abience, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˈabɪəns/ , U.S. /ˈæbiəns/Etymology:  < ABIENT adj.: see -ENCE suffix. Compare ADIENCE n.

Psychol.

Withdrawal from a stimulus (cf. ABIENT adj.); avoidance behaviour; the tendency to display this. Opposed to ADIENCE n.

1931   E. B. HOLT Animal Drive & Learning Process xv. 137   If..an object for which it has a pronounced adience happens to stimulate the senses of a restless animal, this adience will be re-enforced by the (random) annoyer:..thus abience from the mild annoyer and adience to some other stimulus will become one act.

1977   M. L. HUTT Hutt Adaptation of Bender-Gestalt Test (ed. 3) vi. 158   Field dependence..may also be related to perceptual abience.

1978   Laryngoscope 88 1855   Abience was defined as the individual's tendency to avoid or be inhibited from adapting to new experiences that effect his physical functioning.

ab inconvenienti, adv.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ab ɪnkɒnviːnɪːˈɛntʌɪ/ , /ab ɪnkɒnvɛnɪˈɛnti/ , U.S. /æb ˌɪnkɑnviniˈɛntaɪ/ , /æb ˌɪnkɑnvɛniˈɛnti/Forms:  16 ab inconveniente, 17– ab inconvenienti, 19– ab inconvenientem (irreg.).Etymology:  < post-classical Latin ab inconvenienti from the inconvenience or difficulty (12th cent.; compare earlier ab inconvenientibus from the difficulties (5th cent.)) < classical Latin ab from (see AB- prefix) + inconvenienti , ablative ofinconveniēns something discordant, useas noun of inconveniēns , adjective (see INCONVENIENT adj.). In form ab inconveniente after classical Latin inconveniente, alternative ablative ofinconveniēns. Inform ab inconvenientem, mistakenly after classical Latin inconvenientem, accusative of inconveniēns: the preposition ab takes the ablative case.

Law. 

From the inconvenience or difficulty involved (used with reference to an argument opposing a proposition on the grounds that it would cause hardship, inconvenience, or some other negative consequence).

1606   R. PERSONS Answere to Cooke iv. 86   A third reason is taken, ab inconveniente,to wit from this inconvenience, that if a Queene could be spiritvall head of the Church, and should marry without making hir husband King, she should be his spirituall head also.

1704   J. BASSET Ess. Proposal for Catholick Communion ii. 20   In which manner ofArguing, ab Inconvenienti, there is no Absurdity, it having been before Establish'd as a certain truth, that it is impossible it should so Err.

1786   Rep. Cases Supreme Court (1882) 1 88/1   If..this evidence were admitted, it would open a door to such a scene of litigation, that, independent of the Act, the argument ab inconvenienti never applied in greater force.

1839   Times 21 Nov. 5/2,   I was not pressing an argument ab inconvenienti..but showingupon principle that it must be so.

1910   W. W. WILLOUGHBY Constit. Law U.S. I. xxx. 434   Justice Brown,..arguing ab inconvenienti, asserts that it could nothave been the intention of Congress ‘to interfere with the existing practice, when such interference would result in imperilling the peaceand good order of the islands’.

1996   Revista Juridica Univ. de Puerto Rico 65 277   Arguments ab inconvenienti were an ‘unsafe guide’.

abintestate, adv.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˌabɪnˈtɛsteɪt/ , /ˌabɪnˈtɛstət/, U.S. /ˌæbᵻnˈtɛˌsteɪt/ , /ˌæbᵻnˈtɛstət/Forms:  16– abintestate, 17 19– ab intestate.Etymology:  < classical Latin ab from (see AB- prefix) + INTESTATE adj., after AB INTESTATO adv.

Law. 

= AB INTESTATO adv.; (also occas.) intestate, without having made a will.

1658   E. PHILLIPS New World Eng. Words,   Abintestate, (Lat.) without a will.

1710   tr. S. von Pufendorf Law of Nature & Nations (ed. 2) (Index) atKingdom,   The Order of Succession abintestate to such a Kingdom.

1750   T. NUGENT tr. C.-L. de S. de Montesquieu Spirit of Laws XXVII. i. 224  The reason that induced the Roman laws so strictly to restrain the number of those who might succeed ab intestate, was the law of the division of lands.

1832   in J. Haggard Rep. Cases Eccl. Courts III. 399   When any child of an ecclesiastic..dies abintestate, his brother, son of his mother,..will succeed to him, and be his heir.

1930   C. C. BRINTON Jacobins vi. 116   The Jacobins wanted to abolish all testamentary freedom where direct heirs existed, but the Constituante contented itself with putting bounds to the distribution ab intestate of an estate.

1975   in Rep. Supreme Court Louisiana (Lexis) 3 Nov. (note)    The legitime..passes tothe forced heir ab intestate and in fullownership.

ab intestato, adv.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˈab ɪntɛsˈtɑːtəʊ/ , U.S. /ˌæb ɪntɛsˈteɪdoʊ/Etymology:  < classical Latin ab intestātō from an intestate person (< ab from (see AB- prefix) + intestātō , ablative of intestātus INTESTATE adj.), originally via French ab intestato (1612 in the passage translated in quot. 1613).

Law. 

From an intestate person, by intestacy (used with reference to matters of succession or inheritance).

1613   W. SHUTE tr. J. J. Orlers Triumphs of Nassau 389   The subiects..are declared capable of succeeding one another, as well by the testament, as ab intestato [Fr. ab intestato], according to the custome of the places.

1785   T. JEFFERSON Papers (1953) VIII. 191   Their representatives..shall succeed to their said personal goods whether by testament or ab intestato.

1804   W. CRUISE Digest Laws Eng. Real Prop. III. 512   Whether the escheat be considered as a reversion, as it oncewas, as a caducary possession ab intestato, as it now substantially is.

1875   K. E. DIGBY Introd. Hist. Law Real Prop. v. 202   An estate in coparcenary arisesby devolution ab intestato to daughters,sisters, etc., or sons in gravelkind tenure.

1927   Times 22 Dec. 11/1   This claim seems tobe based on..readmitting cousins to be heirs in cases of inheritance ab intestato.

2003   L. LEWIN Surprise Heirs I. i. 20   Legitimate descendants, and, in theirabsence, ascendants, were called to succeed ab intestato as ‘necessary heirs’.

abiogenesist, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˌeɪbʌɪə(ʊ)ˈdʒɛnᵻsɪst/ ,U.S. /ˌeɪˌbaɪoʊˈdʒɛnəsəst/Etymology:  < ABIOGENESIS n.: see -IST suffix; compare earlier ABIOGENIST n.

Biol. and Geol. rare. 

= ABIOGENIST n.

1889   Cent. Dict.,   Abiogenesist.1918   W. T. SEDGWICK & H. W. TYLER Short Hist.

Sci. xvii. 382   Both of these groups were biogenesists, since they maintained that living things come only from other living things. Opposed to them were the abiogenesists who disputed these ideas and believed in ‘spontaneous’ generation (abiogenesis), i.e. in theorigin of living things from lifelessor non-living matter.

1994   Social Stud. Sci. 26 747   The abiogenesists therefore declared victory.

abiologic, adj.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˌeɪbʌɪəˈlɒdʒᵻk/ , U.S. /ˌeɪˌbaɪəˈlɑdʒək/Etymology:  < A- prefix6 + BIOLOGIC adj. Compare earlier ABIOLOGICAL adj., ABIOLOGICALLY adv., ABIOLOGY n.

 = ABIOLOGICAL adj.

1900   Catholic World May 198   Louis Pasteur..towhom is due the refutation of the annihilatory abiologic doctrine of spontaneous generation.

1966   Geologische Rundschau 55 553   Are the organic compounds..of biological origin or are they the result of random, abiologic synthesis.

1996   K. S. ROBINSON Blue Mars 79   It was an odd concept—abiologic life—but there it was,..a kind of living,..moving through the universe in its great systolic/diastolic movement.

abiologically, adv.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˌeɪbʌɪəˈlɒdʒᵻkli/ , U.S. /ˌeɪˌbaɪəˈlɑdʒək(ə)li/Etymology:  < ABIOLOGICAL adj. + -LY suffix2. Comparelater ABIOLOGIC adj.

   By abiological means; without the involvement of living organisms.

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1889   Cent. Dict.,   Abiologically, not biologically; in an abiological manner.

1968   Science 12 July 158   The density gradient in this layer concentrated organic aggregates, formed abiologically near the surface of thesea.

1979   Proc. Grassland Soc. Southern Afr. 14 15   On a global basis it has been estimated that annually 200 million tons of N are fixed abiologically (e.g. by lightning).

1999   Britannica Online (Version 99.1) at life,   Organic molecules produced abiologically do not show optical activity.

abiology, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /eɪbʌɪˈɒlədʒi/ , U.S. /ˌeɪbaɪˈɑlədʒi/Etymology:  < A- prefix6 + BIOLOGY n., in later useafter German Abiologie ( Haeckel Plankton-Studien (1890) iii. 19, in the passage translated in quot. 1893). Compare earlier ABIOLOGICAL adj.

rare. 

  The study of inanimate nature; scienceother than biology or the life sciences.

1874   W. JACKSON Philos. Nat. Theol. 56   The fixed unyielding realm of Abiology (inorganic nature) is taken as the type of the universe.

1893   G. W. FIELD tr. E. Haeckel Planktonic Stud. in Rep. U.S. Comm. Fisheries 1889–91 578   The term biology should be used only in this comprehensive sense, for the whole organic natural science, as opposed to the inorganic,the abiology.

1989   E. LAWRENCE Henderson's Dict. Biol. Terms (ed. 10) ,   Abiology, the study of non-living things in a biological context.

abiu, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /abiˈuː/ , U.S. /ˌæbiˈu/Forms:  18 abi, 18 abío, 18 abio, 18– abiu.Etymology:  < Brazilian Portuguese abiu (1817 as abiú, denoting the fruit;c1777 as abío, denoting the tree; 20th cent. as abio) < Tupi a’biu.Compare the following earlier use of the Portuguese word in an English context:1821   Hist. Brazil 452   There are, also, the fruits

of abiu, inga, assiahy, bacaba, [etc.]. 

  An evergreen tree, Pouteria caimito (family Sapotaceae), of tropical South America, yielding hard heavy timber and edible ovoid or round fruit; (also) the fruit itself, which is yellow-skinned and has mild-flavoured, mucilaginous white flesh.

1834   W. H. B. WEBSTER Narr. Voy. to S. Atlantic Ocean II. 344   The abiu, fruit the size of an apple, with a rich pulp.

1884   A. DE CANDOLLE Origin Cultivated Plants II. 286   Caimoto, or Abi—Lucuma Caïnito, Alph. de Candolle. This Peruvian Caïmito..has been transported from Peru, where it is cultivated, to Ega on the Amazon River, and to Para, where it is commonly called abi orabiu.

1924   S. J. RECORD & C. D. MELL Timbers Trop. Amer. II. 495   The ‘abieiro’ or ‘abiu’, L. Caimito R. & P., one of the

most highly esteemed fruit trees of the Amazon region, has a very compact, heavy, and strong wood of a beautiful dark color.

1983   N.Y. Times (Nexis) 19 May 1/1   Bowls of yellow fruit called abiu from trees in the front yard are placed around the house and lend the random touchesof color.

2006   C. R. BONING Florida's Best Fruiting Plants 21/2   Until it reaches maturity, the fruit of the abiu is green, hard, and full of acrid latex.

abjad, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˈabdʒɑːd/ , U.S. /ˈɑbˌdʒɑd/ ,/ˈæbˌdʒæd/Forms:  17– abjad, 17– abjud, 18 abjed, 18– abujad, 19– abadjad. Also with capital initial.Etymology:  < Arabic abjad Arabic alphabet, system of notation in which each of the 28 letters of the Arabic alphabet is assigned a numerical value, acronym < the initial lettersof alif , bā' , jīm , dāl , the names of the first four letters of the Arabic alphabet in its historical order (which corresponds to theorder of the Hebrew and Aramaic alphabet, withthose Arabic letters which have no counterpartin Hebrew or Aramaic added at the end of the alphabet; compare ABC n.1, ALPHABET n.). Compare Persian abjad, Urdu abjad.

  1. A system of notation in which each of the 28 letters of the Arabic alphabetis assigned a numerical value. Now chiefly hist.

1793   C. F. GREVILLE Brit. India Analyzed I. 87   The first letter of the month Ahmudee is Alif, which, in the Abjud, stands for 1.

1818   Asiatic Jrnl. Oct. 345/1   The Abjad no doubt is [an Arabian rather than a Persian invention],..for as the Persians had invented a cypher form of notation at an early period, they must at the same time have forsaken the clumsy scheme of an alphabetic enumeration.

1858   Jrnl. Amer. Oriental Soc. 6 80   He begins withfinding the total number of dirhams to be 18,446,744,073,709,551,615, expressed by him in abujad signs thus..[etc.].

1950   Osiris 9 588   The mathematical, astronomical, geographical tables published in Arabic during the MiddleAges contain almost nothing but abujad numerals.

2005   Financial Times (Nexis) 23 Apr. (Weekend Mag.) 7   Someone told me that..[the number 786] was the sum of bismi'llahal-rahman al-rhim [sic] (‘In the name of God, the Compassionate, the Merciful’) using the abjad reckoning.

  2. Linguistics. Any of various writing systems having symbols for consonants only; a consonantal alphabet.

1990   P. T. DANIELS in Jrnl. Amer. Oriental Soc. 110 730/1   West Semitic scripts constitute a third fundamental type of script, the kind that denotes individual consonants only... I propose to call this type an ‘abjad’.

1997   A. V. LYOVIN Introd. Lang. of World ii. 35   An abjad is a consonantal alphabet.

2007   T. SASAKI & K. TANAKA-ISHII in I. Scott MacKenzie & K. Tanaka-IshiiText Entry Syst. xiii. 255   The four abjads still

in use today—Arabic, Hebrew, Syriac, and Samaritan—developed from a commonancestor.

abjuring, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /abˈdʒʊərɪŋ/ , /əbˈdʒɔːrɪŋ/ , U.S. /æbˈdʒʊ(ə)rɪŋ/ , /əbˈdʒʊ(ə)rɪŋ/Forms:  see ABJURE v.   and -ING suffix1.Etymology:  < ABJURE v. + -ING suffix1. Compare earlier ABJURATION n. and later ABJUREMENT n.

 †1. The action of causing or requiring someone to recant. Obs.

1559   in J. Strype Ann. Reformation (1708) I. II. App. viii. 21   Imprisoninge, Fininge, Ransominge, Abjuringe, Arrayninge and Banishinge of Ecclesiasticall Persons. 

  2. The action of abjuring something; renunciation, retraction.

1567   J. JEWEL Def. Apol. Churche Eng. II. xx. §1.320   If ye cal this True Faithe..that..maie wel, and safely stande with the abiuringe of Christe,then, without question, your True Faithe maie be without good woorkes.

1683   W. CAVE Ecclesiastici 177   Those who had complied only out of fear or mistake,..should upon Repentance and abjuring of their Error, be re-admitted to their Churches.

1842   Times 10 Nov. 4/4   An abjuring of the faith..makes, according to the commissioners, no difference whatever.

1864   E. SARGENT Peculiar xlv. 465   The abjuringof strong drink and profanity.

1922   Jrnl. Philos. 19 498   This abjuring of sense experience and adherence to ‘the high priori road’ naturally suggests Hegel.

2006   Guardian (Nexis) 14 Aug. (G2 section) 20   If [his]..abjuring of scary sex feels like the closing of a chapter of theatre history, never fear—he's penning a new one.

abjuring, adj.Pronunciation:  Brit. /əbˈdʒʊərɪŋ/ , /əbˈdʒɔːrɪŋ/U.S. /æbˈdʒʊ(ə)rɪŋ/ , /əbˈdʒʊ(ə)rɪŋ/Forms:  see ABJURE v.   and -ING suffix2.Etymology:  < ABJURE v. + -ING suffix2. Compare earlier ABJURING n.

  That abjures (in various senses of the verb). In quot. 1593: (prob.) that causes abjuration.1593   T. NASHE Christs Teares 80   If with your

eyes, you coulde but view the meetingof venums, I know it wold worke in some of you an abiuring dislike.

1631   BP. J. HALL Occas. Medit. (ed. 2) (2nd state) xc. 228   Cast backe thine eyes vpon thy Denying, Cursing, Abiuring Disciple.

1710   J. ST. LEGER Manager's Pro & Con 43   Juring, Non-juring, and (what's worse) such abjuring clergy.

1827   J. N. COLEMAN Serm., Doctrinal & Pract. 415   The guilt contracted by the hesitating doubts of Thomas, and by the abjuring oaths of Peter.

1985   National Rev. (U.S.) 17 May 25/3   The refugee had the option of settling with his victims..or ‘abjuring the realm’ (accepting exile)... The

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abjuring refugee made his departure dressed in the garb of a pilgrim.

ablatively, adv.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˈablətᵻvli/ , U.S. /ˈæblədᵻvli/ ,/əˈbleɪdɪvli/Etymology:  < ABLATIVE adj. + -LY suffix2.

  1. Grammar. In the ablative case; as anablative.

1653   R. LLOYD Lat. Gram. 36   The Dative is construed with any part of Speech, being either put acquisitively with reference to the end or obiect,..or else Ablatively with reference to some cause, part, or specifical circumstance, having the signs from, through, in, with,by.

1764   A. PURVER New & Literal Transl. Bks. Old & New Test. II. 289/2   Ver. 11..In his Anger..Ablatively, according as it stands in the Heb. and as the Sense demands: for it must be he himself that did tear, not his anger.

1827   W. S. CARDELL Philos. Gram. Eng. Lang. vi. 137   The interposed adjective, when the relation is specific, refers directly to the object before it, andincidentally, datively, or ablatively, to the following one.

1987   Jrnl. Biblical Lit. 106 658   The preposition is employed ablatively to express ‘vindication from our enemies’.

2004   K. G. WALKER Archaic Eretria ii. 41   Knoepfler..prefers to see both as by-names of Artemis, reading the dative forms as ‘for’ rather than ablativelyas ‘by’ Phylake and Metaxy.

  2. Astronaut., Materials Sci., etc. By means of ablation. Chiefly with reference to protection from heat using ablative materials (see ABLATIVE adj. 4b).

1966   U.S. Patent 3,235,183 1   It was found that ablatively cooled rocket nozzles madewith conventional nozzle geometry would undergo radical change in throat diameter as the firing progressed.

1997   Flight Internat. (Nexis) 8 Oct.,   The low-cost combustion chamber is built froma carbon/epoxy-overwrapped silica-phenolic liner which ablatively coolsthe chamber.

2006   Fuel & Energy Abstr. 197/2   Soot deposits onwindow surfaces were removed ablatively using a coaxial, high-energy, pulsed Nd:YAG laser beam.

abled, adj. and n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˈeɪbld/ , U.S. /ˈeɪb(ə)ld/Etymology:  In early use < ABLE adj. + -ED suffix2.In later use either < ABLE adj. + -ED suffix2 (after DISABLED adj.), or back-formation < DISABLED adj.

 A. adj. 

†1. Capable; vigorous, thriving. Obs.

1576   F. CLEMENT in Petie Schole (1587) sig. Aijv,   How fewe be there under the age of seauen or eight yeares, that are towardly abled, and praysablie furnished for reading?

1597   T. MIDDLETON Wisdome of Solomon Paraphr. II. xi. sig. C3v,   Wee are the cedars, they the mushromes bee, Vnabled shrubs, vnto an abled tree.

1605   B. JONSON Sejanus II. sig. D,   For this potion, we intend to Drusus,..whom shall we choose As the most apt, and abled Instrument, To minister it to him?

  2. orig. U.S.

 a. Having a full range of ordinary physical or mental abilities; not disabled (see DISABLED adj. 2). Usu. contrasted with disabled.

1946   Hearings Comm. Naval Affairs (U.S. Congr. House of Representatives) II. 2635   If we were to add the 5- and 10-year credit, respectively, for the abled and disabled veteran in seniority credits.

1978   Chicago Tribune 29 May I. 5/1   You never know what could happen when I'm driving home this evening. I like to call myself a T-A-B—or a temporarily-abled person.

1985   Globe & Mail (Toronto) (Nexis) 9 July,   Both abled and disabled athletes are competing in tonight's meet.

1990   San Francisco Chron. 4 July (Briefing section) 7/1   How truly frustrating it must be to be disabled, having to deal..with abled people's utter disregard for your needs.

2005   Washington Post (Nexis) 1 Feb. (Health section) F2   Take it from a 69-year-old, being told one looks young for her age is exactly like..an abled person telling a disabled person thatthey don't limp too badly.

2008   Cape Argus (S. Afr.) (Nexis) 25 Jan. 14   When are selfish abled people going to stop hogging the disabled parking?

 b. With preceding modifying adverb, forming adjectives equivalent in sense to ‘disabled’, as otherly abled, specially abled, etc. Used to avoid perceived negative connotations of the prefix dis-. Recorded earliest in differently abled adj. and n. at DIFFERENTLY adv. Additions. Cf. challenged adj. a at CHALLENGE v. Additions.

1980   Los Angeles Times 30 Sept. VI. 6/2   The disabled—referred to at the festival as ‘differently abled’ or ‘physicallychallenged’.

1987   St. Petersburg (Florida) Times 23 Dec. 13 A/1   Regarding the terms ‘physically handicapped’ or ‘disabled’—why not substitute the words ‘specially abled’, or ‘physically challenged’?

1992   N.Y. Times Mag. 7 June 22/2   The last thing he wants is to be called by oneof the new euphemisms for people withdisabilities, terms like ‘vertically challenged’ for dwarfs or ‘otherly abled’ for someone in a wheelchair.

1994   J. F. GARNER Politically Correct Bedtime Stories 14   What are you, specially abled or something?

1998   Post-Standard (Syracuse, N.Y.) (Nexis) 4 Apr. B1   Installing an elevator willallow ‘uniquely abled’ people access to the institute.

2005   Sowetan (Johannesburg) 11 Feb. 4/2   A team of disabled, or ‘otherwise-abled’, South African mountaineers aims to summit Mount Kilimanjaro at the end of March.

  B. n.

 

  orig. U.S. Usu. with pl. concord. With the. People regarded as having the full range of ordinary physical or mental abilities, considered collectively. Usu. contrasted with disabled.

1960   A. D'ALONZO in A. J. Fleming et al. Mod. Occup. Med. (ed. 2) iv. 67   The ability to truly earn his own living is generally more of a satisfaction to the disabled than the abled.

1981   Washington Post 30 Oct. III. 8/4   The disabled vary like the abled. Some are terminally ill, some are teen-agers paralyzed by car accidents.

2007   Guelph (Ont.) Mercury (Nexis) 14 June A4,  I want to build a public space which is user-friendly, with users drawn from every class, every culture, every age group, the abled and not abled.

ablow, adv. and prep.Pronunciation:  Brit. /əˈbləʊ/ , U.S. /əˈbloʊ/ , Sc. /əˈblo/Forms:  Sc. 18– ablo, 18– ablow, 19– ab'low; Irish English 18– ablow.Etymology:  < A- prefix3 + BELOW adv., after ABOVE adv., AFORE adv. Compare earlier ANEATH prep.

Sc. and Irish English. A. adv.

   = BELOW adv.   (in various senses).

1829   N. L. BEAMISH Peace Campaigns Cornet I. ii. 29   Pat Haly had the hoss ablow waiting for to take him to the coach.

1897   E. W. HAMILTON Outlaws of Marches xiii. 151   You need but scart a lass to find the bawdrons no sae far ablow.

1986   T. MURPHY Conversat. on Homecoming 58   Despite us, the representatives of the rising cultural minorities aforementioned, what is going on now,this minute, ablow in Paddy Joe Daly's?

2000   M. FITT But n Ben A-go-go ii. 89   He dirledhis fingirs restlessly on the table tap as the kenspeckle skyline o Port gradually unfaulded a thoosan twa hunner fit ablow.

 B. prep.

 = BELOW prep.   (in various senses).

1864   W. D. LATTO Tammas Bodkin v. 44   It was Tammy Bodkin there that had the poother,..an' feint ane o' me kent that it was ablow yer chair.

1885   A. J. ARMSTRONG Friend & Foe 156   Come thisway, Willie, we'll keep ower abune the Canee..an' strike the road a wee ablow the Buckland brig.

1928   J. G. HORNE Lan'wart Loon 9   Ablow the brig the burn was dingin'.

2001   J. PAISLEY Not for Glory 245   His stookies hud been replaced wi streechy bandages but he'd tae jooble the crutches ablow his oxters tae yaise his hauns.

abmigrate, v.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˌabmʌɪˈɡreɪt/ , U.S. /ˌæbˈmaɪɡreɪt/Etymology:  < AB- prefix + MIGRATE v., after ABMIGRATION n.

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Ornithol. rare. 

  intr. Of a bird: to migrate from the region where it was born and where it wintered to the distant summer breeding area of others of its species.

1929   E. M. NICHOLSON Study of Birds v. 54   Birds which are native to one country, may ‘abmigrate’, and be found breeding inanother, up to thousands of miles away.

2005   Ibis 147 688   A male pairing in winter with a female from another flyway mayfollow her to her breeding area and thus abmigrate.

abob, adj.Pronunciation:  Brit. /əˈbɒb/ , U.S. /əˈbɑb/Etymology:  < A- prefix3 + BOB v.3

In predicative use or as postmodifier. 

 1. Bobbing; afloat.

1908   E. A. TRAVIS Cobbler 272   Ruth, a gleefulfugitive, was scrambling up the step into his room, all her curls abob with mischief, her dark eyes agleam.

1923   W. DE LA MARE Riddle 184   Their Egyptian cotton must have been abob on the Mediterranean, when Lancashire..was averdant solitude.

2004   Atlanta Jrnl.-Constit. (Nexis) 22 Jan. 13 P,   I've tried it twice and find little reason to love this strong-smelling piece of meat abob in a greasy, grayish broth.

  

 2. Replete with things that bob or float.

1911   C. MACKENZIE Passionate Elopement xxiii. 203   Casements abob with peering rosebuds.

1984   People 16 July 130/1 (caption)    A whirlpool abob with rubber practice balls.

1997   A. LOVEJOY Cascadia 61   Delicate, dancingepimediums are abob with flowers balancing like birds on a wire above elegant leaves.

† abobbed, n.Forms:  ME abobat, ME abobbed, ME abobbeþ, ME abobbid, ME abobbys, ME abobet.Etymology:  < abobbed, past participle of ABOB v.In form abobbys showing reanalysis as a plural noun. Perhaps compare also A prep.1

Obs. 

  to play abobbed with : to play blind man's buff with (a blindfolded person); (also fig.) to fool, make sport of. Also simply to play abobbed .

c1390   Charter Abbey Holy Ghost (Vernon) in C. Horstmann Yorkshire Writers (1895) I. 358(MED),   Þenne wente boyes and harlotes..and hudden his eȝen wiþ a cloþ and smiten him on þe croune and pleyeden wiþ him abobbeþ [a1450 Harl. 2406 a bobbys, c1465 Harl. 1704 a bobat]..and beden him telle hem who smot him last.

c1390   Talkyng of Love of God (Vernon) (1950) 48 (MED),   Heo..blyndfellede þyn eȝen,

pleieden a Bobbeþ & maden þe heor fool.

a1400   Ancrene Riwle (Pepys) (1976) 17   Þe jewes pleied wiþ hym abobbed.

c1460  (1325)    Cursor Mundi (Laud) l. 16623 (MED),   They clad hym in a mantell rede..And to hym pleidyn abobet [a1400 Vesp.sitisott].

aborad, adj. and adv.Pronunciation:  Brit. /abˈɔːrad/ , U.S. /ˌæbˈɔrˌæd/Etymology:  < AB- prefix + ORAD adj.

Physiol. and Med.

 A. adj. 

  Situated or moving away from the region of the mouth; situated furthest from the mouth. Opposed to ORAD adj.

1882   B. G. WILDER & S. H. GAGE Anat. Technol. Introd. 23   Thacher has employed..orad as both adjective and adverb, but the correlativeaborad, which might have been expected, has not been observed by us in his papers.

1894   Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 32 523   They are, however, still really slight aborad inflections or lobes.

1928   Amer. Jrnl. Surg. 4 16/1   An inflamed appendix is intolerant and will not store cecal contents unless forced todo so by reason of an obstructive lesion aborad to it.

1980   Surgery 88 281   The aborad one third of the small bowel and the entire colon were removed.

1990   Amer. Jrnl. Physiol. 258 G519   Spike activity..increased in the BAC-treated segment by 92% compared with recording sites orad and aborad to the treated segment.

  B. adv.

  Away from the region of the mouth. Opposed to ORADadv.1882Aborad [see sense A.].

1914   Proc. U.S. National Mus. 46 221   The inner end of the transverse comb is turned aborad.

1943   Jrnl. Paleontol. 17 380/1   Middle part of outer aboral edge produced aborad into tonguelike process.

1972   Gastroenterology 63 1004   After a prolonged fast, slow waves were periodically interrupted by long bursts of spike potentials, migratingslowly aborad.

2006   Jrnl. Gastrointestinal Surg. 9 981/2   The needle tip..passes into the plicated muscle of the rectum and is directed aborad up through the colonic wall.

aborter, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /əˈbɔːtə/ , U.S. /əˈbɔrdər/Etymology:  < ABORT v. + -ER suffix1.

  1. A person who performs an abortion; = ABORTIONIST n. 1. Also fig. Now rare.

1853   H. M'CORMACK Moral-Sanatory Econ. i. 4   Forty thousand illegitimate children..are yearly born in England,besides those who perish, sometimes

mother and child together, through the execrable arts of hired aborters!

1870   Brit. & Foreign Medico-chirurg. Rev. 45 3   Thosepersons calling themselves ‘Coffinites’, ‘Herbalists’, or ‘Botanists’; who too often conceal the profitable trades of procurers and aborters beneath the thin veil ofselling peculiar drugs.

1912   W. J. ROBINSON Sexual Probl. To-day 156,   I have always had deep contempt for thehypocrite..who would..stigmatize the one guilty of an abortion, whether itbe the aborter or abortee.

1939   S. W. HALPERIN Italy & Vatican at War xiii. 432   The Sinistra, which had expected to muster a majority in the upper house, refused to be consoled and vented its wrath upon the aborters of its pet project.

1940   H. I. CLARKE Social Legislation vii. 147   Penalties for violation are imposed both upon the patient and aborter.

1963   Columbia Law Rev. 63 616   Is a thief the accomplice of his receiver,..an abortee the accomplice of the aborter, a perjurer the accomplice ofhis suborner?

  2. A woman who undergoes a spontaneous or induced abortion, or who does so repeatedly. Also: a female animal who aborts her young, esp. as a result of infectious disease.

1881   Detroit Lancet Oct. 142/1 (title)    The parturient history of some aborters.

1895   Vet. Jrnl. & Ann. Compar. Pathol. 41 73   The owner sold the aborters and bought others, but in the following year allthe new cows..aborted.

1938   Times 21 Nov. 20/6   To replace abortersby clean animals..is generally fatal because the new cows become infected at once.

1970   Stud. Family Planning 1 7/3   Contraceptors are more likely to be aborters.

1993   P. SACHDEV Sex, Abortion & Unmarried Women iii. 55 (note)    Repeat aborters experience significantly less decline in the emotional distress symptoms within two to threeweeks following the abortion.

2004   Belfast News Let. (Nexis) 27 Mar. 37   For years farmers were told to breed fromewes who had previously aborted a lamb because of toxoplasma, since it was thought that previous aborters would have developed immunity.

aboundingly, adv.Pronunciation:  Brit. /əˈbaʊndɪŋli/ , U.S. /əˈbaʊndɪŋli/Forms:  ME abundyngly, ME abundynglyche, ME habundandly, MEhabundandlye, ME 16– aboundingly. Etymology:  Originally < ABOUND v.1 + -ING suffix2 + -LY suffix2; in later use partly also < ABOUNDING adj. + -LY suffix2.

  Abundantly, plentifully; profusely.c1400   Prose Versions New Test.: 2 Pet. (Douce) i. 11

(MED),   Þanne schal abundynglyche (þat is, plenteouslyche) be ȝeuen to ȝow.

a1425  (▸?a1400)    Pistle Discrecioun of Stirings (Harl. 674) in Deonse hid Diuinite (1955) 66   Þe whiche..schal ful aboundingly resceiue þe toþer þere in þe blis of heuen.

1483   Catholicon Anglicum (Monson 168) 2   Abundyngly, Abundanter, erupere[read exubere].

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a1660   T. URQUHART tr. Rabelais Wks. (1693) III. xxvii. 223,   I lack not for what is requisite to overloy the Stomach of her Lust, but have wherewith aboundingly to please her.

1677   F. BAMPFIELD All in One 68   The knowledge of the Glory of this Name shall so aboundingly cover the Earth, as the Waters cover the place of the Seas.

1775   A. JOHNSON Compl. Family Prayer Bk. 229/2   Hepurges by his Word and Spirit,..that they may be more aboundingly and abidingly fruitful.

1851   H. MELVILLE Moby-Dick xli. 206   How it was that they so aboundingly responded to the old man's ire.

1905   E. F. BENSON Image in Sand v. 77   Father was so aboundingly wholesome.

2003   D. W. DUNCAN Charms that Soothe v. 146   Theresults are aboundingly complex.

aboutness, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /əˈbaʊtnəs/ , U.S. /əˈbaʊtnəs/Etymology:  < ABOUT prep.1 + -NESS suffix.

   The quality or fact of relating to or being about something; Philos. (of a mental state, symbol, representation, etc.) the property of being about something (existent or non-existent); cf. INTENTIONALITYn. Additions b.

1906   H. H. JOACHIM Nature of Truth iv. 174   Knowledge, so far as that is judgement and inference, is primarilyand explicitly thinking ‘about’ an Other. And even though discursive thought may find its concentrated fulfilment in immediate or intuitive knowledge, its character of ‘Aboutness’ is not thereby eliminated.

1928   Catholic Bull. (Dublin) 861   What this one, or that one..have said ‘about’ it—i.e.,about the back—and the ‘aboutness’ ofit very often about the only thing tobe seen about it, or found in it!

1945   Mind 54 208   The act or activity which inheres in any kind of awareness, that kind of aboutness or intentionality that seems to be given.

1979   N.Y. Times Bk. Rev. 1 Apr. 32/4   A fiction that foregrounds language and form, displacing the ordinary notion of content, of ‘aboutness’.

2001   T. HONDERICH Philosopher (2002) xviii. 382   The aboutness of conscious events and states, for mediaeval reasons called their intentionality... It had to be allowed that this relation of intentionality could hold or exist when in fact there was no relevant object in existence.

2006   Believer Mar. 27/2   What the lyric essaygives you—what fiction doesn't, usually—is the freedom to emphasize its aboutness, its metaphysical meaningfulness.

above-noted, adj.Pronunciation:  Brit. /əˈbʌvˌnəʊtᵻd/ , U.S. /əˈˌbəvˈˌnoʊdəd/Forms:  see ABOVE adv., prep., n., and adj.   and NOTED adj.Etymology:  < ABOVE adv. + NOTED adj. Compare post-classical Latin supranotatus(13th cent. in British sources), Italian soprannotato (a1308 as†sopra notato ). Compare earlier ABOVE-

CITED adj., ABOVE-MENTIONED adj., ABOVE-NAMED adj., ABOVESAID adj.

  Noted or mentioned previously in the present text.

1607   tr. L. Ducci Ars Aulica xxxvi. 282   Obseruance of the aboue noted aduertisements [It. L'osseruanza de notati auuertimenti].

1706   Remarks Horrible Oppress. 19   The new Result of their above noted Councils.

1795   P. DUNVAN Anc. & Mod. Hist. Lewes 210   The above-noted encroachments on the ancient rights of the Fellowship.

1824   Times 28 Sept. 4/4   The valuable and desirable Lease..of the above noted and old established Tavern.

1892   Pall Mall Gaz. 16 June 3/1   The volumes..display the above-noted characteristics of the eternal feminine in its singing moods.

1933   B. GADELIUS Human Mentality xiv. 455   This..is shown by Weidner'sabove-noted observation.

1979   Washington Post (Nexis) 4 Jan. A1   Havingset aside the above-noted $9 million.

2007   Globe & Mail (Toronto) 30 Nov. A22   Contrary to the above-noted article, our caucus has not taken a final position on Bill C-6.

Abrahamical, adj.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˌeɪbrəˈhamɪkl/ , U.S. /ˌeɪbrəˈhæmɪk(ə)l/Etymology:  < the personal name Abraham (see ABRAHAM n.) + -ICAL suffix. Compare later ABRAHAMIC adj.

rare. 

  = ABRAHAMIC adj.

1683   G. HICKES Case Infant-baptism 5   The Abrahamical Covenant, upon which the Jewish Church, as such, as founded.

1729   J. TASKER Plain Reasons Relig., Conscientious & Peaceable Separation Church of Eng. 40   Mostwho undertake to argue this Case..found their Argument upon Gen. xvii. concerning the Abrahamical Covenant and Circumcision.

1864   J. BOULLY Oxf. Declar. & Eleven Thousand Biblical Truths 5   The liberality of the Egyptians in lending their gold and jewels to the Jews, who used, as a device for borrowing them, Abrahamical falsehood.

1992   Z. HUSSAIN Reconstr. Islamic Soc. iv. 150   In a world of absurdity and horror, I found once again a meaning in my lifeand history, by attaching myself to the Abrahamical faith, the Christian message.

Abrahamically, adv.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˌeɪbrəˈhamᵻkli/ , U.S. /ˌeɪbrəˈhæmək(ə)li/Forms:  also with lower-case initial.Etymology:  < ABRAHAMIC adj. + -ALLY suffix. Compareearlier ABRAHAMICAL adj.

rare. 

  With reference to the biblical patriarch Abraham, in an Abrahamic manner; in accordance with the practicesand beliefs established by Abraham. In quot. 1708: (app.) in an old-fashioned style.

1708   E. WARD London Terrae-Filius VI. 4   Among the rest of his formalities, pray mind his primitive Cravat, shap'd so like a Rose... Survey him all over, and you will find every thing about him so abrahamically Modefy'd, as if his Taylor had liv'd in the time of the Jews.

1878   B. W. NEWTON Europe & East (ed. 2) 106   That which is Sinaitically Jewish, iscarefully to be distinguished from that which is Abrahamically Jewish.

1995   K. K. YEO Rhetorical Interaction in 1 Corinthians 8 & 10 iii. 37   If the formative power of the tradition, text, world history, and pre-understanding is..neither Abrahamically rooted nor historically oriented.

abrasable, adj.Pronunciation:  Brit. /əˈbreɪzəbl/ , U.S. /əˈbreɪzəb(ə)l/Etymology:  < ABRASE v. + -ABLE suffix.

rare. 

  That may be abraded or worn down.

1896   Voice (N.Y.) 13 Feb. 4/4   If we want a ‘medium of exchange’, what is less convenient than this heavy and abrasable yellow stuff?

abrasure, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /əˈbreɪʒə/ , U.S. /əˈbreɪʃər/Etymology:  < classical Latin abrās-, past participial stem of abrādere ABRADE v. +-URE suffix1.Compare earlier ABRASION n.

   An instance of abrasion; (as a mass noun) the process of abrasion.

1820   N.Y. Statesman 30 June 3/2   The places tolook for this important mineral, are deep ravines, formed by floods;..and vertical sections produced by the overflowings and abrasures of streams.

1865   S. PANCOAST Ladies' Med. Guide (ed. 6) xiv. 306   The ointment applied two or three times a day..will be all that is necessary to heal the abrasure or soreness.

1909   Cycl. Archit., Carpentry & Building IX. 316   Thepatent plaster has certain advantages... Its surface hardens more quickly and resists abrasure longer than the ordinary lime plastering.

1962   J. M. C. TOYNBEE Art Rom. Brit. 126   Apart from the loss of the nose and a few minor abrasures,..[the sculpture] is comparatively well preserved.

2001   E. J. C. TIGCHELAAR To increase Learning for Understanding Ones vi. 100   The pe is rather certain. The editors consider bet, but there is no evidenceof abrasure on the fragment, and the diagonal stroke is very unlike bet.

† abraum, n.Etymology:  Probably < AUBURN adj. (compare formsat that entry, and also earlier ABRAM adj.), theclay being so named on account of its colour.Although the source of quot. 1753 says that the clay isalso found in Germany and Italy, a derivation < German Abraum refuse, trash, overburden (see ABRAUM SALT n.) seems unlikely on semantic grounds.

Obs. rare. 

  = RED OCHRE n.   Cf. RUDDLE n.15 | Oxford English Dictionary MARCH 2009 NEWWORDS LIST

1753   Chambers's Cycl. Suppl.,   Abraum, a name given by some writers, to a species of red clay, used in England..to givea red colour to new mahogany-wood.

1828   W. H. SMYTH Sketch Sardinia iv. 313   Between..is ‘il becco’, where red, yellow, and black earths are dug, resembling the abraum of the Isle of Wight.

1871   L. COLANGE Zell's Pop. Encycl. I. 8/3   Abraum,a kind of clay used to darken mahogany.

† abripe, v.Etymology:  < classical Latin abripere to removeby force, drag or snatch away, to abduct or kidnap, to remove as booty, seize < ab- AB- prefix + rapere to seize (seeRAPE v.2). With the semantic development compare earlier RAPE v.2, RAVISH v.Compare ABRIPED adj.

Obs. rare—0. 

 trans. To ravish, rape (a woman).

1623   H. COCKERAM Eng. Dict. II,   To Rauish a Maide, Depudicate,Deuirginate, Abripe

Abruzzese, n. and adj.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˌabrᵿtˈseɪzi/ , U.S. /ˌæbrətˈseɪzi/Inflections:   Plural Abruzzesi, unchanged.Forms:  18 Abruzzeze (irreg.), 18– Abruzzese.Etymology:  < Italian Abruzzese (noun) native orinhabitant of the Abruzzo region (1750 in plural Abruzzesi , or earlier), (adjective) of or relating to the region of Abruzzo or its inhabitants (although this is apparently firstattested slightly later: 1823 or earlier) < Abruzzi (end of the 13th cent. or earlier; nowAbruzzo ), the name of a region in central Italy + -ese -ESE suffix. Compare earlierABRUZZIAN n. and slightly later ABRUZZIAN adj.In plural form Abruzzesi after the Italian plural form. A. n.

   A native or inhabitant of the Abruzzo region of central Italy.

1816   T. CAMDEN Hist. Napoleon Bonaparte II. xvi. 25   The late government, which stoodin awe of the Abruzzeze, took care not to violate their privileges, nor in any wise to oppress them, and relieved them from some local taxes.

1849   C. MACFARLANE Glance at Revolutionized Italy I. xii. 261   Our fellow-passenger, the silent Abruzzese.

1893   Atlantic Monthly May 717/2   The Abruzzesi..come down to the capital for work during the winter.

1950   Corpus Christi (Texas) Times Editorial 6 Oct. 2 B/3   After the war, when little help came, the tired Abruzzese left their homes for the cities.

1972   Times 24 Apr. 19/1   An Abruzzese from Vasto..retains something of the old fashioned country way of life.

2003   Sunday Times (Nexis) 7 Dec. (Features section) 24   The Abruzzese have their own way of working. 

 B. adj. 

  Of or relating to the region of Abruzzo or its inhabitants.

1821   R. K. CRAVEN Tour Southern Provinces Kingdom Naples iii. 45   Innumerable flocks

[of sheep], attended by their Abruzzese guardians and dogs.

1865   N. Amer. Rev. July 184   A legion of Abruzzese volunteers.

1963   Times 16 Mar. 11/1   It is only when theheights of the pass of Colle di Bove are reached that the true Abruzzese landscape begins.

2003   M. ARUNDEL tr. E. Corti Last Soldiers of King 52   ‘What do you want?’ he asked. ‘If possible, to speak with a teacher or superior. Better yet if he's Abruzzese.’

Abruzzian, n. and adj.Pronunciation:  Brit. /əˈbrʊtzɪən/ , U.S. /əˈbrutziən/ , /əˈbrutʃ(ə)n/Etymology:  < Italian Abruzzi (see ABRUZZESE n.) + -IAN suffix, originally (in quot.1570) rendering classical Latin Bruttius (noun) inhabitant of the toe of Italy (the relationship of this word to the Italian placename is unclear), in later use after Italian abruzzese, adjective and noun (see ABRUZZESE n.). Compare later ABRUZZESEn. and (with use as adjective) ABRUZZESE adj.  A. n.

   = ABRUZZESE n.

1570   T. WILSON tr. Livy in tr. Demosthenes 3 Orations sig. Biiv,   Not only did the Tarentynes..reuolt from vs,..but alsothe Basilicates, the Calabrians, and the Abruzzians [L. Lucanus et Bruttius et Samnis].

1821   tr. G. Pepe Narr. Polit. & Mil. Events Naples 1820& 1821 38   The Abruzzians seeing their frontiers entirely stripped of military..were on the point of risingen masse.

1822   Monthly Rev. June 220   The ‘three hundred’ Abruzzians who offered themselves as rivals of the soldiers of Leonidas.

1862   Times 16 Jan. 8/3   General Garibaldi has addressed the following letter tothe Society of Young Abruzzians.

1931   Publ. Mod. Language Assoc. 46 346   A people who like the Abruzzians themselves have many marked likenesses to both Picards and Scots.

1976   G. KOLKO Main Currents Mod. Amer. Hist. iii. 85   Italians began seeing themselvesas Italians rather than as Abruzziansor Calabrians.

2004   H. R. DINER in S. J. Whitfield Compan. 20th-cent. Amer. xiv. 244   They lived inenclaves made up of Neapolitans, Sicilians, and Abruzzians.

  B. adj.

   = ABRUZZESE adj.

1829   H. MORTON Protestant Vigils I. viii. 85   At this moment, the snows of the Abruzzian Apennines rise finely.

1894   E. F. HENDERSON Hist. Germany Middle Ages xxvi. 403   Tagliacozzo, near theAbruzzian Mountains.

1913   Folklore 24 195   It is very rarely that the Abruzzian husband is allowed to be present [at the birth of a child].

1992   M. HOBBIE Ital. Amer. Material Culture 102   TheSt. Gabriel Festival started a few years later and celebrates Abruzzian culture.

2007   Daily News (N.Y.) (Nexis) 4 Mar. (Sunday Now section) 32   [She] grew up cooking and eating her Abruzzian mother's home cooking.

Absaroka, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˌabˈsɑːrəkə/ , U.S. /ˌæbˈsɑrəkə/Inflections:   Plural unchanged, Absarokas.Forms: α. 18 Absarokee, 18 Upsaroaka, 18– Absaroka, 18– Absaroke, 18–Absoroka, 18– Upsaroka, 18– Upsaroke, 19– Apsaroka, 19– Apsaroke, 19– Apsoroke.β. 19– Absaloke, 19– Apsaloke.Etymology:  < Crow apsâ:ro:ke, in the practical orthography Apsáalooke(reflecting the pronunciation of the /r/ of older speech as /l/ ), of unknown etymology; apparently generalized from a former band name.With a popular interpretation of the name as ‘children of the large-beaked bird’ compare discussion at CROW n.4

   = CROW n.4 1.

[1805   M. LEWIS List Names & Tribes in Jrnls. Lewis & Clark Exped. (1987) III. 427   Ravin nation... 〈Arp-Sar-co-gah〉... Kee-hât-sâ.]

1812   R. STUART Jrnl. 16 Aug. in Discov. Oregon Trail (1935) 83   The Absarokas had discovered the place..and carried offevery thing.

1837   Southern Lit. Messenger 3 65/1   They were now too in the region of the terribleUpsarokas, and encountered them at every step.

1893   S. R. RIGGS Dakota Gram., Texts, & Ethnogr. III. ii. 192   When the Ponka reached the Black Hills country, several hundred years ago, they foundit in the possession of the Absaroka.

1938   M. S. BURT Powder River i. 4   The Sioux drove the Absarokas, the Crows, from the Powder back across the Big Horns into the Big Horn Basin.

1984   P. MATTHIESSEN Indian Country vii. 203   Much of this great mineral wealth lies near or beneath the much-diminished reservations assigned to the Lakota..., their former allies the Northern Cheyenne and the Arapaho, and their former enemies theeastern Shoshone, or ‘Snake Indians’,and the Absaroka, or ‘Crow’.

2003   Hull Daily Mail (Nexis) 3 Sept. 5   [The Crow Indians'] language stems from a Siouxan branch who called themselves the Absaroka or bird people.

abscessation, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˌabsɛˈseɪʃn/ , /ˌabsᵻˈseɪʃn/ , U.S. /ˌæbsɛˈseɪʃ(ə)n/ , /ˌæbsəˈseɪʃ(ə)n/Etymology:  < ABSCESS n. + -ATION suffix. Compare earlier ABSCESSION n. 2.

Veterinary Med. 

 The condition of having abscesses; the development of abscesses. Cf. ABSCESSION n. 2.

1922   Cornell Veterinarian 12 319   No significantpathological changes have been observed in the udder and fetus. Abscessation and other changes in thegenital organs have been found in thebull.

1943   H. E. BIESTER Dis. of Poultry 835   The most common abscessation encountered in poultry practice is that of the feet which is commonly known as ‘bumblefoot’.

1967   Jrnl. Compar. Pathol. 77 356   [Calf] lungs..showed some degree of pathological abnormality, ranging

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from early neutrophil invasion of thebronchioles to extensive abscessationof the whole lung.

2005   Austral. Vet. Jrnl. 83 736   Both hepatocellular carcinoma and focal hepatic abscessation are rare in cats.

† absconce, v.2

Etymology:  Humorous alteration of ABSCOND v., after ENSCONCE v. Compare earlierABSCONCE v.1

Obs. rare (humorous). 

  intr. To depart quickly, to flee; = ABSCOND v. 3.

1823   ‘W. T. MONCRIEFF’ Tom & Jerry III. ii. 57,  I can take an int; I'm to go—wery vell, I shall absconce.

1838   Dublin Univ. Mag. Dec. 636/1,   I desired ‘Saucepan’ to bring me..a little of the tincture of cardamon seeds,..and as Davy Rees used to say, ‘absconce’ till morning.

† abscondent, n.Etymology:  < classical Latin abscondent-, abscondēns, present participleofabscondere ABSCOND v.

Obs. rare.

  A person who absconds.

1685   A. LOVELL tr. G. Bate Elenchus Motuum Nuperorum in Anglia I. 34   Wherefore theKing having accused the Abscondents, returned without any hurt or injury done to any man.

1885   R. WAPLES Treat. Attachment & Garnishment xvii. 577   It seems a hard case that upon an ex parte showing, the plaintiff may proceed against the property of the defendantas that of an abscondent, absentee, defrander [sic] and the like.

† absenty, n.Forms:  15 absentie, 15 (16 Sc.) absenty.Etymology:  < classical Latin absentia ABSENCE n.;compare -Y suffix3. Compare earlier ABSENCE n. and later ABSENCY n.

Obs. 

  = ABSENCE n.

1520   EARL OF SURREY Let. 16 Sept. in J. S. Brewer & W. Bullen Cal. Carew MSS. (1867) I. 12   [I beseech you] tosee that no license of absenty pass the king.

1540   in State Papers Henry VIII (1834) III. 205   Their shalbe greate myshe of ther absentie, considering ther towardnes and goode esperience.

1664   in A. M. Munro Rec. Old Aberdeen (1899) I. 105   Ane lawfull excuis for ther absenty.

† absinthiate, adj.Etymology:  < post-classical Latin apsinthiatus, absinthiatus flavoured with wormwood (5th cent.) < classical Latin apsinthium , absinthium ABSINTHIUM n. + -ātus -ATE suffix2. Compare later ABSINTHIATED adj.

Obs. rare.

  Flavoured with wormwood.

▸?1440   tr. Palladius De Re Rustica (Duke Humfrey) (1896) III. l. 1170  De conditovel absinthio vel rosato vel violato.., absinthiate, rosate, or violate [L. conditum uel absinthiatum uel rosatum uel uiolacium], To make a wyne, is craft don to nature.

absinthites, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˌabsɪnˈθʌɪtiːz/ , /ˌabsɪnˈθiːteɪz/ , U.S. /ˌæbsɪnˈθaɪdiz/ , /ˌæbsɪnˈθideɪz/Etymology:  < classical Latin absinthītēs, variant of apsinthītēs, and its etymon Hellenistic Greek ἀψινθίτης wine flavoured with wormwood, use as noun (short for ἀψινθίτης οἷνος ) of ἀψινθίτης flavoured with wormwood < ἀψίνθιον ABSINTHIUMn. + -ίτης -ITE suffix1. Compare later ABSINTHE n.

Now hist. and rare. 

  A type of bitter wine flavoured with wormwood, often used medicinally. Cf. ABSINTHE n. 1.

1601   P. HOLLAND tr. Pliny Hist. World II. XXVII. vii. 276   There is anartificiall wine that carrieth the strength and tast..[of wormwood], named Absinthites [Fr. vin d'Absynthe].

1753   Chambers's Cycl. Suppl.,   Absinthites,..something tinged or impregnated with the virtues of absinthium, or wormwood.

1850   in Notes & Queries (1851) 91 66/2   What is meant..is absinthites, or wormwood wine, a nauseously bitter medicament then much in use.

1994   Daily Mail (Nexis) 7 Mar. 34   The Romans also had..absinthites, wine flavouredwith wormwood.

absolvement, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /əbˈzɒlvm(ə)nt/ , U.S. /əbˈzɔlvm(ə)nt/ , /æbˈzɔlvm(ə)nt/ , /əbˈsɔlvm(ə)nt/ , /æbˈsɔlvm(ə)nt/ ; see also  ABSOLVE v. Etymology:  < ABSOLVE v. + -MENT suffix. Compare Old Occitan asolvement (1172), Italian assolvimento (a1250). Compare earlier ABSOLUTION n., ABSOLVING n., ASSOILING n.,ASSOILMENT n.With the various pronunciations in American English compare the note at ABSOLVE v.

  = ABSOLUTION n.   (in various senses).

1689   Considerations touching Succession & Allegiance 29   Nothwithstanding the Pope's Excommunication or Deprivationof Him, or Absolvement of his Subjects from their Obedience.

1839   C. G. F. GORE Courtier 151   Not a few mentally reserved to themselves absolvement from their oath of allegiance.

1953   R. D. JACOBS in L. D. Rubin & R. D. Jacobs Southern Renascence III.ii. 183   The little he had wanted from the Almighty had been too much, because it had amounted to absolvement from time and responsibility.

1999   St. Petersburg (Florida) Times (Nexis) 5 Oct. 11 A,   Everything I read and hear nowadays has a common thread running through it: absolvement of personal responsibility.

acanthocephalid, adj. and n.

Pronunciation:  Brit. /əˌkanθəˈsɛf(ə)lɪd/ , /əˌkanθəˈkɛf(ə)lɪd/ , U.S. /əˌkænθəˈsɛfəlɪd/ , /əˌkænθəˈkɛfəlɪd/Etymology:  < ACANTHOCEPHALA   n.  + -ID   suffix 3 . Compare earlier ACANTHOCEPHALAN   adj. ,ACANTHOCEPHALAN   n.

Zool.

A. adj. 

= ACANTHOCEPHALAN   adj.

1918   Jrnl. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc. 53 493 (title)    Notes on the acanthocephalid and arthropod parasites of the dog in North America.

1958   Jrnl. Wildlife Managem. 22 205/1   The ducks were free of known bacterial pathogens but did have heavy infections of an acanthocephalid worm.

2006   Bioscience 1 June 467/3   Parasites such as acanthocephalid worms that feed onsubstances in the guts of fish may literally suck lead, cadmium, and other heavy metals out of their hosts.

 B. n.

 = ACANTHOCEPHALAN   n.

1924   Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. 26 225 (title)    A larval acanthocephalid,Centrorhynchus californicus sp. nov., from the mesenteryof Hyla regilla.

1968   Jrnl. Mammalogy 49 69   One raccoon had several acanthocephalids in the intestine and trematodes..in the lung.

2005   A. WOBESER Essent. Dis. Wild Animals v. 66/2   A classic example of alteration of behavior of an intermediate host by aparasite comes from the study of the acanthocephalid Polymorphus paradoxus.

Acehnese, n. and adj.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˌatʃᵻˈniːz/ , U.S. /ˌɑtʃəˈniz/ , /ˌætʃəˈniz/Inflections:   Plural unchanged.Forms: α. 16– Achinese, 17– Achenese, 18– Acheenese,19– Achennese (rare).β. 19– Acehnese, 19– Achehnese, 19– Atjehnese.Etymology:  < Achin, †Acheen (1598 as Achein in atranslation from Dutch), former variants of Aceh (Indonesian Aceh , Malay Aceh ), the name of a sultanate (now a province) in northern Sumatra + -ESE   suffix . In β. forms re-formed < the name of Aceh (formerly also †Acheh and (probably after Dutch) †Atjeh) + - NESE   suffix . Compare Portuguese achém, †achẽ inhabitant of Aceh, language of Aceh (1610).With the final nasal in Achin, etc. compare also Dutch †Achein (1596 or earlier; now Atjeh, reborrowed < Malay),Persian Āčīn, the name of Aceh (late 16th cent. or earlier; also as Āčī (late 17th cent. or earlier)), post-classical Latin Acenus (adjective) of Aceh (1549), all perhaps ultimately after Portuguese Achém (1563 or earlier, pronounced with a final nasalized vowel; compare the 17th-cent. variant †Achẽ).

A. n. 

1. A native or inhabitant of the province (formerly a sultanate) of Aceh in northern Sumatra.

1692   J. DUNTON Young-students-libr. 90/2   The Turcomans and Arabians..transferred

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the Soveraignty to their Wives, as did the Achinese.

1783   W. MARSDEN Hist. Sumatra 294   The Acheneselong strove to drive us from Tappanooly.

1841   Times 2 July 7/1   A correspondent..believes it to be a diversion instigated by the Achinese.

1908   Westm. Gaz. 24 June 12/1   The Achenese have never acknowledged the supremacyof the Dutch.

1971   D. P. CHANDLER et al. In Search of Southeast Asia (rev. ed.) xx. 195   For the nextquarter of a century, it was often the Dutch forces that were resisting and the Acehnese who seemed on the point of winning.

2006   Christianity Today Mar. 64/2   Housing is one of the most vexing problems after..the Asian tsunami. More than 67,000 Acehnese still huddle in tents.

  

2. The Austronesian language of this people.

1882   A. J. W. BIKKERS Malay, Achinese, French & Eng. Vocab. p. iii,   Achinese is merely a dialect of the widely-diffused Malay language.

1932   W. L. GRAFF Lang. xi. 423   The population of Indonesian tongue amountsto about 50 millions... About eight geographical groups can be distinguished..in the Sumatra group, Achinese,Battak, Rejang, [etc.].

1983   Indonesia 36 68   The reader of this textbook must have already acquired fluency in speaking Acehnese through his daily experience.

2006   Y. N. FALK Subj. & Universal Gram. vi. 175   While non-subject languages like Acehnese do seem to have pivots, there is a major difference between the nature of pivots in these languages and in more ‘conventional’ languages.

  B. adj.

   Of or relating to the Acehnese or their language.

1697   W. DAMPIER New Voy. around World xvii. 490  We would not offend our Achinese Friends, who were Mahometans.

1783   W. MARSDEN Hist. Sumatra 346   A battle wasfought in which the Achenese monarch was worsted.

1884   Proc. Royal Geogr. Soc. 6 169   At pages 137-140 will be found a slight Achinese vocabulary.

1924   J. LANGHOUT Econ. Conquest Acheen by Dutch 7   The Acheenese Empire.

1971   D. P. CHANDLER et al. In Search of Southeast Asia (rev. ed.) ix. 81   By the mid-eighteenth century, Acehnese power was largely confined to the northern half of Sumatra.

1977   N.Y. Rev. Bks. 24 Nov. 56/4   A prisoner whohas been recently released,..who comes from a distinguished Atjehnese family.

2005   Independent 25 June 24/1   The Acehnese fishermen were on their way back to the refugee camp.

acepromazine, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /asᵻˈprəʊməziːn/ , /asᵻˈprɒməziːn/ , U.S. /ˌæsəˈprɑməˌzin/

Etymology:  < ace- (in ACETYL   n. ) + PROMAZINE   n.  Compare French acepromazine(March 1957 or earlier). Pharmacol.

 A sedative and antipsychotic drug of the phenothiazine class, now used mainly as a tranquillizer and preanaesthetic in veterinarymedicine. Chemical name: 2-acetyl-10-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)phenothiazine, C19H22N2OS.

1957   Lancet 26 Oct. 854/2   The British Pharmacopœia Commission has issued the following new list of approved names:..Acepromazine.

1972   Jrnl. Wildlife Managem. 36 171/2   Upon entering the squeeze chute, each elk was given a 1-cc intravenous dose of tranquilizer (Acepromazine, Ayerst Laboratory, New York).

1996   K. MARISTED Fall 25   All horses on daily doses of bute to preempt pain, kids' equitation horses on Acepromazine to tranquilize their spirits.

2002   Equus Mar. 61   Tranquilizers, such as acepromazine, block the neurotransmitter dopamine that's responsible for acute awareness.

acerbation, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˌasəˈbeɪʃn/ , U.S. /ˌæsərˈbeɪʃ(ə)n/Etymology:  < post-classical Latin acerbation-, acerbatio embitterment, aggravation (3rd cent.) < classical Latin acerbāt- , past participial stem ofacerbāre ACERBATE   v.  + -iō -ION   suffix 1 . With sense 1 compare Middle Frenchacerbation exacerbation (of a medical condition) (a1365 as acerbacion ). Compare earlier ACERBATE   v.  Compare also earlier EXACERBATION   n.

 †1. Med. = EXACERBATION   n.   2 . Obs. rare.

1684   S. PORDAGE tr. T. Willis Pract. Physick II. 130   Inordinations are stirred up in the Blood and juices, which oftentimes conspire, either theproduction, or the acerbation or growing worse, of the Feaver.

1751   R. BROOKES Gen. Pract. Physic I. 33   RegularAcerbations like Intermittents, Continual Fevers, Atrophy and Hectic Fevers, Fits of the Colic [etc.] are only casual Symptoms of this.

1824   J. ASHMUN in R. R. Gurley Life J. Ashmun (1835) App. 123   Such an acerbation of any remaining aguish tendencies of the system, as to causea paroxysm of fever.

  

 2. Embitterment; a feeling of bitterness. Also: exacerbation of a negative feeling or problem. Cf. ACERBATE   v.

1793   J. BERINGTON in tr. Mem. G. Panzani Introd.34   The publication of the Bull of Pius,..its renewal by Gregory XIII. in 1580, and again, with expressions of stronger acerbation, in 1588.

1863   J. D. HOOKER Let. 1 Mar. in C. Darwin Corr. (1999) XI. 187,   I oftenthink that one of the worst effects of a war is the acerbation of feelings that it brings about.

1883   A. TROLLOPE Mr Scarborough's Family II. xxxiv. 192   Dolly's acerbation was aroused by a belief on her part that

the money asked for trousers took himgenerally to race-courses.

1952   Virginia Law Rev. 38 287   Steps which serveno clear purpose in the effort to adjust the controversy..will result in an acerbation of the grievant's feelings.

1997   T. F. WOLFF & G. GEAHIGAN Art Crit. & Educ. ii.28   For them he had nothing but praise; for the opposition modernists, nothing but contempt and acerbation.

acerbitous, adj.Pronunciation:  Brit. /əˈsəːbᵻtəs/ , U.S. /əˈsərbᵻdᵻs/Etymology:  < acerbit- (in ACERBITY   n. ) + - OUS   suffix : see -ITOUS   suffix . Compare earlier ACERB   adj. , ACERBIC   adj.

Now rare. 

  Characterized by acerbity; acerbic.

1870   Gentleman's Mag. July 247   They who were wont to look for his outspoken and sometimes acerbitous remarks in theAthenaeum..will not be surprised atany sweeping stricture that may come from him.

1899   J. LONDON Let. 17 Apr. (1966) 28   What anacerbitous tongue..you have.

1912   Mod. Lang. Reg. vii. 368   Many acerbitousallusions to Wesley.

1939   Columbia Law Rev. 39 355   The acerbitous comments of an unfriendly press.

acerbly, adv.Pronunciation:  Brit. /əˈsəːbli/ , U.S. /əˈsərbli/Etymology:  Originally < classical Latin acerbus ACERB   adj.  + -LY   suffix 2 , after classical Latin acerbē, adverb. In later use (see sense 2) < ACERB   adj.  + -LY suffix 2 .

 †1. Harshly; abrasively. Obs.

?a1425   tr. Guy de Chauliac Grande Chirurgie (N.Y. Acad. Med.) f. 139 (MED),   Þat þe teþe be not cured..acerbly [L. acerbe] i. bitterly..þat þai be froted with hony.

  

 2. In early use: with a sour, bitter, or astringent flavour. Now chiefly: in asharp or cutting manner; acerbically. Cf. ACERB   adj.   1 .

1793   G. WALLIS Art preventing Dis. XIV. i. 567   Drinking too freely of things acerblyacid.

1856   H. HOTZ tr. A. De Gobineau Moral & Intellect. Diversity of Racesvi. 213   See, upon thisoften-debated subject, the opinion—somewhat acerbly expressed—of a learned historian and philologist.

1957   E. PARTRIDGE Eng. gone Wrong ii. 41   Lord Samuel acerbly and, as it happened, prophetically wrote, ‘Name it “realism” and any wickedness becomes allowable.’

2001   M. KUEFLER Manly Eunuch iii. 100   Claudian acerbly compared the relationship between the two to a marriage.

acerola, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /asəˈrəʊlə/ , U.S. /ˌæsəˈroʊlə/

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Etymology:  < American Spanish acerola, transferred use (apparently on account of its similar appearance) of Spanish acerola the fruitof the azarole hawthorn, Crataegus azarolus (c1612; earlier as azerolla (1549) and, in regional use in Aragon, as azarolla (1365)) <colloquial Arabic al-zaʿrūra , denoting both the tree and its fruit < al the + zaʿrūra , colloquial variant ofzuʿrūra , singular form corresponding to zuʿrūr . Compare French azerole (1572 in Middle French; earlier as asarole (1553)), Catalan atzerola , sorolla(1652 as etzerola ; compare azaroller azarole tree (1403)), Portuguese acerolaBarbados cherry, azarola azarole (1712). Compare earlier AZAROLE   n.

Chiefly N. Amer. 

The Barbados cherry, Malpighia glabra(family Malpighiaceae); the edible fruit of this tree, rich in vitamin C and used to make syrups, vitamin supplements, etc.

[1946   Science 22 Feb. 219/1   The West Indian cherry (Malpighia punicifolia L.), commonly called ‘acerola’ in Spanish.]

1954   Sci. News Let. 66 293/1   The acerola is said to be the richest edible fruit source of anti-scurvy vitamin C.

1957   Amer. Jrnl. Nursing 57 1390/2   The acerola tree does grow in Florida, at least in the southern half of the peninsula.

1976   F. H. ELMORE Shrubs & Trees Southwest Uplands 146   Acerola, the tiny applelike fruit of parsley-leaved hawthorn is richer in natural VitaminC than any other fruit.

2004   Observer Food Monthly Apr. 34/3   One acerola berry has, like, 10 times thevitamin C of an orange.

acesulfame, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /asᵻˈsʌlfeɪm/ , U.S. /ˌæsəˈsəlfeɪm/Etymology:  Perhaps < ace- (in ACETONE   n. , which is used in its synthesis) +SULFA-   comb. form  + -ame (in ASPARTAME   n. ).

 In full acesulfame K, acesulfame potassium. A white crystalline powder used as a low-calorie artificial sweetener. Acesulfame is the potassium salt of a sulphur-containing heterocyclic compound. Formula: C4H4KNO4S.

1977   U.S. Patent 4,056,629 4   The composition of the fodder mixture was as follows:..100 mg of synthetic sweetening agent (acesulfame) per 1 kg of body weight.

1981   WHO Techn. Rep. Ser. No. 669 26   Acesulfame potassium, this newly developed sweetening agent is chemically related to saccharine.

1989   Balance Aug.–Sept. 61/2   Artificial intense sweeteners such as aspartame,acesulfame potassium (ACK) and saccharin are virtually calorie free and can be used to sweeten drinks andcereals.

1996   BBC Good Food Oct. 83/2   Aspartame..is often listed on product labels under its brand name NutraSweet. Less well known is acesulfame K.

2008   Virginian-Pilot ( Norfolk, Va. )   (Nexis) 30 Apr. F5   Acesulfame is..sold under the brand name Sunett. For many, it shares the same drawback as saccharin: the aftertaste.

acetifying, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /əˈsiːtᵻfʌɪɪŋ/ , /əˈsɛtᵻfʌɪɪŋ/ , U.S./əˈsidəˌfaɪɪŋ/ , /əˈsɛdəˌfaɪɪŋ/Etymology:  < ACETIFY   v.  + -ING   suffix 1 . Compare earlier ACETIFICATION   n.

 The process of causing, carrying out, orundergoing acetification. Freq. attrib. Sometimes not easily distinguishable from ACETIFYING   adj.

1789   C. R. HOPSON in tr. J. C. Wiegleb Gen. Syst. Chem. II. v. 490   The putrefaction of bodies is retarded inconsequence of its first going through the acetifying process.

1852   Lancet 3 Jan. 22/1   Expose it..to the acetifying process, and then rack offthe vinegar.

1862   J. C. BOOTH & C. MORFIT Encycl. Chem. (ed. 2) 634/1   An alcoholic liquid may..be therefore in a very favourable condition for acetifying.

1937   Discovery Sept. 281/1   A view of an acetifying room.

2002   Trends Food Sci. & Technol. 13 13/2   In this way the acetifying stock recirculatesuntil the desired acetic degree is obtained.

acetifying, adj.Pronunciation:  Brit. /əˈsiːtᵻfʌɪɪŋ/ , /əˈsɛtᵻfʌɪɪŋ/ , U.S./əˈsidəˌfaɪɪŋ/ , /əˈsɛdəˌfaɪɪŋ/Etymology:  < ACETIFY   v.  + -ING   suffix 2 . Compare earlier ACETIFYING   n.

   That brings about acetification. Sometimes not easily distinguishable from ACETIFYING   n.

1845   A. URE Recent Improvem. Arts, Manufactures, & Mines 12   This water is used in making the next acetifying mixture.

1922   E. R. LANKESTER in J. A. Thomson Outl. Sci. III. xxvii. 886   The change of wine and beer into vinegar is due to special kinds of acetifying bacterialferments which multiply in it by the million.

1999   A. ARNDT Seasoning Savvy 248   The filmy ‘mother of vinegar’ or ‘vinegar plant’ sometimes found floating in vinegars is composed of these acetifying bacteria.

acetocarmine, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˌasᵻtəʊˈkɑːmʌɪn/ , /əˌsiːtə(ʊ)ˈkɑːmʌɪn/ , U.S. /ˌæsəˌdoʊˈkɑrmaɪn/Etymology:  < ACETO-   comb. form + CARMINE   n.   and   adj.

Biol. 

A staining solution for microscopy consisting of carmine in concentrated acetic acid, sometimes with the additionof ferric chloride.

1885   A. B. LEE Microtomist's Vade-mecum I. vi. 65   Aceto-carmine... To an ammoniacal solution of carmine add acetic acid to neutralisation.

1953   A. G. E. PEARSE Histochem. vi. 106   Deoxyribonuclease, while destroying the staining capacity of the chromosomes towards aceto-carmine, did so without affecting their integrity.

1996   Internat. Jrnl. Plant Sci. 157 17/2   Freshly harvested cells [of Norway

spruce]..were stained with acetocarmine.

acetogen, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /əˈsiːtədʒ(ə)n/ , U.S. /əˈsidədʒ(ə)n/Etymology:  < ACETO-   comb. form  + -GEN   comb. form , after ACETOGENIC   adj.

Microbiol. 

Any anaerobic autotrophic bacterium thatproduces acetates by metabolism of simple carbon compounds.

1982   Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) B. 297 534   When no other substrates can be used,such acetogens are condemned to syntrophy.

1996   Sci. Amer. Oct. 46/3   The autotrophs living in these basalts use hydrogen gas for energy and derive carbon frominorganic carbon dioxide. These ‘acetogens’ then excrete simple organic compounds that other bacteriain turn consume.

2003   S. SRIVASTAVA & P. S. SRIVASTAVA Understanding Bacteria ix. 388  Some acetogens can ferment xenobioticcompounds such as polyethylene glycoland phenolic compounds.

acetohexamide, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˌasᵻtəʊˈhɛksəmʌɪd/ , U.S. /əˌsidəʊˈhɛksəˌmaɪd/ , /ˌæsədəʊˈhɛksəˌmaɪd/Etymology:  < ACETO-   comb. form  + HEXA-   comb. form + AMIDE   n.

Pharmacol. 

  An oral hypoglycaemic drug of the sulphonylurea class. Chemical name: 1-[(p-acetylphenyl)-sulfonyl]-3-cyclohexylurea, C15H20N2O4S.

1961   Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 107 584/2   Metabolism of acetohexamide 1-(p-acetylbenzenesulfonyl)-3-cyclohexylurea was investigated in dogs, rabbits, rats, and man.

1971   New Scientist 21 Jan. 136/2   The dispute in the United States over the safety and efficacy of the oral anti-diabetic agents of the sulphonylurea group, particularly tolbutamide, but potentially also tolazamide, acetohexamide and chloropropamide.

1989   Gastroenterology 96 1607   We report a case of cholestatic hepatitis accompanied by peripheral and hepaticeosinophilia in a patient taking acetohexamide for a period of 1.5 yr.

2002   Chem. Res. Toxicol. 15 240/2   The hypoglycemic agents tolbutamide, acetohexamide, and chlorpropamide do not exhibit antitumor activity.

acetozone, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /əˈsiːtəzəʊn/ , U.S. /əˈsidəzoʊn/Etymology:  < ACETO-   comb. form  + OZONE   n. , apparently so called because moist acetozone was reported to smell like ozone.

Chem. Now rare. 

A white crystalline solid with strong oxidizing properties, used as an antiseptic, disinfectant, and bleaching agent. Systematic name: acetyl benzoyl peroxide; CH3C(O)OOC(O)C6H5.

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1902   Lancet 6 Sept. 678/1   Acetozone possesses remarkable germicidal powers... It is a true chemical compound and in reality benzoyl-acetyl-peroxide.

1908   Practitioner Dec. 788   The water was givenin the form of an antiseptic solution, presumably acetozone.

1922   Public Health 35 178/1   Babies reared on dried milk suffered little from diarrhœa. He had obtained good results from the acetozone treatment.

2004   J. CRELLIN Social Hist. Med. 20th Cent. iv. 112   Although labelled for acidosis,its ingredients—acetozone (benzoyl-acetyl-peroxide, an antiseptic)..suggest it was more an intestinal antiseptic.

acetum, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˈasətəm/ , /əˈsiːtəm/ ,U.S. /ˈæsədəm/ , /əˈsidəm/Etymology:  < classical Latin acētum vinegar, use as noun of neuter of past participle of acēre to be sour (see ACID   adj. ).

 1. Vinegar. Now hist.

1526   Grete Herball Expos. Wordes sig. Dd.iiv/2,   Oxiȝacre, it is a drynke [printed brynke] to be had at the potycaryes, ye shall fynde more therof in the chaptre of Acetum.

1543   B. TRAHERON tr. J. de Vigo Most Excellent Wks. Chirurg. VII. f. 184/2,   Acetum or vynegre is cold in the fyrst degre, and drye in the thyrde.

1660   J. HARDING tr. Paracelsus Archidoxis I. vi.79   That the Wine appears nor different from the Acetum, the cause thereof is, because there is also a Nature like Acetum, in it.

1698   R. BOULTON Exam. Mr. J. Colbatch Bks. ii. 89   Vinegar or Acetum is not Acid, but Acrid.

1702   J. MOYLE Chirurgus Marinus (ed. 4) 58   Youmust have in readiness your Instruments both large and small,..with your Restringent Powders,..Tow, Acetum, [etc.].

1820   SCOTT Abbot III. i. 14   A curious distillation of rectified acetum; or vinegar of the sun.

1842   Pharmacopœia U.S. 10   Acetum, vinegar. Impure dilute acetic acid prepared byfermentation.

1976   Jrnl. Econ. & Social Hist. Orient 19 126   Egyptian sour wine (acetum) also served medicinal purposes.

  2. A preparation made with vinegar; esp. a solution or extract of any of various plant, mineral, or other substances in vinegar (or dilute acetic acid), used medicinally; a medicated vinegar. Now rare.

[1650   J. FRENCH tr. G. Dorn Chymicall Dict. in M.Sedziwój New Light of Alchymie sig. Aaa1,   Acetum Philosophorum is a Mercuriall water, or otherwise calledVirgins milke, wherein they say Metalls are dissolved.]

1656   tr. B. Valentinus Short Way & Repetition 11 in tr. B. ValentinusLast Will & Test. (1657) ,   There is an acetum made of Antimony, of an acidity as other acetums are.

1672   Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 7 5056   They thought good to make an Extract of itby means of their Philosophical

Acetum, made of Verdigrease, Sulphur,and a highly rectified Spirit of Wine, by a long digestion.

1687   Body Mil. Med. Experimented iv. 39 in tr. P. Barbette Thes. Chirurgiæ (ed. 4) ,   I have often used the Acetum of Marigold-flowers, especially for a Cordial and Sudorifick.

1847   A. B. MADDOCK Cases Pulmonary Consumption 28   A liniment—composed of acetum of cantharides, oil of terebinthium, [etc.].

1894   Lancet 27 Oct. 973/1,   I apply a strip of lint well soaked in the acetum of the B.P. to the diseased part.

1911   T. L. STEDMAN Pract. Med. Dict. 8/1   Two aceta are official in the U.S.P. and five in the B.P.

acetylacetonate, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˌasᵻtʌɪləˈsɛtəneɪt/ , /ˌasᵻtɪləˈsɛtəneɪt/ , U.S. /əˌsidlˈæsətnˌeɪt/ , /ˌæsədlˈæsətnˌeɪt/Etymology:  < ACETYLACETONE   n.  + -ATE   suffix 1 , after French acétylacétonate (A. Combes 1887, in Comptes rendus hebd. de l'Acad. des Sci. 105 869). Compare earlier ACETONATE   n.

In later use sometimes reanalysed as < ACETYL   n.  + ACETONATE   n. , and hence written acetyl acetonate.

Chem. 

 A compound in which one or more acetylacetone molecules (or anions derived from them) are bonded to a metalatom, usually as bidentate ligands.

1890   R. A. WITTHAUS Med. Student's Man. Chem. (ed. 3) II. 158   Certain organic compounds, such as aluminium acetylacetonate,..seem to contain single, trivalent atoms of the metal.

1902   Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. 24 412   Fractioning the yttria earths by means of the acetyl acetonates.

1965   D. M. ADAMS & J. B. RAYNOR Adv. Pract. Inorg. Chem. v. 49   Reflux equimolar quantities of vanadyl acetylacetonateand pyridine in ether.

1995   Times-Picayune ( New Orleans )   (Nexis) 10 June A1   The plant..makes mostly aluminum acetyl acetonate, a pressure-sensitive adhesive.

2005   P. MORGAN Carbon Fibers & Composites viii. 328   An organometallic compound suchas the acetylacetonates of Fe, Co andMn.

acetylacetone, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˌasᵻtʌɪlˈasᵻtəʊn/ , /ˌasᵻtɪlˈasᵻtəʊn/ , U.S. /əˌsidlˈæsəˌtoʊn/ , /ˌæsədlˈæsəˌtoʊn/Etymology:  < ACETYL   n.  + ACETONE   n.  Compare French acétylacétone (A. Combes 1886, in Comptes Rendus hebd. de l'Acad. des Sci. 103 816), GermanAcetylaceton (1887 with reference to Combes).

Chem. 

 A pale yellow liquid diketone which readily forms coordination complexes with metals and is used as a solvent andas a reagent in organic and organometallic synthesis. Systematic name: 2,4-pentanedione; CH3COCH2COCH3.

1887   Chem. News 22 Apr. 188/2   The decomposition by potassa of the diacetones, homologues of

acetylacetone, furnished a new methodof producing the fatty acetones.

1927   Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. 49 849   Acetylacetonemay undergo keto-enol tautomerism.

1972   F. A. COTTON & G. WILKINSON Adv. Inorg. Chem. (ed. 3) xxv. 850   The dark brown crystalline acetylacetonate, Mn(acac)3, is readily obtained by oxidation of basic solutions of Mn2+ by air or chlorine in the presence of acetylacetone.

2002   Jrnl. Amer. Inst. Conservation 41 81   Acetylacetone and acetone are among the fastest-acting solvents.

acetylcysteine, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˌasᵻtʌɪlˈsɪstɪiːn/ , /ˌasᵻtɪlˈsɪstɪiːn/ , /ˌasᵻtʌɪlˈsɪsteɪn/ , /ˌasᵻtɪlˈsɪsteɪn/ , U.S. /əˈsidlˈsɪstin/ , /ˌæsədlˈsɪstin/Etymology:  < ACETYL   n.  + CYSTEINE   n.

Biochem. and Pharmacol. 

An acetylated form of the amino acid cysteine, which is an antioxidant used as a mucolytic agent and in the treatment of paracetamol poisoning. Systematic name: N-acetylcysteine; C5H9NO3S.

1937   Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. 59 200/2   A decision between these alternative possibilities can be reached by noting the ease of reaction of formaldehyde with acetylcysteine on the one hand, and S-ethylcysteine on the other.

1968   New Eng. Jrnl. Med. 14 Mar. 606/1   Irrigation of the distal segment of ileum with acetylcysteine to clear the firm concretions located there.

1989   Brit. Med. Jrnl. 4 Feb. 305/2   The patient should be referred to an ophthalmologist for..treatment such as acetylcysteine eye drops for mucusaggregation.

2005   Guardian 15 Nov. II. 13   An amino acid released from chicken during cooking chemically resembles the drug acetylcysteine, prescribed for bronchitis and other respiratory problems.

acetyltransferase, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˌasᵻtʌɪlˈtransfəreɪz/ , /ˌasᵻtɪlˈtransfəreɪz/ , U.S. /əˌsidlˈtræn(t)sfəˌreɪz/ , /ˌæsədlˈtræn(t)sfəˌreɪz/ , /əˌsidlˈtræn(t)sfəˌreɪs/ , /ˌæsədlˈtræn(t)sfəˌreɪs/ ; see also  TRANSFERASE   n. Etymology:  < ACETYL   n.  + TRANSFERASE   n.

Biochem. 

  Any of a group of enzymes which bring about the transfer of acetyl groups fromone molecule to another. Freq. with a specifying word denoting the molecule undergoing acetylation, aschloramphenicol, choline acetyltransferase, etc.

1961   Jrnl. Biol. Chem. 236 347/2   The acetyl transferase of pigeon liver was purified and examined with respect toits specificity towards its substrates, the acetyl donor and the acetyl acceptor.

1974   M. C. GERALD Pharmacol. vii. 127   Cholineacetyltransferase..mediates the transfer of an acetyl group from acetyl coenzyme A to choline.

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1988   Mouse News Let. Nov. 90   The gene encoding the bacterial enzyme chloramphenicol acetyltransferase.

2001   Science 10 Aug. 1011   The interferon enhanceosome recruits two acetyltransferases..that not only acetylate the histone components of nucleosomes but also acetylate the enhanceosome itself.

2006   Times (Nexis) 7 Aug. (Features section) 15   The basis of group success probably lies in a class of enzymes that we share with bacteria, the class of acetyl-transferases, whose impact we feel from the stock exchanges to Parliament.

acharya, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /əˈtʃɑːrɪə/ , U.S. /ˌəˈtʃɑriə/Forms:  17– acharya, 18 acaryu, 18 acharyu, 18– acariya, 18– acarya, 18–achariya. Also with capital initial. Etymology:  < Sanskrit ācārya teacher, master (compare Pali ācariya).

 In South Asia: a spiritual teacher or leader. Also as a title, either preceding or following a proper name. Cf. SANKARACHARYA   n.

1792   W. JONES et al. Diss. & Misc. Pieces Asia I. Diss. X. 329   Vara'ha..usually distinguished by the title of Acharya,or teacher of the Véda.

1811   W. WARD Acct. Hindoos III. vi. 395   The person who taught the vādǔs used to be called Acharyǔ.

1842   Penny Cycl. XXII. 65/2   The great Saiva reformer, Sankara Acharya, who lived in the eighth or ninth century.

1888   Jrnl. Pali Text Soc. 91   Saddhammajotipāla, an ācariya, author of several commentaries.

1921   C. ELIOT Hinduism & Buddhism III. xxix. 237   The two sects recognize as their respective heads two Âcâryas who are married, whereas all Smâta Âcâryas are celibates.

1957   Economist 28 Sept. 1037/1   Acharya Vinoba Bhave..has now extended it [sc. bhoodan, the gift of land] to gramdan, the gift of villages.

2003   Jrnl. Amer. Oriental Soc. 123 902   The first chapter presents an overview of..the sermons and writings of modern ācāryas.

Achates, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /əˈkeɪtiːz/ , U.S. /əˈkeɪdiz/Etymology:  < the name of Achates (classical Latin Achātēs), faithful follower of Aeneas (Virgil Aeneid 6. 158, etc.).

 allusively. A person likened to Achates, esp. a loyal friend or companion. Cf. FIDUS ACHATES   n.

1582   R. STANYHURST in tr. Virgil First Foure BookesÆneis 108   In learning Socrates, in faythful freendship Achates.

1601   B. JONSON Poetaster V. III. 121   Player? where is the player? Beare backe: None, but the player, enter... Yes: this gent'man, and his Achates must.

1656   T. BLOUNT Acad. Eloquence (ed. 2) 192   Though I were not born a Cicero for Eloquence, I am and must be another Achates for affection.

1779   Admin. Dissected 91   There was no friendlycounsellor near, no trusty Achates.

1816   T. L. PEACOCK Headlong Hall ii. 12   Indefatigable in his requisition for the proximity of his vinous Achates.

1880   H. C. ADAMS College Days at Oxf. 114   Both he and his AchatesVenner were specimens of what may be called the bad style of sporting man in the Oxford of that day.

1924   Amer. Hist. Rev. 30 85   Young was more thana faithful Achates or even an industrious Boswell with a view to a possible third term for Grant.

2004   N.Y. Times (Nexis) 13 June VII. 31/1,   I was baffled by the lack of reference..to the sleuth of Baker Street and his trusty Achates.

achenium, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /əˈkiːnɪəm/ , U.S. /əˈkiniəm/Forms:  18 achaenium, 18– achenium.Etymology:  < scientific Latin achaenium (1808 as akenium ( L. C. RichardDémonstrations bot. (1808) 106), or earlier) < ancient Greek ἀ- A-   prefix 6  +χαίνειν to gape (see CHAMA   n. ) + scientific Latin -ium -Y   suffix 4 . Compare earlier ACHENE   n. The form achenium is sometimes erroneously explained as< Hellenistic Greek ἀχήν poor, wanting, ancient Greek ἀχηνία want.

Bot. 

= ACHENE   n.

1819   J. LINDLEY tr. L.-C. Richard Observ. Struct. Fruits & Seeds 82 (Gloss.),   Achenium, afruit which is dry or without any evident flesh, indehiscent, monospermous.

1841   Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. 7 283   The leaves are very long, narrow, and smooth. Achenium somewhat pubescent.

1861   R. BENTLEY Man. Bot. I. iv. 321   The Cypsela..differs in nothing essentialfrom the achænium, except in being inferior and of a compound nature.

1926   Amer. Midland Naturalist 10 6   The achenium is narrowly turbinate, of a black colour, most frequently pentangular, and hispid along the ridges.

2007   Scientia Horticulturae 111 258/2   Super Fig 1 showed better taste than Colar, and its achenium number and hardiness were also lower.

† achete, n.Forms:  ME acheitte, ME achete.Etymology:  Either < an unattested Anglo-Norman *achete, alteration (with prefix substitution: see a- A-   prefix 1 ) of eschete (see ESCHEAT   n. ; compare Anglo-Norman achaier to fall, lapse, to pass to, alteration of escheir , eschaier : seeESCHEAT   n. ), or an alteration (with prefix substitution: see A-   prefix 1 ) of ESCHEAT n. (although this is apparently first attested later). Compare CHEAT   n. 1  and later ACHETE   v.

Feudal Law. Obs. 

  The reversion of property to a lord onthe owner's dying without legal heirs; escheat; (also) the right to claim such escheated property. Cf. ACHETE   v.

a1325   Statutes of Realm in MS Rawl. B.520 f. 29v (MED),   The chef lordes lusez hoere achetes.

a1325   Statutes of Realm in MS Rawl. B.520 f. 61v (MED),   R. þat is chef lord of

þe feo..askez þat lond þoru writ of acheitte.

a1475   in A. Clark Eng. Reg. Godstow Nunnery (1906) II. 395 (MED),   With all rightes and clayme that [s]he hador myght have by descent or by a-chete or by ony maner right in all the forsaid londes and tenementis.

achrist, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˈeɪkrʌɪst/ , U.S. /ˈeɪˌkraɪst/Etymology:  Irregularly < A-   prefix 6  + CHRIST   n. , after ATHEIST   n.  In quot. 1932 after French achrist, achriste (1922 or earlier with reference to the 16th cent.).

rare. 

A person who does not believe in the divinity of Jesus Christ.

1584   J. RAINOLDS Six Concl. in J. Rainolds & J. Hart Summe of Conf.663   Our countrey is full not of men, but of monsters, of Atheistes, of Achrists, of them who beleeue not that a mans soule dooth liue more then a beasts when itis gone out of the body.

1680   J. AUBREY Brief Lives (1898) II. 189   He concluded he [sc. Sir Walter Raleigh] was an a-christ, not an atheist.

1932   A. LANE tr. L. de Grandmaison Jesus Christ II. IV. iii. 275   ‘Achrists’ [Fr. ‘Achrists’]... I prefer to call them‘antichrists’.

Achumawi, n. and adj.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˌatʃuːˈmɑːwi/ , U.S. /ˈˌɑtʃuˈmɑwi/Inflections:   Plural unchanged, Achumawis.Forms:  18 Achomawe, 18– Achomawi, 19– Achumawi, 19– Ajumawi.Etymology:  < Achumawi Ajummaawi people of theriver < ajumma river.

 A. n. 

  A member of any of the nine bands of aNorth American Indian people living along the Pit River in northern California; (also) the Palaihnihan language spoken by this people. Cf. PIT RIVER   n. Originally used by Powers variously to denote one of the nine bands of the Pit River Indians in particular (see quot. 1874) and to refer collectively to all these bands and the related Atsugewi Indians of Dixie Valley and Hat Creek; in later usage restricted to the Pit River bands or used specifically for the Fall River band, which has sometimes been distinguished by the spelling Ajumawi (see quot. 1978).

1874   S. POWER in Overland Monthly May 412/1   The Pit River Indians may be divided into three principle tribes—the Achomáwes,..the Hamefcuttelies;..and the Astakaywas or Astakywich.

1903   Amer. Anthropologist 5 6   The fourth language of this class is the Achomawi, of the Pit river region in the northeastern part of the state.

1930   Internat. Jrnl. Amer. Linguistics 6 78/1   At all common meetings the speeches are always in Achumawi and not translated.

1952   J. R. SWANTON Indian Tribes N. Amer. (U.S. Bureau Amer. Ethnol. Bull. No. 145) 479   The Achomawi were originally classed with the Atsugewi..under the name Palainihan.

1978   Handbk. N. Amer. Indians VIII. 230   The tribelets [of the

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Achumawi]..are..Madesiwi, Itsatawi, Ilmawi, Ajumawi (used here for the Fall River tribelet only, reserving Achumawi for the Pit River people as a whole), Atwamsini, Astariwawi, Hammawi, Qosalektawi, Hewisedawi.

2005   Independent (Nexis) 29 Oct.,   The Wintu,the Achumawi, the Shasta and other Indians consider Mount Shasta in California, or places thereon, to be sacred.

  B. adj. (attrib.).

 Of, relating to, or designating the Achumawi or their language. Cf. PIT RIVER   adj.

1874   S. POWERS in Overland Monthly May 414/2   An Achomáwe mother seldom teaches herdaughters any of the arts of barbarichousekeeping before their marriage.

1906   R. B. DIXON Congreso Intl. Americanistes 15th Sess. (1907) II. 260   The Achomawi form as employed with the verb, showsno resemblance..to the independent pronoun.

1928   F. B. KNIFFEN Achomawi Geogr. 320   Atsugewi and Achomawi names for physiographic features.

1953   Internat. Jrnl. Amer. Linguistics 20 183   Of the ten Achumawi informants, only four had heard or knew of old-timers who understood Atsugewi.

2002   H. W. LUTHIN Surviving through Days ix. 144  Forty-five narratives..from Atsugewi and Achumawi storytellers.

achy-breaky, adj.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˈeɪkibreɪki/ , U.S. /ˈeɪkiˌbreɪki/Forms:  19– achey-breaky, 19– achy-breaky.Etymology:  < ACHY   adj.  + BREAK   n. 1  + -Y   suffix 1 .

colloq. 

Aching, hurt; (also) sad, heart-rending.

1992   D. VON TRESS in B. R. Cyrus Some gave All (record) (title of song)    Achy breakyheart.

1994   Esquire Feb. 84/1   His voice is magic, husky, achy-breaky, coming from his throat with all his Frank Capra melodrama.

1997   Face Apr. 122/1   They console their achey-breaky heads with the knowledgethat they've had the easier side of the deal.

2003   Sunday Herald ( Glasgow )   26 Jan. (Review section) 5/2   He made his name as a singer with achy-breaky love-songs like The Milkman Of Human Kindness.

acicule, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˈasᵻkjuːl/ , U.S. /ˈæsəˌkjul/Etymology:  < post-classical Latin acicula ACICULA   n. ; compare -CULE   suffix . Compare French acicule (1842 in zoological use).Compare earlier ACICULA   n.

Chiefly Zool. rare. 

= ACICULA   n.

1800   J. PARKINSON Chem. Pocket-bk. 110   Bismuth..readily combines with Sulphur by fusion, and forms a blueish grey artificial Ore,..which crystallizes in beautiful tetrahedralacicules.

1920   19th Cent. July 180   The epidermis was covered with hairs and fine acicules.

1990   Trans. Amer. Microsc. Soc. 109 39 (caption)    Transverse section through the normalzone (A) in Nereis virens... Coelom... Dorsal acicule... [Etc.]

acid house, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˈasɪd ˌhaʊs/ , U.S. /ˈæsəd ˌhaʊs/Forms:  also with capital initials.Etymology:  < ACID   n.  (see below) + HOUSE   n. 3  Compare earlier acid rock   n.   at ACID   adj.   and   n.   Compounds 2b , and also ACID JAZZ   n.

Usually associated with the drug LSD (compare ACID   n.   3 ), but compare also the following:

1988   Q Oct. 65/2   Again originating in Chicago, there's still some dispute as to how acid house got its name: one school of thought claims it derives from the record called Acid Trax by Phuture; another from the Chicago slang phrase ‘acid burning’, meaningstealing—or, in this case, sampling other records.

 A type of house music popular in the late 1980s and early 1990s, characterized by a fast beat, a spare, hypnotic, synthesized sound, and a distinctive gurgling bass noise. Also: the lifestyle or culture surrounding this music, typically associated with warehouse parties and raves, a revival of psychedelia, and the taking of hallucinogenic drugs.

1988   New Musical Express 6 Feb. 10/1   Acid house..is the new sound of Chicago.

1989   Guardian (Nexis) 15 June,   Two weeks inIbiza. We'll be playing commercial pop and Ballearic [sic] beat. No Acid House. Definitely no Acid House.

1991   Details June 89/2   He was a co-owner of Manchester's fabled Hacienda club, the spiritual home of acid House.

1997   Big Issue 2 June 27/2   Remember acid house didn't start and stop with Shoom.

2003   Daily Tel. (Nexis) 23 Oct. 23   The 1980s misappropriation of the Roland 303, asynthesiser..also made fantastic squelchy noises which sounded great over a dance beat. Hey, presto—acid house was born.

 COMPOUNDS

  C1. General attrib.

1988   Evening Standard 24 June 28   The new psychedelia that is behind a lot of the surf and acid house scene is closely related to the use of the drugs Ecstasy and LSD.

1988   Daily Tel. 4 Nov. 8/7   Acid House music ispowerful and insistent, with a prominent bass line of up to 130 beats a minute..interspersed with..layers of synthesised sound andrepetitive lyrics.

1997   Independent 7 Feb. II. 3/1   A tribute tothe acid house decade.

2006   DJ 8 Nov. 37/1   One of the few musical geniuses to have emerged from the momentous acid house revolution of the late 1980s.

  C2.

 

  acid house party   n. an illegal organized gathering, freq. in a warehouse, field, etc., at which Acid House music is played, and hallucinogenic drugs are often reputedlyavailable; cf. warehouse party   n.   at   WAREHOUSE   n. Additions .

1988   Guardian 28 Sept. 46/3   The increase inAcid House parties has prompted Brighton's Drug Advice and Information Service to issue a Survival Guide about hallucinogenic drugs and how to cope if things go wrong.

1991   P. JOHNSON Birth of Modern (1996) ix. 708   The venue was announced only at the last minute and the crowds were forced to race across the country, rather like acid house parties in the1990s.

2005   South China Morning Post (Nexis) 31 Mar. 8  Lawrence started clubbing at 16 in San Francisco and went to his first acid house party in 1990.

acidified, adj.Pronunciation:  Brit. /əˈsɪdᵻfʌɪd/ , U.S. /əˈsɪdəˌfaɪd/ ,/æˈsɪdəˌfaɪd/Etymology:  < ACIDIFY   v.  + -ED   suffix 1 , after French acidifié (1787 in the passage translated in quot. 1788). Compare earlier ACIDIFYING   adj.

 Originally: (Chem.) converted into an acid by combination. In later use more widely: made (more) acidic. Cf. ACIDIFY   v.   1 .

1788   J. ST. JOHN tr. Lavoisier in tr. L. B. Guyton de Morveau et al.Method Chym. Nomencl. 14   The acidifying and the acidified principle [Fr. principe acidifié].

1845   E. A. PARNELL Chem. Anal. (ed. 2) III. ix. 273   A perfectly clean plate of metallic copper is then introduced into the acidified mixture.

1889   B. W. HOWARD Open Door xiv. 252   Mariele..and Rickele quickly dispersed to regale themselves at a booth, where an old woman sold..acidified raspberry-shrub.

1922   New Phytologist 21 71   The liquid from the vine was tested for nitrite with acidified solution of potassium iodiide and starch.

1955   B. C. L. KEMP Elem. Org. Chem. (ed. 2) xiii. 189   The oxidation may be effected by acidified potassium permanganate.

2003   Adirondack Life Nov.–Dec. 54   Acidified water from forest runoff continued toeat away at the soft..calcite.

acidimetric, adj.Pronunciation:  Brit. /əˌsɪdɪˈmɛtrɪk/ , /ˌasɪdɪˈmɛtrɪk/ , U.S. /əˌsɪdəˈmɛtrɪk/ , /ˌæsɪdəˈmɛtrɪk/Etymology:  < ACID   n.  + -I-   connective  + - METRIC   comb. form , after ACIDIMETER   n. ,ACIDIMETRY   n.

Chem. 

Of or relating to acidimetry; as obtained by acidimetry.

1824   T. GILL Techn. Repository V. xliii. 149   Now 65 kilograms of pyroligneous acid, at 40 acidimetric degrees..require, to form the neutralacetate, 59 kilograms of litharge.

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1844   Mechanics' Mag. 40 335/2   Instead of using beads for preparing the alkalimetric and acidimetric test liquors..hydrometers may..be employed.

1938   Thorpe's Dict. Appl. Chem. (ed. 4) II. 644/1 (heading)    Typical acidimetric and alkalimetric estimations.

2003   Environmental Health Perspectives 111 1902/2   Air quality..was analyzed by an acidimetric method.

 DERIVATIVES

 aˌcidiˈmetrically adv. by means of acidimetry.

1869   Chem. News 16 Apr. 190/1   He next estimates, acidimetrically, the sulphuric acid which has not become combined with ammonia.

1927   Lancet 18 June 1301/1   The sulphate ions when formed may be either precipitated and weighed as barium sulphate or titrated acidimetrically.

2003   New Phytologist 159 219/2   Ash alkalinitywas determined acidimetrically.

acidization, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˌasᵻdʌɪˈzeɪʃn/ , U.S. /ˌæsədəˈzeɪʃ(ə)n/ , /ˌæsədaɪˈzeɪʃ(ə)n/Forms:  19– acidisation, 19– acidization.Etymology:  < ACIDIZE   v.  + -ATION   suffix .

Chiefly Oil Industry and Geol. 

  The process or action of acidizing something, esp. a well or a rock formation; an instance of this. In quot. 1893   perh. used with reference to a theory current in the early 1890s which associated eczema withan ‘acid temperament’ and acidic conditions in the tissues.

1893   A. RAVOGLIA in Hand Bk. First Pan-Amer. Med. Congr. 217   The cocci produce taxalbumen which has a local irritantaction upon the epidermis causing at times an acidization of eczema.

1934   Oil & Gas Jrnl. 22 Nov. 63/1   Olson Oil Co.and Shell Petroleum Corp.'s No. 3..was treated with acid and made 2,867 bbls. in 24 hours, but after a second acidization it produced 4,265 bbls. on the first day's test.

1953   Jrnl. Paleontol. 27 685/2   A large portion of the fauna remains undiscovered andfurther acidization of the rock containing the etchable fossils will increase the known fauna.

1959   Petroleum Handbk. (Shell Internat. Petroleum Co.) (ed. 4) 136   The process of acidization has long been established and is used chiefly for limestone reservoirs.

1990   D. HARKER in P. Howsam Water Wells xvi. 160   These techniques can be used..to study the effects of development by acidisations.

2005   M. STREETLY et al. in D. Senior & N. Dege Technol. Bottled Water(ed. 2) iv. 122   Boreholes can be redeveloped..by acidisation to removeencrustation.

acidized, adj.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˈasᵻdʌɪzd/ , U.S. /ˈæsəˌdaɪzd/Forms:  see ACIDIZE   v.    and -ED   suffix 1 .Etymology:  < ACID   adj.  + -IZED   suffix . Compare earlier ACIDIFIED   adj.  and laterACIDIZE   v.

 

Treated with acid, acidified; (of a well) injected with acid to improve output (see ACIDIZE   v. ).

1847   Amer. Jrnl. Agric. 4 346/2   This must be continued until all the green particles have become sufficiently acidized to precipitate.

1855   C. M'INTOSH Bk. Gardenv II. 313/2   Seeds vegetated sooner when placed at the negative pole of a galvanic battery than at the positive or acidised pole.

1951   Jrnl. Palaeontol. 25 575   [He] had describedthe ostracodes two years earlier fromsome acidized material sent to him bythe U.S. Geological Survey.

1969   Canad. Antiques Collector July 15/1   Wheeling Peachblow [glass] is finished with both a glossy and an acidized finish and decorated occasionally with gold.

2002   Oil & Gas Jrnl. (Nexis) 18 Feb. 69   The company modeled the acid treatment in[an oil well]..with use of a fracturemodel and predicted the acidized fracture dimensions.

acidogenic, adj.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˌasᵻdə(ʊ)ˈdʒɛnɪk/ , U.S. /ˌæsədoʊˈdʒɛnɪk/ , /ˌæsədəˈdʒɛnɪk/Etymology:  < ACID   n.  + -O-   connective  + - GENIC   comb. form . Compare earlierALKALIGENOUS   adj.

Chem. and Biol. 

Producing acid; forming an acid by chemical reaction or metabolic action.

1878   Johnson's New Univ. Cycl. III. 1232/2   No other acidogenic oxide has this character so far as is known.

1926   Jrnl. Hygiene 25 134   It is believed that as these organisms are acidogenic andslightly proteolytic they may serve to control the activity of the proteolytic bacteria..in the intestinal tract.

1967   Ecol. Monogr. 37 219/1   Digestion in trout takes place in a peptogenic andacidogenic stomach.

1995   J. H. SCHWARTZ Skeleton Keys viii. 254/1   Acidogenic..bacteria first demineralize the dentine, leaving a matrix that will subsequently be attacked by proteolytic..bacteria.

acidolysis, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˌasᵻˈdɒlᵻsɪs/ , U.S. /ˌæsəˈdɑləsəs/Etymology:  < ACID   n.  + -O-   connective  + - LYSIS   comb. form .

Chem. 

A reaction in which a chemical bond is broken by an acid and the hydrogen and anion of the acid become independently attached to the two separated parts; thedecomposition of a compound in this way.

1930   Brit. Patent 305,674 1/2   The reaction is carried out without any previous treatment..with the result that acidolysis occurs only to a slight degree.

1969   Copeia No. 4. 829/2   The process involves acidolysis of a metallic..chelate interface which links the dye to bone.

1991   G. M. BURCK & C. C. FLOWERREE Internat. Handbk. Chem. Weapons Proliferation ii. 127   Large amounts of tabun would benecessary to produce lethal concentrations of cyanide, given..thelikely rate of acidolysis.

acidophilia, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˌasᵻdə(ʊ)ˈfɪlɪə/ , U.S. /ˌasᵻdəˈfɪljə/ , /ˌasᵻdəˈfɪliə/Etymology:  < ACID   adj.  + -O-   connective  + - PHILIA   comb. form , after BASOPHILIA   n. Compare earlier ACIDOPHIL   adj. , ACIDOPHILOUS   adj.

Biol. and Med. 

The property of cells, tissues, etc., ofstaining readily with an acid dye.

1913   Jrnl. Exper. Med. 17 50   The cell..loses its acidophilia, but gains in exoplasm and basophilic granules at the expense of the nucleus.

1948   G. PINCUS Hormones I. 146   Histological signs of secretory activity (cytoplasmic inclusions, acidophilia,vacuoles, lobated nuclei) are more pronounced in some insect species than in others.

1998   Biotechnic & Histochem. 73 244   Acidophiliacould not be induced in normal neuronal nuclei by chemical extraction of nucleic acids.

acid tongue, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˌasɪd ˈtʌŋ/ , U.S. /ˌæsəd ˈtəŋ/Etymology:  < ACID   adj.  + TONGUE   n.

 A sharp or severe manner of speaking, esp.one characterized by cutting or acerbic remarks. Cf. ACID   adj.   1b .

1854   J. W. KAYE Jerningham: Story I. 170   Returned from a late dinner,..[he] would fain slip to the side of his better half without waking her watchful heart but acid tongue.

1909   Living Age 9 Jan. 88/1   He was a clever man with an acid tongue, a faithful worshipper at the fetish shrine of ‘scholarship’.

1962   C. M. TURNBULL Forest People viii. 148   Masisi was in one of his worst tempers and lashed out with an acid tongue at anyone foolish enough to try and talk to him.

2007   Bristol Evening Post (Nexis) 2 Aug. 72   Her sharp wit and acid tongue would kill any daring heckler's attempts stone dead.

acidulant, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /əˈsɪdjᵿlənt/ , /əˈsɪdʒᵿln̩t/ , U.S. /əˈsɪdʒələnt/Etymology:  < classical Latin acidulus (see ACIDULOUS   adj. ) + -ANT   suffix 1 . Compare earlier ACIDULENT   adj.

 An acidulent substance; spec. = ACIDULENT   n.

1826   J. RENNIE New Suppl. Pharmacopœias 99   Decoction of Tamarinds, prepared with℥ij to ℥iij of tamarinds to Oj of water, as an acidulant and cooling laxative in fever.

1916   Q. Bull. State Board of Health of New Hampsh. Jan.89   There is more room for question as to the objectionableness of the comparatively readily volatilized bicarbonate. The latter not only acts

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without any acidulant but leaves no residue on heating.

1956   Diner Drive-In June 90/1 (advt.)    Smith-Junior Co. Rochester, N.Y. originators of syrup base flavors andacidulant for syrups, ice cream, sherbets.

2008   Sydney Morning Herald (Nexis) 12 Feb. (GoodLiving section) 14   During the Middle Ages this gentle acidulant [sc. verjuice] was often mixed with spices, herbs or lemon juice in sauces.

acidulate, adj.Pronunciation:  Brit. /əˈsɪdjᵿleɪt/ , /əˈsɪdʒᵿleɪt/ , U.S. /əˈsɪdʒəˌleɪt/Etymology:  < classical Latin acidulatus (1659 ina British source) < classical Latin acidulus slightly sour (see ACIDULOUS   adj. ) + -ātus -ATE   suffix 2 . Compare ACIDULATED   adj.

rare. 

= ACIDULATED   adj.

1669   W. SIMPSON Hydrol. Chymica 69   The cremor comes somewhat acidulate to the second digestion.

1730   Dr. Allen's Synopsis Medicinae I. 316   Acidulate and sulphurous Mineral Waters are often to be drunk.

1862   Rep. Commissioner of Patents for 1861 in ExecutiveDocuments U.S. Senate (37th Congress, 2ndSess.) V. No. 39. 201   Flesh [of a strawberry] fine, juicy, acidulate, good flavor.

1935   D. L. SAYERS Gaudy Night ii. 28   Miss Hillyard..said, with wry mouth and acidulate tongue, ‘Well, Miss Vane, you have had some very varied experiences.’

acidy, adj.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˈasɪdi/ , U.S. /ˈæsədi/Etymology:  < ACID   n.  + -Y   suffix 1 . Compare earlier ACID   adj.

 1. Containing or consisting of acid, acidic; (of a taste) sharp, vinegary.

1854   Pop. Educator 5 112/1   If we pour a little aqueous solution of nitrate ofsilver..into a jar containing chlorine gas,..we obtain the acidy white precipitate.

1877   Elyria ( Ohio ) Constit.  (Electronic text) 16 Aug.,   A small quantity of acidy water.

1970   G. F. NEWMAN Sir, You Bastard 261   James had been too desperate to appreciate the acidy taste of revenge.

2007   Sacramento ( Calif. ) Bee  (Nexis) 20 June (Taste section) F2   California whiteflesh peaches and nectarines..are super sweet without that slight tart acidy aftertaste.

  

 2. Esp. of music: suggestive of the effects of LSD; psychedelic; (also) influenced by acid rock or (later) acid house.

1978   Trouser Press July 28/1   Deep Purple roared into the American top five in the fall of 1968 with an acidy remakeof Joe South's ‘Hush’.

1991   Boston Globe (Nexis) 5 July 43   Along with this trend, the shift from the acidy neon colors of the past to darker body colors with intensified

jewel tones as accents has taken place.

1993   Urb 7 July 34/2   ‘House music..is becoming more acidy,’ she says.

2002   Knowledge Aug. 67/1,   60 Channels brings the first mix, cutting up Navigator's vocals and adding a juicy, acidy b-line and phat tech stepping drums.

acinetan, adj. and n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /asᵻˈniːtn/ , U.S. /ˌæsəˈnitn/Etymology:  < scientific Latin Acineta, genus name (C. G. Ehrenberg 1833 or 1834) < ancient Greek ἀκίνητος motionless (see AKINETIC   adj. ; probably alluding to the fact that the tentacles are not in constant motion like the cilia or flagella of other protozoans) + - AN   suffix . Compare earlier ACINETIFORM adj.

Zool.

†A. adj. 

Belonging to the group of protozoans typified by the genus Acineta (see sense B.). Cf. ACINETIFORM   adj.  Obs. rare.

1876   Harper's Mag. Feb. 471/2   Microscopists will be interested in an account by Hertwig of a new acinetan infusorian (Podophrya gemmipara).

  B. n.

 A protozoan of the suctorian genus Acineta or (more widely) the family Acinetidae, living attached to a substrate or to the body of an aquatic animal (on which it may be parasitic) and typically having a roughly sphericalbody in a cup-shaped lorica with severaltentacles for the ingestion of food. Nowrare.

[1878   A. MACALISTER Zool. Invertebr. Animals 28   Other minute forms, called Acinetae, are small stalked masses whose surface is studded with radiating, retractile tubular suckers.]

1880–2   W. S. KENT Man. Infusoria II. 804   When an Infusorium is securely caught by an Acinetan and held at the extremityof one of its tentacles, a rupture isproduced in the cuticle of the victimat the point of contact.

1897   Science 1 Oct. 515/1   Under the wharf and on the piles were great forests of campanularian hydroids..; while onthem, as parasites, gigantic acinetans were abundant.

1927   J. B. S. HALDANE & J. S. HUXLEY Animal Biol. xii. 261   The CiliateStylonychia Mytilus infested with parasitic Acinetans.

1941   Trans. Amer. Microsc. Soc. 60 26   Such crowded conditions favor infestation with the remarkable Acinetan, Pottsia infusiorium.

Acinetobacter, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /asᵻˈniːtə(ʊ)ˌbaktə/ , U.S. /æsəˈnɛdəˌbæktər/Etymology:  < scientific Latin Acinetobacter, genus name (J. Brisou and A. R. Prévot 1954, in Ann. de l'Inst. Pasteur 123 341–7) < ancient Greek ἀκίνετοςmotionless (see AKINETIC   adj. ) + bacter- (in bacterium BACTERIUM   n. ).

Microbiol. 

A genus of aerobic, Gram-negative, non-motile bacteria of the family Neisseraceae, which are commonly presentin soil, water, and sewage, and occasionally cause disease in humans, esp. in hospitals; (also acinetobacter) a bacterium of this genus.

1960   Biochimica Biophysica Acta 45 251   A common new genus denoted Acinetobacter.

1967   Jrnl. Gen. Microbiol. 49 211   A taxonomic study ofAcinetobacter and related genera.

1989   Food Microbiol. 6 202/1   This proportion agrees with results reported in a previous study on the acinetobacters in fish products.

1997   Daily Tel. 25 Mar. 22/3   He developed a nasty pneumonia caused by a very obscure bacterium—acinetobacter—that was resistant to virtually all antibiotics.

2004   N.Y. Times 31 July B1/3   Acinetobacter infections most commonly occur among older hospital patients.

acne vulgaris, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˌakni vʌlˈɡɑːrɪs/ , /ˌakni vʌlˈɡɛːrɪs/ , U.S. /ˌækni vəlˈɡɛrəs/Etymology:  < scientific Latin acne vulgaris (1848 or earlier) < post-classical Latin acne ACNE   n.  + classical Latin vulgāris VULGAR   adj.  Compare earlier ACNE ROSACEA   n.

Med. 

The most common form of acne, occurring to some degree in most adolescents, which affects the skin of the face, chest, and back, and is usually uncomplicated by the formation of large abscesses and cysts.

1848   Lancet 18 Nov. 553/2   The diseases of the skin in which I have hitherto used the collodion with advantage are, chronic erythema of the face; intertrigo..; acne vulgaris; and several affections of the sebiparous organs.

1891   F. TAYLOR Man. Pract. Med. (ed. 2) 880   Theordinary form is called Acne vulgaris.

1913   Times 13 Aug. 4/4   The cutaneous diseases which were most amenable to treatment by vaccines were boils,..eczema; and acne vulgaris.

1982   C. BUKOWSKI Ham on Rye xxx. 131,   I just finished examining a young girl with acne vulgaris. Her back was covered.

2000   Independent 28 Sept. II. 8/8   You are too old for ordinary acne (acne vulgaris), but you are just the rightage to get another kind of acne knownas acne rosacea.

acoel, n. and adj.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˈeɪsiːl/ , U.S. /ˈeɪˌsil/Etymology:  < scientific Latin Acoela (W. N. Uljanin 1870) < ancient Greekἄκοιλος not hollow < ἀ- A-   prefix 6  + κοῖλος hollow (see CŒLO-   comb. form 1 ); compare ancient Greek ἀκοίλιος without ducts, without stomach. Compare earlier ACOELOUS   adj.

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Zool.

A. n. 

A member of the group Acoela of simple flatworms that have no distinct gut (seeACOELOUS   adj. ).

1937   Biol. Bull. 72 320,   I had ample opportunity to witness the breeding habits of an acoel present in the aquaria there.

1968   B. T. SCHEER & E. R. JONES in M. Florkin & B. T. Scheer Chem. Zool.II. III. i. 297   Under certain conditions the plasmodium of acoels may become cellular while under other conditionsit may revert to the syncytial or plasmodial condition.

2003   Science 13 June 1693/2   [He]..analyzed the DNA of a marine worm called the acoel, which morphologists had lumpedwith the parasitic flatworms.

B. adj. 

Of or relating to the group Acoela.

1939   L. H. HYMAN in Bull. Bingham Oceanogr. Coll. 1 1 (title)    Acoel and polyclad Turbellaria from Bermuda and the Sargassum.

1968   B. T. SCHEER & E. R. JONES in M. Florkin & B. T. Scheer Chem. Zool.II. III. i. 288   The acoel turbellarians are themost primitive members of the phylum.

1997   Nature 6 Nov. 31/1   The marine, worm-like X. bocki was first described as anacoel flatworm.

acoelous | acelous, adj.Pronunciation:  Brit. /eɪˈsiːləs/ , U.S. /eɪˈsiləs/Forms:  18– acoelous, 19– acelous (U.S.).Etymology:  < scientific Latin Acoela (see ACOEL   n. ) + -OUS   suffix .

Zool. 

Lacking an intestinal cavity; spec. of orrelating to the group Acoela of simple flatworms having no distinct gut. In some glossaries confused with ACOELOMATE   adj.    Acoelous flatworms were traditionally classified in thephylum Platyhelminthes, but recent studies have suggested that they may be a primitive group not closely related to other flatworms.

1880   F. P. PASCOE Zool. Classif. 262   Acœlous, without an intestinal cavity.

1885   Encycl. Brit. XIX. 172/2 (caption)    Plan ofan Acœlous Turbellarian.

1907   Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 59 549   The acœlous rhabdocoeles, in which the alimentary canal is altogether absent.

1969   Marine Biol. 4 267 (title)    Reproductive biology life cycles and comparative early ontogeny of acelous turbellarians.

2002   S. J. GOULD Struct. Evolutionary Theory iii. 183   Lamarck later discovered worms (the acoelous platyhelminths in modern terminology) without nerve cords.

aconitase, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /əˈkɒnᵻteɪz/ , U.S. /əˈkɑnəteɪz/ ,/əˈkɑnəteɪs/Etymology:  < aconit- (in ACONITIC   adj. ) + - ASE   suffix , after German Aconitase (F. L. Breusch

1937, in Hoppe-Seyler's Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem. 250 266).

Biochem. 

An iron-containing enzyme involved in the Krebs cycle, bringing about the conversion of citrate into isocitrate via an aconitate intermediate.

1939   Biochem. Jrnl. 33 1046   The enzyme system bringing about the reversible hydration of cisaconitic acid has beenshown to be different from fumarase and termed ‘aconitase’.

1965   C. S. G. PHILLIPS & R. J. P. WILLIAMS Inorg.Chem. I. x. 381   Many hydrolysing and hydrating enzymes..are metallo-enzymes, e.g. carbonic anhydrase (Zn), phosphate-transfer enzymes (Mg,Mn), aconitase (Fe), and carboxypeptidase (Zn).

2005   Jrnl. Cell Biol. 168 675/1   Aconitase, one element in the Krebs cycle, is turnedon when glucose is absent.

aconitum, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˌakəˈnʌɪtəm/ , U.S. /ˌækəˈnaɪdəm/Etymology:  < classical Latin aconītum plant ofthe genus Aconitum, this plant used as a poison< ancient Greek ἀκόνιτον the plant Aconitum anthora, in Hellenistic Greek also Aconitum napellus, of uncertain origin. Compare later ACONITE   n.

 1. A preparation or extract of the root of an aconite (genus Aconitum), esp. A. napellus, used as a drug (now mainly in alternative forms of medicine) or as a poison.

?a1450   tr. Macer Herbal (Stockh.) (1949) 151   Þis decoccion..doþ him good þathauyþ dronkyn þe venym þat is clepid aconitum, and in þe same wise..it is god aȝein many oþer venemus.

1555   R. EDEN in tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde sig. A. iii,   The iuyce of this roote is a poyson as strong as Aconitum, so thatif it be dronke it causeth present death.

1587   B. GOOGE tr. A. Bertholdus Wonderfull & Strange Effect New Terra Sigillata 26   The other foure dogges..were very sicke and feeble, especially one of them towhom the double quantitie ofAconitum by negligence was giuen.

1711   J. MARTEN Treat. Venereal Dis. (ed. 7) I. 90  Medicines of so great force, are as likely and effectually to kill, as Aconitum or Arsenick, by either Ignorance in the preparing, or an Error in the Dose.

1761   W. HILLARY Inq. Means improving Med. Knowl. 94   Dioscorides..at last was poisoned by taking a Dose of the Aconitum.

1841   H. DUNSFORD Pract. Advantages Homœopathy II. 126   A dose of Aconitum was administered, and soon afterwards Belladonna, in solution.

1869   C. J. HEMPEL tr. B. Bæhr Sci. Therapeutics II. viii. 110   Aconitum isuseful in catarrhs caused by exposureto a sharp and keen dry wind.

1996   S. LAVERY et al. Hamlyn Encycl. ComplementaryHealth 268/1   Aconitum when the eyes are gritty and swollen.

2001   C. BENARD Turning on Girls 275   Someone hasplundered his aftershave, spilled his

bayberry, stolen his aconitum, and rummaged through his wardrobe.

 2. Any of various perennial plants of the Eurasian genus Aconitum (family Ranunculaceae), which comprises the aconites (ACONITE   n.   1a ). Also (in formAconitum): the genus itself. Valid publication of the genus name: Linnaeus Species Plantarum (1753) I. 532.

[1538   T. ELYOT Bibliotheca,   Aconitum, an herbe,wherein is mooste feruent poyson.]

1551   W. TURNER New Herball sig. B.iv,   The other kynde of Aconitum is deuided ofDioscorides into iii. sortes, of which I know ii. kyndes.

1562   W. BULLEIN Bk. Simples f. xlvjv, in Bulwarke of Defence,   This herbe, the leafe or roote, beyng sodden and drunke, did preuaile and ouercome, the poisone ofany venemous herbe, which any haue eaten ignorauntly. As Aconitum calledLeopardes bane.

1601   P. HOLLAND tr. Pliny Hist. World II. XXVII. iii. 271   It groweth naturally upon bare and naked rockes,which the Greekes call Aconas: which is the reason (as some have said) whyit was named Aconitum.

1613   T. HEYWOOD Brazen Age II. ii. 215   With Aconitum that in Tartar springs.

1702   R. MEAD Mech. Acct. Poisons iii. 119   Most Notorious of These [plants] for Venonmous Juices among the Ancients wereCicuta and Aconitum.

1789   E. DARWIN Bot. Garden II. 21   In Aconitum, monkshood, the nectaries stand upright like two horns covered with a hood, which abounds with such acrid matter that no insects penetrate it.

1877   Harper's Mag. Mar. 535/2   It is the Aconitum of medicine, the Monk's-hoodor Wolf's-bane of our ancestors. Callthe gardener, please, and have every bit of it pulled up by the roots.

1930   L. H. BAILEY & E. Z. BAILEY Hortus 23/1   Aconitums require a rich soil; partial shade is better than full sunas the flowers last longer.

1999   D. J. HINKLEY Explorer's Garden ii. 55   Thefoliage was very handsomely and finely dissected, more so than on anyother species of Aconitum that I havecome across.

2004   Sunday Times (Nexis) 21 Mar. (Features section) 32   Our native monkshood oraconitum, with its spires of rich purple-blue, is a stately perennial for late summer.

actinopod, n. and adj.Pronunciation:  Brit. /akˈtʌɪnəpɒd/ , U.S. /ækˈtaɪnəˌpɑd/Etymology:  < ACTINO-   comb. form  + -POD   comb. form ,after scientific LatinActinopoda ACTINOPODA   n.

Zool.

A. n. 

1. A holothurian of the former order Actinopoda. rare. Now disused.

1896   H. M. BERNARD & M. BERNARD tr. A. Lang Text-bk. Compar. Anat. II. viii. 428 (caption)    Section through the oral region of an Actinopod.

 2. A protozoan of the group Actinopoda.

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1956   D. J. JONES Introd. Microfossils iii. 22   Subclass Radiolaria. Actinopods with siliceous or sulfatic exoskeleton, very common as microfossils.

1998   L. MARGULIS & K. V. SCHWARTZ Five Kingdoms (ed. 3) ii. 186/1   Actinopods, heterotrophic protoctists, are distinguished by their long slender, cytoplasmic axopods, also called axopodia.

  B. adj.

  1. Of or relating to holothurians of the former order Actinopoda. rare. Now disused.

1900   F. A. BATHER et al. in E. R. Lankester Treat. Zool. III. xiii. 235   It has been shown above that the Actinopod Holothurians fall into two groups. 2. Of or relating to protozoans of the group Actinopoda.

1967   G. E. HUTCHINSON Treat. Limnol. II. xviii. 27   The other actinopod classes, namely the Acantharia, probably descended..directly from Chrysophyceae and the Radiolaria, areexclusively marine.

1998   L. MARGULIS & K. V. SCHWARTZ Five Kingdoms (ed. 3) ii. 186/1   In the absence of comprehensive information,we retain the traditional actinopod grouping, with its four classes.

Actinopoda, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˌaktinəˈpəʊdə/ , /aktɪˈnɒpədə/, U.S. /ˌæktənəˈpoʊdə/ , /ˌæktəˈnɑpədə/Etymology:  < scientific Latin Actinopoda (see note) < ancient Greekἀκτινο- ACTINO-   comb. form  + scientific Latin -poda (see -POD   comb. form ).In sense 1 coined by H. Ludwig (1891, in Zeitschr. f. Wissensch. Zool. 51 605). In sense 2 coined by G. N. Calkins (see quot. 1909).Zool.

 1. In Ludwig's classification: an order of holothuroid echinoderms having radialcanals. rare. Now disused.

1896   H. M. BERNARD & M. BERNARD tr. A. Lang Text-bk. Compar. Anat. II. viii. 448   In the Actinopoda, they [sc. pseudohæmal canals] run the wholelength of the body.

1906   E. W. MACBRIDE in Cambr. Nat. Hist. I. xix. 570   Ludwig divides the group into two orders, Paractinopoda and Actinopoda, but the first includes only those forms which have lost the radial canals.

 2. With pl. (or occas. sing.) concord: a phylum of amoeboid protozoans comprisingthe ‘radiolarians’ and heliozoans, characterized by a spherical body with radiating axopodia. Also with pl. concord: protozoans of this phylum (collectively or individually). Formerly regarded as a class, superclass, or subphylum,this group is probably polyphyletic and is still under review.

1909   G. N. CALKINS Protozoöl. i. 34   The Sarcodina..are here subdivided into two classes, the Rhizopoda and the Actinopoda, according as the pseudopodia are amorphous or ray-like.

1954   Q. Rev. Biol. 29 72/1   Whereas the group Actinopoda has long been recognized by protozoologists, raising it to a high rank distinct from other rhizopods and splitting the Radiolaria are perhaps novel.

1987   M. S. LAVERACK & J. DANDO Lect. Notes Invertebr.Zool. (ed. 3) ii. 13/1   Actinopoda...Usually planktonic; often spherical; axopodia with microtubular stereoplasm.

1998   L. MARGULIS & K. V. SCHWARTZ Five Kingdoms (ed. 3) ii. 186/1   ‘Radiolarians’ and other superficially similar plankton..are grouped as classes in the phylum Actinopoda for convenience and pedagogy.

 DERIVATIVES actinoˈpodan adj. and n.

1896   H. M. BERNARD & M. BERNARD tr. A. Lang Text-bk. Compar. Anat. II. viii. 410   The body epithelium stretching across the radial region of the body wall of an actinopodan Holothurian.

1984   B. NISBET Nutrition & Feeding Strategies Protozoa iii. 59   It contains a preponderance of ciliates.., with 35 phytomastigophorean flagellates, 30 zoomastigophorans, 29 rhizopodans and7 actinopodans.

2002   P. HERRING Biol. Deep Ocean App. 275   Radiolarians form a loose group of primarily planktonic actinopodans.

aeronef, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˈɛːrə(ʊ)nɛf/ , U.S. /ˈɛroʊˌnɛf/ , /ˈɛrəˌnɛf/Etymology:  < French aéronef kind of airship (1844), heavier-than-air aircraft (1861 in theFrench patent corresponding to quot. 1861) < aéro- AERO- comb. form + nef ship (see NEF   n. 1 ).The French word originally denoted a kind of lighter-than-air aircraft. It was then used in the work of M. de Ponton d'Amécourt and G. de La Landelle, who appliedit to heavier-than-air aircraft and who are sometimes credited with the coinage. However, the word continued to be used to denote lighter-than-air aircraft as well.It was officially redefined as any kind of powered aircraft in 1909 (see quot. 19101) and as such contrasted withaérostat AEROSTAT   n.  For a more detailed discussion see S. Stubelius Airship, Aeroplane, Aircraft (1958)210–17.

Aeronaut. Now hist. and rare. 

A flying machine, an aircraft; spec.  (a) alighter-than-air flying machine, a balloon,esp. a dirigible balloon, an airship;  (b) a heavier-than-air flying machine, esp. an aeroplane (see also quot. 19101).In earlier use often as a rendering ofor with reference to French use of the word. The varying denotation of the word in English partly reflects similar variation in French (see note in etymology).

1861   G. L. M. DE P. D'AMÉCOURT Brit. Patent 1929 (1862) 1   The required ascensional motion is given to my aerostatical apparatus (which I intend denominating aeronef or helicoptere), by means of two or moresuperposed horizontal helixes..revolving.

1864   Chambers's Jrnl. 16 Jan. 38   MM. d'Amécourt and De la Landelle have made a model of the Aeronef, which was exhibited before the Association Polytechnique.

1887   tr. J. Verne Clipper of Clouds ix. 84   The aeronef might find herself like a ship on a lee shore if a mountain that could not be outflanked or passed barred the way.

1903   Aeronaut. Jrnl. Apr. 41   An apparatus that is heavier than air is an aëronef, orappareil d'aviation.

1908   Daily Rep. 12 Sept. 4/4   About 6 a.m. theairship ‘République’ appeared over Issy, returning from a 200-kilometre raid. It saluted the aeronef ‘Malécot’, which had descended from its high perch in the skies.

1910   C. C. TURNER Cantor Lect. Aeronaut. 5   The main divisions into which aerial craft are divided are aerostats and aeronefs. I am using the term ‘aeronef’ because it has been recommended by the fourth International Congress [held in France in 1909] to designate all aerial craft driven by motors... Aeronefs, therefore, include aeroplanes, dirigible balloons, helicopters, and ornithopters.

1910   R. FERRIS How it Flies 453   Aeronef, anothername for an aeroplane.

1997   D. WEIR Anarchy & Culture ii. 82   The crewmutinies and Hartmann destroys them and kills himself by dynamiting the aëronef in midair in a spectacular explosion.

alkali, v.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˈalkəlʌɪ/ , U.S. /ˈælkəˌlaɪ/Etymology:  < ALKALI   n.  Compare earlier ALKALIED   adj. 1

 †1. trans. To treat with alkali or an alkaline solution; to alkalize. Obs. rare.

1849   Eclectic Rev. May 571   It is exposed for ten hours to boiling in an alkaline fluid, then..alternately washed, soured, chemicked, alkalied, and washed again.

 2. trans. (in pass.). U.S. To be affected adversely by strongly alkaline or salineconditions of the ground or the water; to be poisoned by alkaline water. Cf. ALKALI   n.   5a . Now rare.

1852   E. A. MCAULEY Diary 10 June in K. L. Holmes Covered Wagon Women (1985) IV. 54   Had to cross a very bad alkali swamp and had to rush the cattle through to keep them from drinking the water. When they get alkalied theremedy is a good dose of whiskey.

1863   Latter-day Saints Millennial Star 25 110   The horses, sheep and cattle look as though they had been alkalied.

1878   F. H. HART Sazerac Lying Club 203   A stranger passing through Churchill County recently, had the misfortune to lose his team of mules, they having become alkalied by the water of that section.

1938   E. E. KOHL Land of Burnt Thigh xiii. 219   Ada's folks lost a horse and a cow—alkalied.

† alkalied, adj.1

Etymology:  Either < ALKALI   n.  + -ED   suffix 2 , or perhaps simply an editorial misreading or typographical error for ALKALOID   adj.

Chem. Obs. rare. 

16 | Oxford English Dictionary MARCH 2009 NEW WORDS LIST

= ALKALINE   adj.   1 .

1829   G. SPRATT Flora Medica I. 23   M. Brandes discovered that the virtues of henbane..depend intirely upon a peculiar alkalied substance, which henamed Hyoscyamia.

alkalied, adj.2

Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˈalkəlʌɪd/ , U.S. /ˈælkəˌlaɪd/Etymology:  < ALKALI   v.  + -ED   suffix 1 .

U.S. Now chiefly hist. 

  Affected, esp. adversely, by strongly alkaline or saline conditions of the ground or water; poisoned by alkaline water.

1857   Hutchings' Calif. Mag. Aug. 89/1   We will..go out on the Plains and steal stock from the alkalied immigrants.

1906   E. W. HILGARD Soils xxii. 426   The characteristic sparseness of the foliage of the ‘alkalied’ tree as compared with the adjacent one is well shown.

1907   S. E. WHITE Arizona Nights (U.K. ed.) I. vii. 126   The trouble with you fellows..is that you're so plumb alkalied you don't know the real thing when you see it.

1966   M. SANDOZ Battle of Little Bighorn ii. 55   Theytried to wet down their dry food withthe alkalied coffee or the dregs fromstale canteens.

1971   B. K. GREEN Village Horse Doctor 34,   I answered several calls that winter for alkalied cattle and horses.

1994   R. HENDRICKSON Happy Trails 5   Alkalied... Poisoned by alkaline water. It is nowknown..that toxic alcohol found in certain plains plants cause [sic] so-called ‘alkali poisoning’.

alkaliferous, adj.Pronunciation:  Brit. /alkəˈlɪf(ə)rəs/ , U.S. /ælkəˈlɪf(ə)rəs/Etymology:  < ALKALI   n.  + -FEROUS   comb. form . Compare slightly later ACIDIFEROUS adj.

Now rare. 

Containing or yielding alkali.

1799   R. KIRWAN Geol. Ess. 384   Even if the Andes..did bear kali or some other imaginary alkaliferous vegetables, How could could the sea acquire this alkali?

1875   T. S. HUNT Chem. & Geol. Ess. i. 5   The presence of alkaliferous silicates like the feldspars in crystalline limestones.

1920   U.S. Patent 1,344,830 4/1   In an advantageous embodiment of my processusing such highly alkaliferous rocks..I may treat the material with ammonia and ammonia salts.

alkalimetrically, adv.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˌalkəlᵻˈmɛtrɪkli/ , U.S. /ˌælkələˈmɛtrɪk(ə)li/Etymology:  Either < ALKALIMETRICAL   adj.  + - LY   suffix 2 , or < ALKALIMETRIC   adj.  + -ALLY suffix; compare -ICALLY   suffix .

Chem. 

By means of alkalimetry.

1850   Chemist 1 363/1   It will always be easyto ascertain the correct quantity of ammoniacal salt necessary by alkalimetrically testing the beet root juice after the displacement by carbonic acid.

1924   E. FYLEMAN tr. F. Pregl Quantitative Org. Microanal. i. 1   The methods elaborated..enabled..nitrogen [to be determined] in 4 to 8 mgm. of material, either by measurement of the gas volume or alkalimetrically.

2006   Biophysical Chem. 124 19/1   Mixtures of phytic acid and Ca2+..were titrated alkalimetrically.

alkalinized, adj.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˈalkəlᵻnʌɪzd/ , U.S. /ˈælkələˌnaɪzd/Forms:  see ALKALINIZE   v.    and -ED   suffix 1 .Etymology:  < ALKALINIZE   v.  + -ED   suffix 1 .

Chem. 

Made alkaline.

1856   T. K. CHAMBERS Digestion II. v. 381   A teaspoonful twice a day, washed down with alkalinized milk as above described, is usually the quantity that does most good.

1918   Science 9 Aug. 145/2   An alkalinized soap may be salted out by adding a neutral salt.

2007   Jrnl. Vascular Surg. 45 916/1   Patients withchronic renal insufficiency..are hydrated with alkalinized fluids for 2 to 4 hours.

alkalinizing, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˈalkəlᵻnʌɪzɪŋ/ , U.S. /ˈælkələˌnaɪzɪŋ/Forms:  see ALKALINIZE   v.    and -ING   suffix 1 .Etymology:  < ALKALINIZE   v.  + -ING   suffix 1 .

Chem. 

The action of making something alkaline;=ALKALINIZATION   n.    Usu. attrib.

1859   A. B. GARROD Nature & Treatm. Gout xii. 439   The salts of lithia offer to the physician most valuable agents inthese cases, as their alkalinising property is of the highest order.

1937   Amer. Jrnl. Nursing 37 582/2   The pH and fluid intake must be watched daily and no alkalinizing drugs should be taken.

2007   N.Y. Times 26 Aug. (T: Style Mag.) 190/1  The pH level of our cellular fluids is too acidic... That is why alkalinizing foods are very big in Dr. Jeannette's program.

alkalotic, adj.Pronunciation:  Brit. /alkəˈlɒtɪk/ , U.S. /ˌælkəˈlɑdɪk/Etymology:  < ALKALI   n.  + -OTIC   suffix , after ALKALOSIS   n.  Compare slightly earlierACIDOTIC   adj.

Med. 

 Of or relating to alkalosis; resulting from or exhibiting alkalosis.

1922   Lancet 18 Feb. 327/1   Variations in theacid-base balance of the blood towards the alkalotic side.

1934   Jrnl. Pediatrics 5 418   That type of tetany is called alkalotic tetany.

1982   T. M. DEVLIN Textbk. Biochem. xxiii. 1120   This results in the production of an acidic urine by an alkalotic patient.

1997   Amer. Jrnl. Nursing 97 No. 3. 16H/1   The alkalotic state facilitates the diffusion of nutrients to..the fetus through the placenta.

alkamine, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˈalkəmiːn/ , U.S. /ˈælkəˌmin/Etymology:  < alka- (in ALKALI   n. ) + AMINE   n. , after French Alkamine (A. Ladenburg 1881, in Comptes rendus hebd. de l'Acad. des Sci. 93 339). CompareALKINE   n.

Chem. 

 An organic compound containing both an alcohol (—OH) and an amino (—NH2) functional group. Also called amino alcohol. Cf. ALKINE   n. Examples of such compounds include ethanolamine, HO—CH2CH2—NH2, and norepinephrine,(HO)2—C6H3—CHOH—CH2NH2.

1881   Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 40 1157   These new bases at the same time possess the functionof an alcohol and an amine; hence theauthor proposes for them the name of Alkamines.

1943   Science 29 Jan. 122/2   The veratrine alkamines, like the solanum aglycones, can be C27 compounds.

2006   M. DANIEL Medicinal Plants ii. 49   The stramonium root contains..some alkamines along with hyoscyamine and hyoscine.

alkanethiol, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˌalkeɪnˈθʌɪɒl/ , U.S. /ˌælkeɪnˈθaɪˌɔl/ , /ˌælkeɪnˈθaɪˌɑl/Etymology:  < ALKANE   n.  + THIOL   n.

Chem. 

Any of a series of compounds containing a thiol group (—SH) bonded to an alkyl group. Cf. MERCAPTAN   n.

[1941   Chem. Abstr. 35 7781   The kinematic viscosity of unassoc[iate]d. compds... 1-alkanethiols,..2-alkanethiols.]

1946   U.S. Patent 2,402,614 1   Alkanethiols are produced by hydrogenation of aliph. sulfides and polysulfides.

1976   Science 19 Mar. 1148/3   Characterized complexes of simple alkanethiols withNi2+ involve coordination of two (or more) sulfhydryl groups per nickel ion.

2002   M. WILSON et al. Nanotechnol. vi. 147   The most widely studied SAM [= self-assembly monolayer] system is the monolayer formation of alkanethiols on gold surfaces.

alkanol, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˈalkənɒl/ , U.S. /ˈælkəˌnɔl/ , /ˈælkəˌnɑl/Etymology:  < ALKANE   n.  + -OL   suffix .

Chem. 

An aliphatic alcohol, considered as a substituted alkane; esp. any of the series of monohydric alcohols having theformula R—OH, where R is an alkyl group.

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[1921   Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. 43 2129   Phenyl-alkanol amines.]

1934   U.S. Patent 1,977,253 1/1   In the term alkylamine I include substituted alkyl amines, such as alkanol amines.

1952   Science 25 Apr. 475/1 (title)    The reaction of some fluorinated olefins with alkanols.

1964   N. G. CLARK Mod. Org. Chem. viii. 125   Thefirst three alkanols are methanol, ethanol, propanol.

1993   Jrnl. Amer. Oil Chem Soc. 70 919   The proposed procedure permits the study of alkanols without having to isolatethem from the other classes of compounds present.

2001   G. C. MCGAVIN Essent. Entomol. 158   The secretions produced by adult bugs..fall into several major chemical categories, such as the aliphatic aldehydes (alkanals), aliphatic alcohols (alkanols), and dicarbonyl compounds.

Alka-Seltzer, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˌalkəˈsɛltsə/ , /ˈalkəˌsɛltsə/ , U.S. /ˈælkəˌsɛl(t)sər/Etymology:  < alka- (in ALKALI   n. ) + SELTZER   n.

  A proprietary name for: an aspirin-based remedy for headache, heartburn, upset stomach, etc., which is taken as adrink in water, in which it dissolves with effervescence. Also fig. (freq. attrib.).

1932   Oakland ( Calif. ) Tribune  8 Feb. 12/5 (advt.)    The reason you catch cold is because the ‘alkaline reserve’ in your body gets too low... Correct this condition with Alka-Seltzer Tablets.

1955   Househ. Guide & Almanac (News of World) 308/1 (advt.)    Alka-Seltzer is pleasantly effervescent and simple totake.

1973   J. LUDWIG Woman her Age i. 11   Tonight she'll sit among couponclippers and listen to their Alka Seltzer fizz.

2001   Wired Feb. 94/3   Like most of his Alka-Seltzer moments (‘when the idea hits my brain and starts to fizz’), this one came to Baylis in his sleep.

2003   N.Y. Mag. 10 Feb. 30/3   Sometimes you find yourself waking from a liquid night to a world swimming with questions like What did I say to her?Where is the Alka-Seltzer?

alkathene, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˈalkəθiːn/ , U.S. /ˈælkəθin/Forms:  also with capital initial.Etymology:  < alka- (in ALKALI   n. , probably as the name of the Alkali division of ICI, which initiated the research leading to the production of polythene) + -thene (in POLYTHENE   n. ).

 Polythene, esp. as a plastic for mouldedobjects. Freq. attrib. A proprietary name in Australia and New Zealand.

1941   Trade Marks Jrnl. 29 Jan. 38/1   Alkathene...All goods included in Class 9.

1960   Farmer & Stockbreeder 22 Mar. (Suppl.) 11/1   The applicator consists of a foam plastic pad in a T-shaped Alkathene holder.

1972   D. TANGYE Cottage on Cliff vi. 77   We have an alkathene pipe with an end stuck

in the well, carrying the water down hill to the tap at the other end.

1994   M. BRINKLEY Housebuilder's Bible (ed. 5) vi. 72/2   These days people tend to use alkathene (aka MDPE) for water mains.

alkenone, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˈalkᵻnəʊn/ , U.S. /ˈælkəˌnoʊn/Etymology:  < ALKENE   n.  + -ONE   suffix .

Chem. and Geol. 

A ketone containing an unsaturated hydrocarbon group with one or more carbon–carbon double bonds. Many unsaturated long-chain alkenones are produced by certain phytoplankton, and the distribution of alkenones in sediments and their degree of unsaturation have been used as a means of determining past sea temperatures.

1945   U.S. Patent 2,383,711 1/1   Our invention relates to preparation of alkenals and alkenones.

1992   Oceanogr. in Next Decade (National Acad. Sci.) iii. 73   The average number ofcarbon double bonds in alkenones fromQuaternary sediments of the northeasttropical Atlantic showed a strong inverse correlation..with the temperature of the near-surface oceanwater.

2008   P. GIRESSE Trop. & Sub-trop. W. Afr. ix. 129/2  In the northern equatorial Atlantic, the alkenone temperature method showed 1.8°C cooling at the last glacial maximum.

alkoxide, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /alˈkɒksʌɪd/ , U.S. /ælˈkɑkˌsaɪd/Forms:  18– alkoxid, 18– alkoxide.Etymology:  < alk- (in ALKYL   n. ) + OXIDE   n.  Compare HYDROXIDE   n. , METHOXIDE   n.

Chem. 

Any of a class of salt-like organic compounds containing anions of the form RO−, where R is an alkyl group, typically formed by the reaction of alcohols with metals. Also: any compoundcontaining a group —OR bonded directly to a metal atom. The simplest alkoxide ions are methoxide, CH3O−, and ethoxide, C2H5O−.

1889   Cent. Dict.,   Alkoxid, alkoxide, a compound inwhich alcohol unites with a metallic base. The base replaces hydrogen in the alcohol hydroxyl: as CH3ONa, sodium alkoxid.

1944   Science 24 Mar. 9   Reduction with aluminum alkoxides (the Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley reduction).

1967   I. L. FINAR Org. Chem. (ed. 5) I. vi. 149   Alkoxides are white deliquescent solids, readily soluble in water with hydrolysis.

1984   N. N. GREENWOOD & A. EARNSHAW Chem. of Elements (1986) v. 144   Alkylberyllium alkoxides (RBeOR') canbe prepared from BeR2 by a variety ofroutes.

2007   Jrnl. Materials Processing Technol. 182 382/2   Due to the high electropositive nature of transition-metal atoms, transition-metal alkoxides are reactive.

alkoxy, adj.Pronunciation:  Brit. /alˈkɒksi/ , U.S. /ælˈkɑksi/

Etymology:  < ALKOXY-   comb. form .

Chem. 

attrib. Designating an alkoxyl radical or group (—OR: cf. ALKOXY-   comb. form ); relating to or containing an alkoxyl radical or group.

1897   Science 26 Mar. 520/2   When diazo compounds are decomposed by alcohols,one of the products formed contains either hydrogen or an alkoxy group inplace of the diazo group.

1909   Chem. Abstr. 3240/2 (Index),   Alkoxy acids.

1931   Jrnl. Chem. Soc. I. 1611   Ether oxides are regarded as hydrocarbons in which oneor more atoms of hydrogen are replaced by alkoxy-groups.

1977   I. M. CAMPBELL Energy & Atmosphere viii. 272(heading)    Reactions of alkoxy (RO) radicals.

2006   Science 24 Mar. 1744/2   The hydrophobicity of the probes can be tuned by altering the alkoxy substituent.

alkoxy-, comb. formPronunciation:  Brit. /alˈkɒksi/ , U.S. /ælˈkɑksi/Etymology:  < alk- (in ALKYL   n. ) + OXY-   comb. form 2 .Found in a small number of formations illustrated belowand also in ALKOXYL   n.

Chem. 

Forming the names of compounds, groups, etc., containing an alkoxyl group —OR, in which an alkyl group is linked through an oxygen atom.

1888   Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 54 1203   Spectra of the alkoxy-anthraquinones.

1909   Chem. Abstr. 3 2240 (heading)    Preparing alkoxymethylethers of aromatic oxy compounds.

1964   J. A. LOVERN in Oceanogr. & Marine Biol. 2 173   Glyceryl ethers, such as chimyl alcohol..occur as alkoxydiglycerides in the fats of some fish.

1991   Progress Polymer Sci. 16 125   Styrene..is much less reactive than vinyl ethers and alkoxystyrenes.

2000   W. CABRI & R. DI FABIO From Bench to Market ii. 31   The reaction was controlled by the bulky α-orientated alkoxyethyl group.

alkoxyl, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /alˈkɒksʌɪl/ , /alˈkɒksɪl/ , U.S. /ælˈkɑksɪl/ , /ælˈkɑks(ə)l/Etymology:  < ALKOXY   adj.  + -YL   suffix .

Chem. 

A radical or group with the formula —OR,where R is an alkyl group. Chiefly attrib.

1905   Amer. Chem. Jrnl. 33 334   Two different reactions may take place: 1,4-addition and the replacement of the alkoxyl with an alkyl group.

1926   A. W. SCHORGER Chem. Cellulose & Wood iii. 77   It has been shown..that methoxylis the sole alkoxyl group in wood andlignin.

1962   BSI News July 31   Specifies components for use in the micro-determination ofalkoxyl by the Zeisel method.

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2001   Stud. Conservation 46 126   Dialkylperoxides can decompose into two alkoxyl radicals.

alkylamine, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /alˈkʌɪləmiːn/ , /ˌalkʌɪlˈeɪmiːn/, U.S. /ˈælkələˌmin/ , /ˌælkəlˈæmˌin/Forms:  see ALKYL   n.    and AMINE   n. Etymology:  < ALKYL   n.  + AMINE   n. , after German Alkylamin (inAlkylaminbasen, plural: 1874 in the passage translated in quot. 1881).

Chem. 

Any compound which can be regarded as a derivative of ammonia (NH3) with one or more of the hydrogen atoms replaced by alkyl groups. Cf. AMINE   n.

1881   W. R. HODGKINSON & A. J. GREENAWAY tr. J. Wislicenus Strecker's Short Text-bk. Org. Chem. 178   The simplest nitrogen compounds of the first group are the alkylamines [Ger.Alkylaminbasen].

1909   E. I. LEWIS Elements Org. Chem. viii. 61   This compound is called Acetamide; itis the type of the Acid Amides. This term is chosen in place of amine in order to distinguish these bodies from the alkylamines and amino-acids,from which they differ considerably.

1948   A. W. RALSTON Fatty Acids viii. 641   The secondary alkylamines are obtained exclusively when 1-chloroöctane and its higher homologs are treated with methylamine.

1982   G. C. HILL & J. S. HOLMAN Chem. in Context: Lab. Man. 114/2   The intention of thispractical is to consider the properties of an alkylamine (butylamine) and an arylamine (phenylamine).

2007   Chem. Week (Nexis) 19 Sept. S3   CVC Capital Partners (London) is paying..€ 800 million for the world's leadingalkylamines producer, Taminco.

alkylammonium, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˌalkʌɪləˈməʊnɪəm/ , /ˌalkɪləˈməʊnɪəm/ , U.S. /ˌælkələˈmoʊniəm/Etymology:  < ALKYL   n.  + AMMONIUM   n.

Chem. 

A cation which can be regarded as a derivative of ammonium (NH4

+) in which one or more hydrogen atoms (often, all four) have been replaced by alkyl groups. Usu. attrib.

1887   Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. 9 132   This reaction..producing successively primary, secondary and tertiary amines and then alkyl ammonium salts.

1902   Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 82 I. 271   It is shown that alkylammonium salts of alkylateddithiocarbamic acids on oxidation with iodine..readily yield thiuram disulphides.

1955   B. C. L. KEMP Elem. Org. Chem. (ed. 2) xii.175   Just as ammonia in aqueous solution gives rise to ammonium hydroxide, so the amines form alkyl-ammonium hydroxides which are apparently much stronger bases than ammonium hydroxide.

1995   New Scientist 2 Dec. 42/3   In 1963, researchers..found that they could control the size and geometry of the

zeolite pores by using an organic template of alkylammonium ions.

alkylidene, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /alˈkɪlᵻdiːn/ , /alˈkʌɪlᵻdiːn/ , U.S./ælˈkɪlədin/Etymology:  < ALKYL   n.  + -IDENE   suffix .

Chem. 

A compound derived from an alkane by thereplacement of two hydrogen atoms on thesame carbon atom with one double-bonded atom or group; the divalent functional group =CR′R″ characteristic of such a compound. Freq. attrib.

1900   Jrnl. Physical Chem. 4 325   The formation ofethers from the reaction of alkyl halids with alkalies is due to the action of the alcohol on the alkylidene radicle.

1944   Chem. Rev. 35 283   The decomposition mayinvolve formation of alkane and alkylidene, the latter rearranging toalkene.

1977   J. MARCH Adv. Org. Chem. (ed. 2) xvi. 819  Amides can add to aldehydes..or acidsto give acylated amino alcohols, which often react further to give alkylidene or arylidene bisamides.

1990   L. BENCZE in Y. İmamoǧlu et al. Olefin Metathesis & Polymerization Catalysts 233   The complex alkylidenes, RCH=W, are much preferred to the complex methylene, W=CH2, as chain carriers in the degenerate metathesis of terminal alk-1-enes.

2003   A. YAMAMOTO in H. Kurosawa & A. Yamamoto Fund. Molecular Catalysis i. 3   Besides the usual π bonding, there are special types of bonding: metal-to-carbon double and triple bonds known in metal alkylidene and alkylidyne complexes.

allegoristic, adj.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˌalᵻɡ(ə)ˈrɪstɪk/ , U.S. /ˌæləɡəˈrɪstɪk/ , /ˌæləˌɡɔˈrɪstɪk/Etymology:  Either < ALLEGORIST   n.  + - IC   suffix  (compare -ISTIC   suffix ), or < ALLEGORY n. + - ISTIC   suffix . Compare earlier ALLEGORICAL   adj.

 That employs allegory; allegorical.

1828   G. RAMSAY Encycl. Anecd. 28   One of our allegoristic painters.

1889   T. W. ROLLESTON Life G. E. Lessing xi. 106   The fashion of the allegoristic painters..[is] to use line and colouras a sort of handwriting for the conveyance of other things than thosewhich they can directly represent.

1931   Classical Jrnl. 27 88   They either condemnedHomer and Hesiod altogether, or constructed an allegoristic interpretation by way of an apologia.

1996   Albuquerque ( New Mexico ) Jrnl.  (Nexis) 5 May D3   His whole body of work is a series of metaphysical self-portraitsthat chronicle an allegoristic autobiography.

2001   J. G. KIECKER in T. Maschke et al. Ad Fontes Lutheri 106   During the ninth century the more original biblical commentaries continued to be in the Neoplatonic, allegoristic vein.

allergenicity, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˌalədʒəˈnɪsᵻti/ , U.S. /ˌælərdʒəˈnɪsᵻdi/

Etymology:  < ALLERGENIC   adj.  + -ITY   suffix ; compare -ICITY   suffix .

 The ability to induce an allergic reaction; the degree to which a substance is allergenic.

1943   Mycologia 35 640   They attributed the lack of allergenicity to the small size of mold spores.

1965   Ann. Allergy 23 47/1   Recently we reportedinitial observations concerning the possible allergenicity of airborne algae.

1984   Jrnl. Immunol. Methods 75 369   Even in assays involving specific IgE antibody, however, the functional allergenicities of the extracts are not directly assessed.

1988   Fitness May 30/1   Some people are allergic to specific foods and for this reason Quorn was tested for allergenicity and intolerance in human volunteers.

2003   Guardian 6 June I. 25/7   Experts acrossthe globe have real concerns about allergenicity and unknown effects of GM crops.

Apicomplexa, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˌeɪpᵻkəmˈplɛksə/ , U.S. /ˌeɪpəˌkəmˈplɛksə/Etymology:  < scientific Latin Apicomplexa (N. D. Levine 1970, in Proc. 2nd. Internat. Congr. Parasitol. I. 208/2) < classical Latin apic- , apex (see APEX   n. 1 ) +complexus COMPLEX   n.  + scientific Latin -a - A   suffix 2 , so called on account of the apical complex of organelles that is characteristic of these organisms.

Biol. 

With pl. concord: a subphylum or phylum of parasitic spore-forming protists characterized by a complex of organellesat the apical end (visible only by electron microscopy), and comprising most of the organisms formerly placed inthe Sporozoa; (also in form apicomplexa)organisms of this subphylum or phylum (collectively or individually). The Apicomplexa are probably monophyletic, unlike the groupSporozoa that it replaces, and are sometimes regarded as a kingdom. Among the sporozoan groups omitted from the Apicomplexa are the microsporidians and the myxosporidians.

1971   Trans. Amer. Microsc. Soc. 90 3   The fact that the piroplasms belong to the Apicomplexa (Polannulifera, Annulifera) has been established in recent years by electron microscopy.

1987   M. S. LAVERACK & J. DANDO Lect. Notes Invertebr.Zool. (ed. 3) ii. 23/1   The parasitesof greatest economic importance are found in the subphylum Mastigophora and phylum Apicomplexa.

1998   L. MARGULIS & K. V. SCHWARTZ Five Kingdoms (ed. 3) ii. 140/1   The Apicomplexa are single-celled symbiotrophs modified to penetrate tissue and obtain food from animals.

2004   Connecticut Post (Nexis) 26 Mar.,   Crypto is related to malaria and also to toxoplasma, all of which are includedin the group of parasites called Apicomplexa.

apicomplexan, adj. and n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˌeɪpᵻkəmˈplɛksən/ , U.S. /ˌeɪpəˌkəmˈplɛksən/

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Etymology:  < APICOMPLEXA   n.  + -AN   suffix .

Biol.

A. adj. 

Of or relating to the subphylum or phylum Apicomplexa.

1974   Taxon 23 505   It is such a characteristic..which coccidian taxonomists use in differentiating species in that particular sporozoan or ‘apicomplexan’ group.

1987   M. S. LAVERACK & J. DANDO Lect. Notes Invertebr.Zool. (ed. 3) ii. 23/2   The most important protozoan disease in man, malaria, is caused by intracellular apicomplexan parasites.

2002   New Scientist 2 Feb. 103/1 (advt.)    Functional studies on apicomplexan hexose transporters.

  B. n.

 An organism of the subphylum or phylum Apicomplexa.

1976   Jrnl. Parasitol. 62 971/1   Moreover, the flagellated cells of apicomplexans are microgametes, not zoospores.

1993   L. MARGULIS et al. Illustr. Gloss. Protoctista p. xxiii/2   Botanists might support work on algae and zoologists agree tofund work on trypanosomes or apicomplexans.

2008   Nature 21 Feb. p. xiii,   The apicomplexans are protozoan parasitesof animals, including the pathogens causing malaria, toxoplasmosis and other human diseases.

aschelminth, adj. and n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˈaʃhɛlmɪnθ/ , /ˈaskhɛlmɪnθ/ , U.S. /ˈæʃɛlˌmɪnθ/ , /ˈæskɛlˌmɪnθ/Etymology:  < scientific Latin Aschelminthes ASCHELMINTHES   n. , after HELMINTH n. Compare earlier ASCHELMINTHES   n.  Compare also earlier NEMATHELMINTH   n.

Zool.

A. adj. 

Of or relating to the former group Aschelminthes.

1951   Jrnl. Parasitol. 37 353   Whether one wishes to consider the Nematoda an independent phylum or an aschelminth class is of relatively minor importance.

1970   Science 17 July 272/1   He is referring to the phylum Scolecida, which includes all the flatworms, the Acanthocephala, the aschelminth complex, and the nemerteans.

  B. n.

 An animal of the former group Aschelminthes. Cf. NEMATHELMINTH   n. , PSEUDOCOELOMATE   n. Although the taxon is no longer recognized, the term aschelminth is still in informal use.

1958   Q. Rev. Biol. 33 34/2   Until the development of the pharynx is known, it is impossible to derive the

kinorynchs from any of the central groups of aschelminths.

1979   Science 20 July 302/1   The Gastrotricha are a phylum of microscopic animals, traditionally included in the invertebrate assemblage known as ‘aschelminths’.

1994   E. E. RUPPERT & R. D. BARNES Invertebr. Zool. (ed. 6) 281/2   The informal name aschelminths..is still a convenient term of reference for the entire assemblage.

Aschelminthes, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˌaʃhɛlˈmɪnθiːz/ , /ˌaskhɛlˈmɪnθːz/ , U.S. /ˌæʃɛlˈmɪnθiz/ , /ˌæskɛlˈmɪnθiz/Etymology:  < scientific Latin Aschelminthes, plural ( K. Grobben 1908  , inVerhandlungen der kaiserlich-königlichen zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 58 499) < ancient Greek ἀσκός bag, sac (see ASCO-   comb. form ) + ἑλμινθ- , ἕλμινς HELMINTH   n.

Zool. 

With pl. (or occas. sing.) concord: a groupof chiefly aquatic invertebrates, formerly regarded as a phylum of pseudocoelomates but now known to include some acoelomates, and comprisinga number of classes that are now treatedas unrelated phyla. Also with pl.concord:animals of this phylum (collectively or individually); aschelminths. Formerly also called Nemathelminthes or Pseudocoelomata. The Aschelminthes usually included the nematodes and rotifers and the minor groups Acanthocephala, Gastrotricha, Kinorhyncha, Loricifera, and Nematomorpha, together with (in some schemes) the Chaetognatha, Entoprocta, Priapulida, and Tardigrada.

1937   Jrnl. Parasitol. 23 233   The authors place the class Nematoda in the phylum Aschelminthes of the subkingdom Vermes.

1961   Science 24 Mar. 879/1   In more recent publications they [sc.Priapulida] are classified usually as pseudocoelomates in the division Aschelminthes.

1971   C. JOHANSEN in R. E. Pfadt Fund. Appl. Entomol. (ed. 2) iv. 87   Other invertebrate phyla which contain agricultural pests are the Aschelminthes, Platyhelminthes, and Mollusca.

1994   Nature 20 Jan. 225/3   Chaetognaths are commonly allied with pseudocoelomates(= Aschelminthes) and with deuterostomes, but recent molecular work supports the view that they diverged near the roots of the Metazoa.

blastemic, adj.Pronunciation:  Brit. /blɑːsˈtiːmɪk/ , /blasˈtiːmɪk/ , U.S. /blæsˈtimɪk/Etymology:  < BLASTEMA   n.  + -IC   suffix . Compare BLASTEMAL   adj.

Biol. 

  Of the nature of or consisting of blastema. Cf. BLASTEMAL   adj.

1849   A. H. HASSALL Microsc. Anat. Human Body I. xvi. 323   A blastemic matter consisting of nucleated cells embedded in a granular matrix, and situated between the dentine pulp and

the inner surface of the sac of the tooth.

1879   Lancet 8 Mar. 332/1   The duct of the liver is formed from a protrusion of the intestinal mucous membrane growing into the blastemic mass of the liver.

1956   E. WITSCHI Devel. Vertebr. xiii. 200   Convergent movements of blastemic cell masses..result in the joining ofthe material halves of a body or of organs.

2005   C. M. PORTH Pathophysiol. (ed. 7) VIII. xxxv. 830/1   Classically, the tumor is composed of all three embryonic cell types: blastemic, stromal, and epithelial.

Brachiopoda, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˌbrakɪəˈpəʊdə/ , /brakɪˈɒpədə/ , U.S. /ˌbrækiəˈpoʊdə/ , /ˌbrækiˈɑpədə/Etymology:  < scientific Latin Brachiopoda ( A. M. C. Duméril Zool. Analytique (1806) 170) < classical Latin brachium arm (see BRACHIUM   n. ) + scientific Latin -poda (see -POD   comb. form ), after French brachiopode BRACHIOPOD   n.  Compare earlier BRACHIOPOD   n.

Zool. 

With pl. (or occas. sing.) concord: a phylum of marine invertebrates comprising the lamp shells, which superficially resemble bivalve molluscs but have a dorsal and a ventral shell valve and two or more crowns of ciliatedtentacles (lophophores) that are extended for filter-feeding. Also with pl. concord (also in form brachiopoda): animals of this phylum (collectively or individually); lamp shells. The Brachiopoda were abundant in the Palaeozoic era but are now few in number. Formerly regarded as molluscs, they are now known to be one of the lophophorate phyla.

[1824   Edinb. Med. & Sci. Jrnl. 22 411   The M[ollusca]brachiopoda..have two fleshy arms in place of feet.]

1827   E. A. CROUCH Illustr. Introd. Lamarck's Conchol. 23   This Section contains TwoFamilies—Radiata, and Brachiopoda.

1830   Foreign Rev. 5 370   The animals of the fifth class resemble those of the preceding, in being enveloped in a mantle..: these are called brachiopoda.

1885   Times 19 Oct. 7/5   At the time of his death he was engaged upon a further monograph on recent brachiopoda.

1913   W. E. KELLICOTT Textbk. Gen. Embryol. i. 13   Hermaphroditism..occurs chiefly amongthe lower Metazoa.., and less frequently among the Molluscs, Echinoderms, Bryozoa, Brachiopoda, and Crustacea.

1950   R. W. MINER Field Bk. Seashore Life xiv. 828   The Ecardinesinclude Brachiopoda havingeither a hornlike or calcareous shellof two valves, not joined by a hinge.

2004   Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol. 208 29/1   The importance ofpredation pressure on the evolution of the Brachiopoda has been largely overemphasized from the fossil record.

bryozoologist, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˌbrʌɪəʊzuːˈɒlədʒɪst/ , /ˌbrʌɪəʊzəʊˈɒlədʒɪst/ ,

20 | Oxford English Dictionary MARCH 2009 NEW WORDS LIST

U.S. /ˌbraɪəˌzoʊˈwɑlədʒəst/ , /ˌbraɪəzəˈwɑlədʒəst/Etymology:  < BRYOZOA   n.  + -OLOGIST   comb. form , after ZOOLOGIST   n.  Compare later BRYOZOOLOGY   n.

Zool. 

An expert or specialist in the Bryozoa.

1921   Amer. Naturalist 55 69   These [text figures] are all either original withthe authors or are taken from the illustrations of other bryozoologists.

1970   Nature 19 Dec. 1235/2   This book will help all bryozoologists who wish to assess their own studies on the phylum.

1999   Jrnl. Paleontol. 73 39/1   Other bryozoologists have placed the genus and its eponymous family in the trepostomes.

bryozoology, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˌbrʌɪəʊzuːˈɒlədʒi/ , /ˌbrʌɪəʊzəʊˈɒlədʒi/ , U.S. /ˌbraɪəˌzoʊˈwɑlədʒi/ , /ˌbraɪəzəˈwɑlədʒi/Etymology:  < BRYOZOA   n.  + -OLOGY   comb. form , after ZOOLOGY   n.  Compare earlierBRYOZOOLOGIST   n.

Zool. 

The branch of zoology that deals with the Bryozoa. Chiefly in titles of publications.

1965   Jrnl. Paleontol. 39 1221/1   Sixteen zoologists and paleontologists from nine countries participated in the First International Conference on Post-Paleozoic Bryozoa... The conferees established the International Bryozoology Associationto promote the exchange of information, ideas, and techniques among workers in this field.

1979   (title of periodical)    Advances in bryzoology.

2002   Comptes Rendus Palevol 1 534/2   This..has led to the general review of d'Orbigny's contributions to bryozoology.

Chaetognatha, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˌkiːtəɡˈneɪθə/ , /kiːˈtɒɡnəθə/ , U.S. /ˌkidəɡˈneɪθə/ , /kiˈdɑɡnəθə/Etymology:  < scientific Latin Chaetognatha, alteration of Chaetognathi (R. Leuckart 1854, in Archiv f. Naturgeschichte 20 II. 334) < ancient Greek χαίτη(see CHAETA   n. ) + scientific Latin -o- -O-   connective  + ancient Greek γνάθος jaw (see -GNATH   comb. form ) + scientific Latin -a - A   suffix 2 . Compare earlier CHAETOPOD   adj.

Zool. 

 With pl. concord: a small phylum comprising the arrow worms, which are slender, transparent worm-like animals that are common in marine plankton, having fins, and spines on the head for grasping prey. Also: worms of this phylum (collectively or individually); arrow worms. Formerly placed with the nematodes inthe group Nemathelminthes.

1870   G. ROLLESTON Forms Animal Life Introd. p. cxxxvii,   TheChaetognatha, an order of marine worms of small size.., havebeen here ranked with the Nematoidea and Acanthocephali as Nematelminthes.

1892   E. R. LANKESTER tr. E. H. P. A. Haeckel Hist. Creation (ed. 4) II. 150   Arrow-worms [or] Chætognatha.

1934   J. A. THOMSON & E. J. HOLMYARD Biol. for Everyman I. ix. 165   There are grappling-hooks and small spines beside the mouth, hence the technicalname Chaetognatha, which means ‘bristle-jawed’.

1954   Trans. Royal Soc. Trop. Med. & Hygiene 48 371   Grassi carried out extensive studies on marine metazoa of the order Chaetognatha, of which he described 14 species.

2004   J. W. VALENTINE On Origin of Phyla x. 376   If the assignment of protoconodonts to Chaetognatha is correct, then protocodonts are unrelated to paraconodonts and conodonts proper.

 DERIVATIVES  chaeˈtognathous adj. rare = CHAETOGNATH   adj.

1889   Cent. Dict.,   Chætognathous, pertaining to or having the characters of the Chætognatha.

1937   W. C. ALLEE & K. P. SCHMIDT tr. R. Hesse Ecol. Animal Geogr. xi. 166   Among the chaetognathous worms, Sagitta hexaptera is very sensitive to fresh water.

chelicera, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /kəˈlɪs(ə)rə/ , U.S. /kəˈlɪsərə/Inflections:   Plural chelicerae Brit. /kəˈlɪs(ə)riː/ , U.S. /kəˈlɪsəri/ .Etymology:  Apparently < French chélicère CHELICER   n.  + scientific Latin -a(see -A   suffix 1 ). Compare scientific Latin chelicera (1834 or earlier, chiefly in French sources, rare). Compare slightly later CHELICER   n.

Zool. 

Either of a pair of appendages in front of the mouth in arachnids and some otherarthropods, usually modified as pincer-like claws. Cf. CHELA   n. 1

1831   H. MCMURTRIE tr. P. A. Latreille in G. deCuvier Animal KingdomIII. 214   Projecting cheliceræ nearly as long as the body.

1870   H. A. NICHOLSON Man. Zool. 198   In the Scorpions the mandibles are short, and terminate in strong pincers, or ‘cheliceræ’.

1900   Amer. Naturalist 34 841   The second and third joints of each chelicera form apair of pinchers.

1947   A. D. IMMS Outl. Entomol. (ed. 3) v. 169   There are no antennae, these organs being replaced by prehensile chelicerae.

1987   M. S. LAVERACK & J. DANDO Lect. Notes Invertebr.Zool. (ed. 3) xxiii. 120 (caption)    The chelicera of a spider, Heteropoda regia.., with poison sac.

2000   C. TUDGE Variety of Life II. xi. 310   The first two [pairs of appendages] are the chelicerae and pedipalps, and thelast four are the walking legs.

DERIVATIVES 

cheˈliceral adj.1877   T. H. HUXLEY Man. Anat. Invertebr. Animals vii.

384   The two palpi are developed

from the pedipalpal portion of the proboscis; two horny hooks from the cheliceral portion.

1935   Proc. Royal Soc. B. 117 185   The second pair [of rudiments], corresponding tothe pedipalpi, occupies a position immediately behind the cheliceral rudiments.

1990   Jrnl. Zool. 222 602   The degree to which feeding spiders crush and rupture their prey's exoskeletons seems to berelated to the development of cheliceral teeth on the spider's chelicerae.

Chelicerata, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /kəˌlɪsəˈreɪtə/ , U.S. /kəˌlɪsəˈrɑdɑ/Etymology:  < scientific Latin Chelicerata (R. Heymons 1901, in Zoologica 33 143) < chelicera (see CHELICERA   n. ) + -ata (see - ATE   suffix 2 ). Compare earlier CHELICERATE   adj.

Zool. 

With pl. concord: a group of arthropods comprising the arachnids, horseshoe crabs, the extinct eurypterids, and (in many schemes) sea spiders, characterizedby feeding appendages that are jointed pincers or chelicerae (as distinct from a single pair of mandibles). Also: animals of this group (collectively or individually); chelicerates. The Chelicerataare the only arthropods to lack antennae, and the chelicerae represent the first pair of appendages. Theyare now regarded as a subphylum or phylum.

1919   Amer. Naturalist 53 152   The division of the Arthropoda into ‘Teleiocerata’ and ‘Chelicerata’ by Heymons, 1901..,can not be strictly applied when we take these forms into consideration.

1949   W. C. ALLEE et al. Princ. Animal Ecol. xxxiii. 632/2   Chelicerae adapted to predation and ultimately also to parasitism are characteristicof the superclass Chelicerata (Arthropoda).

1987   M. S. LAVERACK & J. DANDO Lect. Notes Invertebr.Zool. (ed. 3) xxiii. 111/2   Chelicerata are distinguished by: (i)Biramous (two-shafted) limbs modifiedfor special purposes..(ii) Gnathobases utilized in feeding.

2001   Nature 13 Sept. 121/1   Extant arthropods are divided into five subphyla: Hexapoda (insects), Crustacea.., Myriapoda.., Chelicerata(spiders, scorpions, mites and ticks)and Pycnogonida (sea spiders).

Ciliophora, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /sɪlɪˈɒf(ə)rə/ , U.S. /ˌsɪliˈɑfərə/Etymology:  < scientific Latin Ciliophora ( F. Doflein Die Protozoen als Parasiten und Krankheitserreger (1901) 3, as the name of a subphylum) < cilia CILIA   n.  + -o- -O-   connective  + -phora (see -PHORE   comb. form ).

Zool. 

With pl. concord: a large phylum (or kingdom) comprising the ciliate protozoans, characterized by the possession of cilia or ciliary structures, and both macronuclei and micronuclei. Also: protozoans of this phylum (collectively or individually);

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ciliates. Formerly regarded as a class or subphylum(also called Ciliata) of the phylum Protozoa.

1915   New Phytologist 14 96   Doflein (1911) made a twofold division into Ciliophora (Infusoria) with locomotion by cilia, and Plasmodroma with locomotion organs derived from protoplasmic processes.

1946   Jrnl. Parasitol. 32 465   Purple staining granules are commonly found with the Romanowsky method in the cytoplasm ofcertain Sporozoa, Rhizopoda, Ciliophora and Mastigophora.

1974   Systematic Zool. 23 91   A revised scheme of classification for the Ciliophora,now believed to represent a separate protistan phylum in its own right, needs to be developed.

2000   C. TUDGE Variety of Life II. iii. 151   The ciliates as understood correspond to the group that are commonly called Ciliophora.

 DERIVATIVES  ciliˈophoran adj. and n.

1956   Systematic Zool. 5 77/2   We should consider briefly the major areas in the hierarchy of ciliophoran forms which have been subjected to most significant revision.

1987   M. S. LAVERACK & J. DANDO Lect. Notes Invertebr.Zool. (ed. 3) ii. 24/1   The parasiticciliophorans..which occur in the rumen of ruminants, are best considered as symbionts.

2000   C. TUDGE Variety of Life II. iii. 147   Ciliophorans (or ciliates) propel themselves by cilia, at least when young, and never move in an amoeboid fashion.

Coelentera, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /sᵻˈlɛnt(ə)rə/ , U.S. /ˌsiˈlɛntəˌrə/Etymology:  Shortened < COELENTERATA   n.  Compare scientific Latin Anentera(see ANENTEROUS   adj. ).

Zool. (now hist.). 

= COELENTERATA   n.

1880   Q. Jrnl. Microsc. Sci. Jan. 106   The origin ofthe genitalia from this or that layer, would prove to be—in the Cœlentera at any rate—a matter of no genealogical import.

1896   J. W. KIRKALDY & E. C. POLLARD tr. J. E. V. Boas Text Bk. Zool. 99   Whilst Cœlentera of the first and simplest type are usually sessile, those just described, the medusoid forms, are generally free-swimming.

1921   J. A. THOMSON Outl. Zool. (ed. 7) ix. 137   The Cœlentera..form a very large series of Acœlomate Metazoa.

1946   H. WOODS Palæontol. Invertebr. (ed. 8) 52   The Cœlentera include hydroids, jelly-fishes, sea-anemones, corals, and allied forms.

1969   Science 2 May 541/2   Williams' primary subdivision separates ‘the Lowest Groups’, namely, Protozoa, Porifera, and Coelentera..from the other animals on the basis of their ‘lacking bilateral symmetry’.

comms, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /kɒmz/ , U.S. /kɑmz/Forms:  19– coms, 19– comms, 19– comms. (with point).

Etymology:  Shortened < the plural of COMMUNICATION   n.  (originally as graphic abbreviation).

  1. attrib. Designating equipment, systems,etc., used for communication over long distances, esp. by electronic means; of or relating to telecommunications. Cf. COMMUNICATION   n.   Compounds 1b .

1960   Guardian 3 Feb. 13/8 (advt.)    Installation/Maintenance H.F./V.H.F. Low/Medium Power Comms. equipment.

1977   N.Y. Times 25 Nov. W20/8 (advt.)    Advanced state-of-the-art environment... Design..digital circuits, circuit switching, comms networks, instrumentation.

1988   ICL Techn. Jrnl. 6 75   The symptoms of the problem were an apparent controller ‘hang-up’, with continuous activity on the comms line.

1991   What Personal Computer Dec. 48/1   I'm writing this article in Scotland. Eventually my comms software will whiz it down to a BBS in London as a text file.

1995   E. ARTHUR Antarctic Navigation 442   Finally,we needed a comms person.

2005   C. STROSS Accelerando IV. 156   She wants to be alone in coms silence for a couple of million seconds.

  2. Equipment or systems of this type; telecommunications. Cf. COMMUNICATION   n.   5c .

1967   Naval Engineers Jrnl. June 391/2   Shipboard satellite communications have progressed through RDT&E Phases and have proven to be vastly superior to HF comms for long range circuits.

1970   in Attempted Defection by Lithuanian Seaman: Hearings Comm. on Foreign Affairs (U.S. 91stCongr. 2nd Sess.) (1971) App. B. 221,   I tried to get you [by] another means but apparently we've lost comms.

1985   M. PARFIT South Light (1988) vii. 91   ‘ComSta Kodiak, this is thePolar Sea. Radio check.’ ‘Loud and clear,’ Kodiak said. Earth was still there. The officer hung up the mike. ‘Now that's good coms,’ he said.

1998   T. CLANCY Rainbow Six xxxviii. 704,   I guess they depend on satellite and radio comms from this antenna farm.

2000   Personal Computer World Mar. 46/3   The other version, for smart phones, supports more sophisticated messagingand PIM applications to run on higher-resolution PDAs with built-in mobile comms.

communar, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˈkɒmjᵿnɑː/ , U.S. /ˈkɑmjəˌnɑr/Etymology:  < post-classical Latin communarius official administering a common fund (frequently from 12th cent. in British sources) < communa(see COMMON   n. 1 ) + classical Latin -ārius -ARY   suffix 1 .

Christian Church. 

An administrator of a monastic or ecclesiastical community. In later use: (spec.at Chichester Cathedral) a layman responsible for the financial administration of the cathedral; the bursar.

a1730   J. ECTON Thesaurus Rerum Ecclesiasticarum (1742) 514   Diocese of Salisbury..The Dean and Chapter have Episcopal Jurisdiction, which they exercise by their Communar, (an annual Officer) as their Official.

1876   R. W. STEPHENS Memorials South Saxon See & Cathedral Church Chichester vi. 191   The bishop bequeathed an annual gift of £5 to the dean and chapter, to be expended in the purchase of wine by their communar on or about St. Martin's day.

1921   Musical Times Jan. 17/1   In the account book of William Capron, who was Communar from 1504 to 1505, there is an entry of ten shillings paid to theroyal commissioner.

1979   Daily Tel. 2 Aug. 11/6   [The] Maj.-Gen...,Commandant of the Royal Military Academy, Sandhurst since 1976, has been appointed communar (administrator) of Chichester Cathedral.

1999   Church Times 25 June 22/5 (advt.)    Applications to:..The Communar (Capt.M. Shallow RN) Chichester Cathedral.

communautaire, adj.Pronunciation:  Brit. /kəˌm(j)uːnə(ʊ)ˈtɛː/ , U.S. /kəˌmunəˈtɛ(ə)r/Etymology:  < French communautaire communal, communitarian (1841 or earlier; earlier as noun in sense ‘advocate of communitarianism’ (1840)), of or relating to the European CommonMarket (1966 or earlier) < communauté (see COMMONALTY   n. ) + -aire -ARY   suffix 1 . Compare slightly earlier COMMUNITARY   adj.

  1. = COMMUNITARIAN   adj.   1 .rare.

1860   P. J. STIRLING tr. F. Bastiat Harmonies Polit. Econ. x. 264   Of all the laws to which Providence has confided the progress of human society,..[competition] is the most progressive, levelling, and communautaire.

1947   Internat. Affairs 23 261   The theory that the African is traditionally not communist but communautaire.

  2. Brit. That supports or advances the interests of the European Union (or its predecessors). Cf. ACQUIS COMMUNAUTAIRE   n.

1967   Times 5 Oct. 27/7   The beauty of this approach, from France's point of view, is that it is so communautaire.

1979   Economist 14 July 44/1   The Tories' drive to cut public spending..has made it harder for Britain to be communautaire when other EEC countries want to raise spending.

1990   D. KAVANAGH Thatcherism & Brit. Politics (ed. 2) ix. 253   Its forceful statement of British sovereignty offended many in the Foreign Office, which is more communautaire.

2005   Daily Tel. (Nexis) 23 June (City section) 34   Even the barmy stuff that reallydoes come from the EU is Labour's fault, a direct result of its decision to give up Britain's opt-outof the Social Chapter, as a communautaire gesture when it came topower.

communibus annis, adv.Pronunciation:  Brit. /kəˈmjuːnᵻbəs ˌanɪs/ , U.S. /kəˈmjunəbəs ˌænᵻs/

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Etymology:  < post-classical Latin communibus annis (8th cent. in a British source, or earlier) < classical Latin commūnibus , ablative plural masculine of commūnis COMMON   adj.  + annīs , ablative plural of annus year (see ANNALS n.).

Now hist. 

In normal or average years.

1546   in J. T. Fowler Memorials Church SS. Peter & Wilfrid, Ripon(1888) III. 10   Item the Easter Booke communibus Annis, lxvjs.viijd.

c1610   in Proc. Soc. Antiquaries Scotl. (1884) 18 295   The Vicarage of Dunrosnes in..bowteind communibus annis foure barrell butter.

1627   G. HAKEWILL Apologie IX. i. 131,   I am perswaded thatcommunibus annis, we shall finde no difference from the seasons of former ages.

1674   Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 9 215   Communibus annis above thirty thousand pieces of Eight were wasted by the expence of Quicksilver.

1730   in D. G. Barron Court Bk. Urie (1892) 140  It cannot be proven that ever there grew so much as twelve bolls of bear upon the said two tacks communibus annis above the seed.

1787   T. JEFFERSON Tour S. France Mar.–June in Papers (1955) XI. 455   The journalyeilds [sic], communibus annis, about 3. pieces of 240. or 250 bottles each.

1811   J. BLACK tr. A. von Humboldt Polit. Ess. New Spain II. 443   In New California..maize produces in generalonly, communibus annis, from 70 to 80for one.

1918   Trans. Royal Hist. Soc. 1 152   This rent was calculated as an advance of £28,600 yearly above what had been paid to Queen Elizabeth communibus annis.

1979   Huntington Lib. Q 42 226   One account, dated 1661 and in the earl's own hand, valued the annual revenue from his estates at £6,250 18s. 3d., not counting £560 derived in communibus annis from lands which were part of the estate.

communitas, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /kəˈmjuːnᵻtas/ , /kəˈmjuːnᵻtɑːs/ , U.S. /kəˈmjunəˌtɑs/Etymology:  < classical Latin commūnitās COMMUNITY   n.

  1. A community; a body of people actingcollectively; (Law) = CORPORATION   n.   3a . hist.

1841   Jrnl. Statist. Soc. London 4 100   The guardianship of the Thames, with all the trusts that have been aggregated around it, is vested in the Corporation of London, as representing the old ‘Communitas’ of the metropolis.

1894   Eng. Hist. Rev. 9 753   A merchant gild did not exist, and craft gilds were by charter of 1256 prohibited as interfering with the general interests of the communitas.

1911   Times 11 Sept. 11/5   It might..be legally contended that this disafforesting grant transferred the fishing in the Wye..to the communitasof the men of Irchenfield.

1997   S. REYNOLDS Kingdoms & Communities in Western Europe, 900–1300 (ed. 2) v. 138   People

seem to have been ready and able to act collectively in any group that had common interests in the matter inhand. Any of these groups might be described quite loosely as a universitas or communitas.

  2. Cultural Anthropol. A strong sense of solidarity and bonding that develops among people experiencing a ritual, riteof passage, or other transitional state together. Cf. LIMINALITY   n.

1969   V. W. TURNER Ritual Process iv. 131   Essentially, communitas is a relationship between concrete, historical, idiosyncratic individuals.

1971   Man 6 307/1   There remains, however, the wider question of the whether communitas is indeed found in all human societies.

1994   Ethnology 33 175   Not everyone who participates in festivals experiencescommunitas, but many do.

2001   M. V. WILEY Arnis xvii. 125   The social aspect of collective liminality is known as communitas.

† communitive, adj.1

Etymology:  Apparently an alteration of COMMUNICATIVE   adj. , with loss of medial syllable. Compare earlier COMMUNATIVE   adj.

Obs. 

That diffuses itself; that gives of itself; =COMMUNICATIVE   adj.   1 .

1649   J. LILBURNE et al. Manifestation 3   [We are] obliged..to employ our endeavours for the advancement of a communitive Happinesse, of equall concernment to others as our selves.

1683   J. LEAD Revelation of Revelations 129   Love isfreely communitive, and disperseth itself in great variety.

1688   Short Disc. Mortality of Body in F. Quarles Solomon's Recantations (new ed.) 80   The great Almighty, whose Transcendent Goodness desendeth in full Showers upon all Men, by his communitive Goodness which is freely extended to every Man.

consumerization, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /kənˌsjuːmərʌɪˈzeɪʃn/ , U.S./kənˌs(j)umərəˈzeɪʃ(ə)n/ , /kənˌs(j)uməˌraɪˈzeɪʃ(ə)n/Forms:  see CONSUMER   n.    and -IZATION   suffix .Etymology:  < CONSUMER   n.  + -IZATION   suffix .

 The process of becoming increasingly consumerist, the growth of consumerism; commercialization. Also: the action of making something more appealing to consumers.

1936   H. M. KALLEN Decline & Rise of Consumer x. 261   Hyman Cohn [pioneer of the cooperative movement in New York City]..invented a slogan: ‘Consumerization converts rent payersinto home owners’.

1970   College Eng. 32 262/2   The anti-social effects of consumerization are reflected throughout the whole ideological superstructure of advanced capitalism.

1990   Independent 18 July 17/8   Berlin..[is] perfectly poised to exploit the ‘consumerisation’ of Eastern Europe.

2001   S. BARNETT & I. GABER Westm. Tales i. 7   A consumerization of news content whichgives high priority to notions of ‘accessibility’ and intrinsic viewer interest.

consumer unit, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /kənˈsjuːmə ˌjuːnɪt/ , U.S. /kənˈs(j)umər ˈjunət/Etymology:  < CONSUMER   n.  + UNIT   n.  1. Chiefly U.S. A department or agency concerned with consumer affairs, esp. promoting consumers' interests or responding to consumers' complaints.

1933   Washington Post 19 Dec. 20/1   NRA organizes consumer unit in each county... Each county consumer council will include in its membership a member of a women's organization interested in consumer problems.

1971   N.Y. Times Index (1970) 58 432/3   Atty Gen'sLaw Dept consumer unit has cooperatedin preparing consumer-edu text.

2002   Pittsburgh ( Pa. ) Post-Gaz.  (Nexis) 2 Oct. C1  Bernard..is head of the company's consumer unit.

 2. U.S. Econ. A household, individual, etc., regarded as an economic unit.

1935   Amer. Econ. Rev. 25 583   For purposes of analysis and comparison the members of the family were converted into ‘consumer units’; an adult male was taken as one unit and women and children were reduced to equivalent fractional units.

1980   Christian Sci. Monitor (Nexis) 3 Nov. 2   By 1990, 45 percent of all consumer units—defined as a family, a lodger living with a family, or a person living alone or with a room-mate—willbe between the ages of 25 and 44.

2007   Tire Business (Nexis) 18 June 1   From 1994-95 to 2000-01, the number of Hispanic consumer units grew faster (21.8 percent) than the number of non-Hispanic consumer units (5.9 percent).

  3. Chiefly Brit. A unit installed betweenthe electricity meter and the wiring circuits of a property, containing circuit-breakers (or cartridge fuses) for each circuit and often a residual current device. The unit serves the same purpose as the older fuse box, which it is superseding.

1960   Times 16 Dec. 20/   Our new consumer unit is the first serious attempt in this country to promote the domestic application of circuit breakers.

1982   W. TURNER Questions & Answers Electr. Wiring (ed.2) ii. 17   The kind known as a miniature circuit breaker (m.c.b.) can be incorporated in a distributionboard or consumer unit..in a similar manner to a fuse.

2002   R. D. TRELOAR Plumbing Heating & Gas Installations (ed. 2) VI.252   The radialcircuit differs in that the final socket on the system does not feed back to the consumer unit.

ctene, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /tiːn/ , U.S. /tin/

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Etymology:  Either < cten- (in CTENOPHORA   n. ) or directly < ancient Greekκτεν-, κτείς (in Byzantine Greek also with nominative κτήν) comb(see CTENO- comb. form), after scientific Latin Ctenophora CTENOPHORA   n. Some older sources apparently treat the form ctene as a plural.

Zool. 

Each of the mobile, flattened, paddle-like arrays of fused cilia which are arranged in rows to form the swimming organs of Ctenophora; a comb plate.

1900   G. C. BOURNE in E. R. Lankester Treat. Zool. II. vii. 2   The surface of the body is beset with eight meridional rows of modified ectoderm, bearing very long cilia, fused together and so disposed as to form a series of swimming plates called combs or ctenes.

1920   I. F. HENDERSON & W. D. HENDERSON Dict. Sci. Terms 65/1   Ctene, the swimming-plates of Ctenophores.

1949   C. M. YONGE Sea Shore iii. 22 (caption)    Sea-gooseberry,Pleurobrachia pileus, showing ctenes or swimming plates characteristic of the Ctenophora.

1987   M. S. LAVERACK & J. DANDO Lect. Notes Invertebr.Zool. (ed. 3) v. 38   Each costa is composed of a row of ciliary plates called ctenes or comb plates.

1998   S. C. MORRIS Crucible of Creation iv. 108   They are composed of many rows of cilia, each row consisting of a series of cilia that form a paddle-like structure (known as a ctene).

Echinoderma, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ᵻˌkʌɪnə(ʊ)ˈdɜːmə/ , /ˌɛkɪnə(ʊ)ˈdɜːmə/ , U.S. /əˌkaɪnəˈdərmə/ , /ˌɛkɪnəˈdərmə/Etymology:  < scientific Latin Echinoderma (1825 or earlier) < Frenchéchinoderme (see ECHINODERM   n. ) + scientificLatin -a -A   suffix 2 . Compare post-classical Latin echinoderma sea urchin (see ECHINODERMATA   n. ).

Zool. 

= ECHINODERMATA   n.   2 .

1833   Lancet 16 Nov. 266/2   In some of the animals which we still place among the echinoderma, there is no solid part on the surface, and scarcely a trace of any kind, internally, of a skeleton.

1870   Nature 14 July 207/1   The word Echinodermata (which was first correctly applied by Stein [sic] to the shells of Echini)..ought to be written Echinoderma.

1900   E. R. LANKESTER Treat. Zool. III. viii. 23   Whatever may be the homologies of thehydrocoel, there is..no nephridial orother excretory system in Echinoderma.

1928   Times 17 Feb. 11/3   He joined the staffof the British Museum in 1887 as assistant in the Department of Geology and was placed in charge of the echinoderma.

1960   Jrnl. Paleontol. 34 353/1   The only taxonomic change from an advanced ‘scale of being’ concept or progressionism..is the recent removalof the Echinoderma to a position between Arthropoda and Prochordata.

2004   D. G. MATISHOV & G. G. MATISHOV Radioecology in Northern European Seas iv. 145   Echinoderma represent 50–60% of all zoobenthos in the northern deep-waterareas.

Echiura, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ɛkᵻˈjʊərə/ , U.S. /ˌɛkiˈjʊrə/Etymology:  < scientific Latin Echiura (see quot. 1968) < Echiurus , genus name ( F. E. Guérin-Méneville Iconogr. du Règne Animal de G. Cuvier (1829–43  ) III. 244, after earlier echiurus , specific name ( P. S. Pallas Miscellanea Zoologica (1766) 146); < ancientGreek ἔχις viper (see ECHITES   n. ) + οὐρά tail: seeURO-   comb. form 2 ) + -a -A   suffix 2 , after Echiuroidea (see ECHIUROID   n. ).

Zool. 

With pl. concord: a small phylum of unsegmented marine invertebrates comprising the spoonworms, which are characterized by a sausage-shaped body with two or more hooked chaetae and a mobile, non-retractile ribbon-like proboscis. Also: animals of this phylum (collectively or individually); spoonworms.Formerly called Echiuroidea or Echiurida, and once regarded as an order of gephyrean worms, the echiura are now sometimes placed as a class of the phylum Annelida.

1968   M. FLORKIN & B. T. SCHEER Chem. Zool. II. p.xvii,   Contents of Other Volumes..Volume IV: Annelida, Echiura, Sipuncula.

1989   Trans. Amer. Miscosc. Soc. 108 330   The type of cuticle described here..also occurs in annelid-related phyla; e.g., Echiura, Sipuncula.., Entoprocta, Nematomorpha.., and Pogonophora.

2001   G. W. ROUSE & F. PLEIJEL Polychaetes ii. 9/1   The results..suggest that chaetae could have evolved twice, onein Echiura and once in Annelida.

echiuran, adj. and n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ɛkᵻˈjʊərən/ , U.S. /ˌɛkiˈjʊrən/Etymology:  < ECHIURA   n.  + -AN   suffix . Compare earlier ECHIUROID   adj. , ECHIURIAN   n. ,ECHIURID   adj.

Zool.

A. adj. 

Of or relating to the phylum Echiura (formerly Echiuroidea).

1969   Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) B. 255 499   The hypofauna is very characteristic:shiny black, finger-sized Holothuria..,a thalasssemid echiuran worm, a Sipunculus, a glycerid and a nereid polychaete worm.

1987   Nature 1 Jan. 22/2   ‘Microfauna’ refersto vertebrates at the lower end of the vertebrate scale, most of which are larger than echiuran worms.

2002   P. HERRING Biol. Deep Ocean App. 284   Tube dwellers often have elaborate tentacles to sweep the sediment surface (like echiuran worms but on asmaller spatial scale).

  B. n.

 

An animal of the phylum Echiura (formerly Echiuroidea); a spoonworm.

1971   Micronesica 7 137 (title)    Some Sipunculans and Echiurans, chiefly from Guam.

1987   M. S. LAVERACK & J. DANDO Lect. Notes Invertebr.Zool. (ed. 3) xix. 95/1   Most echiurans burrow in mud and sand.

2008   Nature 10 Apr. 745/1   We find strong support for several new hypotheses. These include a clade that unites annelids (including sipunculans and echiurans) with nemerteans, phoronidsand brachiopods.

Ectoprocta, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˈɛktə(ʊ)prɒktə/ , U.S. /ˈɛktəˌprɑktə/Etymology:  < scientific Latin Ectoprocta, family name ( H. NitscheBeitraege zur Kenntniss der Bryozoen I. (1869) 34) < ecto- ECTO-   comb. form  + ancient Greek πρωκτός anus, rump (see PROCTO-   comb. form ) + scientific Latin-a - A   suffix 2 . Compare ENTOPROCTA   n.

Zool. 

Originally: an order or division of the Polyzoa ( Bryozoa) having the anus opening outside the lophophore (cf. ENTOPROCTA   n. ). Later: = BRYOZOA   n. Afterthe Entoprocta were removed, the taxa Ectoprocta and Polyzoa ( Bryozoa) became effectively synonymous.

1878   Amer. Naturalist 12 618   Barrois thinks..it is much more natural to consider the Ectoprocta as organisms throughout comparable to Entoprocta, but in which the anus curves within the tentacular crown.

1940   G. S. CARTER Gen. Zool. Invertebr. xxiii. 476   To this group belong the annelids, molluscs, Polyzoa (both Ectoprocta and Endoprocta), Podaxonia(Sipunculoidea and probably Phoronidea) and a few other phyla.

1975   Nature 7 Aug. 521/1   As those samples included some typical ‘suspension-feeders’ (Porifera, Ectoprocta, Sabellida and so on), a water currentable to transport the food items evidently exists.

1998   L. MARGULIS & K. V. SCHWARTZ Five Kingdoms (ed. 3) iii. 304/2   The phylogenetic relationships of the three lophophore-bearing phyla—Phoronida, Brachiopoda, and Ectoprocta—to one another is uncertain.

entoproct, adj. and n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˈɛntə(ʊ)prɒkt/ , U.S. /ˈɛntəˌprɑkt/Etymology:  < ENTOPROCTA   n.  Compare earlier ENTOPROCTOUS   adj.  Compare also earlier ECTOPROCT   n.

Zool.

A. adj. 

Of or relating to the group or phylum Entoprocta.

1883   Amer. Naturalist 17 558   Dr. Barrois believes that the entoproct larva represents the ancestral type of the entire group.

1933   Q. Jrnl. Microsc. Sci. 75 393   The ciliary feeding mechanism of the Entoproct

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Polyzoa does not seem to have been worked out in any detail.

1962   D. J. MERRELL Evol. & Genetics xiii. 134   The entoproct larva departs in some respects from the typical trochophorelarva.

1998   L. MARGULIS & K. V. SCHWARTZ Five Kingdoms (ed. 3) iii. 262/1   Larvae of some entoproct species form trochophore-like larvae, not considered true trochophores.

  B. n.

 An animal of the group or phylum Entoprocta.

1902   Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 41 66   Among larval entoprocts there are few, if any, undoubted homologies with either the trochophore, the actinotroph, or the brachiopod larva.

1948   Biol. Bull. 94 128   Barentsia laxa..[is] an Entoproct of the Family Pedicellinidae.

2001   G. W. ROUSE & F. PLEIJEL Polychaetes xiii. 75/2   The tubes harbour a number of commensals, including entoprocts, gastropods, bivalves and other scale-worms.

Entoprocta, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˈɛntə(ʊ)prɒktə/ , U.S. /ˈɛntəˌprɑktə/Etymology:  < scientific Latin Entoprocta, family name ( H. NitscheBeitraege zur Kenntniss der Bryozoen I. (1869) 34) < ento- ENTO-   prefix  + ancient Greek πρωκτός anus, rump (see PROCTO-   comb. form ) + scientific Latin-a - A   suffix 2 . Compare ECTOPROCTA   n.

Zool. 

With pl. concord: a small phylum of minute, sedentary marine invertebrates borne on a stalk and having a crown of solid tentacles; (also) animals of this phylum (collectively or individually). The Entoprocta were originally regarded as an order or division of the Polyzoa ( Bryozoa), characterized by having the anus opening within the crown of tentacles (cf. ECTOPROCTA   n. ). In view of their lack of a coelom and other differences they were later raised to phylum level, but some researchers now believe that the Entoprocta and Bryozoa should be reunited.

1878   Amer. Naturalist 12 618   Barrois thinks..it is much more natural to consider the Ectoprocta as organisms throughout comparable to Entoprocta, but in which the anus curves within the tentacular crown.

1937   W. C. ALLEE & K. P. SCHMIDT tr. R. Hesse Ecol. Animal Geogr. iv. 36   Bryozoaare well represented in a single family of Entoprocta, otherwise very rare.

1962   D. J. MERRELL Evol. & Genetics xiii. 135   Among the animals with a pseudocoel..are six groups quite clearly similar and two phyla, the Acanthocephala and the Entoprocta, rather different from the others.

2001   D. G. SMITH Pennak's Freshwater Invertebr. U.S. (ed. 4) xi. 245   The Entoprocta are small colonial or solitary sessile invertebrates.

gastrotrich, n. and adj.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˈɡastrətrɪk/ , U.S. /ˈɡæstrəˌtrɪk/Etymology:  < GASTROTRICHA   n.

Zool.

A. n. 

An animal of the phylum Gastrotricha.

1926   A. S. PEARSE Animal Ecol. vi. 226   In LakeMendota sixteen genera of protozoans,many oligochætes, nematodes, gastrotrichs..and a Pisidium each year remain for three months on or inthe bottom mud in water that containsno oxygen.

1958   Q. Rev. Biol. 33 34/2   The kinorhynchs haveseveral characters in common with gastrotrichs and especially nematodes, less with rotifers.

2006   A. MCLACHLAN & A. C. BROWN Ecol. Sandy Shores (ed. 2) v. 67   Gastrotrichs are common members of the sandy-beachmeiofauna, their tiny worm-like bodies ideally suiting them to an interstitial environment.

  B. adj.

 Of or relating to the phylum Gastrotricha.

1958   Trans. Amer. Microsc. Soc. 77 424   N[eogossea] sexiseta moves rapidly throughout the medium rarely gliding on the substrate as many members of the gastrotrich genera do.

1979   Science 20 July 302/1   About half the known gastrotrich species inhabit freshwater.

1998   L. MARGULIS & K. V. SCHWARTZ Five Kingdoms (ed. 3) iii. 256/2   Freshwater gastrotrich populations includingLepidodermella are entirely female.

Gastrotricha, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˌɡastrə(ʊ)ˈtrʌɪkə/ , U.S. /ˌɡæstrəˈtraɪkə/Etymology:  < scientific Latin Gastrotricha ( E. Mečnikow 1865  , in Zeitschrift f. Wissenschaftliche Zoologie 15 458) < gastro- GASTRO-   comb. form  + < ancient Greek τριχ- , θρίξ hair (see TRICHO-   comb. form 1 ) + scientific Latin -a -A   suffix 2 .

Zool. 

With pl. concord: a small phylum of minute aquatic invertebrates having a short worm-like body bearing cilia, bristles, and posterior adhesive organs;(also) animals of this phylum (collectively or individually). The Gastrotricha are thought to be related to rotifers and nematodes, and they were formerly regarded as a class of the phylum Aschelminthes.

1866   tr. E. Mecznikow in Q. Jrnl. Microsc. Sci. 6 248   The arrangement of the Gastrotricha consists at present of six genera.

1889   Amer. Naturalist 23 912   Carl Zelinka, of Gratz, has recently monographed the Gastrotricha of the world.

1937   W. C. ALLEE & K. P. SCHMIDT tr. R. Hesse Ecol. Animal Geogr. iii. 26   Fresh-water fishes, protozoans (especially ciliates), rotifers, and Gastrotrichahave found the fresh-water environment favorable.

1953   H. MELLANBY Animal Life in Fresh Water (ed. 5) xiii. 269   The Gastrotricha or ‘hairy-backs’—These animals resemble the

ciliated Protozoa in superficial appearance and habits.

1979   Science 20 July 302/1   The Gastrotricha are a phylum of microscopic animals, traditionally included in the invertebrate assemblage known as ‘aschelminths’.

1995   C. NIELSEN Animal Evol. x. 85   In the Gastrotricha, the monociliate condition occurs scattered within a number of families and genera.

gnathostomulid, n. and adj.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˌnaθə(ʊ)ˈstəʊmjᵿːlɪd/ ,U.S. /ˌnæθəˈstɑmjələd/Etymology:  < scientific Latin Gnathostomulida GNATHOSTOMULIDA   n.

Zool.

A. n. 

An animal of the phylum Gnathostomulida.

1969   Science 31 Jan. 445/3   The history of the gnathostomulids follows the same sequence of events as that of the Pogonophora.

1987   M. S. LAVERACK & J. DANDO Lect. Notes Invertebr.Zool. (ed. 3) viii. 54/1   The body ofa gnathostomulid is elongate.

2003   Nature 21 Aug. 885/1   Only those fond of the less-frequented pages of zoology textbooks—the chapters that deal with organisms such as gastrotrichs and gnathostomulids—willhave ever heard of a small marine worm called Xenoturbella bocki.

  B. adj.

 Of or relating to the phylum Gnathostomulida.

1969   Science 31 Jan. 451/2 (caption)    Left side indicates increase of gnathostomulid species.

1995   C. NIELSEN Animal Evol. xvii. 141   The gnathostomulid jaws are cuticular structures on a ventral pharyngeal bulb like that of several polychaetes.

Gnathostomulida, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˌnaθə(ʊ)stə(ʊ)ˈmjuːlɪdə/ , U.S./ˌnæθəstəˈmjulədə/Etymology:  < scientific Latin Gnathostomulida (P. Ax 1956  , in Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur [in Mainz]: Abhandlungen der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Klasse 531) < gnatho- GNATHO-   comb. form  + ancient Greek στόμα mouth (see STOMA   n. ) + scientific Latin -ula -ULA suffix + -ida (see -ID   suffix 3 ).

Zool. 

With pl. concord: a small phylum of minute acoelomate worms which typically occur in anoxic marine sands and are characterized by an elongated ciliated body and a pair of toothed jaws; (also in form gnathostomulida) animals of thisphylum (collectively or individually). The Gnathostomulida were discovered in 1956; they appear to be intermediate between cnidarians and flatworms.

1961   Science 3 Feb. 326/1   Information on a wide variety of recently discovered and unusual animal types, includingNeopilina, Pogonophora..,

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Xenoturbellida, Gnathostomulida, Monotoplanidae, [etc.].

1987   M. S. LAVERACK & J. DANDO Lect. Notes Invertebr.Zool. (ed. 3) viii. 54/1   Phylum Gnathostomulida. Jaw-worms, microscopic animals 0.5 to 3 mm long.

2003   B. BRYSON Short Hist. Nearly Everything (2004) xxiii. 437   Among the obscure we might list gnathostomulida (marine worms), cnidaria (jellyfish, medusae,anemones and corals) and the delicatepriapulida (or little ‘penis worms’).

Hemichordata, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˌhɛmɪkɔːˈdeɪtə/ , U.S. /ˌhɛməkɔrˈdɑdɑ/ , /ˌhɛməkɔrˈdeɪdɑ/Etymology:  < scientific Latin Hemichordata (W. Bateson 1885, in Proc. Royal Soc. 1884–5 38 29) < hemi- HEMI-   prefix  + chordata CHORDATA   n.  Compare earlier CHORDATA   n.  and slightly earlier CEPHALOCHORDATA   n. , UROCHORDATA   n. Compare also slightly earlier HEMICHORDATE   n.

Zool. 

 With pl. concord: a phylum of marine invertebrates comprising chiefly the acorn worms (class Enteropneusta), whosebody consists of three parts (proboscis,collar, and trunk with gill slits) and contains a notochord-like structure, andalso some colonial forms (the pterobranchs and the extinct graptolites). Also: animals of this phylum (collectively or individually); hemichordates. The Hemichordata were formerly included within the phylum Chordata but were removed when the homology of the notochord came into doubt. They were sometimes placed in a group Protochordata andare still regarded informally as ‘protochordates’.

1889   Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 26 553   The notochord of all vertebrates, ascidians and Hemichordata.

1919   Amer. Naturalist 53 147   The lines of development of the Hemichordata and of the worm-like forms have an ultimately common ancestry.

1940   G. S. CARTER Gen. Zool. Invertebr. xiv. 267   The Hemichordata have other methods of feeding.

1977   Amer. Zool. 17 35/2   Coelom formation in the Phoronida has parallels in deuterostomic phyla such as the Hemichordata.

2002   G. M. EBERHART Mysterious Creatures I. 247/2   In the Phylum Hemichordata (acorn worms), the giant acorn worms are the undiscovered adults of a known species of larvae.

† humanitarianizing, adj.Forms:  18 humanitarianising.Etymology:  < HUMANITARIAN   n.  + -IZING   suffix 2 , after HUMANITARIANISM   n.  Compare later HUMANITARIANIZE   v.

Theol. Obs. rare. 

Of a person: that believes that Christ'snature was human only and not divine. Cf. HUMANITARIAN   n.   1a .

1831   Christian Examiner June 417   The primitivepriority and original universality ofAntitrinitarianism, evinced by the still greatly preponderating number of humanitarianising Unitarians even in the time of Tertullian.

1832   G. S. FABER Apostolicity of Trinitarianism I. 379   Hegesippus must have been an

humanitarianising Antitrinitarianbecause he was a HebrewChristian.

† humanly, adj.Forms:  lME humaynly.Etymology:  < HUMAN   n.  (although this is first attested slightly later) + -LY suffix 1 , after Middle Dutch menschelijc of or relating to man (compare MANLY adj.).

Obs. rare. 

Characteristic of human nature.

1481   CAXTON tr. Hist. Reynard Fox (1970) 69   Whana man doth amys And thenne by counseyl amendeth it That is humaynly[Du.menschelic] And so ought he to doo.

hypoglycin, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˌhʌɪpə(ʊ)ˈɡlʌɪsɪn/ , U.S. /ˌhaɪpoʊˈɡlaɪs(ə)n/Forms:  19– hypoglycin, 19– hypoglycine.Etymology:  < hypoglyc- (in hypoglycaemia   n.   at   HYPO-   prefix   2 ) + -IN   suffix 1 .With the form hypoglycine compare -INE   suffix 5 .

 Either of two related toxins occurring naturally in the unripe fruit of the ackee, Blighia sapida, typically causing severe vomiting if ingested. More fully hypoglycin A, hypoglycin B. The hypoglycins are amino acids related to lysine and containing a cyclopropane ring. Formulae: (hypoglycin A) C7H11NO2; (hypoglycin B) C12H18N2O5.

1954   C. H. HASSALL et al. in Nature 20 Feb. 356/2   There is evidence..that the fruit of Blighia sapida (known in Jamaica as ackee and in Nigeria as isin), a very common article of diet in Jamaica, may contain toxic components... We have found that the seed of the fruit contains two toxic polypeptides which we have named hypoglycin A and hypoglycin B.

1976   Environmental Health Perspectives 14 194/2   Riboflavin protected against the teratogenic effects of both hypoglycine A and boric acid.

1987   N.Y. Times 11 Jan. (Travel section) 32/3  Unripe ackee contains a poison—hypoglycin-a—which disappears when the ripe fruit pops open.

1995   L. GUNST Born Fi' Dead (1996) I. 17   The slave ships brought the first ackee, the bright orange pod that holds its tender yellow fruit in a tight, poisonous embrace until the pod opensand releases the deadly hypoglycin, making the ackee safe to eat.

2006   Record ( Bergen County, New Jersey )   (Nexis)15 Nov. (Food section) 1   Hypoglycinoccurs naturally in ackee but falls down to safe levels if the pod is allowed to ripen and open without human interference.

kinorhynch, n. and adj.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˈkʌɪnə(ʊ)rɪŋk/ , U.S. /ˈkaɪnəˌrɪŋk/Etymology:  < KINORHYNCHA   n.

Zool.

A. n. 

An animal of the phylum Kinorhyncha.

1958   Q. Rev. Biol. 33 34/2   The kinorhynchs haveseveral characters in common with gastrotrichs and especially nematodes, less with rotifers.

1987   M. S. LAVERACK & J. DANDO Lect. Notes Invertebr.Zool. (ed. 3) xi. 64/1   Hatching occurs when the young kinorhynch has 11 segments.

2004   Nature 15 Jan. 206/1   These are the scalidophorans, a collection of threegloriously obscure marine worms: priapulids, loriciferans and kinorhynchs.

  B. adj.

 Of or relating to the phylum Kinorhyncha.

1960   Limnol. & Oceanogr. 5 121   The locality rich in fine deposits..was characterized by the relative abundance of several nematodes..and the three kinorhynch species.

1998   R. S. K. BARNES Diversity Living Organisms v. 209   Other aspects of kinorhynch anatomy..and their reproduction are typically aschelminth.

Kinorhyncha, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˌkʌɪnə(ʊ)ˈrɪŋkə/ , U.S. /ˌkaɪnəˈrɪŋkə/Etymology:  < scientific Latin Kinorhyncha (V. V. Reinhard 1887, inZeitschrift f. Wissensch. Zool. 45 463) < kino- KINO-   comb. form  + ancient Greekῥύγχος snout (see -RHYNCHOUS   comb. form ) + scientific Latin -a -A   suffix 2 .

Zool. 

With pl. concord: a small phylum of minute invertebrates that occur in marine mud and sand, characterized by a retractile spiny head and a segmented body; (also) animals of this phylum (collectively or individually). The Kinorhyncha are thought to be related to rotifers and nematodes, and they were formerly regarded as a class of the phylum Aschelminthes.

1897   Science 18 June 958/2   The work is shared by seven authors, as follows: Platyhelminthes and Mesozoa, by F. W.Gamble..; Rotifera, Gastrotricha and Kinorhyncha, by Marcus Hartog.

1968   Jrnl. Invertebr. Pathol. 12 63/1   In the Aschelminthes, which includes the Rotifera, Gastrotricha, Kinorhyncha, Priapulida, and Nematoda, the primarydefense of the organism appears to bethe cuticle.

2000   C. TUDGE Variety of Life II. v. 201   The Kinorhyncha are commonly called ‘mud dragons’: they include about 150 species of creatures that live on thesea bottom, all less than a millimetre long.

lifeguarded, adj.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˈlʌɪfɡɑːdᵻd/ , U.S. /ˈlaɪfˌɡɑrdəd/Etymology:  < LIFEGUARD   n.  + -ED   suffix 2 . Compare earlier GUARDED   adj. , and alsoLIFEGUARD   v.

orig. U.S. 

Of a beach, swimming pool, etc.: provided with a lifeguard or lifeguards.

1949   H. G. ALSBERG et al. Amer. Guide III. 862,   8m of well-lifeguarded beach.

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1950   A. F. MERRILL Our Eastern Playgrounds 96   The camping area has its own beach for those who prefer it to the lifeguarded area across the lake.

1994   Financial Times 10 Oct. (Business Trav. section) p. xiv./7   The miles of lifeguarded and sandy beaches that stretch from the harbour entrance.

2007   San Francisco Chron. (Nexis) 19 July B1   Other parents mistakenly view lifeguarded pools as a sort of day care for their children.

lifeguarding, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˈlʌɪfɡɑːdɪŋ/ , U.S. /ˈlaɪfˌɡɑrdɪŋ/Etymology:  < LIFEGUARD   n.  + -ING   suffix 1 . Compare LIFEGUARD   v.

 †1. The work of the members of a military bodyguard. Cf. LIFEGUARD   n.   1 . Obs. rare. In quot. 1849   with reference to the King's Life Guards, a cavalry troop commanded by Lord Bernard Stuart duringthe English Civil War.

1849   ‘E. WARBURTON’ Mem. Prince Rupert, & Cavaliers II. i. 18   They besought permission to leave their Life-guarding for that day, and to charge with Prince Rupert in the front rank.

  2. orig. U.S. The work of a lifeguard at a beach, swimming pool, etc.; the provision of assistance to bathers in difficulty.

1924   Pointer ( Riverdale, Illinois )   (Electronic text) 20 June,   We have two of the greatest experts in the art of life guarding in this region.

1948   in H. B. Trecker Social Group Work II. xx. 243   At that time, I assisted a professional worker in swimming instruction and lifeguarding.

1994   Leisure Managem. Sept. 2/3   All of them possess a recognised Royal Life Saving Society qualification and undergo a thorough induction into allaspects of lifeguarding.

life sentence, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˈlʌɪf ˌsɛntəns/ , U.S. /ˈlaɪf ˈˌsɛntns/Etymology:  < LIFE   n.  + SENTENCE   n.  Compare earlier life imprisonment   n.   at   LIFE n.   Compounds 3 and death sentence   n.   at   DEATH   n.   Compounds 2 .

  1. A sentence of imprisonment (formerlyalso transportation) for life. Cf. LIFE   n.   8b , life imprisonment   n.   at Compounds 3. In practice a life sentence may now often not result in imprisonment for life (and in some countries a maximum limit is set on custodial sentences). However, a very long period of time must typically be served before parole becomes a possibility.1817   S. WATSON Let. 1 July in W. Roscoe Observ.

Penal Jurispr. App. 118   Pardon, now andthen granted to delinquents under a life sentence.

1893   Pall Mall Mag. Christmas No. 224   He..had received a life sentence.

1913   Racine ( Wisconsin ) Jrnl.-News  27 Feb. 3/2 (heading)    London suffragettes face life sentences for burning buildings.

1990   L. H. BIRNIE Rock & Hard Place x. 177   A life sentence can include the possibility of parole anywhere from seven to twenty-five years, dependingon what kind of life sentence is given.

2004   Gay Times Feb. 54/3   The lesbian nurse who received 13 life sentences..for murdering four children.

  2. fig. A commitment, illness, etc., regarded as an enduring or lifelong burden.

1904   H. E. RIVES Castaway 213   Dragging the chain and ball of a life sentence of desperation.

1955   Times 15 Nov. 9/5   Federation is to be a life-sentence..on the region.

1976   M. MEADE Free Woman ii. 24   She began tofeel that marriage, especially a bad marriage, needn't be a life sentence.In 1864, she filed for divorce.

1990   Thrust Winter 18/3   Herpes is a life sentence, but AIDS is a death sentence.

 DERIVATIVES  ˈlife-sentenced   adj.1836   J. F. O'CONNELL Resid. Eleven Years New

Holland v. 72   The life-sentenced double convicts are usually sent to Norfolk Island.

1901   Chambers's Jrnl. Nov. 744/2   This hapless man had completed seventeen of the twenty years which all life-sentencedprisoners must serve before release on license.

2008   Irish News (Nexis) 17 Mar. 17   The life sentenced population is increasing significantly each year. This brings challenges on the prison service.

lifestyler, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˈlʌɪfˌstʌɪlə/ , U.S. /ˈlaɪfˌstaɪlər/Etymology:  < LIFESTYLE   n.  + -ER   suffix 1 .

  1. A person who adopts a particular lifestyle, esp. an unconventional one. Freq. with preceding word specifying thetype of lifestyle adopted.

1970   Los Angeles Times 9 Aug. (Calendar section)8/2 (advt.)    If you're a natural born California Life Styler..chances are you're a bit bored with..your neighbors.

1982   N. RADIN in M. E. Lamb Nontraditional Families vii. 174   ‘Alternative life-stylers’ viewed their early childhoodas more unhappy than the..traditionalparents.

1999   ‘EURYDICE’ Satyricon USA 52   Outsiders aredestroying S/M [= sadomasochism]... We lifestylers resent the New Age glitz and all the safe words and negotiations.

2001   Times 27 June II. 27/5   Vince, a 36-year-old ‘vampire lifestyler’,..has licked a pinprick's worth from peoplea few times over the years, as a gesture of friendship more than anything else.

  2. Austral. and N.Z. A person, esp. one froman urban area, who adopts a rural lifestyle and engages in small-scale agriculture.

1988   Mercury ( Hobart )   19 Nov. 19/1   HFP has been vilified by..conservationists, sectional interests among timber workers and ‘lifestylers’ in the Huon.

1996   Evening Post ( Wellington, N.Z. )   (Nexis) 12 Jan. 5   Few lifestylers make a good

living from their land—most have other income.

2004   D. K. MÜLLER et al. in C. M. Hall & D. K. Müller Tourism, Mobility & Second Homes ii. 23   In the Nelson area..the price of suitable land for wine growing is inflated by high demand from ‘lifestylers’ migrating from urban centres.

liminality, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˌlɪmᵻˈnalᵻti/ , U.S. /ˌlɪməˈnælədi/Etymology:  < LIMINAL   adj.  + -ITY   suffix .

Cultural Anthropol. 

A transitional or indeterminate state between culturally defined stages of a person's life; spec. such a state occupied during a ritual or rite of passage, characterized by a sense of solidarity between participants. Cf.COMMUNITAS   n.   2 .

1964   V. W. TURNER in Proc. Ann. Spring Meeting Amer. Ethnol. Soc. 4   The period of margin or ‘liminality’.

1969   V. W. TURNER Ritual Process iii. 95   The attributes of liminality or of liminal personae (‘threshold people’) are necessarily ambiguous, since thiscondition and these persons elude or slip through the network of classifications that normally locate states and positions in cultural space.

1972   R. D. ABRAHAMS in T. Kochman Rappin' & Stylin'Out 238   Liminality is the acceptance, by the group and especially by the participants, of a sense of community in which social distinctions are rejected in favor ofa classless state.

1988   P. BROWN Body & Society (1989) xiii. 272   The controlled liminality of pilgrimage allowed women to experience..the heartening freedom ofthe desert.

2001   M. V. WILEY Arnis xvii. 125   The social aspect of collective liminality is known as communitas.

Livarot, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˈliːvɑːrəʊ/ , U.S. /ˈliˌvɑˌroʊ/Etymology:  < French livarot (1845 or earlier) < Livarot, the name of a village in Normandy, France, where the cheese is made.

 A ripened soft cheese made from slightlyskimmed cow's milk, traditionally produced in Normandy.

1883   Harper's Bazaar 17 Mar. 166/1   There are,for instance, the Livarot, the Mont d'Or, the Marelles, and a host besides.

1925   Oakland ( Calif. ) Tribune  24 July 8/4   If the making of substitute Roquefort were restricted, one might get a chance of tasting such excellent cheese as Livarot, Pont l'Eveque and many others.

1960   E. DAVID in Vogue Feb. 89/1   Livarot, that powerful and marvellous cheese.

1989   Financial Times (Nexis) 21 Oct. xii,   Camembert and Livarot should be made from the Normande cow, and not the ubiquitous Frisonne-Holstein.

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2000   S. FALLON & M. ROTHSCHILD World Food: France 237   Among Normandy's cheeses,Camembert reigns supreme..but there are a great many others, including..strong-smelling Livarot.

liveaboard, adj. and n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˈlɪvəbɔːd/ , /ˌlɪvəˈbɔːd/ , U.S. /ˈlɪvəˌbɔ(ə)rd/Etymology:  < LIVE   v. 1  + ABOARD   adv.

 A. adj. (attrib.). 1. Designating a journey or holiday (esp. a cruise or diving trip) which involves living aboard a ship or boat for a time.

1956   N.Y. Times 23 Nov. 54/2   The liners..would make eight special ‘live-aboard’ cruises to Bermuda during the 1957 Easter season.

1999   Sport Diver Dec. 15/1   My husband and I recently returned from a fantastic liveaboard holiday in the Egyptian Red Sea.

2007   J. CUMMINGS & N. G. ITOI Baja 53/2   Liveaboard diving trips to various islands.

  2. Designating a boat equipped with facilities such as a kitchen, beds, etc., which enable people to live on board (either temporarily or permanently).

1966   N.Y. Times 29 May S11/3 (advt.)    A live aboard yacht.

1979   Canad. Mag. ( Toronto )   13 Jan. 18/1   It consists of 15 waterhouses and six live-aboard boats.

1989   Skin Diver May 102/2   Join a live-aboard dive vessel.

2004   D. DATTON Rough Guide: Philippines p. x,   You'll have to hire a liveaboard boatto get here.

 B. n. 

  A liveaboard boat. Also: a person who lives on such a boat. Cf. HOUSEBOAT   n.

1967   N.Y. Times 16 Apr. S12/2 (advt.)    Chris Craft Live-aboards... Biggest value in boating with all the comforts of home!

1989   L. GOUGH Hot Shots v. 31   The boats were quiet, deserted. He wondered if any of them were liveaboards.

1994   Canal & Riverboat Feb. 36/3   The aim..willbe to look at some of the more problematic areas in depth, arming prospective liveaboards with sufficient information to allow measured decisions to be made.

2006   Sunday Times (Nexis) 26 Mar. 26   The boat is the most comfortable liveaboard I've ever been on. It's beautifully kitted out.

livery and bait, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˌlɪv(ə)ri (ə)n(d) ˈbeɪt/ , U.S. /ˌlɪv(ə)ri ən ˈbeɪt/Etymology:  < LIVERY   n.  + AND   conj. 1  + BAIT   n. 1

Chiefly Brit. Now hist. 

Stabling and food for a horse provided at a fixed charge. Chiefly attrib.: designating an establishment providing this, or one which has horses (and

carriages) for hire; esp. in livery and baitstable. Cf. LIVERY STABLE   n. , BAIT n. 1   3 .

1819   Times 28 July 1/4 (advt.)    He is removed to the Golden-Horse livery and bait stables..where he keeps neatone-horse chairs, and a choice selection of horses.

1840   Midland Counties' Railway Compan. 128 (advt.)    Horses taken in to livery and bait.

1894   Daily Gleaner (Electronic text) 9 July (advt.)    The Gordon Town Livery and Bait Stables... Buggies double and single... Ponies for ladies.

1910   Bradshaw's Railway Guide 1037/2   CommercialHotel... Livery and bait stables. Posting. Motor garage.

1955   J. PRESTON in G. Murchie Spirit of Place in Keats p. x,   The plaque in Moorgate Street, London marks the site of the ‘livery and bait’ establishment whereKeats was born.

1997   H. J. SIMPSON Day Trains Came i. 3   There were of course many other coaching inns in Hereford city, who offered livery and ‘bait’ stables.

Loricifera, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˌlɒrᵻˈsɪf(ə)rə/ , U.S. /ˌlɔrəˈsɪf(ə)rə/Etymology:  < scientific Latin Loricifera (see quot. 1983) < classical Latinlōrīca LORICA   n.  + -fer -FER   comb. form  + scientific Latin -a -A   suffix 2 ;compare -IFER   comb. form .

Zool. 

With pl. (or occas. sing.) concord: a smallphylum of minute invertebrates that adhere to particles in marine sediments,characterized by a spiny anterior introvert and an abdomen encased in a cuticular lorica. Also (with pl. concord): animals of this phylum (collectively or individually). The Loricifera constitute one of the most recently discovered phyla, and they are thought to be aschelminths related to rotifers and nematodes.

1983   R. M. KRISTENSEN in Zeitschr. f. Zoologische Systematik u. Evolutionsforschung 21 163 (title)    Loricifera, a new phylum with Aschelminthes characters from the meiobenthos.

1995   C. NIELSEN Animal Evol. xxxvii. 291   Malakhov (1980) introduced the name Cephalorhyncha for the group consisting of priapulans, kinorhynchsand nematomorphs; the newly discovered group Loricifera was addedlater.

2000   C. TUDGE Variety of Life II. v. 201   The Loricifera is a newly discovered phylum, but more than 100 species have been described from marine sediments of all types.

 DERIVATIVES  loriˈciferan adj. and n.

1984   BioScience 34 132/1   He cites, in particular, the Loriciferan mouth, a flexible, retractable tube, and the cluster of clawlike and club-shaped spines on their heads.

2002   P. HERRING Biol. Deep Ocean 280 (appendix)   They are..probably most conveniently lumped with other enigmatic groups such as the gnathostomulids, kinorhynchs, and loriciferans.

napelline, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˈnapəˌliːn/ , U.S. /ˈnæpəˌlɪn/Etymology:  < German Napellin (F. Hübschmann 1857 or earlier; < scientific Latin napellus , specific epithet of Aconitum napellus , spec. use of post-classical Latin napellus (see NAPELLUS   n. )+ German -in -INE   suffix 5 , afterAconitin ACONITINE   n. ),with remodelling of the ending after - INE   suffix 5 . Compare slightly later ACONINE   n.  Compare also earlier NAPELLINE   adj.

Chem. 

= ACONINE   n.

1871   H. WATTS tr. L. Gmelin Hand-bk. Chem. XVIII. 174   Neither is Hübschmann's napelline..identical with narcotine, inasmuch as no crystals are obtained from its aqueous or alcoholic solutions.

1882   Med. News 9 Sept. 296/2   Napelline differs from aconitine—its associatedalkaloid—in these respects: it is notcrystallizable... It has a distinct soporific action.

1938   Science 11 Feb. 139/1   We have obtained by selenium dehydrogenation of napelline C22H33O3N apparently the samehydrocarbon as picrate.

1991   Biogr. Mem. Fellows Royal Soc. 37 480   The process used for the construction of the napelline C/D ring system was then also applied for the synthesis of the sesquiterpene tricyclovetivene.

† napelline, adj.Etymology:  < post-classical Latin napellus NAPELLUS   n.  + -INE   suffix 2 . Compare later NAPELLINE   n.

Obs. 

Derived from the plant monkshood (formerly called napellus), Aconitum napellus.

1671   H. STUBBE Epistolary Disc. Phlebotomy 73   If such a putridity be unimaginable..it is certain that there is no such thing as the Arsenical or Napelline poyson in the Pest.

rhizopodial, adj.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˌrʌɪzə(ʊ)ˈpəʊdɪəl/ , U.S. /ˌraɪzəˈpoʊdiəl/Etymology:  < RHIZOPODIUM   n.  + -AL   suffix 1 .

Biol. 

Of or relating to rhizopodia (RHIZOPODIUM   n.   2 ).

1920   G. M. SMITH Phytoplankton Inland Lakes Wisconsin I. 65   Life cycle generally with the motile phase dominant but sometimes developing into amorphous or rhizopodial palmella stages.

1965   F. E. ROUND Biol. Algae i. 3   The unicellsmay be sub-divided into non-motile (Protococcoidal), ‘amoeba’-like (Rhizopodial) and motile cells (Flagellate).

1985   Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 49 1328/1   Shell length, amount of protoplasm inthe shell.., and presence and

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distribution of symbionts in the rhizopodial network were measured.

2000   Micropaleontology 46 Suppl. 71/1   There might have been successive grades of rhizopodial evolution.., reflected ina shift in the pseudopodal protoplasmic skeleton..from actin to tubuline dominance.

Rhombozoa, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˌrɒmbə(ʊ)ˈzəʊə/ , U.S. /ˌrɑmbəˈzoʊə/Etymology:  < scientific Latin Rhombozoa (E. van Beneden 1882, in Arch. Biol. 3 197-228) < rhombo- RHOMBO-   comb. form  + -zoa -ZOA   comb. form .

Zool. 

With pl. concord: a small phylum or class(formerly an order) of microscopic mesozoan worms occurring only as parasites in the kidneys of cephalopod molluscs. Also: worms of this group (collectively or individually).

[1892   Amer. Naturalist 26 329   The system thus far adopted is: Mionelminthes: I. Rhombozoa... II. Orthonectida.]

1954   Q. Rev. Biol. 29 231/1   Furthermore, van Beneden proposed a class, the Rhombozoa, to contain the two orders,Dicyemida..and Heterocyemida.

1996   Molecular Biol. & Evol. 13 1128   The phylum Mesozoa comprises small, simply organized wormlike parasites of marine invertebrates and is composed of two classes, the Rhombozoa and theOrthonectida.

2002   H. J. MOROWITZ Emergence of Everything xiv. 94   Rhombozoa are the simplest of the many eutelic organisms and are composed of 20 to 30 somatic cells.

 DERIVATIVES

 rhomboˈzoan   n. (and adj.)

1972   Syst. Zool. 21 210   The rhombozoans and digenetic trematodes are initially parasites of mollusks and the dicyemids arose and evolved with the cephalopods.

1987   M. S. LAVERACK & J. DANDO Lect. Notes Invertebr.Zool. (ed. 3) vi. 42 (caption)    Rhombozoan vermiforms of similar morphological type.

1998   L. MARGULIS & K. V. SCHWARTZ Five Kingdoms (ed. 3) Pref. xvii,   We now consider the rhombozoans and orthonectids, formerly together in Phylum Mesozoa, to be separate phyla.

Sipuncula, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /sʌɪˈpʌŋkjᵿlə/ , U.S. /ˌsaɪˈpəŋkjələ/Etymology:  < scientific Latin Sipuncula (see quot. 1964) < Sipunculus SIPUNCULUS   n.  + -a - A   suffix 2 . Compare scientific Latin Sipunculia (Rafinesque 1815).

Zool. 

With pl. concord: a small phylum of unsegmented marine invertebrates comprising the peanut worms, which are characterized by a swollen body and a retractile proboscis (introvert) that bears a terminal mouth typically surrounded by tentacles. Also: animals of this phylum (collectively or

individually); peanut worms. Formerly calledSipunculoidea or Sipunculida, and once regarded as either holothurians or gephyrean worms, the Sipuncula are now sometimes placed in the phylum Annelida.

1964   A. C. STEPHEN in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 7 457 (note)    As it is now recommended that the termination ‘-oidea’ should be used only in connection with the names of superfamilies.., an alternative suffix is necessary. I propose, therefore, to follow the ‘Pearse’ system..by which the name ofthis phylum becomes Sipuncula.

1985   Cambr. Encycl. Life Sci. x. 290/2 (table)    Sipuncula (unsegmented worms with tentacles around the mouth; generallyregarded as free-living marine animals).

2000   C. TUDGE Variety of Life II. v. 203   The phylum Sipuncula includes about 320 species.., all marine, some roughly resembling sea cucumbers and others like sprouting potatoes.

Sipunculida, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˌsʌɪpəŋˈkjuːlᵻdə/ , U.S. /ˌsaɪpəŋˈkjulədə/Etymology:  < scientific Latin Sipunculida (1848 in a German context, or earlier) < Sipunculus SIPUNCULUS   n.  + -ida (see -ID   suffix 3 ).

Zool. 

= SIPUNCULA   n.

1854   W. B. CARPENTER Princ. Compar. Physiol. (ed. 4)v. 246   The curious genus Pelonaia..inits general form and in some parts ofits structure exhibits an obvious approximation to the Sipunculida.

1900   Amer. Naturalist 34 154   The collaborationof closed excretory cells and phagocytes to eliminate waste products..is found in many groups: Oligochæta, Polychæta, Hirudinea, Sipunculida, Echinoderma.

1958   Science 14 Mar. 592/1   Hemerythrin is the respiratory pigment of the phylumSipunculida.

1973   Taxon 22 340,   I would eliminate, at least provisionally, Ctenophora (to aclass of Coelenterata), Gnathostomulida (to a class of Platyhelminthes),..Sipunculida and Echiurida (to classes of Annelida), [etc.].

2002   P. HERRING Biol. Deep Ocean App. 284   Sipunculida (peanut worms). There areabout 300 species of these unsegmented worms, most of which havebushy tentacles round the mouth.

social construct, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˌsəʊʃl ˈkɒnstrʌkt/ , U.S. /ˌsoʊʃ(ə)l ˈkɑnˌstrək(t)/Etymology:  < SOCIAL   adj.  + CONSTRUCT   n.

 A concept or perception of something based on the collective views developed and maintained within a society or social group; a social phenomenon or convention originating within and cultivated by society or a particular social group, as opposed to existing inherently or naturally.

1910   Jrnl. Philos., Psychol. & Sci. Methods 7 512   Nature itself, as we know it, is our social construct.

1949   W. L. WARNER et al. Social Class in Amer. iii.47   The social-class system is a

social construct operating generally in the community, giving its people aworkable and consistent scheme for ranking those who live there.

1982   E. KALLEN Ethnicity & Human Rights in Canada i.18   When social constructs of race and/or ethnicity are used by majority authorities to rationalize differential treatment of populationsso classified, socially-created ‘race’ becomes translated into the social reality of racism.

1995   Guardian 9 Oct. I. 4/1   For the liberationist the full end of human fruition is to be free of all social constructs.

2005   L. HOLFORD–STREVENS Hist. Time p. vi,   Much may be written about time as a socialconstruct.

social constructionism, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˌsəʊʃl kənˈstrʌʃn̩ɪz(ə)m/ , /ˌsəʊʃl kənˈstrʌkʃənɪz(ə)m/ ,U.S. /ˈˌsoʊʃ(ə)l kənˈstrəkʃənɪzm/Etymology:  < SOCIAL   adj.  + CONSTRUCTION   n.  + ISM   n. ,after SOCIAL CONSTRUCT   n. , SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIONIST   n.  Compare earlier CONSTRUCTIONISM   n. ,later SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIVISM   n.

Chiefly Sociol. 

A theoretical approach which regards certain aspects of human experience and knowledge as originating within and cultivated by society or a particular social group, rather than existing inherently or naturally. Cf. SOCIAL CONSTRUCT   n.

1976   Jrnl. Criminal Law & Criminol. 67 125/2   He outlines basic assumptions and implications of three modes of criminological thought: positivism, social constructionism and phenomenologism.

1987   Guardian (Nexis) 4 May,   Maybe it was this cultural divorce from natural scientific practice which has made Left theoreticians..so vulnerable to fluctuating theoretical fashions; from the scientism of Althusser, through extreme social constructionism.

2004   J. JOSEPH & J. M. ROBERTS Realism, Disc. & Deconstruction i. 1   The authors attempt to embed discourse within thestructured nature of the reality of the world and thereby stave off the worst excesses of social constructionism.

social constructionist, n. and adj.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˌsəʊʃl kənˈstrʌʃn̩ɪst/ , /ˌsəʊʃl kənˈstrʌkʃənɪst/ , U.S. /ˌsoʊʃ(ə)l ˌkənˈstrəkʃənəst/Etymology:  < SOCIAL   adj.  + CONSTRUCTION   n.  + - IST   suffix , after SOCIAL CONSTRUCT   n. Compare CONSTRUCTIONIST   n. , and later SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIONISM   n.

Chiefly Sociol.

A. n. 

A theorist of social constructs; a proponent or adherent of social constructionism.

1925   Amer. Jrnl. Sociol. 31 191   The earnest social constructionist is enabled to view the present problems of

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institutions more clearly, and to attempt to settle them by calm reasoning rather than by authority oremotion.

1972   Amer. Jrnl. Sociol. 77 1251   It may be theseemphases that give the social constructionists so much leverage, rather than those of definitions of situations, subjective meanings, and concrete, everyday behavior.

1991   L. FADERMAN Odd Girls & Twilight Lovers 8   The ‘social constructionists’ (who believe that certain social conditions were necessary before ‘thelesbian’ could emerge as a social entity).

2003   Isis 94 789/2   Many social constructionists are also historians.

  B. adj.

 Of or relating to social constructionists or social constructionism.

1967   J. D. DOUGLAS Social Meanings Suicide xiv. 252   A social constructionist theory of meanings clearly differs from the usual building-block approach in its emphasis on the fundamental significance of the ways in which specific events, symbols, etc., are related by individuals to each other to determine the meanings of something to those individuals.

1986   H. ROSE in J. Mitchell & A. Oakley What is Feminism? 177   My similarly groundedstory comes from listening to a radical male sociologist develop a social constructionist account of oldage.

2000   C. TAVRIS in M. S. Kimmel & A. Aronson Gendered Society Reader21   Today,in this social-constructionist age, the study of gender has entered what Mary Crawford and Jeanne Marecek..call the ‘transformationist’era.

socio-economical, adj.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˌsəʊʃ(ɪ)əʊˌiːkəˈnɒmᵻkl/ , /ˌsəʊsɪəʊˌiːkəˈnɒmᵻkl/ , /ˌsəʊʃ(ɪ)əʊˌɛkəˈnɒmᵻkl/ , /ˌsəʊsɪəʊˌɛkəˈnɒmᵻkl/ , U.S. /ˈˌsoʊsioʊˌɛkəˈnɑmək(ə)l/ ,/ˈˌsoʊʃ(i)oʊˌɛkəˈnɑmək(ə)l/ , /ˈˌsoʊsioʊˌikəˈnɑmək(ə)l/, /ˈˌsoʊʃ(i)oʊˌikəˈnɑmək(ə)l/Etymology:  < SOCIO-   comb. form + ECONOMICAL   adj.  Compare slightly earlier SOCIO-ECONOMIC   adj.

 = SOCIO-ECONOMIC   adj.

1893   J. H. BURROWS in R. Houghton Neely's Hist. Parl. of Relig. & Relig. Congr. xi. 552   Christianity, then, as a social force, seeks to universalize the socio-economical institutions of the Jews.

1949   Population Index 15 318   Socio-economical aspects of the population problem in America.

1988   A. JEFFNER in P. Clarke et al. World's Relig. iii. 49   One fundamental Marxist idea..is that the socio-economical circumstances of a societyare causally primary to its intellectual, cultural and political development.

2007   Patriot News ( Harrisburg, Pa. )   (Nexis) 2 Dec. F1   The use of BST in these countries is not approved for socio-economical reasons, not for food safety reasons.

socio-economics, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˌsəʊʃ(ɪ)əʊˌiːkəˈnɒmɪks/ , /ˌsəʊsɪəʊˌiːkəˈnɒmɪks/ , /ˌsəʊʃ(ɪ)əʊˌɛkəˈnɒmɪks/ , /ˌsəʊsɪəʊˌɛkəˈnɒmɪks/ , U.S. /ˈˌsoʊsioʊˌikəˈnɑmɪks/ , /ˈˌsoʊʃ(i)oʊˌikəˈnɑmɪks/ , /ˈˌsoʊsioʊˌɛkəˈnɑmɪks/ , /ˈˌsoʊʃ(i)oʊˌɛkəˈnɑmɪks/Etymology:  < SOCIO-   comb. form  + ECONOMICS   n. , after SOCIO-ECONOMIC   adj.

 The study of the interaction of and relationship between social and economicfactors; (also) the social and economic conditions of a particular area or population.

1893   Amer. Econ. Assoc. 8 31   No fault can be found that a whole century has gone to the upbuilding of a system of socio-economics.

1910   Ann. Amer. Acad. Polit. & Social Sci. 35 253   Dr.Hammacher concludes that neither the materialistic interpretation nor the Marxian system of socio-economics canstand the test of criticism.

1995   J. SHREEVE Neandertal Enigma (1996) vi. 165   Placed in the context of other clues to Neandertal socioeconomics..Sofer sees no reason to cling to the idea that Neandertalslived in familiar, male-protected family arrangements.

2003   Church Times 23 May 12/3   Essentially these were light-hearted essays in socio-economics.

socio-economist, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˌsəʊʃ(ɪ)əʊˌᵻˈkɒnəmɪst/ , /ˌsəʊsɪəʊˌᵻˈkɒnəmɪst/ , U.S. /ˈˌsoʊsioʊˌiˈkɑnəməst/ , /ˈˌsoʊʃ(i)oʊˌiˈkɑnəməst/ , /ˈˌsoʊsioʊˌəˈkɑnəməst/ , /ˈˌsoʊʃ(i)oʊˌəˈkɑnəməst/Etymology:  < SOCIO-   comb. form  + ECONOMIST   n. , after either SOCIO-ECONOMIC   adj.  or SOCIO-ECONOMICS   n.

 An expert in or student of socio-economics.

1927   Amer. Jrnl. Sociol. 33 225   The recognition of both sets of factors as inherent in the situation is indicated furtherby the partially successful endeavor of the so-called socio-economists.

1965   W. R. THOMPSON Pref. to Urban Econ. viii. 314   The urban socioeconomist can find much of interest in the implications of the ‘mere’ scatteringof the upper-income Negroes across the whole metropolitan area.

2007   Korea Herald (Nexis) 2 Mar.,   [He] has joined a growing number of people, many of them socio-economists, who tout trust, human relations, and social networking as a new form of capital—social capital.

socio-economy, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˌsəʊʃ(ɪ)əʊˌᵻˈkɒnəmi/ , /ˌsəʊsɪəʊˌᵻˈkɒnəmi/ , U.S. /ˈˌsoʊʃioʊˌiˈkɑnəmi/ , /ˈˌsoʊʃ(i)oʊˌiˈkɑnəmi/ , /ˈˌsoʊʃioʊˌəˈkɑnəmi/ , /ˈˌsoʊʃ(i)oʊˌəˈkɑnəmi/Etymology:  < SOCIO-   comb. form + ECONOMY   n.  Compare earlier SOCIO- ECONOMIC   adj. , SOCIO-ECONOMICAL   adj.

 An economy considered together with the society in which it functions as an integrated whole; the relationship

between economic and social factors in acommunity or nation.

1943   Amer. Sociol. Rev. 8 369   There is an especial need of bringing together the economic and sociological aspectsof rural life within agriculture itself and for relating these to the rest of the socio-economy.

1965   N.Y. Times (Internat. ed.) 22 Sept. 4/5   To this partial list of Federal undertakings at undetermined costs and wholly speculative effects on thesocio-economy Administration pressureis now being exerted for a health-conservation program.

1990   G. PAQUET in F. D. Hampson & C. J. Maule After Cold War 27   This new socio-economy has led to a process ofdematerialization of economic activity, and to a certain deterritorialization of the economic process.

2002   M. MOUSSEAU in M. Mozaffari Globalization & Civilizations v. 104   In a socio-economywhere most individuals have the economic leverage to regularly engagein contract, most individuals habitually enter into economic arrangements with choice and volition.

socius criminis, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˌsəʊʃ(ɪ)əs ˈkrɪmᵻnɪs/ ,U.S. /ˈˌsoʊʃ(i)əs ˈkrɪmənɪs/Inflections:   Plural socii criminis Brit. /ˌsəʊʃɪʌɪ ˈkrɪmᵻnɪs/ , U.S. /ˈˌsoʊʃiˌaɪ ˈkrɪmənɪs/ .Etymology:  < post-classical Latin socius criminis companion or accomplice in crime (3rd cent.) < classical Latin socius SOCIUS   n.  + crīminis , genitive of crīmen CRIME   n.

Law. 

An associate in crime; an accomplice.

1602   J. COLVILLE Parænese 118   If this I say be to discredit the scripturs the said nouators be socij criminis yea more criminall nor Catholiques vho haue the primityue church for thair author.

1678   G. MACKENZIE Laws & Customes of Scotl. in Matters Criminal II. xxvi. 535   He who was sharer in the committing of the crimewith the person accused, or socius criminis, cannot be..a witness.

1705   Tryal Capt. Thomas Green 24   There is a great difference betwixt Socii Criminis, fellow Criminals, which are either independant upon one another, or, if associate, under one Head,..and Persons accused as Socii Criminis, fellowCriminals, who by legal Authority aresubjected to the Command of others.

1829   Times 18 July 5,   I will not state whether I was to be examined as a socius criminis in a case of housebreaking.

1925   Jrnl. Compar. Law 3rd Ser. 7 181   It wouldseem..that he can hardly be properly regarded as socius criminis.

2004   A. SKEEN in C. G. van der Merwe & J. E. du Plessis Introd. Law S. Afr. xv. 528   It[sc. South African law] calls a personwho aids, abets, counsels or assists in a crime a socius criminis or an accomplice.

Sporozoa, n.

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Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˌspɒrə(ʊ)ˈzəʊə/ , /ˌspɔːrə(ʊ)ˈzəʊə/ , U.S. /ˌspɔrəˈzoʊə/Etymology:  < scientific Latin Sporozoa ( R. Leuckart Die Parasiten des Menschen (ed. 2) I. I. (1879) 241) < sporo- SPORO-   comb. form  + -zoa -ZOA   comb. form . Compare SPOROZOON   n.

Biol. 

With pl. concord: a phylum of mainly parasitic spore-forming protists that have a complex life cycle with sexual and asexual generations, including gregarines and many disease-causing forms (coccidians, babesia, toxoplasma, and plasmodia); (also in formsporozoa) organisms of this phylum (collectively or individually). Formerly regarded as a class of protozoans, the sporozoans are considered to be polyphyletic and the majority of them are now placed inthe group Apicomplexa (see APICOMPLEXA   n. ).

1882   Amer. Naturalist 16 324   Certain Gregarinidæ (Sporozoa) are now known to be cell-parasites during a portionof their lives.

1906   Cambr. Nat. Hist. I. 30   In many Sarcodina and some Sporozoa the nucleus gives off small fragments into the cytoplasm or is resolved into them.

1946   Jrnl. Parasitol. 32 465   Purple staining granules are commonly found..in the cytoplasm of certain Sporozoa, Rhizopoda, Ciliophora and Mastigophora.

1977   T. I. STORER et al. Elements Zool. (ed. 4) xv. 261/1   The Sporozoa..are practically all parasites.

1998   L. MARGULIS & K. V. SCHWARTZ Five Kingdoms (ed. 3) ii. 140/1   Apicomplexans have been traditionallygrouped together as ‘sporozoa’ because of their common habitat—animal tissue.

Tardigrada, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˈtɑːdᵻɡreɪdə/ , U.S. /ˈtɑrdəˌɡreɪdə/Etymology:  < scientific Latin Tardigrada (see quot. 1842) < post-classical Latin tardigradus (see TARDIGRADE   n.   and   adj. ) + scientific Latin -a -A   suffix 2 , after Italian tardigrado ( L. Spallanzani Opuscoli di fisicaanimale, e vegetabile II. (1776) 224).

Zool. 

With pl. concord: a phylum of minute aquatic invertebrates, many of which live in the water film on the surface ofmosses, characterized by a short stout body, a chitinous cuticle, and four pairs of stubby non-jointed legs bearingclaws or ‘toes’. Also: animals of this phylum (collectively or individually); water bears. The taxonomic position of the Tardigrada is uncertain, but they are thought to be allied to the arthropods and were formerly regarded as a subclass of arachnids. They are noted for their ability to withstand extremes of heat, cold, and desiccation by becoming dormant.

1842   Microsc. Jrnl. & Struct. Rec. 253   It is sufficient to observe, that living Tardigrada are never found in the drydust of gutters.

1861   H. J. SLACK Marv. Pond-life 23   Last in thelist we have theTardigrada, ‘Slow-steppers,’ or Water Bears, queer little creatures, something like new-

born puppies, with a double allowanceof imperfect feet.

1889   P. GEDDES & J. A. THOMSON Evol. Sex vi. §5. 72   The degenerate water-bears or sloth-animalcules (Tardigrada).

1940   Ecol. Monogr. 10 572   Tardigrada or ‘water bears’ are also often called ‘moss animalcules’ because of their frequent occurrence in moss.

1972   Oikos 23 182/2   Until recent work on Tardigrada..ideas of population size had been based on small, usually single samples from habitates [sic] inwhich Tardigrada abounded.

2001   Nature 7 June 639/1   The Pavian scientist [sc. Spallanzani] obtained what he called a ‘real resurrection after death’ of small desiccated animals (Rotifera and Tardigrada) by means of subsequent humidification.

Tetrapoda, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˌtɛtrəˈpəʊdə/ , /tɛˈtrapədə/ , U.S. /ˌtɛtrəˈpoʊdə/ , /tɛˈtræpədə/Etymology:  < scientific Latin Tetrapoda < ancient Greek τετραποδ- , τετράπους four-footed (< τετρα- TETRA-   comb. form  + ποδ- , ποῦς : see - POD   comb. form ) + scientific Latin -a -A   suffix 2 . Compare earlier TETRAPOD   n.  and slightly earlier TETRAPOD   adj.

With pl. concord. 

 1. Entomol. A former division of butterflies comprising those in which the first pair of legs are reduced, leaving only two functional pairs for walking. Also: butterflies of this division (collectively or individually);nymphalids. Now usually regarded as constituting the family Nymphalidae. Now rare and not in technical use.

[1802   C. STEWART Elements Nat. Hist. II. 461   Tetrapoda, insecta, some Butterflies, that have six feet, but the first pair small, weak, and unfitfor walking.]

1840   J. O. WESTWOOD Introd. Mod. Classif. Insects II. 346   M. Boisduval..considers it would be natural to commence the series with the Tetrapoda, as is the custom amongst the German Lepidopterists.

1996   J. H. CONWAY & R. K. GUY Bk. Numbers i. 8   Butterflies belong to the class Hexapoda (six legs), but the anteriorpair of legs of Tetrapoda are unfit for walking.

  2. Zool. A superclass of vertebrates comprising those that have (or are descended from those that had) four limbs with digits, including the amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. Also: animals of this superclass (collectively or individually); tetrapods.

[1853   W. T. BRANDE Dict. Sci., Lit. & Art 707/2   We may infer that theZootoca would be divided, according to the nature of their locomotive organs, into three sections: 1st, Dipoda, or bipeds; 2d, Tetrapoda, or quadrupeds; and 3d, Apoda, or impeds.]

1897   Philos. Trans. 1896 (Royal Soc.) B. 187 50  This is a feature which is restrictedto Fishes, and does not occur in Tetrapoda.

1909   E. S. GOODRICH in R. Lankester Treat. Zool. IX. 92   The Gnathostomes might be divided into the Ichthyomorpha (Pisces) and the Tetrapoda (Amphibia,Reptilia, Aves, Mammalia).

1960   Q. Rev. Biol. 35 206/1   In all classes of the Tetrapoda several groups have diverged from the primitive kinetic pattern.

1994   Nature 7 Apr. 507/1   For much of the middle of this century, there was general agreement that most of the Tetrapoda had arisen from osteolepiform lobefins.

Trilobita, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˌtrʌɪlə(ʊ)ˈbʌɪtə/ , /ˌtrɪlə(ʊ)ˈbʌɪtə/ , U.S. /ˌtraɪləˈbaɪdə/ , /ˌtrɪləˈbaɪdə/Etymology:  < scientific Latin Trilobita (see quot. 1835) < German Trilobit (see  TRILOBITE   n. ) + -a -A   suffix 2 .

Palaeontol. 

  With pl. (or occas. sing.) concord: a large group of extinct multi-legged arthropods that occurred abundantly in Palaeozoic seas, typically having a flattened oval body with a solid head section (cephalon) with antennae and compound eyes, a flexible segmented thorax, and a solid tail section (pygidium), all of which are divided into three longitudinal lobes. Also with pl. concord: animals of this group (collectively or individually); trilobites. Although considered to be a class, subphylum, or phylum (formerly an order) of arthropods,the relationship of the Trilobita to other arthropod groups is unclear. They are now sometimes regarded as astem group ancestral to both the chelicerates and the crustaceans.

1835   Rep. Brit. Assoc. Advancem. Sci. 1834 193   Latreille in his last work..has increased the orders still further. He has adopted three other new ones, called Dicladopa, Ostrapoda, andTrilobita.

1859   S. G. GOODRICH Illustr. Nat. Hist. Animal Kingdom II. 613   This also seems to be the place for a family of fossil crustacea, the well-known Trilobites, Trilobita, of which vast numbers occur in some of the earlier strata of the earth's crust.

1893   T. R. R. STEBBING Hist. Crustacea i. 10   Thename of the third order, the Trilobita, refers to the circumstancethat they usually have the body divided by two longitudinal dorsal grooves into three lobes.

1931   Jrnl. Paleontol. 5 164   Eight [papers] dealt with the smaller foraminifera.., one with the Trilobita, and one with the petrographic characters of some Eocene sands.

1964   Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) B. 247 100   The Trilobita show clear general resemblances in leg form to the limbsof Limulus, but the Trilobita lack as good a gnathobase.

2001   G. C. MCGAVIN Essent. Entomol. 15   The Uniramia..have single-branched limbs in contrast to the ‘biramous’ limbs of the Crustacea, Chelicerata and Trilobita.

 DERIVATIVES 

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 triloˈbitan adj. Of or relating to the group Trilobita.

1892   H. M. BERNARD Apodidæ: Morpholog. Study xiii.216   Strictly speaking the ridge andthe shield were two independent developments of the primitive Trilobitan head-shield.

1958   Q. Rev. Biol. 33 42/1   The Merostomata lostthe trilobitan antennae.

1993   E. N. K. CLARKSON Invertebr. Palaeontol. & Evol. (ed. 3) xii. 400/1   It has..uniramous antennae and typicallytrilobitan appendages.

Uniramia, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˌjuːnɪˈreɪmɪə/ , U.S. /ˌjunəˈreɪmiə/Etymology:  < scientific Latin Uniramia (see quot. 1972) < classical Latinūni- UNI-   comb. form + rāmus branch (see RAMUS   n. ) + -ia -IA   suffix 2 .Compare earlier uniramous   adj.   at   UNI-   comb. form   1a .

Zool. 

With pl. concord: a subphylum or phylum of arthropods having unbranched (uniramous) limbs, comprising the insects and myriapods, and formerly (in Manton's original scheme) also the onychophorans. Also: animals of this subphylum or phylum (collectively or individually). Arthropod taxonomy is currently under review and Uniramia is being replaced by other taxa. In schemes that do not include crustaceans in theMandibulata, the latter is effectively synonymous with Uniramia.

1972   S. M. MANTON in Zool. Jrnl. Linn. Soc. 51 203   A taxon, the Uniramia, is proposed toinclude the Onychophora–Myriapoda–Hexapoda, the Uniramia ranking as oneof the several arthropodan phyla.

1981   Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) B. 291 579   The large number of serially homologous trunk somites all bearing similar appendages..also occurs in..the myriapodous Uniramia.

1989   S. J. GOULD Wonderful Life (1991) 102 (caption)    A giant dragonfly from the Carboniferous, representing the Uniramia.

2001   R. S. K. BARNES et al. Invertebrates (ed. 3) viii. 180/1   The Uniramia probably originated on land and, withthe arachnid chelicerates,..they are the dominant land invertebrates.

uniramian, adj. and n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˌjuːnɪˈreɪmɪən/ , U.S. /ˌjunəˈreɪmiən/Etymology:  < scientific Latin Uniramia UNIRAMIA   n.  + -AN   suffix .

Zool.

A. adj. 

Of or relating to the group Uniramia.

1974   Florida Entomologist 57 135   Only the muscular haemocoelic mechanism of movement of the lobopodium, but not that of a parapodium, could have given rise to the jointed uniramian limbs.

1988   Q. Rev. Biol. 63 200/2   All three of these ‘primitive’ uniramian characteristicsare present in Daphnia.

2000   C. TUDGE Variety of Life II. viii. 256   These new studies throw doubt on Manton's proposal that ‘uniramian’ jaws are vastly different from crustacean jaws.

  B. n.

 An animal of the group Uniramia.

1974   Science 4 Oct. 14/2   A multi-ramous postoral limb links trilobites with crustaceans and chelicerates but distinguishes them from uniramians.

1989   S. J. GOULD Wonderful Life (1991) 25   The Burgess Shale includes..early representatives of all four major kinds of arthropods, the dominant animals on earth today—the trilobites.., the crustaceans.., the chelicerates.., and the uniramians (including insects).

2001   G. C. MCGAVIN Essent. Entomol. 16   It is true that..all uniramians lack anything comparable to the second pair of antennae present in crustaceans.

Urochordata, n.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˌjʊərə(ʊ)kɔːˈdeɪtə/ , /ˌjɔːrə(ʊ)kɔːˈdeɪtə/ , U.S. /ˌjʊrəˌkɔrˈdɑdə/ , /ˌjʊrəˌkɔrˈdeɪdə/Etymology:  < scientific Latin Urochordata (1885or earlier), alteration ofUrochorda ( E. R. Lankester Notes Embryol. & Classification (1877) 54; < uro-URO-   comb. form 2  + chorda CHORDA   n.  + a - A   suffix 2 ), after CHORDATA   n.  Compare earlier UROCHORD   n.  and UROCHORDATE   adj.  Compare also HEMICHORDATA   n.

Zool. 

With pl. concord: a group of marine invertebrates that comprises the sea squirts and other tunicates, the adults of which typically have a rubbery external tunic and a pharynx that is perforated for filter-feeding, and (in some forms) ‘tadpole’ larvae that possess a notochord. Also: animals of this group (collectively or individually); tunicates. The Urochordata (formerly Urochorda) or Tunicata were originally thought to be molluscs, but they are now regarded as the most primitive subphylum (or phylum) of chordates.

1885   F. J. BELL Compar. Anat. & Physiol. ix. 313   In the Urochordata the notochord is only found in the tail; it either is persistent, or is aborted.., or it isnever developed at all.

1940   G. S. CARTER Gen. Zool. Invertebr. xiv. 267   A mucus net covering gill-slits..seems to have been the primitive chordate feeding method andoccurs to-day in the Urochordata (Tunicata),Amphioxus, and..in the ammocœte larva of the lamprey.

1971   Biol. Bull. 141 130   Members of the genus Ecteinascidia belong to the Subphylum Tunicata. This subphylum isalso referred to as the Urochordata (Urochorda), and the animals are commonly known as ascidians or sea-squirts.

2002   H. J. MOROWITZ Emergence of Everything xvii. 112   Emergent in Urochordata evolution are internal organs such asheart, liver, and stomach.

walker's soap, n.

Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˈwɔːkəz səʊp/ , U.S. /ˈwɔkərz ˌsoʊp/ , /ˈwɑkərz ˌsoʊp/Forms:  also with capital initial(s).Etymology:  < the genitive of walker, variant of WAULKER   n.  + SOAP   n. 1  Compare earlier WALKER'S CLAY   n. , WALKER'S EARTH   n.

Eng. regional (west midl.). Now hist. 

= FULLER'S EARTH   n.

1839   G. C. LEWIS Gloss. Provinc. Words Herefordshire,   Walker's Earth, or Soap, fuller's earth.

1911   Trans. Woolhope Naturalists' Field Club 35   At ‘Hazle’ blue flaggy rock is worked, and still farther east laminated sandy beds and shales with ‘Walker's Soap’ come on.

1938   Trans. Newcomen Soc. 17 188   The village people in some parts seem to have made use for cleansing purposes of a saponaceous clay which occurs in layers in the Upper Ludlow Shales, and was known as ‘Walker's Soap’, no doubt because it was used by the walkers or fullers.

1986   R. H. S. ROBERTSON Fuller's Earth 222   In the Silurian rocks of the Welsh Marches..Murchison noticed a number of bands of yellowish-white clay which were called locally ‘Walker's Earth’ or ‘Walker's Soap’ because it was used for cleansing purposes.

walkie-talkie, v.Pronunciation:  Brit. /ˌwɔːkɪˈtɔːki/ , U.S. /ˈwɔkiˈtɔki/ ,/ˈwɑkiˈtɑki/Etymology:  < WALKIE-TALKIE   n.

 trans. To contact (a person) by walkie-talkie; to convey (information) using a walkie-talkie.

1947   I. KAUFMAN Amer. Jews in World War II. I. iii. 47   As each German gun was spotted, Fink walkie-talkied the location backto our artillery.

1993   Vancouver Sun (Nexis) 27 Aug. A3   They walkie-talkied the conductor, who stopped the train.

2005   Wired Dec. 178/1   From the bottom of Royal Gorge you can..walkie-talkie your mates in Tahoe to remind them tohave the après-ski snuggler a-waitin'.

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