Melody as Motive- An Analysis of Wayne Shorter's ...

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Melody as Motive: An Analysis of Wayne Shorter’s Improvisational Approach on “Fee-Fi-Fo-Fum” and “Infant Eyes” By Joel Linscheid Over the course of his more than sixty-year career, Wayne Shorter has earned a reputation as one of the most unique and innovative musicians in jazz history. He is renowned not only as a saxophonist, but also as a composer. In both arenas, Shorter exhibits an individual style that has long set him apart from his contemporaries. Shorter’s musical style is often described as being equally informed by a sense of tradition and innovation. Trumpeter Nicholas Payton described Shorter in Downbeat magazine as “modern but rooted at the same time.” 1 Shorter’s complex style is apparent on his 1964 album, Speak No Evil. 2 Recorded just three months after Shorter left Art Blakey’s Jazz Messengers and joined Miles Davis’s “Second Quintet,” the album exhibits the influence of both past and future. In his improvisational and compositional style, Shorter demonstrates a strong foundation of the blues and traditional conventions of bebop, but also an increasingly modern style that favors motivic development and smoother lines. Also evident throughout the entire album is a strong sense of unity between Shorter’s improvised solos and the compositions themselves. In his analysis of Speak No Evil, 1 Dan Ouellette and Ted Panken, “My Favorite Blue Note Album,” Downbeat, March 2009, 28. 2 Wayne Shorter, Speak No Evil. Blue Note Records 84194, recorded December 24, 1964.

Transcript of Melody as Motive- An Analysis of Wayne Shorter's ...

MelodyasMotive:AnAnalysisofWayneShorter’sImprovisationalApproachon“Fee-Fi-Fo-Fum”and“InfantEyes”ByJoelLinscheid Overthecourseofhismorethansixty-yearcareer,WayneShorterhas

earnedareputationasoneofthemostuniqueandinnovativemusiciansinjazz

history.Heisrenownednotonlyasasaxophonist,butalsoasacomposer.Inboth

arenas,Shorterexhibitsanindividualstylethathaslongsethimapartfromhis

contemporaries.Shorter’smusicalstyleisoftendescribedasbeingequallyinformed

byasenseoftraditionandinnovation.TrumpeterNicholasPaytondescribed

ShorterinDownbeatmagazineas“modernbutrootedatthesametime.”1

Shorter’scomplexstyleisapparentonhis1964album,SpeakNoEvil.2

RecordedjustthreemonthsafterShorterleftArtBlakey’sJazzMessengersand

joinedMilesDavis’s“SecondQuintet,”thealbumexhibitstheinfluenceofbothpast

andfuture.Inhisimprovisationalandcompositionalstyle,Shorterdemonstratesa

strongfoundationofthebluesandtraditionalconventionsofbebop,butalsoan

increasinglymodernstylethatfavorsmotivicdevelopmentandsmootherlines.Also

evidentthroughouttheentirealbumisastrongsenseofunitybetweenShorter’s

improvisedsolosandthecompositionsthemselves.InhisanalysisofSpeakNoEvil,

1DanOuelletteandTedPanken,“MyFavoriteBlueNoteAlbum,”Downbeat,March2009,28.2WayneShorter,SpeakNoEvil.BlueNoteRecords84194,recordedDecember24,1964.

StuartNicholsonwrites,“Whatwasstrikingabouthisworkwasahighlydeveloped

senseofmelodicconstructionwithinhissolos.Often,hisimprovisationsappeared

aslogicalextensionsofhiscompositions…3

SaxophonistDavidSanchezofferssimilarcommentaryonthealbum,notingthat:

“On“Fee-Fi-Fo-Fum,”“SpeakNoEvil”and“InfantEyes,”Wayneisn’tplayingthechanges,butplaysaroundthecomposition—he’screativewithinthecomposition,distinctfromalotofotherBlueNoterecordingsoftheperiodonwhich,generallyspeaking,peoplewouldimproviseonthechangesoncetheheadorthemewasover.”4

Thiscommentarywillserveasaframeworkforthefollowinganalysisoftwo

ofWayneShorter’ssolosfromSpeakNoEvil,on“InfantEyes”and“Fee-Fi-Fo-Fum.”

TheanalysiswilldemonstratehowShorterreliesonmelodiccontentfromhis

compositionsasthemotivicfoundationforhisimprovisedsolos.Theexamples

discussedwillillustratehowhedrawsinspirationfromthemelodyinavarietyof

ways,including:directquotesofmelody,useofmelodicfragmentsanddevelopment

ofmotivicelements,andimitationofmelodicphrasecontours.Additionally,

considerationwillbegiventohowShortermorebroadlyreflectsthecompositional

elementsin“Fee-Fi-Fo-Fum”throughhisuseoflong-rangelinearmotionand

contrastingstylisticsections.

3StuartNicholson,TheEssentialJazzRecords:Volume2,(LondonandNewYork:MansellPublishingLimited,2000),332.4DanOuelletteandTedPanken,“MyFavoriteBlueNoteAlbum,”Downbeat,March2009,28.

I.“InfantEyes”(Melody)

Shorter’scomposition“InfantEyes”isconstructedinaunique27-measure

ABAform,comprisedofthree9-measurephrases.Themelodyissimple,madeupof

arepeatingphrasestructurethatincludesapick-uptoahalfnote,followedbythree

eighthnotes.Withinthemelodyto“InfantEyes,”threemotiveshavebeenidentified,

showninExample1.5

Example1:Motivesin“InfantEyes”Melody,mm.1-4

MotiveaisclassifiedbroadlyasShorter’suseoftheintervalofthethird,

whichoccursfrequentlythroughoutthecomposition.Whiletheintervalofathirdis

commonintonalmusicanditsrepetitiondoesn’talwaysconstituteamotive,it

seemstobemoreimportanttothemelodicstructureof“InfantEyes”andtherefore

isworthnoting.Asseenintheaboveexample,thepointsofrestwithinthemelody

areoftenathirdapart,andserveasmelodicpointsofarrival.Inthissense,the

intervalholdsmelodicsignificance,ratherthanbeingusedinatriadicmannerto

outlinetheharmony.

5Foramotivicanalysisofthefullmelody,seeAppendixA

Shortercontraststhelongnotesin“InfantEyes”withmotiveb,arecurring

setofthreeeighthnotes.Theeighthnotesbalancethephrase,connectingthelong

notesandprovidingforwardmotiontothenextpointofarrival.Thedescending

three-notemotiveisfurtherdevelopedinShorter’ssolo,describedlater.

Finally,motivecisthelargemelodicleap,mostoftenofanoctave,that

occursthroughoutthemelody.Thelargeleapsalsoseemtoofferbalancetothe

melodyline,therestofwhichtypicallymovesbystepwisemotionorinthirds.

Shorter’smelodicconstructionadherestotypicalconventions,ashefollowseach

largeleapwithmelodicmovementintheoppositedirection.

II.“InfantEyes”(Solo)

Afterstatingthemelody,Shorterimprovisesonechorus,inwhichhe

referencesanddevelopsthemotivesfoundinthemelody.Asindicatedaboveinthe

commentarybySanchezandNicholson,Shorter’sapproachtotheimprovisationon

“InfantEyes”isrootedinthemelody,notinanefforttocreatenew,unrelated

contentbasedontheharmony.6

AsseeninExample2,beginninginmeasure10,ratherthanimprovisinga

newmelodybasedonthechordprogression,Shorteressentiallyembellishesthe

existingmelody.Whilehisimprovisedembellishmentsobscurethisfacttothe

casuallistener,thecomparisonshowsthathisimprovisedlinecontinuestoclosely

followthemelodyfrommm.10-27.

6ForatranscriptionofShorter’sentiresoloon“InfantEyes,”seeAppendixB.

Example2:ComparisonofMelodyandShorter’sImprovisationon“InfantEyes”(mm.10-27)

Inadditiontoitscloserelationshiptotheoriginalmelody,Shorter’s

improvisedsoloalsoexhibitsfurtherdevelopmentofthemotivesestablishedinthe

theme.7Example3(below)showsmeasures1-9ofShorter’ssolo.Unlikethelater

7FormotivicanalysisofShorter’sentiresoloon“InfantEyes,”seeAppendixC.

section(seenabove),Shorterdoesn’texplicitlyquotethemelodyinthefirstA

section,butdoesreferenceeachofthethreemotivesidentifiedinExample1.

Example3:MotivicanalysisofWayneShorter’ssoloon“InfantEyes”(mm.1-9)

Shorter’sreferencetomotivea(theintervalofathird)islessexplicitthanin

themelody,butispresentnonetheless.Heendseachofhisphraseswiththe

interval,firstdescendingfromBbtoG,thenascendingfromBbtoD.Inm.4,Shorter

transformsthe3-notedescendinglinefromm.4ofthemelodyintoarepetitionof

threedescendingchromatic3-notegestures.Hecontinuesthemotiveintomeasure

6,whereitoccurstwicemore.Finally,inmeasures6and8,Shorterdrawsonmotive

cfromthemelody,beginningeachofthephraseswithlargemelodicleaps,followed

bylinearmovementintheoppositedirection.

EvenasShorterstaysclosertotheoriginalmelodyinthelasttwosectionsof

hissolo,hisembellishmentstendtobebasedonthesethreemotives.Inmeasure14

(Example4),Shorterembellishestheoriginalmelodybyoscillatingbetweenthe

mainpitch,C#,andA#,referencingmotivea.

Example4:UseofmotiveainShorter’ssoloon“InfantEyes”(m.14)

Fivemeasureslater,Shorterreferencesmotivecbyincludingfourseparate

octaveleapsinhisphrasebetweenmeasures19and22(seeExample5).Notably,

eachoftheoctaveleapsisplayedonanotethatispartoftheoriginalmelody(see

Example2aboveforcomparison).

Example5:UseofmotivecinShorter’ssoloon“InfantEyes”(m.19)

Shorter’suseofmotivesfromthemelodyasfurtherembellishmentsofthe

melodiclineunderscoresthewayinwhichhetreatstheimprovisationasa

developmentofthemaintheme,ratherthananopportunitytocreatenew,

unrelatedmelodiesoverthechordprogression.Itisimportanttonote,however,

thatShorter’sapproachisbynomeansa“simpler”one.Hisabilitytosubtly

transformthemelodyinwaysthatarenottriteorpredictableisextraordinary—the

connectionsbetweenthesoloandmelodyareoftenonlyrecognizablethrough

analysis.

III.“Fee-Fi-Fo-Fum”(Melody)

AswithmanyofthecompositionsonSpeakNoEvil,“Fee-Fi-Fo-Fum”exhibits

ablendofmodernandtraditionalelements.Like“InfantEyes,”thepieceisinABA

form,butisconstructedoftypical8-measurephrases.8TheAsectionscontains

moremodal,chromaticharmony,whiletheBsectionexhibitsamoretraditional

approach,imitatingtheharmonicmovementofablues.9Shortermirrorsthis

contrastingapproachbetweentraditionalandcontemporarystylesinhissolo--

shiftingbetweenchromatic,harmonicallyambiguousplayingandsimpler,blues-

basedvocabulary.10

While“Fee-Fi-Fo-Fum”doesn’tcontainthesametypeofclearmelodic

motivesas“InfantEyes,”itdoeshaveadistinctmelodiccontour,whichShorteruses

motivicallyinhisimprovisation.AsshowninExample6a,theopeningtwomeasures

(repeatedwithvariationinmm.5-6)containadescendingline,followedbyand

ascendinglineinthelasttwomeasuresofthephrase.Thefirsttwomeasuresseem

tobemostsignificanttoShorter,andserveasthefoundationfordevelopmentinhis

solo.

Example6a:Fee-Fi-Fo-FumMelody(mm.1-4)

8Foraleadsheetof“Fee-Fi-Fo-Fum,”seeAppendixD.9ForamoreindepthanalysisoftheharmonicstructureofFee-Fi-Fo-Fum,seeStevenStrunk,“NotesonHarmonyinWayneShorter'sCompositions,1964-67,”JournalofMusicTheory49,no.2(Fall2005):301-332.10ForfulltranscriptionofShorter’ssoloon“Fee-Fi-Fo-Fum,”seeAppendixE.

TheopeningphraseiscontrastedintheBsection,wherethephrasebegins

withupwardchromaticmotionfollowedbydescendingmotion(Example6b).

Example6b:Fee-Fi-Fo-FumMelody(mm.9-12)

IV.“Fee-Fi-Fo-Fum”(Solo)

Asin“InfantEyes,”Shorterdirectlyquotesthemelodyseveraltimesinhis

soloon“Fee-Fi-Fo-Fum.”Threetimes,hereferencestheopeningtwomeasuresof

themelody.AsshowninExamples7aand7b,Shorterplaysthelinewithonlyslight

alterationinthelast4measuresofbothimprovisedchoruses,insertingitatthe

sameplaceintheformthatitoccursinthemelody.

Example7a:ComparisonofMelodyandWayneShorter’sSoloon“Fee-Fi-Fo-Fum”(mm.21-22)

Example7b:ComparisonofMelodyandWayneShorter’sSoloon“Fee-Fi-Fo-Fum”(mm.45-47)

However,amoreuniqueinstanceoccursinmm.18-19ofShorter’sfirst

chorus(Example7c),wherehetakesthesamemelodicline,butplacesitone

measurelaterthanwhereitshouldoccurintheform.Inordertoaccountforthe

shiftinharmony,Shorteraddsseveralchromaticpassingtonestotheline.Thoughit

maynotinitiallybeapparenttothelistener,theconnectiontothemelodyisclear.

Example7c:ComparisonofMelodyandWayneShorter’sSoloon“Fee-Fi-Fo-Fum”(mm.17-20)

Inadditiontodirectlyquotingtheinitialmelodyphrase,Shorteralsodraws

inspirationfromthegeneralmelodiccontourofthemelody.Example8showsa

graphicrepresentationofthephrasecontoursinthefirstpartofShorter’ssolo.11

ThoughShorterdoesn’texplicitlyquotethemelodyinthese12measuresofhissolo,

thegraphicillustrateshowhisphrasesclearlymirrorthedescendingcontourofthe

initialphraseofthecomposition.

Example8:MelodicContourofShorter’ssoloonFee-Fi-Fo-Fum(mm.1-12)

DuringtheBsection,Shorterprovidescontrast,playingascendingshapes

thatmimictheupwardmotionoftheinitialphraseofthebridge(seeExample8b).

Example8b:MelodicContourofShorter’ssoloonFee-Fi-Fo-Fum(mm.13-16)

11ForanillustrationofthephrasecontourofShorter’sentiresolo,seeAppendixF.

V.Large-ScaleAnalysisof“Fee-Fi-Fo-Fum”

WhiletheprecedinganalysishaslargelyfocusedonspecificwaysShorter

drawsonthemelodyinhisimprovisation,therearealsotwomoregeneralways

thathemirrorsthecompositioninhisimprovisation,andcreatesasenseoflarge-

scaleunityin“Fee-Fi-Fo-Fum.”

First,Shorterexhibitsacompositionalapproachtohissolo,alternating

stylisticandthematicapproachestodenotedifferentsectionswithinthesolos.The

resultisthatthebroaderstructureofShorter’simprovisationreflectsthe

juxtapositionofcontrastingelementsfoundinthecompositionitself.Whilethe

stylisticsectionssometimesalignwithsignificantpointsintheformalstructureof

thecomposition,theydon’tfollowaclearpattern,givingthesoloaseparate

structureofitsown.Asdiscussedabove,Shorter’sfirstchorusisprimarily

constructedoflong,smooth,descendingphrases.Atthebeginningofthesecond

chorus,Shorterchangescoursedramatically—shiftingtofragmented16thlines(see

Example9a).

Example9a:WayneShorter’sSoloon“Fee-Fi-Fo-Fum”(mm.21-26)

Shortercontinuesthe16thnotelinesthroughtheAsection,thenreturnsto

themorelyricalapproachinmm.33-36.Hebeginsarapidrepetitionofthree-note

gesturesinmeasure37,continuingthismotiveuntilmeasure45,wherehereturns

tothepreviousapproachandreferencesthemelodytoendhissolo(asshownin

Example9b).

Example9b:WayneShorter’sSoloon“Fee-Fi-Fo-Fum”(mm.41-49)

Thesecondlarge-scaleelementpresentinShorter’ssoloisasenseoflong-

rangelinearmotion.Asdiscussedabove,Shorterusesthegeneralcontourofthe

melodicphraseasinspirationforthephraseshapesinhisimprovisation.Inthefirst

chorus,heplaysprimarilydescendinglines,contrastedonlybrieflyonthebridge.

However,inseveralinstances,withinthelargerphrasecontour,thereismore

concrete,stepwiselinearmotionpresent.Thisdemonstratesthatevenwhile

improvising,Shorterisimplyingclearlinearprogressions,notsimplyplayingan

abstractphraseshapesoroutlinesoftheharmony.

Shorter’ssenseoflineisapparentinthefirstphraseofhissolo.Asshownin

thelinearreductionbelow(Example10a),heisclearlystructuringhisimprovised

linearoundthedescendingstepwisemotionfromCtoGb.

Example10a:LinearMotioninShorter’ssoloon“Fee-Fi-Fo-Fum”(mm.1-3)

Inmeasure13,Shorterplaysamoreintervallicline,basedon3rdsand4ths.

Herepeatsthislinetwice,movingupinregistereachtime.AsseeninExample10b

below,whiletheshapeitselfismoreangular,underlyingitisaclearlinear

progressionthatmovesfromEbuptoBb,thenresolvesdowntoAnatural(which

wasenclosedbytheAbandBbprecedingit).

Example10b:LinearMotioninShorter’ssoloon“Fee-Fi-Fo-Fum”(mm.13-16)

VI.Conclusion

Astheprecedinganalysisof“InfantEyes”and“Fee-Fi-Fo-Fum”illustrates,

WayneShorter’simprovisationalstyleisrootedinaconnectiontoanddevelopment

ofthecompositiononwhichheisimprovising.Shortermaintainsaconnectionto

thewrittenmelodyinmultipleways:throughdirectusedofmelodiccontent,

developmentofmotivicelements,andimitationofphrasecontour.Additionally,his

playingreflectsacompositionalstructuralapproachthroughuseofcontrasting

improvisationalstylesanddemonstratesanawarenessoflong-rangelinearmotion.

Initially,Shorter’sapproachmaynotseemallthatunusual.Afterall,

improvisationisoftenfirsttaughtandattemptedthroughtheframeworkof“theme

andvariation.”Afundamentalconnectiontothewrittenmelodywouldseem

foundationaltothatapproach.However,Shorter’sstylisticapproachdiffersfrom

manyoftheotherprominentimprovisersin1964.Thestylisticinfluenceofthe

beboperameantthatmostimprovisersofthegenerationwereplayinghighly

involved,complexsolosthatwerelargelymeanttooutlinetheharmonyofthe

compositionanddemonstrateahighlevelofvirtuosity.Shorter’sapproachdiffered,

asjazzhistorianMarkGridleynotes,writing:

“Shorterplayedlinesofsmoothercontoursthanthoseofmosthardbopsaxophonists.Hisworkdidnothaveasmanyabruptstartsandstops,orthebobbingupanddownthattypifiedbop…Shorterbroughtanoutstandinggiftformelodytohissolos.Listeningtohimimproviseislikelookingovertheshoulderofacomposerasheinventsanddevelopsthemes.12

Ascanbeseenthroughanalysisof“InfantEyes”and“Fee-Fi-Fo-Fum,”itis

Shorter’sclearsenseofmelodyasthemotivicfoundationofhisimprovisationsthat

madehimsouniqueandinfluential.

12MarkGridley.JazzStyles:HistoryandAnalysis.(UpperSaddleRiver,NewJersey:PearsonEducation,2006),234.

BibliographyArtistTranscriptionSeries:TheNewBestofWayneShorter.Milwualkee,WI:Hal

Leonard,2018.Gridley,Mark.JazzStyles:HistoryandAnalysis.(UpperSaddleRiver,NewJersey: PearsonEducation,2006).Nicholson,Stuart.TheEssentialJazzRecords:Volume2,(LondonandNewYork: MansellPublishingLimited,2000),332.Ouellette,DanandTedPanken.“MyFavoriteBlueNoteAlbum,”Downbeat,March 2009,28.

Shorter,Wayne,SpeakNoEvil.BlueNoteRecords84194,recordedDecember24, 1964.StevenStrunk,“NotesonHarmonyinWayneShorter'sCompositions,1964-67,” JournalofMusicTheory49,no.2(Fall2005):301-332.AccessedMarch3, 2018.http://www.jstor.org/stable/27639402

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Infant Eyes by Wayne ShorterMelody with Motivic Analysis

©

a

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AppendixA

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Gm in7

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Fm in7

Jœb .œ ÓE bm aj7

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Œ œ œ œb œb œ œ œb3

F7sus

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œb œb œb œ œ Œ œ œb3

B b7sus

&9 œ œb œb œ œb œb œ œb œb œ œb œb3

B b7#5(#9) ˙b Œ ‰ œ œbE bm aj7 ˙b œ .œ œbEm aj7

Jœ .œ .œ JœE bm aj9#11

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Bm aj7

Jœb .œ Œ œ œB b7sus œb œb œb œ œ œb œ œb œb3

3

A bm in7

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3

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B b7.˙ Œ

Gm in7

WayneShorter'sSoloonInfantEyesAs published in "The New Best of Wayne Shorter: Artist Transcriptions"

(Hal Leonard: 2004)

©

AppendixB

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3

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3

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.˙ Œ© Joel Linscheid

Wayne Shorter's Solo on Infant EyesMotivic Analysis

Wayne Shorter's Solo on Infant EyesMotivic Analysis

AppendixC

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Fee-Fi-Fo-FumWayne Shorter

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AppendixD

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Amin D7

&17 œ œb Œ ÓE b7#4 D7(#9)

Œ ‰ Jœ œb œ œ#Gmin A bmaj œN œb œ œ œbBmaj D7

Ó Œ ‰ JœbDmin G7

&21 œ œ œ œ œ3

E b7#4 D7(#9)

˙ œb ŒD bmaj C7b9

Œ œb œn ÓBmaj

&25 ‰ œ œ Œ œ œ œb ≈ ‰ . RœE b7#4 D7(#9)

2

œ œ ‰ ‰ œ œb œb œb œ œ Jœb ‰Gmin A bmaj

&27 Œ œb œn œb œ# œ œ œ œb œ œa œ œ œBmaj D7

œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œb œ œ œ#Dmin G7

WayneShorter'sSoloonFee-Fi-Fo-FumAppendix E

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TranscribedbyJoelLinscheid

&29 Ó œ œœ œ œ œ# œb œ œE b7#4 D7(#9)

Œ œb œ ‰ œb œ œb œ ‰ œb œ œb3

Gmin A bmaj

&31 œ œ œb œ œb œb œb œb œb œ œ# œ œ œn œb œC7b9 F7

œ œœbb œœbb œœ ŒB b7

&33 œb .œb œ ˙E b7 .˙ œb œ œ .œb œ œb .œ ŒB b7

&37 œb œb ≈ œ œ œ ‰ œ œ œ ≈ ‰ . RœE b7 œb œb ‰ ≈ œ œ œ ‰ œ œ Rœ ‰ .

&39 ≈ œ œb œb ‰ Jœrœ œ ≈ œ rœ œ ≈

B bmin E b7‰ Jœ

rœb JœN ‰ œ rœ œ ≈ œ œ œAmin D7

&41 ≈ œ œb œb ‰ œ œ Rœ ≈ ‰ œ œ œ ≈E b7#4 D7(#9)

‰ œ œb ‰ ‰ œ œ ‰ œ œ3 3

Gmin A bmajœ œ œ œ œ œBmaj D7 œ œ Œ Ó

Dmin G7

&45 ‰ œ œ œ .œ JœbE b7#4 D7(#9)

œ œb ‰ ‰ Jœ œ œbD bmaj C7b9 Bmajw .˙ œ œb œ ‰ Œ Ó

2

& 441

&5

&9

&13

&17

&21

&25

Wayne Shorter's Solo on Fee-Fi-Fo-FumIllustration of Phrase Contour

© Joel Linscheid

AppendixF

&29

&33

&37

&41

&45

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