List of Japanese Words

APPENDIX 1

List of Japanese Words

banjin 蛮人 barbariansbonnō 煩悩 passionsbunka tōchi 文化統治 cultural rulebunmei kaika 文明開化 civilization and

enlightenmentchō-teikokushugi 超帝国主義 ultra-imperialismchōwa 調和 harmonyDai Ajia Kyōkai 大亜細亜協会 Greater Asia

Associationdohi 土匪 banditsdōka 同化 assimilationdōtoku 道徳 ethicsdōtokuteki jiyū 道徳的自由 spiritual freedomfukoku kyōhei 富国強兵 strong army and prosperous

economygenjūmin 原住民 native populationgunji keizai 軍事経済 military economygunkokushugi 軍国主義 militarismhatten tojō 発展途上 developingheiwa keizai 平和経済 peace economyHeiwa Mondai Danwakai 平和問題談話会 Peace Problems

Discussion Grouphinmin 貧民 the poorhōmonken 訪問権 the right of visithongokumin 本国民 people in the homelandimin 移民 migrantsisshi dōjin 一視同仁 imperial integrityjichi 自治 self-governmentjinka 人化 humanize

154 ● List of Japanese Words

jinkaku no songen 人格の尊厳 human dignityjinkakusha 人格者 a man of good characterjishu 自主 autonomyjisshitsuteki 実質的 de facto or actualjiyū hōninshugi 自由放任主義 laissez-faire policyjukuban 熟蕃 sinicized and acculturated

ethnic tribeskagakuteki 科学的 scientifickantai 歓待 hospitalityKantō-gun 関東軍 Kwantung ArmyKashiwakai 柏会 Kashiwa Societykazoku kokka 家族国家 family-statekeishikiteki 形式的 formalkojinshugi 個人主義 individualismKokka Senryaku Kenkyūkai 国家政策研究会 Research Group

on State Strategykokkashugi 国家主義 statist nationalismkokugaku 国学 the study of the statekokuminteki meiyo 国民的名誉 national pridekokusai kyōchō 国際協調 international cooperationkokusaishugi 国際主義 internationalismkōrishugi 功利主義 expedient approachkyōchō 協調 cooperationkyōdō 協同 association; L’Associationkyōdō yūwa 共同融和 cooperation and

reconciliationkyōdōshugi 協同主義 cooperatismKyōiku Chokugo 教育勅語 Imperial Rescript of

Educationkyōson kyōei 共存共栄 co-existence and

coprosperitykyōyō 教養 educationmichi 道 Right Waymikai dojin 未開土人 natives or uncivilized

tribesminponshugi 民本主義 national democracyminshushugi 民主主義 civic democracyminshushugi teki ningenkan 民主主義的人間観 democratic

personalityminzoku 民族 ethnic nation

List of Japanese Words ● 155

minzokushugi 民族 ethnic nationalismmukyōkai 無教会 nonchurchmusansha 無産者 propertylessNanyō-chō 南洋庁 South Seas Governmentnihon seishin 日本精神 Japanese spiritnihon teikoku hatten shugi 日本帝国発展主義 developmentalsim

of Japanese imperialismnihon teikokushugi 日本帝国主義 Japanese imperialismnihonshugi-sha 日本主義者 Japanistsnōhonshugi-sha 農本主義者 agrarianistsnyūkoku 入国 enterrisei 理性 human reasonrisshin shusse 立身出世 establishing oneself and

rising in the worldseiban 生蕃 unsinicized or unacculturated

ethnic tribesseishinteki jiyū 精神的自由 spiritual freedomsekai seishin 世界精神 world spiritSekkō Zaibatsu 浙江財閥 financial corporations in

Zhejiang province senjūmin 先住民 indigenous populationsesshoku 接触 accessshakai 社会 societyshakai gun 社会群 social groupshakai mondai 社会問題 social problemShakai Seisaku Gakkai 社会政策学会 Japan’s Association

for the Study of Social Policyshakaiteki jiyū 社会的自由 social freedomShinminkai 新民会 Taiwan People’s Societyshinri 真理 Absolute TruthShintaisei Undō 新体制運動 New Structure

Movementshokumin 植民 colonization or population

migrationshokumin-chi 植民地 colonyshokumin seisaku 植民政策 colonial policyShowa Kenkyūkai 昭和研究会 Showa Research

Associationshūgyō 修業 cultivationTaigyaku Jiken 大逆事件 High Treason Incident

156 ● List of Japanese Words

Taiheiyō Mondai Chōsakai 太平洋問題調査会 Japan Institute of Pacific Studies

Taiwan Bunka Kyōkai 台湾文化協会 Taiwan Cultural Association

Taiwan Dōkakai 台湾同化会 Taiwan Assimilation Society

Taiwan Gikai Seigan Undō 台湾議会請願運動 Establishment of a Formosan Parliament

Taiwan Minshūtō 台湾民衆党 Popular Partytaizaiken 滞在権 right of visittami wo u-uru chi 民を植うる地 a place in which

people are plantedteikaihatsu 低開発 underdevelopmentteikokushugi 帝国主義 imperialismtokushu ken’eki 特殊権益 spcial rights and interestsTokyo Dai’ichi Gakkō 東京第一学校 First Higher Schoolu-uru tami no chi 植うる民の地 a place in which

settlers or colonists plant themselvesYorozu Chōhō 萬朝報 Morning Newsyūmei mujitsu 有名無実 nominalzaibatsu 財閥 conglomerates

APPENDIX 2

Yanaihara Tadao: A Brief Chronology of His Life and Major Works,

1893–1965

1893 Born in Matsuki, Imabari city, Ehime prefecture, January 27.1910 Enters the First Higher School [Tokyo Dai’ichi Gakkō] and

meets the Principal Nitobe Inazō.1911 Enters Uchimura Kanzō’s Bible study group.1913 Enters the Faculty of Law, Tokyo Imperial University.1917 Enters the Sumitomo business conglomerate and works for the

copper mining sector at Besshi, Ehime prefecture.1920 Appointed assistant professor at the Department of Economics,

Tokyo Imperial University and starts research abroad (mainly London and Berlin).

1923 Appointed the chair of Colonial Policy.1926 Publishes Shokumin oyobi Shokumin Seisaku [Population

Migration and Colonial Policy].1927 Research trip to Taiwan.

Publishes Shokumin Seisaku no Shinkichō [The New Foundations of Colonial Policy].

1928 Publishes Jinkō Mondai [Questions on Population].1929 Publishes Teikokushugi-ka no Taiwan [Taiwan under Imperialism].1932 Research trip to Manchuria.1933 Publishes Marukusushugi to Kirisutokyō [Marxism and Christianity].

1st Research trip to the South Pacific islands.1934 Publishes Manshū Mondai [The Manchurian Question].

2nd Research trip to the South Pacific islands.1935 Publishes Nan’yō Guntō no Kenkyū [Research in South Pacific

Islands].

158 ● Yanaihara Tadao: A Brief Chronology

1937 Publishes Teikokushugi-ka no Indo [India under Imperialism]. Leaves Tokyo Imperial University.1938 Translation of Nitobe Inazō’s Bushidō: The Soul of Japan

completed and published. Translation of Dugald Christi’s Thirty years in Moukden,

1883–1913 completed and published.1943 Editing the lectures on Colonial Policy by Nitobe Inazō

completed and published.1945 Returns to Tokyo University.1946 Appointed the dean of the Social Science Institute,

Tokyo University.1949 Appointed the dean of the College of Arts and Science,

Tokyo University.1951 Appointed the president of Tokyo University. Translation of J. A. Hobson’s Imperialism completed and

published.1961 Dies, aged 68, of stomach cancer. Receives the Grand

Cordon of the Order of the Sacred Treasure.1963–1965 Yanaihara Tadao Zenshū [The Complete Works of Yanaihara

Tadao] posthumously published.

Notes

Introduction

1. According to Ikenberry, the post-1945 “interlocking” system consists of institutional mechanisms that limit the capacities of both the United States and its potential rivalry states to exercise power arbitrarily or indis-criminately. Deudney and Ikenberry argue that the Western liberal order is marked by security co-biding, penetrated reciprocal hegemony, semi-sovereign great powers, economic openness, and civic identity. See G. John Ikenberry, After Victory: Institutions, Strategic Restraint, and the Rebuilding of Order after Major Wars (Princeton, NJ, and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2001). Daniel Deudney and G. John Ikenberry, “The Nature and Sources of Liberal International Order,” Review of International Studies 25 (1999): 179–196.

2. See, for example, Gungwu Wang and Yongnian Zheng, China and New International Order (London and New York: Routledge, 2009).

3. Yash Ghai, “Asian Perspectives on Human Rights,” in Human Rights and International Relations in the Asia Pacific, ed. James Tuck-Hong Tang (London: Pinter, 1993), 54–67. Andrew Hurrell, “Power, Principles and Prudence: Protecting Human Rights in a Deeply Divided World,” in Human Rights in Global Politics, ed. Tim Dunne and Nicholas J. Wheeler (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 277–302.

4. Shogo Suzuki describes the similarities rather than differences between Japan and China in the late nineteenth century with respect to their responses to the Western powers. Shogo Suzuki, Civilization and Empire: China and Japan’s Encounter with European International Society (London and New York: Routledge, 2009).

5. Stanley Hoffman, Janus and Minerva: Essays in the Theory and Practice of International Politics (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1987). For vari-ous trends of international studies across the globe, see K. J. Holsti, The Dividing Discipline: Hegemony and Diversity in International Theory (Boston, MA; London; and Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1985).

160 ● Notes

6. Arlene Tickner, “Seeing IR Differently: Notes from the Third World,” Millennium: Journal of International Studies 32, no. 2 (2003): 295–324. Amitav Acharya and Barry Buzan, “Why Is There No Non-Western International Relations Theory? An Introduction,” International Relations of the Asia-Pacific 7, no. 3 (2007): 287–312.

7. Michael Doyle, Empires (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1986), 13.

8. Michael Cox, “Still the American Empire,” Political Studies Review 5 (2007): 1–10.

9. Paul K. MacDonald, “Those Who Forget Historiography are Doomed to Republish It: Empire, Imperialism and Contemporary Debates about American Power,” Review of International Studies 35 (2009): 65.

10. This delineation is based on Thucydides’s distinction between Sparta and Athens. Sparta’s allies have a significant level of autonomy in domestic arena. Athens institutionalized the control of the legal, economic, and foreign policies of its allies. What made Athens empire and Sparta hege-mony is determined by “socio-economic and political configurations in the centre of power.” See Doyle, Empires, Ch. 3.

11. G. John Ikenberry, “Power and Liberal Order: America’s Postwar World Order in Transition,” International Relations of the Asia-Pacific 5, no. 2 (2005): 133–152.

12. G. John Ikenberry, “Liberalism and Empire: Logics of Order in the American Unipolar Age,” Review of International Studies 30 (2004): 621.

13. Andrew Hurrell, “Pax-Americana or the Empire of Insecurity?” International Relations of the Asia-Pacific 5, no. 2 (2005): 153–176.

14. Andrew Hurrell, On Global Order: Power, Values, and the Constitution of International Society (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2008), 270.

15. See, for example, Charmers A. Johnson, The Sorrows of Empire: Militarism, Secrecy, and the End of the Republic (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2004). Michael Mann, Incoherent Empire (London and New York: Verso, 2003). Andrew J. Bacevich, Imperial Tense: Prospects and Problems of American Empire (Chicago, IL: Ivan R. Dee, 2003).

16. Michael Cox, Tim Dunne, and Ken Booth, “Empires, Systems and States: Great Transformations in International Politics: Introduction,” Review of International Studies 27 (2001): 1–15.

17. Herfried Münkler argues that the distinction between empire and hege-mony is more f luid than has been assumed. Herfried Münkler, Empires (Cambridge, UK: Polity, 2007).

18. Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri, Empire (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000).

19. Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri, Multitude: War and Democracy in the Age of Empire (New York: Penguin Press, 2004), xiv.

20. Hardt and Negri, Empire, xii–xiii.

Notes ● 161

21. Tarak Barkawi and Mark Laffey, “Retrieving the Imperial: Empire and International Relations,” Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 31, no. 1 (2002): 109–127. Also, see Martin Shaw, “Post-Imperial and Quasi-Imperial: State and Empire in the Global Era,” Millennium: Journal of International Studies 31, no. 1 (2002): 327–336.

22. Jean L. Cohen, “Whose Sovereignty?: Empire versus International Law,” Ethics & International Affairs 18, no. 3 (2004): 1–24.

23. Niall Ferguson, Empire: How Britain Made the Modern World (London: Allen Lane, 2003).

24. Niall Ferguson, Colossus: The Rise and Fall of the American Empire (London and New York: Allen Lane, 2004), xxviii.

25. Amy Chua, Day of Empire: How Hyperpowers Rise to Global Dominance—and Why They Fall (New York: Doubleday, 2007), xxiii.

26. Amy Chua, World on Fire: How Exporting Free Market Democracy Breeds Ethnic Hatred and Global Instability (New York and London: Doubleday, 2003).

27. Eric Hobsbawm, On Empire: America, War, and Global Supremacy (New York: Pantheon Books, 2008). Barnard Porter, Empire and Superempire: Britain, America, and the World (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2006).

28. Craig Calhoun, Fredrick Cooper, and Kevin W. Moore, Lessons of Empire: Imperial Histories and American Power (New York: The New Press, 2006).

29. Julian Go, Patterns of Empire: The British and American Empires, 1688 to the Present (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011).

30. Timothy Parsons, Rule of Empires, Those Who Built Them, Those Who Endured Them, and Why They Always Fall (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010).

31. John Darwin, After Tamerlane: The Global History of Empire (London: Allen Lane, 2007), 491.

32. Harold James, The Roman Predicament: How the Rules of International Order Create the Politics of Empire (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006).

33. Harold James, “Globalization, Empire and Natural Law,” International Affairs 84, no. 3 (2008): 421–436.

34. Jane Burbank and Fredrick Cooper, Empires in World History: Power and the Politics of Difference (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006).

35. James, The Roman Predicament.36. David Long and Brian C. Schmidt, Imperialism and Internationalism in

the Discipline of International Relations (New York: State University of New York Press, 2005).

37. In a similar vein, Edward Keene argues that “Westphalia” is only half the story, “Empire” being the other half. Edward Keene, Beyond the Anarchical

162 ● Notes

Society: Grotius, Colonialism and Order in World Politics (Cambridge, UK, and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002).

38. Susan C. Townsend, Yanaihara Tadao and Japanese Colonial Policy: Redeeming Empire (Richmond, VA: Curzon, 2000).

39. Yanaihara Isaku, Yanaihara Tadao-den [Biography of Yanaihara Tadao] (Misuzu, 1998).

40. Tokyo University was renamed as Tokyo Imperial University in 1886. The “Imperial” status provided Tokyo and the other five imperial universi-ties with some advantages. According to Ivan Parker Hall, “From July 1887 onward graduates of the law and literature colleges of the Imperial University were permitted to enter directly, without examination, upon duty as higher civil service probationers.” This put more difficulty in the way of students in private universities to become bureaucrats. See Ivan Parker Hall, Mori Arinori (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1973), 414.

41. The liberal atmosphere in the Taisho period was characterized by the Taisho democratic movement in which the people, mainly living in urban areas, demanded the abolishment of the privilege of the Privy Council, House of Peers, and the army, and the acquisition of male manhood suffrage.

42. Nakamura Katsumi, Uchimura Kanzō to Yanaihara Tadao [Uchimura Kanzō and Yanaihara Tadao] (Libro, 1981). Ryoko Nakano, “Beyond Orientalism and ‘Reverse Orientalism’: Through the Looking Glass of Japanese Humanism,” in International Relations and Non-Western Thoughts: Imperialism, Colonialism and Investigations of Global Modernity, ed. Robbie Shilliam (London: Routledge, 2010), 125–138.

43. Yanaihara Tadao, “Kokka no Risō” [The Ideals of the State] (1937), in Yanaihara Tadao Zenshū [The Complete Works of Yanaihara Tadao] (YTZ afterwards), 18, ed. Nambara Shigeru et al. (Iwanami, 1963), 654.The expression “Japan should be buried” is a quote from Yanaihara’s close friend Fujii Takeshi. For Fujii’s original remark, see, Fujii Takashi, Fujii Takeshi Zenshū [The Complete Work of Fujii Takeshi] 2, ed. Tsukamoto Toraji and Yanaihara Tadao (Iwanami, 1946), 622–624.

44. YTZ, vols. 1–29.45. Robert N. Bellah, Foreword to Pacifism in Japan: The Christian and

Socialist Tradition, ed. Nobuya Bamba and John F. Howes (Kyoto: Minerva, 1978), x.

46. Nakamura, Uchimura Kanzō to Yanaihara Tadao. Ōkawara Reizō, Yanaihara Jiken 50-nen [The Yanaihara Incident Fifty Years] (Mokutakusha, 1987).

47. Mark R. Peattie, “Japanese Attitudes toward Colonialism, 1895–1945,” in The Japanese Colonial Empire, 1895–1945, ed. Ramon Hawley Myers and Mark R. Peattie (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984), 80–127.

48. Townsend, Yanaihara Tadao and Japanese Colonial Policy.

Notes ● 163

49. Kang San Jun, “Shakai Kagaku-sha no Shokumin Ninshiki: Shokumin Seisaku to Orientarismu” [Social Scientists’ Perception of Colonialism: Colonial Policy and Orientalism], in Iwanami Kōza Shakai Kagakuno Hōhō 3: Nihon Shakai Kagaku no Shisō [Iwanami Lectures on the Methodology of Social Sciences 3: The Philosophy of Japanese Social Sciences], ed. Yamanouchi Yasushi et al. (Iwanami, 1993), 101–130. Also, see Kang San Jun, “Kirisutokyō, Shokuminchi, Kenpō” [Christianity, Colony, and the Constitution], Gendai Shisō [Modern Philosophy] 23, no. 10 (1995): 62–76.

50. Murakami Katsuhiko, “Yanaihara Tadao ni Okeru Shokuminron to Shokumin Seisaku,” [Yanaihara Tadao’s Theory of Colonization and Colonial Policy], in Iwanami Kōza Kindai Nihon to Shokuminchi 4: Tōgō to Shihai no Ronri [Iwanami Lectures on Modern Japan and Its Colonies 4: Logic of Unification and Dominance], ed. Ōe Shinoo et al. (Iwanami, 1993), 205–237.

51. Yonetani Masafumi, “Yanaihara Tadao no Shokumin Shakai Seisaku-ron” [Yanaihara Tadao’s Perspective of Colonial and Social Policy by], Shisō [Philosophy] 945 (2003): 138–153.

52. Saitō Eiri, “Yanaihara Tadao to Airurando” [Yanaihara Tadao and Ireland], in Rekishi no Naka no Gendai [Thinking of the Present as Part of History], ed. Nakamura Katsumi (Minerva, 1999), 257–361.

53. Andrew E. Barshay, The Social Sciences in Modern Japan: The Marxian and Modernist Tradition (Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 2004), 61–62.

54. Michael A. Schneider, “The Limits of Cultural Rule: Internationalism and Identity in Japanese Responses to Korean Rice,” in Colonial Modernity in Korea, ed. Gi-Wook Shin and Michael Robinson (Cambridge, MA, and London: Harvard University Press, 1999), 97–127.

55. Sakai Tetsuya, Kindai Nihon no Kokusai Chitsujo-ron [The Political Discourse of International Order in Modern Japan] (Iwanami, 2007), Ch. 5.

1 What Is “Society”?

1. Kevin M. Doak, A History of Nationalism in Modern Japan: Placing the People (Leiden and Boston, MA: Brill, 2007), Ch. 4.

2. Tessa Morris-Suzuki, A History of Japanese Economic Thought (London and New York: Routledge, 1989), 64.

3. Richard H. Minear, Japanese Tradition and Western Law: Emperor, State, and Law in the Thought of Hozumi Yatsuka (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1970), 182.

4. In the late 1890s, Kōtoku Shūsui and his colleagues, the major initiators of the socialist movement, demanded political reforms such as popular suffrage and the abolishment of the House of Lords. In 1911, they were persecuted the false charge of attempting to assassinate the emperor.

164 ● Notes

5. Ishida Takeshi, Nihon no Shakai Kagaku [Social Sciences in Japan] (Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai, 1984), 107–124.

6. Yanaihara Tadao, Watakushi no Ayundekita Michi [The Road I Have Walked] (1958), in YTZ 26, 237–238.

7. Ibid., 238. Also, see Yanaihara Tadao, Yo no Sonkeisuru Jinbutsu [More Personalities Whom I Respect] (1940), in YTZ 24, 134–166. Yanaihara Tadao, Zoku Yo no Sonkeisuru Jinbutsu [More Personalities Whom I Respect 2] (1949), in YTZ 24, 297–324.

8. Yanaihara mentioned, “During my four-year study at the Faculty of Law, professor Nitobe’s colonial policy and professor Yoshino’s politics inspired me the most.” Yanaihara, Watakushi no Ayundekita Michi, 19.

9. Like many other students, Nitobe learned Christianity at the college where the vice-principal, Sir William S. Clark, made serious efforts at teaching the Bible.

10. Yanaihara Isaku, Yanaihara Tadao-den [Biography of Yanaihara Tadao] (Misuzu, 1998), 153–156.

11. Harry D. Harootunian, “Introduction: A Sense of an Ending and the Problem of Taishō,” in Japan in Crisis: Essays on Taishō Democracy, ed. Bernard S. Silberman, Harry D. Harootunian, and Gail Lee Bernstein (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1974), 3–28.

12. Tsutsui Kiyotaka, Nihon-gata Kyōyō no Unmei: Rekishi Shakaigaku teki Kōsatsu [The Destiny of Japanese Education: A Perspective of Historical Sociology] (Iwanami, 1995), 87.

13. The membership was restricted to those who had read Uchimura’s journal for at least a year.

14. Peter Duus, “Yoshino Sakuzō: The Christian as Political Critic,” Journal of Japanese Studies 4, no. 2 (1978): 301–326.

15. Najita Tetsuo, “Some Ref lections on Idealism in the Political Thought of Yoshino Sakuzō,” in Silberman, Harootunian, and Bernstein, eds., Japan in Crisis, 31–35.

16. Marius B. Jansen, The Making of Modern Japan (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2000), 544.

17. Iida Taizō, “Yoshino Sakuzō: Nasionaru Democratto to Shakai no Hakken” [Yoshino Sakuzō: National Democrat and the Discovery of Society], in Nihon no Kokusai Shisō [Japanese International Thought] 2, ed. Komatsu Shigeo and Tanaka Shōzō (Aoki Shoten, 1980), 3–68.

18. Kevin M. Doak, “Liberal Nationalism in Imperial Japan: The Dilemma of Nationalism and Internationalism,” in Nationalism and Internationalism in Imperial Japan: Autonomy, Asian Brotherhood, or World Citizenship? ed. Dick Stegewerns (London and New York: Routledge Curzon, 2003), 23.

19. Yanaihara Tadao, “Saiyō Shiken” [Job Interview] (1916), in YTZ 27, 681.

20. Yanaihara Tadao, “Jiyū to Jiyūshugi” [Freedom and Liberalism] (1929), in YTZ 16, 194.

Notes ● 165

21. Ibid., 193–194.22. Yanaihara Tadao, “Jiyū to Seinen” [Freedom and Youth] (1936), in YTZ

18, 569.23. Yanaihara, “Jiyū to Jiyūshugi,” 189.24. Ibid., 188. Yanaihara, “Jiyū to Seinen,” 548.25. Yanaihara, “Jiyū to Jiyūshugi,” 188.26. Yanaihara, “Jiyū to Seinen,” 569–570.27. Yanaihara Tadao, “Minzoku to Heiwa” [Ethnic Nation and Peace] (1934),

in YTZ 18.28. Yanaihara Tadao, “Kokka no Risō” [The Ideals of the State] (1937), in

YTZ 18, 641.29. Takashi Shogimen, “‘Another’ Patriotism in Early Shōwa Japan

(1930–1945),” Journal of the History of Ideas 7, no. 1 (2010): 139–160.30. Watanabe Keiichirō, “Yanaihara Tadao,” in Uchimura Kanzō wo Keishō

shita Hitobito 2: Jūgonen Sensō to Mukyōkai Nidaime [Successors of Uchimura Kanzō 2: Fifteen-Year War and the Second Generation of Nonchurch Christians], ed. Fujita Wakao (Mokutakusha, 1997), 322.

31. Dick Stegewerns, “The Dilemma of Nationalism and Internationalism in Modern Japan: National Interest, Asian Brotherhood, International Cooperation or World Citizenship?” in Stegewerns, ed., Nationalism and Internationalism, 12–13.

32. Yanaihara Tadao, “Kokuminshugi to Kokusaishugi” [Nationalism and Internationalism] (1933), in YTZ 18, 39. The translation is Doak’s. Kevin M. Doak, “Colonialism and Ethnic Nationalism in the Political Thought of Yanaihara Tadao (1893–1961),” East Asian History 10 (1995): 89.

33. Doak, “Liberal Nationalism in Imperial Japan,” 17–41.34. Doak, “Colonialism and Ethnic Nationalism,” 89.35. Yanaihara, “Jiyū to Jiyūshugi,” 187.36. Ibid., 197.37. Atsuko Hirai, Individualism and Socialism: The Life and Thought of Kawai

Eijirō (1891–1944) (Cambridge, MA: Council on East Asian Studies, Harvard University, 1986), 83.

38. Germaine A. Hoston, “The State, Modernity, and the Fate of Liberalism in Prewar Japan,” Journal of Asian Studies 51, no. 2 (1992): 287–316.

39. In his study of population migration and colonial policy, Yanaihara used Adam Smith as the basis of his argument. He also described Smith as not preoccupied with British interests alone; he was also a moral thinker who was concerned with “real economic interest” of native populations. See Ch. 2.

40. Yanaihara, “Jiyū to Seinen,” 552–553.41. Ibid., 553.42. Yanaihara, “Jiyū to Jiyūshugi,” 197.43. Morris-Suzuki, A History of Japanese Economic Thought, 77–80.44. Due to the implicit constraints on socialist or Marxist studies inside

the Tokyo Imperial University, the committee of the Departmnet of

166 ● Notes

Economics did not give permission to use Marx’s text. As a compromise, Yanaihara agreed to use Finance Kapital instead.

45. Yanaihara Tadao, Nikki [Diary] September 22 (1921), in YTZ 28, 669.46. Yanaihara Tadao, Marukusushugi to Kirisutokyō [Marxism and Christianity]

(1933), in YTZ 16, 23.47. Yanaihara Tadao, Shokumin oyobi Shokumin Seisaku [Population Migration

and Colonial Policy] (1926), in YTZ 1, 481.48. Yanaihara Tadao, “Ikusa no Ato” [Aftermath of the War] (1946), in YTZ

26, 116–117.49. Initiated by Yoshino Genzaburō, the editor of the inf luential left-center

journal, Sekai [The World], and his peer, Shimizu Ikutarō, this group of 59 Japanese intellectuals held a workshop to examine the UNESCO state-ment on peace (1948), written by 8 prominent world figures, from poets to scientists, and eventually made the first postwar attempt to promote the philosophy of peace and its promotion in Japan.

50. Heiwa Mondai Danwakai, “Sensō to Heiwa ni Kansuru Nihon no Kagakusha no Seimei” [The Statement of Scientists in Japan on the Problem of Peace and War], Sekai [The World] 39 (1949): 6–9.

51. Glenn D. Hook, Militarisation and Demilitarisation in Contemporary Japan (New York: Routledge, 1996), Ch. 2.

52. Yanaihara Tadao, “Sōtaiteki Heiwaron to Zettaiteki Heiwaron” [Relative Theory of Peace and Absolute Theory of Peace] (1948), in YTZ 19, 482.

53. Ibid., 482.54. Ibid., 48955. Ibid., 497.56. Martin Ceadel, Pacifism in Britain 1914–1945: The Defining of a Faith

(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980).57. Yanaihara, “Sōtaiteki Heiwaron to Zettaiteki Heiwaron,” 506.58. Ibid., 508.59. Immanuel Kant, Kant: Political Writings, ed. Hans Reiss, trans. H. B.

Nisbet (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1970), 174.60. Yanaihara, “Sōtaiteki Heiwaron to Zettaiteki Heiwaron,” 512.61. Yanaihara Tadao, “Nihon Seishin eno Hansei” [Ref lection on the Japanese

Spirit] (1945), in YTZ 19.62. Ibid., 35.63. Yanaihara Tadao, “Heiwakokka eno Michi” [The Path toward a Peaceful

Nation] (1946), in YTZ 19, 226.64. Yanaihara Tadao, “Nihon Seishin to Sekai Seishin” [Japanese Spirit and

World Spirit] (1947), in YTZ 19, 289–292.65. Martin Ceadel, Thinking about Peace and War (Oxford and New York:

Oxford University Press, 1987), 135–136.66. Yanaihara, “Sōtaiteki Heiwaron to Zettaiteki Heiwaron,” 473.67. Takenaka Yoshihiko, “Haisen Chokugo no Yanaihara Tadao” [Yanaihara

Tadao after the Defeat of Japan], Shisō [Philosophy], 822 (1992): 52–86.

Notes ● 167

2 A World of Migration

1. Haruyama Meitetsu, “Meiji Kenpō Taisei to Taiwan Tōchi” [The Establishment of Meiji Constitution and the Governance of Taiwan], in Iwanami Kōza Kindai Nihon to Shokuminchi 6: Teikō to Kutsujū [Iwanami Lectures on Modern Japan and Its Colonies 6: Resistance and Submission], ed. Ōe Shinoo, et al. (Iwanami, 1993), 47–48.

2. Akira Iriye, “Japan’s Drive to Great-Power Status,” in The Cambridge his-tory of Japan: The Nineteenth Century, ed. Marius J. Jansen (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 759–762.

3. Describing Japanese intellectual traits, Sakai Tetsuya argues that the fundamental difference from European worldview was the dual aspect of international order. Although Japan entered European “international order,” which “was constituted of a set of legally equal sovereign states in Europe and could be seen as ‘anarchical society’ separated from ‘impe-rial order,’ it would be impossible for Japan to situate herself utterly out-side of the ‘imperial order.’” Sakai Tetsuya, “The Political Discourse of International Order in Modern Japan, 1869–1945,” Japanese Journal of Political Science 9 (2008): 236. See also Ch. 5.

4. Yanaihara Tadao, “Beikoku no Nihon Imin Haiseki ni tsuite” [On the US Exclusion of Japanese Immigrants] (1926), in YTZ 1, 604.

5. Ibid., 604–607. 6. Ibid., 608. 7. Ibid., 609. 8. In Yanaihara’s view, a social group is a prototype of a national group but

is not necessarily attributed to a “nation state.” Rather, it included ethnic nations and stateless communities such as tribes and nomads.

9. Yanaihara Tadao, Shokumin oyobi Shokumin Seisaku [Population Migration and Colonial Policy] (1926), in YTZ 1, 14.

10. Ibid., 29.11. Ibid., 35–36.12. Yanaihara Tadao, “Shokumin naru Moji no Shiyō ni Tsuite” [On the Use

of Shokumin] (1932), in YTZ 5, 271–282.13. Ibid., 272–28314. Edward Gibbon Wakefield, A View of the Art of Colonization, in Letters

between a Statesman and a Colonist (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1914), 16.15. George Cornwall Lewis, An Essay on the Government of Dependencies

(London: J. Murray, 1841), 173.16. I have argued elsewhere that Susan C. Townsend incorrectly suggested that

Yanaihara followed Lewis’s “much older” and “narrower” definition of colo-nization. Ryoko Nakano, “Uncovering Shokumin: Yanaihara Tadao’s Concept of Global Civil Society,” Social Science Japan Journal 9, no. 2 (2006): 193.

17. Yanaihara was a keen listener to Nitobe’s lectures when he was a stu-dent from 1912 to 1917. After Nitobe’s death in 1933, Yanaihara wrote

168 ● Notes

a summarized version of Nitobe’s lectures based on his and his fellows’ class notes, which was included in Yanaihara Tadao, ed. “Nitobe Hakushi Shokumin Seisaku Kōgi oyobi Ronbunshū” [Lectures and Writings of Dr. Nitobe on Colonial Policy] in 1943. See Nitobe Inazō, Nitobe Inazō Zenshū [The Complete Work of Nitobe Inazō] 4, ed. Takagi Yasaka et al. (Kyōbunkan, 1969), 5-389.

18. Yanaihara, Shokumin oyobi Shokumin Seisaku, 466–467.19. Nitobe, Nitobe Inazō Zenshū, 57.20. Ibid., 61.21. Ibid., 63.22. Translation from German texts by author. P. Leutwein, “Kolonien und

Kolonialpolitik,” in Handwörterbuch der Staatswissenschaften 5, 3rd ed. (Jena: Verlag von Gustav Fischer, 1923), 781.

23. Yanaihara, Shokumin oyobi Shokumin Seisaku, 23.24. Ibid., 32.25. Ibid., 26.26. Ibid., 18.27. In Japanese, genjūmin had a slightly discriminatory or racist connota-

tion as it was intended to describe the populations in a lower civilization. Today, a more neutral term is senjūmin (indigenous population). However, I do not use this term because “indigenous” has been commonly used as a political concept in which a self-identified cultural or ethnic group dis-plays a desire to maintain their cultural and social identities separate from the dominant societies and cultures.

28. Ibid., 22–23.29. Yanaihara Tadao, “Sekai Keizai Hatten Katei to shiteno Shokuminshi”

[The History of Migrations as the Process of Developing a World Economy] (1929), in YTZ 4, 141.

30. See, for example, Duncan Bell, The Idea of Greater Britain: Empire and the Future of World Order, 1860–1900 (Princeton, NJ, and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2007), 47–55.

31. Ōuchi Hyōe, Ōuchi Hyōe Chosakushū [The Collective Work of Ōuchi Hyōe] 9 (Iwanami, 1975), 558–612.

32. Yanaihara Tadao, “Jinkō Kajōron” [Overpopulation] (1925), in YTZ 1, 634.

33. Yanaihara Tadao, Jinkō Mondai [Questions on Population] (1928), in YTZ 2, 174.

34. Yanaihara Tadao, “Adamu Sumisu no Shokuminchi-ron” [Theory of the Colony by Adam Smith] (1925), in YTZ 1, 666.

35. John Locke, Locke on Money 1, ed. Patrick Hyde Kelly (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991), 223–224.

36. Yanaihara, “Adamu Sumisu no Shokuminchi-ron,” 666.37. Yanaihara, Shokumin oyobi Shokumin Seisaku, 15–18.

Notes ● 169

38. Zeev Sternhell, The Founding Myths of Israel: Nationalism, Socialism, and the Making of the Jewish State, trans. David Maisel (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999).

39. Yanaihara Tadao, “Shion Undō ni tsuite” [On the Zionist Movement] (1923), in YTZ 1, 558.

40. Ibid., 570–571.41. Ibid., 573.42. Ibid., 560–563.43. Yanaihara Tadao, “Palestina Ryokōki” [My Travel to Palestine] (1922), in

YTZ 26, 721–731.44. In 1915, British high commissioner in Egypt, Sir Henry McMahon, prom-

ised Sharif of Mecca, Hussein bin Ali that Britain would recognize the Arab independence on the southern border of Turkey. However, a letter from the British foreign secretary A. J. Balfour to the leader of the British Jewish Community, Baron Rothschild, in 1917 showed British favor for the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people.

45. Yanaihara, “Shion Undō ni tsuite,” 581–586.46. Ibid., 586.47. Woodruff D. Smith, “Friedrich Ratzel and the Origins of Lebensraum,”

German Studies Review 3, no. 1 (1980): 51–68.48. Harriet Grace Wanklyn, Friedrich Ratzel (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge

University Press, 1961), 36–42.49. Immanuel Kant, Kant: Political Writings, ed. Hans Reiss, trans. H. B.

Nisbet (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1970), 105.50. Ibid., 106.51. Japanese and German terms in brackets are Yanaihara’s.52. Yanaihara, Shokumin oyobi Shokumin Seisaku, 467–468.53. Yanaihara, “Shion Undō ni tsuite,” 467.54. Ibid., 586–587.55. Peter Nielsen, “Colonialism and Hospitality,” Politics and Ethics Review 3,

no. 1 (2007): 90–108.56. Henk Overbeek, “Globalization, Sovereignty, and Transnational

Regulation: Reshaping the Governance of International Migration,” in Managing Migration: Time for a New International Regime? ed. Bimal Ghosh (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), 49–50.

57. Barry Buzan, From International to World Society?: English School Theory and the Social Structure of Globalization (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2004).

58. Bimal Ghosh, Managing Migration: Time for a New International Regime? (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2000).

59. Harold James, The Roman Predicament: How the Rules of International Order Create the Politics of Empire (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006), 40.

170 ● Notes

60. Fiona B. Adamson, “Crossing Borders: International Migration and National Security,” International Security 31, no. 1 (2006): 165–199.

61. Seyla Benhabib, The Rights of Others: Aliens, Residents, and Citizens (Cambridge, UK, and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004).

62. Laurent Malvezin, “The Problems with (Chinese) Diaspora: An Interview with Wang Gungwu,” in Diasporic Chinese Ventures: The Life and Work of Wang Gungwu, ed. Gregor Benton and Hong Liu (London and New York: RoutledgeCurzon, 2004), 51.

63. Jacques Derrida and Anne Duformantelle, Of Hospitality, trans. Rachael Bowlby (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2000).

64. Ibid., 25.

3 Development and Dependency

1. Mark R. Peattie, “The Japanese Colonial Empire, 1895–1945,” in The Cambridge History of Japan: The Twentieth Century, ed. Peter Duus (Cambridge, UK, and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988), 217.

2. John Gallagher and Ronald Robinson, “The Imperialism of Free Trade,” Economic History Review, 2nd series, 6, no. 1 (1953): 1–25.

3. Yanaihara did not write much about Hobson, but he translated his work in 1951 and introduced him as a prominent theorist of welfare economics as well as a pioneer in the scientific study of imperialism. See Yanaihara Tadao, “Hobuson Shōden oyobi Chojutsu Mokuroku” [A Short History of Hobson and His Writings] (1951), in YTZ 5.

4. Yanaihara Tadao, Shokumin oyobi Shokumin Seisaku [Population Migration and Colonial Policy] (1926), in YTZ 1, 84–86.

5. Yanaihara Tadao, “Shihon Chikuseki to Shokuminchi” [The Accumulation of Capital and Colonies] (1930), in YTZ 4, 66.

6. Yanaihara Tadao, “Chō-teikokushugi-ron ni tsuite” [On the Theory of Supra-imperialism] (1930), in YTZ 4, 86.

7. Yanaihara, “Shihon Chikuseki to Shokuminchi,” 68. 8. Ibid., 68–69. 9. Peattie also argues that modern Japanese scholarship has attempted to

qualify and refine the classic Leninist approach to explain the Japanese case, but it seems unworkable. Peattie, “The Japanese Colonial Empire, 1895–1945,” 222.

10. Yanaihara Tadao, Teikokushugi-ka no Taiwan [Taiwan under Imperialism] (1929), in YTZ 2, 198.

11. Yanaihara Tadao, Manshū Mondai [The Manchurian Question] (1934), in YTZ 2, 490–491.

12. Yanaihara Tadao, “Teikokushugi no Gensei” [Today’s Imperialism] (1927), in YTZ 4, 382.

13. Ibid., 386.

Notes ● 171

14. Yanaihara, “Chō-teikokushugi-ron ni tsuite, 71–79.”15. Ibid., 107.16. Yanaihara, Shokumin oyobi Shokumin Seisaku, 79–81.17. Yanaihara Tadao, “Adamu Sumisu no Shokuminchi-ron” [Theory of

Colony by Adam Smith] (1925), in YTZ 1, 683–685.18. Yanaihara Tadao, “Gunkokushugi, Teikokushugi, Shihonshugi no Sōkan

Kankei” [Relationships between Militarism, Imperialism, and Capitalism] (1934), in YTZ 4, 110.

19. Ibid., 111.20. Ibid., 112–113.21. Ibid., 116.22. Ibid., 118.23. Luxemburg describes the “third persons” as “civil servants, the liberal

professions, the clergy, etc.” who make “unproductive consumption” in the manner that does not necessarily correspond with the interests of society. Rosa Luxemburg, The Accumulation of Capital, trans. Agnes Schwarzschild (London and New York: Routledge Classics, 2003).

24. Yanaihara, “Gunkokushugi, Teikokushugi, Shihonshugi no Sōkan Kankei,” 120.

25. Yanaihara Tadao, Shokumin oyobi Shokumin Seisaku,190–191.26. Ramon Hawley Myers and Saburo Yamada “Agricultural Development

in the Empire,” in The Japanese Colonial Empire, 1895–1945, ed. Ramon Hawley Myers and Mark R. Peattie (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984), 441.

27. Ramon Hawley Myers and Adrienne Ching, “Agricultural Development in Taiwan under Japanese Colonial Rule,” Journal of Asian Studies 23, no. 4 (1964): 555–570.

28. Yanaihara, Teikokushugi-ka no Taiwan, 387.29. Ibid., 177–480.30. Ibid., 446.31. Ibid., 450–451.32. Yanaihara Tadao, “Chōsen Sanbei Zōshoku Keikaku ni tsuite” [On the

Campaign to Increase Rice Production in Korea] (1926), in YTZ 1, 692–724.33. Michael A. Schneider, “The Limits of Cultural Rule: Internationalism and

Identity in Japanese Responses to Korean Rice,” in Colonial Modernity in Korea, ed. Gi-Wook Shin and Michael Robinson (Cambridge, MA, and London: Harvard University Press, 1999), 107.

34. Susan. C. Townsend, “Yanaihara Tadao to Daieiteikoku: Shokuminchi Kaikaku no Moderu to shite” [Yanaihara Tadao and the British Empire: As a Model of Colonial Reforms], trans. Masatoshi Michi, in Nichiei Kōryū-shi, 5: Shakai, Bunka [The History of Anglo-Japanese Relations, 1600–2000 5: Society and Culture], ed. Tsuzuki Chūshichi, Gordon Daniels, and Kusamitsu Toshio (Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai, 2001), 166–181.

172 ● Notes

35. Schneider, “The Limits of Cultural Rule,” 119.36. Yanaihara, Teikokushugi-ka no Taiwan, 331.37. For instance, see Osvaldo Sunkel, “National Development Policy and

External Dependence in Latin America,” The Journal of Development Studies 6, no.1 (1969): 23–48. James D. Cockcroft, Andre Gunder Frank, and Dale Johnson, Dependence and Underdevelopment (Garden City, NY: Anchor Books, 1972).

38. Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World System: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World Economy in the Sixteenth Century (New York: Academic Press, 1974).

39. Yanai Katsumi, Amerika Teikokushugi-ron [A Theory of American Imperialism] (Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai, 1959).

40. According to Kawata (1996), Yanaihara, then the dean of the College of Arts and Science, asked him in 1951 to become a lecturer of International Relations. To meet Yanaihara’s request to “import” International Relations, Kawata interviewed renowned scholars such as Frederick Schumann, Hans Morgenthau, and E. H. Carr. Kawata said, “One day, Professor Yanaihara invited me to his office. To my great pleasure, he asked me if I was inter-ested in developing a new discipline called International Relations as a research assistant of the branch of International Relations in the College of Arts and Science in Komaba [Campus]. He explained that this disci-pline would combine International Politics and International Economics. I certainly agreed to take the opportunity to work there in 1951. Next year I became a lecturer of International Relations, International Political Economy and four other subjects.” Kawata Tadashi, Kokusai Kankei Kenkyū [The Study of International Relations] (Tokyo Shoseki, 1996), 332.

41. Ibid., 329.42. Laura E. Hein, “In Search of Peace and Democracy: Japanese Economic

Debate in Political Context,” The Journal of Asian Studies 53, no. 3 (1994): 752–778.

43. Twu Teruhiko, “‘Nanboku Mondai’ no Kadai to Hōkō” [Agenda and Direction of “North-South Problem”], Ajia Keizai [Asian Economy] 18, no. 11 (1977): 65–66.

44. Kawata Tadashi, “Hidaika suru Nihon no Shin-Gunji Kikō” [Expanding New Military Institution in Japan], Sekai [The World] 248 (1966): 96–109.

45. Kawata Tadashi, “Kiro ni tatsu America no Gunji Sangyō” [American Military Industry at the Crossroads], Sekai [The World] 220 (1965): 85.

46. The most inf luential and unique protest group was Beheiren [Betonamu ni Heiwa o! Shimin Rengō; Citizens’ Federation for Peace in Vietnam]. With a simple creed that every individual who wants to take part in anti-war action could join from anywhere, this group without headquarters attracted wide support, which had never been gained by antinuclear

Notes ● 173

organization including Gensuibaku Kinshi Nihon Kyōgikai [Japan Council against Atomic and Hydrogen Bombs], and groups associated with the opposition parties such as Nihon Rōdō Kumiai Sōhyō Gikai [General Council of Trade Union of Japan] and Zennihon Rōdō Sōdōmeikai [Japan Confederation of Labour]. In 1969, Beheiren drew 70,000 people to its rally in Tokyo. Thomas R. H. Havens, Fire across the Sea: The Vietnam War and Japan, 1965–1975 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1974).

47. Kawata Tadashi, Nanboku Mondai [South-North Problem] (Tokyo Shoseki, 1997), 161–169.

48. Tadashi Kawata, “Japanese Economic Assistance: Trial and Achievement,” The Developing Economies 11, no. 4 (1973): 486–497.

49. Raul Prebisch, The Economic Development of Latin America and Its Principal Problems (New York: UN Department of Economic Affairs, 1950). See also, Johan Galtung, “A Structural Theory of Imperialism,” Journal of Peace Research 8, no. 2 (1971): 81–117.

50. Tadashi Kawata, “‘International Solidarity’ and Economic Inequality,” The Developing Economies 5, no. 1 (1967): 125.

51. Tadashi Kawata, “UNTAD and Japan,” The Developing Economies 2, no. 3 (1964): 300.

52. Interestingly, Kawata did not do any research on former Japanese colonies. It was his student, Twu Teruhiko, who made a detailed socioeconomic analysis of Taiwan. Twu Teruhiko, Nihon Teikokushugi-ka no Taiwan [Taiwan under Japanese Imperialism] (Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai, 1975).

53. A nonacademic civilian group organized a small group for peace research with an initiative of Ukita Hisako (the Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom in Japan), with advice from Elis Boulding and Norman Wilson (the American Friends Service Committee in Tokyo).

54. Kawata Tadashi. Heiwa Kenkyū [Peace Research] (Tokyo Shoseki, 1996), 57.

55. Kawata and Tsurumi edited a book on the same theme together. See Kawata Tadashi and Tsurumi Kazuko, Naihatsuteki Hatten-ron [Theories on Endogenous Development] (Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai, 1989).

56. Robert W. Cox, Approaches to World Order (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 137.

4 Autonomy under Imperial Rule

1. Susan C. Townsend, Yanaihara Tadao and Japanese Colonial Policy: Redeeming Empire (Richmond, VA: Curzon, 2000).

2. Kang San Jun, “Shakai Kagaku-sha no Shokumin Ninshiki: Shokumin Seisaku to Orientarismu” [Social Scientists’ Perception of Colonialism: Colonial Policy and Orientalism], in Iwanami Kōza Shakai Kagakuno Hōhō

174 ● Notes

3: Nihon Shakai Kagaku no Shisō [Iwanami Lectures on the Methodology of Social Sciences 3: The Philosophy of Japanese Social Sciences], ed. Yamanouchi Yasushi et al. (Iwanami, 1993), 101–130. Also, see Kang San Jun, “Kirisutokyō, Shokuminchi, Kenpō” [Christianity, Colony and the Constitution], Gendai Shisō [Modern Philosophy] 23, no. 10 (1995): 62–76.

3. Tai Kokuki, Taiwan to Taiwanjin: Aidentiti wo Motomete [Taiwan and Taiwanese: Seeking Identity] (Kenbun, 1979).

4. Mark R. Peattie, “Japanese Attitudes toward Colonialism, 1895–1945,” in The Japanese Colonial Empire, 1895–1945, ed. Ramon Hawley Myers and Mark R. Peattie (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984), 106–107.

5. Michael A. Schneider, “The Limits of Cultural Rule: Internationalism and Identity in Japanese Responses to Korean Rice,” in Colonial Modernity in Korea, ed. Gi-Wook Shin and Michael Robinson (Cambridge, MA, and London: Harvard University Press, 1999), 105–106.

6. Komagome Takeshi, Shokuminchi Teikoku Nihon no Bunka Tōgō [Cultural Integration of Japanese Colonial Empire] (Iwanami, 1996).

7. Yanaihara Tadao, “Gunjiteki to Dōkateki: Nichifutsu Shokumin Seisaku Hikaku no Ichiron” [Military and Assimilation: A Comparison between Japanese and French Colonial Policy] (1937), in YTZ 4, 371.

8. Yanaihara Tadao, Shokumin oyobi Shokumin Seisaku [Population Migration and Colonial Policy] (1926), in YTZ 1, 470.

9. Ibid., 249.10. Oguma Eiji, Nihonjin no Kyōkai: Okinawa, Ainu, Taiwan, Chōsen,

Shokuminchi Shihai kara Fukki Undō made [The Boundaries of the Japanese: Okinawa, Ainu, Taiwan, Korea, from the Colonial Rule to the Movement for the Return of Okinawa] (Shin’yōsha, 1998), 192.

11. Yanaihara, Shokumin oyobi Shokumin Seisaku, 250.12. Schneider, “The Limits of Cultural Rule,” 120.13. Yanaihara, Shokumin oyobi Shokumin Seisaku, 250.14. Ibid., 470.15. Ibid., 482.16. Sakai Tetsuya, Kindai Nihon no Kokusai Chitsujo-ron [The Political

Discourse of International Order in Modern Japan] (Iwanami, 2007), 214.

17. Duncan Bell, The Idea of Greater Britain: Empire and the Future of World Order, 1860–1900 (Princeton, NJ, and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2007).

18. Yanaihara’s citation of Turgot appears in several of his works. See Yanaihara, “Shokuminchi Kokuminundō to Eiteikoku no Shōrai” [Nationalist Movement in Colonies and the Future of the British Empire] (1930), in YTZ 4, 437. Yanaihara Tadao, “Sekai Keizai Hatten Katei to shiteno Shokuminshi” [The History of Migrations as the Process of Developing a World Economy] (1929), in YTZ 4, 163.

Notes ● 175

19. Yanaihara, Shokumin oyobi Shokumin Seisaku, 289–290.20. For Zimmern’s argument on the survival of the British Empire, see

Alfred Eckhard Zimmern, The Third British Empire (London: Humphrey Milford, Oxford University Press, 1924).

21. Mark Mazower, No Enchanted Palace: The End of Empire and the Ideological Origins of the United Nations (Princeton, NJ, and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2009), 34.

22. Yanaihara, Shokumin oyobi Shokumin Seisaku, 293.23. Ibid., 478.24. Yanaihara Tadao, “Daiikkai Eiteikoku Rōdō Kaigi” [The First British

Commonwealth Labor Conference] (1926), in YTZ 1, 766.25. Yanaihara, Shokumin oyobi Shokumin Seisaku, 167, 225, 243.26. Ibid., 293.27. Ibid., 413.28. Yanaihara, “Shokuminchi Kokuminundō to Eiteikoku no Shōrai,” 426.29. Gordon Dewey, The Dominions and Diplomacy: The Canadian

Contribution, vol. II (London, New York, Toronto: Longmans, Green and Co., 1929), Ch. 11.

30. Yanaihara, “Shokuminchi Kokuminundō to Eiteikoku no Shōrai,” 436–437.

31. Ibid., 437.32. Yanaihara wrote, “What is michi? According to Christ, it is Him, michi

is truth, the true God. Thanks to Christ, the heart of human beings shall be redirected from falsehood to genuine truth. Christ is our Savior.” This statement was based on the Gospel of St. John, 14:6. Yanaihara Tadao, “Kirisutokyō no shuchō to hansei” [Christian Argument and Ref lection] (1942), in YTZ 18, 722–723.

33. Yanaihara Tadao, “Chōsen Tōchi no Hōshin” [The Direction of Rule in Korea] (1926), in YTZ 1, 742.

34. Ibid., 735.35. Yanaihara Tadao, “Minzokushugi no Fukkō” [The Rise of Ethnic

Nationalism] (1933), in YTZ 18, 16.36. Yanaihara, Shokumin oyobi Shokumin Seisaku, 283–284.37. Kevin M. Doak, “Colonialism and Ethnic Nationalism in the Political

Thought of Yanaihara Tadao (1893–1961),” East Asian History 10 (1995): 88.

38. Yanaihara Tadao, “Mikai Dojin no Jinkō Suitai Keikō ni tsuite” [On the Tendency of Aboriginal Populations to Decrease] (1933), in YTZ 4, 196–275.

39. Yanaihara Tadao, “Adamu Sumisu no Shokuminchi-ron” [Theory of Colony by Adam Smith] (1925), in YTZ 1, 680.

40. Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Cause of the Wealth of Nations: A Selected Edition (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 364.

41. Yanaihara, “Adamu Sumisu no Shokuminchi-ron,” 686.

176 ● Notes

42. Leo Ching argues that Taiwanese identity under Japanese rule was com-plex: while they shared a sense of historical roots and cultural traits with mainland China, they looked up to Japan as a successful model of mod-ernization in Asia. Leo. T. S. Ching, Becoming “Japanese”: Colonial Taiwan and the Politics of Identity Formation (Los Angeles and London: University of California Press, 2001).

43. Wakabayashi Masahiro, Taiwan Kō’nichi Undō-shi Kenkyu [The Study of the History of the Taiwanese Anti-Japanese Movement] (Kenbun, 1983).

44. Wakabayashi Masahiro, “Taiwan Gikai Secchi Seigan Undō” [Taiwanese Movement for the Establishment of a Formosan Parliament], in Iwanami Kōza Kindai Nihon to Shokuminchi 6: Teikō to Kutsujū [Iwanami Lectures on Modern Japan and Its Colonies 6: Resistance and Submission], ed. Ōe Shinoo et al. (Iwanami, 1993), 3–27.

45. Yanaihara Tadao, Teikokushugi-ka no Taiwan [Taiwan under Imperialism] (1929), in YTZ 2, 386.

46. Chin Peifeng, “Dōka” no Dōshōimu: Nihon Tōchi-ka no Kokugo Kkyōikushi Saikō [Assimilation as Different Dreams in the Same Boat: Revisiting the Japanese Education under Japanese Colonial Rule] (Sangensha, 2001), 209–210.

47. Wakabayashi, Taiwan Kō’nichi Undō-shi Kenkyu, 277–278.48. Ts’ai Pei-ho, “Waga Shima to Warera” [Our Peninsula and Us], Taiwan

Seinen [Youth Formosa] 1, no. 4 (1920): 21.49. Chin, “Dōka” no Dōshōimu, 219.50. Yanaihara Tadao, Shokan [Letters] (April 28, 1927), in YTZ 29, 62.51. Ibid., 64.52. Yanaihara Tadao, “Taiwan Hakuwaji Mondai ni tsuite” [On the Issue of

Taiwanese Hakuwaji] (1934), in YTZ 5, 125–127.53. Yanaihara Tadao, “Sai Baika: Kirisutokyō no Tomo ni Gekisu” [Ts’ai

Pei-ho: To My Christian Friend] (1941), in YTZ 25, 502–503.54. Yanaihara, Shokan (April 28, 1927), 61. Ts’ai Pei-ho, Nihon Kokumin ni

Atau: Shokuminchi Mondai Kaiketsu no Kichō [To the Japanese Citizens: The Basic Solutions to Problems in Colonies] (Iwanami, 1928), 19–20.

55. Yanaihara, Teikokushugi-ka no Taiwan, 377–386.56. In his letter to his wife, Keiko, Yanaihara confessed that he was misunder-

stood and received much criticism and even hatred. In the last few days he felt as if he were “crucified.” Yanaihara Tadao, Shokan [Letters] (April 16, 1927), in YTZ 29, 59–60.

57. Kang, “Shakai Kagaku-sha no Shokumin Ninshiki.”58. Komagome Takeshi. Shokuminchi Teikoku Nihon no Bunka Tōgō [Cultural

Integration of Japanese Colonial Empire] (Iwanami, 1996), 60–61.59. Yanaihara Tadao, “Kokusai Keizairon” [International Economics] (1955),

in YTZ 5, 72.60. Dibyesh Anando, “China and India: Postcolonial Informal Empires in the

Emerging Global Order,” Rethinking Marxism 24, no. 1 (2012): 68–86.

Notes ● 177

61. Ronald Grigor Suny, “Learning from Empire? Russia and the Soviet Union,” in Lessons of Empire: Imperial Histories and American Power, ed. Craig Calhoun, Fredrick Cooper, and Kevin W. Moore (New York: The New Press, 2006), 86.

62. Yash Ghai and Sophia Woodman, “Unused Powers: Contestation over Autonomy Legislation in the PRC,” Pacific Affairs 82 (2009): 29–46.

63. Yash Ghai, Sophia Woodman, and Kelley Loper, “Is There Space for ‘Genuine Autonomy’ for Tibetan Areas in the PRC’s System of Nationalities Regional Autonomy?” International Journal on Minority and Group Rights 17 (2010): 137–186.

64. Yash Ghai, “Autonomy Regimes in China: Coping with Ethnic and Economic Diversity,” in Autonomy and Ethnicity: Negotiating Competing Claims in Multi-Ethnic States, ed. Yash Ghai (Cambridge, UK, and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 77–98.

65. Vladimir Tismaneanu, In Search of Civil Society: Independent Peace Movements in the Soviet Bloc (New York: Routledge, 1990), 181.

66. Yash Ghai, “Ethnicity and Autonomy: A Framework for Analysis,” in Ghai, ed., Autonomy and Ethnicity, 23–24. Will Kymlicka, Politics in the Vernacular: Nationalism, Multiculturalism, and Citizenship (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), 36–37.

67. Anthony D. Smith, Nations and Nationalism in a Global Era (Cambridge, MA: Polity, 1995). Kymlicka, Politics in the Vernacular.

68. James Tully, Strange Multiplicity: Constitutionalism in an Age of Diversity (Cambridge, UK, and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005), Ch. 3.

5 Asianism versus Internationalism?

1. After World War I broke out in Europe, Japan quickly moved to seize German possessions and concessions in the Shandong Province and per-suaded a prostrate China to approve Japan’s seizure of German leasehold land in Shandong and the extension of Japanese concessions in Manchuria. The Japanese Navy also took control of the South Pacific islands, also for-mer German territories.

2. Thomas W. Burkman, Japan and the League of Nations: Empire and World Order, 1914–1938 (Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 2008), Ch. 6.

3. Harumi Goto-Shibata, “Internationalism and Nationalism: Anti-Western Sentiments in Japanese Foreign Policy Debates, 1918–22,” in Nationalism in Japan, ed. Naoko Shimazu (London and New York: Routledge, 2006), 66–84.

4. Yumiko Iida, “Fleeing the West, Making Asia Home: Transposition of Otherness in Japanese Pan-Asianism, 1905–1930,” Alternatives 22 (1997): 409–432.

178 ● Notes

5. Yoshihisa Taku Matsusaka, The Making of Japanese Manchuria 1904–1932 (Cambridge, MA, and London: Harvard University Asia Center, 2001).

6. The Manchurian Incident was a fictional event staged by Japanese senior military officials, Colonels Ishiwara Kanji and Itagaki Seishirō. Claiming that anti-Japanese Chinese elements planted a small bomb on the South Manchurian Railroad, operated by a Japanese semiofficial corporation, the Japanese Army, stationed in Kwantung-leased territory, quickly took control of most of south-western Manchuria, the northern provinces of China. Although the civilian government in Tokyo initially protested against this military operation, it eventually approved this action as a fait accompli and claimed the legitimacy of Japanese actions.

7. Louise Young, Japan’s Total Empire: Manchuria and the Culture of Wartime Imperialism (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998).

8. Kimitada Miwa, “Japanese Policies and Concepts for a Regional Order in Asia, 1938–1940,” in The Ambivalence of Nationalism: Modern Japan between East and West, ed. James Wilson White, Michio Umegaki, and Thomas R. H. Havens (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1990), 135.

9. James B. Crowley, “A New Asian Order: Some Notes on Prewar Japanese Nationalism,” in Japan in Crisis: Essays on Taishō Democracy, ed. Bernard S. Silberman, Harry D. Harootunian, and Gail Lee Bernstein (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1974), 272.

10. J. Victor Koschmann, “Asianism’s Ambivalent Legacy,” in Network Power: Japan and Asia, ed. Peter J. Katzenstein and Takashi Shiraishi (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1997), 87–95.

11. Tosaka Jun, Nihon Ideorogīron [On Japanese ideologies] (Iwanami Bunko, 1977), 128–129.

12. From 1937 to 1941, Konoe became prime minister three times.13. Eri Hotta, Pan-Asianism and Japan’s War 1931–1945 (New York: Palgrave

Macmillan, 2007), Ch. 3.14. Rōyama Masamichi, Tōa to Sekai [East Asia and the World] (Kaizōsha,

1941), 16.15. Sakai Tetsuya, “Sengo Gaikoron no Keisei” [The Development of the

Postwar Diplomatic Theory], in Sensō, Fukkō, Hatten: Shōwa Seiji-shi ni okeru Kenryoku to Kōsō [War, Renewal, and Development: Power and Knowledge in the Political History of Showa Era], ed. Kitaoka Shinichi and Mikuriya Takashi (Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai, 2000), 126–127.

16. Kobayashi Hiroharu, “Rōyama Masamichi’s Perception of International Order from the 1920s and 1930s and the Concept of the East Asian Community,” in Nationalism and Internationalism in Imperial Japan: Autonomy, Asian Brotherhood, or World Citizenship? ed. Dick Stegewerns (London and New York: Routledge Curzon, 2003),154.

17. John Namjun Kim, “The Temporality of Empire: The Imperial Cosmopolitanism of Miki Kiyoshi and Tanabe Hajime,” in Pan-Asianism

Notes ● 179

in Modern Japanese History: Colonialism, Regionalism and Borders, ed. Sven Saaler and J. Victor Koschmann (New York and London: Routledge, 2007), 156.

18. Miles Fletcher. “Intellectuals and Fascism in Early Showa Japan,” Journal of Asian Studies 39, no. 1 (1979): 50–51.

19. Kim, “The Temporality of Empire,” 151–167.20. Mark R. Peattie, Ishiwara Kanji and Japan’s Confrontation with the West

(Princeton, NJ, and London: Princeton University Press, 1975), 337.21. Hotta, Pan-Asianism and Japan’s War 1931–1945, 112.22. Miles Fletcher, The Search for a New Order: Intellectuals and Fascism

in Prewar Japan (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina, 1982), 106–107.

23. Yanaihara Tadao, Manshū Mondai [The Manchurian Question] (1934), in YTZ 2, 483.

24. Ibid., 483.25. Ibid., 493.26. Yanaihara later wrote that he had to use a euphemism, “developmentalism

of Japanese imperialism” (nihon teikoku hatten shugi), instead of “Japanese imperialism” (nihon teikoku shugi) because of the restriction of freedom of speech. Yanaihara Tadao, “Ikusa no ato” [Aftermath of the war] (1946), in YTZ 26, 104.

27. Yanaihara, Manshū Mondai, 569.28. Yanaihara Tadao, “Manshu Kenbun-dan” [My Experience in Manchuria]

(1932), in YTZ 2, 659. The translation is Hotta’s. Hotta, Pan-Asianism and Japan’s War 1931–1945, 119.

29. Yanaihara, Manshū Mondai, 569.30. Ibid., 599–600.31. Ibid., 600.32. Susan C. Townsend, Yanaihara Tadao and Japanese Colonial Policy:

Redeeming Empire (Richmond, VA: Curzon, 2000), 167.33. Ibid., 182–183.34. Gregory J. Kasza, The State and the Mass Media in Japan, 1918–1945

(Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1988), 49–50.

35. Mitani Taichirō, “Kokusai Kankyō no Hendō to Nihon no Chishiki-jin” [Dynamics of International Environment and Japanese Intellectuals], in Nichibei Kankeishi: Kaisen ni Itaru Jūnen 1931–41: Masu Media to Chishiki-jin [Ten Year History of Japan-US Relations before the War, 1931–41: Mass Media and Intellectuals], ed. Hosoya Chihiro et al. (Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai, 2000), 143–148.

36. Yanaihara Tadao, “Sensō to Rieki” [War and Interests] (1933), in YTZ 18, 196.

37. Yanaihara Tadao, “Shina Mondai no Shozai” [Locating the China Question] (1937), in YTZ 4, 332.

180 ● Notes

38. Ibid., 332.39. Ibid., 333.40. Hosokawa Karoku, Ajia to Nihon: Hosokawa Karoku Chosakushū 3 [Asia

and Japan: Series of Hosokawa Karoku’s Papers 3], (Rironsha, 1972).41. Tai Kokuki, Taiwan to Taiwanjin: Aidentiti wo Motomete [Taiwan and

Taiwanese: Seeking Identity] (Kenbun, 1979), 169.42. Yanaihara Tadao, “Kami no Kuni” [The Kingdom of God] (1937), in

YTZ 18, 649–650.43. Yanaihara Tadao, “Tairiku Seisaku no Saikentō” [Reexamination of the

Policy toward the Continent] (1937), in YTZ 5, 104.44. Ibid., 105.45. Ibid., 105.46. Yanaihara Tadao, Shokumin oyobi Shokumin Seisaku [Population Migration

and Colonial Policy] (1926), in YTZ 1, 478.47. Yanaihara Tadao, Shokumin Seisaku no Shin-kichō [The New Foundations

of Colonial Policy] (1927), in YTZ 1, 525.48. Yanaihara Tadao, “Sekai Keizai Hatten Katei to shiteno Shokuminshi”

[The History of Migrations as the Process of Developing a World Economy] (1929), in YTZ 4, 165–166.

49. Yanaihara Tadao, “Shokumin Seisaku yori Mitaru Inin Tōchi Seido” [The Mandate System from the View of Colonial Policy] (1937), in YTZ 4, 192–193.

50. Ibid., 188.51. Ibid., 194–195.52. Edward Keene, Beyond the Anarchical Society: Grotius, Colonialism and

Order in World Politics (Cambridge, UK, and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 143–144.

53. For the governance of the South Pacific mandate, see Mark R. Peattie, Nan’yō: The Rise and Fall of the Japanese in Micronesia, 1885–1945 (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1992).

54. This book was translated into English. Yanaihara Tadao, Pacific Islands under Japanese Mandate (London and New York: Oxford University Press, 1940).

55. Ichiro Tomiyama, “Tropical Zone: The Academic Analysis of Difference in the ‘Island Peoples,’” in Formations of Colonial Modernity in East Asia, ed. Tani E. Barlo (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1997), 211.

56. Yanaihara Tadao Nan’yō Guntō no Kenkyū [Research in South Pacific Islands] (1935), in YTZ 3, 413.

57. Yanaihara Tadao, “Nanpō Rōdō Seisaku no Kichō” [The Foundations of the Labor Policy in the South] (1942), in YTZ 5, 231.

58. Peattie, Nan’yō, 90.59. Yanaihara Tadao, “Mikai Dojin no Jinkō Suitai Keikō ni tsuite” [On the

Tendency of Aboriginal Populations to Decrease] (1933), in YTZ 4, 266.60. Yanaihara Tadao, “Nan’yō Inin Tōchiron” [On the mandatory Rule in the

South Pacific Islands] (1933), in YTZ 5, 143.

Notes ● 181

61. Ibid., 133–134.62. Ibid., 143–144.63. Ibid., 145.64. Imaizumi Yumiko, “Senzenki Nihon no Kokusai Kankei Kenkyū ni

Miru ‘Chiiki’” [Regional Concept in International Studies of the Prewar Japan], Kokusai Seiji Keizaigaku Kenkyū [Review of International Political Economy (Tsukuba University)] 7, (2001): 35–42.

65. Yanaihara Tadao, “Shokumin Seisaku ni okeru Bunka” [Culture in Relation to Colonial Policy] (1939), in YTZ 5, 323–325.

66. Cemil Aydin, The Politics of Anti-Westernism in Asia: Visions of World Order in Pan-Islamic and Pan-Asian Thought (New York: Columbia University Press, 2007).

67. Kanishka Jayasuriya, “Embedded Mercantilism and Open Regionalism: The Crisis of a Regional Political Project,” in Asian Regional Governance: Crisis and Change, ed. Kanishka Jayasuriya (New York: Routledge, 2004), 21–22.

68. J. Victor Koschmann, “Asianism’s Ambivalent Legacy,” in Network Power: Japan and Asia, ed. Peter J. Katzenstein and Takashi Shiraishi (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1997), 107.

69. The “Bangkok Declaration,” signed by 34 Asian and Middle Eastern coun-tries at the Regional Meeting for Asia of the World, put the relative impor-tance on economic and social rights rather than civil and political rights.

70. Andrew Hurrell, “Power, Principles and Prudence: Protecting Human Rights in a Deeply Divided World,” in Human Rights in Global Politics, ed. Tim Dunne and Nicholas J. Wheeler (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 277–302.

71. Lee Kuan Yew, “Culture is Destiny: A Conversation with Lee Kuan Yew,” Foreign Affairs 73, no. 2 (1994): 111–112.

72. Kishore Mahbubani, Can Asians Think? Understanding the Divide between East and West, 3rd ed. (Singapore: Times Edition: 2004).

73. Kishore Mahbubani, “The Case against the West: America and Europe in the Asian Century,” Foreign Affairs 87, no. 3 (2008): 111–124.

74. Jagdish N. Bhagwati, “The Capital Myth: The Difference between Trade in Widgets and Dollars,” Foreign Affairs 77, no. 3 (1998): 7–12.

75. Amitav Acharya, Whose Ideas Matter?: An Agency and Power in Asian Regionalism (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2009).

76. Rein Raud, “A Comparative Analysis of Challenge Discourses: ‘Overcoming Modernity’ and the ‘Asian Values’ Debate,” in Japan and Asian Modernities, ed. Rein Raud (London, New York, and Bahrain: Kegan Paul, 2007), 167–182.

Conclusion The Contemporary Relevance of Yanaihara’s Work

1. Jane Burbank and Fredrick Cooper, Empires in World History: Power and the Politics of Difference (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006), 443.

182 ● Notes

2. Harold James, The Roman Predicament: How the Rules of International Order Create the Politics of Empire (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006).

3. See, for example, Thomas Risse, Stephen C. Ropp, and Kathryn Sikkink, The Power of Human Rights: International Norms and Domestic Change (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1999). Margaret E. Keck and Kathryn Sikkin, Activists beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1998).

4. Timothy Parsons, Rule of Empires, Those Who Built Them, Those Who Endured Them, and Why They Always Fall (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010).

Bibliography

This bibliography is divided into three sections: (1) Yanaihara Tadao’s writ-ings, (2) other Japanese sources, and (3) English and German sources.

1. Yanaihara Tadao’s writings

Yanaihara’s books and articles collected in

Yanaihara Tadao Zenshū [The Complete Works of Yanaihara Tadao] (YTZ after-wards), vols. 1–29, edited by Nambara Shigeru, Ōuchi Hyōe, Kurosaki Kōichi, Yanai Katsumi, Ōtsuka Hisao, Fujita Wakao, Sakai Kishirō, and Yanai Isaku. Iwanami, 1963.

The volume numbers of the following books and articles are indicated at the end.

“Adamu Sumisu no Shokuminchi-ron” [Theory of the Colony by Adam Smith] (1925) 1.

“Beikoku no Nihon Imin Haiseki ni tsuite” [On the US Exclusion of Japanese Immigrants] (1926) 1.

“Chōsen Tōchi no Hōshin” [The Direction of Rule in Korea] (1926) 1.“Chōsen Sanbei Zōshoku Keikaku ni tsuite” [On the Campaign to Increase Rice

Production in Korea] (1926) 1.“Chō-teikokushugi-ron ni tsuite” [On the Theory of Supra-imperialism] (1930) 4.“Daiikkai Eiteikoku Rōdō Kaigi” [The First British Commonwealth Labor

Conference] (1926) 1.Dugald Christi: Hōten Sanjūnen [Thirty Years in Mukden, 1883–1913] (1938) 24.“Gunjiteki to Dōkateki: Nichifutsu Shokumin Seisaku Hikaku no Ichiron”

[Military and Assimilation: A Comparison between Japanese and French Colonial Policy] (1937) 4.

“Gunkokushugi, Teikokushugi, Shihonshugi no Sōkan Kankei” [Relationships between Militarism, Imperialism, and Capitalism] (1934) 4.

“Heiwakokka eno Michi” [The Path toward a Peaceful Nation] (1946) 19.“Hobuson Shōden oyobi Chojutsu Mokuroku” [A Short History of Hobson and

His Writings] (1951) 5.

184 ● Bibliography

“Ikusa no Ato” [Aftermath of the War] (1946) 26.“Jinkō Kajōron” [Overpopulation] (1925) 1.Jinkō Mondai [Questions on Population] (1928) 2.“Jiyū to Jiyūshugi” [Freedom and Liberalism] (1929) 16.“Jiyū to Seinen” [Freedom and Youth] (1936) 18.“Jiyū to Tōsei” [Freedom and Control] (1937) 16.“Kami no Kuni” [The Kingdom of God] (1937) 18.“Kirisutokyō no Shuchō to Hansei” [Christian Argument and Ref lection]

(1942) 18.“Kokka no Risō” [The Ideals of the State] (1937) 18.“Kokuminshugi to Kokusaishugi” [Nationalism and Internationalism] (1933) 18.“Kokusai Keizairon” [International Economics] (1955) 5.“Manshu Kenbun-dan” [My Experience in Manchuria] (1932) 2.Manshū Mondai [The Manchurian Question] (1934) 2.“Manshū no Tabi” [My Trip to Manchuria] (1912) 27.Marukusushugi to Kirisutokyō [Marxism and Christianity] (1933) 16.“Mikai Dojin no Jinkō Suitai Keikō ni tsuite” [On the Tendency of Aboriginal

Populations to Decrease] (1933) 4.“Minzoku to Heiwa” [Ethnic Nation and Peace] (1934) 18.“Minzokushugi no Fukkō” [The Rise of Ethnic Nationalism] (1933) 18.“Nanpō Rōdō Seisaku no Kichō” [The Foundations of the Labor Policy in the

South] (1942) 5.Nan’yō Guntō no Kenkyū [Research in South Pacific Islands] (1935) 3.“Nan’yō Inin Tōchiron” [On the Mandatory Rule in the South Pacific Islands]

(1933) 5.“Nihon Seishin eno Hansei” [Reflection on the Japanese Spirit] (1945) 19.“Nihon Seishin to Sekai Seishin” [Japanese Spirit and World Spirit] (1947) 19.“Palestina Ryokōki” [My Travel to Palestine] (1922) 26.“Sai Baika: Kirisutokyō no Tomo ni Gekisu” [Ts’ai Pei-ho: To My Christian

Friend] (1941) 25.“Saiyō Shiken” [Job Interview] (1916) 27.“Sekai Keizai Hatten Katei to shiteno Shokuminshi” [The History of Migrations

as the Process of Developing a World Economy] (1929) 4.“Sensō to Rieki” [War and Interests] (1933) 18.“Shihon Chikuseki to Shokuminchi” [The Accumulation of Capital and Colonies]

(1930) 4.“Shina Mondai no Shozai” [Locating the China Question] (1937) 4.“Shion Undō ni tsuite” [On the Zionist Movement] (1923) 1.“Shokumin naru Moji no Shiyō ni Tsuite” [On the Use of Shokumin] (1932) 5.Shokumin oyobi Shokumin Seisaku [Population Migration and Colonial Policy]

(1926) 1.“Shokumin Seisaku ni okeru Bunka” [Culture in Relation to Colonial Policy]

(1939) 5.Shokumin Seisaku no Shin-kichō [The New Foundations of Colonial Policy]

(1927) 1.

Bibliography ● 185

“Shokumin Seisaku yori Mitaru Inin Tōchi Seido” [The Mandate System from the View of Colonial Policy] (1937) 4.

“Shokuminchi Kokuminundō to Eiteikoku no Shōrai” [Nationalist Movement in Colonies and the Future of the British Empire] (1930) 4.

“Sōtaiteki Heiwaron to Zettaiteki Heiwaron” [Relative Theory of Peace and Absolute Theory of Peace] (1948) 19.

“Tairiku Seisaku no Saikentō” [Reexamination of the Policy toward the Continent] (1937) 5.

“Taiwan Hakuwaji Mondai ni tsuite” [On the Issue of Taiwanese Hakuwaji] (1934) 5.

“Teikokushugi no Gensei” [Today’s Imperialism] (1927) 4.Teikokushugi-ka no Indo [India under Imperialism] (1937) 3.Teikokushugi-ka no Taiwan [Taiwan under Imperialism] (1929) 2.Watakushi no Ayundekita Michi [The Road I Have Walked] (1958) 26.Yo no Sonkeisuru Jinbutsu [More Personalities Whom I Respect] (1940) 24.Zoku Yo no Sonkeisuru Jinbutsu [More Personalities Whom I Respect 2] (1949) 24.Yanaihara’s Personal Writings and CorrespondenceNikki [Diary] 28. Shokan [Letters] 29.

Yanaihara’s English Publication

Yanaihara, Tadao. Pacific Islands under Japanese Mandate. London and New York: Oxford University Press, 1940.

2. Other Japanese Sources

Chin, Peifeng. “Dōka” no Dōshōimu: Nihon Tōchi-ka no Kokugo Kkyōikushi Saikō [Assimilation as Different Dreams in the Same Boat: Revisiting the Japanese Education under Japanese Colonial Rule]. Sangensha, 2001.

Fujii, Takeshi. Fujii Takeshi Zenshū [The Complete Work of Fujii Takeshi] 2, edited by Tsukamoto Toraji and Yanaihara Tadao. Iwanami, 1946.

Haruyama, Meitetsu. “Meiji Kenpō Taisei to Taiwan Tōchi” [The Establishment of Meiji Constitution and the Governance of Taiwan]. In Iwanami Kōza Kindai Nihon to Shokuminchi 6: Teikō to Kutsujū [Iwanami Lectures on Modern Japan and Its Colonies 6: Resistance and Submission], edited by Ōe Shinoo, Asada Kyōji, Mitani Taichiro, Gotō Kenichi, Kobayashi Hideo, Takasaki Sōji, Wakayayashi Masanori, and Kawamura Minato, 31–50. Iwanami, 1993.

Heiwa Mondai Danwakai. “Sensō to Heiwa ni Kansuru Nihon no Kagakusha no Seimei” [The Statement of Scientists in Japan on the Problem of Peace and War]. Sekai [The World] 39 (1949): 6–9.

Hosokawa, Karoku. Ajia to Nihon: Hosokawa Karoku Chosakushū 3 [Asia and Japan: Series of Hosokawa Karoku’s Papers 3]. Rironsha, 1972.


Iida, Taizō. “Yoshino Sakuzō: Nasionaru Democratto to Shakai no Hakken” [Yoshino Sakuzō: National Democrat and the Discovery of Society]. In Nihon no Kokusai Shisō [Japanese International Thought] 2, edited by Komatsu Shigeo and Tanaka Shōzō, 3–68. Aoki Shoten, 1980.

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Kang, San Jun. “Kirisutokyō, Shokuminchi, Kenpō” [Christianity, Colony, and the Constitution]. Gendai Shisō [Modern Philosophy] 23, no. 10 (1995): 62–76.

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Murakami, Katsuhiko. “Yanaihara Tadao ni Okeru Shokuminron to Shokumin Seisaku.” [Yanaihara Tadao’s Theory of Colonization and Colonial Policy]. In Iwanami Kōza Kindai Nihon to Shokuminchi 4: Tōgō to Shihai no Ronri [Iwanami


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———. “Sengo Gaikoron no Keisei” [The Development of the Postwar Diplomatic Theory]. In Sensō, Fukkō, Hatten: Shōwa Seiji-shi ni okeru Kenryoku to Kōsō [War, Renewal, and Development: Power and Knowledge in the Political History of Showa Era], edited by Kitaoka Shinichi and Mikuriya Takashi, 106–160. Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai, 2000.

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Allied Powers, 10, 34Angel, Norman, 34, 71anti-Western sentiment, 42, 115, 139APEC (Asia-Pacifi c Economic

Cooperation), 136Ashio cooper mine pollution, 19, 22, 67Asian values, 1–2, 119, 137, 139–40Asia-Pacifi c War

see warsassimilation, 11, 14, 43, 57, 78, 90–1,

103, 106, 112–13Australia, 42, 92, 94, 97autonomy, 2, 4, 10, 14, 26, 89–95,

97–100, 102, 106–13, 128, 131, 140, 145, 147–9

Berlin, 31Bible, the, 10, 19, 22–3, 25

see also Old Testamentbloc economy, 122–5, 137Britain

British Commonwealth Labor Conference, 95–6

British Empire, 90, 93–7, 112Bukharin, Nikolai, 68

Canada, 92, 94, 97capitalism, 1–2, 38, 50, 66, 68–9,

71–4, 77–8, 87, 99, 125–7, 136finance capital, 68, 70, 73, 76,

122monopoly capitalism, 68–9, 72–4

Cardoso, Fernando, 79censorship, 26–8, 77, 121–4, 151

self-censorship, 11, 89see also thought control

Chiang Kai-shek, 118–19, 125–6China, 1–2, 6–8, 10, 14, 28, 33–4, 58,

61–2, 65, 101, 115–16, 118–21, 124–8, 140, 149, 159, 176–8

Guomindang (Nationalist Party), 118, 125, 127

People’s Republic of China, 109–10Christianity, 11, 19, 21–2, 32, 35–6,

147, 164see also nonchurch

civic nationalismsee nationalism

civilization, 15, 29, 47, 49, 92, 94, 101, 106–8, 128, 131–6, 147, 168

Cold War, 136, 139, 146colonial policy, 2, 9–12, 20, 32, 41–2,

45, 47, 49, 52, 62, 77, 90–1, 96, 112, 129–30, 132–4, 164–5

colony, 13–14, 41–2, 46–8, 51, 65–6, 68–70, 72, 74, 76, 78, 82, 86, 89–98, 103, 110, 112, 119, 130, 147, 173

communism, 33, 38, 126, 136cooperation, 4–5, 12, 14, 17, 24, 26–7,

30, 32, 37, 71, 78–9, 92–3, 96–8, 105–6, 111–12, 119–20, 124–5, 129–31, 133, 135–7, 140, 144–5, 147–8, 151

Index

198 ● Index

cooperatism, 120Cornwall Lewis, George, 46Cox, Robert, 87cultural diversity, 10, 89, 148cultural rule, 90

decolonization, 3, 79, 93, 108, 144defense, 34, 46, 78, 81, 119–20, 122,

134democracy, 4, 6, 10–11, 23, 33–5, 37–8,

40, 81, 126, 136, 145, 148see also Taisho:Taisho democratic

movementdependency theory, 13, 79Derrida, Jacques, 13, 62Dominion, 14, 92, 94–7

see also under specific countries

East Asia, 14, 115, 119–21, 125see also Southeast Asia

East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, 119economic development, 2, 62, 66, 76,

78–9, 81, 83, 85, 109–10, 117, 119, 122, 124–5

emperor, 10, 19–20emperor sovereignty, 18emperor system, 33Imperial Rescript of Education, 21

empire, 2–9, 11–17, 65–6, 85, 93, 98, 107–12, 136, 143–7, 149–51, 160

see also under specific countriesendogenous development, 85ethnic nationalism

see nationalismevangelical activities, 9–10, 22, 33,

36, 38expansionism, 55, 62, 67–8, 82, 144exploitation, 2, 6–7, 57, 65, 70, 96,

130, 144, 146, 150

Ferguson, Niall, 6–7, 150fi nance capital

see capitalismFirst Higher School, 9, 19–20freedom, 19, 26, 34, 78, 116, 123–4

cosmopolitan freedom, 120Freedom and People’s Rights

Movement, 102freedom of commerce, 130freedom of conscience, 21freedom of migration, 47, 60freedom of native populations, 98freedom of speech, 11, 104–5, 122individual freedom, 31, 35, 39, 144racial freedom, 120social freedom, 27, 31spiritual freedom, 27

Froude, James Anthony, 93

Galtung, Johan, 83Germany, 46, 52, 67, 128–30, 132, 177

German imperialism, 55German Staatwissenschaft, 18

globalization, 5–6, 8, 12, 42, 58–60, 63, 136, 144, 149–50

Gotō Shimpei, 41Governor-General

Governor-General Office, 75–6of Korea, 90of Taiwan, 102–4

Great Depression, 118Greater Asia Association, 118–19Greater East Asia Co-prosperity

Sphere, 10great powers, 41, 70, 128–9, 133, 159

see also imperial powers; Western powers

Green, Th omas Hill, 30–1, 94Guomindang (Nationalist Party)

see China

hakuwa (bao hua), 104–5Han Chinese, 101–2, 104–5Han Taiwanese, 101, 103–4, 107–8,

112–13Hara Takashi, 90Hardt, Michael and Antonio Negri,

5–6, 150hegemony, 3–4, 15, 141, 144, 148–9,

159–60

Index ● 199

Japanese hegemonic power, 116, 133–4, 136

U.S. hegemonic order, 7, 13, 80, 84, 86–7

Hilferding, Rudolf, 10, 31, 68Hilty, Karl, 34historical materialism

see MarxismHobhouse, Leonard Trelawny, 10, 26Hobson, John Atkinson, 10, 67, 144,

170Hokkaido, 65, 76, 109hospitality, 13, 55–6, 58, 60, 62human dignity, 11, 13, 19, 27, 29, 40,

144–5, 148humanism, 6, 21, 23, 25, 147human rights, 6, 15, 30, 60, 110,

136–7, 144, 146, 148Universal Declaration of Human

Rights, 60

ideal society, 17, 26, 30, 32, 39–40, 78, 85, 105

imperialism, 2–3, 5, 8–11, 13, 31, 41, 46, 55, 65–77, 79–80, 82, 85–6, 95–6, 99–101, 103, 108–9, 112–13, 120–3, 129–31, 134, 143–4, 146–50

imperial powers, 3, 13, 41, 65–6, 70, 72, 86, 99, 108, 116, 120, 130, 134, 146, 150

see also great powers; Western powersImperial Rescript of Education

see emperorIndia, 1, 10, 77, 84, 96–7, 99, 146, 149individualism, 2, 20, 30–1, 121industrialization, 30–1, 65, 74, 76–7,

100, 116, 147Inoue Tetsujirō, 21internationalism

see nationalisminternational political economy, 5, 66,

79–80, 82, 87International Relations, 3–5, 8–9,

12–13, 63, 80

Invisible Hand, 31, 78Ishiwara Kanji, 120, 178Itagaki Taisuke, 102

James, Harold, 8–9, 60, 144Japan

defeat of Japan, 10, 18, 33, 35–6Japanese Empire, 3, 90–1, 93, 103,

112, 150Japanese mandate, 15, 117, 136

Kant, Immanuel, 10, 13, 35–6, 55–6, 58, 62, 93, 143

Karafuto, 11, 100Katō Hiroyuki, 21,Kautsky, Kaul, 70–1Kawai Eijirō, 30–1Kawata Tadashi, 14, 66, 79–86, 172–3Konoe Fumimaro, 43, 119, 178

Konoe cabinet, 127Korea, 89, 90–3, 98–9, 101, 103,

118, 146South Korea, 138

Kōtoku Shūsui, 20, 22, 163

labor, 5–6, 53–9, 61, 74, 81, 99, 122, 147

labor policy, 133labor union, 43, 76

League of Nations, 2, 14, 19–20, 43, 70, 93–5, 115–18, 128–32, 136, 140, 144

Lebensraum, 47, 55Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich, 10, 68, 71,

144, 170liberalism, 2, 6, 11–12, 30–1, 53, 77,

89, 120–1, 137laissez-faire liberalism, 18, 26,

30–1, 144social liberalism, 26

Lin Hsien-tang, 102Luxemburg, Rosa, 10, 68, 73, 171

Malthus, Th omas Robert, 50, 52, 144Manchukuo, 14, 118, 122–5

200 ● Index

Manchuria, 115, 117–18, 121–5, 127, 135, 140, 177

Manchurian Incident, 128, 178mandate system, 14, 95, 115, 128–32,

135–6, 140March First Incident, 91, 103Marx, Karl, 31, 50, 68, 143–4Marxism

historical materialism, 32, 67Marxist-Leninism, 67–9, 109, 125,

144Matsuoka Yōsuke, 133Meiji era, 13, 17–18, 20–1, 25, 39, 67

Meiji constitution, 21, 24Meiji government, 19, 22, 65, 75, 126Meiji reform, 42

middle class, 21, 55, 103, 147Miki Kiyoshi, 120, 139military, 6, 65, 67, 71, 72–4, 86, 91,

101, 127, 134, 144–5, 178Japanese military, 14, 29, 33–5, 44,

48, 67, 69, 76, 115, 118–23, 130, 140

military-industrial complex, 80–2US military, 1, 4–5, 8, 13, 80, 148

modernization, 7, 11, 65, 74–6, 83, 100, 103–4, 116, 119, 133, 139, 147–8, 176

monopoly capitalismsee capitalism

multiculturalism, 14, 108, 111, 147multiethnic society, 2, 14, 89–90, 106,

108, 110, 112, 145, 150

Naitō Konan, 118nationalism

civic nationalism, 14, 89–90, 107, 111–13

ethnic nationalism, 9, 11, 14, 24, 90, 97–9, 101, 104, 106–8, 111–12

internationalism, 9, 14–15, 20, 29–30, 37, 115, 119, 132–6, 140–1, 148

nation-building, 65, 104–5

New Zealand, 92, 94Nichiren, 28, 120Nishida Kitarō, 120Nitobe Inazō, 17, 19–21, 23–4, 39,

41–3, 45, 47, 76, 117, 135, 148, 164, 167–8

nonchurch, 19, 21, 23, 28see also Christianity

oikumene, 47Ōkawa Shūmei, 43Okinawa, 11, 65, 76

see also RyukyuOld Testament, 36, 52

see also Bible, theOpen Door policy, 70, 86, 130, 134Opium wars

see warsoriginal inhabitants, 48, 57–8, 65, 74,

135, 145, 147Ōuchi Hyōe, 31, 50overpopulation, 9, 13, 42, 49–52overseas Chinese, 61Ozaki Hotsumi, 126–7

pacifi sm, 33, 35, 38Palestine, 48, 52–4, 57, 127pan-Asianism, 14, 115–16, 118–19,

121, 127–8, 139–40, 148Pax-Britannica, 95peace, 3–4, 7, 28, 32, 34–8, 40, 70–1,

78–9, 85, 95–6, 101, 122, 129–30, 143, 145–6, 166

peace constitution, 81peace economy, 82peace research, 80, 84–5perpetual peace, 56

People’s Republic of Chinasee China

pluralism, 107, 112, 148population migration, 2–3, 9, 13, 32,

41–2, 45–52, 55–8, 62, 129, 143, 145–6

post-Cold War era, 8

Index ● 201

poverty, 51, 66, 77–8, 84–5, 151Prebisch, Raul, 83production, 5, 65, 68–9, 73–8, 80–3,

87, 126productivity, 58, 68, 74, 76–8

race, 5, 42–3, 47, 61, 78, 96, 107, 111, 118, 134, 145, 147

Ratzel, Friedrich, 55regionalism, 12, 15, 124, 136–7, 139,

141, 143Reinsch, Paul, 47, 135right of abode, the, 13, 42, 55–60,

62–3, 145–6Rōyama Masamichi, 115, 119, 133–5,

139–40Russo-Japanese War

see warsRyukyu, 65, 90

see also Okinawa

sacred trust of civilization, 128, 131–3, 135

Saitō Makoto, 90Seeley, John Robert, 93–4, 96self-censorship

see censorshipself-cultivation, 20–1, 32, 39, 53, 106self-government, 24, 92, 94, 97, 103,

109, 128self-rule, 91–2, 99, 102–3, 105–7, 112Showa Research Association, 118–21,

127–8, 139Sino-Japanese War

see warsSmith, Adam, 8, 10, 14, 31, 34, 51,

71–2, 78, 95, 100, 143, 165social group, 45, 49, 56, 92, 96, 98, 167socialism, 1, 19, 24, 26, 53, 67, 78social justice, 2, 9, 13, 17–18, 26–7, 29,

31, 39, 135, 144, 149social problem, 18–19, 24, 39, 42, 50,

67–8Soong Tse-ven, 126

South Africa, 94–5Southeast Asia, 61, 134, 136–9

see also East AsiaSouth Korea

see KoreaSouth Manchurian Railway, 127, 178South Pacifi c islands, 11, 15, 44, 100,

115, 117, 132–4, 136, 140, 177, 180

Soviet Union, 33–4, 86, 109–10, 128Staatslehre, 25state control, 39, 42, 60

TaishoTaisho democratic movement, 19,

21, 23, 102, 162Taisho era, 9, 12–13, 17–20, 24–5,

31, 39–40, 42, 90, 162Taisho liberals, 30, 104

Taiwan, 10–11, 14, 20, 41–2, 66, 69, 75–8, 85, 89–93, 99–108, 112–13, 146, 173, 176

Taiwan Assimilation Society, 102Taiwan Romanization campaign, 104

Takahashi Korekiyo, 133Tanabe Hajime, 120thought control, 10–11, 26–8, 77, 121,

123–4, 151see also censorship

Tibet, 109–10Tokutomi Roka, 20Tokyo Imperial University (Tokyo

University), 9–10, 18–21, 26, 29–31, 33–4, 41–2, 52, 79, 89, 93, 119, 162

Tosaka Jun, 119Ts’ai Pei ho, 14, 103–7, 112Tsukamoto Toraji, 28Tsurumi Kazuko, 85, 173Turgot, Anne Robert Jacques, 94–5,

97, 110, 174

Uchida Ryōhei, 118ultra-imperialism, 70–1

202 ● Index

United Nations, 144, 149United States of America, 3–8, 13,

33–4, 42–4, 46, 60, 69–70, 80–2, 84, 86, 93–5, 97, 111, 117, 128, 134, 138, 149, 159

U.S. Immigration Act of 1924, 43

Wakefi eld, Edward Gibbon, 46Wallerstein, Immanuel, 79wars

Asia-Pacific War, 33–4, 36Opium wars, 116war with China (1894), 22war with China (1937), 10, 119war with Russia (1904), 69, 116–17World War I, 35, 71, 130–1World War II, 35, 63, 75

Wealth of Nations, the, 51, 71welfare, 15, 34, 40, 59, 65, 74,

76, 78, 85, 132–6, 140, 145–6, 170

Western liberal order, 1–2, 8–9, 12, 136, 139, 143, 148–9, 151, 159

Western powers, 2, 14, 67, 115–16, 119, 121, 125, 128, 134, 136, 140, 148, 159

see also great powers; imperial powersWestphalia, 1, 161Woolf, Leonard, 67World War I

see warsWorld War II

see wars

Yamamoto Miono, 42, 47–8, 90, 103Yanai Katsumi, 13, 66, 79–80, 86yellow peril, 62Yoshino Sakuzō, 17, 19, 23–4, 39, 103,

119, 148, 164

Zimmern, Alfred Eckard, 94–5, 175Zionist movement, 13, 42, 52–8

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