGtpmG ut2. wpllwGwq.pmwo wUjpwG.QGhpt!,uho uwuwup uqljrrap 2rGnqa-twG wGfipwdhZU1 firuGwljwG 14wpWq.lli-uhpG trG, rG,~tu' ~lUp, 4'lUrGmp, >!'wlm: SlU4wlrG, pWC[UlUrar" qnp-oumGmrartGGhp (orrGwlj' pwphqwP'l-uwG t.l.hpwptptwIZW1J1 uI! pwdrG-Gtp) lhG ]r2mWO wIu tnnuwpGhpmG ut2, fittnhlWP.Wp fiGwpwLnp t, npwunGJ2 wG14W2UlOG ljhplllnt.l. ljwtnUlpmwo tG 'flwItwGGhpm fiUll q.npo-[!GytpGtpm ljnllut tl 4wU U1Po.wGwq.pmwo tG Upl.J1U1nrG q,npbngLowfuwpwpmrahwG uP2.ngWt' np14tu 01J1Wp qnpownGmrapLG:~8

LoYwl.J1tlr t, np pG2111tu t.l.U1P14tUlwpflhutnUlLnpGhpm 14wpwqwlrG,npnGg t.l.utnllifimwo tp uqljrrar 2rGmratUiG W!U ljwu wJG pwdpGI!,ljwJ GwtL UllilllUlljwpwpGhpm 1./1n.gp fumuP. ut!, np U1nTIG~mwa t wiuuqljrraGhpm 2rGmratwG flttn: LJwpq. un wGmGGbp yt! ypljGmrG qwGwqwGopwqrpGtpm ut2, Gn!G UUllllwljwpwpGtpn npn2 W14pwGJ,!Ghp fiWlraW!raWOhO zrGmratwG WUpnll2 nGrawggpG:

'lwIwrarn] wnhlUlpwljwGGtpm ramwljwG wnrG qmq"[!Grawg,wpfihuU1wlnpGhpm hL uWlllwywpUlpGhpm ljn11ut rpwqnpbmwo lWIGlli-OWLUll qnpbwnGmrartGGtpmG pwpqUl1wumuD. wljGlwIU1 t U1llipptp

wU14U1ptqGtpm ut2 fiJ'w2Qn Junuw U,l/lnuranl, np ljwpq. un uqljrraGtpmQwpr UWU1U14UlpllipuwG 14llilllUlufuwGw1J1nLG t (qnpbwnGmrarlOGhptG

ljn 141.Upqmp, np wG UllitnW4WpwpG t Gwtl wllZrGUlpwpwljwG q.npohpm),

Elements of the furniture were also contracted out: the chandelierswere made by one Hoca Ibrahim Aga and the brass grilles were madeby Usta Tayar for instance. These examples are all concerning theOrtakby Mosque, which has particularly rich documentation (althougheven this is still missing a great amount of the transactions that musthave taken place).

This delegation of items of architecture, decoration and furniture tospecialists, who were, however, locally-based, master-craftsmen, and amajority of Armenians, shows how the Balians were able to carry outtheir works within a short amount of time, since elements could beconstructed simultaneously. However, it also explains why some elementsof the building and decoration are particularly elaborate, such asthe mihraband minber: because they had specialists working on that Item only

The team of specialist master-craftsmen seems to have beenemployed on repeated projects over the Tanzimat period by the BaliansThey were not restncted to one type of building but worked onmosques, palaces, kiosks and even Armenian churches. The material Ievidence testifies to this due to the repetition of architectural elements,motifs and styles. The documentation also mentions some namesrepeatedly HamamClba';l Ohannes was employed on the BeylerbeyiPalace and the Ortakby Mosque to construct abnm (jetties). TheTa~Clba~1Hoca Apostol was also seen on various projects of theTanzimat period He also supplied matenals to the projects, having hisown stone quarry.

Indeed, many of these chief craftsmen were non-Muslims (again,primarily Armenians), were of a high status and had their own privateoperations as well as working repeatedly under the Balian family Theywere paid for the items of architecture/decoration that they made butfrequently they were also paid for the extraction and delivery of thematerials if they were the ta~C1or other related craftsmen of rawmaterials such as stone.

These chief craftsmen who collaborated with the Balians seem tohave built up operations of a considerable scale during the Tanzimatperiod, in no small part due to their flourishing under their patronage.An important example of this phenomenon is Vortik Kemhaciyan, whosupplied wooden furniture items to all of the palaces of the Tanzimatbuilt by the Balians. His operations in Constantinople alone grew intoseveral centres that were making goods with steam-powered saws andtheir production methods came to resemble those of a modern factory.The Levant Herald explains: "A project IS on foot for converting thefurniture factory of Vortik Efendi into a joint-stock enterprise. VortikEfendi has, It will be remembered, made the greater part of thefurniture for the palaces of Dolmabahce and C;rragan. It is a questionwhether the large profits made by Vortik Efendi are not mainly due tothe exclusive character of his 'clientele'; and since it is not believed thatHis Majesty the Sultan has the Intention of furnishing another palace forthe present, It might turn out that the oyster, if we may be allowed thecomparrson has been already swallowed, and that the shareholderswould find that they had paid a high price for the shells.'?'

However, aside from this group of elite Armenian craftsmenwhose enterprises expanded massively during the Tanzimat, the majorityof the suppliers that were involved in the Dolmabah<;e Mosque and theother mosque projects of the Tanzimatwere, like the basic labour force,mostly drawn from 'traditional' types, local to the districts ofConstantinople and operating in a manner that was largely unchanged.

Teams: SuppliersThe construction accounts give details concerning the suppliers of

purchased materials (mubayaat) that were requrred for the building

ARMENIAN ARCHITECTS OF ISTANBUL in the Era of Westernization 99

.gIH~I1LR lft6J14111Jt lfqljl1l'lllu q.tiptl'lll «U[iJIllRllJLLlUILLI41IllUlO» 1JOpP(llUtiUlUD. ...STUCCO DOME KUyUK MECioiYE MOSQUE

project. Usually this includes the name of the supplier (from which wecan usually guess their ethnicity), the goods that they supplied, as wellas the amount and price of this, but also the region in which theiroperations were located.

The information given by this section of the documentationshows an overwhelmingly local emphasis: suppliers were generally fromthe various districts of Constantinople, or, failing that, from theMarmara region for marble, as well as wood being sent from theprovinces, often being stored in the ~Iragan PalaceAnban (warehouse)which became a depot for materials for imperial projects and then itemswere apparently re-directed to mosque projects.

The majority of the raw materials were sourced from regions thathad long been associated with that Item Makrihora (Bakrrk6y) forkufeki (sand stone), marble from Saklz, sand from the flats of Dano andlime from the Bosphorus. The manufactured items were also from areasthat had been centres for that product for some time: bricks fromHaskby and Besiktas iron from Tahtakale and Kasrmpasa for Instance.

The identity of these suppliers shows a majority of Armeniannames, showing the strength of Armenians over these industries at thistime. These Armenians are generally based in areas associated withnon-Muslims like Be~ikta~ and producing goods that were associatedwith non-Muslims like bricks and iron goods. Thus showinq how theexpansions of the 19th century were not completely new developmentsbut were growths on earlier tendencies. Theseexpansionswere encouragedby the migrations of Armenians to the capital at this time", and by thegrowth of Armenian esnaf and their patronage by Armenian Amiras(communal leaders) like Garabed Balian."

There were some new developments however, as well as somefurther changes related to earlier activities. One important feature ofthese rnoscue-buildinq operations isthe useof a non-Muslim intermediaryseller, whether a bezirgan or a oezsro or a magazaCi. These weregenerally based in Galata which was, at this time, starting to boom asa centre of the building industry of Constantinople. It has beenasserted that this growth of Galata was due to the relocation of theguilds from the Kapall<;ar" to this area" and also due to the influx ofcraftsmen following the Crimean War (1853-1856)." However, thesecases of mosque building seem to show that suppliers in Galata werevery active before the Crimean War and the influx of Europeans, andalso there is no indication that these are tied to the esnaf.

The non-Muslim sellers of Galata supplied the mosque buildingworks with a wide range of goods: Iron items and nails seem to havebeen prominent amongst their wares but also other things like paint,

-

.11

1'1'.il:tilII,i-".1,1

til'~I:1

,~l";,

1Iu.:,.Jpa",u',!:,",'!".wJ.!':qw~a""wglJ'.n"Lq!'''!JU!'1(do~u.~''~'ll.!!n!'''!,l!'''Jl.~U.''-'8~lI'llU.:J,rI'S~u.lJ.I'r'lJu.",'lllllb.JiS~"~b~r5c. _100 ""

Sn]l.iulLlllUh5.t lJq411]alllJ Q-llptra!l ~d&]lOLiLLJot11LI1»').pl1l1abluup L.wJuZnLllIb"L,bpQUUll'iUlUt! .... TROMPE L'OEIL DOME DOLMABAHyE MOSQUE

yWUlwpWO t CiWt:l ZrGwpUqlluljwu ljWpq. U[! w2fuUIl.muGgGbp: np'tl-rQ-Rbiwfi6b:wG/1 h1 '"uwlhwG t'tlP-lUIPGbpnt orrGwljGhpD. gn19 ym lnWa, np0'wuq!llIwra}1 awuwGwljw2f12wGJ1G uOI11t:GullmG AbU) lUUlUl'1Qwq.npowljU1G

wmur4wGb:pG m ljwfi4wpwur UUlUlUlljUlpwpnllGh:pmG q.npbhpI! untilPtW1Gt!Ullq.rynlll' uUlwgwb hG: u'lhlPG, /uwuq{lllz/7 fiJ'nu7.1w -Rnll.fllnuuJUl.ul!{i,

np OpT'wqrl~r trq4rT'ru 4~UraUlp 4Q OWIT'WIT'tp,f'l'wuqrUWT'r 1P~w-urQ 1.l'hbgmgwo t rJlLUpunullflwuQJlG o-Ull.lUlI!:U,IU J:!Gl(tpmratnGt! jhU1lU-q.wlrG lUumrowGwpwr qwpq.wGwwtl, 1{tpwomwo t Cwfi14wqhwG

q.npowflwGp bl Cl-nlWUlblWOt urGz.bl tao 'l-wp, Ujwl:Rwpblntl <'PplUGuW'ljWGlUUjpwG,gGhpm upgw49nquhwG 'ltu (Eidem 2010):

Uw'ljwIG. Cl-pwmp wpawGwCl-pnqulnGGhpD. z.bGp.wgwlwlUlhp pnlnpwlG Cl-npooGGhpn, npnGguntl UjwjuwGwmpmwo hG '11wlbwG nGmwGrIJ:pGhl wGnGg 2rGwpwplU4wG qnpohpm llU2n'lmJUrlGT.!: OPpGw4, wpflhu-UlwtnpGhpm hl q.npowlnpGhpm tlhpwphrhwl Ulhllh'ljnqurlGGhr z.'ljwG,4r! lr2mrG ut1U.11GtJ.WpUjhU1 wpflhuUlWtnpGhPT.!, npnGJ;I tJ.uwrmwo bGwnflw2rt: L,wluwq.rohpm tJ.pwl w2luwUlWO lunniphpmG uwurGwlhlru qrUluwlm nwuwp, UjtUlg t ~ruhl uq4rT'ahpm UrlT'W4wu44wlmJUrlGGhpmG: "urlJUlU4wG tl4lUlmJUrlGGhpr! GWhl oq.U1w4lUP hGbphlwG nWGhlm OuuwGhwG wplurlwlrG GrlJUhrmG UplU 4nllUn, wGnGnnG'l-flwGrwUjtu Imn hG p.wphqwPlllituG w2luwUlwGgGhrmG ut2tfJwlhwGGhpm llhprG uwurG:

'LPlfitw'ljwG 4.'ljwlntptnGGbp 'llwlliwGGlipm qwnnlgwlrG3oppGmwll"!:!GhpmG lil AwptqwP'l-uWG b'lwGw4GtpTllG lrlUUpGlJ'q4rraGhpm G!nralU4wG tl4wlmJUP1GGl::ifl[l' 6.wPU1Wpwl.4hUlW4wG

TJ.puwq.poJ:!. GhJ1nrG lWP'l-wpwGIJ:G m 4wnwtnpnult!, 'ljJ1GwG210111wlhlpGnuhl '11wlhwG nGUlwGp:Rr w2luwUlWGIJ:WlpG lumup.pG uwurG, qnpq.J1Wtnp l/nuuUlwq.pmJUplGI! lP fiw'lnp'l-hp. Gwtl 4pGwG nwuUlwtnhl wlu4tmtJ1I!, npnG:R Ir2nllUO hG qpWtnp w'lp.plpGhpm ut2: npUjtu tJ.hp2w-p.wG unlG l0fj.mworG, Ujpwp 4h'l-J1nGwGwGn uq'ljpraGhpm GrlralU'ljwGtJ.4wlmJUPlGGhpnlwlG fipuGw4lUG 4tUlbpmG tJ.pwI, nJ1nug gn19 4m wwut"flwlhwG nUUlwGrJ;lpG q.nponlGtnlrarlUI!: UlUUjtu, 6.WpUlWpUll.4hUlUl4wGUlwpphpm t[hpw4rpwP4muTI, np 4TI t[4wlt "Iwlhwu TIUUlWUrQrq.npoGw4wGmJUhwG uwupG. I::il. WpfitUUlWtnpw4wG GnlG lumuphpm nhmtlhpwq.nJ10w49plTI, pGll.4tu GlUbl uq'ljprauhJ1I! «q.h'lwqwpfj.uwG gmgwT).-pW4wG UlWpphrnu-. GbpwnmuI! 0'wGqpuwJUP 2P2wGp uq4PTitW2pGm-JUhwG ut2, npUjtu WP'lpW4wGmTithwG uhpiihgmu:

Swpphpm >{hpw~rpwp~nnrf'l'waqrUWT'r 1P~Wuru "Iwlhwu TIUUlWUrQrwu~wuuhpma 4n~ut

~wnmgmwo uq4rT'uhpTI' ~TIPQw-r Dtpr4>, trtfirUlrlt, OpT'wqr%Snl'lwUjwo~t, f'l't1t[rgrlt hl .ghw~TIT'owut. UWhl ctwuwuw~W1P~wurt[hp~wUlpmT'hwu' lI>hpT'hlarhwl 4,wlrUlt trq4rT'TI' pnlnpu wI hphlWU4n p.hpbG oWPUlWPW1.4hU1W4wG mwpphpm, 'ljwnmgnuuoQWlrG p.w'lwT).-prz.Gbpm, GWhl p.wptqwP'luwG n6.hpm m hrlwGw4Ghpm tjhp1..U4rpWp-4mur opruW4ahp:

U,lll upwtnpGbpmG tltpw'ljppwp'ljmuI! 4'T.!G'l-q.P4t 41..Unmgmwo-J;lwlPG hl uwpUlwpwUjhUlW4wG qlUGWqWG Ulwppbp, uq4PTitGtpm fipu-Gw'lj1..UGq.up.hTitWlnp UpWtnptG, upGll::u UmlrawGp 1..UUj1..UpwGnGbpmG4P9

OPTitwq.Pl'l ln -Rhw'1nranwGt uq4PTitGhpn. npnfip pphGg TJ.wuwtnpmuntJ.2WUl GuwGmTitplGGhp mGpG. 4nr q.pOhpmG, p'wpap uwGT).mluGhpmG~TI owuTlrUjruQ wlu ctwuwuw4w2P~wGr uQ4rT'ahpmu ut~. ru,Ujtu'OPTitwq.Pl'l, fiudn UlW'1WllUrGhpmG, PGz.l.4tu' Lll.opurn -RwuPI! ln QfilUl-ump .gWUPTI:SnluwUjWo~tr ln OpT'wqrl~r U'Q4rT'uhpm '-lnpuT'W4wunfir urawptT'uhpTI, t[hpw4rpwp4mwo hf trtfirUlrlt, .ghw~QT'owut lnlkqhqhjt; (q.narw) uQ4rT'uhpm t[h~wpwi\hl uruwptT'uhpm tququuqur-lpG: 'LWhl wP4'lP'ljwiihl I.4W1l12q.wuGhpm tuuuunnpnujp 4n 'ljP4Gmr"Iwlhwuuhpm uQ~rT'uhpmu ut~, rG~Ujtu OpT'wqr% trtfirUlrlt lnlI>hwhlurhwl >{WlrUlt uQ4rT'uhpm 1rumT'hwa ut~:

a'wpwwpwpmhuUlw4wG npn2 ljP4GmJUplGGhpm 4WpblP t fiwG'lP-UjPl Ilurln q.h'1wqwP'luwG vuunpbpm 4ppwp'ljmuGhpmG ut2. npnGn vihqqUlWOhu f'l'waQrUWT'r ur1ru ctwuwGw4w1P~Wur uq4rT'uhpm ln Ujw-[unnfihpm wrU1lUnpG I.4lUUlbpmG tlPlUl. lWowtu 4P4Ghlnt.\. GnlG (cqjuunn-pwpwp' unp clhpwoamuTlr) ~pmwqahpTI: clhpw4rpWP4muTI 4wphlr tUlhuahl trt6rUlrit hl ~TIPQw-r Dtpr4> uQ4rT'ahpm 4fiwohtjl quptT'uhpmutJ.pwl, GlUbllJ'1..UfiumUl p..-p llWUP.lUpwGpG hl t"flt2P4raW2P U. U,uUlmwow-oru OWI4w~wUh4h~hgrru ut~: f'l'waqrUWT'r ctwuwuW4w1P~wuta uuw-gwo uQ4rT'uhpmu quptT'uhPTI owo~mwo hu 4wU Iuwp4WuQWlru' trompel'oeil nfint[ hl 4wU OW~4Wlru qh~wQwp~munt[: U,nw~raahpTI 4wphlr tUlhuah[' OpT'wqrl~, SnluwUjwo~t hl lI>hpT'hlUrhwl 4,wlrUlt, rU4t[hp~ruuhpTI' f'l't1t[rQrlt hl.ghw~TIT'nwatr uQ~rT'ahpmu ut~:

1"nluru~ loprumwoQwlru nruuw4wu Ulwpphp t[hpw4r-pWJ1'ljmwo hG. oppGw'lj' lWlG lnwpwOmu UUlwgWO Gnp If.wuwljwG blGnr t.lhpwoGmG'lP q.h'1wqwr'l-muGhpI!, GWbl wlhlP wGunt.\.np' p.muw-4wG qlUPTJ-wuwfu2hpm hl oWll4wpnnhpm fiwuWT).pmTitplGGhp, pGz.UjtuGWhl qrGwG2wGGhr lP2h9Gn'l Ulnfiuw4wG qOJ1nlJUtwG lunpfip'l-wGp2-uhp. npnuQ 4P~umwo hu OWl4w4WU h4h~hgruhpm hl trwoumUl P,-rT).wuPWp1..UGpGtJ.pwl= !G'nulflwO [umlTitwGr Gulllnpwq.pnqitplGuJ, nU'lfiwG-pWUjtu wnwGaGwlWtnm4 UlhTJ.4I! Cl-punt wlu uqypraGhpm ummQhpmGhl1P~wlj;w4ru ut~:

tJwpmlUpwUjbUlw4wG, lOprGmwo:Q1..UlPG tl now4wG mwrphpmwlu t.\.hpw'ljPPwP4mUn gnlg 'ljm lllwl, np ro'wGqruwrup owuwGw4w2P2w-GpG '11wlhwGGhpI.! w2luwU1WO hG 4wGnuwtnp lumupp uT.! fihm, npmGtJ.uUlwfiwo tG 2rumrutwG hl pwrhqwP'lUwG fihUl 4wUjmwo p.nlnpq.npohpn: U,IU fiwUW4wPq.t! WPT).P1GWltU1tp, :QwGp np 4'hpUl2luwwptpq.npohpmG 4wpu awuwGw4r ut2 bl UjpnrJt:itp fiwuhuWlll WIWplllrlI!:U,U4t qWUl, 4wnnlgp, lWP'l-wpwu:QP hl nuw4wu lllwpphpm t.\.hpw4PpwP-ljmun 4T.! tJ.4wlt t"flwlhwGGhpmG 4hllpnGwgmUio hl opwq.pwtnpmwoq.nJ1otlw4tpUjpG UUlupG: u'lhlrG p IWllll 4m q.wl, np wlu q.npOhrI!'ljI.! fiWU1..UUjWUlUluluwGtpG aUluUlGwYW2P2wGr UjwlwUlw4wG norG,PlU'14w9Ulo r!GT).nwGpwgmwo owpmwpwUjhUlw4U1G hljOppumUlo:QwlpGUlUlpphpt hl n6.hpt: U,lU nOI! t"flUllhwG t!GlllWG.r,gp mW'1wGllpG U1pq.W-ur:QG tp, bl 4T.!4Ppwnmtp wGnGg pnlnp q.npotpmG ut2' lGZ.pGU1wpphpm-raplG.Gbpntl (I!Utn q.npOUItntprG, tJ}Wlhwu I!GUlwGpnp UjWUlLUuluwGUllllmwG'l-wurG fiwlb:gnTJ.mrawG), npnG:Q 0'LUuqpULUruP 2P2wGpG t./1m.pnlumlO"plu-uhp 4PwO ha:

q.b:lllUqUllllluwG BmgUlllPUl4WG. SwpplipfJ)wlhwG I!GUlUlGp12r fO'wGqpuwruP owuwGw4w2P2wGp q.npohpmG

lw2npf1- 'ljwpbtnp wnwGaGwlLUUl'ljmruP1Gt!, np 4'mpmLUq.omp h't tlq4PlO"Gh-pm 4wnn19Gtrm GrlruUl4wG t./.'ljwlmrurlGGhpmG h'l wr"tuplwlpG LUpiiwGwCl--pmrapluGhpmG ut2, 4t! 4W!wGwl q.hllwqUlpfj.UUlG gmgwT).pw4wG UlUlppb-pm q.npowOmruhUlG ut2: U,lU gn19 4m mWl, rat wGnG:Q q.npoI! lwGaGUIo bGulUuGwq-tUlGhpm, npnG:Q UjtUlIJ: t ppLUq.npotpu UWJ1lnwpwUjhlnmrubwGhlIWPT).wpwG.:QP lUlmm4 pwopaGhpt!: U,lU gmgwllJ1U14LUG 4UlnpGhpT.!, pGz.-Ujtu 4I! Ulb'lh4wGwGIJ: 2ruwpWpmrub:LUG mntlwpGhpta, UjWlllPWUUlnlWOb:GGhll uwuGUlq.pmmruhUlG Ultp Ulwpp.hp t.\.WrUjhUlGbpm ljnllut, oPpGw4'SnluwUjwo~tr hl tirowu~rpr uQ~rT'uhpmG" hl oWl~w~wU U,puW1r4.wG12pG wGmwabl UjwUlmnwGGhpI!, trompe l'oeil Ghp'ljmwo WnWUlnLUTJ.-GhPI.!,hl UllU OW.uwGw4w2r2wGp pnlnp uqljpruGhpm t/rnlPJ;lpnu uwpuwptIj;npwqpntWO 4PoGw~wu 4Wo4wpwuru, UrU~hl ru~ IunpwuTI hl wUUjrnuTIunlu t[WpUjhUlra 4n~ut ~hu rpwqnpontwo:

q,tllwqwPlluwG UlLUJ1phpm oq.UJwq.npomuI.! gnlg 4m lllWl, rut WIUuqljpraGhpmG. WpUlW:QrG hphwlruT.!, fiUl'ljWhW4 U11wGllw4wG 4wnnlgpGI!t~ Ujwptjlw4ntwo ~UWlntu hl OuuwuhwU uwlu~ru uQ4rT'ahptG pwQ-UWrapl lllLUprtp GhpwnblmG, oammw.o t GnpUlpw4wG mow4wGm-ruhwup: U,lU GWhl 'ljI! G2wGw4t, rut W.lll q.npobpT.! rpUlljwGUlgmgLUo hGUmlT'Wuru gmguntuRuhpTI· raQ 4'mQtp. np rp ~wnnlgGhp~ TIlIWlru«wPTlrw~wu nfint[». rU~Ujtu ~'~ut fil't04>rl '-lOT'rt SnluwUjwo~t

ARMENIAN ARCHITECTS OF ISTANBUL in the Era ofWestern/1.atian101

locks, glass and tin. These sellers also supplied some European goods,but these are usually non-specific items referred to as 'freng e~yas( forinstance.

As was explained before, chief craftsmen were contracted tomake the main showpieces of the mosque's decoration, such aschandeliers and brass grilles. These were locally made to order, notpurchased ready-made from the sellers of Galata This is also shown bythe Ottoman inscriptions on the chandeliers of this mosque, labellingthem to be local goods

The bulk of the purchased items recorded in the buildingaccounts were the more basic items required for the construction of thefJlosque: stone, bricks, wood, for instance. Furthermore, a large amountof transactions that would have been required (i.e. concerning manyaspects of the decoration) are not mentioned in the accounts and sothese could have been made on a more informal basis amongst theArmenian friends of the Balians or recorded through the Hariciye(Ministry of Foreign Affairs) for foreign transactions, for instance."

We can see, as with the case of the chief craftsmen who weredelegated parts of the mosque to construct, that there was a farrly smalland regular team of suppliers who were involved in these mosque buildingcases. Names re-occur on different projects and the same suppliers tendto be used for a specific Item for the duration of a whole project

One final new tendency in these cases of mosque building, alongwith the growth of sellers in Galata, ISthe growth in large-scaleoperationscarried out by craftsmen and suppliers. This can be seen in all areas: inthe operations of Ta'iCl Hoca Apostol who is responsible for supplyingsome of the mosques with stone (transactions show that he alsosupplied other building works), as well as for carrying out elements ofthe construction. The examples of Vortik Kemhadjlan and Nalyan Freresshow how carpentry goods and furniture suppliers were working on alarger scale as the Tanzimat progressed. Furthermore, the 'Haskay TuglaKumpanyas( which supplied bricks to the Ortakoy Mosque shows howbrick-producing operations were also moving onto a larger scale overthe tennmet. This company later evolved into the Shahbazian factory inthat region which continued to produce bricks into the zo" century andto fight competition from French products (Eidem 2010).

However, the textual evidence does not shed light on all of theconnections that determined the success of the Balian family and theirbuilding works at this time. For instance, data on the identities of themajority of the craftsmen and labourers who worked on the buildingprojects are not given, only those elite craftsmen paid by 'ele-t-beseb'are named. Instead, we have to turn to the material evidence of themosques themselves to tell us more about the teams from project toproject. The material evidence is also useful for shedding light onanother aspect that the Ottoman archival documentation remains silentupon: the designing role and desion approach of the Balians.

The Material Evidence on the Operations and DesignApproach of the BaliansThe material evidence of the mosques themselves, their

architectural features, their interior decoration and the furniture thatthey Include, can tell us much about the team of the Balran family thatthe textual documentation does not communicate, and can alsoconfrrm the points that the textual documentation did indicate Severalof the most important points that the material evidence of the mosquesshows about the operations of the Balian family will be focused on hereas an end to this article. These are, namely: the re-use ofarchitectural elements showing the pragmatism of the operations of theBalian family and their re-use of the same team of craftsmen on jobs,

,

OpralllQj1L'lLJqllllralltl Q..llpl.ral1 «fd-[lOLlllloLI1111» ').pn11"llllllYI' l,LlII1.1211llULJ1..t1p~tILlllhllllD. .... TROMPE L'OEIL DOME O~TAKby MOSQUE

and the incorporation of 'decorative showpieces' into the mosques ofthe Tenzimet to give them the semblance of modernity

Re-Use of ElementsThe mosques built by members of the Balian family over the

TaMmal. period the Hrka-i )erif, Ku<;ukMecidiye, Ortakoy Dolmabahce.Tejvlkiye and Sadabad aswell as the Pertevr-iyal valide Mosque from theend of the period, all show the re-use of architectural elements,structural components as well as decorative styles and motifs.

These include various structural and architectural elements, fromthe baSICdomed unit of all of the mosques, to the Sultan's lodges thatare attached to the Ortakoy and the Kaglthane mosques which are verysimilar in their arrangement, to the curving, raised staircases that can beseen on the mosques of the period such as the Ortakoy but also thepavilions such as Goksu Kasn and Ihlamur kasn. They include theCorinthian style minarets of the Dolmabah<;e and Ortakoy mosquesversus the hooded minarets of the Ku<;uk Mecidiye, Kaglthane andAziz.ye (Konya) mosques. They also include the boxy balcony arrangementthat re-occurs on the mosques of the Balians such as the Ortak6y, thekucuk Mecidiye and the Pertevniyal Valide Mosque.

With regards to the reiteration of techniques and styles this canbe seen in the use of relief carved ornament on the exterior of themosques and palaces of the mid Tanzimat period, usually repeatingmany of the same (primarily neo-Renaissance) motifs. It can be seen inthe stucco domes of the Ku<;ukMecidiye and Hrrka-i )erlf mosques butalso on the mausoleum of Mahmud IIand the Armenian Church of SurpAsdvadzadzin in Bejiktaj. The remainder of the mosques of theTanzimat have domes that are covered in paintwork either in anillusionistic trompe l'oeil style or are covered in floral patterns; theformer are seen in the Ortakoy uolrnabahce and Pertevniyal Validewhereas the latter are In Tesvikiyeand Sadabad

Even particular motifs are re-used; generic neo-c1assical andneo-Renaissance motifs as well as more unusual compositions ofvegetal ornament, floral bouquets and urns re-occur, and, moreover,symbols of dynastic power resembling coats of arms are re-used on theArmenian churches and on the mausoleum of Mahmud II. The tugra(Sultan's monogram) is also usually prominently displayed over theentrance to these mosques and their courtyards.

This re-use of structural, architectural, stylistic elements andmotifs shows how the Balians worked with a regular team to whichthey delegated items of the construction work and decoration duringthe Tanzimat. This was an efficient system that ensured that works were

I"

::1..I:""

102 UP'HJV>wljwuwgnq l>UIil"u.\''1lnl>ll> ~U.B lfu.rSu.ru.'1lts\,trc

(:)llipraht[l!lbwl Y..wLJ1lJlt lfq1lrrar[J q.llptpr «fd..[1otlLljOtplll» f).pnl.Jal"iwt1p l..w!U2nlwblAiJll~(IlULYUJUI! ... TROMPE L'OEIL DOME PERTEVNIYAL VALIDE DOME MOSQUE

'Iluqunnhfl wnrrum-l. Unqjewflhfl, uurpunqtnn If)wlhwGpG lJlnLWO gmg-umG~Cib:Jlma uUlurG: SnlUw14wnltil ZrGnqab:wG 4.lUIPt! 4LUpwUjtm[1Qfilnn fiwG'l-ln.ljuwG WUltG 40rart lj'[!ut. o: ... U'lG UTIle. n qh li, npm-lLJpGud.inU,lnwU14PW ljwnmgtq cDwrrqj'l tIt2, UnllfUwGn J:!GlllflUlO t wPIlrw4LUGtiw2LU\.jml. tququnn uD. mGhGlUl: "uwJu, uw.J1'l 4t! qwpuwGwl 1111puurfiur-tinmrG -qpW!, P-Ul!9 lj'wGllpwI)-wnGwj, rat nipGl4LUJ untqh pGw4wG, tqal,[lGTJ-mGrGg np W]'l- trt4T.! UjwpqwUjtu It'nuJumutn unCi t qpGj2 2J12ull.ljUl-<nn'l u)lOppQw4mJ>aQtQ at QwJu4pQ pn["p QwJuw<npUlbptG: Uw4wjQ,'I'l11. '1lwltwG mGhgwl UUlnr hl tpb:u1l4U11mratwG fiwqmwq.lm.n Wpq.Ul-uUlLnpmra!llG, Ulwpphp ntihpml. lWPllwphlm wlhlr QwG hphQ RwplnpupwnGhp hl W14wpwG.gGhp, t\.hpl:! G2mwo wlG uwRuwGwt./1wljmuGhpnt\.,nr 14wptnwllpmwo trG pp GplJahpmG t\.PWP) (Gautier, 1856,302):

!-apwUjtu, lJoyrrpt tllwlhwG.Ghrm 4wnn]gGhpt! 4t! Ghp4W]w9GtoPUjtu' «WrllPWljwG 6wptnwpwUjhmmyrrplQ' Grp.optG WrhlhlUl4w-GwgWO}) (Gautier, 1856,306): 40yrrptp UllUuhljGwpUlGnlJaplQQhpI! 4Ulmw-rhlwUjtu lj'WrtnwgnlhQ o.hlUltnpuWG uOUlhgnuJGhpI!, qnpu ljwphlr t mhu-Qhl GplyrrWljwQ wUjwgn]gGhpmG. I!Gllut2tQ: 5mgUlllpwljwQ ljUlnpGhpmqnpowomyrrrlGI! m2UlqrWl I!llwlmQ Rhm GWhl 4t! Rwumwtnt, ratOuuwGhwG lJwlurmyrrplGt! gwn ljt! UjwRtp WPllPUl4wG.nlJa-hwG. (yrrt'o.htnt\., yrrt' nwrU1wpwQrmw4wG. Rlhllmyrrhwup) Rhtn, upwawuwGw.414UlRUjwGhlnt\. mhrlu.J.ljwG nnI! hl 2pGwGrlyrrhrI!, qnpu 4wphlr t tnhuGhlh't Grlra-wljwG wUjwgnlgGhpm, h't 2rGmyrrhwGg hlllpG G-mGmnll tumup.hpmhl t\.wlhpwyrrm'1ra-hpm p.wapGpG. ut2:

.....hJl2UlP.UlGUnlG lOllmUl0D. RruGmwo t uq4pra-G.hpm oppGwljGhpmG t\.pwl,

npnGg 4wnmgmwo hG lCt'UlGqpUWra-r awuwGw4w2P2wGpG' t'flwlhwGnGmwGpgr wGllwuGhpmG 4nllut: BOllmwopG ut2 gn]g 4I! U1pmp, yrrtpGlUjtu t'flwlhlUGGhPu. ppwljwGwgmgwo hG. pphGg qnpbwnGmyrrplGGhPu.:lJ.uP4w 4wpalr Tlwpdwt J>t' QwJuwqpabpm t[apwpapaw[ GuuwGawGwpturlWlrG. t\.wlhpwra-m'1rahrm hl yrrt QnlG pGgG. uq4rra-Ghpm tiwptnw-pWUjhmw4UlG hl wrlllw2PG. IWPllwpwG2P Grqa-wljwG. t\.ljwlmyrrplG-GhpmG 2GnpRpt: 4I! ImuwpwGmp t'flwlhwGGhpm qnpopG wPllrlGwltmRwuwljwpqu., np pphGg ljwphlpmra-rlG u.Go.hnwo tr P2tuhlm W]ll awuw-GW4P tiwplllwpwUjhlllU1ljWG wUUjwptqpG t\.PW], r Rh6mlju OuuwGhwG.2PGwpwpwljwG pwph1{lntunlliGhpm t'flhtnW4wG ullipupGGhpmG, npnGQGUjwlllwljwllPwo tpG WIll llhPD. UtnwGo.Qhl: (J)nluwptGD., t'flwlhwGI!GUllUGpgU.pp o.hngG. Ulnwo tp '1h4I! awuwGw4r OuuwGhwG ZPGwpw-pwljwG pnlnp qnpohpmG, RW4wnwlj hG.ra-wpljmwolmn RhlllW14GIl-mupGhl llP1WGW4Wlw4wG p.wawGumGQGhpm p.nGwb Il-Pp:gPG.,npnG.:g t./1nt./1n-Juw4wQ tpG ~u<n 4wnnlgp <nauw4pG:

lfqljpyrrG.hpnl 2rGmra-hlliQ 14wpwqwGhPu. gn19 ljm lllwG t'flwlhwGD.GlllWGpgp qnpohlw,-!hpUjD., zpGmwowG.rlrap hl wzluwUlmdp UWUlW-4wpwpuwG. h'1wGwljGhpG m mhllwljwG p-wquwUjpup unt\.npmra-P1G-QhpJ:l.,W]U wutGmG ut2 Ghpumohlnt\. wPll-rw'-!wG GnpwpwpmraplGGhp,pGl14tu f").wlwra-rnl nl-rulwu ur2Gnpll wnhlUlrwljwGGhpD.' 2rGwGrlra-bpmRWlra-wlra-uwG Rwuwp: lJ.GnG.:g GWhl Rnt\.wGwlnpWO trG :gwGp ut! Gnpljwquwlnpmnll RWlljwljwG. I!GYhpnlJarlGGbp. pGtUjtu "uwlhwG b'lPw]-Gbp hl tuwuqpl'lP lCt'mlllw -Rmu1{lwQlwUt!G:

fd-t2-l'llp-.I1JtlfqljrFlru q.Llptrar tJWJ14wqwPl"). Lbppuunlurup ...FLORAL DOME Tesvtxtvz MOSQUE

lJ.tb[pQ, "1w[hwQQapm qnpah[w4apUlpQ 4wpatnp lW<n4wQpzGa-ptG t pphGg qnpoumGmyrrplGGhPI! t\.wpnll t./1nluwGnpllGhpm Rwuw,-!wpqputnhllomuI!: U,IU hrbtnlra-I:! pp wpU1wgnlmuI! qlllWO t tl1wlhwGGhpmnpllhqpwo wlG uOUlhguwG ut2, np uqyprap bpwqrpP wuP.n'l2 hpurqnn-onul[! im t\.uUlwfimtp ppbGg hGra-wljw]mrabwG Ull.Uljl.UZ]ulUU1n'l luwIY>W]ru~, pG'Ultu' lJ.PJ>pu~ 4wu UJ>bipwG~: "WpalP t nWTlPUlPI Ilurln zrQm-ra-hwQ ln ]lUP'l-WpW.Ggp Grqa-bpm RlUUWo.W}GwqrpGhpm t\.wpUjhll1wpnhUtnWlnpG.hpm' wnfiwZpl t\.tiwrmuGhpm pwapGpG ut2: U,lUqnpolUnGnqa-plG.GbpI! ywquwybpUjtqm ywpn'lmraplGt! tllwlbwGGhpmGfiGwplUlnpmraplG Ujplllp UlWp qnpoll wlwpmhl nl upwlG ywp6 awuw-Gwljr ut2, wnhL w14wRnt\.hl 2pGmra-bwG p.nlnp pwTtywgmgrl uwuhpmGp.wpo.p nplUljI! (npnt\.fihUlhl wGnQ12 ljl:! yWU1wpnltpG uwuGwqttnt[wPUlb<nQhpm 4n'lut):

U,lU14tu, un]G ]oT).mwol:! ljIl14wpqt, ra-t npnGll tpG tl1wlhwG tiwp-lllwpwUjhtnGbpm lw2nllmrahwG qpwlwljwGGhPI! hl ra-t pGl T).PlllWG.ljP1Gt14ttnll t uyupQll GW1Pl wGnGg UWPlllWP ppwqnpomuGhpmG, npnG2wpT).rlG2G. tpG qlUGwqwG qnpooGGhpm UrwamlmupG, npnG12 12n"t\.-2n"t\.pb4wa tpQ fO'wQqpuwJ>P owuwQw4llizP1wurQ' TlrtwQw4W[W4wQ pwpa-t./1nlumuGhp, 14W21110GWljWGuwpupGGhpm 16wgnlli, 6WpU1Wrw14hlllW-ljwG opwqppGhpm ut2 awlun'lmra-plG, ZpGwpwpwljwG wU14wptqpQ ut2nl-rulwu luwI<1:>wGbpm T).Ppgp p.wpo.pwgmu hl GnlGllwG ywphtnp, ufO'.llLUpmG nWI RwuwlGllrG P.WpqwLwumurr wnhllllpwljwG hl wpnhUlllWln-pwywG. lUuUjwptqGhpt Ghru: tllwlhwG I:!GlllwGP2t!, IWUlljw14tu lJwpw-14htn tl1wlhwGr "t\.hpwnuljnl1nqa-hwG Ghpghl, ljwpn'lmraplGI! mGhgwo toqtnmrl aw.uwGwyp hl ur2lU"t\.wlJlp Ujw]uUlGGhptG, hl qnpop Il-Gbl wluwllp.rlpGbpl:!, RhwhlWpWp GWhl ahnll wnGhl aUluwGwljp ZPGwpwpw-ljwG RpwUjwrwYI:!:

lfqljpra-Ghpm 2pGmrahwG UjUlpwqwGhPI!, wubGtG wnUl2 gnlgljnL U1UlGlCt'wGqpuwra-p awuwGwljw2p2wGr 2PGwplUpwljUlG WU14Wpt-qpG ut2 tl1wlhwGGhpm mGhgwo fhuubuwlllwywG wnUllhlntra-P1GIl rpaGgtlpgw4rgGbpmQ nwQTltUl: lJ.QnQ~ u<na'lawa aQ qnpaalw4apUlp nwuw-yUlpq uI!, np nl UPW]G U1j'Hl-P1GWltllltp, wnhl npUlywmp, np ljpGwp lwP-UUlPPI 14hmwljwG p.wawGumGgGhpm wnw2wllPwO UjrlU"lutGhpmQ blawuwGwljwgnlgGhpmG: UGnG2 QUlhL tiwptnwpmra-plGI! mGhgwo hGUlllhll ohlm qnpobp, npn Gg ljD.14WU1zwtir GUmlra-U1GpG Gw]uwUppmra-P1G-GhpntG hl wpgmGr tiwpU1wplUUjhU1mrahwG GywpwqprpG: u,]U gn}gljm Ulwl, np tl1wlhUlG I!GU1wGp2P wGllwuGhPI! UjwpqW14tu Unllra-wGpG«[lGlllphwIGhPI!» ~tpG, hL nl WI ufO'. llwpm lJ. I"fJnlunl nWl nwuW}Q2PG2pGwpwpwljwG wU14wptQrG tnrpUl14hmnll llPwuwmcp nw] WUpplU-Ghp:JO UGnG2 wPllP1Gwqnpo trG, ywpn'1 tiwpU"lWpW14blllGhp hl opw-qppGbpm 'lhljw"t\.wpGhp, nrnG2 pphGg lw.2n'1ntra-rlGD. U1Ujwnn"t\.U1otpGqlluwmpwpwp pphGg uwUGWqpWUlljWG WpawGrllG.hpmG hl J:l.GTl-RwG-pwgwo m Ulb'lwljwG uP2:w"t\.w]phptG w.nwlhlwqn]Gu oqU1mhlm ljwpn-'lmra-hwG 2G.npnpl:

completed within a short time and on budget. However, the re-use ofelements, structural, decorative and stylistic, also indicates thecentral planning of the Balians of their works. Moreover, it signals thatthese works were all participating in the same imperial style of thatperiod that consisted of such a pool of motifs, of architectural andstructural elements and styles. This style was masterminded by theBalian family and was applied to each of their works with a slightlydifferent twist, depending on the patron, the member of the Balian familyin charge and other variables that changed over the Tanzimat period.

Decorative 'Showpieces'A second feature of the operations of the Balian family in the

Tanzimat that becomes clear from the material evidence of theirmosque projects and which was raised by the textual documentation istheir attention to the use of decorative showpieces. This shows howthey employed specialists to carry out particular elements of thearchitecture and decoration. These showpieces, such as the wheelwindows of the Dolrnabahce and Cihanqir" mosques and the ArmashArmenian Monastery, such as the trompe l'oeil painted ceilings, andsuch as the polychrome relief carved marble religious furniture of all ofthe mosques of this period, aswe saw from the building accounts, werecarried out by particular specialists for that individual item: even themihrab and the minber were not executed by the same craftsman.

The use of such showpieces meant that the appearance of thesemosques, although it was framed by a traditional structure andincorporated a large number of common elements with Ottomanmosques of the past, was injected with a new innovative energy. Thisalso meant that the works fulfilled the brief of the Sultan, whoexpressed how he wanted his buildings 'in a modern style' as TheophileGautier stated concerning his directives given to Garabed Balian on theDolmabah,e Palace.Gautier, upon meeting with Garabed on the buildinqsite of the Dolmabah,e Palace, states "the Sultan, in the same spiritwhich makes us build Alhambras at Paris, chose to have a palace inmodern taste, At first, one is surprised at his caprice; but, on reflection,nothing can be more natural, if simply as an escape from the monotonousharmony all around him, and all previous models. M. Balian, however,had need of a rare fertility of imagination, to decorate, in differentstyles, more than three hundred halls or apartments, With the restriction,above named, imposed upon his materials" (Gautier, 1856, 302)

Gautier, indeed, often describes the buildings of the Balians as"of a modern architecture, very slightly orientalised" (Gautier, 1856,306). These comments of Gautier reflect perfectly the design approachthat can be seen through the material evidence: the use of decorativeshowpieces to attract attention and communicate the participation ofthe Ottoman Empire in modernity (whether through fashions ortechniques), along With the adherence to local styles and goods thatcan be seen both in the material evidence and the documentation ofthe items and teams behind their building

ConclusionThis article has used examples of mosques built during the

Tanzimat period by members of the Balian family to show how theycarried out their operations at that time. This has been achieved boththrough the Ottoman archival documentation concerning the projectsand through the material evidence of the architectural and decorativefeatures of the mosques themselves. It has been found how the Balianshad an efficient system that enabled them to dominate the practice ofbuildinq at this time, despite the reforms to the Ottoman State bodies forbuilding, which had aimed to take this role Instead the Balian family

ARMENIAN ARCHITECTS OF ISTANBUL In the Era of Westernization 103

Uuunuuuuup lfqllllFJlltl C}.UI'l:!"jl nlll1llllllqlUPIllJl1pplilUllLUUp ....FLORAL PAINTED DOME SADABAD MOSQUE

took the helm of virtually all of the imperial building works in this period,regardless of the light supervision and involvement of the bureaucraticdepartments, which vaned depending on the type of building.

The cases of mosque building show how the operations of theBalian family used a great number of local patterns of material andlabour supply from Within Constantinople. However, they supplementedthis with new innovations such as the use of non-Muslim intermediarysellers in Galata for the procurement of some goods; they also gave theirpatronage to the growing operations of a number of Armenian proto-corporations, such as Nalyan Freresand the Haskew Tugla Kumpetwes.

A significant feature of the operations of the Balians at this timewas, furthermore, the adoption of various systems of delegation ofauthority This can be seen in the tendency for the Balians to refer thecarrying-out of an entire mosque project to a kalfa under their employ,such as Artin or Istefan. It can also be seen in their contracting outelements of the construction and decoration to chief craftsmen via the'ete-t-bessb' payments system. These managerial strategies would haveenabled the Balians to complete their works In a short time but alsowould ensure the high quality of the component parts (since they werecarried out by specialised masters).

And so, this article hasshown how we should start to view the successof architects such as the Balian family as the result of a combination offactors that came together in the Tanzimat period: bureaucratic reform,the stagnation and failure of these official bodies to carry out architecturalprojects, the rise in the status of non-Muslim kalfas over the buildingmilieu as well as the expansion of the Armenian community overvarious trades and vocations in the 19th century. The Balian family, inparticular under the control of Garabed Balian in the mid century, wereable to take advantage of these contexts and mobilize these resourcesso that they took charge of the building milieu at this time

However, the cases of mosque building have, above a", shownthe competitive advantage that the Balians secured over their rivals inthe Tanzlmat building milieu. They created a system of operations thatwas efficient and yet high quality that could both adhere to thebudgets and time specifications set by the State departments. Theywere also able to create works that would be agreeable to the Sultanand his specifications for his imperial architecture. This shows how theBalian family were not just a 'favoured society' of the Sultan, or anoligarchy of corrupt Armenian Amiras dominating the building milieuand Armenian Constantinopolitan society of the 19th century." Theywere efficient and capable architects and project managers wholargely secured their own successthrough the merits of their professionaloperations and their ability to make the most out of local andprevailing contexts.

104 U.paulmwljwawgnq "ura-u.'to'lln"l" ~U.8 rru.rSu.ru.'llhs'tohrc

1 lJ.jU til lI!nu u.l2/uwU1Ul4gmp~dJ.u 4t:! 4wql!I:iCi tnn~ra-npw4wa unurpuuadumru UUlU11[1,npUJ!utlpwupnTlj:>wGwj2010-j'l UiZGwG, SOAS-r tit!:', lnGumCijl2,wuwluwPwG:2 TBMM-lJ UjWUlpWUIJ1WO q.J1rQhpmCi ljn'lQpCi, mh'u -trbuf UWPWlll.llP» Cu,qq.WjrG'1)wlwmGtr), J1a~U1tu'SntUwUjwni-"t 'tluqunn (Istanbul, TBMM, 2007), Ihuln' ntCi4J1q'-ltoCi6:lnp uwq!lUtnpnUlU4wG WlWptrlWQWnl!' '11tntJlUltjJ1 Up..up'ulIljlG ta UttuwCi nwup'2[1J1WllwG l.lllULWlnr lhuupa: Sb'u GwtH lItoGti!n/1 2006-P10tlnlWO[l SntuwUjwfiltpuLUupG:3 lJ.jU tlq4rpGb:pm Jannul.jwGabpmG llb:pUI)lhphl.l.ll Ujp1J1tnnnlGhpmu wpfllnGQll flhutlnhuqfit' 2,l.!PQUi-r OtrJ1<'fl.U'tt.itnnPlt, OPfitwq.(Hqln SntUwUjwnlt - 1848, fO'tzlJ.rRPlt - 1853,.ghw'ltlPfiwCit - 1864, b:l <DhflP'titGphwl Y.WLPlIlt 1869: t1upwCiUjnqp U,QpqJ1lt tlqljPJaI:!It wtlpntlP:wgwo. W2Juwll1wCiQGhpn2l.UpmGw~nLwo hG I 870-w4wCiCihpnLu4pqp.tCi tl/1G~htljtuhprr: 1870-w4wGGhpnl ulj/1qpn 2pGmwo t Cl-nCi/1wjplI.q)1qjllt uqlj/1prr:4 lI.jU tlq4/1pGhptCi utlj QwGp)1Gtlhpwq,pnLuGhprr, tlhp2hpu 4p4pG tlhpwll1hunq'ithwGhCipwP4mwo hCi Ut\uwCi I1wG)14n'lut (Can, 2002): UwljWjG, WIU tlhpWq.PnLP/1LGCihprrlI.PQmG)14wnn19GhpnL SGoptCi UtllPtn lI.t.yll1/1t[fiwl)1u t.'l>tGlI1)1)1GwJuGw~wG hGra-wl)pm-p)1lGCihpmGfi)1tlwG qpWj hG. til ~p G2wGwljhp, pt )1Gp'llIwlI1wuJuwGwlI1nL tp W2!uW-lI1wGQGhpmG:lI.jU q,npohptG nphlt tlt4mG UlI1njq,qhpwq,pnLlI UTI.'-l.lliP~Wlllhll1llipWG/1OuuwGhwCi lI.pJu/1tGhpm ljtWUlI1hpnl fi)1uwCiqpllij 4WphiP ~t h'1lliO lI1W4WLpG:UW4WjG,4wPq, UTIwpowGwq,pmra-jltCiGhp fi/1up'rrGllmCih\ml, 4wphtjl t hGra-wfjph[, pt fJ)w[hwGGhpGt)1G 4wlllullwnmGhpTI: ntiwpwGLU4wG q,htnG)1q)'lWj wCinGp'2Wll1 TIGfjfiwGpmpplGGhpntG)1G.np !].wpohw\ 4rr nWUlI1WlI1t qhp[! G2ntWOn:S U'ntupw.'l>w t.mp/1 ¢Jw2w awtu q,pwo t fiwj h\ jnjG «Juw\.'l>wGhp"m uwupG' "Bundansonra devletin mimar agabk g6revi ve mimar kalfalan (halifelen) var idi ise de bu turbOyOk yapllarm yapllmasl, Ermeni ve Rum kalfalannrn eline ger;ti. Bu nedenle Nur-uOsmamye ve Laleli Camileri'ni Simon Kalfa ve daha sonra yaprlan bUyOk yap,lan, buSimon Kalfa'nm r;/ra{J! olan Komyanos Kalfa yapml~tlr" [bpt wCiq,wu wU4t hll1Q llIhll1m-p/1tGn fiwpll1wpwUjhtnw4LUG LU'lwjmfi\'hwG t.yWpIJlW4wGmp/1tGht fiwplJlwpwUjulJl JuLU[-/f>wlntp)1lG (l)1wqoP ljtnJuwGnpfj) mCitp. WjUlll)1up tlM 4WnnjgGhpm 2pGmp/1tGt:!nWI htjnjG JuW\/f>wGupmGounQt! WGgLUL:lI.jU t.yWlJlfiwnm.j, 'umpm OuuwG/1jt h\ LLUtt[p uq4PP-Ciurn U/1unCiIuw\.'l>wjp ulJhlJlwq,wjpG 2PGnLwll uto 4wnnjgCiupn. WjU UpunG luw\<'f>wjpCiW2w4hplJln u'ln'llmuhwGnu ruwL.'l>wG4wnmgwo hCi] (Mustafa Nuri Pa~a. J992. 2/J47):6 De Launay et ai, Ottoman Architecture. (Usuli Mimarii OsmaniyelL ArchitectureOttomane) A Work Authorized by imperial Decree and Published Under the Sponsorshipof His Excellency Edhem Pasha. Mmlster of Public Works and President of the ImperialOttoman Commision for the World Exposition of 7873 in Vienna. French Text by MarieDe Launay, Drawings by Montani Efendi, Bogos Efendl~ Chachian, and Maillard.Technical Information Supplied by Montani Efendi Prepared for Publication by Sebah.(Tarih Ara~tlrmalarl Vakfl, Te. KUltCrr Bakanllgl, 1998). p.167 QUIJl C)..wpprrp.'bpGIJl\PPhqpn 4m qWj j-llJlw\hptGtCi hl 41! )'lwpq,uwGn\p' «4>pwGQw-4wCi». wju/1GQCi'utpnUjW4wli nfi: Alafranga (upphuG q,pnLWOt GWhl a la Franga I Franka)jnp2np2mtln wthtj-l m2 d'f(}. !].wpm OuuwGhwG Ull1WlnPW4WCiqhpGwJuw\/1G UO\ll wnwll td-JulJlw4wGpUWUIJl.npn\G 4wphLj-l t fiwCiI)PlllP\ wGnGg WPll1wl)PWO q.pmrap\CiGhpntCitlt2:Carter Findley, "An Ottoman Occidentalist in Europe: Ahmed Midhat Meets MadameGulnar, J889" IOuuwCihwG lI.ph\tllJlwutw un btpnUjwj)1 tltf lI.nutll1 U'j-lwnwp 4rr nwG-I)PUjP U'WlJlwulIP\lGwPpG, 1889], American Historical Review, J998. p. 26.8 Opj-lGwlj U'trapG UtoqtG ~·I!ut. «".lI.upn'l2ntlpG lI.phullJlhwG W'lPpLpGhpt wnlinLwllfiw)'l\llWrwUjhlJlw4wCi ht qh'lwqwpl)nlUp nfihrtG h4WO JuumGw2ljtnra pwpfjmraptGGhpn'tOuuwGhwG 6wp\llwpwUjhlJlmp/1tG[! 2wJu2wJumUio tp: d'f(}.l)wpmli lI1h'lw~wCi nti ullUjwplJlwl)pn'l n~-pu\wtltillipll1wpwt.yhIJlGtipm [IGlI1phlwqnjG fiw2w4Gh)'lmCi hw~li, 4wphtjlt G~wlJlht u2wyntpLUIPCi JuwnGw4 hphlnjp U[!. Ghpljtw4 qhwh'lntwll nfitipmG tlt2: bLpn-llIW4WCi QWpll1wpwUjhll1mphwCi ut2 WjU 2\{1np[! 4n lihp4wlw9Gtp wn4wj fiwuwpw4w-4wG i{lnljtnrumpPLGCihp[l btpnUjwjjl ut2,: AW19 PPyw4wCi tiwpll1wpwUjhlJlnLphwQ tlt22h2111nLWOt)'l, wG2wlJlmwll nUwLnq u2w4mpwlPG 2wpd-muGhptG, npnGQ I)PJlWlllwlI1Qwn-GhpGtj-lG...» (Sozen, 1987. 160):9 OppGw4' Oppwqp\'lj-l U'q4pp~G fiwtlwp OP.PWl lI.U\wGwljtw ljl! q)'lt. «OllipIJlWPWUjh-IJlmpj-lLG[l2WlI1 ruti'lti t. Gp\php[! WjGQwGqt2 hG, np wG ljt\nLquwG tl2wwljwG tlll1wGq,j-lCilI1wlj t» (Aslanapa. J971. 236):10 lI.jU uOlJlhgmuTI 4rr fiwuwUjWIJlWUJuUiGt t.ywlJluw4wCiwljwCi WjG 4wPoj-lp'CihpnlG,ptfJ)w[hwGGhprr QWll unCitpG JltUj~ «ll.lphlUlJlw4wGwgmu» hlljwu «uwuliwq,)1lnW4wGw-gnu!». ~G~t.ytu' U'mupw4>w I1tqwpj-l (Cezar, 197J) ht 4pqUplu fJ)Wjll1Wp\"WlUjwGlI1Oll-[mp q,npohpmG tlti'. (Nalbantoglu, 1989):11 lI.pQntGpl1wplJlWPWUjhlJlGh)'lm Cl-pwuhGhw4j-lGuwupG wh'u' Afyoncu, Fatma, XVII.Yuzyilda Hassa Mimarlari Ocagi, rd't. !].wpmG lI.PllmGp Owpll1wpwUjhlJlGhpm q.pwuhG-hwljrrJ TC. KLiIWr Bakanligl, Ankara, 2001: Turan, 5erefettin, "Osman Ii Te~kllatinda~assa ~Imarl~rl" LlI.~p'mCi/1oWPlJlwpwlyhlJlmfi\'~tGTI OuuwGhwG 4wqtl~G U't2J' AnkaraUnlverSlteSI Oil ve Tanh Corafya Fakultesi Derglsl, vol. I, isslu 1, 1963: Uzunr;ar~lh IsmailHakki, Osman Ii Devletl Saray Te~kilatl lOuuwGhwG fJ)htnmphwCi fJ)W\WIJlW4wGllwqunJ,Turk Tarlh Kurumu, Ankara, 1" ed. 1945,3'" ed. 198812 OuuwGhwG rfwplJlWPwlyhlJlCihrm C)..pwuhGhw4r pW)'lhGnpnq,muGhpntCiuwu~li IJlh'uCan 2002:13 4WnnjgGhpm lunpfimpl)pG ut2 1848-/1GlyW2111oCiwqwpn'llihp[! nhtnhlhw\GupCi tpCi'Meclis ReiSI(Iunpl1mpJlj-l 1I.lJlhCiwUjhlfl) Abdulhailm Efendi, azalar (IunpfimplJ-p WliIJ-LUll'-Ghp)' ~bmyei Hassa Halifesi (4,wnnjglihpm SGor,tGntphwG Cihp4Wjwgnlgj-l~) el-Hac SalihEfendl, ~bniye-i Hassa Halifesl Esad Efendi, Ebmye-I Hassa Halifesl Ismail Ferruh Efendi,El:miye-I Hassa HaMesi Hafiz Ali Efendi, Mektubii Maliye Hulefasi MOteheyyizanindanrutbei salise m~am hamil (Cl-wCiawlJlwG Ghr4Wjw9mgj-l~, hppnpl) wUlJlpfiwGp 2QwCi2WCiw-4PP) Cazim Efendi, Rumeh Mesarifat Muhasebesi Ketebesinden hamis ni~anm, hamil(ft.muttP.p h\htulJlW4wG fiw2mhgnjgGhpnl qpwqj-lp. fipGq.hpnPll-WUIJl/1tiwGj-l2QwCi2wCiw-4j-lP) Gahb Efendl, Ermeni milletinden (~Wj fiwtlwjGgtG) Krikor Kalfa, Ermeni milletindenMinas Kaffa, Ermeni milletinden KU<;CrkOhannes Kalfa, Rum milletinden (8njG fiwtlwjG-p.tG) Panayot Kalfa, Rum milletinden Todori Kalfa, Rum milletinden Onikos Kalfa:lI.unGg 4n'lp.jlCi ljwj)1li GWhl Rum milletinden Ohannes and Istefan KalfaGhprr, nrnGp' 4nurwCiWIPCi ljwphLnr dn'lnl-iGhpmG. Can. 2002 [BOA, I.Mes. MCrh., nr.17S, 7e.1:14 BOA: l/,Ul.p~wUjhlJlwpwGp OuuwCihwG lI.pjupt:lS Barkan, Omer, LCrtfi, Suleymaniye Camii ve imareti in~aati 1500-J557lU)1'ltJtlwGpjtU'q4PPj-l 4Wnnjg.[! tt OrGmp~tGn 1500-1557),2 Volumes, TCrrkTarih Kurumu, Ankara, 1972'16 Bayram, Sadl Adnan TCrzen, "Ayazma Camii ve In~aat Defteri" rll.lwquw U'qy)1prO/1GmphwG SnuwpnJ Vakdlar Derg,si. XXIJ. pp. J99-288. 1991:17 ~LU4wnwlj np btpnUjwjj-l ut2 hphlWQ h4wO tp 2Wll1 LUlht~ wnw2, uwljWjG 4. 'l)nLUnjut2, jWlJlm4 t f(}wGq/1uwpp dwuwGw4w2P2wGj-l q,npohpnlQ:18 lI.uppwGb:pmG tlwujlG wh'u Barsoumian 1982. SWlJlhwCiGhpm hl. lI.PllmGj-l 4,wno!].)1C)..npowpwGrG uwuj-lG tnh'u TuglaCi. J993:19 Sh'u uf(}. llW)'lnt p-wgr4Cihp[!' WjU qnpowpwGGhpn\G ut!': W2ruwtnn'l nWj q,npowtnpGh-pm Ujwlfl4hpnq. Koker. 2005:

20 8wIIJlGj-l t, np lhupqhu fJ)wlhwG W2ruwwwO t -Rtuwn6hwlij-l fihm , WUlW'l0wqnpo UTI,np lnquu'lngml '1)tutpUjtjr UjWlwlJlpG fiwuwp UjWIJlPWUlnWOt ljtwjll1hWlwnwP4wCihp(Goncu, 2006. 36; BOA, HH.dnr 841): f(}m'l\WO[l G2wOt GwhtwGnpw2JuwlJlPll!fJ)wLhwGGhpm \{1wjlnhwj wnwp~wGhpmG qpWj (Tuqleo. J98J ta J990): 1I.1h\j-la,-Rtuwfio-hwGrr jwfiwJu 4rr lrlmj-l 4. fJ)n\unj htpnlyW4wG fipllilJlwpwyntpj-ltGGhpmG tlt2. opj-lQw~'Levant Herald ta Journal de Constantinople:21 t.w[hwG b'lpwjpGhpn ljwnljWflwuPP uWIJlw4wpwpGhp trCi. npnGg JwfiwJu ljrr fiwGl)j-l-Uj)1GQWjfj lP2wGj-l lyWPptpw4wCiGhpm ut2. Levant Herald tn Journal de ConstantinoplenpnGP'\hgmG tG wCinGg OWuntgnttlGhpnq:22 1I.lu hP4ntP.)1q.npllhpnLG h\ fJ)wluwGGhpm I1hlJl wGnGg 4wUjj-lG tlumj-lG, lI1U'U(Kurkman,Garo, Osmanli Omparatorlugunda Ermeni Ressamlar 1600-1923) IOuuwGhwG 4WJUpnt-phwG U't2 ~Wl t.4wPp~Ghp 1600-J923], Matusalem Yaylnlarl, Istanbul, 2004: Shu Gwhl'Tugiaci J98J ht J990:23 Levant Herald, 25 8mGmwp, 1873.24 ACiw~~mphwa pntwp,wGwljp uwu/1G lnh'u (Karpat, Kemal, Ottoman Population, 7830-7974: Demographic and Social Characteristics), [OuuwGhwG AGw4~mra-PtGn,J830-1914' d'n-

'lnqpllwq,pw~wG hl CGljhpwj)-lCiAGmpwq.pnLpj-ltGGhpJUniversity of Wisconsin Press. 1985:2S C)..PlJlw4wGw2JuWlJlwGp,Ghp,npnGg ut2 GlmuGhp4wG tuGw/f>j-l jWll1mlj oj-l\'lhpnlGlj,pWj fiwjhpm lI1ppwUjhlJlmphwG tlwupCi, c;ark, YG" TOrk Devleti Hizmetinde Ermenilerr~wjhpn fO'ntpp.fJ)hlJlmpuwG Uwnwlntra-uwG U't2J, Istanbul, 1953: t.wh\, lI.pppCihlliG \.jnuWIJlGwG2t UPWjQfiwll:uGw'Pf! qwpq,wgmurr ht WjU hphtnlPpG 4wphlnpmpj-llGt! nWj fiw-tlwlup'wjpCi P'w'lwQw4wGmphwG fiwuwp d'fU'. !].wpntG, Artinian, Vartan, The Armenianconstitutional system in the Ottoman Empire, 1839-7863: A study of its historical devel-opment l.(Wj4W~wG UwfiuwGwllPw4wG ~wuwljwpqrr OuuwGhwQ 4wlupmphwCi ut!':J839-1863. t'p fJ)wll1tlw4wG Qwpq.wguwG U'wupG n\UntuCiwuj-lpmpj-llQ U'n] (J 980 (pn\li[!'WlwplJlwown, Brandeis University, J970):26 U.ppj-llihwCi \.j[l q,pt ufU'. fjwpnLCi fiwjhpm qnpowll1h'lpGhpm I!Glf\WjGuwG h\ wGnGglI1hlJ.wi./lnJumphwCiuwu/1G: (Artinian, Vartan, The Armenian ...)27 lroqtGpfiw\ WlU fiwpgj-lG 4·wGllPw!].llinGwl' Rosenthal, Steven, "Minorities and MunicipalReform in Istanbul J850-1870" [¢JnllpwuwuGntppLGGhprr hl -RwllWllWUjhlJlw!.lwG AW)'lhljtn-JumpptGGhpnl1upwCiUjmlP ut2 1850-18701 pp 369-386 ill Christians and Jews in the OttomanEmpire l-Rp)1ulnnCihwGhrnht ~phwGhpn OuuwGhwCi 4WjUrmrahwCi U't!':J. Braude and Lewis,1982; The politics of dependency: Urban reform in IstanbullbGpwljwj CUW\nl -RW'lWQW4w-lin4\lj-lLGTI'-Rw'lwp.wq,pw4wG ~wplntmJun4'lj-ltGt'upwGUfnq)1ut2]. Conneticut, Greenwood, 1980:28 ~wpu f(}m'lLwtin, np oqll1nlwo t pLUquWPPL fiwlhptG h\ hlpnUjw4wG \hqmGhpnlj,W'lPplrGhpt' nG!].q)'lljwo t wth[)1 tlho pj-llnq ~Wj Gljwp)1~Cihpm wGntaGhfl: lI.th\j-lG. ~wpp-OPjt 4wu lI.plnwp.rG Cl-npong t.wJuwpwpmphwG fiwtwp.wonGhpn 4rr t.ywpmGw4hGJuCifjpwq.j-lrGupOlJlwr wpfihulnwtnpGhpt hl uWlJlw~wpwpGhpt. npnGQ w2ruWlJlWO hGfJ)w\hwGGhpm fihlJl: ~hlJlhtwp-wPjWjUlGp t, np WjU 4wlyhpn qnlntpj-ltCi nlGhgwo hCi,wGnGQlyw)'lqwUltu ~hCiG2ntWOlPCinlphwu rrGpwgj-llj IJlnuwpCihpmu tlt2:29 n\UmuGwu)1rmphwliu ut2 ~htl CihpWllWOWjU uqljj-lpn, llwCip np wpowGwq,pntpplG[!~huljpgwo q,IJlGh\,Gwh\' npmlfihlnhl lj,hpwlwPJlWpmwll t: UW4Wjli, nwtwGw4wG t. np4WpwUjhll1 fJ)w\hwCi)1q,np0[l nllllij:30 ~Wlwq,Pll1W4wCiWlJuWlnwGllGh-P[lljTI tljllnj-lG fJ)w\hwGGhpn CihP4wlwgCih\ npUjtu «finlj,w-GWlnphw[ !].wu», n)'lnGQpwpop fjPPp.Pwpd-wGwgwo tpG UnllpwCijlG 4n'lut. uwljWjG wGnCill~hG4Pgwll rphGp. qppuCip,UjWllnlywGh\nt ntd- wUjwfinqhl, mUlJlp 4nruCigmgwo hG j-lphGgUjw2IJloGQb:pn,hpp j1G4wo hCiWj!]. fJ-j-lpp.tG:Sh'u' Barsoumian 1982: lI.upljw lI1wpwontwolI1huw~tlJl unCit fiwjwq.pll1mphwG ut2, nfljWOWJu j-lU\wtl j-lljuwCintpplGGhpm fihlJl fiwjhpmjwpWphpnlpj-llGGhpn 4rr uwfiuWGlli"ljtw4t WIU uOlJlhguwCi tlt2,: 1I.1umuuwljtmn lj,4wjn\wo tp.wGjl un wPll~ fipWll1wpw4nLpj-ltCiGhpnt ut2, O)'l)1Gw4LhtnG lI.pljtj-lG, np fJ)w\hwGGhrn ynGhp4WjW9Gt npUjtu \{1l11WOlfPWuwlJltrhp, nCi!]'Jltu nWJhpm nt2 f(}wG<tj-luwpp d-wuwGw4w-2)'l2wCipGnp uhpmGll)1 W)'llfj-lw4wlimfi\'hwG h\ '-lupwljtnJunttlGhpnt. Arpee, Leon, TheArmenian Awakening, Chicago, J909:

lJ.'1.P-f1f1-P\Obrnf1- alJ.\ott _

Artinian, Vartan, (1980) The Armenian constitutional system in the Ottoman Empire, 1839-1863: a study of its historical development.

Aslanapa, Oktay (1971), TurkishArt and Architecture, AtatLirk KCrltur Merkezi Yaylnlarl, Ankara.

Barkan, .Omer LCrtfi(1972), Suleymaniye Camii ve Imareti In~aatl (1550-1557), 2 volumes,Turk Tanh Kurumu, Ankara.

Barsoumian, Hagop (1982), "The Dual Role of the Armenian Amira Class Within theOttoman Government and the Armenian Millet (1750-1850)", Christians and Jews In theOttoman Empire Vall The Central Lands, ed. Braude and Lewis, New York, 1982.

Bayram, Sadi, Adnan Tuzen (1991), "Ayazma Camisi ve In~aat Defteri", Vaklflar Dergisi,XXII, pp. 199-288

Can, Selman (1990), Belgelerle C;lragan SaraYI,,, Ankara.

~an, .Selman (2002, Osmanli Mimarlik Te~kilatmm XIX YOzyildaki Degl~im Sureci ve Eserleride Mimar Sewid AbdUlha/im Efendi, unpublished doctoral thesis, Istanbul University.

Cezar, Mustafa (1971), Sanatta BatIYa At:;IIi~ve Osman Hamdi, Turkiye I~ Bankasl KultCrrYaylnlarl, Istanbul.

Eidem, Edhem (2010), unpublished paper on bricks and tiles, Symposium on OttomanMaterial Culture, Bogazl<;i University, 4"'-S"'lune 2010

Findley, Carter (1998), "An Ottoman Occidentalist in Europe: Ahmed Midhad MeetsMadame Gulnar, 1889", American Historical Revieur,

Gautier, Theophile (1856), Constantinople, Paris.

Goncu, C:engiz (2006), Beylerbeyi SaraYI'nm In~a SOreci, Te$kilatl ve Kullamml, unpublishedPhD theSIS,Istanbul University.

06ncCrCengiz (2007), "Dolmabahr;e SaraYl'nln Mimari Kadrosu, In~a SCrresive MaliyetiUzenne Yeni Tespitler", TBMM Milli Saraylar Daire Ba~kanhgl Baslmevi, Ankara.

Koker, Osman (2005), 100 y,1Once Ermeniler, Birzamanlar YaylnClhk, Istanbul

Mustafa Nun Pa~ (1992), Netayic Ol-Vukuat, Turk Tarih Kurumu Yaymlan, Ankara (1" print 1877).

Nalbantoglu, GCrlsum Baydar (1989), The Professionalization of the Ottoman-TurkishArchitect, unpublished PhD thesis, Berkeley.

Pamukciyan, Kevork (2003), Zaman/ar; Mekfmlar; Insanlar, Aras YaylnCllik, Istanbul

Sozen, Metin (1987), The Evolution of Turkish Art and Architecture, Ha~et Yaymevi, Istanbul

Tug,lacl, Pars (1993), The Role of the Dadian Family in Ottoman Social, Economic andPolitICal L'fe, Pars Yayrn ve Tic. Ltd, 5ti., Istanbul.

1I.lu IOllnl.wopG ut2 oq,lJlwq,npomwll\muwG4wpGhpn, pwgj-l G2mwoGh)'ltli. LnluwG4wpmwllhG lI.\punCi nlwppnGpG ~n'lut·

ARMENIAN ARCHITECTS OF ISTANBUL in the Era of Westernization

NOTES --------- _

1 This, along with my other contribution, form part of my PhD thesis to be completed inAutumn 2010 at SOAS, University of London.2 In addition to the books prepared by the TBMM, Milli Saraylar, such as Dolmabah\ePalace (Istanbul, TBMM, 2007) are the masters thesis of Cengiz Gonce on the BeylerbeyiPalace and Selman Can on the (Iragan Palace as well as a 2006 article on theDolmabahce Palace by Genco3 Regarding the dating of these mosques, the documentation I have found gives asstarting dates: for Hirka-i Serif Mecidiye, Ortekoy and Dolrnabahce: 1848, for Iesvikiye1853, for Sacabad 1864, and Pertevniyal vatide. 1869. The Aziziye Mosque, Istanbulwas never completed but work was carried out in the early to mid 18705, In the early1870s the Aziziye Mosque In Konya was built4 Some of these mosques have recently been re-attributed by Selman Can (Can, 2002).However this rests on the provision of estimates by the Director of Imperial BuildingsSeyyid Abdulhalirn Hendi and does not necessarily mean that he was responsible for theworks. The firm attribution of any of these works has not so far been possible from theevidence of the Ottoman Prime Ministry Archives although some documents can beused to suggest that the Balian team were in charge. On stylistic grounds we can seethat they have a lot of common features that also point to this5 Mustafa Nuri Pasha also wrote of the Armenian and Greek kalfas "Following this,whereas there had been the position of the chief architect and his apprentice architects,now this kind of building work passed into the hands of Armenian and Greekkalfaslbuilders. Thus the Nur-u Osrnanive. Laleli and the subsequent large buildings werethe work of Simon Kaffa and then his pupil, Komyanos Kalfa" (Mustafa Nuri Pase. 1992,21147)

6 De Launay et at Usul-i Mlmari-i Osmanlye/L'Architecture Ottomane, (reprint: TarihAresurmaler vaktr, r.C: KOltQr Bakanllgl, 1998).7 The term, according to Carter Findley, derives from Italian and translates as 'Frankish',meaning European style, The label alafranga took on quite negative connotationsamongst the late nineteenth century Ottoman intellectual elite as we can see from someof the texts produced by these circles. Finalley, 1988, 26).8 Metin Sozen. for instance, states: " ... Ottoman architecture became overwhelmed by aconfusing complexity of architecture and decorative styles taken wholesale fromWestern sources. Behind the eclectic tastes of the non-Muslim architects who dictatedloealstyle in Turkey in the 19'" century, one detects a sense of cultural confusioninherent in the styles themselves. In Western architecture, this confusion represented adirect reaction to current social changes in Europe. But it became accentuated in Turkisharchitecture by virtue of being Isolated from the cultural movements that were itscause ... "(Sozen, 1987, 160).

9 Oktay Aslanapa, for instance, states of the Ortakby Mosque: "the architecture is 50poor and the materials so inferior that it is in continual danger of col/apse" (Asia napa,1971,236).

10 This is in contrast with the views often expressed within the historiography as theBalians as a step on the way to 'Westernization' and/or 'professionalization' for instanceseen in the work of Mustafa Cezar (Cezar, 1971) and GOlsOm Baydar Nalbantoglu(Nalbantoglu, 1989).

11 On the Imperial Architects' Office see: Fatma Afyoncu, XVII. YUzyllda HassaMimarfan Ocagl, T.e. KOltor Bakanhgl, Ankara, 2001; $erefettin Turan, "OsmanllTe~kilatmda Hassa Mimarlan" in Ankara Oniversitesi Oil ve Tarih-Cografya FakUftesiDergisi, vol. I, issiu 1, 1963; Ismail Hakki Uzun<;ar~IIi, Osmanll Devleti Saray Te~kilatl, TUrkTarlh Kurumu, Ankara, 1st ed. 1945, 3rd ed. 198812 On reforms to the Imperial Architects' Office, see: Can 2002.13 Those employed by the Building Council! Ebniye Meclisi in 1848 were the following:the Meclis Reisi (Leader of the Council) was AbdOlhalim Efendi, the members of thecouncil (azalar) were: Ebniye-i Hassa HaMesi (Apprentice of the Royal Buildings) el-HacSallh Efendl, Ebniye-i Hassa Halifesi Esad Efendl, Ebniye-I Hassa Halitesl Ismail FerruhEfendi, Ebniye-i Hassa Halitesi HafiZ Ali Efendi, Mektubi-i Maliye HulefaslMutehewizanmdan rutbe-i salise ni~anml hamil (Clerk for the Secretary of Finance andbearer of the decoration of the third level) Cazlm Efendi. Rumeli Mesaritat MuhasebesiKetebesinden hamis niianmf hamil (Scribe for the Accountants of the Salaries of Rumeliand bearer of the fifth decoration) Galib Efendi. Ermeni milletinden (from the Armeniancommunity) Krikor Kaffa, Ermeni milletinden Minas Ka/fa, Ermeni mil/etinden KO<;OkOhannes Ka/fa, Rum milletinden (from the Greek community) Panayot Ka/fa, Rummil!etinden Todori Kalfa, Rum mifletinden Onikos Ka/fa. Alongside these were also fromthe Rum mil/etinden Ohannes and Istefan Kalfalar who joined the necessary meetings.Can, 2002 (BOA, I.Mes. MOh" nr.175, 7e.)14 BOA: Ottoman Prime Ministry Archives.15 Despite having come about long before in Europe, this was a key characteristic ofTanzimat works in Constantinople.

16 5ee the 19'" century postcards of the Armenian labour employed in these factories,included in Koker 2005

17 We know that Sarkis Balian worked with Kemhaciyan, a carpenter who producedwooden goods with steampowered saws, on the Beylerbeyi Palace (GoncO, 2006, 36;BOA, HH.d.nr 841) TuglaCi also notes his employment on the works of the Balians(Tuglacl, 1990). In addition, Kemhaciyan is mentioned in the European press ofConstantinople such as the Levant Herald and Journal de Constantinople frequently.18 Nalyan Freres were furniture suppliers who were also mentioned in the newspapersof the time: Levant Herald and Journal de Constantinople are full of advertisements forthem

19 On the work of these two and their connection to the Balians, see: Garo KOrkman,Osman!1 imparatorlugunda Ermeni Ressam/ar 1600-1923, Matusalem Yaymlarl, Istanbul,2004; also Tugiaci 1990

20 Levant Herald, Jan 25'· 1873.

21 On population figures see: Kernel Karpat, Ottoman Population, 1830-1914:Demographic and Social Characteristics, University of Wisconsin Press, 1985.22 Works that remark on the dominance of Armenians of particular branches of theesnaf include: Y.G. (ark, TUrk Devleti Hizmetinde Ermeni/er, Istanbul, 1953. Also,Artinian emphasizes the growth of Armenian-only esnaf and the importance of this toArmenian communal politics in the 19'" century: Vartan Artinian, The Armenianconstitutional system in the Ottoman Empire, 1839-1863: a study of its historicaldevelopment !1980 (originally a thesis from Brandeis University, 1970).23 Artinian writes on the 19'" century expansion of the Armenian guilds and their shiftIn location. vertan Artinian, The Armenian ..

24 Rosenthal attributes this cause. Steven Rosenthal, "Minorities and Municipal Reformin Istanbul 1850-1870" pp369-386 in Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire,Braude and Lewis, 1982; Steven Rosenthal, The politics of dependency: urban reform inIstanbul, Greenwood, Connecticut, 1980.2S Pars Tugiaci who uses more Armenian and European language sources includes manymore names of elite Armenian painters. In addition, the collections of the Hariciye(Foreign Office) contain petitions from foreign craftsmen and suppliers who worked withthe Bahans. Thus we know that these relations existed, they are just not mentioned inthe regular building accounts26 I have not included this mosque in my study since I did not find the documentationfor it and also since it has been redecorated. However it is likely to be a work ofGarabed Balian.

27 Studies on the Balians in the discipline of Armenian Studies tend to focus on theirstatus as a 'favoured society' who were given high status from the Sultan but whonever secured any real power and so fell from their position as quickly as they hadascended. See: Barsoumian 1982. This is a well-worn path within Armenian Studieswhich often reduces the interactions between Armenians and Islamic overlords to this

BIBLIOGRAPHY _

Artinian, Vartan, (1980) The Armenian constitutional system in the Ottoman Empire,1839-7863: a study of its historical development.

Aslenepa. Oktay (1971), Turkish Art and Architecture, Ataturk Kultur Merkezi veymlen,Ankara.

Barkan, Orner tutti (1972), Scleymaniye Camii ve Imareti fnseau (1550-1557). 2 volumes,Turk Tarih Kurumu, Ankara.

Bersournian. Hagop (1982), "The Dual Role of the Armenian Amira Class Within theOttoman Government and the Armenian Millet (1750-1850)", Christians and Jews Inthe Ottoman Empire Vol I The Central Lands, ed. Braude and Lewis, New York, 1982.

Bayram, Sadi. Adnan Tuzen (1991), "Ayazma Camisi ve lnsaat Defter!". vakrtlar Dergisi,XXII, pp. 199-288.

Can, Selman (1990), Belgelerle (/ragan Sarayl, Kuttur Bekanhq: vaymlan, Ankara.

Can, Selman (2002, Osmanh Mimarlik Te~kilatmm XIX. YUzylldaki Degi~im Sureci veEserleri ile Mimar SeWid Abdulhalim Efendi, unpublished doctoral thesis, IstanbulUniversity.

Cezar, Mustafa (1971), Sanatta Batrya Ar;/II~ ve Osman Hamdi, TUrkiye I~ Bankasl KOIWrYaylnlarl, Istanbul.

Eidem, Edhem (2010), unpublished paper on bricks and tiles, Symposium on OttomanMaterial Culture, Bogazi<;i University, 4'"_5'" .June 2010

Findley, Carter (1998), "An Ottoman Occidentalist in Europe Ahmed Midhad MeetsMadame Gulnar, 1889", American Historical Review

Gautier, Theophile (1856), Constantinople, Paris.

Gbncu, Cengiz (2006), Beylerbeyi SaraYI'nm in~a Sureci, Te~kilat/ ve Kullamml, unpub-lished phD thesis, Istanbul University.

Goncu Cengiz (2007), "Dolmabah<;e SaraYI'nln Mimari Kadrosu, In~a Suresi ve MaliyetiOzerine Yeni Tespitler", TBMM Milli Saraylar Daire Ba~kanhgl Baslmevi, Ankara.

Koker, Osman (2005), 100 Yif Once Ermeniler, Birzamanlar Yaylnclltk, Istanbul.

Mustafa Nuri Pa~a (1992), Netayic Ol-Vukuat, TUrk Tarih Kurumu Yaylnlarl, Ankara (1~print 1877).

Nalbantoglu, Gulsum Baydar (1989), The Professionalization of the Ottoman-TurkishArchitect, unpublished PhD thesis, Berkeley

Pamukciyan, Kevork (2003), Zamanlar, Mekfmlar, insanlar, Aras YaymClllk, Istanbul

Sozen, Metin (1987), The Evolution of Turkish Art and Architecture, Ha~et Yaymevi,Istanbul.

TuglaCl, Pars (1993), The Role of the Dadian Family in Ottoman Social, Economic andPolitical Life, Pars Yaym ve Tic. Ltd. $ti., Istanbul.

Unless otherwise noted the photograph included in this article are taken by Alyson Wharton.

1°5