Journal of Coatings Technology 1977 Vol.49 No.635

volume 49 number 635

JCTAX 49 (635) 1

Kaopaque 10 is available in bags, dry bulk and slurry

Kaopaque 10 offers versatility in both formulation and delivery. It imparts excellent hiding outstanding whiteness minimum mud cracking excellent enamel holdout good stain resistance.

Kaopaque 10 can be formulated into a variety of interior, exterior, and semi-gloss coatings. Samples and technical information available upon request. Also ask about Kaopaque 20 and 30 for special applications.

GEORGIA KAOLIN TheMa&ofa&eafKaolin 433 North Broad Street, Elizabeth, NJ 07207 201 352-9800

ASBESTOS REPLACEMENT

Crown Zellerbach has developed and is now marketing a unique new synthetic fiber which is replacing asbestos in many applications. A fibrillated form of high-density polyethylene, SWP" synthetic fiber is finding commercial application in:

MASONRY AND GUNITE CEMENT TEXTURED PLASTER

STUCCO COATINGS

ROOFING COMPOUNDS SEALANTS

Asbestos Fiber SWW Synthetic Fiber Synthetic Staple Fiber

If you have a potential application for SWPB fiber, or would like to try it as a direct replacement for asbestos, send the coupon for further information.

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I Please send information on S W P fibers for use in I I - .

I Intended Application Aqueous System

I Non-Aqueous System

Grade of Asbestos Replacing I I I I NAME TITLE I I FIRM I I ADDRESS I I CITY STATE ZIP I ! PHONE I

I

Vol. 49. No. 635, December 1977 1

lsol water-thinned resins have

cause they glve you perfor-

terns. Because they deliver

THERE'S MORE. Now th

w products are ~nd~cated w ~ t h red pl

0 n DECEMBER 1977

L' Volume 49 Number 635

49 THE COATINGS INDUSTRY-SOME FUTURE PERSPECTIVES-4.C. Dean

59 DISPERSION AGGLOMERATION: EFFECTS OF COATINGS PERFORMANCE-W.K. Asbeck

71 ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF EPOXY LATEXES AND THEIR FILMS--M.S. El-Aasser, J.W. Vanderhoff, S.C. Misra, and J.A. Manson

79 EXTERIOR DURABILITY OF SOME EASTERN CANADIAN WOOD SPECIES TREATED WITH ZINC SALTS-A.J. Dolenko and R.L. Desai

88 THE NEED FOR RENEWABLE COATINGS RAW MATERIALS AND WHAT COULD BE AVAILABLE TODAY-L.H. Princen

Federotlon Activities

23 1977 ANNUAL MEETING REVIEW

7 Comment 102 Society Meetings 111 People

16 Abstracts 106 Future Society Meetings 112 Obituary

31 1977,Paint Show Exhibitor Booth 107 Elections Descriptions

113 Letters to the Editor

113 Literature 45 Government

and Industry 108 Technical Articles

In Other Publications 114 Book Review

95 Annual Index 110 MeetingsIEducation 115 Coming Events

q977 by FEDERATION OF SOCIETIES FOR COAJlNGS TECHNOLOGY Mf)3P$m-,- flll?-nO'filFnf

WE CAN GIVEYOU A HAND. We've got over two dozen for

water-borne coatings use, right at our fingertips.

And there are more on the way. We 're busy developing, perfecting and introducing better solvents to meet changing performance requirements. All with a single goal: to keep tougher environmental and safety demands from making it tougher on you

Union carbide is the leading supplier of oxygenated solvents. With the industry's most extensive distribution network, we canget those YOU want, where you want them. And when.

Like 320 million pounds of but an01 per year.

Enough ethanol for any job you can imagine.

500 million pounds of ethylene or pripylene oxide based Glycol Ethers.

Or 2% billion pounds of ethylene glycol annually.

By anticipating your needs, we've expanded or modified our production to meet them. In the years to come, you'll find our commitment as large as your market.

Today, Union Carbide supplies twenty-five organic co-solvents for water-borne coatings. We've prepared a guide to heFp you sort out their properties and functions. It's free, along with product information and safety data sheets, by writing Union Carbide, Department RAM, 270 Park Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10017.

Or see your local Sales Rep- resentative. He'll do more than put five decades of involvement to work for you. He'll hand you a terrific line. PEOPLE PLANNING THE FUTURE.

@# Coatings Materials

E.I.

BOARD OF DIRECTORS

PRESIDENT

JOHN J. OATES Troy Chemical Corp.. Newark. N.J

PRESIDENT-ELECT

JAMES McCORMlCK Leidy Chemicals Corp.. Baltimore. Md.

TREASURER

HARRY POTH Dean 8 Barry Co.. Columbus. Ohio

JAMES A. BOHLEN Sherwin-Williams Co.. Greensboro. N.C.

A. CLARKE BOYCE Nacan Products Ltd.. Toronto. Ont.

WlLLY C.P. BUSCH PPG Industries. Inc.. Houston. Tex.

Reichhold Chemicals. Inc.. S NEIL S. ESTRADA

. San Francisco. Calif.

JOHN A.J. FILCHAK General Services Administration. Auburn. Wash.

DONALD J. FRITZ Synres Chemical Corp.. Kenilworth. N.J.

PHILIP HEIBERGER du Pont de Nemours 8 Co., Inc., Philadelphia. Pa.

HOWARD JEROME VaneCalvert Paint Co., St. Louis. Mo.

TERRYL F. JOHNSON Cook Paint 8 Varnish Co.. Kansas City. Mo.

ELDER C. LARSON Shell Development Co.. Houston. Tex.

HORACE S. PHlLlPP erwin-Williams Co. of Canada Ltd.. Montreal. Que.

HOWARD G. SHOLL Baltimore. Md.

WILLARD W. VASTERLING Morton-Myers Co.. Kansas City. Kan.

EXECUTIVE VICE-PRESIDENT

FRANK J. BORRELLE Philadelphia. Pa.

6 Journal of Coatings Technology

A new constituent groupthe Mexico Society for Coatings Tech- n o l o g y 4 been added to the Federation of Societies for Coatings f

Technology, professional technical society of the coatings industry. In a unanimous action during the Federation's 1977 Annual Meeting in

Houston, October 26, the Board of Directors approved the admission of the "Instituto Mexicano de Tecnicos en Pinturas y Tintas" which had applied for membership in 1976.

eration which now has more than 6,500 Canada, England, and Mexico.

ings industry in their country, The total lM. ,

ASSOCIATION President-Jose Lu Manager-Luis G. Torres Torija; and Hi-Fil Pinturas; Frederick A. Koch,

Quimicos y Pintuxas. INSTITUTO: Pre~ident-hu1 CastiUo, of Hi-Fil Pintura

ting c


High metallic, fine to coarse micron grades

Made from virgin metal. . . not scrap

Energyefficient, coabpowered, production reliability and flexibility

Wih St. Joe's consistent, ore to finished product quality-control

@In 1 gallon to 3 ton containers

Shipments start January 1978

k~ new breed of ZlNC DUST for you.. . . . . .

NEW, IN DEPTH, LONG TERM RELIABILITY application from zinc paints for coil coatings to re- OF SUPPLY ducing agents for chemical synthesis. We also will We are using only virgin metal, no scrap in our proc- custom blend special additives to suit your specific ess. That means our zinc dust output is independent requirements. of the volatile scrap metal market. Our multiple, smaller furnace process gives us pro- Our manufacturing process is different than any duction and product flexibility to respond quickly to other used in the U.S. It is energy efficient and the your needs and attack individual problems without energy is supplied by our most abundant energy costly delays. resource.. . coal. That means our zinc dust output TO INSURE YOUR SUCCESS WITH OUR will not be affected by oil and natural gas shortages. PRODUCT Since our new process uses a series of smaller fur- We give you the combination of conscientious qual- naces rather than one or two huge furnaces, our ity control, research and technical assistance that has production continuity is less vulnerable to break- made St. Joe a leading supplier of zinc and zinc downs. oxide. Our $1.400,000 quality control center is sec- We have the biggest zinc smelter in the U.S. It has its ond to none in the industry. It utilizes the most own power generating plant. we have our own zinc sophisticated instrumentation and computerized reserves, mines and milk in northern New York controls to insure consistent quality lot-to-lot and

State. We also carry on an extensive, continuing Shipment after shipment. exploration program to locate new sources for zinc Our technical service specialists, backed by one of in the U.S. and abroad. the most advanced laboratories of its kind, are avail- Our new zinc dust plant is strategically located on able to solve specific formulation and Process- the Ohio River, 30 miles northwest of Pittsburgh, ing problems.

with excellent highway, barge and rail access to the For more information, data sheets and samples con- central, eastern and southern U.S. tact Mike Deelo 412-227-3725.

NEW CAPABILITY TO MEET YOUR PRODUCT REQUIREMENTS PRECISELY AND PROMPTLY In our new plant, we have the technology to give you a wide range of high-metallic. Ultrafine, Super- fine and Standard zinc dust grades for practically any

STJOE ZINC COMPANY

CHEMICAL SALES

2 Oliver Plaza, Pittsburgh, Pa. 15222 Tel. (412) 227-3721 A BASK: SOURCE

1 Vol. 49, No. 635, December 1977 9

... its control is merely rou

OW llmlts the use of rnercurtals to water-based palnts and coatlngs as a bacterkcide and asatungladefor exterior use only

The switch to polyester water- ~ased coatings may have been nspired by ecological reasons. But Allis-Chalmers discovered vou can come out ahead ~conomically as well.

:irst of all, the switch did not require capital !xpenditures.

Second, there were definite savings in energy :osts.

3ut, perhaps most significantly, there was no :ompromise of quality. (A finding confirmed by In independent testing laboratory.)

The state of the art in industrial water-based :oatings is far more advanced than many .nanufacturers realize. And part of the reason is the ingredients (aromatic acids) from Amoco

I Chemicals: Trimellitic Anhydride (TMA) and lsophthalic Acid (IPA).

TMA and IPA contribute these properties:

>>Outstanding solvent and stain resistance >> Good adhesion >>Hardness >>Flexibility and impact resistance >>Color retention and weatherability

I All at attractive price/performance ratios.

Ask your coatings supplier. Or write to Amoco Chemicals Corporation, Department 374C, MC4102, 200 East Randolph Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60601.

-- Amoco Chemicals Corporation

If you're into exporting, or about to take the plunge, this could be your market research department. It's your guide to one of the most useful libraries in the world. And it's issued by the U.S. Commerce Department on a monthly basis. Inside, you'll find a list of reports containing a wealth of information for the overseas marketer. Spot news; timely surveys of industrial, commodity, commercial and economic conditions in more than 100 countries; in-depth market research performed by the Commerce Department or private research firms overseas; as well as reports sent to Washington by U.S. Foreign Service Officers. For a free sample, just send us the coupon. And start doing your market research the easy way.

I 1 I Secretary of commerce' 1 U.S. Department of Commerce, BIC-1OA

I Wash~ngton, D.C. 20230 I I Please send me my free copy of your Indexto Foreign Market Reports.

I I

Name I ( Title

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DIANO Revolutionizes Color Cont rol . .. !

MATCH-SCANTM - The ultimate in color measurement MATCH-MATE 3000 - A complete computer color matching system

combining speed, performance & economy

MATCH-SCAN features MATCH-MATE 3000 SYSTEM

Continuous scanning with O.1NM resolution. Wave length range380-700 NM(standard), 250-1000 N Itl available. Measurement speed 9 seconds. Averages 200 readings at each wave length. Properly measures fluorescence. Sphere illumination with choice of.D65 and Source A., 6% deg. viewing. Measures samples from 1.5- 20 mm. Self contained micro-processor computer for automatic calibration and meaningful answers. Spectrophotometer curve plotter available.

Totally integrated system based upon MATCH-SCAN. Provides initial match predictions, production batch corrections, raw material and finished goods inspection.

For More Information ora Demonstration: Call your nearest DIANO Sales Office

The Name for High Quality Color Control

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BOSTON AREA (617) 548-5946 DALLAS (214) 827-2621 PITTSBURGH (412) 366-7755 SEATTLE (206) 284-1620 ALBUQUERQUE (505) 265-6775 HOUSTON (713) 437-1171 WASHINGTON, D.C. (301) 345-6100 SAN FRANCISCO (415) 871-1770 CHARLOllE (704) 525-7280 LOUISVILLE (502) 491-2467 N.Y.C.IN.1. (201) 234-0516 LO5 ANGELES (213) 723-9421

TORONTO (416) 828-2800

Vol. 49, No. 635, December 1977 15

DISPERSION AND AGGLOMERATION: EFFECTS ON COATINGS PERFORMANCE-W.K. Asbeck

Journal of Coatings Technology, 49, No. 635. 59 (Dec. 1977)

What factors cause pigment particles to agglomerate or disperse in given coatings vehicle compositions?

Despite their great importanceto theindustry, only little is understood about the factors controll ing this phenomenon.

New concepts are developed which, in a simple way, explain the surface energetic relationships causing dispersionlagglomeration. The over-all effect on the relative agglomerate size on such important coatings performance parameters as CPVC and flow properties are examined and quantitative relationships are derived.

The new concepts should aid coatings formulation by helping to optimize the balance between production, application and final performance properties.

ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF EPOXY LATEXES AND THEIR FILMS--MS. El-Aasser, J.W. Vanderhoff, S.C. Mis- ra, and J.A. Manson

Journal of Coatings Technology, 49. No. 635, 71 (Dec. 1977)

The particle size and size distribution of Epone 1001 and Versamid* 115 latexes were determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) using the cold stage technique to prevent deformation of the particles upon drying. Epon 1001 latex particles werealso "hardened" in emulsion by addition of a low-molecular-weight soluble amine (ethylene diamine). The particle size of the Epon 1001 latex was found to be in the range 20-200 nm; that of Versamid 115 latex was found to be in the range of 20- 30 nm.

The phenomena of "further gradual coalescence." which had been shown to take place in films of styrene- butadiene copolymer latexes as a result of "autohesion," was studied in epoxy films dried from a stoichiometric Epon 1001-Versamid 115 mixture. Surface replicas and stained microtomed sections of the films were studied by transmission electron microscopy, and the surface morphology before and after solvent extraction (to remove uncured polymer) was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

Further gradual coalescence was found to take place in the epoxy films (i.e., the particle contours disappeared) over a period of 15 days. However, the addition of Bis-

phenol A to the Epon 1001, or Dion* DPM-3-800-LC to the Versamid 115, which increase the rate of the reaction between the epoxide and amine groups, resulted in the formation of a crosslinked interfacial layer that hindered the further gradual coalescence of the Epon 1001 and Versamid 11 5 particles.

EXTERIOR DURABILITY OF SOME EASTERN CANADIAN WOOD SPECIES TREATED WITH ZINC SALTS-A.J. Dolenko and R.L. Desai

Journal of Coatings Technology, 49, No. 635, 79 (Dec. 1977)

Boards of eastern white pine, eastern white spruce, and red pine were pressure-impregnated with an ammoniacal zinc salt-latex system and exposed outdoors at Ottawafor three years along with untreated western red cedar boards. Their performance was evaluated at different stages of weathering for general appearance and for dis- colorations arising from fungal, extractive, and iron nail stains. The results indicated that the salt-latex treatment improved the performance of all the treated boards, and that red pine exhibited the greatest improvements. It has been shown that outdoor performance of less durable species such as pines can be upgraded soas to be comparable with that of cedars.

NEED FOR RENEWABLE COATINGS RAW MATERIALS AND WHATCOULD BE AVAILABLE TODAY-L.H. Princen

Journal of Coatings Technology, 49, No. 635.88 (Dec. 1977)

Since the energy and chemical raw material crunch of 1973, many alternatives to petroleum and other imported chemical stocks have been explored. What are the needs of the coatings industry? What other sources can be tapped? How can domestic agriculture be employed to alleviate the shortage of key raw materials? Will the production of industrial chemicals through agriculture inter- fere with our commitment to provide much needed food for the world? How will prices of agricultural products compare with petroleum-based chemicals? These questions can now be answered in an optimistic fashion. Con- ventional agricultural chemicals, as well as productsfrom new crops, can be explored for advantageous use in or- ganiccoatingsand related materialsthrough new chemistry or new agricultural practices.

Journal of Coatings Technology J

The Sureway Ib Cut Energy Costs

Energy Consumption Pfizer's Easy-Dispersing Red and Yellow Iron Oxide Color Pigments Enable You To Do Exactly That -With Savings Up To 87.5%

They'll average 90% color development and a high Hegman in just 15 minutes in a High-Speed Disperser-versus 120 minutes for our standard pigments and even more for some competitive ones. That's eight times faster-for energy cost, labor, and time savings of 87.5%!

Any pigments can be used in any type disperser or mill, of course, but only those made for high- speed equipment can fully complement it. And equipment differences are important, because equivalent batches of paint can be dispersed four times faster in a High-Speed Disperser than in a Sand Mill, and ten times faster than in a Ball Mill.

In addition to the cost-cutting advantages of Pfizer's easy-dispersing or "D" grade pigments, they include some colors-notably light salmon shades-that are unique on the market.

Within the time since their introduction, the Pfizer "D" pigments have won great acceptance in the paint and coatings industry, and have proved their ability to help offset rising costs. If you are not familiar with them, write for details.

MINERALS, PIGMENTS G METALS DIVISION Dept.7C-12,235 E. 42nd Street, New York, New York 10017

She's gettin! and tougher t

She wants a paint that cleans up fast and easy after an incident like this When children are around, painted walls can get a lot of wiping and scrubbing. Today's paint customers, such as the mother at right, demand a lot from a wall paint. They want it to clean easily without showing tell-tale marks. This means the paint has to have good stain resistance and easy stain removal . . . combined with scrubbability, adhesion under wet conditions, resistance to soap and detergents, and burnish resistance.

Your best way to please such customers is to formulate a qual~ty eggshell enamel with a RHOPLEXR 100%-acrylic emulsion. You'll be pleased too-with an attractive prof~t margin. Eggshell enamels retail at about the same price as semi- gloss, but have a lower raw-material cost.

i

Satisfied customers mean re- peat business. This mother is

e* happy the wall was painted .ti.4 LA with a quality eggshell enamel.

Food wipes off easily. Leaves no stain. Paint adhesion is excellent. Appearance is like new.

Contact your sales representa- k - * . 9 .. tive for samples of Rhoplex

emulsions and detailed information, or write to Rohm and

, i Haas Company, Independence 1 4 Mall West, Phila., Pa. 19105.

', P H I L A D E L P P I A . P A 19105

THE NEW WAY TO GIVE YOUR OUTSIDE LATEX THE INSIDE EDGE. Better dispersion . . . better color acceptance . . . better density and stability. These are just three ways Victawete LPF can improve your exterior latex formulations.

Victawet LPF is a surface active agent that improves all film applied qualities and overall characteristics of any latex system containing zinc oxide. Yet it is economical. Tested in three major latex systems (Acrylic, EVA and PVAc), each system required less Victawet LPF than other surface active agents and less colorant, resulting in a significant savings per gallon.

To end-users, Victawet LPF provides a faster and more thorough blending of color pigments, easier spreading and tighter viscosity. The paint foams less and is easier to clean from rollers.

To aet more inside information and test results, call your Stauffer repre-


work.

From a broad selection of non-silicone and silicone types, you can select the right defoamer for trade sales coatings or industrial finishes. Like all Nalco defoamers, it's designed to give you effective foam prevention or destruction while minimizing risk to film quality, color acceptance and persistency. Continuing research in process foam control keeps our people ahead of developments in coatings technology. And while we're new to ~aint. we're old hands at lickina foam - - - -

problems. There probably isn't a foam problem in- production or application that we haven't seen before. For fast answers on foam questions, call our "hotline" number, 3121887-7500, ext. 1214. Nalco Chemical Company, Specialty Chemicals Group, 2901 Butterfield Road, Oak Brook, Illinois 60521. NALCO

MEo R~t11111ed T l%demlrk lof ~ d c o Chemictl company

Vol. 49, No. 635, December 1977 21

Min-U-Sil also offers Min-U-Sil and more information, important benefits to your cus- contact Pennsylvania Glass Sand tomers. Like greater film thick- Corporation, Dept. A-18, Three

Journal of Coatings ~ e c h n o l o a

Over 4700 Registrants Attend Annual Meeting And Paint Show at the Houston Astrohall

The L!R! Xnad M&in&gnd Paint Inrltlstrh Show, thc fbst FsiBrmth wat to k bdcl in T-cxaa, atwd r re#- W & t e ~ o P 4 1 3 9 Q . ( 8 4 Hoastoa As&dsdl on Ocrt-4~~ 26-1. Thc thrce-dey event provided thaw atteading with o full

,program of twbid pmentationll keyed to the theme, "Emgy E'Beient W W . to mpleancnt tlae mmd amber&ahlW. ln B e t w r ~ b rma the qpr tud ty for

- b u s i m scrciPiiq with coprlngs peers fmm m n d the country and t h ~ world.

Errlicr in the mrk, the N r t b d Paint and Coltingr Ass* ,ciatlan met in HWtm&&d A W M m , a g d q g m ~ i - ' lfl&@ly ~SgkttOl\ts &&tW && E m back-taback ~ h a d s m c t l n p s to- , the A s ~ h a l f as guebts d the Fedmtlon on o&mng bay.

Cappiw the W&S d r i t i ~ s W S the w~r~Val by the Fed- mation BOPrd of lXremm to admit tlte M a i m Sacioty far

, Coatiags Ttchadop~r (Idtuta Mexiic~no de Tecnicos PB Pinturas y Tintas) to mktertjhiip in thc Mmh. Ad* ision of the Mexima group bFiw to 26 the number of Coartlt- ,wmt Societies in the Fedmtion. Charter enrollment d thc Mexiw Society is 59 Active members, wish o total membership e~pccta$ to mch 150. On band for thc O C C B ~ ~ I were a twmber of representatives af the "fnsthto", incluIling its

'President, Rrrui Castillo, of Hi-Fil PjDtttms. FTcsidet~t of the . M e ~ i ~ ~ ~ ~ A s s o e i k t m , Jos& Luis h d h , Wa8 on hond for &#he event. Tagether, th@ two sneetingstfrew atotnl ntt- ofmore

*.R 6008 for h i n t Week "TP in Houstw.

-x'WHNlC& RtQGMM . Elder Lamon and P r o m S t a c i u Cawnittte

.&=eduIed mncutrent smsinu on Wednesday pf- -,

0vtrPll Witk h t b the aumber of people attendimg i n t m t they expressed hthe Show. They wcre sa pleas W, that some h s selbfltCa booth space for the 1978 &ow Wore they left Houston, and cxbibitws have +ied f a &play spa= in &I& riumbers that they d m d ~ ausblntcdfor over &M dtbe h t h s rvpilp~e year.

Registrants, fw theif part,c&yed the overall &lays vhiofi wtresuch as topresent ad0 Show C ~ Q C in c b d a g the winners Flynn Aww& foroutstnading exhibits (see the best exhibits in the hems categories).

nbElecl ct tes, Mn. Fnn Executive VicePlecildent n t l e , and T

DINNERIDANCE Dallas Societies who sewed on the Host and R o g m Top social event of the Convention was the Annual Committees--along with aspecial nod of appreciation to thei ~er /Dance, held in the Ballroom of the Shamrock Hilton spousesfor the time and effort they c o n t r i b u t e d '' % Thursday, October 27, which was highlighted by a the program. The Federation is indebted to them and to al' "

Rinimum of business formalities and dancing to the Big Band who helped make the fi t-ever visit to Texas a memorable Sound of the Buddy B m k Orchestra. one.

Among the honored guests at the head table were: Mr. and Mrs. Raymond Stevens (NPCA Chairman of the Board); Mr. and Mrs. Robert A. Roland (NPCA President); Mr. and Mrs. 1978 Annual Meating and Paint Show Eric Barry (CPMA Executive Vice-president); Mr. and Mrs. TO Be Held at Chicago's Conrad Hilton Hotel Jose Luis Padilla (Resident, National Association of Paint and Ink Manufacturers in Mexico); and Louis Torres Torija The 56th FSCT Annual Meeting and 43rd Paint In- (Manager, National Association of Paint and Ink Manufac- dustries Show will be held at the Conrad Hilton turers in Mexico); and Mr. and Mrs. Elms Singer (Resident, Hotel in Chicago, November 1-3, 1978.

Chairman of the Program Committee is Fred G. Schwab, of Coatings Research Group, Cleveland,

I HamId Spitzer Wins 1977 H M Award Harold E. Spitzer, Vice-President alms mater awarded him its 1971 Out- [ ~ n d Technical Director of the Coatings

Achievement Award. jroup of The Sherwin-Williams Co., These awards, established by Leo was honored by the Federation of Other awards presented during the Roon, well-knownfigureinthecoatings Societies for Coatings Technology with Annual Meeting honored those who industry and Director of the Roon ! the 1977 George Baugh Heckel Award have made outstanding contributions to Foundation, are for the best technical for his many years of service to the Fed- the Federation and the coatings indus- papers entered in the competition and eration. The presentation was made at try. the FSCT Annual Meeting banquet on Armin J. Bruning Award lctober 27, in Houston, Tex.

The award plaque is presented each Established in 1962 in honor of Armin dustry. year to the individual whose contribu- "Joe" Bruning, pioneer in the applica- Winners in the 1977 competition tions to the general advancement of the tion of color science to the paint indus- were: Federation's interest and prestige have been outstanding.

Mr. Spitzer, who has over 40 years of service in the coatings industry, has en- couraged and supported younger col- leagues while sewing in a number of Federation committees. A former

try, this award is for "the most outstanding contribution to the science of color in the field of coatings technology."

The 1977 award plaque was presented to Dr. Fred W. Billmeyer, Jr., Professor of Chemistrv. Rensselaer Polvtechnic

FIRST PRIZE ($750) - "Application of Critical Relative Humidity and Evapo- . ration Analog of Azeotropy to the Dry- ing of Water-Borne Coatings" - Paul- W. Dillon, of Union Carbide Corp., .,

Tarrytown, N.Y. Trustee and Vice-President of the Paint Research Institute, he has also devoted much time and effort on behalf of the National Paint and Coatings Associa- tion.

A native ofAsNey, N.D., Mr. Spitzer earned a Bachelor of Science Degree in Chemistry in 1937 at North Dakota State University. He joined Sherwin- Williams soon thereafter, advancing from developmental work in its Chicago laboratories through successive super- visory positions to become Associate Technical Director of Coatings in 1%8 at the fum's Cleveland headquarters, and to his present position in 1973. In recognition of his years of sewice on the Industrial Advisory Committee of North Dakota State University and his contributions to paint technology, his

Institute, foijlis work in adv&cing the principles of coatings technology through his many activities in the field of color education.

Dr. Biimeyer began his career with E. I. du Pont deNemours & Co., Inc. in 1945 in that company's Wilmington, Del., Research Center where he specialized in polymer chemistry and color technology. In 1%4 he became a full professor in the Chemistry Department at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, where he established the RPI Color Laboratory and began his programs in color technology.

A member of the New York Society for Coatings Technology, he also serves as Secretary of the Inter-Society Color Council and as Editor of Color Re- search and Application.

SECOND PRIZE ($500) - "Compd- son of Tensile and Morphological Prop- erties with Abrasion Resistance of Urethane Films" - Robert M. Evans, of Mameco International, Cleveland, -. Ohio, and Joseph Fogel, of Tremco, Inc., Cleveland, Ohio.

THIRD PRIZE ($350) - "Radical Anion Quenching by Emulsion Polymer Components" -Vincent D. McGinniss ' and Ann F. Kah, of Glidden Coatings and Resins Div., SCM Corp., Cleve- , land, Ohio.

FOURTH PRIZE ($150) - "Reactions ;'

of Diethyl Malonate Blocked Cyclo- hexyl Isocyanatew--Zen0 Wicks, Jr. and Barry W. Kostyk, of North Dakota State University, Fargo, N.D.

.. . .- -. -35, December 1977

I Harold E. Spiker (lett) acceprs me lr l l George Baugn necltel Award from Dr. Raymond R. Myers, Chalrman of Heckel Award

Commilmo

O i s t i n g u i ~ Ssrvice Award This Award was presented ta Neil S.

Estrada, of the Golden W e Society for Coatings Technology, in grateful acknowledgment of his valuable contributions to the progress of the indu~try and the Federation while serving as Resi- dent of the Federation in 197677. Mr. Estrada is Corporate Vice-President and General Manager of the Pacific Central Div. of Reichhdd Chemicals, Inc., South San Francisco, Calif.

Ernest T. Trigg Awatds Presented annually, these awards are

for the two Secretaries of Constituent Societies of the Federation who fur- nish to the JOURNAL OF COATINGS TECHNOLW the most interesting reports of Society meetings and discussions following the presentation ofpap- ers at those meetings. Consideration is given in the judging to general reporting and reader intmst, reparting oft&- cal papers and discussions, camglete- ness of coverage a d promptness.

Wimers for 3979 m: FWT PIUZE ($79) - Albert Seneker

(Ameron Corp., South Gate, Calif.), Secretary of the Los An$eles Society for Coatings Technology.

SECOND Pnrze ($50) - Lloyd J. Reindl (Inland Riv., General Moton Corp., Dayton, Ohio), Secretary ofthe C-DEC Society fw Coatbags Technol- OgY.

' 6:"': PClYlA Award Y.

. This award is presented for the 1 paper prepared on any aspect of the ence or usage of color, use ofc or their behavior whkh is pres,--,

Dr. Fred W. Billmeyer, Jr. (lm), or nennselaer Polytecnnlc Insti- tute, was awarded the Armin J. Bruning Award for "outstanding contributions to the science of color in the field of coatings technology." The award was presented by S. Leonard Davidson,

Chdrmn of tha B ~ n h g CommllY I the Federation. l%e Award is made by the Dry Color Manufacturers' Associa- tion.

The 1977 Award was won by Ruth Johnston-Feller, Consultant, Pitts- burgh, Pa., and h n n i s Osmer, of CIBA-GEIGY Corp., Ardsley, N.Y., for their paper, "Exposure Evaluation: Quantification of Changes in Appear- ance of Pigmented Materials." The paper was published in the Fedmeha's monthly periodical, JOURNAL OF COAT- INGS TECHNOLOGY, in February 1977.

Established in 1975 by Materials Marketing Associates, these awards are for notable achievements by Constitu- ent Societies of the Federation for other than Society papers presented at the Federation Annual Meeting.

Wirmers in the 1977 c ecitioa fm

excellence of educational activities were:

Cleveland Society for Coatings TecbndQoy.

Golden Gate Sodety for Coatin~g Tt~hnoIagy.

St. Louis Society for Coatings TECIIEYBIo#.

Villlam Shackelford (left), Chairman of t k Roon Awards Committee, wlth winners: P.W. ~lllon(Flrst Prlze); R.M. Evans(Second Prlze); A.F. Kah and V.D. McGinniss (Third P b ) ; nd B.W. Kostyk and Z.W. Wlcks, Jr. (Fourth Prize). Wot rhown Is J. Fogel, coguthor d

Second Prize paper

Journal of Coatings Tech

S ANNUAL MEETING AWARDS

A.F. VosslAmerican Paint Journal Awards for the best Society Ruth Johnston-Feller and Dennis Osmer were awarded the 1977 papers were presented to William Wentworth (center), of Hous- Dry Color Manufacturers' Award for their paper, "Exposure ton Society; and A. Clarke Boyce, accepting for Peter Man, of Evaluation: Quantification of Changes in Appearance of Pig TorontoSociety, by John Baker, member of the Awards Commit- mented Materials," (see Feb. 1977 JCT, p. 2-d.). Paul A. Tud. tx representative of the Detroit Society was not available for der, (left), of Glidden Pigments, Dlv. of SCM Cora.. made the

the presentation award

., ,

Program Awards for best presentstion of Society papers were Allen Baker (center), of Hercules Incorporated, accaptr a . presented lo A. Clarke Bqce (center), accepting tor Peter Mom, recognirlng H e ~ I e s ' 40 years of partlclpation in tha

of Toronto Society; and WllLm Wetmmrth, of I.kurton Society, Show. Aiw shown m, [kvtd Cook (M), Chalnnsn of tha Awrrds C o m m W Chekmrn InrJWltrlea' Show Commltbw, and Show Manager Frank B

Journal ^ Yoatings ' '

Fedamtlon Pnddant Wi Eatnda presents Walter K. &back, tks lS77 lYlrttkll0 M.morkt L.Etunr, wlth a nrtl(lmta of q pmdatlon for his -IIon, "Wepardon and Agglomartkm:

Effuota on C#tlngs Pwformance''

~ - 0 b C W d FsdWdal O&e~~tar 1977-78 am: (Icbt to rlght) P I U i d e t - A W d a ~ A. McCmnidc, of Lddy Clmmkat Wv.; Pnddent4ohn Oatas, of Troy Chamleal Co; and Troasurap

Typnylng the exdlsnt program seasions was the Envlronmentai Affalrs Session, ; moderated by Oabrial Malkln (left), of Benja , min Moore 6 Co., and partlclpant.: Wllllam L. Johnson, of €PA; Kenneth Mumy, of Etso Research and Engineering Co.; and Wllllam

,-

Simmons (standing), of San Mego Alr Poiiu- tlon Control M d c t

Fedentian President Neil Estrada wslcoma the flrst President of the Federation's newly. formed Mexico Society for Coatings nology, Raui Castitlo. Among the resentatives of the Mexican Association ab Paint and ink Manufacturers attending t h Annual Meeting were: (left) Manager-Luis % Torres Torija, and President-Jose Luiq

I Federation Board of Directors for 1977-78 I I

1977-78 Board of Directors. Seated (left to right): A. Tmaswar Hawy Poth, of GW-C; Proddent John V a M n g , of K n w s City; and Jamas Bahlen, of N-; Ml l Estrnda, af Golden Gate; Horaca PhllrcLdphla; Howard Shall, of Baltimore; Donald Mb, of PhllPddphlr; and Twyl Johnson, of Kmas Clty

I Mexico Enters Federation As 26th Society

I Record Booth Space Drew Steady Crowds to Paint Show

Journal of Coat~ngs Te

Exhibits In 1977 Paint Industries' Show

The 1977 Paint Industries' Show of the Federation of Societiesfor CoatingsTechnol- ogy was held at the Astrohall, Houston. Tex., October 26-28. With 130 exhibitors in 281 exhibit spaces, it was the largest Show in Federation history.

As a new service of JCT readers, we present (in the succeeding pages) a description of the products and services featured by Show exhibitors. These are reprinted exactly as published in the Federation's convention publication. "Paint Show Program."

Any requests for information should be sent to the JCT office (1315 Walnut St., Philadelphia, Pa. 19107). We will forward all inquir ieed.

ABBOTI LABORATORIES AMF CUNO DIVISION Chemical and Agricultuml Produck Div. Meriden, Conn. 06450 North Chicago, 111. 60064

On exhibit are paintlchemical filter housings and media; ASME The exhibit displays the performance characteristics of Amicale housing meets OSHA requirements. Filters are available in carbon

nonmercurial latex paint preservatives, with special emphasis on steel or 316 stainless with a choice of carhidge pak or bag assembly their algicidal activity, and features new field exposure panels, to be used one-high or two-high depending on quantity to be photographs, and laboratory data. filtered. Factory personnel are on hand to help advise booth visitors.

AIR PRODUCTS 6 CHEMICALS, IN. Allentown, Pa. 18105

Two divisions are exhibiting. The Polymer Chemicals Diu. is featuring new products that represent a technological breakthrough in vinyl emulsions. These products offer significant costlperform- nnce benefits in interior and exterior paints. The Acehjlenic Chem- icals Dio. is showing their line of Surfynole surfactants. Emphasis is placed on the unique wetting and defoaming properties of the products. Demonstrations on foam control and coverage of oily surfaces are being conducted.

ALCAN METAL POWDERS Union, N. J. 07083

The total array of metallic aluminum pigments is featured, starting with very bright coarse grades to the opposite end of the metallic spechum, the super chromelike pastes and powders. In addition, the new sparkling bright Alglo pigments are shown in automotive and industrial finishes. Gold Bronze pigments are also displayed in a beautiful range of colors.

ALPINE AMERICAN CORP. Natick, Mass. 01760

The booth features the company's wide range of crushers and fine grinding mills as well as size reduction equipment and air classifiers.

C. M. AMBROSE CO. Redmond, Wash. 98052

The exhibit features Model PFSDLX, an improved and simplified version of the time proven PF9. Also displayed are Model PF5P. a unit designed to fill and seal five gallon lug-lid containers, and Mikroway Model 310 filler-sealer used to fill friction lid containers from pints to gallons.

AMERICAN NEPHELINE CORP. Columbus, Ohio 43214

The booth features a demonstration of the durability and film integrity of Minex extender pigments vs. a variety of mpetitive extenders. Special emphasis is placed on the use of the PVC/CWC ratio, instead of numerical PVC, to obtain meaningful comparison results and to take into amunt effects caused by different particle size, oil absorption, and pigment packing characteristics.

AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTINO 6 MATERIALS Philadelphia, Pa. 19103

The exhibit features the Society's technical publications in the area of paint and related coatings, as well as information concerning membership and participation on ASTM Technical Com- mittee D-1 on Paint and Related Coatings and Materials. Also on display are the 1977 Annual Book of ASTM Standards which consists of 48 volumes containing over 5,600 voluntary, consensus standards on materials, products, systems, and services.

AMOCO CHEMICALS CORP. Chicago, Ill. 60601

The exhibit emphasizes the laboratory personnel and technology necessary for coatings resin development. The economic and ecological advantages of water-borne systems based on AMOCO TMA are presented.

AMSCO DIV. Union Oil Co. of Calif. Polotine, Ill. 60067

Solvents, chemicals and vinyl-acrylic latex polymers for the coatings industry are displayed in an English pub setting. Featured is AMSCO Res 3077. Dart contests determine winners of prizes.

APPLIED COLOR SYSTEMS, INC. Princeton, N. J. 08540

The exhibit features demonstrations of the ACS-600 Color Control System with the ACS Spectra-Sensor Scanning Specho- photometer; Continuous Curve Plotter; Automatic computer controlled ACS Spectra-Tinter Colorant Dispenser; Chroma-Pac programs for color formulation, load calculation, quality control and production color correction; Labcal programs for paint formulation; and ACS/COGIT Production and Inventory Control programs for raw material inventory management, formula storage, production batch ticketing, job status monitoring, and inventory control.

ASARCO INCORPORATED New Yo&, N. Y. 10005

The exhibit features zinc dust for use in zinc rich primers and paint to control corrosion of metal substrates. Information on low- micron grades and special packaging is available. Also featured arc the company's low-lead zinc oxides which produce multiple benefits in paint formulations including mildew resistance, tint retention, and protection against ultraviolet degradation.

:Val. 49, No. 635, December 1977

ASHLAND CHEMICAL CO. Columbus, Ohio 43216

BYK-MALLINCKRODT CHEM PROD. OMBH Melville, N. Y. 11746

On exhibit are coating resins, including water-borne, exempt solvent systems, and new high solids resin systems. Also displayed is a complete line of solvents and specialty chemicals.

ATLAS ELECTRIC DEVICES CO. Chicago, 111. 60613

On display is our new Model LM-2 Integrating Light Monitor, Uvcon Ultra Violet and Condensation Screening Device, an exhibit by our subsidiary, South Florida Test Service, Inc., and the latest in accelerated weathering instrumentation.

B.A.G. CORP. Dallas, Tax. 75228

The booth features disposable and reusable one ton containers for the handling of dry flowable solids, and semi-bulk systems for pigments and fillen to the paint industry.

MSF WYANDOITE CORP. Panippany, N. J. 07054

The exhibit features a complete line of high performance p ig ments applicable for trade sales, general industrial, and automotive coatings. The products are exhibited in specific formulations characteristic of their use in each application. The display introduces Paliotol Yellow 214HD. an innovation in applications requiring opaque finishes formulated with organic pigments because of its high tinting strength, opacity, and weathering-fastness properties.

BENNETT'S COLORANT DIVISION Salt Lake City, Utah 84110

The exhibit features the new "Dimensions in Color" and "Decorator Color System Colorants'' programs. Both paint color systems are designed for industrial use, in-plant tinting, and trade sales. Sales aids for the programs are on display.

B.I.E. INSTRUMENTS, INC. Houston, Tex. 77027

The b o t h features a range of coatings inspection instruments manufadured by Elcometer Instn~ments Ltd. These will include paint dry film thickness gauges, porosity detection instruments, and paint adhesion testers.

BROOKFIELD ENGINEERING LABS., INC. Stoughton, Mass. 02072

The company's complete line of laboratory and process visco- meters for the measurement and control of viscosity is shown. Featured is a cone and plate type viscometer for measurement of paints and paint products in the extremely low shear-rate range. This viscometer is capable of measuring viscosity products at shear rates less than 1 sec:'

BUCKMAN LABORATORIES, INC. Memphis, Tenn. 38108

The exhibit features the multiple properties imparted to paint by Busan 11-M1, a modified barium metaborate. These include corrosion resistant maintenance paints, and fungus resistant house paints. Also featured are Busperse 47, a corrosion inhibitive dispersant for improved blister resistance of maintenance coatings and a new nonsilicone defoamer, Busperse 48.

Additives and inshuments are exhibited, hacked up by the company's expanded technical sales force. The effects of the paint and coating additives.are demonstrated, particularly in mating systems of the new upcoming technologies like high solids, water-borne systems and powder coatings. Technical staff are on hand to help in solving problems. In addition, demonstrations of further improved instruments like Glossmeters, Cupping Testers, Pendulum Hardness Tester and the Dynometer may be seen.

CABOT CORP. Cab-OJil Div. Boston, Mou. 02110

On exhibit is a modular display featuring the use of fumed silica in the paint industry. A technical paper on dispersion is available.

CARGILL CHEMICAL PRODUCTS DIV. Minneapolis, Minn. 55440

The exhibit features new energy saving innovations in powder coatings, and UV curable, water reducible, high solid systems. Addi- tional formulae for low energy cure with current resins systems is available. The company's varied worldwide activities in numerous industries is also featured.

CDI DISPERSIONS Newark, N. J. 07114

A complete line of color dispersions for coatings, inks, plastics, building material products, and paper is shown. Carbon black dispersions are a specialty, and custom dispersions are available.

CELANESE CHEMICAL CO. New York, N. Y. 10036

New products and application technology for ultra violet and E-beam cured systems for adhesives, inks, and coatings are displayed. Emphasis is given to the use of multifunctional acrylates, monomers, and esters in high solids and water-borne systems as possible solutions to energy conservation and environmental problems.

CELANESE POLYMER SPECIALTIES CO. Louisville, Ky. 40202

The exhibit features a comprehensive line of polymers for the coatings industry with particular emphasis on energy conserving resins in the following areas: water systems, hi-solids, low bake, and radiation curing. Base resin types include epoxy, epoxy curing agents, epoxy esters, acrylic solutions, acrylic and vinyl-acrylic emulsions, polyesters, alkyds, and acrylated epoxies.

CHICAGO BOILER CO. Chicago, Ill. 60614

The exhibit features the latest models of production and laboratory sized "Red Head small media mills (sand grinders). The various grinding media used with these mills are also displayed.

CITIES SERVICE CO. Columbian Chemicals Division Akron, Ohio 44313

The exhibit shows the Mapicoe line of synthetic iron oxide pigments and carbon blacks used in surface coatings. New produetc and formulation technology are featured with emphasis on easy dispersing pigments.

Journal of Coatings Technology:

Radiation curable urethane oligomers from Thiokol. For formulating coatings that cover a broad range of toughness and flexibility.

If you're cufing coatings with ultraviolet good abrasion resistance and impact radiation or electron beams, orconsid- resistance to meet a wide variety of ering converting from solvent based applications. systems, You'll want to consider our If you'd like to evaluate our Uvithane UvithaneTM urethane Oligomers. De oligomers in your present formulation, pending On the reactive diluents, we're or if you'd like to explore the potential able to offer a range of Properties that of radiation curing systems, contact span most coating applications. Marketing Communications, Thiokoll As the chart shows, we can provide Chemical Division, P.O. Box 1296, oligomers that will give you coatings Trenton, NJ 08607. (609) 396-4001. with high modulus andflexibilityforrigid Because we also supph/ a full line of substrates such as wood, vinyf flooring ReactomerTM acrylic monomers, we're and metal . . . or coatings with low ready, along with acompletetechnical modulus and high elongation for soft facility, to find and blend the oligomerl substrates such as leather, fabrics and monomer combination that's right for soft vinyl.. .or anything in between. In your application. addition, our Uvithane oligomers offer

TENSILE VS. ELONGATION RANGES FOR UVITHANE OLIGOMERS

7-/ChernicaI Division acrylic monomers -urethane oligomers, prepolymers and rubbers polysulfide polymers and rubbers - plasticizers . epoxy modifiers and curing agents

V l m L m N G FluRics WOODSURFACLS VlNn

METAL DECOEATINO LEPTHER

0 10 20 50 100 150 300 500 700 ELONGATION, K

j Vol. 49, No. 635, December 1977 33

COLOR CORP. OF AMERICA Rockford, 111. 61 101

DRESSER MINERALS DIV. Houston, Tex. 77005

The exhibit features colorant systems for industrial and trade On display at the booth are the company's full line of high sales, as well as special use and private label requirements. grade calcined kaolin, calcium carbonates, barites, and silicas for

use as extenders and fillers for paint formulation.

COSAN CHEMICAL CORP. Clifton, N. J. 07014

EASTMAN CHEMICAL PRODUCTS, INC. Kingsport, Tenn. 37662

The booth features COSAN PMA-100, a bnctericidelfi~ngicide for latex systems; COSAN P, an organic fungicide for oil/alkyd

The exhibit features cellulose esters in powder and UV cured

based paints; C-FLOC-14 a cationic floclllant llsed to remove solids matings, cellulose acetate propionate for printing inks and Over-

prints, solvents which meet EPA regulations, polyesters based on from latex wash waters; and COFOA'l +, a de- Easman glymls for powder, high solids, and water-reducible foamer for latex paints. panels, downs and enamels, chlorinated polyolefins as primers for polyet]lylene and data are available. polypropylene.

DANIEL PRODUCTS CO. Jersey City, N. J. 07304

The exhibit emphasizes pigment dispersions and additives for water-thinnable coatings. It introduces Dapro W-77 Interfacial Ten- sion Modifier which, when used in a water-thinned coating, will eliminate or diminish film defects such as crawling, fish-eyes, and some forms of cratering. Dapro W-77 also promotes spreading, uniform film formation, and adhesion on hydrophobic substrates.

DEGUSSA, INC. Teterboro, N. J. 07608

Four of the company's many additives and raw materials used in the coatings indushy are featured. They are: Aerosil 200, for pigment suspension properties; Aerosil R972, for corrosion resistant coatings; Flatting Agent OK412, for superior flatting effect; and Color Black FW200, for premium quality, jet black lacquers.

DIAMOND SHAMROCK CORP. Process Chemicals Div. Morristown, N. J. 07960

The booth features a display of the company's complete line of defoamers, dispersants, wetting agents, and fungicides. High- lighted is information about Nopcocide@ N-98, a proven nonmercurial microbicide. Also stressed is tlie Foamastee series of effective defoamers.

DlANO CORP. Color Matching Systems Div. Woburn, Moss. 01801

On display is the new Match Mate 3000 system with the revoh- tionary high speed Match Scan Spectrophotometer. The hlatch Mate systems are capable of reducing costs by producing cost opti- mized forn~alations and production corrections. The company's well organized and easy to use software includes many outstanding features to benefit any paint manufacturer. One of these is the automatic calculation of optimum pigment ]??ding to achieve any desired hiding power.

D/L LABORATORIES New York, N. Y. 10003

"Consultants to the Industry" is the theme of this exhibit. The booth features examples of tlie services provided to the coatings, sealants, and plastics industries, including foniiulation, testing, evaluation, certification, inspection, industry and market surveys, market development, preparation of specifications and manuals, personnel training, and legal assistance. Persot~nel are available to discuss your ideas or problems.

EBONEX CORP. Melvindale, Mich. 48122

Materials made from bone black pigments featuring new high tint, easy to disperse blacks, are displayed. Technical personnel are in attendance.

ECAR PRODUCTS, INC. Saddle Brook, N. J. 07662

The booth features the A - P d Air Washer unit. Wall blow-ups detail its capabilities in air pollution conhol for fine particulates including oil mists. Graphics showing the potential applications and processing of materials through the Micar Processor may be seen.

ENGELHARD MINERALS 6 CHEMICALS CORP. Min. 1 Chem. Div. Edison, N. 1. 08817

The company's capabilities in supplying kaolin extender pigments in slurry form, a water suspension of 70% clay by weight, are exhibited. Several types of products can be supplied in the company's fleet of railroad tank cars or in tank trucks. Advantages of slurry include savings in raw material msts, unloading equipment needs, warehouse and plant labor costs, storage space, makedown tank time, quality control, and product losses and safety.

EPWORTH MFG. CO., INC. South Haven, Mich. 49090

A production size SWMill is on display, cross-sectioned to expose the features of the machine which disperses small and medium size batches of hard-to-grind pigments in an hour or less. Catalogues and experts are on hand to discuss a full line of ball mills, sand mills, mixing equipment, and various grinding medias.

FEDERATION OF SOCIETIES FOR COATINGS TECHNOLOGY Philadelphia, Pa. 19107

Featured is a display of available Federation slideltape training programs. Publications on display include: Journal of Coatings Technology; 25 units in the Federation Series of Coatings Tech- nology; Infrared Spectroscopy; Fundamentals and Problems of Color; Mildew Defacement of Organic Coatings; and the 1977 Mem- hership Directory (Year Book).

FILTER SPECIALISTS, INC. Michigan City, Ind. 46360

Liquid bag-type filters are on display. Sizes range from minia- ture models to models with 1500 GPM ccpacity. Filter bags are available from 1 to 800 microns in a wide variety of shapes and sizes. Technical personnel are in attendance to help with any filtration applications or problems.

Vol. 49, No. 635, December 1977 35

OAF CORP. New York, N. Y. 10020

HENKEL, INC. Hoboken, N. J. 07030

The company's complete line of filter products, including micron-rated filter bags, cartridges and pressure filters, are displayed. Featured are new grooved IFC molded filter cartridges on which "Best By Test" data is made available on request. The GAFLO line of pressure filters, featuring the Snap-Ring quick-change filter bag. can he seen.

GARDNER LABORATORY, INC. Bethesda, Md. 20014

On exhibit is the company's complete line of testing instruments for the coatings industry: (1) Appearance Measurement, (2) Physical testing, (3) Rheology. Featured are the advanced Colorimeter SysternoXG20, XL-23 and XL-31. Also shown are the Glossgard Series of Analog and Digital Portable Glossmeters, and Colorgard Portable Reflectometer.

PAUL N. GARDNER CO. R. Lauderdale, Fla. 33316

The booth features free samples of the new (3P) metal paint performance prediction panel. On display are the new Mikrotest I1 thickness gauge and the Tooke I11 coating gauge, as well as the ASTM approved Setaflash Tester. Sign up for a copy of the new 380 page 1978 Gardner Co. Handbook of Paint Testing Instruments.

GENERAL ELECTRIC CO. Silicone Products Dept. Waterford, N. Y. 12188

The exhibit features silicone additives, resins and copolymers for heat resistant and weather resistant performance paint formulations.

GENERAL MILLS CHEMICALS, INC. Minneapolis, Minn. 55435

The exhibit features G-CURE@ acrylic resins for the formulation of versatile energy saving acrylic urethane coatings; Versamidm plyamide resins for the toughest maintenance coatings; Water- pox9 resin systems for the first practical water reducible poly- amidelepoxy coatings; DDI@ diisocyanate 1140 for unique, non- yellowing urethanes; and GenamidB amidoamine resin curing agent.

W. R. GRACE 6 CO. Davison Chemical Div. Baltimore, Md. 21202

The exhibit is designed to help paint formulators choose the correct flatting agent for any application.

HALOX PIGMENTS Div. of Hammond Lead Products, Inc. Pimburgh, Pa. 15220

Corrosion inhibiting pigments are displayed which both complement and broaden the company's line of lead- and chromium- free corrosion resisting and tannin-stain blocking pigments. For application in both solvent thinnable paint systems and water emulsifiable and water soluble vehicles, these products offer improved stability of finished paint and compatability with a broader range of sensitive systems.

HARSHAW CHEMICAL CO. Cleveland, Ohio 44106

The exhibit features product lines including Aurasperse latex dispersions, machine colors, professional tints, and color dispersions in thermoplastic resin systems. Visitors are invited to participate in a golf tournament.

The exhibit features the company's new additives for the paint industry: VP 535; Alcophor AC; Texaquart 253; Perenol S-4; and Perenol S-5.

HERCULES INCORPORATED Wilmington, Dol, l98W

The exhibit features the availability of HITM dracol easy dispersing pigments to aqueous trade sales and industrial paint systems. Displayed are the broad spectrum of the company's products and services for the coatings industry, including high performance inorganic pigments; Natrosol B: Hemflat; and Pentaerythritol.

HOCKMEYER EQUIPMENT CORP. Harrison, N. J. 0 7 a 9

On display is a table-top model laboratory DiscPmer, a pneu- matic compactor for pigment bags, and an HVR-25 Disperser.

HOOKER CHEMICALS 6 PLASTICS CORP. Niagom Falls, N. Y. 14302

An enhancer for zinc-rich protective coatings that provides improved weldability, while economically retaining full corrosion resistance, is featured. Ferrophostm Enhancer was developed as a partial substitute for zinc dust in zinc-rich primers.

J. M. HUBER CORP. Havn de Grace, Md. 21078

On display are cost reducing Zeolexe 80 functional spacer for tint base formulations, and ZeothiS 95 silica flatting agent for varnishes, lacquers. and coatings.

HUNTER ASSOCIATES LABORATORY, INC. kirfax, Va. 22030

On display are: new DWP-5 Spectrophotometer, fully automatic, rapid scan with integral digital processor for reflection and transmission color analysis, metamerism, and formulation, options include spectral curve plotter and/or cathode ray tube display: D25-4 Colorimeter with programmable calculator for flexibility of color measurements; D25-2,-3 Calorimeters with choice of four optical sensors, L,a,b, CIE 1976 Lo,a*,bo, Y,x,y, FMC-2, color differences and Yellowness Index; D48 Digital Glossmeter with 3 heads for 20°,600,85" ASTM test methods; New D47 Dorigon Ghs- meter.

IBM INSTRUMENT SYSTEMS White Plains, N. Y. 10604

On display is the IBM 7842 Color Analyzer 11, a system which combines, in one integrated unit, advanced optical instrumentation and digital computing techniques.

IMC CHEMICAL GROUP, INC. Mundelein, 111. 60060

The booth features products of the NP and Industrial Chem- icals Divisions, as well as Chemicals International. The NP Div. features a display of actual coatings tests made with and without nitropamffins, and a visual sampling of varied end products made better with the use of nitroparaffin. The Industrial Chemicals Div. features a display of recent test resnlts comparing the division's proprietary trimethylolethane (Trimet ( R ) ) with TMP and glycerol. Literature is available from both divisions. As a leader in the importlexport of specialty and organic chemicils, Cliernicds International displays Finstitan, 12 grades of TiO?.

Journal of Coatings Technolo#

IMC INDUSTRY GROUP, IN. Mudelein, 111. 60060

McWhorter Resins introduces a whole new line of both emulsions and water soluble resins under the brand name of Aquamac.

IMPANDEX INC. Maywood, N. J. 07607

On display are two models from the company's line of advance4 horizontal media mills. These high speed machines feah~re a dynamic media separator and horizontal chamber location for In- creased output and particle size reduction.

INTERSTAB CHEMICALS, INC. New 8 ~ n w i c k . N. J. 08903

Cost saving driers and additives, including Zirco, are displayed. Intercide TMP, a new fungicide, is featured. Dart champion Conrad Daniels will exhibit his skills and visitors are invited to play the prize winning game as well.

JOHNS-MAWIUE CORP. Denver, Colo. 80217

Celitem functional fillers, Micro-Gel@ functional extenders, and filter cartridges are on display.

KELCO DIV. M e ~ k 6 Co., Im. San Diego, Calif. 92123

Audio visual and live demonstrations feature Zanflo, a bioym polymer which is available this year in various viscosity grades. Zanflo functions as a bydmphilic colloid to thicken, suspend, and stabilize aqueous-based systems.

KENRICH PETROCHEMICALS, INC. Bayonno, N. J. 07002

Exhibit features the use of Ken-React@ Titanate Coupling Agents to: lower bake temperatures substantially; replace metal chmmates; eliminate gelled alkyds; dramatically improve process and dispersion; promote adhesion; achieve high solids and solvent elimination; obtain acid resistance in industrial coatings; and prevent flash rusting in latex paint. Also shown are the new, low cost epoxy reactive diluents Ken Kern@ CPE (cumylphenyl glycidyl ether), Kenplast" ES-2 (cumylphenyl acetate), and Kencure@ C9P (60% cumylphenol).

KERR-McGEE CHEMICAL CORP. Oklahoma City, Okla. 73125

I The exhibit features a demonstration of the quality of Tmnox t CR-800 titanium dioxide pigment for water-based gloss architectural , coatings, and illustrations of the full-line of TiO, delivery capa-

bilities.

LABELEnE CO. Forest Park, 111. 60130

Featured are: Model-1418 for labeling various sizes of paint containers; Model-1251418 Explosion Proof for labeling 5 gallon containers. Model-18 Aerosol Labeler; and our newest machine, Model-F121418 for labeling square "F' style metal containers, empty or full.

THE LENETA CO. HOMO-Kus, N. J. 07423

As manufacturers and suppliers of paint test charts and test equipment, the company is distributing its current catalog and the

exhibit includes many of the products described therein. Among the products on display are the recently developed Leneta Leveling Test Blade and Levelness Standards, the Lencta-EZ Paintr Certified Standard Paint Brush, a newly designed paint test chart of high utility and interest, wire-wound drawdown bars, birch and wood veneer test panels. and various ink test sheets.

MACBETH DN. Kollrnorgen Corp. Newburgh, N. Y. 12550

Macbeth, Color Data Products, has combined pulsed xenon with microprocessor based electronics to provide three new instruments, the MS2000 and M S W Spectrophotometers and the MClOlO Colorimeter. These instruments 'are designed for applications requiring accurate control of color and appearance. Also exhibited are the SPC75 Spectralight Color Matching Booth, the MSS-100 Student Spectrophotometer, the Macbeth ColorChecker Color Rendition Chart, and the Munsell Color Tree.

MADISON INDUSTRIES, INC. Old Bridge, N. J. 08857

Madison Industries' new zinc recovery and zinc dust manufacturing plant is illustrated. Two new zinc dust products designed for the paint industry are introduced.

MALVERN MINERALS CO. Hot Springs, Ark. 71901

Through the use of a slide pmjector and a sound track, the exhibit covers the geologic history of the microcryshlline novaculite, the commercial advantages, and the applications of the company's products. An outstanding feature is a 6-ft molecular structure of quartz with a logo called "Platey Particulate."

MANHlM, LTD. Montvale, N. J. 07645

The exhibit features the role of metal organic compounds in surface coating. Of particular interest is the effect of coordination in promoting durability, hardness, and thixotropy. Recommended replacement for lead driers is shown to produce systems with improved performance.

MATEER-BURT CO. Wayne, Pa. 19087

Featured is the Burt Roll-Through Labeler. The machine is capable of labeling all sizes of paint cans up to one gallon and features positive orientation for precise registration of paint can bail ears for die-cut labels.

MEADOWEROOK CORP. Subsidiary T. 1. Diamond and Co., Inc. New York, N. Y. 10020

On display are the high quality zinc dust pigments produced at the company's W. Va. smelter-including its new low micron high metallic zinc dust. Samples and specifications are available.

MERCK 6 CO., INC. Chemical Div. Rahway, N. J. 07065

The display offers biocides for the paint and coatings industry, featuring Metasol TK-100 mildewcide and Merbac 35. The company has on hand a full complement of coatings technologists, micro- biologists and organic chemists to answer your specific questions.

iVol. 49, No. 635, December 1977

VErnrn-nrPm unmatched for vematility

Experts will already know IPDl from the VEBA Isophorone-chemistry. Now we are making available further developments in the form of versatile adducts and systems for many potential uses. Further information, samples and technical advice are available on request.

YFBA resins fw Uses Powder coatinqs Coatinas with oood weather

and hei t resisiance. Solvent based two- Conventional use for the component paints painting of vehicles,

heat-and-cold-curing.

Moisture-curing Universally useful for painting one-component paints plastics, metal, wood,and

concrete. Heat-curing Coil coating and spray one-component paints painting. Flexible paints drying by Coating of flexible substrates. evaporation and crosslinking by heat Elastomers Roofs, floors.and sports

facilities.

Prowrties Good levelling and h~gh-gloss -even with thin films. Dependao e cure a1 room temperal~re Isocyanate crosslinking agent can also be used for formulations diluted with white sp~rit. High storage stability, var~able curing cycle.

High flexibiiitv combined wifh good suiface hardness. Dries fast, imparts high gloss and very good gloss retention. Weather resistant, tear propagation resistant, and permanently flexible.

Sealing compounds Expansion joints, matrices for Soft and flexible to extremely textured and structured hard. High deflection surfaces, and electrical sealing temperaure under load. compounds.

VEBA-CHEMIE AG DepL Di 103, 0.4660 GelsenWrchen-Buer, F. R. Germany. Our repnseniatlve for USA and Canada: Thonon Chemical Corporatbn, Dept Di 103, 0 l y m p k ~ w i 6 4 5 ~ l h Avenue, New Yo*, N.Y. 10022 Phone 42l-0800, Telex RCA 233 276, ITT 424151, WU 148 326.

38 Journal of Coat ings Technology

MKROMERITICS INSTRUMENTS NOKIOU, Ga. 30093

NALCO CHEMICAL CO. Oak Brook, 111. 64521

On display are instruments for surface area analysis and particle Coatings antifoams for all types of water-based formulations size analysis. Featured is a liquid chromatograph. as well as formulations based on exempt solvents are on display.

MINI FIBERS, INC. Weber City, Va. 24251

A synthetic fiber thickener.for replacing asbestos and other carcinogenic materials is introduced. Other fibers useful in improving resistance to cracking and abrasion in various mixes may be examined. A patented machine for cutting short fibers is also in evidence. Gypsum board displays showing the advantages of using short fibers in joint compound, textured ceiling and other construction mixes are available for inspection. Ample magnifying equipment is on hand to get a close look at many types of fibers.

M L M MACHINE, INC. Volti-Siv Div. Salem, Ohio 44460

On display are two Vorti-Siv gyratory screening and straining machines. New Models VSlOOlO and AVS20000XL have American standard nuts, bolts, and threads-can also be produced in the metric system. They are strongly built for hard continuous industrial usage with minimum maintenance. A selection of side or center discharge-weighing 850 lb. and 400 Ib., respectively, is available.

MODERN PAINT AND COATINGS New York, N. Y. 10001

Complimentary copies of the October Show Issue are being distributed at the booth. The Paint Red Book, the only directory in the coatings field, is on display, as are technical books of other publishers available from Palmerton Publishing Co.

NATIONAL ASSOC. OF CORROSION ENGINEERS Houston, Tex. 77001

The display features technical literature and books which pm- vide information on the protection of materials by use of protective coatings. Information is also available on surface pqaration prior to painting or coating.

NETZSCH BROTHERS, INC. Lionville, Pa. 19353

Tlie exhibit includes a range of Agitator Bead Mills, featuring patented agitation and separation systems, which are suitable for all aspects of high quality paint manufacture. Also shown is a range of grinding media suitable for operation with the mills and, from the Netzsch Pump Div., Progressive Cavity Pumps for pump- ing pigment slurries, resins, and aqueous materials.

NEVILLE CHEMICAL CO. Pimburgh, Pa. 15225

Featured are Neville's coumamne-indene and petrochemical derived hydrocarbon resins; Unichlor chlorinated paraffins; and the relatively new Nevtac tackifying resins. Technical information concerning the utilization of various resins with alkyds and in exempt solvents is available, as are data sheets on two new chlorinated paraffin nonfogging plasticizers developed for application in polysulfide based sealants. Representatives are prepared to discuss the installation of a new flaking and packaging center at Neville Island which will significantly expand the firnl's operations.

MONTEDISON USA, INC. N L INDUSTRIES, INC.

New Yorlc, N. Y. 10036 Hightriown. N. J. 08520

The booth features demonstrations of two new pigment de- The exhibit features the "N L Rheologist" and how he can

velopments involving a Tiox nucleus by organic yellow help make better "Energy Efficient" Coatings. Displays illustrate

pigments to serve as opaque replacements for yellow types. the technical sup!?rt available to customers; new product

Product literature is available which indicates the company's entire commihnent pace with the customer needs and

range of organic pigments. On display are large, color photographs 20-years of testillg know-how for an efficient coating ym can count

depicting the manufacturing and research facilities of Montedison on. Also on display is N L's outstanding line of reliable castor

pigment manufacturing plants. derivatives.

MOREHOUSE INDUSTRIES, INC. Fullerton, Calif. 92634

NEW WAY PACKAGING MACHINERY Hanover, Pa. 17331

The display features the W-24, newest addition to the now The exhibit features the EP Labeler which applies full wrap- famous -box bridge= line of dispersers, ~h~~ l~horsepower unit is amund labels to K pint up to imperial gallon cans. The labeler is shown together with a horsepower J-25, ~ i ~ ~ l ~ ~ ~ d with these equipped with a timing booster elevator and can handle cans with variable-speed dissolvers, is a special 10-?5X Sandmill featuring a bail ears. new transmission and special seal.

MYERS ENGINEERING, INC. Bell, Calif. 90201

NORTH DAKOTA STATE UNIVERSITY Polymm/Cootings Dept. Fargo, N. D. 58102

The exhibit features new safety devices for dispersers including: The booth features descriptive literature, catalogs, and research a medium-size, heavy duty disperser equipped with a new shaft reprints illustrating the coatings program at the University. yard, an automatic shut-off switch when y a r d is open; and a small production size, single belt disperser, displayed with a grated lid or loading hopper, for safe loading of the tank. A laboratory or pilot plant disperser with either vacuum or third shaft feature is PAINT RESEARCH INSTITUTE shown. Philadelphia, Pa. 19107

Vol. 49, No. 635, December 1977

PENN COLOR, INC. Doylestown, Pa. 18901

The b o t h features a chart where you may test the "Color Vision" of your eyes. The company, which specializes in custom pigment dispersions-and sewice-has a wide variely of samples on exhibit. Technical experts are on hand to answer questions. A draw- ing is being held for a giveaway of fishing equipment.

PENNSYLVANIA GLASS SAND CORP. Pittsburgh, Pa. 15235

The exhibit features information documenting the benefits of using MIN-U-SIL (micron-sized silica) and Supersil (custom ground silica) in both conventional and powder coatings.

PFAUDLER CO. Div. of Sybmn Corp. Rochester, N. Y. 14603

The exhibit features the Pfaudlea Rotary Piston Paint Filler, which fills paint or stain containers, in quarts or gallons, at speeds up to 100 quarts per minute or 70 gallons per minute. The machine can be cleaned for a product color change in about 20 minutes, and its unique design eliminates splashing.

PFIZER, INC. MPM Div. New York, N. Y. 10017

Information is available on energy saving pigments and color computer matching. Formulations may be obtained at the booth.

PHOTOMARKER CORP. Hawthorne, Calif. 90250

On display is the new Photo Match PM 300 which is specifically designed for fast, accurate shade and color matching in production tests and quality assurance. I t is a micro-processor based colorimeter with high-speed data conversion, instant digital LED read- out, selfcontained memory system, and autocalibration among other features.

POLYVINYL CHEMICAL INDUSlRlN Wilmingtun, Mass. 01887

Featured are an array of consumer and industrial products finished with water-borne Neocryl A-600 series acrylics and Neorez R-900 series urethanes. The performance of these air dry and low bake water-based polymers on wood, plastic, metal, and paper is demonstrated. A specially water-based finished Queen Anne occa- sional table will be raffled-off on October 28.

PPG INDUSTRIES, INC. Pittsburgh, Pa. 15222

Lo-VelT" flatting agents for coil coatings, lacquers, clear finishes, textured finishes, vinyl, and furniture are featured. Also shown is Hi-SilD 422 silica paint pigment for flat and semi-gloss latex interior paints, latex exterior paints, oil-based house paints, and traffic paints.

PREMIER MILL CORP. New York, N. Y. 10001

The exhibit features newly developed horizontal "Supermill," improved design vertical pressurized media mill, continuous pms- surizcd laboratory mill, and laboratory scale high speed dispersion unit with all accessories.

PREMIER PAINT ROLLER MFG. CO. Brooklyn, N. Y. 11206

On display are quality paint rollers, brushes, and flat pad a p plicators. The tools are designed to meet the performance levels for today's paints.

PRODUCTOS DE ZINC Y PLOhfO, S. A. Mexico 1, D. F.

This is the largest company in Mexico devoted to manufacturing and marketing raw materials, for the coatings, pigments and, paint industries. It was established in 1943 and since that date its main activity has been exporting top quality lead oxides, zinc oxides, and zinc dusts to the USA market and all over the world. Samples and specification sheets of these products are available at the booth.

Q-PANEL CO. Cleveland, Ohio 44135

The exhibit features the QUV Accelerated Weathering Tester, a radically different approach to laboratory weathering. Rain and dew are simulated by a unique condensation mechanism. The effects of sunlight are simulated by fluorescent UV lamps. Advantages of the QUV tester include excellent reliability, low cost, and minimal maintenance. Also shown are Q-Panels, standard metal panels for paint tests.

REICHARD-COULSTON, INC. New York, N. Y. 10010

The exhibit features yellow oxide as a cost cutter for organic reds, lead free greens and chemical yellows and synthetic iron oxides, earth colors for water based wood stains. Also shown are "316' MIOX, the lamellar particle iron oxide, proven superior for its protective qualities, and "317" zinc phosphate, a proven anti- corrosive pigment.

REICHHOLD CHEMICALS, INC. White Plains, N. Y. 10603

At the conference center in the booths are Reichhold repre. sentatives ready to discuss the full line of Reichhold Chemicals, Inc. chemical coatings, emulsions, and colors. There are displays of the latest developments in water-reducible resins and emulsions, epoxy resins and hardeners, and products from Reichhold Chemicals Ltd.

ROHM AND HAAS CO. Philadelphia, Po.

On exhibit are solutions to industrial finishing problems, which include a wide variety of solvent- and water-hme acrylic resins. New products which are also featured are aqueous resins for gloss lacquers with gasoline resistance and for enamels that can he ap plied by electrostatic disc.

RUSSELL FlNEX INC. Mt. Vernon, N. Y. 10550

The new Enclosed Strainer and the Finex 22 High Speed are featured in this exhibit. They are just two examples of equipment which is continually being designed and updated for the paint and coatings industry.

SALES Y OXIDOS, S. A. Monterrey, N. 1. Mexico

Journal of Coatings Technology

Lower your retarder costs'kith Du Pont

Now you have a better alternative in your search for a proven active solvent that combines high boiling point with low cost. DuPont dibasic esters. And DuPont DBE's relieve you of the limitations of Rule 66 (now Rule 442).

Significant cost savlngs possible

Users of industrial coatings are gaining material cost savings with these refined dimethyl ester mixtures. And that's compared to glycol ether esters, high- boiling ketones and aromatics, and other strong, active solvents. Significant increases in production efficiency are also reported.

DuPont dibasic esters offer you more stable pricing and supply than solvents they replace because DBE's are not as dependent on fluctuating petro- . chemical supplies and prices.

Get improwd end-product performance

DuPont customers claim substantially better final appearance of products using our dibasic esters in their enamel reducers and lacquer thinners for automotive and industrial primers and finishes.

solvent

Most U.S. auto makers use DuPont dibasic esters as rich tail-end solvents that serve as valuable flow control agents. These solvents help keep films open, thus improving reflow for smoother, glossier finishes.

Try the better alternative If you formulate or buy

high-temperature industrial coatings or finishes for appliance, sheet steel, auto or container applications, try DuPont dibasic esters now.

Accepted in Detroit

For further details and ordering information write to: DuPont Company, Room 35896, Wilmington, DE 19898.


SANYO KOKUSAKU PULP CO., LTD. Tokyo, Japan

The exhibit introduces SKPs chlorinated polypropylene and chlorinated polyethylene which have been widely used in high build chlorinated mbber-type paints for marine and maintenance coatings in Japan for more than ten years.

SHELL CHEMICAL CO. Houston, Tex. 77056

The exhibit stresses~owder coatings, UV cured coatings and water solvent blends for coatings along with increased capacity of product to support the growing coatings industry. Also on display are examples of research and development conducted by the company's new Westhollow Research Center.

SHERWIN WILLIAMS CHEMICALS Clevdand, Ohio 441 13

On display are the Moly-Whitem line of white, corrosion-inhibitive pigments; Ozidee zinc oxide; and a new pigment, SW 285 for formulating stain resistant latex primers. Metal panels compare results of accelerated and exterior tests of Moly-White@ 101 (for oleoresinous paints) and Moly-Whites 212 (for water systems) with other corrosion inhibitive formulations. New panels not previously shown are exhibited. Formulations and "how-to-use" information for these products are on display.

SILBERLINE MNUFACTURING CO., INC. Landord, Pa. 18232

The Sparkle Silver family of aluminum pigments has been growing. Featured this year is the most recent addition-Sparkle Silver 3822. Panels illustrating the latest of Silberline's aluminum pigments, plus the standard leafing and nonleafing grades, can be seen and reviewed with aluminum pigment experts in attendance.

SPARTAN COLOR L CHEMICAL Houston, Tex. 77087

The exhibit feah~res a series of colored trailing lights depicting the visual color spectrum to highlight the company's "Spartacryl Industrial Color System" in a recessed, plexiglas centerpiece.

SPENCER KELLOGG DIV. Textron Inc. Buffolo, N. Y. 14240

A giant crystal ball visually introduces "Resinvision for Energy Efficient Coatings,': the theme of the exhibit. Personnel are available to discusi your ideas and problems. On display are coated items showfig the company's new expanded line of Kelsole WDs, as well as urethane resins. A portable Zenith television is given away each day of the show.

SUN CHEMICAL CORP. Pigmenk Div. Cincinnati, Ohio 45232

The booth features the company's phthalocyanine blues and greens, Sunfast@ high performance pigments, and Sunbrite@ paint pigments. Included are unique crystal forms of quinacridone red pigment for automotive finishes and soft textured varieties for colorant systems. Organic yellow pibgnents for trade sales paints and industrial coatings are shown as viable replacements for lead- based pigments.

SYNRES CHEMICAL CORP. Anoheim, Calif. 92803

A complete line of paint vehicles and auxiliary products are exhibited including: alkyds; polyurethanes; epoxies; dispersions; hard resins; amino resins; thermosetting acrylics; water soluble resins; cyclized (isomerized) rubber; and auxiliary products.

TAMMSCO, INC. Coswpolis, Mich. 49031

Chemical inertness and wear reshtance are outstanding characteristics of silica which are imparted to paints and coatings when this economical extender is included in the formulation. The booth contains data and demonstrations which exemplify these features.

TENNECO CHEMICALS, INC. Saddle Brook, N. J. 07662

The exhibit features Tenneco's new Color Cue machine dispersed colorant system and AquaSperse color dispersions for trade sales paints. Also presented are complete biocide and dispersant lines for use in aqueous and non-aqueous coatings.

THIELE ENGINEERING CO. Div, of Poxall, Inc. Minneapolis, Minn. 55435

A twin-head fully automatic filling system complete with lid placer, lid presser, and can coater for filling half pint through one gallon cans is displayed. Also shown is an automatic filling system for half pint through five gallon pails with portable cap placer and pressing system.

TOKHEIM CORP. Fort Wayne, Ind. 46801

Positive displacement metering devices for controlling the batching or dispensing of paint, solvents, or mill base liquids are displayed

TORCO ENGINEERED PRODUCTS Div. of Toronto Coppersmithing Internat'l Scarborough, Ontario, Canada

The exhibit features the Torco Modular Grinder, an energy saving patented small media mill with up to 10 times greater output than conventional sand type grinders.

TROY CHEMICAL CORP. Newark, N. J. 07105

The booth features product and technical information on package preservatives for latex paint, mildewcides for latex and oil based paint, and products designed for specific microbial problems. In addition, personnel is available to discuss application of their full line of additives to the coatings field.

UNION CAMP CORP. Wayne, N. 1. 07470

This exhibit follows the manufacturing of polyamid resins for coatings from the basic source, the tree, through manufacturing, research and development, and quality control. Samples of products and test results are displayed. Literature on polyamids for coatings is available.

UNION CARBIDE CORP. New York, N. Y. 10017

The exhibit features materials for industrial finishes, trade paints, and conventional coatings-with special emphasis on materials for energy efficient coatings. The exhibit includes laboratories displaying the latest developments in materials for mil mated building products and for trade paints. The Captain's 12th Annual Putting Contest is being held.

Journal of Coatings Technologl~

UNIVERSAL COLOR DISPERSIONS Lansing, 111. 60438

The booth features an exhibit of the newest color dispersions for the coatings industry. Panels are available showing total compatibility in various commonly used resin systems. Examples of computer color-matching programs using pigment dispersions for total pigmentation are also available.

UNIVERSITY OF DETROIT Detroit, Mich. 48221

The booth features a display of the educational activities of the university with special emphasis of the program areas of polymers and coatings.

UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI-ROLLA Rolla, Mo. 65401

The Chemistry Dept. and the Extension Div. of UMR present a program that combines progressive science and useful education. Information concerning the Paint Short Courses is available. The newest addition is "Microemnlsions"-a way to prepare paints with little or no organic solvents.

UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN MISSISSIPPI Hottiesburg, Miss. 39401

The booth features a continuo~~s slide presentation of the teaching, research, and industry service programs offered at USM. Information on research in progress and r(.sum(.s of 1978 graduates are available.

R. 1. VANDERBllT CO., INC. Nowalk, Conn. 06855

The exhibit features Vansilm W, the trade name we have given to our recently excavated Wollastonite mine. Vansil W is an extremely pure, brilliant white, nonmetallic mineral extender. In addition, Activ-8@, which is used in water reducibles for both primer and top coats is featured. Other products featured are Vancidee PA. Vancide 512 and Van-Gel.

VIKING PUMP DIV. Houdaille Industries, Inc. Cedar Falls, Iowa 50613

On display are cutaway n~odels of pumps which show the company's total problem solving approach for industry. The 624 series features heavy duty pumps for handling paints, inks, solvents, and abrasive materials.

THE WARREN RUPP CO. Monsfield, Ohio 44901

The booth contains displays of air-powered double-diaphragm pumps featuring the VIP Model with Teflon diaphragms, ball valves and gaskets for corrosive or volatile products.

WILDEN PUMP 6 ENGINEERING CO. Colton, Calif. 92324

On exhibit are cut-away working niodels of air-operated, double-diaphragm, positive displacement pumps. The three sizes of pumps on display are: submergible; self-priming; designed to handle very thick and abrasive materials; and available in optional alloys and elastomers.

PAINT INDUSTRIES' SHOW 1978

CONRAD HILTON HOTEL

CHICAGO. ILLINOIS

Vol. 49, No. 635, December 1977 43

Good news for cans. Bad news for craters and pinholes.

At last, Modaflowo resin modifier is FDA regulated for use in epoxy can linings.

So now can coaters can take advantage of the unsurpassed ability of Modaflow to reduce craters and pinholes, lessening the possibility of contamination of contents.

The news is good for other coating formulators too, because the FDA regulation also extends the use of Modaflow to nylon resin and phenolic coatings. And Modaflow is already FDA regulated for use in paper and paperboard that comes in contact with aqueous, fatty or dry foods, as well as in adhesives. For more information, mail the coupon. _-_------------------------------------------------------ Monsanto, Dept. BlNB, 800 N. Lindbergh Blvd. St. Louis. Missouri 63166 Please send me information on your Modaflow flow aids. -JCT

Address

City &state ZipP

Telephone Monsanto Journal of Coatings Technology

Amended CARB Rule Adopted by Calif. Air Quality Management District

An amended version of the California Air Resources Board Model Rule for Architectural Coatings was adopted by the state's South Coast Air Quality Management District on September 2, the first California Air Pollution District to initiate rulemaking proceedings.

The South Coast District Ruling extends by one year the time limit origi- nally set by CARB for compliance in the Model Rule. Paint manufacturers will now have until September 2, 1979 to re- formulate and test their products and to change container labels.

Small paint manufacturers were allot- ted an extra year to meet the new standards. In addition, the definition of a "small paint manufacturer" was changed from any business which in 1976 sold less than 200,000 gallons of paint and coatings to any business which in 1976 sold less than 500,000gal- Ions of paint and coatings.

Theadopted Rule prohibits the saleor application of any architectural coating as defined, manufactured after Sep- tember 2, 1979 which contains more than 250grams of volatile organic material per liter as applied, excluding water. An exception is made for coatings applied to interior surfaces. Interior coatings manufactured after September 2, 1979 may not contain more than 350 grams of volatile organic material per liter of coatings as applied, excluding water. This exemption is only valid for

one year or until September 2,1980. At that time all interior coatings must also comply with the 250 gram limit.

Frank Martin, Technical Director of PPG Industries, presented testimony on the proposed rule on behalf of the Southern California Paint and Coatings Association and NPCA.

In his testimony, Martin stated that the solvent standard for architectural coatings applied to interior surfaces is equally valid for architectural coatings as applied to exterior surfaces. "The ability of a paint film to remain open until the adjacent area is painted so that there will be a uniform film with noover- lapping edges is just as important, we believe, for exterior as it is for interior gloss and semi-gloss finishes."

Martin requested that sections (h) and (i) be deleted from the proposed rule. Section (h) states: A person shall not use, sell or offer for sale for use in the District, in containers of 0.94 liter (one quart) capacity or larger, any architectural coating containing photochemi- cally reactive solvent. Section (i) states: A person shall not thin or dilute any architectural coating with a photochemi- cally reactive solvent.

". . .reduction of all solvents to meet the proposed requirements is not possible for all coatings at this time," said Martin. He explained that: "Sections (h) and (i) could severely handicap efforts to formulate. . . new coatings." It

should be noted that sections (h) and (i) are taken from South Coast Air Quality Management District Rule 442 (old Rule 66) which is presently in effect in the South Coast District. These two sections were added by the South Coast Air Quality Management District and are not found in CARB's Model Rule.

Martin contended that the five-year time limit for compliance by 12 exempt categories of architectural coatings is insufticient because invention of new technology may be necessary to develop some complying coatings, noting that "To ensure that acceptable coatings remain on the market in these important categories, an objective determination of whether low solvent technology is generally available must be made, reasonably in advance of the expiration date now set for these exemptions." He asked the Board to conduct a review of the exempt coatings by September 2, 1981.

Following the Board's rulemaking decision, the Board voted to reopen hearings to further consider the issues raised by NPCA and other industry representatives.

Seven California Air Pollution Con- trol Districts will consider adoption of a version of the CARB model as a final rule. CARB is now working on proposed model rules for chemical coatings.

Four Coatings Men Cited by NPCA for Industry Contributions

The National Paint and Coatings As- sociation honored four men for their contributions to the paint and coatings industry in awards presented at the recent NPCA annual meeting in Houston, Tex.

Dr. Richard E. Heckert, a Director, Senior Vice-President, and member of the Executive Committee of the Du Pont Company, was named winner of the George Baugh Heckel Award for 1977, the industry's highest honor. The award is presented to the person, who in the opinion of the awards committee, made the greatest contribution to the betterment of the industry in the past year.

Winners of NPCA's Industry States- man awards for years of distinguished

service and contributions to the U.S. paint and coatings industry were: Ar- thur F. Bohnert, former Vice-President of R&E for The Enterprise Companies, Wheeling, Ill.; Richard F. Brewster, Vice-President of Manufacturing of Pratt and Lambert, Inc., Buffalo, N.Y.; and Elmer C. Larsen, Vice-President and General Manager of the Coatings and Resins Div. of PPG Industries, Inc., Pittsburgh. Pa.

Dr. Heckert joined the Du Pont staff in 1949 and assumed his present position in 1973. He has written several papers on cyanocarbon chemistry, and a variety of patents have been granted on his inventions in this field.

The Industry Statesman awards are given once a year to individuals for

"long and unheralded service to the paint industry."

Mr. Bohnert, recently retired from The Enterprise Companies, began his career as a chemist for Sherwin- Williams Co. in 1931. He has long been active in both the NPCA and Chicago Paint and Coatings Association.

Mr. Brewster has been in the coatings industry and with Pratt and Lambert for 40 years. He held a number of positions in the company prior to assuming his present position in 1967.

Dr. Larsen joined PPG as Director of Commercial Development in 1959. He has been very active in NPCA, is a Past-President of the Association, and currently serves on the Board and Ex- ecutive Committee.

Vol. 49, No. 635, December 1977 45

I Government ond Industry (contin,,

WHY YOU SHOULD MAKE A CORPORATE CONTRIBU- TION TO THE AD COUNCIL The Advertising Council is the biggest advertiser in the world. Last year, with the cooperation of all media, the Coun- cil placed almost six hundred million dollars of public service advertising. Yet its total operating expense budget was onlv $914.683. which makes its advertking prbgrams one of America's greatest bargains.. .for every $1 cash outlay the Council is generating over $600of advertising. U.S. business and associated groups contributed the dollars the Ad Council needs to create and manage this remarkable program. Advertisers, advertising agencies, and the media contributed the space and time. Your company can play a role. I f you believe in supporting public service efforts to help meet the challenges which face our nation today, then your company can do as many hundreds of others-large and small-have done. You can make a tax-deductible contribution to the Advertising Council. At the very least you can, quite easily, find out more about how the Council worksand what it does.Simply write to: Robert P. Keim, President, The Adver- tising Council, Inc., 825 Third Avenue, New York, New York 10022.

A PuMicService of This Magazine

The cost of preparation of this advertisement was paid for by the American Business Press, the association of specialized business publications.This space was donated by this magazine.

Raymond Stevens Elected NPCA Board Chairman Raymond D. Stevens, Jr., of Pratt Elected to the Board of Directors for

and Lambert, Inc., Buffalo, N.Y., has a three-year term were: Mansel 0. been elected Chairman of the Board of Wiley, of Celanese Polymer Specialties the National Paint and Coatings Associ- Co., Louisville, Ky.; Richard G. Bull, ation. Also elected were Robert M. of The Sherwin-Williams Co., Cleve- Cox, Sr., of The Silbert Spruance Co., land, Ohio; Bernard F. Mautz, Jr., of Philadelphia, Pa. as Vice-Chairman, Mautz Paint Co., Madison, Wisc.; G. and William A. Bours, of E.I. du Pont Roger Victor, of Olympic Stains, Div. de Nemours & Co., Inc., Wilmington, of Comerco, Inc., Seattle, Wash.; Del., as Treasurer. Alfred J . Knapp, of Napko Corp.,

Regional Vice-Presidents elected Houston, Tex.; Peter R. Harvey, of were: New England Zone-Louis G. Dutch Boy, Inc., Northfield, Ill.; Artzberger, of Dutch Boy Paints, Ran- William R. Hentzen, of Hentzen Chem- dolph, Mass.; Eastern Zone-John ical Coatings, Inc., Milwaukee, Wisc.; Emmerling, of Lenmar Lacquers, Inc., S. M. Heatley, of Seymour of Syca- Baltimore, Md.; East Central Zone- more, Inc., Sycamore, Ill.; C. Robert Paul R. Peters,ofToledo Paint & Chem- Hiles, of Lilly Industrial Coatings, Inc., ical Co., Toledo, Ohio; West Central Indianapolis, Ind.; Richard A. Dono- Zone-Robert F. Walsh, of Walsh & van, of NL Industries, Inc., New York, Associates, Inc., St. Louis, Mo.; N.Y.;MaxA.Minnig,ofBordenChem- Southern Zone-Stephen C. Gester, of ical, Div. of Borden, Inc., Columbus, Hanna Chemical Coatings Corp., Bir- Ohio; and Frank E. Bolway, Jr., of mingham, Ala.; Southwestern Zone- D. H. Litter Co., lnc.,New Y0rk.N.Y. Philip T. Rogers, of The Kohler- McLister Paint Co., Denver, Colo.; and Elected to the Board of Directors for Western Zone--Robert J. Sheehan, of a two-year term was George E. Bautzel, Farwest Paint Mfg. Co., Tukwila, of Midland Div. of the Dexter Corp., Wash. Waukegan, Ill.

Marine Coatings Conference Scheduled for March 22-24

The Eighteenth Annual Marine Coat- ings Conference will be held March 22-24, 1978 at the Del Monte Hyatt House, Monterey, Calif.

The Conference is sponsored by Na- tional Paint and Coatings Association's Marine Coatings Committee and provides a forum for representatives of all segments of the marine industry and interested government agencies.

Program sessions will discuss the following topics: Surface Preparation and Quality Control; Corrosion Control for the Offshore Industry; Anti-Fouling

Coatings; Disposal of Wastes; LNG Carriers; Projects to Help the Marine Industry; and Shipbuilding and Mainte- nance Coatings Specifications.

Co-chairmen of the Marine Coatings Committee, Leon Birnbaum, of Inter- national Paint Co., Inc., and David T. Bloodgood, of Bethlehem Steel Corp., will serveas moderatorsfor the sessions which will include 20 presentations.

For more information, or to register, write Marine Coatings Conference, NPCA, I500 Rhode Island Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005.

Battelle Preparing EPA Report on Cost of Clean Air and Water

Researchers at Battelle's Columbus Laboratories have begun preparing the 1977 "Cost of Clean Air and Water Re- port to Congress" for the U.S. Envi- ronmental Protection Agency (EPA).

To be released early next year, the report will analyze the costs to industry and government of carrying out provi- sions of the 1970 Clean Air Act (as amended) and the 1972 Federal Water Pollution Control Act (as amended). Under Congressional mandate, the EPA is required annually toestimate the costs of carrying out the Clean Air Act

and biennially to estimate the costs of the Water Pollution Control Act.

Battelle is preparing data on nearly 100 industries-ranging from asphalt manufacturers to secondary zinc producers. This is the third consecutive year Battelle has prepared the air report and the first year for the water report.

Information is being gathered regarding industry structure, processes, emis- sions and effluents without controls, control technologies-resulting emis- sions and effluents with controls, and associated capital and operating costs.


These new water-reducible paint finishes are great ... if you know -

about ACTIV-8. As a manufacturer, you know that water-reducible paints have become immensely popular in the last few years. Unfortunately, the problem of stability in these systems has grown almost as quickly. That's why you should know about ACTIV-8". ACTIV-8 virtually eliminates the stabilization problems that can ruin your paints - and your profits. ACTIV-8 gives greater stability than any other lead-free drying agent. It accelerates the drying process and stabi- lizes the performance of cobalt. . ACTIV-8 is equally suitable for finished coatings as well as primers, for air-dried coatings or baked fin-

ishes. Among the advantages is the reduced baking cycle required when ACTIV-8 is in the formulation. Also, lower temperatures can be maintained which, in turn, will save energy and money. ACTIV-8 is undoubtedly the most effective stabilizer you can use. Time-tested in oil-based paints, discover its effectiveness in water-reducible formulations. Send for a free sample and a technical bulletin, call or write: R. T. Vanderbilt Company, Inc., Sales Service, Paint Dept., 30 Winfield Street, Norwalk, CT 06855 (203) 853-1400. West Coast: 6279 E. Siauson Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90040 (213) 723-5208.

@ R. INDUSTRIAL T. MINERALS Vanderbilt AND CHEM CALS ~ompany, In=.

Vol. 49, No. 635, December 1977 47

IFYOU LIKE M-P-K, WAIT'TILYOU TRY NEW WP-A" 107eX

RHEOLOGICAL ADDITIVE.

For anti-settling control of non-aqueous systems, the excellence of our M-P-A has been widely recognized. Now we can offer you something even better. New M-P-A 1078-X (xylene).

it does more; you use less. Specifically, considerably lower amounts of

M-P-A 1078-X yield the same anti-settling control as M-P-A. In addition, you have easier handling, faster dispersion and lower minimum temperature requirements during processing.

All of which add up to important cost savings in today's highly competitive market.

Designed for high speed dispersion equipment aswell assand, pebbleand roller mills, M-P-A 1078-X provides many additional advantages, too. It prevents caking in dip tanks, lines, spray pots or storage containers. It insures a smoother, thicker, single coat. It maintains excellent viscosity stability during storage.

For further information and data sheets, contact: Industrial Chemicals Division, NL Industries, Inc., P.O. Box 700, Hightstown, N.J. 08520. Telephone: (609) 448-3200, Ext. 506.

In Canada: Enelchem Products.


55th ANNUAL MEETING KEYNOTE ADDRESS

The Coatings Industry - Some Future Perspectives

John C. Dean Director. Chemical Information Services

SRI International'

INTRODUCTION This presentation summarizes some of SRI International's

research results in three areas that are likely to have a major impact on the future products, operations, and profits of the Paint and Coatings Industry . . .

the U.S. energy outlook; trends in government regulation of business; chan~inz American l ie stvles and values.

1n terms oTthe U.S. energy outlook, SRIpredicts afar more optimistic course of energy developments in the U.S. than is advanced by the great maJority of decision-influencing people today. In terms of trends in the government regulation of business, we embrance a more pessimistic view. Our analysis of changing American life styles and values indicates that your industry may need to be considering new research and development directions and new marketing strategies.

Presented here are SRI results and conclusions in each of the three subject areas and adiscussion of the implications for the Paint and Coatings Industry.

U.S. ENERGY OUTLOOK1 The o~timistic enerev forecast of SRI does not necessarilv

negate the findings of the majority of pessimistic forecasts o i the national and international scene. Rather, we find evidence for optimism in many of the findings.t The chief arguments of critics of an optimistic outlook are that the United States will run short of energy sometime before 1985; that the supply of oil worldwide will fail to meet increasing demand; that global oil prices will soar; and that unless drastic, highly accelerated

F'rercnted at the 55th Annual Meetingofthe Federation ofSoeieliesfor CoatingsTwhnol- ogy in Houston. Tex.. October 26. IVn .

'Menla Park. Calif. 96025 +The following ssrvmptiona arc basic to this SRI energy fortcast: I I ) Energy resources w~l l be traded a8 their competitive market prices. (Market priceswill

include the cost of production, transponslion. distribution. and the effects ofsociopolilieal goals such as environmental controls.)

( 2 ) National governments will not arbitrarily control energy prices below theirpmduction cost either through price controls or direct subsidies to the consumer.

(3) National governments will protect their domestic energy supplies from international energy price cutting through ruppan pricesor tariffs to ensure that domestic energy supplier are developed.

(41 Incentives will be provided for development of new energy resources. ( 5 ) Energy supply patlernswillnotbcinlmuptcdordistoned by majwcmbargos.wrs,or

"Dmtcctive" oeeu~alian of e n e m resource-rich countries. 16) Fnvlr~nmentalgoal% wll herct and met based onreasonablc I~metablesfortechnolopl-

cal de%clupmcnl utlh ~nccntncs rrtabltrhcd for $uch dcvclopment$

efforts to conserve energy are forthcoming, the United States will experience a turbulent economic environment. We feel that this position greatly underestimates the ability of both energy consumers and producers to respond to the enormous incentives inherent in the 1973 shift in the price of oil. Rising energy prices have already stimulated oil discovery and recovery to agreater extent than many experts expected. Rising prices have also dampened the growth in demand for energy in the United States and elsewhere in the world.

The findings to support our outlook lie in the economic analysis and forecast of the interaction of energy supply, demand, and price. Each of these elements is discussed here.

Energy prices in the United States are, and will continue to be, basically determined by the federal government and the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). OPEC has amply demonstrated its ability to decree the level of world oil prices, and future world oil prices will be what- ever OPEC wishes them to be. We believe that OPEC will choose a moderate course and price its oil at about current levels in real terms. While the probability of an OPEC breakup is not zero, we feel that the $100 billion per year reward it reaps each year because of its cartel is sufficient incentive tokeep OPEC together. The major oil exporters are not likely to accept price erosion and certain powerful members-Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and the United Arab Emirates--will not permit soaring prices. The case against price erosion is basic economics. Most OPEC financial surpluses have declined since 1974 and are expected to continue declining over the near term. Therefore, it is not likely that OPEC will choose the deliberate reduction of oil reve- nues, particularly when balanced against sacrificing economic development programs, ihdustrialization, national defense, and international influence.

The case against rapidly increasing OPEC oil prices is related to the sizeable investment stake that OPEC members have in the Western world. Sharp increases in oil prices would directly affect these investments and would also lead to a severe erosion in the demand for OPEC oil.

On balance, OPEC oil prices will probably increase at arate similar to the rate of inflation of industrialized nations. As a matter of fact, international oil prices in constant dollar terms


1977 KEYNOTE SPEAKER

JOHN C. DEAN

Mr. Dean has been involved in the Coat- ings industry for the past 18 years. After several years in research and develop ment with DeSoto, Inc., and marketing r e search and commercial development with U.S. Gypsum Co.. in Chicago, he joined the Stanford Research Institute (now SRI International), Economics Division, as Manager. Surface Coatings Section, Chemical Economics Handbook (CEH) Program. For the past five years he has managed the CEH Program in addition to his duties in the coatings area, which include marketing research, techno- economic analysis, and forecasting of industry trends. This research is carried out on a continual basis for several hundred CEH corporate and government clients throughout the world.

He has participated in contract research studies on such topics as: U.S. surface coatings industry; titanium minerals industry, worldwide; domestic consumption pattern for methyl ethyl ketone; outlook for prices and availability of marine coatings raw materials; sources and consump tion of chemical raw materials in paints and coatings by type and end uses; and analysisof production costsof major paint raw materials.

A 1960 graduate of Northwestern Uni- versity, with a B.A. in Chemistry, Mr. Dean received an M.B.A. in marketing from the University of Chicago in 1964. He did additional course work in computer sci- ences, econometrics, international marketing, and statistics at the University of Santa Clara from 1969-70, and was awarded Certificate of Completion of the Advanced Management College, Stanford University. in 1973.

His professional memberships include American Chemical Society (Chemical Marketing and Economics Div. and Or- ganic Coatings and Plastics Chemistry Div.). Chemical Marketing Research As- sociation. Society of the Plastics Industry (Resin Statistics Committee), and Western Chemical Market Research Group. Mr. Dean is listed in Who's Who in Industry and Finance.

40

PRODUCTION

ADEWATE SUPILIES

RECOVERABLE RESERVES

e 0 1911 1-2 1956 1960 1961 1068 1972 1016

SOUrw: U.S.O.p(. ot (k. IMUla, Bumau ot Mlna. Gas and Oil Journol

Figure 1-World crude oil reserves and production

have actually declined since the 1973 OPEC oil embargo (as forcasted by SRI in early 1975).*

The currently regulated average wellhead price of U.S. crude oil is exvected to increase at a faster rate than OPEC oil and by 1985 w'ill probably equal international oil prices. How- ever, U.S. consumers will not experience the full burden of this price increase since almost half of the oil products con- sumed in the United States are already at international price levels. The energy industry, particularly the oil and gas sector, is currently investing enormous sums of money to support its expectations of increasing oil prices in the United States and higher levels of production. Some of the results are demonstrated by the estimated 1,966 drilling rigs operating in the United States, a level higher than any year since 1961.

Supply elasticity has been largely ignored or underesti- mated in most pessimistic energy forecasts. A product has a high supply elasticity if it can be produced in different ways; if new technology is emerging that will stimulate new sources of the product; and if the distribution system can be greatly improved. Energy fulfills each of these conditions. We feel that (I) rising prices will increase global energy sources significantly and (2) substantial reserves are available.

A graphical presentation of world crude oil reserves and production plus the estimated minimum reserve/production

*A key indexofinternationaloilprices isthe priceofSaudi Arabian34'gravity; it isused as the benchmark for OPEC crude oil because it is the single largest t y y of cmde oil produced there and represents a good average between the higher priced. law-sulfur crude and lower priced. heavieroil. Saudi Arabian 34"gravity hasincrearedfrom $1 1.65 as ofJanuary 1974(in U.S. dollars. Saudiposted price) to$13.00asofJanuary 1977. I n 1973 constant dollarterms. itfcllto$8.90.a32%decline. D~liningconrtantdollartrendohavealroaccurredin thecrude oil prices of Libya. Nigeria, and Venezuela.

Table 1--4.S. Energy Supply (Percent af Total Supplies)

Oil ............................................. 47 36 Natural gas ..................................... 27 14 Coal ........................................... 20 25 Nuclear and hydroelectric ........................ 6 25 --

Total ......................................... 100 100

SRl International estimates

THE COATINGS INDUSTRY-SOME FUTURE PERSPECTIVES

Figure W . S . total energy demand (based on the et- fects of rising prices)

ratios are presented in Figure I which shows that the world crude oil reserve picture is still quite secure. Although the reserve to production ratio dipped in 1972, the oil price hikes of 1973 and subsequent actions by the world oil community have again spurred the search for oil, and the recoverable reserves' position continues to grow. Also, note that the reserve to production ratio is still well above 20 which is considered by many in the international oil community to be the minimum ratio acceptable as an economic level.

By the year 2000, the world will have exhausted only about one-third of its recoverable oil reserves, one-third of its natural gas reserves, and one-tenth of its coal reserves. Also, nuclear power, while not growing at the high rate forecast a few years ago, will account for 15-20% of the global energy supply. New technologies such as solar, geothermal, and coal gasification, toname a few, will make important contributions to global energy supplies beyond the year 2000. In the United States, fossil fuel supplies are more than adequate to imple- ment the transition from a fossil fuel era into an era where traditional energy forms are only aportion of the international energy supply. Table 1 indicates this trend. Under these conditions, U.S. energy supplies are increasing at a 2% annual rate; however, this rate could be even higher if price increases were higher than assumed, if federal oil and gas regulations were relaxed, or if additional financial incentives were granted to the energy industry.

Demand The present rate of growth of total U.S. energy demand is

considerably below that of pre-1973 years (3.6% per year); future demand growth will be modified by higher prices, conservation, and improved energy efticiency and is expected to average about 2% annually through the year 2000. The strong downward effect of higher prices on the demand for energy is shown in the changing estimates over the past

Figure 3-U.S. gasoline consumption (19751900)


THE COATINGS INDUSTRY--SOME FUTURE PERSPECTIVES

lution in our way of life, our style ofliving, and our perception of ethics and values. Some feel that the coming revolution in values could be as extreme as the one that separated the Middle Ages from the Renaissance and the Industrial Revolu- tion.

At SRI, we have been studying this transformation for the past several years in our Center for the Study of Social Policy. In this research, numerous values held by Americans have been identified, analyzed, and their trends forecasted. One study, in particular, identifies major clusters of values held by Americans today and forecasts the evolution ofthese patterns to 1990.' The main analysis was built around six ways of l i e and six life styles. (Lie styles are distinguished from life ways in that they refer to the external and behavioristic aspects of living, whereas life ways refer to the internal forces that motivate and guide us.)

The identified life ways were as follows: MAKERS: These are the men and women who make the system go. They are the leaden, involved in worldly &airs, generally prosperous, ambitious, self-confident. Makers are trying to move the system forward a bit, but they have too much to lose to want major social change. PRESERVERS: Proud of tradition and at ease with the familiar,Reserversactasaseaanchoronchange. Preservers not only populate the legions of the staunch status-quoers of middle America, but they also loom large among the conservatives of the wealthiest suburbs of the nation.

CHANGERS: The people in this group tend to be answer- havers and hence many of them are found among the critics, protesters, radicals, libbers, advocates, complainers--and a significant fraction of the doers. Generally young, most Changers concern themselves with societal issues, although some are oriented to inner interests. TAKERS: Takers coast. Tending to take more from the system than they contribute, Taken live in the interstices of the work world and find their pleasures in the safety of home, friends, and conventional pursuits.

SEEKERS: These are the searchers for a deeper insight or richer experience. The pathway of their seeking tends to be internal. Often mission-oriented and intuitive, they dare to live by rules not evident to others. Many Seekers are found among the great spirits and thinkers of their times.

ESCAPERS: These are the lotus eaters, driven to flee the pressures of everyday. Escape takes many forms: drug addiction, alcoholism, withdrawal, and crippling fan- tasizing. The empty lives of Escapers are marked by alienation and the sense that one's destiny is beyond one's control.

The life styles studied were clustered as follows:

EXPERIMENTAL: Thk is the life style that is open to change, willing to innovate, and is quick to try the new. The qualities of autonomy and independence are generally part of this style.

FOLLOWING: This l ie style follows the nom, abhor- ring the individualistic. It is often oriented to the standards of a limited group.

PLEASURESEEKING: The joy of sensation predominates. Oriented to the here and now, the pleasure-seeker tends to act impulsively and decisively, without undue concern for long tern consequences.

SELF-DENYING: Here duty predominates. What "should" be bought is bought, irrespective of personal

F I ~ U ~ 4-Uto ways disirltrlbutlorw (early 197(Ys and ISDO)

feelings. The self-denying consumer is full of suspicion of products because he does not bust his inner reactions. He often persuades himself that his stingy purchases are made in the interest of practicality.

PRACTICAL: Here functionality rules over considerations like appropriateness and aesthetics. This is the style of l i e in which consumer actions are presumed to be based on conscious, rational analysis of all the pertinent factors. OSTENTATIOUS: Here appearances count most. The name-dropper, the clothes-make-he-man, the parvenu, are examples of the showy life style.

In the early 1970s. trends toward the "Preserver" and "Taker" l i e ways seemed dominant. However, this seems to have fostered a growth in the "Changer" and "Seeker" l i e ways. This could result in a bimodalism of values and a schism between values favoring tradition and those favoring change. This could, in turn, lead to a period of dissension and even violence. However, we believe that we will see new leadership toward a postindustrial society marked by improved societal consciousness and self-understanding. This scenario suggests the changes in l ie way and life style distributions as shown in Figures 4 and 5.

The implications are that a successfully emerging postindustrial society and its associated shifts in values will alter

Flgun +Ute style dlstrlbutiorw (wrly 1974s and 1980)

Vol. 49, No. 635, December 1977 53

J.C. DEAN

Table W l t g e d Industrial Paints and Cortlnga BY of swtem

(P-nt)

Solvent-Based, conventional ...................... 91 51 Water-Based .................................... 5 36 Solvent-Based, high solids.. ...................... 1 7 100% Solids*. ................................... 3 6 --

Total. ........................................ 100 100

national policies toward global politics, economics, race rela- tions, attitudes toward the environment, and so on.

The postindustrial company will be very much concerned with and affected by social issues. The price structure of its goods and services will reflect increased resource, environmental, and consumer regulations. The internal operation of these firms will emphasize more fulfilling work, creativity and planning, and more flexible work hours.

Consumer values will also change and at least four major shifts are expected to take place which will have a great impact on consumer buying patterns4

Maior increases in self-ex~ressive behavior. b ire concern with personal communication, interac-

tions among people, and group activity. b More concern with societal issues and a willingness to

place collective interests first. Slow erosion of many traditional consumer values such as conformity, ostentation, security, and perhaps materi- alism.

These shifts in values coupled with changing demographics and income distribution will mean an entirely diierent kind of marketplace for consumer and industrial products in the future. Is it not time that serious research be undertaken by the manufacturers of todays products and services to anticipate how they might be affected?

IMPLICATIONS FOR THE PAINT AND COATINGS INDUSTRY

The gist of this final section is to consider the implications for the Paint and Coatings Industry of the research conclusions outlined earlier in this paper. In the case of energy, it doesn't take much of an imagination to recognize that the coating products of tomorrow will be energy efficient.

Figure 6-Tmmls in product and service charaderistks

54

1 TRADITIONAL SELF.EXPRESSIVE

FACTORS VALUES VALUES

CONVENIENT LOCATION A V LOYALTY A A A REPUTATION FOR QUALITY A AA WIDE SELECTION A V DISrINCTIVE SELECTION A A A A COMPETITIVE PRICES A A A A SALES AND LOSS LEADERS A A A A

FUN TO SHOP THERE A AAA A

A INCREASE AA APPRECIABLE INCREASE A CONSIDERABLE INCREASE AAAA CRITICAL V DECREASE

Water-based products will continue to grow at the expense of solvent-based products. High solids systems and 100% solids systems will also continue to make inroads and the average temperature for curing coating products will continue to come down. The theme of this meeting and the progress made already in the development of energy-efficient coatings speaks for itself. This progress is part and parcel of the behavior modification I spoke of earlier. While the trends in changing types of coatings is obvious, the rate of change is a subject of much debate, as it should be, considering all the variables involved. Table 2 shows SRI forecasts of 1985 usage of industrial paints and coatings by type of system.

In the area of government regulations, I predict that we will see two very definite trends in paint and coating companies of the future. First, the Industry's Federation and Association will assume arole of ever-increasing importance. They will be called upon to expand their representation of the Industry and to develop information systems that can monitor all of the changes in the business environment, both traditional and nontraditional. Second, the larger companies will be run by a new breed of executive, whose main talents will not necessarily be how to make paint, but how to guide a manufacturing company and business through the social and political demands of society. This will be a full-time job and the traditional presidency will become another operating or corporate function, like manufacturing, marketing, or research and de velopment. This function will continue to concentrate on profit and loss while the future owner or chief officer will spend full time in the political and social arena, anticipating and acting on factors outside of the company's control. The obvious goal will be to minimize or at least reduce the uncer- tainties in his company's operating environment.

The challenge of escalating regulation is also being answered by your Industry with admirable results. The able response of the Industry to the recent California Air Re- sources Board proposed regulations is a prime example.

The one area that I fear is not being addressed by the Industry with enough vigor is the anticipation of how a major shift in American values may affect you. Tomorrow's consumer will be more willing to pay premium prices for things they find to be unique. Markets will be splintered in response to polarization of values. Successful companies will provide products that appeal to many consumers and markets. Prod- uct and service characteristics are expected to shift. One scenario is outlined in Figure 6.

There will need to be rising outlays for advertising, greater specialization of media, messages geared to sell processes rather than things. Paint retailing operations may need to undergo a major change in response to adecline in traditional


THE COATINGS INDUSTRY4OME FUTURE PERSPECTIVES

values and an emergence of self-expressive values as shown in Figure 7.

As paint technologists, will you spend the bulk of your time keeping quality at an acceptable level while trimming raw material costs in your product formulation? Certainly this seems to be a proper research strategy in this time of escalating raw material costs. However, shouldn't you also be d e signingproducts that will be aimed at a new consumer looking for products that are nonpolluting, durable, energy-cheap, authentic, aesthetically pleasing, and unique? This new consumer will be willing to pay for quality in terms of long-lasting durability. Will you sell a gallon of paint with instructions on how to apply it or will you sell imaginative ways to use paint in the refurbishment of old city and country homes? Will the products that you develop in the future appeal only to your "tried and true" customers or will you touch an harmonious chord in the minds of new consumers looking for new ways to express themselves?

The answer will lie in recognizing that traditional consumers will be a smaller part of the total population. You can no longer exclude those you might have previously relegated to fringe markets. There will be more even distribution of many diierent kinds of markets, more even distribution of income, and vastly varying tastes in products, services, and styles. To

rely on one type ofproduct, one type of marketing outlet, one style of business may not necessarily be a mistake, but it will tend to restrict one's markets-and possible growth.

A French philosopher, Simone de Beauvoir, once said: "Life is occupied in borh perpetuating irselfand in surpassing itself; if all it does is maintain itself, rhen living is only not dying".

References (1) Henry J.P., Jr., and Raphael, D.E., "U.S. Energy Outlook,"

Guidelines, No. 1017, August 1977, Business Intelligence Ro- gram, SRI Inteanational, Menlo Park, Calif.

(2) Weidenbaum, L., Federal Government Regulation of Business, Report No. 536, December 1974, Long Range Planning Service, Stanford Research Institute (now SRI International), Menlo Park, Calif.

(3) Mitchell, A., Life Ways and Life Styles, Report No. 500, November 1973, Long Range Planning Service, Stanford Re- search Institute, Menlo Park, Calif.

(4) Mitchell, A., Consumer Values, Report No. 518, July 1974, Long Range Planning Service, Stanford Research Instihtte, Menlo Park, Calif.

(5) Turk, D., Industrial Finishing, Report No. 568, December, 1975, Long Range Planning Service. Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, Calif.

PLAN NOW TO AlTEND

1978 Annual Meeting And Paint Show

Conrad Hilton Hotel Chicago, Ill.

November 1-3


research and

application Ediior-in-Chief: Fred W. Billmeyer, Jr., Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Associate Editors: Rolf Kuehni, Verona Dyestuff Division. Mobay Chemical Corporation. Michael Pointer, Kodak Limited. England, & Gunter Wyszecki, National Research Council. Canada

COLOR RESEARCH AND APPLICATION is the only English language journal that covers the entire spectrum of color. Each issue presents reports on the state of the art, original full-length articles, news notes, meeting announcements, and book reviews. The journal is a true forum for the field; the editors welcome and encourage the submission of manuscripts, thoughts, and problems.

COLOR RESEARCH AND APPLICATION is endorsed by the Inter-Society Color Council, The Colour Group (Great Britain), and the Canadian Society for Color. The publisher, John Wiley & Sons, is one of the oldest (1 807), largest, and most respected names in scientific and technological publishing.

To enter your subscription, return the attached coupon to the publisher with your remittance. You'll discover fresh ideas, new developments, everything vital to your interest and work in color. . .written by internationally respected authorities.

EXAMPLES OF PUBLISHED ARTICLES:

Determining Absorption and Scattering Constants for Pigments

E. L. Cairns, D. A. Holtzen, and D. L. Spooner

The Specification of Colour Appearance R. W. G. Hunt

A Sense of Illumination. Remarks on a New Approach to Color Expression

F Birren

The Colour Index E. W~ch

Color Popularity in Automotive Finishes J. Hall

Location of the Nodes of Metameric Color Stimuli

N. Ohta and G. Wyszecki

Correspondence Between CIELAB and CIELUV Color Differences

N. Ohta

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a dtvlsion of John Wlley & Sons

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I Please enter a one-year subscription to the quarterly COLOR RESEARCH AND APPLICATION. Subscrlpt~on ( rates: Volume 3. 1978-$35.00. Outslde U.S add $4.00 for postage and handling. My check for $ I enclosed Is I

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Journal o f Coat ings Technology A

Now there's a PVAC with true wet adhesion at a non-acrylic price.

A polyvinyl acetate with wet adhesion? That's vince you that on a cost/performance basis nothing right. Air Products introduces a new line of semigloss can compete with Flexbond semi-gloss emulsions. emulsions. As part of our Flexbonds product line, So for a better bottom line, check out our new wet these innovative new emulsions are the first PVACs adhesion emulsions. They're just one more way ever developed that can perform like premium that Air Products is engineering and developing acrylics, but without the higher acrylic price. products to meet your needs.

These Flexbond emulsions have truly outstand- For more information and free samples, just ing wet adhesion over gloss enamels and excellent send us the coupon or circle the number of this gloss characteristics. And they r,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, , advertisement. Call or write provide good print resistance I Send me more information on s e m i - g ~ ~ s ~ e m ~ ~ s i ~ n ~ . 1 Polymer Chemicals Division, and flow. Sound interesting? 1 1 Air Products and Chemicals, Let us send you a sample. Test it I I Inc., Box 538, Allentown, PA with your formulation. It'll con- I COmpny 1 18105(215)398-4911.

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YOUR rn0NOX" MAN IS ONE OF MORE THAW 10,000... Our Tronox people are vital parts of Kerr-McGee Corporation.

Why is that important? Because Kerr-McGee is a diversified world wide company in the top quarter of the Fortune 500. Diversified in industrial and agricultural chemicals, pigments. oil. gas, uranium, coal, and putting natural resources to work.

Why is that important? Because$2 billion in annual sales.and more than 10.000 employees is a pretty good

1 indication of what Kerr-McGee stands for

Why is that important? So you'll know more about us. Our strength and know-how are reflected in the quality pigments we make. Like the Ronox Ti02 grades produced at our Hamilton. Mississippi plant, in our full delively capabilities ... even our color coded bags for easy grade identification.. .or our new $53 milliofl Mobile facility for making synthetic rutile ore.

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TITANIUM DIOXIDE

KERR-MCGEE CENTER . OKLAHOMA CITY OKLAHOMA 73125

Sales Offices; Pars~ppany NJ. Decatur GA. Glen Ellyn IL. Los Angeles. San Francisco

\

@Reg U. S . Pat. &Tm Off

58 Journal of Coatings Technology.

1977 JOSEPH J. MATTIELLO MEMORIAL LECTURE

Dispersion and Agglomeration: Effects on Coatings Performance Walter K. Asbeck Coatings Consultant*

What factors cause pigment particles to agglomerate or disperse in given coatings vehicle compositions?

Despite their great importanceto the industry, only little is understood about the factors controlling this phenomenon.

New concepts are developed which, in a simple way, explain the surface energetic relationships causing dispersionlagglomeration. The over-all effect of the relative agglomerate size on such important coatings performance parameters as CPVC and flow properties are examined and quantitative relationships are derived.

The new concepts should aid coatings formulation by helping to optimize the balance between production, application and final performance properties.

i FOREWORD We are all strongly influenced by the men we meet and learn from.

I met Joe Mattiello only once-when I had barely started my career in the coatings industry. It was a brief meeting and I really learned only little about him. What I know of Joe came from friends of mine who knew him well, and from what I have read.

He was a big man-not only physically. He believed in giving a helping hand to the beginner; in the value of a good education; in the urgency of a frank exchange of

I knowledge; and aboveall, in the scientific method. The / thought of giving a lecture in his honor humbles me. , The first of the Joseph E. Mattiello Memorial Lec- I tures was given by a man who has himself become a

legend in our industry-Roy Kienle. Twenty-eight others have followed including many of the "greats" in the coatings industry. I have known many of them well. Along side this group of men, I have enjoyed the thrill over the years of struggling with the rapidly growing field of technology in the coatings industry.

But for many years I had also been deeply involved in dollar signs, organization charts, management strategy, project selections. Still, I have continued my love for fundamental studies and have managed to "bootleg" time during my working hours and use many of my leisure moments to pursue my favorite subject.

Presented at the 55thAnnual Meetingofthe Federation ofSocietiesfor CoatingsTechnol- ogy in Houston. Tex.. October 28. 1977.

*I330 Rince Charles. Westlakc. Ohio 44145.

INTRODUCTION

CPVC AND DISPERSION

It was, perhaps, my good fortune to have been associated with Maurice Van Loo in the very first portion of my non-academic career. A problem had been bother- ing coatings people for quite some time. He was aware, as were others of our contemporaries at that time, that a dramatic change takes place in many coatings properties when the pigment volume concentration exceeds a given value in a given coatings formulation. Although it was known that it happened, no valid explanation had been given of why it happened.

qlways being a man of few and precise words, Van approached me with one of my fust assignments in his laboratory saying simply: "Walt, find out and tell us what goes on."

Our publication in 1949 defined the precise meaning of the Critical Pigment Volume Concentration (CPVC) and set the stage for much subsequent work. It is, perhaps, an indication of its importance to our industry to realize that at least three previous Mattiello Lec- t u r e ~ ' . ~ ~ have been based entirely or in large part on these findings.

With the plethora of publications which have appeared on this subject, it must appear that a further lecture on CPVC and its basic implications can hardly produce anything significantly new or different. How- ever, the basic concepts have been often misun- derstood and the lack of their clear recognition has deprived the coatings formulator of important and valuable information in the manipulation of his coatings raw materials. As a consequence, he may not have obtained the best possible results both in application and performance characteristics.

One of the fallacies which has been propagated is the idea that the CPVC is basically apigment characteristic alone. In fact. it is actuallv a significant interaction parameter between pigmeni and vehicle.

It is perhaps pertinent to review briefly the definition proposed for the CPVC in the original p~blication:~

". . . that point in a pigment-vehicle system at which


i 977 MAlTl ELL0 LECTURER

WALTER K. ASBECK

Throughout his technical career, Dr. .Asbeck's work has been confined almost exclusively to the coatings industry. A native of Hagen (Westphalia), Germany, he attended Case Institute of Technology (at thetime. CaseSchool of Applied Science), where he graduated with a B.S. Degree in Chemical Engineering. He then earned his Masters Degree attending evening classes at Case while working fulltime at Cleve- land Industrial Research Co. (now Lub- rizol). Subsequently, he enrolled at Tech- nical University in Berlin, Germany, where he received his Doctor of Engineering (Dr.-lng) Degree in Chemistry. and also sewed for a time as teaching assistant and doing research work.

In 1946 he joined the Paint Research Department of The Sherwin Williams Co. in Chicago, Ill. While there, he initially formulated the detailed fundamental concepts of Critical Pigment Volume Concen- tration (CPVC), which today are taken almost for granted and have found wide usage in the industry. At least three previous Mattiello Lectures (James S. Long, 1954; Maurice Van Loo, 1956; and Fred 0. Stieg, 1967) have been based to varying degrees on this original work.

As a result of his efforts, he was the first to demonstrate the relationship between the ease of paint application (for example, by brushing) and paint high shear vis- cosities. Numerous papers published by various authors over the years have substantiated the fundamental concepts developed by him.

Long active asa lecturer, Dr. Asbeck has been featured on the programs of numerous Constituent Societies of the Federa- tion and has lectured at such universities as MIT. Princeton, Purdue, Michigan, Lehigh. Case Institute, Kent State. Roosevelt, and University of Missouri - Rolla.

He presented a Plenary Lecture at the 1968 FATIPEC Congress in Brussels. Bel- gium, and has given original papers at a number of national meetings of the Amer- ican Chemical Society. He has lectured at Gordon Research Conferences on seven different occasions.

Dr. Asbeck has also taught coatings courses at University of Missouri - Rolla, Roosevelt University, and Kent State, where he is presently a Visiting Professor.

Much of his fundamental work was accomplished while managing a large Re search and Development section of Union Carbide Corp. (which he joined in 1954), concerned with the coatings and printing ink industries. He wasappointed Assistant Director of Research in 1958, and Associ- ate Director of Research and Develop ment, Chemicalsand Plastics Div., in 1964.

He was appointed to the position of Corporate Research Fellow in 1971.

Dr. Asbeck opted to take early retirement in 1974 to establish his own business while continuing consulting in the coatings and plastics fields.

'ERSION AND AGGLOMERATION: EFFECTS ON COATINGS

Figure 1-Samples showing differences in flow characteristics between treated and untreated dispersion

just sufficient binder is present to fill completely the voids left between the pigment particles incorporated in the film after volitalization of thinner. It represents the densest degree of packing of the pigment particles commensurate with the degree of dispersion of the system."

It is the implications of the italicized portion of the definition of CPVC which foreshadowed the great importance of the long neglected recognition that the degree of dispersion of the pigment in a coatings formulation influences all coatings characteristics: manufacture; application; performance; appearance. It likewise precludes the possibilities of reliably determining the value of the CPVC by means of oil absorption methods or, indeed by any means of calculation utilizing, for instance, size distribution of the pigment particles, alone. Only the limiting CPVC or Ultimate Critical Pigment Volume Concentration (UPVC), where all the pigment particles are permanently and completely dispersed and separated from each other, can be defined by such methods. However, this situation, i.e., complete dispersion, does not necessarily occur with practical coatings systems.

It was already recognized in the original publication that, for instance, the same Ti02 pigment ground in different vehicles such as raw linseed oil or bodied linseed oil-which were both stylish in those days for exterior house paints-could result in radically different values of the CPVC. It was also shown that this was caused by the degree of dispersion or agglomeration of the pigment particles. Thus, when bodied linseed oil was used, the pigment was essentially completely dispersed, whereas when raw linseed oil was used, the pigment was highly agglomerated.*

I would like to spend the remainder of my lecture delving into why this happens, how it happens, and to

define the quantitative relationships occuning in this interaction between the dispersed and dispersing phases of a coatings system.

AGGLOMERATION VS. DISPERSION A simple laboratory experiment can establish this

fact quite graphically; CPVC is a pigmentlvehicle interaction parameter.

A model dispersion consisting of TiO, in white mineral oil5 is ground, for instance, in a ball mill or on a three roll mill to assure complete replacement of the air interface on the pigment with that of the liquid and to break down hard aggregates of particles.? This master batch is then divided into five aliquot parts and one sample is retained "as is", whereas 0.5%, 1%, 2% and 3%, respectively, of a commercial "flow" agent are added to the other four. These samples are then simply stirred or shaken for a short time, care being taken that no further "grinding" of the pigment occurs.

A dramatic visual change is seen to result, as shown in Figure 1, where the first of these samples, with no surfactant, and the last, with the 3% surfactant level, are depicted.

The sample with no flow agent is seen to be "puffy" and shows a high rheological yield value; the sample with the 3% agent is more paint-like and shows good flow characteristics. As would be expected, the samples between these two limits show increasing amounts of flow as the amounts of surfactant are increased.

It should, perhaps, be emphasized that this difference is a purely physico-chemical one, and is "free" to the formulator. No additional energy input is required to achieve it apart from distributing the surfactant molecules reasonably within the liquid, as is accomplished, for instance, when a small amount of cream is "stirred" into coffee.

Measurement of the CPVC of this series by the "wet cell meth~d"l*~gives the results showninTable 1 where a very substantial difference in CPVC and packing is obviously observed.

It should be recalled that the same pigment and the same vehicle, each "ground" to exactly the same degree, are used in each of the samples. The only difference is the incremental addition of the small amount of surfactant.

The addition of more surfactant beyond the 3% level does not increase the CPVC or change the relative

tThe term "aggregate" here signifies a cluster ofpanicles which can be separated only by lslge shear or impact farces. Aggregates can exist in the dry or wet slate.

Table 1-TI02 in White Mineral Oil

Relatlve Addltlve CPVC Packlng

(%I (%I Volume

'The term "agglomerate" is here used to signify a loosely held cluster of particles in suspension, which can be disrupted by small shear forces. These units of panicles can exist only in liquid suspensions.


W.K. ASBECK

Flgure 2-Relatlve packlng volume In relalon to varlous addltlons ol dlapwaant

packing volume, indicating that the 3% addition of this particular wetting agent is sufficient to cause monodispersion of this particular TiO, sample in the quantity used for this particular liquid. For other pigments and vehicles, more or less of the same or other surfactants might be required to obtain optimum dispersion.

Figure 2 shows the relative packing volume which the same true volume of pigment occupies at the specific values of CPVC caused by the various additions of dispersant.

DISPERSION AND AGGLOMERATE SIZE

The reason for this large difference in CPVC and concogmitant relative packing volume was already explored in previous papers,'p6 and was found to be caused by the fact that lack of surfactant causes severe agglomeration of the pigment particles under the specific set of experimental conditions employed. As more dispersant is added, the agglomerated particle size becomes progressively smaller, achieving complete dispersion of the individual pigment particles as sufficient dispersant is added, in this case 3%.

Agglomerate size can easily be determined in a number of ways, the simplest being, perhaps, by permeation methods utilizing the CPVC cell, or by hindered sedimentation. These methods are adequately described in the literature where the equations to be used and precautions to be observed are l i ~ t e d . ~

The permeation method was employed in the present case utilizing the CPVC cell with the results shown in Table 2.

- -

Table %TI02 In White Mlneral 011

Relotlw Rektlve No. of AWlWvb CWC Pmdclng Agglomerate Rlmny

(%) (%) Volume Slta Partlclea

An added, rather surprising, fact can be observed when sedimentation methods are used with a homogeneous pigment type or when this sample is highly diluted with a nondispersing compatible liquid of low viscosity, namely: the agglomerate size is remark- ably uniform in each specific case. Large agglomerates show no individual particles present; conversely, when the particles are well dispersed, no large agglomerates are observed (provided there are no large, aggregated hard particles left after the "grinding" step).

The basic reasons for this behavior are predicated on surface energy and entropic considerations.

However, a much more simplistic point of view can be employed to adequately describe the gross physico- chemical conditions that prevail in the equilibrium established between pigment particle/surface active agentAiquid. This may allow the coatings formulator a more simple and direct method to predict (or outguess) in which of several possible directions his formulation should be changed to obtain optimum performance for his paint products.

A slight diversion is first, however, required.

SOLUBILITY PARAMETER Over the last decade, very substantial advances

have been made in predicting the solution capacity of a given solvent system for a given vehicle or resin. This is based particularly on Hansen'ss work on the three- dimensional solubility parameter. It has been subsequently much extended and popularized by Hoy9 and others.

The theory states, quite simply, that if the polar, nonpolar, and hydrogen bonding capacities of a resin to be dissolved are matched reasonably by the solvent, the system will become homogeneous and solution of the resin in the solvent system will take place.

The very interesting situation prevails that the three-dimensional solubility parameter match, and solubilization can be achieved by, a blend of solvents, any one of which, by itself, may not be an adequate solvent for the resin, provided the sum of their individual solubility parameters match that of the resin to be dissolved.

Complex computer programs have been developed by many of the solvent suppliers. These automatically predict which combination of a large selection of solvent blends will be useful for a given resin, when the solubility parameter of the resin is known and at the lowest cost to the customer.

The simple viewpoint to be developed here is that when solubility parameters between resin and solvent are matched, the two "like" each other, when they are not, they "dislike" each other.

SOLUBILITY PARAMETER AND DISPERSION

These concepts have been extended by Hansenl0 to encompass the suspension of small solid particles, like pigments, in various liquids. This can readily be expanded to include coatings vehicles.



Experimentally, a small amount of a given pigment is shaken in various test tubes containing a series of solvents, the three-dimensional solubility parameters of which are known. If the solubility parameters of the liquid and pigment solids "match", the pigment will be well dispersed and settle only relatively slowly; when this is not the case, the pigment severely agglomerates and sedimentation is rapid.

On the basis of such experimental work, each pigment type can be assigned a surface characteristic having a specific "solubility parameter" or "dispersion parameter".

Although the three-dimensional solubility parameter for liquids (solvents and for some resins) can be calculated on the basis of their structure," it has, so far, not been possible to make such calculations for solids. However, the experimental methods are sufficiently fast and the results sufficiently accurate that this fact is, at best, only an inconvenience in ascertaining the dispersion parameter for any particular pigment.

On the basis of such information, it is possible to predict, with some degree of accuracy, which combination of pigment and vehicle would be expected to produce physico-chemically well-dispersed systems and which would be expected to produce highly agglomerated systems.

Fortunately, for the paint formulator, many of the film-forming vehicles in use for coatings possess solubility parameters which are not too dissimilar from those of the pigment surfaces with which they are routinely used. Most suchvehicles are reasonably polar in characteristics, which, more or less, is also the case with the most frequently used inorganic pigments.

This is the basis for the confusion which has arisen concerning CPVC determination from oil absorption and/or particle size distribution methods. Many practical coatings vehicles in use, fortuitously, have three- dimensional solubility parameters which, more or less, closely match those of the polar pigment surfaces most generally employed. Polar, nonpolar, and hydrogen bonding characteristics of vehicle and pigment are not too dissimilar, which leads to a high degree of dispersion and the concogmitant relatively high CPVC's or the UPVC's associated with close packing of the pigment particles.

However, this need not be necessarily so. Thus, the experimental conditions of the cited model,

TiO, dispersion in white mineral oil, were purposely chosen to give a considerable mismatch to the dispersion and solubility parameter characteristics, respectively, of the pigment and suspending liquid.

The pigment surface of the TiO, is crystalline and highly polar; the vehicle is hydrocarbon-like and consequently highly nonpolar. As a consequence, a considerable degree of agglomeration of the pigment was expected and, of course, found.

A highly agglomerated pigment structure in a coatings composition is usually undesirable, as is, often, too high a degree of dispersion.

It is, consequently, to the formulator's interest to be able to electively and predictably change this situation to his maximum advantage from the standpoint of over-

all coatings performance. The methods of accomplish- ing this, and the coatings performance characteristics to be exbected in the areas of manufacturing ease, application properties, and final performance Eharac- teristics, have generally not been extensively explored, and consequently only little understood.

ROLE OF WElllNG AGENTS It has long been known that a prime method for

dispersing a highly agglomerated pigment system is by use of surface active materials-the wetting, dispersing, or flow agents. Unfortunately, this has been accomplished by trial-and-error methods since no scien- tifically valid method has, so far, been found where the type and quantity of surface active agent can be predicted and calculated for any arbitrary pigment particles or vehicles which might be chosen.

The use of the three-dimensional solubility and dispersion parameter concepts will allow considerable insights into this perplexing problem.

What is required of the surfactant molecule is obviously that:

(1) The "headw* must match the dispersion parameter of the solid surface.

(2) The "tailw* must match the solubility parameter of the vehicle.

(3) The two molecular ends, "head" and "tail", must be held together by physico-chemical forces such as chemical, ionic, or other reasonably strong bonds.

Since the three-dimensional solubility parameter for organic molecules can now be more or less accurately calculated from their structure alone, it is obvious that much progress is possible in reducing the time consum- ing and trial-and-error methods presently required to find the "proper" surfactant molecule or molecule combinations to effect efficient and controlled dispersion of pigment particles in coatings vehicles.

The concepts will also, of course, apply to foaming, anti-foaming, flotation, etc. where surfactants play a major role in the success or failure of the process.

The above is predicated on rather complicated surface energetic concepts. The overall results, however, can be described in a rather simple model.

INTERPARTICLE FORCES IN NON-AQUEOUS MEDIA

It is well recognized that universal attractive forces exist between all atoms as the result of the van der Waals and/or London dispersion forces. Other types of forces exist also, such as between molecules with permanent dipoles, etc.

For the case of two solid spherical particles of radius r with the shortest distance between their surfaces d, Hamaker12 has derived the relationship between r and d, and the attractive potential VA as:

VA = -Ar/lZd (1)

'Iheterm"head" isusually applicdtothat endufthc molcculc whchadrorbr.oraltacho tothr qoltd surfacesvchs~ thcp8gmrn1 The term 'tail" isusually apploed lo [hat cnd oirhe molecule which is compatible wllh the liquid.


W.K. ASBECK

Flgum Wlgment partick and dlapemlng molecules

for the condition that r is much greater than d. Here, A is a constant.

Differentiation of this relationship gives the attractive force between two spheres:

FA = Ar/lMP (2) If the effective range of the van der Waals forces are

taken to be in the order of 10-6cm, the result of two particles approaching each other to within this distance will depend on the presence and magnitude of any repulsive forces, v,, present.

The total interparticle force is then obviously VT = VR - VA (3)

and a plot of this value against d will give a curve from which the attractive or repulsive properties of the two particles can be deduced. If the potential maximum is greater than kT, where k is Boltzman's Constant and T is absolute temperature, the pair will be unable to a p proach nearer than the position of this maximum. If it is less than kT, the two particles will become a stable pair at the corresponding distance of separation.

Two main mechanisms of repulsion or stabilization for particulate systems are recognized, they are: (1) Electrical interaction, and (2) Steric hindrance of adsorbed molecules.

We do not propose to go into the more or less complicated details of the exact mechanism of stabilization brought about by either of these approaches.

The point to be made here is that dispersions of fine particles in liquids have an overriding tendency to agglomerate unless they are stabilized by molecules which "compatibalize" the particle surfaces with that of the liquid.

This can be accomplished, as has already been stated, by use of "wetting agents", ionic or nonionic, wherever these types of molecules do not occur in the natural state, either within the liquid or naturally introduced by the solids.

Where a "natural" match between the particle's and suspending liquid's three-dimensional dispersion1 solubility parameter is not present, the special wetting agents, one end of which matches the values of the pigment surface, the other the liquid, can be introduced. These amphoteric molecules adsorb on the pigment surfaces in such a way that they may be considered to "hide" the pigment surfaces from the liquid.

When enough of such molecules are present to completely cover the surfaces of all the individual particles present, it is obvious that monodispersion of the particles results. What, however, is the picture when an insufficient quantity of such molecules is present to satisfy completely the surface area requirements of the pigment?

DISPERSING AIDS AND AGGLOMERATE SIZE The situation can be depicted roughly as shown in

Figure 3. In this instance the dispersing molecules substantially cover the surfaces of each pigment particle and the surface energy relationships might be naively described such that the liquid "does not know that the solid particles are present."

When no molecules of such a dispersing nature are present, or only in insufficient quantity to cover completely the surfaces of all the particles, the situation as shown in Figure 4 results. The figure shows the pigment particles, some surfaces of which are partly covered with adsorbed dispersing molecules, others having no such molecules adsorbed, during the "grinding" or "stirring-in" process. As soon as external agitation ceases, Brownian motion haphazardly brings the particles closely enough together so that they may touch. If

1 1

Flgum 4-Pigment particles with I~ufficlent number d dlrpmlng molecules


DISPERSION AND AGGLOMERATION: EFFECTS ON COATINGS

repulsion forces, due to the presence of the amphoteric wetting agent molecules, happen to be present in the areas of nearest approach of the particles, they will not become permanently attached to each other. Where this is not the case, they will become permanent pairs.

It should be noted that the dispersing molecules are not bound to any particular spot on the pigment surfaces. Rather, a dynamic equilibrium exists at any time between those molecules adsorbed on the surfaces and those in solution in the bulk of the suspending liquid.

When the agglomeration process, due to the Brown- ian motion imparted to the molecules, has reached its final stage, a situation as shown in Figure 4(B) will result. Here, all those particles which do not have wetting agent molecules adsorbed will try to "hide" from the liquid by crowding into the interior of the agglomerate of particles, whereas those with these molecules adsorbed will show those portions of their surfaces to the liquid vehicle.

The wetting agent molecules can be thought of as forming a "skin" around the agglomerate. This simple concept opens numerous interesting insights to the behavior of particulate dispersions.

AGGLOMERATE BEHAVIOR

For instance, the reasons for the high degree of agglomerate size uniformity within a dispersion of the same type of pigment becomes immediately apparent. Because of the principle of the conservation of energy, if small particles would coexist in the presence of larger agglomerates, they would require a disproportionately large number of the limited number of the dispersing molecules present: They would "rob" the larger agglomerates of their share of these molecules. The equilibrium condition then tends toward a uniform agglomerate size where each unit of clustered particles has its fair share of dispersing molecules, commensurate with the total area that these molecules can cover.

An important variation of these concepts also readily explains the frequent lack of color development shown by the "rub-up" test in formulations requiring, for instance, a combination of hiding, extender, and colored pigments.

The surface characteristics of these three types of pigment particles need not necessarily be similar. In fact, particularly, the organic type colored pigments may have relatively highly hydrocarbon-like surfaces in contrast to the inorganic pigments such as TiOz and the extenders which are usually polar.in nature. From the three-dimensional solubility parameter concept standpoint, a sufficient number of wetting agent molecules, of the type to compatibalize the inorganic pigments, may well be present in the vehicle to lend a high degree of dispersion to these pigments. However, a different type of molecular configuration in the "head" of the dispersing molecule may well be required to fullill the surface energy requirements and adsorb on the colored pigment. This may not be present in the particular quantities required to disperse these colored pigments fully. Consequently, agglomerates

Flgun SAgglomorate dze d e p e n d ~ ~ ~ ~ on added surfactant.

will be formed in conformance with the above concepts. This results in the inferior color development found, despite the fact that the other pigment types may be well-dispersed.

The more the pigment surfaces deviate from each other in the three-dimensional dispersion parameter, the more likely it is that this phenomenon will occur.

Systems of small particles with the same surface characteristics as systems of larger ones will require more of the presence of a specitic wetting agent. The extra amount required will be proportional to the sum of their surface areas or the reciprocal of their diameters.

Thus, a given pigment suspended in a given vehicle may be well dispersed. A smaller average particle size version of this same pigment, say, one-half as large, in the same vehicle may show agglomeration, because twice as much wetting agent is required to bring these particles to a state of comparable dispersion for agiven total concentration.

This also indicates why pigments used as flow control agents to impart rheological structure must be very small to function effectively as agglomerate-type structures.

Many examples of this type can be cited where the above concepts will allow at least a qualitative, if not, indeed, a quantitative rationalization of the gross behavior of pigment dispersions.

WElllNG AGENTS AND AGGLOMERATE SIZE

If the concept of the ''skin'' formation of the wetting agent molecules is correct, a quantitative relationship should exist between the amount of wetting agent present, the relative surface area of the agglomerate, and the relative agglomerate size.

From basic considerations, the surface area covered by the dispersing molecules should be directly proportional to the amount present, as should the recipro-


W.K. ASBECK

Figure 6delatIve hydraulic volume

cal of the agglomerate size for a given concentration of the pigments.

Figure 5 shows the reciprocal of the agglomerate size plotted against a quantity of wetting agent as taken from the experimental values in Table 2.

Good fits are found. The proportionality constant is obviously the surface area of the pigment which can be covered by a given quantity of wetting agent.

It is interesting to note that about 0.25% of "native" wetting agent was already present in the TiOdwhite mineral oil combination despite the fact that the surface characteristics of this system were chosen to be as different as possible.

AGGLOMERATE SIZE AND CPVC

It was already demonstrated in the original paper on CPVC that a relationship exists between the degree of dispersion of the pigment particles and the value of the CPVC. When the pigment particles are completely dispersed to a monodispersed state, the highest CPVC, or the Ultimate CPVC (UPVC) is attained for that particular pigment system. Only the value of the UPVC can be determined by particle size distribution and shape alone.

However, if the pigment particles are agglomerated, because the solubility and dispersion parameters of vehicle and pigment are mismatched causing in- complete dispersion, the packing volume per unit volume of pigment is invariably found to be higher and, correspondingly, the CPVC is lower.

A theoretically valid relationship between the degree of pigment dispersion and CPVC has never been established.

However, a simple model shows considerable prom- ise for calculating the CPVCIagglomerate size relation-

This is based on the concept of the relative expanded volume occupied by the agglomerated "clumps" of particles above and beyond that occupied by the well- dispersed particles alone.

Consider Figure 6 where a more or less spherical agglomerate of a large number of individual particles is shown. It is obvious that the hydraulic volume occupied by the agglomerate is not that of the spheroid, but that shown by the dotted line drawn through the approximate center of the outermost layer of particles. The relative hydraulic volume thus indicated is then:

where D is the outside diameter of the agglomerate and d is the diameter of the average individual particle. k, is a constant representing the degree of packing of the agglomerated particles.

The hydrodynamic increase in volume over the volume occupied by the individual particles alone at the UPVC is then the ratio of the apparent volume of the agglomerate to the true volume, or:

D D d UPVC-CPVC = kl (--I?,( - y = kl (1 - - )r (9 UPVC d d D

Futhermore, if it can be assumed that the packing of the individual particles within the agglomerate is very nearly equal to, or equal to, the packing that the particles would assume at the Ultimate PVC, k, becomes

and the very simple relationship that results is: IJPVC

CPVC - 1 1- -- - d UPVC UPVC

(1- -Y D

(a)

The validity of this relationship can be readily tested with the data of Tables 1 and 2. A plot of one minus the reciprocal of the relative agglomerate size quantity cubed against the CPVC, both values as measured,

1

should result in a straight line with intercept upvc on d

the (1 - -)3 D axis and intercept UPVC on the CPVC

o a .2 .3 A .s C PVC-

Figure 7-CPVC dependence on agglomerate size ship.

66 Journal of Coatings Technolog%

'ERSION AND AGGLOMERATION: ERECTS ON COATINGS

Flgum 8-Agglomerated particle wspeded In unlt shear fldd

axis. This is true to a very good degree and is shown in Figure 7.

It, thus, becomes possible to calculate what the agglomerate size will be for any CPVC, or vice versa, knowing the value of the UPVC alone.

AGGLOMERATE SIZE AND FLOW PROPERTIES

It is most apparent, from observing Figure 1, that the degree of agglomeration, or dispersion, of the pigment particles in the white mineral oil has a major effect on the rheology of the system. Whereas the one sample shows considerable flow, the other literally "stands" by itself. Yet, as already pointed out, the only difference between these samples is the amount of surfactant present.

These large differences in flow properties at zero, or very low shear stresses, are obviously caused by the dispersion characteristics of the pigment.

No theoretically valid, quantitative relationship between, for instance, the degree of agglomeration of a dispersed system and its rheological behavior has, so far, ever succeeded. However, a rather simple model seems to allow the shedding of considerable light on this problem.

Consider an agglomerated particle, as shown in Fig- ure 8, suspended in a unit shear field.

The uniishear stress T , required to break the agglomerate is proportional to the number of pairs of individual particles across the major cross sectional area parallel to the shear field, the sum of the forces of attraction between these individual particles, and the concentration of such agglomerates in the unit shear field or:

where ( D- 1) is the reduced relative hydraulic diam- d

eter of the agglomerate, f A is the force of attraction per unit area between the sum of the individual particles in the agglomerate, and +(c) is a function of the concentration. Furthermore:

where fa is the average force of attraction between any pair of average particles.

To reduce this to the terms of agglomerate size (diameter), it is only necessary to take the square root of both sides of this equation and

But by definition: TAln = 9111 (10)

where 71, is the wnbibution to the viscosity caused by the break-up of the agglomerates and 9 is the shear rate, then:

A plot of qA1" against 1/7"2 should result in a straight line with intercept on the qA1'2 axis equal to the viscosity of the system when all the forces of agglomeration have been overcome and only that viscosity due to tHe presence of the individual particles in a state of monodispersion remains. The latter can be designated as q..''*, the residual viscosity at infinite shear rate.

The viscosity of the system is then the sum of the individual viscosity contributions:

ql!2 = qml'= + ?)*In (12)

The slope of the curve is equal to: D

Slope .= T ~ " ' = (T - I ) fA"' +(c)"' (13)

The concentration function 4 (c)lBcan be most easily evaluated in terms of the viscosity at infinite shear rate, qm1I2 where the particles are monodisperse.

A situation filling this relationship has been derived

Figure 9-Rheologlcal structure dependence on shear rate


W.K. ASBECK

on a fundamental basis from a simple cell model and will be published elsewhere.13 It is of the form:

where go is the Newtonian viscosity of the supernatant liquid, c is the percent by volume of the suspended, monodisperse particles, U,is a rheological packing factor which is very nearly equal to the Ultimate Pigment Volume Concentration for particles in the monodisperse state, and r is a shape factor which, for most of the spherical or nearly spherical pigment particles generally used in paints, approaches the ratio of the area of a circle within a circumscribed square or:

When the concentration of particles is zero, the residual viscosity is obviously that of the supernatant liquid or 70 .

The concentration function in terms of the reduced equivalent rheological values then simply becomes

which is again equal to:

The overall relationship between the viscosity of a dispersion of agglomerated particles suspended in a Newtonian liquid then becomes:

T A ' I 2 ,,If2 = ,,ml'z + (-1

9

where: ,,,112 = ,,01r2 (1 + Z ) ~ I Z

and:

The first equation has the same form as the semiem- pirical equation proposed by Casson.14 The equation in this form has been substantiated with a considerable amount of practical data.

The formally derived Casson equation has, however, Droven to be of little value since the unrealistic assuma- tions were made that the agglomerated particles consist of rod-like clusters, and that these rods can pack so tightly that their CPVC will be equal to loo%, signifying that no liquids will normally remain within the tightly packed agglomerate. Both these assumptions are, of course, incorrect and do not conform to the obvious conditions. Consequently, the Casson derivation does

not give valid insight into the behavior of dispersed rheological systems.

In contrast, all of the factors required to predict the shear rate sensitive viscosity of any dispersion in a Newtonian liquid in the above equations are either known or can be measured independently. Thus: go, the viscosity of the canier liquid, can be readily measured, as can be U,, whichis very nearly equal to the UPVC. For most pigments used in coatings, r is equal to, or very nearly equal to, ~ 1 4 . The relative agglomerate size,

D (- -1) , can be measured by permeation, sedimenta-

d

tion, or other means and the force of attraction between the particles, f,, can be measured in terms of the yield value at the CPVC.

Conversely, the force of attraction between the individual particles making up an agglomerate can now, for the first time, be measured directly by rheological means alone.

A number of significant conclusions which have major implications in determining the application and manufacturing characteristics of coatings compositions can be drawn from the above model.

Thus, only the pigment concentration by volume, the packing and shape factors of the pigment, the degree of dispersion of the individual particles in terms of relative agglomerate size, the force of attraction between the pigment particles, and the Newtonian viscosity of the suspending liquid play a role in determining the shear dependent viscosity of a solution coatings system. All other factors are incidental.

Increasing shear rate more and more breaks up the agglomerated particles until, at "infinite" shear rate, the particles exist in a state of monodispersion as long as the shear field is maintained. At this point, they behave identically to a system which has been brought to the same state of monodispersion by the use of the proper amount and type of wetting agent alone.

The latter, however, is a permanent condition, whereas in the former case, upon cessation of the shear stress, the particles rapidly revert to their maximum equilibrium degree of agglomeration.

The equation can be readily checked with available data. Thus, the shear rate dependent viscosity measured on the samples of Tables 1 and 2, when plotted as q1I2 again ? - I e should all lie on straight lines which all intersect the gIi2 axis at the same point and have siopes proportional to the reduced relative hydraulic agglom-

U erate size, (-- 1). d

This is shown inFigure 9. At "infinite" shear rate, all the rheological structure has been eliminated and the agglomerates are broken down to a level of viscosity which is the same as the Newtonian viscosity measured for the sample with 3% added surfactant.

A plot of the shear stress, rA1'* as measured, against

D the reduced relative agglomerate size, (- - 1) , should d

Journal of Coatings Technology d


Flgure lO-Rhaologlcal shuclum dependence on egglomerate size

also give a straight line proportional to the force of attraction between the particles, fA1I2 times the concentration function. Since 7,' and q,112 are measured and known, respectively, the force of attraction between the particles can be calculated.

Figure 10 shows such a plot, and from the slope, the value off, is calculated to be 0.41 dynes cm2. Fur- thermore, if the average diameter of the individual particles is taken as about 0 . 1 8 ~ (from the supplier data), the attraction between two pigment particles of this particular Ti02 suspended in this particular liquid are calculated to be 1.26 x dynes per pair of particles. Both values appear to be quite reasonable.

The concentration dependence of the relationship can be checked with data obtained on samples of the same rheological system made up at different concentrations. Typically, this is accomplished by diluting a sample of, for instance, a given paint with the same vehicle including the solvent used initially.

Figure I I shows such a plot for a commercial one coat oil-based house paint. Again, straight lines are to

COMMERCIAL ONE COAT

5 HOUSE PAINT

Figure 11--Concentration dependence of a commercial olb based house paint

COMMERCIAL ONE COAT HOUSE PAINT

be expected in a plot of q1I2 vs (1 1 and these are found to a good degree.

Further, from equations (18), it can be predicted that a continuation of the curves through the viscosity axis should make all the various concentration values intersect at one point on the qd j2 projection. The value of this line length to the zero coordinate of the(1 I q)112 plot is equal to q,'" divided by the reduced hydraulic

D relative agglomerate size ( - - 1) times fAi 12.

d The data plots out as required, as shown in Figure 12.

LATEX SYSTEMS All the above has dealt exclusively with dispersions

of fine particles in Newtonian liquids, such as would be represented by the typical oil paints or, generally, those made with water soluble film forming resins of relatively low molecular weights.

Latex systems present a different picture. Because of the fact that latex particles intended for trade sales application are designed to coalesce at room temperature, every effort is made to keep them in the monodispersed condition. Any agglomeration will result in permanent attachments to each other, resulting ultimately in complete coagulation.

Similarly, the addition of pigments to the latex must guard against destabilizing the latex. From the above discussion on the effects of the auantity of surfactant present in causing agglomerationlit is obvious that the s im~le way to avoid coagulation of the latex is to assure thai sufficient surfactant is introduced into the system with the addition of the pigment so that the latex particles are not "robbed" of this material.

Sufficient surfactant is consequently added to the system to assure that the pigment is brought toa stateof monodispersion.

This means that the CPVC is usually equal to or very close to the UPVC.


W.K. ASBECK

Likewise, it means that the latexlpigrnent mixture suspended in water alone is essentially Newtonian in nature. Usually this results in paints which are too "thin" for practical use.

This problem has traditionally been overcome by the use of small quantities of high molecular weight water- soluble polymer, the thickening agents.

Because of the fundamentally diierent conditions prevailing in latex systems in contrast to "oil" paint systems, the rheology is also substantially diierent. The why and how of this are explained in a separate paper.I3

CONCLUSIONS It is apparent from the preceding, that agglomeration

of the pigment particles in a given coatings system can cause far reaching differences in behavior compared to the same system of particles in the monodispersed state.

"Wet" behavior is characterized by increases in low shear viscosity. This can profoundly effect both the manufacturing and application properties. "Dry" behavior is also strongly influenced since the

CPVC of the given system can be markedly reduced by agglomeration of the pigment particles.

Control of dispersion or agglomeration can be ef- fected by choice of the three-dimensional solubility and dispersion parameters of vehicle and pigment, respectively. Use of the proper type of wetting agent, the parts of which, "head" and "tail", satisfy the energetic requirementsofpigment surfaceandvehicle,cancontrol

the degree of dispersion of pigment in a given coatings formulation.

The new concepts allow a quantitative description of the nature of agglomeration and dispersion and the calculation of the effects on the important coatings characteristics, CPVC and flow behavior.

This understanding should materially aid the formulator to take maximum advantage of his raw materials and to optimize his coatings performance properties in minimum time.

References (1) Long, J.S., Oficial DIGEST, 26, No. 358, 989 (1954). (2) Van Loo, M., Oficinl DIGEST, 28, NO. 383, 1126 (1956). (3) Steig, F.B., JOURNAL OF PAINTTECHNOLOGY, 39. NO. 515,701

(1%7). (4) Asbeck, W.K. and Van Loo, M., Ind. Eng. Chem., 41, 1470

(1949). (5) Asbeck, W.K., Q@ciul h o e m , 36. No. 472,529 (1%4). (6) Asbeck, W.K., Oficial DIGEST, 33, No. 432, 65 (I%]). (7) Om, C., Jr. andDallavalle, J.M., "FineParticle Measurement,"

The MacMiIlan Co., New York, N.Y., 1960. (8) Hansen, C.M., "The Three-Dimensional Solubility Wrameter

and Solvent Diffusion Coefficient," Danish Technical h s s , Copenhagen, Denmark, 1%7.

(9) Hoy, K.L., "Tables of Solubility Parameters," Union Carbide Corp., Chemicals and Plastics, R&D Dept., South Charleston, W. Va., July 21, 1%9.

(10) Hansen, C.M., JOURNAL OF PAINT TECHNOLOGY, 39, NO. 51 1, 505 (1967). Hansen, C.M. and Skaarup, K., ibid., p 511.

(1 I) Small, P.A., J. Appl. Chem., 3, 71 (1953). (12) Hamaker, I., Physics, 4, 1058 (1937). (13) Asbeck, W.K., J . Soc. Rheol., to be published. (14) Casson, N., "Rheology of Disperse Systems," Mill, C.C.,

Editor, Pergamon Press, New York, N.Y., pp 84-104, 1959.

ERRATA Reference 3 of the article by W. J. Blank, appearing on page 590f

the August JCT, is in error. Reference 3 should read: U.S. Patent 3,%0,983,3,959,202. The JOURNAL OF COATINGS TECHNOLOGY sincerely regrets this error.


Electron Microscopy Of Epoxy ü at exes - And Their Films

M.S. El-Aasser, J.W. Vanderhoff, S.C. Misra, and J.A. Manson Lehigh University'

The particle size and size distribution of Epon' 1001 and VersamidQ 115 latexes were determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) using the cold stage technique to prevent deformation of the particles upon drying. Epon 1001 latex particles were also "hardened" in emulsion by addition of a low-molecular-weight soluble amine (ethylene diamine). The particle size of the Epon 1001 latex was found to be in the range 20-200 nm; that of Versamid 115 latex was found to be in the range of 20- 30 nm.

The phenomena of "further gradual coalescence," which had been shown to take place in films of styrene- butadiene copolymer latexes as a result of "autohesion." was studied in epoxy films dried from a stoichiometric Epon 1001-Versamid 115 mixture. Surface replicas and stained microtomed sections of the films were studied by transmission electron microscopy, and the surface morphology before and after solvent extraction (to remove uncured polymer) was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

Further gradual coalescence was found to take place in the epoxy films (i.e., the particle contours disappeared) over a period of 15 days. However, the addition of Bis- phenol A to the Epon 1001, or Dion* DPM-3-800-LC to the Versamid 115, which increase the rate of the reaction between the epoxide and amine groups, resulted in the formation of a crosslinked interfacial layer that hindered the further gradual coalescence of the Epon 1001 and Versamid 115 particles.

INTRODUCTION

Synthetic polymer latexes comprise spherical particles of polymer colloidally suspended in water. The particle size and particle size distribution of the latex determine its physico-chemical properties and as a result are considered to be the key parameters in many applications. Most latex systems of practical importance have particle diameters in the range 350-200 nm.

Various methods can be used to determine the particle size of latex systems.' However, electron micros-

copy is the only method which allows visual inspection and determination of particle size and size distribution by direct measurement of individual particles. The sample preparation is relatively simple, but for "soft" latex particles (low T$ which are liable to deform during drying or upon heating in the electron beam, special sample preparation methods are required to "harden" the particles. Among the methods used to harden soft latex particles are b romina t i~n ,~ ,~ irradiation with high-energy electrons,' staining with uranyl a ~ e t a t e , ~ or osmium te t r~x ide ,~ and freeze-etching5 A method which can be used to harden epoxy latex particles using a soluble amine compound is reported in this paper.

In most applications, the latexes must be film- forming, i.e., the polymer particles must coalesce and lose their identity upon drying; the fdms must be coher- ent and tough, and must adhere well to the substrate. The process of film formation upon drying is considered to proceed in two steps: the initiation and propagation of coalescence; and the consolidation of the film s t ruc t~re .~

The initiation of coalescence between particles at small distances is postulated to result from capillary forces arising from the water-air interfacial t e n s i ~ n . ~ The propagation of coalescence to completion is postulated to result from interfacial forces arising from the polymer-water interfacial tension and com- plemented by the capillary forces, which decrease the overall interfacial area by eliminating the particle individuality .8*10

The consblidation of the film structure with its con- sequent improvement in mechanical properties requires that the polymer molecules diffuse from one particle to the other.'' This phenomenon of polymer diffusion after coalescence of the latex particles is a time-dependent process and is known as "further gradual coales~ence."'~ The rate of its occurrence is a function of molecular weight and structure of the polymer,1° presence of plasticizer^,'^ and temperature of drvine;.13

Repented by Mr. EI-AWSC~ ntamectingofthe Rubber Div.. Ameliun chcdenl Society ~t has been found experimentally that the tendency of in Chiw. IU.. May 3-7. 1977. and is published with Ule prmiasion ofthe ACS.

.EmulsimPolymenIasti hlteuldMn t~sRercMhCenltr,SioclnirLPbwstay,B~B, latex to form a continuous film increases with increas-

17. Bethlehem. en. 18015. ing temperature during the filming formation of

Vol. 49, No. 635, December 1977 71

M.S. EL-AASSER, J.W. VANDERHOFF, S.C. MISRA, and J.A. MANSON

to study the further gradual coalescence of styrene- butadiene copolymer (60:40) latex fdms, which was found to take place both in air and under water. In all these studies, the further gradual coalescence was studied in films dried from a single "fully cured" or unreac- dve latex. The purpose of this paper is to describe a recent investigation15 of films dried from two- component aqueous latex systems such as epoxy resin-curing agent latex mixtures, in which SEM and TEM, coupled with several sample preparation techniques, was used to show that the further gradual coalescence is different from that of the one-component fully-cured latex systems.

EXPERIMENTAL

Preparation of the Latex System 1

Four latex systems were prepared by direct emulsifi- - cation of the corresponding solution of the following

Figure I-Transmlsslon electron micrographs of a platinum- shadowed dispersion of aqueous Epon 1001 latex: (A) before curing with ethylene dlamlne; (8) cured with ethylene diamine

polyvinyl toluene latex13 and increasing plasticizer concentration in vinyl chloride-vinylidene chloride copolymer (7925) latex12 as well as decreasing molecular weight of styrene-butadiene copolymer (6935) latex.1° On the other hand, increasing the crosslinking of the styrene-butadiene copolymer (65:35) latex results in retardation of the further gradual coalescence process.1° These results were explained on the basis that the increase in temperature, the addition of plasticizer, and the lowering of molecular weight of the polymer result in decreasing the viscosity of the latex particles, thus decreasing the resistance of the latex particles to deformation. On the other hand, the increase in the crosslinking of the polymer increases the viscosity of the particles, decreasing the rate of further gradual coalescence of latex films.

In the foregoing investigations, TEM of film replicas was used to study the further gradual coalescence. Re- cently, SEM technique of brominated films" was used

resins: Epon 1001 epoxy resin (a solid at room temperature with an epoxide equivalent of 45Ll550); Versamid 115 curing agent (a high-viscosity [31-38 poise Brook- field at 75" C] condensation product of apolyamine and a dibasic acid with an amine value of 230-246); a 2:l Versamid 115-Dion DPM-3-800 polymercaptan mixture (a mercaptan-terminated polymer of high viscosity [15,000 cps], which is reported to cure epoxy systems rapidly in combination with selected amines); and a 96:4 Epon 1001-Bisphenol-A mixture (it has been reported'* that traces of Bisphenol A[4,4' isopropylidene diphenyl] form hydrogen bonds between the epoxy and phenolic hydroxyl groups, thus assisting in the opening of the epoxy ring structure in the presence of amine curing agents).

The emulsification procedure used for the preparation of the latex systems was based on the earlier development of the mixed emulsifier system,16 which gives stable styrene emulsion droplets of about 200 nm diameter. The ~re~ara t ion of the aaueous cationic eDoxv . , resin and Euriig agent latexes i; comprised of dissolv- ing the resin in a water-immiscible solvent, adding the solution to an aqueous solution of the mixed emulsifier system (hexadecyltrimethyammonium bromide emulsifier plus a co-emulsifier) to form a crude emulsion, and homogenizing by using the Manton-Gaulin Sub- micron Disperser. The emulsions produced were stable when subjected to steam stripping under vacuum to remove the solvents. The solids contents of the latexes after stripping were adjusted to about 40% for the Epon 1001 and (96:4) Epon 1001-Bisphenol A latexes and about 15% for the Versamid 115 and Versamid 115- Dion DPM latexes. The four latexes remained stable when stored for more than two years, with no signs of flocculation or phase separation.

Determination of Latex Particle Size Distribution

The soft Epon 1001 latex particles (Figure 1-A) require hardening for examination under the electron

Epan is a registered trademark of SheU Chemical Co. Versamid is a registered trademark of General Mills Chemical Co. Dion is a registered trademark of Diamond Shamrock Chemical Ca


ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF EPOXY LATEXES AND THEIR FILMS

microscope without deformation. Consequently, the aqueous Epon 1001 latex was diluted to 0.1% with distilled water, mixed with a few drops of 20% aqueous ethylene diamine, and heated for 16 hr at 60' C. An electron microscope specimen was prepared in the usual way and shadowed by evaporation of platinum under vacuum. Examination of this specimen in the transmission electron microscope showed discrete particles of 30-200 nm diameter (Figure I-B), which, from the length of their shadows, appeared to be coalesced with the substrate only slightly, if at all.

The particle size distribution of the Epon 1001 latex and Versamid 115 latex was also examined by the transmission electron microscope and the cold stage, as shown in Figures 2-A and 2-B, respectively. For the cold stage, the latex was diluted toabout 10ppm; adrop of the dispersion was placed on a specimen substrate, frozen, and placed on the cold stage in the electron microscope; the water was then sublimed off while keeping the sample frozen, to prevent the deformation of the particles that occurs when the aqueous dispersion is dried at room temperature.

Film Formation Of Epoxy Resin-Curing Agent Latex Mixtures

The epoxy resin and curing agent latexes were mixed in stoichiometric proportions and allowed to stand for a few minutes toallow entrapped air bubbles to rise to the surface. Then, afilm of the mixed latexes was cast on a glass slide and allowed to dry at the desired temperature, and for the desired length of time. Before film casting, the slide was sprayed with Epoxy Parafilm mold release to facilitate the removal of the cured film.

Replication of Latex Film Surface

Two-step carbon-platinum replicas of dried latex films were made in the following way. A drop of 10% aqueous polyvinyl alcohol.solution was applied to the film and allowed to dry for three hours at room temperature; it was then stripped off, replicated by evaporation of carbon under vacuum (3 x Torr), and shadowed with platinum. The polyvinyl alcohol replicas were dissolved by immersion in water, and the carbon-platinum replicas were picked up on electron microscope specimen substrate, dried, and examined in the electron microscope.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The electron microscope is widely used to determine

the particle size of latexes as well as to investigate the morphological properties of their films. The key factor in the success of such application of electron microscopy to soft polymeric latexes is the sample preparation.

Particle Size and Size Distribution

Particles of film-forming latexes deform and coalesce with the substrate upon drying, and their images in the

r-' , lpm , . r * Ae 1

Figure 2--Cold stage-transmission electron micrographs of dl- luted aqueous dispersions of: (A) Epon 1001 latex; (0) Vemmld 115 latex; (C) a stoichiometric mixture of Epon 1001-Versamid

115 latexes aged for 30 min at room temperature

electron microscope are larger than the original diameter of the undeformed spheres. A method of determination of the particle size of all film-forming latexes has been reported17 which is based on measuring the apparent diameter and shadow length of the deformed spheres and calculating the equivalent spherical diameter assuming that the configuration of the deformed particle is that of a spherical segment or an oblate spheroid.

An attempt was made to apply the foregoing method to measure the particle size of Epon 1001 latex. How- ever, upon preparing a sample of the Epon 1001 latex for examination in the transmission electron microscope, the particles coalesced completely with the substrate (Figure I-A) so that the above method could not be used.

Vol. 49, No. 635, December 1977 73

M.S. EL-AASSER, J.W. VANDERHOR, S.C. MISRA, and J.A. MANSON

Figure STransmIsslon electron micrograph of surface replicas of E ~ o n 1001-Versamld 115 fllrns cast immediately after rnlxlng and aged at rwm temperature for:'(^) 15 hr; (i3) 7.5 days; (C) 15 days. Films cast from latex mixture which had been allowed to stand at room temperature for one week and aaed at room

temperature for: (D) 7 days; (E) 15 days; (F) 33 days -

Consequently, a chemical reaction, which involves the curing of the epoxide groups in the Epon 1001 latex particles with an amine-containing compound, was used to harden the particles. Low-molecular-weight aqueous ethylene diamine was found to be suitable for hardening the Epon 1001 latex particles upon heating at 60" C for 16 hr. Presumably, the low molecular weight of the ethylene diamine facilitates its diffusion into the core of the Epon 1001 particles to cure particles completely. Examination of the chemically-hardened Epon 1001 latex particles in the transmission electron mi-

croscope showed discrete spheres of 3@200 nm diameter (Figure 1-B).

Hardening of the Epon 1001 latex particles was also accomplished by examining the diluted latex in the transmission electron microscope on the cold stage (Figure 2-A); the appearance of the particles is similar to that of the chemically-hardened particles. Examina- tion of the Versamid 115 latex using the transmission electron microscope-cold stage technique showed that the Versamid 115 particles are discrete spheres of 20-30 nm diameter connected with strands of amorphous

Journal of Coatings Technology -


polymer or coalesced particles of even smaller size (Figure 2-B). This morphology is consistent with the visual observation of the decrease in opacity and increase in viscosity of Versamid 115 latexes after preparation, which suggests that the dispersed polymer undergoes solubilization.

The first step in casting a two-component film is to mix the stoichiometric proportions of the Epon 1001 and Versamid 115 latexes. The viscosity of this mixture decreased visibly when stored in a closed container for one week at room temperature. If the Epon 1001 and Versamid 115 latex particles were stable, and if those prepolymers were completely insoluble in water, such mixed emulsions should remain stable indefinitely, without curing. However, examination of a diluted sample of the Epon 1001-Versamid 115 mixed latexes, using the transmission electron microscope-cold stage technique, shows that after 30 min at room temperature the Versamid 115 particles have clustered around the Epon 1001 particles, forming agglomerates of several Epon 1001 particles held together with Versamid 115 particles (Figure 2-C), thus increasing the particle size of the latex system. The increase in particle size would account for the decrease in viscosity of the latex mixture.

Further Gradual Coalescence in Latex Films

It was shown earlier that upon drying, films of one- component unreactive or fully-cured latex systems, such as styrene-butadiene copolymer (67:33) latex, showed deformed-particle contours which slowly disappeared upon aging at room temperature. This process, which is called further gradual coalescence and is due to autohesion," was investigated by examination of the dried latex films by the TEM-replication tech- niq~e'@.'*.'~ and the SEM-bromination technique.14

The film formation from a two-component reactive latex system, such as the Epon 1001-Versamid 115latex mixture, is complicated in comparison to that from the styrene-butadiene copolymer latex films because of the concurrent occurrence of the further gradual coalescence and the chemical reaction of the epoxide groups with the amine groups. The following three-stage mechanism is proposed for the drying of films from a two-component, reactive, Epon 1001-Versamid 115 latex mixture: (1) physical contact between Epon 1001 and Versamid 115 particles by coalescence during film formation; (2) reaction between Epon 1001 and the Versamid 115 to for m a crosslinked polymer networkat the interface between these particles; and (3) further curing of the Epon 1001 by diffusion of the Versamid 115 molecules through this crosslinked interface layer into the core of the Epon 1001 particles. The formation of a crosslinked layer between the coalesced Epon 1001 and Versamid 115 particles would slow the diffusion of the Versamid 115 and, hence, the overall rate of curing.

The occurrence of further gradual coalescence in epoxy films dried from an aqueous mixture of Epon 1001-Versamid 1 15 latex system was investigated by the TEM-replication technique. Figures 3-A, 3-B, and 3-C show surface replicas of films dried from a fresh

Figure 4-Transmission electron micrographs of surface replicas of [(96:4) Epon 1001-Blsphenol A] - Versamid 115 films agedat room temperaturefor: (A)7 hr;(B) 1.5days;(C) 11.5days

Vol. 49, No. 635, December 1977 75

M.S. EL-AASSER, J.W. VANDERHOFF, S.C. MISRA, and J.A. MANSON

Figure %Transmission electron micrographs of microtomed sections of epoxy latex films stained with osmium tetroxide: (A) Epon 1001 - Versamid 115 combination; (El) [(96:4) Epon 1001 - Elisphenol

A] - Versamid 115 combination

Epon 1001-Versamid 115 latex mixture at room temperature after aging for 15 hr, 7.5 days, and 15 days, respectively. The particle contours in the film disappeared gradually, and after 15 days the film surface was relatively smooth. On the other hand, when the Epon 1001-Versamid 115 latex mixture was stored for one week and then a film cast, dried, and aged for up to 33 days at room temperature, the surface replicas show that the particle contours were observed at all aging times up to 33 days as shown in Figures 3-D, 3-E, and 3-F. Thus, one-week's aging in the aqueous phase before film casting resulted in premature curing of the particles, increasing the viscosity to the point where further gradual coalescence no longer occurred.

Similar film morphology was observed in films dried from the (Epon 1001-Bisphenol A)-Versamid 115 latex mixture, in which the particle contours persisted with only slight changes up to 11.5 days as shown in Figures

4-A, 4-B, and 4-C. In this case, the accelerated reaction between the epoxide and the amine groups, caused by the presence of Bisphenol A, resulted in the formation of a crosslinked interfacial layer which hindered further gradual coalescence of the dried film.

The internal structure of the dried epoxy films was investigated by examining microtomed sections of the films by TEM. The microtomed sections were stained with osmium tetroxide vapors. The osmium tetroxide adds to the residual double bonds of the polymer to give a dark electron-opaque appearance that is readily visible in the electron micro~cope.~ Since Versamid 115 has residual double bonds and Epon 1001 does not, the dark electron-opaque areas of the electron micrographs de- note regions rich in Versamid 115 (the residual unsatu- ration is not involved in the curing reaction of the epoxide groups and, therefore, should still remain in cured films). Microtomed sections of films (60 nm thickness) were cut using the Ultra-Microtome, mounted on electron microscope specimen substrate, and examined in the transmission electron microscope. Figures 5-A and 5-B show microtomed and stained sections of films dried from the Epon 1001-Versamid 115 and (Epon 1001-Bisphenol A)-Versamid 115 latex mixtures, respectively. Figure 5-A shows large regions of lighter E ~ o n 1001-rich material containing afew dark streaks of versamid 115-rich material as well as the spherical Epon 1001-rich particles dispersed in a Ver- samid 115-rich matrix. These large regions are attrib- uted to the curing that obliterates the particle bound- aries and renders the film more homogeneous. On the other hand, Figure 5-B shows more of the lighter spherical Epon 1001-rich particles dispersed in the darker Versamid 115-rich matrix indicating inhomogenity of the film. Thus, the Epon 1001 particles (Figure 5-A) coalesced to a greater extent giving uniform regions of coalesced Epon 1001 particles containing interspersed Versamid 115, while the Epon 1001 particles containing Bisphenol A (Figure 5-B) maintained their integrity, presumably because of excessive surface crosslinking which prevented further curing.

The morphology of the epoxy films was studied further by SEM of the surface of the dried films before and after solvent extraction. The dried epoxy films were extracted at -20' C with a relatively large volume of 1: 1 toluene-methvl isobutvl ketone mixture. The unreacted Epon 1001 and ~ersarkd-115 are soluble in this solvent mixture and consequently should be extracted from the film. The epoxy films were examined before and after solvent extraction by SEM to determine the degree of curing and coalescence. A portion of the film was mounted on a specimen stub, coated under vacuum with a thin film of evaporated carbon, and examined in the scanning electron microscope. Figures &A, 6-B, and 6-Cshow scanning electron micrographs of epoxy films before extraction, Figures 6-C, 6-D, and 6-E, the same films after extraction. For the Epon 1001- Versamid 115 combination (Figures 6-A and 6-D), the film surfaces were not smooth, but instead showed "pock marks" or depressions; there was little difference before and after solvent extraction, but the solvent-extracted sample showed a slightly greater sur-



Figure &Scanning electron micrographs of the surface of epoxy films: Epon 1001-Versamld 11 5: (A) before solvent extraction: ID\ after solvent extraction. 1196:41 E w n 1001 - Bis~henol Al - Versamid 115: (8) before ,-, . .~ ...- . .,- -~ , -r -

solvent extraction; (E) after solvent extraction. Epon 1001 - [(2:1) ~e&mld 115 - Dion DPwO~-~C]: (C) before solvent extraction; (F) after solvent extraction

Vol. 49, No. 635, December 1977 77

M.S. EL-AASSER, J.W. VANDERHOR. S.C. MISRA, and J.A. MANSON

face porosity. The (Epon 1001-Bisphenol A)-Versamid 115 combination showed many pock marks before extraction (Figure dB). These depressions were deep- ened and accentuated by solvent extraction (Figure 6-E), indicating that a relatively large proportion of uncured polymer was removed. The Epon 1001- (Versamid-Dion DPM-3-800-LC) combination showed clusters of large uncoalesced spheres embedded in a continuous film with some pock marks, crevices, and fissures (Figure 6-C). These large spheres were removed by solvent extraction, leaving many more pock marks and craters in the surface (Figure 6-F), indicating that once more the extraction removed a relatively large proportion of uncured polymer. The large particles in Figure 6-C are probably Epon 1001 particles, similar to those shown in the electron micrograph in Figure 2-C; apparently, the addition of Dion DPM-3- 800-LC to the Versamid 115 increases the size of some of the latex particles of the mixture to an extent where coalescence does not occur.

References (1) Collins, E.A., Davidson, J.A., and Daniels, C.A., JOURNALOF

PAINTTECHNOLOGY.~~, NO. 604, 35 (1975).

(2) Brown, W.E., J . Appl. Phys., 18, 273 (1947). (3) Maron, S.H., Moore, C., and Powell, A.S., J . Appl. Phys., 23.

900 (1952). (4) Bradford, E.B. and Vandhoff, J.W., J . Colloid Sci.. 14, 543

(1959). (5) Reed, R. and Barlow, J.R., J. Appl. Polymer Sci., 15, 1623

(1971). (6) Kato, K., J . Electronmicroscopy. 14,219(1%5); ibid., Polymer

Letters. 4, 35 ( 1 w ) . O Vanderhoff, J.W., Tarkowski, H.L., Jenkins, H.L., and Brad-

ford, E.B., J . Macromol. Chem., 1 , 361 (1966). (8) Brown, G.L., J . Polymer Sci., 22, 423 (1956). (9) Dillon, R.E., Matheson, L.A., and Bradford, E.B., J . Colloid

Sci.. 6. 108 (1951). (10) Bradford, E.B. and Vanderhoff, J.W., J . Macromol. Chem., I .

335 (1%). ... \ - - --,- (11) Voyutskii, S.S., J . Polymer Sci., 32, 528 (1958). (12) Bradford, E.B., J . Appl. Phys., 23, 609 (1952). (13) Hanson, W.A., Tabor, D.A., and Bradford, E.B., Znd. Eng.

Chem.. 45. 735 (1953). (14) El-Aasser, M.S. and Robertson, A.A., JOURNAL OF PAINT

TECHNOLOGY,~~, ,611 (1975). (15) Vanderhoff, J.W., El-Aasser, M.S., Manson, J.A., Poehlein,

G.W., Misra, S.C., Chou, Y.N., Confer, L.M., Scolere, J.P., and Earhart, K.A., unpublished research results, Lehigh Uni- versity, 1972-1976.

(16) Ugelstad, J., El-Aasser, M.S., and Vanderhoff, J.W., Polymer Letters. 11, 503 (1973).

(17) Bradford, E.B. and Vanderhoff, J.W., J. Colloid Sci., 17, 668 (1%2).

(18) Nagy, B., Adhesive Age. April (1x7).

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Exterior Durability Of Some Eastern Canadian Wood Species

Treated With Zinc Salts Allan J. Dolenko and Rarnan L. Desai

Canadian Forestry Service'

Boards of eastern white pine, eastern white spruce, and red pine were pressure-impregnated with an ammoniacal zinc salt-latex system and exposed outdoors at Ottawa for three years along with untreated western red cedar boards. Their performance was evaluated at different stages of weathering for general appearance and for dis- colorations arisina from fungal, extractive, and iron nail stains. The resulgindicatedihat the salt-latex treatment improved the performance of all the treated boards, and that red pine exhibited the greatest improvements. It has been shown that outdoor performance of less durable speciessuch as pines can be upgraded so asto becompa- rable with that of cedars.

INTRODUCTION

The widespread desire of architects, builders, and homeowners to retain the natural appearance of wood used outdoors has resulted in efforts to produce a durable, clear-gloss coating. These efforts have beenlargely unsuccessful. Even so, there is preference for the natural appearance of wood in exterior applications.

There are numerous studies on the weathering of wood treated with different protective system^.^-^ Thus, among the various species of wood, redwood and red cedar are the most durable in outdoor use.5. lo, "

However, other less durable species such as pines are also being considered for exterior use. Heavier treatments with preservative systems are required for this purpose, as surface application of protective systems will be inadequate for such species. It has been suggested that in such cases, the wood should be impregnated with preservatives.

Various preservative treatmelits are currently used to protect wood from weathering outdoors. The most effective treatments are based on aqueous solutions of inorganic salts of copper, chromium, and arsenic pressure-impregnated into timber.

One of the objectives of this research program for wood in exterior use was to evaluate inorganic salt systems as clear exterior finishes for wood. To overcome the drawbacks with the copper-chrom-arsenate systems, namely the uneven greenish color and the

'Enatern Pore61 Rod& Labm~ory. 8(11 Montreal Rd.. Ottawa. Oat. KIA OWS.

toxicity of the salts, other treatments using colorless salts were examined. Treatments based on ammoniacal zinc salts appeared to be promising in laboratory experiment^.^"^^ Wood treated with ammoniacal zinc salt-latex systems exhibited improved resistance to extractive and fungal staining, and to moisture cycling. Further, these systems have good compatibility with a wide variety of topcoats. Thus, if required, wood treated with these systems can be painted without any adhesion problem.

Because of the promising results in the laboratory, the performance of these systems in outdoor exposure at Ottawa was studied. It was decided to conduct the exposure studies in two parts. In the first part, wood impregnated with the system was exposed to weathering outdoors, without any further topcoats. The second part (to be published later) will deal with wood impregnated with the system and then topcoated with commercial topcoats.

The results of three years of outdoor exposure on eastern white spruce, eastern white pine, and eastern red pine, impregnated with an ammoniacal zinc salt system, are reported in this paper. Results obtained with untreated western red cedar similarly exposed have been included for comparison.

EXPERIMENTAL

Materials

The species used for the study were eastern white spruce (Picea glauca [Moench] Voss), eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.), red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.), and western red cedar (Thuja plicata DoM). Kiln dried, mixed sapwood and heartwood lumber was cut into 12 mm (0.5 in.) bevel-edged siding boards with dimensions 750 mm x 150 mm (30 x 6in.).

A salt concentrate was first prepared by placing six parts (wlw) powdered ammonium carbonate in a covered container equipped with a stirrer and adding nine . parts (wlw) of concentrated ammonium hydroxide (28 to 3Wo NH3. Five parts (wlw) powdered zinc oxide was added slowly with vigorous stining to give a pale

Vol. 49, No. 635, December 1977 79

A.J. DOLENKO and R.L. DESAl

h b l r I--Dry Sdldr Pickup of the Varlwa Specler

Eastern white spruce . . . . . . 3.0 + 0.3 2.8 + 0.5 Eastern white pine. . . . . . . . . 4.9 + 2.1 6.8 + 2.3 Red pine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.6 + 2.6 13.4 + 3.0

yellow solution. The concentrate was then diluted with water to 6% (wlw) zinc oxide for the preparation of the treating solution.

An acrylic latex (46% resin solids, AC 34, Rohm and Haas Canada Ltd.) was diluted to 10% (wlw) resin solids with a 3% ammonium hydroxide solution. All chemicals used were of technical grade.

The treating solution was then prepared by slowly adding, with constant stining, an equal amount (wlw) of the diluted salt concentrate, to the 10% acrylic resin dispersion. This procedure was essential to avoid pre- cipitation of salt or coagulation of latex or both. When properly prepared the system is stable for six months to a year. The resulting solution contained 3% ZnO and 5% resin solids.

Impregnation Procedure The siding boards were impregnated with the treating

solution bv the following procedure. The boards, conditioned at 2 2 " ~ and 5Wo-RH, were evacuated to 75 kPa (560 mm Hg) for 30 min in a pressure vessel. The treating solution was then admitted into the vessel and a pressure of 750 kPa (110 psi) was applied for 1.5 hr. After this period the pressure was released and the boards were air dried and finally conditioned at 22'C and 50% RH. From the initial and final conditioned weights of the boards, the average pickup of the dry salt-latex solids was calculated.

Preparation of Panels

The test panels were constructed in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) method D 1006-56. The boards were assem- bled similarly to house construction. Three boards of the same species, either untreated control or impregnated with the preservative system, were nailed se- curely to the panel with a backing of 6 mm (0.25 in.) exterior grade plywood. Although the ASTM method requires cadmium- or zinc-coated nails, iron nails were used in the present study to observe the effect of the preservative system on iron nail staining. The test panels were mounted vertically, facing south, on a test fence outside the laboratory on September 10, 1973.

Evaluation of Boards At suitable intervals, the panels were removed from

the test fence and visually assessed for discoloration arising from fungi, extractives, and nail stains, and for general appearance and surface erosion. The principal fungus responsible for staining was Aureobasidium

pullulans. The fungi and extractive staining were rated numerically as follows:

0-no stains; 1-barely visible stain; 2-up to 25% board area covered with stain; 3-25 to 5Wo board area covered with stain; "more than 50% board area covered with stain.

The iron nail staining was rated by a lettering system as follows:

N-no stains; S-stain around nail head not exceeding a 5 mm

radius circle; H-stain around nail exceeding a 5 mm radius circle.

Water Pickup by Treated Samples In addition to the outdoor exposure tests, the mois-

ture pickup of the treated and control specimens of the various species was measured to evaluate their water resistance properties. For this purpose, small panels, 150 mm x 70 mm x 6 mm (6 x 3 x 0.25 in.), of the various species were impregnated with the preservative system as described earlier. Ten samples of each species were then exposed to a continuous distilled water spray for six hours in a twin-arc Weather- Ometer" with the arc off all the time. The panels were

Wmlha-Ometa is a rrsisrrrcd t r a d e d &Atlas Elcetric Devices Co.

controls m-------1 treated

Nr

white pine

spruce

B

__.----

I I I I I I I 0 2 4 6

TIME (h)

Flgum I-Moisture pickup of the variws sampler in a Weather- Ometer


EXTERIOR DURABILITY OF WOOD TREATED WITH ZINC SALTS

Table Z-Dlscoloratlon Ratings of Boards at Various Smgea of Outdoor Exporum

0 8

Eastern white spruce ................... 12 I" Eastern white pine ..................... 12 I:

0 8

Red pine .............................. 12

removed at regular intervals, dried between folds of is initially lower than that for untreated western red filter paper, weighed and then returned to the cedar,it is higheratlongerperiodsof exposure towater Weather-Ometer. From the various weighings the av- spray. erage moisture pickup was determined for each species for treated and control samples.

Outdoor Performance of the Panels

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Dry Solids and Molsture Pickup The average dry solids pickup of the various boards

and panels are given in Table 1 and the average moisture pickup of the various treated and control specimens is given in Figure 1. Western red cedar was not impregnated with the preservative system and, hence, only its average moisture pickup is shown.

Red pine has the maximum dry solids pickup, spruce the minimum (Table 1). One reason for a high solids pickup by red pine could be the presence of a greater proportion of sapwood in the boards. The preservative treatment results in reduced moisture pickup of all the specimens. Treated red pine exhibited the maximum reduction in moisture pickup and spruce the minimum, from that of the corresoondine untreated soecimens. The reduction in moistuie is inverselirelated to the dry solids pickup by the various treated specimens. Thus, a higher retention of preservative solids appears to impart a greater moisture resistance in the treated specimens. Further, all the treated specimens have lower moisture pickup than that of the untreated west- em red cedar. This indicates that the preservative treatment reduced the moisture pickup of species such as red and white pine to a level comparable with or better than that of western red cedar. With spruce,

GENERAL APPEARANCE OF THE PANELS: The changes occurring in the different panels with time are presented in Table 2. Figures 2-21 are photographs depicting these changes. An initial darkening was noticed with all the boards immediately after treatment. After the first eight months exposure, all the boards, including the untreated controls, were bleached. Amone the control boards, this is especially noticeable with &e western red cedar ( ~ i ~ u r e s 2 and 3). With increasing exposure, all the boards exhibited discoloration to varying degrees. This discoloration arose from the combined effect of extractive and fungal staining. Some warping and cupping was also noticeable with all the boards after three years of exposure. In general, all the untreated boards suffered considerable surface erosion as compared to the impregnated boards. The surface erosion of the treated and control spruce boards is ilkstrated in Figure 21. A comparison of the various control and impregnated panels after three years of exposure reveals that among the untreated panels, west- em red cedar encountered the least fungal discoloration (Figures 5,10,15,20). Further, all the treated boards showed improved weathering properties over untreated western red cedar. Treated red pine exhibited the least weathering.

FUNGAL AND EXTRACTIVE STAINING: Untreated Panels-All the untreated panels exhibited varying de-

although the moisture pickup of the treated speEimeni grees of discoloration due to extractive or fungal stain-

Vol. 49, No. 635, December 1977 81


Re-

Figure 2-Initial appearance of untreated western red cedar panel

. .-

Figure 3--Appearance of untreated western red cedar panel after 240 days outdoor exposure

ing after the first 240 days of exposure (Figures 3,7,12,17). Western red cedar and spruce control panels had heavy extractive staining as compared to the two pine species, which had trace fungal staining noticeable even with this short period of exposure. After one year of exposure, both western red cedar and spruce exhibited trace or slight fungal staining while the pines were heavily infested by fungal stain and some grain-raising was also noticeable with white pine (Figures 4,8,13,18).

With further exposure (to two and three years) the extractive and fungal stains continued to increase at a rapid rate with most of the control panels. Western red cedar panels (Figure 5) acquired very uneven color, and heavy-extractive staining in areas protected from direct water bv the overhang. Areas of the panel unprotected by ove;hang were heavily covered k i th fungal stain. This was owing to the selective removal of water- soluble extractives from the unprotected substrate. The areas under overhang contained enough extractives to inhibit fungal growth and remained heavily extractive- stained, while the other areas progressively lost the extractives and thereby became vulnerable to fungal attack.

Untreated spruce boards (Figures 9,lO) were similarly covered with heavy fungal and extractive stains as were the western red cedar boards. Further, deep cracks had developed in the board surface at the end of the exposure period. Considerable surface checking

- Figure 4--Appearance of untreated western red cedar panel after

one year outdoor exposure

Figure &Appearanceof untreated western red cedar panel after three years outdoor exposure

was also noticed with these boards (Figures 14,15,19,20).

FUNGAL AND EXTRACTIVE STAINING: Treated Panels-All the treated boards showed improved performance as compared to the corresponding untreated control boards. Red pine boards were the best among the treated boards. Treated spruce had slight fungal stain after one year of exposure with heavy extractive staining (Figure 8). Only light extractive stain was noticeable with white pine boards after the same period of exposure, but no fungal stain was observed at this point (Figure 13). Red pine boards had very little staining except a slight darkening of the boards which was noticed after this period of exposure (Figure 18).

At two years of exposure treated spruce had heavy extractive stains and considerable fungal attack on the lower edge of the boards (Figure 19). At three years of exposure both spruce and white pine boards had heavy fungal and extractive staining while red pine continued to perform better with light fungal and extractive stain. However, some surface cracking and checking was noticeable (Figures 10, IS, 20).

IRON NAIL STAINING: It was indicated earlier that instead of cadmium- or zinc-coated nails, iron nails were used to determine the effectiveness of the preservative system in reducing or preventing the nail stains. Within eight months of outdoor exposure, all the



Figure Mni t ia l appearance of untreated (top) and treated (bottom) white spruce panels

Figure &Appearance of untreated (top) and treated (bottom) white spruce panels after one year outdoor exposure

. . Figure 7-Appearance of untreated (top) and treated (bottom) Figure +Appearance of untreated (top) and treated (bottom)

white spruce panels after 240 days outdoor exposure white spruce panels atter two years outdoor exposure

Vol. 49, No. 635, December 1977 83


.- Figure 10-Appearance of untreated (top) and treated (bottom)

white spruce panela after three yeem outdoor exposure Figure 12-Appearance of untreated (top) and treated (bottom)

white pine panels after 240 days outdoor exposum

-

Flgure l l4nlHal appearance of untreated (top) and treated (bot- Flgure 13- (top) and treated (bottom) tom) white pine panels whlte pine panels after one year outdoor exposure



Figure ICAppearanm of untreated (top) and treated (bottom) Figure 1Mn i tb l appearance of untreated (top) and treated (bot- white pine panels after two years outdoor exposure tom) red pine panels

Flgure IGAppearance of untreated (top) and treated (bottom) Figure 17-Appearance of untreated (top) and treated (bottom) white pine panels after three years outdoor exposure red plne panels after 240 days outdoor exposure

Vol. 49, No. 635, December 1977 85


Figure 18-Appearance of untreated (top) and treated (bottom) red pine panels after one year outdoor exposure

Figure IS-Appearance of untreated (top) and treated (bottom) red plne panels after two years outdoor exposure

CI

k - - Flgure 20-Appearance of untreated (top) and treated (bottom)

red plne panels after three years outdoor exposure

Figure 21-Surface erosion of untreated (top) and treated (bottom) spruce panels after three years outdoor exposure



untreated boards showed heavy nail-staining. In comparison, treated spruce and white pine boards had only light nail stain. Treated red pine did not show any nail stains throughout the exposure period of three years. It appears that the presence of zinc in the preservative system has some protective action on the iron nails, reducing the staining of the treated boards with iron nails.

CONCLUSION

The results of this study indicate that, with suitable preservative treatment, outdoor performance of less durable species can be improved to a level of durable species. Thus, pine can be upgraded to equal cedar. Impregnation of spruce, white pine, and red pine boards with an ammoniacal zinc salt-latex system can considerably improve their resistance to environmental elements in exterior use. Further, the preservative system used is also effective in controlling iron nail staining of the treated boards. The superior performance of red pine, which has the maximum dry solids pickup, indicates that high retentions of the preservative salts by the substrate are essential for improved outdoor performance.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The authors sincerely thank J.A. Shields, D.E. Mon- dor, and D.M. Higgs for their technical assistance.

References (1) Walters, C.S. and Peterson, K.R., For. Prod. J. , 14, No. 2,87

(1961). (2) Ashton, H.E., Can. Paint Finishing, 48, No. 2, 13 (1974). (3) Ashton, H.E., JOURNALOPPAINTTECHNOLOOY.~~, NO. 511,212

(19671. (4) Heedink, T.B., For. Prod. J . , 20, No. 3 , 31 (1970). (5) Woodhead, W.D., CSIROFor. Prod. Newsletter, No. 365,

(1%9).

DR. ALLAN J. DOLENKO was graduated with the Ph.D. Degree in physical Organic Chemistry from Queens University, Kings- ton. He joined the Eastern Forest Products " Laboratory, Ottawa, in 1971 as a Reseaich Scient~st and IS currently engaged in studies on the protection of wood against fireand weatherand in thedevelopmentof

k: wood derived adhesives.

DR. RAMAN L. DESAl is Head of the Paints and Coatings Unit at the Ottawa Forest Products Laboratory. He received the Ph.D. Degree in Physical Chemistry at McGill University. Before coming to Canada. Dr. Desai carried out research on various projects at Government Research Laboratories in India. He joined the Ot- tawa Forest Products Laboratory in 1964 and has been engaged since that time in studies on the surface degradation of wood due to ultraviolet radiation and weathering.

(6) Schder, T.C., Vend, A.F., and Harvey, G., Muter. Org., 6 , No. 1,27 (1971).

(3 V e d , A.F., For. Prod. J., 21. No. 6.57 (1971). (8) Woodhead, W.D., Austr. O.C.C.A. Proe. News. C, No. 8,

(1969). (9) Gjovik, L.R. and Davidson, H.L., USDAFor. Serv. Res., Note .

FPL-O2, (1973). (101 Skolman, R.G., USDA For. Serv. Res., Note FPL-PSW-292,

(1974). (11) Browne, F.L., Southern Lumberman, 141 (1%0). (12) Desai, R.L. and Shields, J.K., Can. For. Ind. 96, No. 4, 43

(1979. \ - - -,-

(13) Desai, R.L., Clarke, M.R., and Dolenko, A.J., Can. For. Ind., 95, No. 2 (1974).

(14) Desai, R.L. and Clarke, M.R., Can. For. Ind., 92, No. 12, 47 (1972).

(15) Shields, J.K. and Desai, R.L., For. Prod. J., 23, No. 10, 28 (1973).


Need for Renewable Coatings Raw Materials And What Could Be Available Today L.H. Princen U.S. Department of Agriculture'

Since the energy and chemical raw material crunch of 1973, many alternatives to petroleum and other imported chemical stocks have been explored. What are the needs of the coatings industry? What other sources can be tapped? How can domestic agriculture be employed to alleviate the shortage of key raw materials? Will the production of industrial chemicals through agriculture inter- fere with our commitment to provide much needed food for the world? How will prices of agricultural products compare with petroleum-based chemicals? These questions can now be answered in an optimistic fashion. Con- ventional agricultural chemicals, as well as products from new crops, can be explored for advantageous use in organic coatings and related materials through new chemistry or new agricultural practices.

INTRODUCTION Until the advent of latex paints, coatings were traditionally made with natural products such as linseed, soybean, tung, tall, or castor oils, turpentine, casein, lecithin, and starch- or cellulose-derived chemicals. Even since the introduction of petroleum-based binders and additives, natural products have never been dis- placed completely. For example, most aqueous latex paints contain a large percentage of soy or linseed alkyd to increase flow, adhesion, and wear. Linseed oil has been used extensively in automotive electrophoretic coatings. The high-performance solvent-based gloss and semi-gloss paints with conventional vegetable oil alkyd binders have never been replaced to any extent by new petroleum-based formulations. Whereas the aqueous latex paints have decided advantages, from price to brush cleanup, it is generally regarded that petroleum-based latices have not been the cure-all for many coatings applications. Still, the attitude of the young coatings formulator has tended to drift toward

Rexnted at !he F%iladelphia Society for h t i n g s Technology Annual Symposium, in MI. Laurel, N.J., May 2. 1977.

*Northern Regional Research Center, Agricultural R e m h SCN~&. Peoria. Ill. 61604. The mention of firm names or trade products does not imply that they are endorsed or

recommended by the U.S. Department of Ag~iculturc over other firms or similar products mt mentimud.

man-made polymers and away from natural products as a starting point in his product development efforts.

This gradual shift came to a screeching halt at the time of the petroleum boycott of 1973, the associated shortage of all raw materials, and the subsequent rapid price increase for all petroleum and natural gas-derived products. Since then, a lot of soul searching has been done everywhere in the world, not only on the use of energy, but also on ways in which to guarantee a steady supply of industrial raw materials at competitive prices. Although there are many alternative ways to produce energy, other sources of industrial raw materials are rather limited. Coal can be an excellent source, and has been used extensively in the past in Europe, to produce many kinds of chemicals such as dyes, solvents, caprolactam, and many other monomers for plastics. However, coal mining and basic chemical production therefrom are much more expensive than when starting with petroleum. The only other viable source is agriculture, with its by-products from plants and animals and its special industrial crops.

Agricultural products have always been important as industrial raw materials. There are cotton, wool, straw, bagasse, hardwoods, and softwoods for fiber production; tallow, lard, and vegetable oils for coatings, plastics, lubricants, surfactants, or printing inks; animal and plant proteins for glues, inks, or thickening agents; grains and potatoes for industrial and pharmaceutical fermentation products; and starch, cellulose, gums, rubber, tannins, alkaloids, animal hides, and many other agricultural specialty products with one or more industrial applications.

It is the purpose of this paper to review the needs of the coatings and plastics industry, to show how domestic agriculture can provide economical replacements for expensive imported materials, to develop the hypothesis that American agriculture can satisfy major needs of industry without decreasing its output of badly needed food staples for the ever increasing world population, and to present some of the recent chemical developments to improve the relationship between coatings and agricultural products.


NEED FOR RENEWABLE COATINGS RAW MATERIALS

Table 1Y .S . Pelroleurn Balanccw, in Million BarnldDay, Aa Expechl to Develop In 1972

-= -. 1- Yeer Supply Denmnd To Eelrnw PHcrn dTotrl

PETROLEUM SITUATION

Table 1 presents the supply and demand figures for petroleum in the United States, as the situation was thought to be developing in 1972.' Events since then have worsened the picture drastically. In 1976 only 8.1 million barrels per day were produced domestically, and the demand was 17.0 million barrels, with the result that imports are now 52% of total use.=

'Ihe annual need for'industrial chemicals from petroleum, shown in Table 2, amounts to about 500 lb per p e r ~ o n . ~ The total petroleum demand is 8,500 lb per person, with the differential being used for power and fuel. In addition to the import of petroleum for energy and chemicals, many foreign agricultural products are also needed by our industries (see Table 3).'

NEEDS OF COATINGS INDUSTRY Table 4 presents the annual use of various binders in

the paint industry as ranges, over the years 1971-1974.5 Ihe amount of vegetable oils and animal fats used in these binders is approximately 25%, with 370 to 425 million lb used annually from 1971 to 1974.6 Many oils and fats used in the total expanded coatings industry have varied widely over the 10-year span from 1963 to 1973 (see Table 3.' Utilization of other renewable resources in the coatings industry has been small: 65 million lb of cellulosics, 65 million lb of glycerol, 25 to 50 million lb of rosin and shellac, and smaller amounts of starch, cellulose, natural gums, and industrial pro- tein for thickeners, surfactants, or other special additives. Total use of fats and oils for all nonfood industrial products has varied from 4,796 to 5,410 million Ib in that same period. This use corresponds to about 25 lb per person or 5% of the use of petrochemicals. Total production of fats and oils in the United States, including food and export, is 24,586 million lb (1973). Nonfood industries consume 3.0 billion Ib of starch (70% for paper, 11.5% for textiles, and 18.5% miscellaneous), which is less than 1% of the starch produced by the seven major starch crops.

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION CAPACITY

In the United States, approximately 340 million acres are farmed for annual crops (see Table 6), but up to 470 million acres are immediately available if needed.8 The differential of 130 million acres could produce 65 billion

Table %Annual Uae of Some Paro lou~sed Chemlmlr In the USA In Pdod 1973-1976

Consumption ClU#o(chemhab Blllkn8 d POIJII~S

Surfactants.. .................................... 5 ...................................... Elastomers 6 ...................................... Lubricants 22

......................................... Plastics 27 Other polymers (adhesives, thickeners,

.................... flocculating agents, coatings) - 40 .................. Total chemicals from petroleum 100

Table 3--Some Imports of Agricultural and Related Materlab, FY 1976

Waxes (carnauba, bee, candelilla) ................ 11.5 ................................... Rapeseed oil 12.1

Tung oil ....................................... 35.2 Castoroil ...................................... 99.9

................................. M m kernel oil 157.0 ...................................... Palm oil .1,041.6

................................... Coconut oil .1,103.8 Natural rubber ................................ .1,630.5

Table &Annual Use of Blndtm by U.S. Paint Industry, 1971-1974

Ra8ln Mllllonr d Pwnde

................................... Alkyds 625-695 .................................. Acrylics 245-375

Polyvinyl acetate .......................... 1@270 .................................. Epoxies 80- 110

................................ Urethanes a 8 0 .............................. Aminoplasts 65-75

................................ Cellulosics 65 ......................... Styrene-butadiene 30

...... ........................ Phenolics .. 30 ............................... Total 1,430-1,660

Table 5-Olls Used In Coatlngr Industry, 1983-1973

...................... Linseed 206388 Soybean ...................... 141-214 Tung ......................... 23-38 Fish .......................... 22-130 Castor ........................ 32-11] Oticica ....................... 1-12 Other primary oils ............. 1-49 Secondary oils ................ 23-57 Tall .......................... 71-117

Total ................... 572923


L.H. PRINCEN

Table M S . Land Uw for Annwl Crops

Wheat ........................ Corn ......................... Hay .......................... Soybean ...................... Sorghum. ..................... Oat .......................... Corn silage ................... Cotton ....................... All other.. ....................

Total ................... 336.3 Available if needed ............ 470.0

Ib of renewable resources if a conservative average yield of 500 Ib per acre is assumed. This added production translates to about 300 Ib per person, a drastic increase over the amounts used now and close to the amounts of petrochemicals used now. It is important to understand that such production is feasible without diverting any acreage from the production of food and feed.

Another way to provide increased raw materials is to improve production on presently used acreage. History shows that such im~rovements can be made rerrularlv as the result of vigorous agricultural research a id education. Over the years, many crop yields have been increased dramatically through the use of better seed lines, fertilizers, pesticides, and improved cultivation and harvesting practices.

Other means of increased production are available including double-cropping, development of special crops (e.g., jojoba, guayule) for arid wasteland in the Southwestern deserts, selection and breeding of exist- ing crops for improved yields, and conservation or additional cultivation of land in areas presently already heavily farmed. Some of these measures require research only, others may require heavy financial investments or strong national commitment. The private industrial sector may have to play an expanded role in order to bring some of these changes about.

PRESENT STATUS AND PRICE TRENDS

Table 7 presents the general availability of plant- derived chemicals for industrial applications.

Consumption of industrial plant gums in the United States is about 60 million Ib, of which as much as 90% is imported. Many of these gum applications could lend themselves to the use of microbial gums, such as an than.^ There is a general shortage of waxes in the United States, but this shortage can be relieved greatly with the development of jojoba and limn ant he^^^.^^ as new crops. Neither of these crops has to compete with acreage for food production. Industrial proteins such as corn, zein, and wheat gluten, can be produced in larger quantities without problems. Only a few years ago (1939-1967), up to 6 million lb of zein were utilized in

Table 7--Avail1~bllHy a d Meed for Botanlcrl Chemical8 In the United States

Starch Cellulose

Specialty chemicals (alkaloids, essential oils, tannins, etc.)

Gums

Waxes Roteins

Hydrocarbons

Fats and oils

Plentiful Plentiful for most chemical use,

except highest purity grades Shortage for pulp and paper as

well as for lumber Always need for medicinal,

pesticidal, or other special use products

Depend almost entire.1~ on import; could be replaced partially by microbial gums

Shortage for all uses No shortage for industrial uses;

casein largely imported Natural rubber entirely imported;

even petroleum-based rubber in short supply; self-sufficient in turpentine and rosin

Plentiful for industrial use; s p e cialty oils mainly imported.

industry; now the quantity is reduced to less than 1 million Ib annually, through replacement by synthetic materials .I2

In the area of botanical hydrocarbons, the United States is self-sufficient in turpentine and rosin, but de- pends completely upon import of natural rubber. As much as 1 billion lb of natural rubber could be produced annually on 1 million acres (40 x 40 miles) of desert land in the Southwest. Such production would go a long way toward alleviatine our needs for increasing s u ~ ~ l i e s of - -. raw materials A d reduction of our unfavorable import-export balance.

Production of fats and oils is more than satisfactory for food and feed purposes. Even more will become available with the rapid increase in the world production of palm oil. The United States' total production of fats and oils in 1 9 3 was 24,586 million lb of which 11,687 million Ib was used in food, 5,149 million lb in nonfood industrial applications, and the remainder was exported. There is, however, a shortage of specialty oils for industrial purposes. The availability of the classes of botanical chemicals presented above is related to the price conditions shown in Table 8. Starch is essentially the cheapest high-grade raw material available, and could probably be used to greater advantage, either directly or in the form of derivatives and breakdown products. Cellulosics traditionally run much higher in price. Gums are generally below $1.00 per pound, whereas microbial xanthun gum is $2.50, or more, per pound. Xanthan can compete in many applications, because its thickening properties allow the use of smaller quantities and lower concentrations. How- ever, the introduction of xanthan gum production has resulted in entirely new technologies and applications for this unique material. Waxes vary considerably in price, but hydrogenated jojoba wax, when in full production, should be able to compete with carnauba, bees, and japan waxes. Industrial proteins also vary a

Journal of Coatings Technology -


Table H e e s of Selected Agricultural and PetroleumBased Chemicals in January 1977 ($per Ib)

a m - Starch ............................................ .0.0&0.10 Dextrin ............................................ 0.15 Sorbitol ............................................ 0.32-0.37 Cellulose ........................................... 0.2 1-0.22 Collodion ......................................... .0.45 CMC ............................................. .0.73-0.78 Nitrocellulose ...................................... 0.77-0.83 Cellulose acetate. ................................... 0.75

F* and a* Tallow ............................................ .0.16 Soybean .......................................... .0.17 Palm ............................................. .0.17 Cod ............................................... 0.1%0.22 Lard.. ............................................ .0.18-0.21 Lard oil ............................................ 0.22-0.3 1 Fish .............................................. .0.23 Linseed ............................................ 0.30 Castor ............................................ .0.3%0.69 Tung ............................................. .0.28-0.60 Tall ............................................... 0.06

PnWns Bone glue .......................................... 0.27-0.44 Hide glue .......................................... 0.33-0.66 Casein ............................................ .0.47-0.63 Gelatin ............................................ 1.092.40 Zein ............................................... 2.17

great deal in price, but they could be used advantageously as special additives in thickening and other coatings applications.

Wces in the fats and oils market are now dominated by the price of palm oil. Although palm oil is basically used only as a food oil, it affects the price for soybean oil, which in turn influences the price of most other industrial oils. For example, interchangeability of soy and linseed oils in alkyds makes it possible to choose on an economic basis alone. Palm oil has come on stream only recently and is expected to become even more abundant and cheaper in the future. The availability and price of fats and oils make them economically attractive when compared with petroleum-derived binders.

RECENT CHEMICAL DEVELOPMENTS IN VEGETABLE OILS

Traditionally, vegetable oils were used in coatings directly, with or without prior viscosity build-up through heat-bodying, or in the form of conventional alkyds. Research at the Northern Regional Research Center (NRRC) during the past 15 years has shown several new ways to use vegetable oils, or their fatty acids, advantageously in coatings and plastics applications.

DIBASIC ACIDS: Unsaturated fatty acids are an excellent starting material for the production of a great variety of dibasic acids. Azelaic and brassylic acids can be produced easily and effectively from soybean and rapeseed or crambe oil, respectively, by means of

Ounu ............................................. Guar .0.55

Arabic ............................................. 0.70-1.00 ............................................ Karaya 0.79

....................................... Locust bean .0.80 .......................................... Xanthan .2.50

wax08 ............................................ Montan 0.39-0.70 .......................................... Candelilla 0.82-0.92 .......................................... Carnauba 1.20-1.75

............................................... Bee 2.00-2.12 ............................................. Japan .2.85

Hydroarbonr ...................................... Turpentine 0.35 (gallon)

............................................ Rubber 0.30-0.36

............................................ Shellac 1.65-2.15

Pamleumb..ed chmlals Acrylonitrile.. ..................................... .0.27

....................................... Acrylic acid .0.36 ................................... Methacrylic acid .0.50 ................................. Chlorinated rubber .0.94-1.21

....................................... Polyethylene 0.30-0.45 ...................................... Polypropylene 0.28-0.34

Vinyl acetate ....................................... 0.24 Polyvinyl chloride.. ................................. 0.39-0.42

........................................ Epoxy resin 0.76 ............................... Styrene-acrylonitrile.. 0.40-0.43

oxidative ozonolysis. These acids can then be further modified toamides, amines, and esters, and can be used in nylons, polyesters, printing inks, or adhesives. Their half-aldehydes, made by reductive ozonolysis, can be made into polyesteracetals and p~lyamideacetals. '~~

LINSEED VINYL ETHERS: Although linseed oil and its alkyds have always been recognized as fine drying oils for coatings, with a wide range of applications, the NRRC has gone further than the traditional chemical modifications to improve the properties of linseed oil coatings. One development led to linseed vinyl ether polymer^.'^ The concept includes reduction of linseed fatty acids to alcohols without destruction of the unsat- uration, coupling of the alcohols with a vinyl group via an ether linkage through reaction with acetylene, polymerization of the vinyl groups into a straight-chain polymer, and eventual crosslinking through conventional chemical drying of the polyunsaturation in the linseed fatty side chains.

Table 9 4 p e c i e s with Long-Chain Fatty Aclds in Seed Oil

011 in Seed, Component in S W - % Trlglpsride Ofl

- --

............ Crambe abyssinica 30-40 60% CZZ ................ Lunaria annua 30-40 40% Cpr. 20% Crg .............. Limnonrhes alba 20-30 95% C, + Cm

................ Selenia grandis 18.5 58% Cm ...... Leavenworthia alabamica 18.0 50% Cu,

.......... Marshallia caespirosa 25.6 44% CZO


L.H. PRINCEN

- - -

Table IO-Sprclm wlth Hydroxy and Keto Fatty Acldr

splclw ollin8wd.% - I n Trlglycrld. 011

LesquereUa gracilis ................................. 32.7 14-OH-C,, (70%) Holarrhena antidysenterica .......................... 33.7 %OH-C,, (70%) Cardamine impatiens ............................... 3 1-36 Dihydroxy Cp and Cx (23%)

.................................. Chamaepeuce qfra 20-28 Trihydroxy Cxg (35%) ........ .................... Lesquerella densipila .. 24-27 12-OH-C,, diene (5G%)

Dimorphotheca sinuata ............................. 31-44 %OH-C,, conj. diene (67%) .................................. Coriaria myrtifolia 12.5 13-OH-C,, conj. diene (65%)

.............................. Cuspedanh pterocarpa 34.0 Keto acids (25%)

POLYESTERAMIDES: Unsaturated fatty acids can be made into polyesteramides or be further modified to serve as coatings binders in a great variety of applications.11~18

CYCLIC FATTY ACIDS: Polyunsaturated fatty acids with conjugated double bond systems can be reacted with alkali at high temperatures to form Cl8cycIic fatty acids.1° Reaction with ethylene results in an add-on product of Cm cyclic fatty acid.20 Both products can be used in many applications in the fields of plastics, coatings, lubrication, and cosmetics.

F o R M n FATTY ACIDS: NRRC research has contributed greatly to the understanding of 0x0 reactions and the properties of the resulting formyl fatty acids. Catalvsts and conditions can now be chosen to varv the number of formyl groups per molecule. The groups can be further modified by oxidation, reduction, and amina- tion, which makes thk resulting materials highly suited for a great range of applications in the coatings and plastics field.21

NEW OILSEED CROPS

NRRC has had an ongoing search program for the development of new oilseed crops from wild plant species for oveF 18 years. Many desirable industrial oils can be derived from wild seeds gathered around the world. Once a species is determined to be worthwhile for further development into an acceptable crop, work is expanded to include plant breeding, agronomy, seed processing, meal nutrition studies, and oil utilization research. The most promising candidates so far for the coatings and plastics industries are listed in Tables 9 through 12.

Some of these plants are extremely suitable for agriculture in the United States. Others still present

Table Il-Potential SourcW af Epoxy Fatty Add8

8p.drr OW In Ssrd, % E p w Add ConlmZ % - -

Vernonia anthelmintica ..... ......... Vernonia pauciflora ......... Euphorbia lagascae

Stokesia laevis ............. Cephalocroton pueschellii ... Mangea tomentosa ........ Alchornea cordifolia ........ Schlectendalia luzulaefolia . .

problems in such areas as flower production, seed set, seed scattering, and agronomical requirements. Those species most developed which could be produced in large quantity almost immediately, includecrambe and Limnanthes. Lesquerella and Stokesia appear promising for the near future, and are being studied for cultivar selection and improved agronomy."

OTHER COATINGS DEVELOPMENTS

In addition to developments directly related to vegetable oil chemistry and new industrial crops, sizable efforts have been expanded at NRRC on other coatings-related problems. Behavior of pigments in aqueous coatings systems has been studied extensively, with emphasis on zinc o ~ i d e . ~ ~ ~ i s work was later extended to include reactivity of pigments in solvent-base coatings with moisture, and the effects on film swelling, strength, brittleness, and mildew sensitivity .21-28

Emulsification of linseed oil was also studied to provide information for the development of vegetable oil emulsion paints and concrete coatings.'O. 31 The rheology of linseed oil-pigment suspensions was investigated to arrive at solventless coatings.= Water-soluble binders with excellent coatings properties have also been

and the compatibility between vegetable oil and latices during film formation has been investigated."

CONCLUSION

If the desire or need becomes strong enough, U.S. agricultural production of industrial raw materials can be increased dramatically without any reduction in food or feed output. Rices of agricultural commodities are competitive with most petroleum-based chemicals used in the coatings industry. Although they may be more

Table 12ifoumes of Conjugated Unrrtuntlon

68-75 Sprcfm 011 In W % Typed Unubrmtion 73-80 6@70 Valeriam oficianalis .... 2634 40% 9.1 1,13 75 Culendula officinalis ..... 4046 55% 8,10,12 67 Centranthus macrosiphon 28-32 65% 9,11,13

.... 50 Impatiens edgeworthii 5@53 60% 9,11,13,15 50 (C2d Dimorphotheca sinuata . . 31-44 60% 10.12 (+ hydroxy)

....... 45 Coriaria myrt$oIia 12.5 60% 9,11 (+ hydr~xy)



variable throughout the year and from harvest-to- harvest, agricultural crop prices are expected to rise less than petroleum-based materials.

If the coatings industry becomes more interested in agricultural raw materials, it may have to become more actively involved in farm production. Such involve ment could vary from simply contractingfor crops with the farmer, through providing agronomic expertise in crop production, to actually producing the desired crop on owned or leased land. Active involvement and commitment would especially benefit the development of new industrial crops.

There is no immediate need to replace all our petrochemicals with other raw materials, nor, in a stable political and economic world, will it be necessary in the long run. However, this paper has shown that it is feasible, and perhaps desirable, to depend more upon agricultural production for supplying the coatings industry with its future demands for organic raw materials.

References (1) Dupree, W. G., lr. and West, J. A., "U.S. Energy Through the

Year 2000," U.S. Dept. of the Interior, 1972. (2) "Crude Petroleum, Petroleum Products, and Natural Gas Liq-

uids," Mineral Industry Surveys, U.S. Dept. of the Interior, September 1976.

(3) Data compiled from Chem. Mark. Rep., Chem. Eng. News, McCutcheon's Detergents and Emulsifiers, U.S. International Trade Commission Reports, etc.

(4) U.S. Foreign Agricultural Trade Statistical Report, Fiscal Year 1976, ERS, USDA.

(5) "Une's Guide to the Paint Industry," Fourth Ed., Charles H. Kline & Co., Inc., Faimeld, N.J. 07006, 1975, p 44.

(6) Ibid., p 47. (7) Agricultural Statistics, USDA, 1975, p 137. (8) lbid.. p 420. (9) Jeanes, A., J. Polymer Sci., Polymer Symp., 45, 209 (1974).

(10) Miwa, T. K. and Hagemann, I. W . , h . 2nd Conf. Jojoba, in press.

(1 1) Miwa. T. K. and Wow, I. A.,J. Am. Oil Chemists' Soc.,39, No. . , 7,320(1%2).

(12) Reiners, R. A., Wall, J. S., and Ingtett, G. E. in Symp. Roc. of "Industrial Uses of Cereals," (Y. Pomeranz, Ed.), American Association of Cereal Chemists' Meeting, November 48,1973, St. Louis, Mo., pp 285-302.

(13) Pryde, E. H., Awl, R. A., Teeter, H. M., and Cowan, J. C., J. Polymer Sci., 59, 1 (1%2).

(14) Neff, W. E., Awl, R. A., Pryde, E. H., and Cowan, J. C., J . Am. Oil Chemists' Sm., 50, 235 (1973).

(1.5) Pryde, E. H, and Cowan, I. C., "Condensation Monomers", AliphaticDibosicAcids, Stille, I. K.and CampbeU,T. W., Eds., Wiley-Interscience, N.Y., 1972. Chapter I.

(16) Teeter, H. M., J. Am. Oil Chemists' Soc., 40, 143 (1%3). (17) Gast, L. E., Schneider, W. I., and Cowan, I. C., ibid., 45, 534

(1968). (18) Schneider, W. J., Gast, L. E., Sobns, V. E., and Cowan, J. C.,

JOURNAL OF PNNT TECHNOLOGY, 44. NO. 575, 58 (1972). (19) Friedrich, J. P. and Beal, R. E., J. Am. Oil Chemists' Soc., 39, . .

528 (1%2). (20) Dufek, E. I., Gast, L. E., and Friedrich, I. P., ibid., 47, 47,51

(1970). (21) Frankel, E. N. and Pryde, E. H., ibid., 54. 873A (1977). (22) Princen, L. H.,,,"Potential Wealth in New Crops: Research and

Development, CROPS Symposium, Society for Economic Botany Meeting, Urbana, Ill., June 13-16, 1976.

(23) Princen, L. H. and DeVena, M. J., J. Am. Oil Chemists' Soc., 39, No. 269 (1%2).

(24) Princen. L. H. and DeVena-PevLinski, M., J . Colloid. Sci., 19, .-, ~~ - . No. 9,786 (1%4).

(2.5) Princen, L. H., Oficial DIGEST, 37, NO. 485,766 (1%5). (26) Princen. L. H.,J. Cdloidlnte~aceSci. , 28, No. 3-4,466(1%8). inj ~ i s s l e r , ~ . L. and Princen, L. H., ~OURNALOFPAINTTECHNOL

m y , 40, No. 518, 105-111 (1968). (28) Eissler, R. L., Baker, F. L., and Stolp, J. A., Appl. Polymer . .

Sci.. 23, 41-48 (1974). (29) Eissler, R. L., Stolp, J. A., and Baker, F. L., Coatings Plast.

Prepr., 37, No. 1, (1977). (30) Princen, L. H., Stolp, J. A., and Kwolek, W. F., JOURNAL OF

PAINT T E C H N O ~ Y , 39, NO. 507,182 (1%7). (31) Gast, L. E.,Proc. 43rdAm. FIex Inst. U.S., pp 15-18 1973. (32) Princen, L. H. and Stolp, J . A., Coatings Plast. Prepr., 35, No.

1. 255 (1979. -. - - - .- ~, (33) Schneider, W. J. and Gast, L. E., JOURNAL OF COATINGS

TECHNOLOGY, submitted for publication. (34) Princen, L. H.,Appl. Polymer Symp., 16, 209 (1971).


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.......... 3 "Oils for Organic CoatingsM-F. L. Fox. (Sept. 1965) ......................................... $ ......... .......... .................................. .......... 4 "Modern Varnish Technology"-A. E. Rheineck. (May 1966) $

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.......... 20 "Epoxy Resins'-R. A. Allen (Apr. 1972) .................................................... $ ......... "Nitrocellulose and Organosoluble Cellulose Ethers in Coatingsu-E. C. Hamilton and

.......... ................................................................ .......... 21 L. W. Early, Jr. (Sept. 1972) $

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Index

Volume 49 Numbers 624-635

January thru December, 1977

Journal of Coatings Technology 1977 Annual lndex

Keyword Subject lndex

Prepared by Technical Systems Information Committee

Application and Finishing Critical relative humidity ..................... Nov.. 38 Drying rate ................................. Nov.. 38 Electrodeposition ............................ Nov.. 85 Film curing and drying ......................... Dec.. 7 1 Film formation ............................... Dec .. 71 Radiation curing. ultraviolet ................... Mar.. 25 Solvent evaporation .......................... Nov.. 38 Transfer efficiency ........................... Feb.. 48 Waste load .................................. Feb.. 48

Chemical Materials and Processes Acetoacetic ester ............................. May. 48 Agricultural products as sources ............... Dec.. 88 Ammoniacal zinc salts ................ July. 39; Dec.. 79 Ammonium fluoborate ........................ Apr.. 38 Ammonium oxalate ........................... Apr.. 38 Diethyl malonate blocked aliphatic isocyanates . . Nov., 77 Diiodomethyl p-tolyl sulfone ................... July. 51 4.4 '.dinitrosulfanilide .......................... Jan.. 49 Di(pheny1 mercury) dodecenyl succinate ........ July. 51 Free radical polymerization initiators .......... Nov.. 61 Hexamethoxy methyl melamine ................ Feb.. 53 Hydroxyethyl cellulose ....................... June. 45 Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose ............... June. 45 Isocyanate-oxazolidine ....................... Aug.. 65 Maleinized oils ............................... July. 42 2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one ................... July. 51 Organotin compounds ................ Jan.. 54; Mar.. 29 Ozonized monoolein .......................... May. 48 Persulfate 1 sulfate anions ..................... Nov.. 61 Potassium fluoborate ......................... Apr.. 38 Silica flatting agents .......................... May. 39 2.3.5.trichloro. 4.propyl sulfonyl pyridine ........ July. 51 Triethyl m i n e ............................... June. 59 Vinyl isocyanate ............................. Sept.. 82 Zinc borate .................................. Apr.. 38

Coating-Related Products Sealants .................................... Mar .. 44

.................. Wood preservatives July. 39; Dec.. 79

Coatings Ablative ..................................... Apr.. 38 Antifouling ......................... Mar.. 29; May. 51 Architectural. exterior ............... June. 31; Oct.. 80

.. Automotive ................ ADT .. 44: June . 38: Oct 27: . . . . Oct., 37; oct.. 45

Biocidal (fungicidal) ......... Jan.. 54; Mar.. 38; July. 51 Corrosion-resistant ........ May. 51; Sept.. 62; Sept.. 69;

Sept., 76; Oct., 55 Electrodeposited ............................. Nov.. 85 Electrostatic ................................. July. 39 Flat ......................................... May. 39

Heat-resistant ................................ Oct.. 62 Industrial ......... Feb.. 48. Oct.. 27; Oct.. 37; Nov.. 38 Industrial maintenance ....................... Sept.. 69 Intumescent ......................... Jan.. 49; Apr.. 38 Thermal insulating ................... Jan.. 49; Apr.. 38

...................... Wood July. 39; Aug.. 30; Dec.. 19

Acrylic ............................ Mar.. 25; Nov.. 85 Acrylic . epoxy .............................. Sept.. 76 Acrylic latex ................................ Sept.. 69 Alkyd . melamine ............................ June. 59 Alkyd short oil ............................... June. 59 Cellulosic ................................... Mar.. 36 Coal tar . epoxy ............................. Sept.. 62 Epoxy ............................ Sept.. 57; Nov.. 85 Epoxy ester ................................. Feb.. 58 Epoxy. water-based .......................... May. 61 High solids ......................... Feb.. 53; Aug.. 46 Isocyanate . oxazolidine ...................... Aug.. 65 Latex ............................... Feb.. 37; July. 51 Oil-based .................................... May. 48 Polyphenylene sulfide ........................ Apr.. 33 Thermosetting ............................... Feb.. 53 Two-compartment .................. Aug.. 65; Nov.. 77 Urethane .......................... Aug.. 65; Nov.. 77 Vinyl isocyanate copolymer .................. Sept.. 82 Water-based ..... Aug.. 46; Aug.. 60; Sept.. 76; Nov.. 38

Coatings Industry Business aspects .................... May. 66; Aug.. 74 Coatings engineering .......................... Jan.. 37 Color styling and trends .............. Apr.. 59; June. 38 Future predictions ............................ Dec.. 49 Lobbying activities ........................... May. 21 Product liability .............................. Apr.. 56

....... Raw materials from agricultural products Dec.. 88 Research and development .................... Jan.. 37

Exposures and Weathering ........................ Accelerated. Dewcycle Oct.. 37 ............... Accelerated. Emmaqua Apr.. 44; Oct.. 27

Accelerated. Environmental chamber ........... July. 51 Accelerated. Humidity cabinet ................. Oct.. 55 Accelerated. Kesternich sulfur dioxide .......... Oct.. 55 Accelerated. QUV chamber .......... Sept.. 76; Oct.. 45

................ Actelerated. salt fog Sept.. 76; Oct.. 55 Accelerated. Weatherometer ......... Jan.. 57; Feb.. 25;

June 50; Dec., 79 Exterior ................... Jan.. 54; Feb.. 25; Apr.. 44;

June. 31; Oct., 45; Oct., 55; Oct., 80; Dec., 79 Exterior weathering rack. sealants ............. Mar.. 44 Interior. industrial ........................... Sept.. 76 Ultraviolet radiation ......... Oct.. 27; Oct.. 37; Oct.. 45


Film Degrad-on and Tests Oils Corrosion .......................... Sept.. 69; Oct.. 55 Corrosion. underwater ....................... Sept.. 62 Microbiological ............. Jan.. 54. Mar.. 38; July. 51 Microbiological. marine fouling ....... Mar.. 29; May. 51 Microbiological enzyme assay ................. Mar.. 38 Polymer film failure ................. Oct.. 62; Nov.. 50 Thermo-oxidative aging ....................... Oct.. 62

Film PmperHss (Dry Film) and Tests Adhesion. chalk .............................. Feb.. 37 Appearance .................................. Jan.. 57 Chalking .................................... Feb.. 25 Color ............ Feb.. 25; Apr.. 44; May. 48; June. 31;

Sept., 87. Oct., 27; Oct., 37; Oct., 45 Electrical conductivity ........................ July. 39 Electrical resistance ......................... Sept.. 62 Fire tests ........................... Jan.. 49; Apr.. 38 Flatting ..................................... May. 39 Gloss ............ Feb.. 25; Apr.. 44; May. 39; Sept.. 87;

Oct .. 27; Oct., 37; Oct .. 45 Hiding power ................................ July. 54 Wood staining ............................... Dec.. 79 Yellowing ................................... May. 48

Fllm Properties (Free Film) and Tests Abrasion resistance .......................... Nov.. 50 Electrical resistance ......................... Sept.. 62 Film morphology ............................. Dec.. 71 Free fdm preparation ......................... June. 50 Ionic transport .............................. Sept.. 62 Membrane potential .......................... Sept.. 62 Tensile strength ..................... June. 50; Nov.. 50 Water absorption ............................. June. 50 Water vapor permeability ..................... June. 50

Government Laws. Regulations. SpecHications and Standards

DOT. flash points ............................ Apr.. 52 Federal Hazardous Substances Act ... Apr.. 56; Sept.. 92 Impact on coatings industry .......... May. 21; May. 70 Labeling ........................... Apr.. 56; Sept.. 92 Naval shipbottom antifouling coatings .......... May. 51 NPCA labeling guide ......................... Apr.. 56

Instrumental Analysis Carbon- 13 nuclear magnetic

resonance spectroscopy ............ July. 42; Sept.. 57 Differential thermal analysis .......... Jan.. 49; Apr.. 38 Infrared spectroscopy ......................... July. 42 Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy . July. 42 Scanning electron microscopy Jan., 57; Nov., 50; Dec., 71 Spectrophotometry ........................... Feb.. 25 Thin layer chromatography ................... Mar.. 25 Torsion braid analysis ........................ Oct.. 62 Transmission electron microscopy .............. Dec.. 71 Ultraviolet spectroscopy ............. Mar.. 25; July. 42

Manufacturing Processes. Methods and Equipment

Dispersing equipment ........................ Aug.. 74 Grinding equipment .......................... Aug.. 74

Materials . Plbperties and Tests

Flash point ......................... Apr.. 52; Apr.. 56 Rheological properties ........................ Dec.. 59

..................................... Linseed May. 48 ........................... Linseed. maleinked July. 42

Packaging, Stmge. and Transport

Flammable/combustible liquids ................ Apr.. 52 Flash points. liquids .......................... Apr.. 52

Paint Addltivss

Biologically active agents ............ Jan.. 54. Mar.. 29; Mar., 38; July 51

Endothermic fillers ........................... Apr.. 38 Flatting agents ............................... May. 39 Intumescing agents ................... Jan.. 49; Apr.. 38 Stabilizers ................................... June. 59 Surface active agents ......................... Dec.. 59 Ultraviolet curing initiators ................... Mar.. 25 Yellowing inhibitors .......................... May. 48

Chromate. replacements ...................... June. 38 Iron oxide .................................. Nov.. 91 Pigment Yellow 3 ............................ June . 31 Pigment Yellow 24 ........................... June. 31 Pigment Yellow 65 ........................... June. 31 Pigment Yellow 73 ........................... June. 31 Pigment Yellow 74 Type I ..................... June. 31 Pigment Yellow 74 Type Il .................... June. 31 Pigment Yellow 97 ........................... June. 31 Titanium dioxide ............................. July. 54 Titanium dioxide. rutile ....................... June. 59 White ....................................... July: 54 Yellow. organic .............................. June. 31

Color ....................................... Nov.. 91 Color and appearance ........................ June. 31 Critical pigment volume concentration (CPVC) . . Dec., 59 Hiding power ................................. July. 54 Pigment agglomeration 1 flocculation ... June. 59; Dec.. 59 Pigment dispersion .......... June. 59; Aug.. 74; Dec.. 59 Pigment . vehicle reaction ..................... Dec.. 59

Polymers and Reslns Acrylic ..................................... Nov.. 85 Acrylic . epoxy .............................. Sept.. 76 Acrylic latex ................................ Sept.. 69 Alkyd . melamine ............................ June. 59 Alkyd short oil ............................... June. 59 Cellulosic .......................... Mar.. 36; June. 45

. ............................. Coal tar epoxy Sept.. 62 Epoxy .................... May. 61; Sept.. 57; Nov.. 85 Epoxy ester ................................. Feb.. 58 Epoxy latex ................................. Dec.. 71 Isocyanate . oxazolidine ...................... Aug.. 65 Poly(carborane siloxane) ...................... Oct.. 62 Polyesteramides .............................. Jan.. 57 Polyether . polyol ............................ Aug.. 46 Poly(phenylene oxide) ........................ Oct.. 62 Poly(phenylene sulfide) ....................... Apr.. 33 Urethanes ........ Jan.. 57; Aug.. 65; Nov.. 50; Nov.. 77 Vinyl isocyanate copolymers .................. Sept.. 82 Vinyl latex .................................. Nov.. 61

Aging. thermo-oxidative ....................... Oct.. 62 Emulsion free-radical polymerization .......... Nov.. 61

Vol . 49. No . 635. December 1977

Heat stability ................................ Oct., 62 Latex particle coalescence .................... Dec., 71 Latex particle size.. .......................... Dec., 71 Polymer a m failure .......................... Nov., 50 Resin degradation, mechanical shear ........... June, 45 Resin degradation, ultrasonic irradiation ........ June, 45 Solubility ................................... Mar., 36 Viscosity .................................... June, 45

Solvents Azeotropic mixtures ......................... Nov., 38 Evaporation rate ............................. Nov., 38 Flash points ........................ Apr., 52; Apr., 56 Solubility parameters ......................... Dec., 59

S ~ o r S u r f a c e s t o b e C o c l l e d Wood, Eastern Canadian.. .................... Dec., 79 Wood, processed ............................ Aug., 60

Blast cleaning, abrasive ....................... Mar., 29 Mechanical cleaning, underwater ............... May, 51

Waste Dlapowl and Treatment

Government regulations ....................... May, 70 Incineration, tluid bed ........................ Mar., 29

Alphabetical Listing of Papers

A A B C's of White Hiding Power-F.B. Stieg, July, p. 54. Accelerated Corrosion Testing-J.A. Chess, M.R. Hastings,

and A. Paolini, Jr., Oct., p. 55. Ammoniacal Zinc Salt Preservatives as Conductive Bases for

Electrostatic Coatings on Wood-A. Venkateswaran and R.L. Desai, July, p. 39.

Amorphous Precipitated Silica Flatting Agents for Coatings-H.S. Ritter and H.J. Golden, May, p. 39.

Application of Critical Relative Humidity, An Evaporation Analog of Azeotropy, to the Drying of Water-Borne Coatings-P.W. Dillon, Nov., p. 38.

Applications of Appearance Measurements in the Coatings Industry-R.S. Hunter, Sept., p. 87.

E Economic and Technical Parameters of Pigment

Dispersion-F.K. Daniel and R. Pineiro, Aug., p. 74. Effect of Free Film Preparation Method on Physical Prop-

erties of Organic Coatings-M. Yaseen and H.E. Ashton, June, p. 50.

Effect of Molecular Weight of Short Oil Alkyd on Stability of Titanium Dioxide Dispersion, T. Nagata, June, p. 59.

Effect of Spectral Energy Distribution on Degradation of Or- ganic Coatings-R.A. Kinmonth, Jr. and J.E. Norton, Oct., p. 37.

Electrodeposition of Epoxy and Acrylic Polymers-C. Laf- fargue and J. Lahaye, Nov., p. 85.

Electron Microscopy of Epoxy Latexes and Their Films- M.S. El-Aasser, J.W. Vanderhoff, S.C. Misra, and J.A. Manson, Dec., p. 71.

characterization of E~~~~ systems using carbon-13 EPOXY Coal Tar Films: Membrane Properties and Film Fourier Transform NMR-C.F. Poranski and W.B. Deterioration-R. Fernandez-Rini and H. Corti, Sept., Moniz, Sept., p. 57. p. 62.

Characterization of Polyphenylene Coating,H.W. Exposure Evaluation: Quantification of Changes in Appear- Hill, Jr. and D.G. Brady, Apr., p. 33. ance of Pigmented Materials-R. Johnston-Feller and D.

The Coatings Engineer, the Corporation and the Osmer, Feb., p. 25.

University-H.L. Gerhart, Jan., p. 37. Exposure Studies of Organic Yellow Pigments in Exterior

Coatings From Vinyl Isocyanate Monomer-J.T.K. Woo and Architectural Paints-A.M. Keay, June, p. 31.

D.H. Heinert, Sept., p. 82. Exterior Durability of Some Eastern Canadian Wood Species

The Coatings Industry-Some Future Perspectives-J.C. Treated With Zinc Salts--A.J. Dolenko and R.L. Desai,

Dean, Dee* p. 49. Dec., p. 79.

Coatings in Transition-T.J. Miranda, May, p. 66. Color Measurements in the Iron Oxide Pigment Industry- F

R.C. Zeller, Nov., p. 91. Color Trends M i o r Changing Lifestyles-B. Bender, Apr.,

p. 59. Comparison of Tensile and Morphological Properties with

Abrasion Resistance of Urethane Films-R.M. Evans and J. Fogel, Nov., p. 50.

Correlation of Laboratory to Natural Weathering-4.W. Grossman, Oct., p. 45.

Correlation of Weathering Results-M.L. Ellinger, Apr., p. 44.

D Development of Water-Borne Vehicles for Use in Industrial

Wood Coatings-J. Hortensius, Aug., p. 60. Dispersion and Agglomeration: Effects on Coatings

Perfonnance+W.K. Asbeck, Dec., p. 59.

Formulation of Early Rust Resistant Acrylic Latex Mainte- nance Paints-M.J. Grourke, Sept.. p. 69.

Future of Waste Disposal in the Paint and Coatings Industry-E.E. Baumhart, May, p. 70.

G Guidelines for Exposure Testing of Exterior Paint-L.R.

Freimiller, Oct., p. 80.

H The Hazardous Substances Act - What It Means to You-

A.F. Limberg, Sept., p. 92. High Performance Isocyanate-Oxazolidine Coatings--W.D.

Emmons, A. Mercurio, and S.N. Lewis, Aug., p. 65.


I Identification of Microorganisms on Painted Panels at Puerto

Ri-T.B. O'NeiU and R.W. Drisko, Jan., p. 54. Industry Standard for Precautionary LabelineW.0. Man-

ley, Apr., p. 56. Inhibition of Yellowingin Linseed Oil Paint-H. Rakoff, F.L.

Thomas, and L.E. Gast, May, p. 48. Intumescent Ablators as Improved Thermal Protection

MaterialsP.M. Sawk0andS.R. Riccitiello, Apr.,p. 38. Intumescent Coatings Based on 4,4'-Dinitrosulfanilide

P.M. Sawko and S.R. Riccitiello, Jan., p. 49. Investigation of the Factors Involved in Mildew Growth-

C-DI-C Society for Coatings Technology, Mar., p. 38.

L Latex Paint Mildewcides: Mercurials Vs. Nonmercurialt

R.A. Smith and W.J. Riioff, July, p. 51.

Mechanical Degradation of Cellulose Derivatives in Aqueous Solution by Ultrasonic Irradiation-T. Sato and D.E. Nalepa, June;p. 45.

Method for Measuring Chalk Adhesion of Latex Paints- O.E. Brown and K.L. Hoy, Feb., p. 37.

Method to Elucidate the Structure of Maleinized Linseed Oil-J.T.K. Woo and J.M. Evans, July, p. 42.

N Need for Renewable Coatings Raw Materials and What Could

Be Available Today-L.H. Princen, Dec., p. 88. New Approach to Formulation of Water-Borne Coatings-

W.J. Blank, Aug., p. 46. New Techniques for Making Cellulose Derivatives-R.B.

Seymour, Mar., p. 36. Non-Chromate Pigments for Automative Finishes-S.

Panush, June, p. 38. Novel Ambient-Cured, Water-Borne, Acrylic-Epoxy

Coatings-R.G. Young, Sept., p. 76.

Organizing for Action and Success-R.A. Roland, May, p. 21.

Painting Waste Loads Associated with Metal Finishing- G.E.F. Brewer, Feb., p. 48.

Polyesteramides from Linseed and Soybean Oils for Protec- tive Coatings. Scanning Electron Microscope and Dura- bility Studie6L.E. Gast, W.J. Schneider, and F.L. Baker, Jan., p. 57.

a Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of UV Initiators in

Cured Acrylic Coatings-J.T. Geary, Mar., p. 25.

R Radical Anion Quenching by Emulsion Polymer

Components-3.D. McGinniss and A.F. Kah, Nov., p. 61.

Reactions of Diethyl Malonate Blocked Cyclohexyl 1socyanateZ.W. Wicks, Jr. and B.W. Kostyk, Nov., p. 77.

Relationship of Hash Points of Solvents, Resin Solutions, and Paints-Golden Gate Society for Coatings Technology, Apr., p. 52.

Report of the Research Director-R.R. Myers, Aug., p. 41. Review of Underwater Cleaning Methods and Their Interac-

tion on Navy Anti-Fouling Paint Systems-C.P. Col- oger, G.S. Bohlander, and H.S. Preiser, May, p. 51.

S Seasonal Variations-Nemesis of Repeatable/Reproducible

Accelerated Outdoor Durability Tests?-J.L. Scott, Oct., p. 27.

Study of the Fluidized Bed Process for Treatment of Spent Blasting AbrasivesA. Ticker, H.S. Preiser, and J. Di- liberti, Mar., p. 29.

T Thermosetting High-Solids Coatings. Two Novel Types-

D.V. Gibson and B. Leary, Feb., p. 53.

U Use of Torsional Braid Analysis to Study Thermo-Oxidative

Aging of Polymer Films-C.K. Schoff, Oct., p. 62.

W Water Dilutable, Dispersible, and Emulsifiable Epoxy

Resins-E.G. Bozzi and R.C. Nelson, May, p. 61. Weathering Rack for Sealants-K.K. Karpati, K.R. Solva-

son, and P.J. Sereda, Mar. p. 44.

Author Index

A ASBECK, W.K.-Dispersion and Agglomeration: Effects on

Coatings Performance, Dec., p. 59. ASHTON, H.E.-See Yaseen, M.

B BAKER, F .L .4ee Gast, L.E. BAUMHART, E.E.-Futwe of Waste Disposal in the Paint and

Coatings Industry, May, p. 70. BENDER, B.-Color Trends Mirror Changing Lifestyles,

Apr., p. 59. BLANK, W.J.-New Approach to Formulation of Water-

Borne Coatings, Aug., p. 46. BOHLANDER, G .S .4ee Cologer, C.P.

Bozz~, E.G. and NELSON, R.C.-Water Dilutable, Dispersi- ble, and Emulsifiable Epoxy Resins, May, p. 61.

BRADY, D.G.-See Hill, H.W., Jr. BREWER, G.E.F.-Painting Waste Loads Associated with

Metal Finishing, Feb., p. 48. BROWN, O.E. and HOY, K.L.-Method for Measuring Chalk

Adhesion of Latex Paints, Feb., p. 37.

C CHESS, J.A., HASTINGS, M.R., and PAOLINI, A., JR.-

Accelerated Corrosion Testing, Oct., p. 55. COLOGER, C.P., BOHLANDER, G.S., and PREISER, H.S.-

Review of Underwater Cleaning Methods and Their In- teraction on Navy Anti-Fouling Paint Systems, May, p. 51.

CORTI, H.-See Femandez-Prini, R.

Vol. 49, No. 635, December 1977 99

D DANIEL, F.K. and PINEIRO, R.-Economic and Technical

Parameters of Pigment Dispersion, Aug., p. 74. DEAN, J.C.-The Coatings Industry-Some Future Perspec-

tives, Dec., p. 49. DESAI, R.L.-See Dolenko, A.J.; Venkateswaran, A. DILIBERTI, J.-See Ticker, A. DILLON, P.W.-Application of Critical Relative Humidity,

an Evaporation Analog of Azeotropy, to the Drying of Water-Borne Coatings, Nov., p. 38.

DOLENKO, A.J. and DESAI, R.L.-Exterior Durability of Some Eastern Canadian Wood Species Treated With Zinc Salts, Dec., p. 79.

DRISKO, R. W.--See O'Neill, T.B.

E EL-AASSER, M.S., VANDERHOFP, J.W., MISRA, S.C., and

MANSON, J.A.-Electron Microscopy of Epoxy Latexes and Their Films, Dec., p. 71.

ELLINGER, M.L.-Correlation of Weathering Results, Apr., p. 44.

EMMONS, W.D., MERCURIO, A., and LEWIS, S.N.-High Per- formance Isocyanate-Oxazolidine Coatings, Aug., p. 65.

EVANS, J.M.-See Woo, J.T.K. EVANS, R.M. and FOOEL, J.-Comparison of Tensile and

Morphological Properties with Abrasion Resistance of Urethane Films, Nov., p. 50.

F FERNANDEZ-PRINI, R. and CORTI, H.-Epoxy Coal Tar

Films: Membrane Properties and Film Deterioration, Sept., p. 62.

FOOEL, J.-See Evans, R.M. FREIMILLER, L.R.--Guidelines for Exposure Testing of Ex-

terior Panels, Oct., p. 80.

G GAST, L.E., SCHNEIDER, W.J., and BAKER, F.L.-

Polyesteramides from Linseed and Soybean Oils for Pro- tective Coatings. Scanning Electron Microscope and Durability Studies, Jan., p. 57.

GAST, L.E.-See Rakoff, H. GEARY, J.T.--qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of UV

Initiators in Cured Acrylic Coatings, Mar., p. 25. GERHART, H.L.-The Coatings Engineer, the Corporation

and the University, Jan., p. 37. GIBSON, D.V. and LEARY, B.-Thermosetting High-Solids

Coatings. Two Novel Types, Feb., p. 53. GOLDEN, H.J.-See Ritter, H.S. GROSSMAN, G.W.-Correlation of Laboratory to Natural

Weathering, Oct., p. 45. GROURKE, M.J.-Formulation of Early Rust Resistant

Acrylic Latex Maintenance Paints, Sept., p. 69.

H HASTINGS, M.R.-See Chess, J.A. HEINERT, D.H.-See Woo, J.T.K. HILL, H.W., JR. and BRADY, D.G.-Characterization of

Polyphenylene Sulfide Coatings, Apr., p. 33. HORTENSIUS, J.-Development of Water-Bone Vehicles for

Use in Industrial Wood Coatings, Aug., p. 60. HOY, K.L.-See Brown, O.E. HUNTER, R.S.-Applications of Appearance Measurements

in the Coatings Industry, Sept., p. 87.

J JOHNSTON-FELLER, R. and OSMER, D.-Exposure Evalua-

tion: Quantification of Changes in Appearance of Pig- mented Materials, Feb., p. 25.

K KAH, A.F.-See McGinniss, V.D. KARPATI, K.K., SOLVASON, K.R., and SEREDA, P.J.-

Weathering Rack for Sealants, Mar., p. 44. KEAY, A.M.-Exposure Studies of Organic Yellow Pigments

in Exterior Architectural Paints, June, p. 31. KINMONTH, R.A., JR. and NORTON, J.E.-Effect of Spectral

Energy Distribution on Degradation of Organic Coat- ings, Oct., p. 37.

KOSTYK, B. W.-See Wicks, Z. W., Jr.

L LAFPARGUE, C. and LAHAYE, J.-Electrodeposition of

Epoxy and Acrylic Polymers, Nov., p. 85. LAHAYE, J.-See Laffargue, C. LEARY, B.-See Gibson, D.V. LEWIS, S . N . S e e Emmons, W.D. LIMBERG, A.F.-The Hazardous Substances Act-What It

Means to You, Sept., p. 92.

MANLEY, W .O.-An Industry Standard for Precautionary Labeling, Apr., p. 56.

MANSON, J.A.-See El-Aasser, M.S. MCGINNISS, V.D. and IOuI, A.F.-Radical Anion Quenching

by Emulsion Polymer Components, Nov., p. 61. MERCURIO, A.-See Emmons, W.D. MIRANDA, T.J.--Coatings in Transition, May, p. 66. MISM, S.C.-See El-Aasser, M.S. MONIZ, W.B.-See Poranski, C.F. MYERS, R.R.-Report of the Research Director, Aug., p. 41.

N NAGATA, T.-Effect of Molecular Weight of Short Oil Alkyd

on Stability of Titanium Dioxide Dispersion, June, p. 59. NALEPA, D.E.-See Sato, T. NELSON, R.C.-See Bozzi, E.G. NORTON, J.E.-See Kinmonth, R.A., Jr.

0 O'NEILL, T.B. and DRISKO, R.W.-Identification of Mi-

croorganisms on Painted Panels at Puerto Rico, Jan., p. 54.

OSMER, D.-See Johnston-Feller, R.

P PANUSH, S.-Non-Chromate Pigments for Automotive

Finishes, June, p. 38. PAOLINI, A., JR.-See Chess, J.A. PINEIRO, R.-See Daniel, F.K. PORANSKI, C.F. and MONIZ, W.B .-Characterization of

Epoxy Resin Systems Using Carbon-13 Fourier Trans- form NMR, Sept., p. 57.

PREISER, H.S.-See Ticker, A.; Cologer, C.P. PRINCEN, L.H.-Need for Renewable Coatings Raw Materi-

als and What Could Be Available Today, Dec., p. 88.

R RAKOFP, H., THOMAS, F.L., and GAST, L.E.-Inhibition of

Yellowing in Linseed Oil Paint, May, p. 48. RICCITIELLO, S.R.-See Sawko, P.M. RIITER, H.S. and GOLDEN, H.J.-Amorphous Precipitated

Silica Flatting Agents for Coatings, May, p. 39.


RIZOFF, W.J.-See Smith, R.A. ROLAND, R.A.+anizing for Action and Success, May, p.

A.

S SATO, T. and NALEPA, D.E.-Mechanical Degradation of

Cellulose Derivatives in Aqueous Solution by Ultrasonic Irradiation, June, p. 45.

SAWKO, P.M. and RICCITIELLO, S.R.-Intumescent Coatings Based on 4,4'-Dinitrosulfanilide, Jan., p. 49.

SAWKO, P.M. and RICCITIELLO, S.R.-Intumescent Ablators as Improved Thermal Protection Materials, Apr., p. 38.

SCHNEIDER, W . J . S e e Gast, L.E. SCHOFF, C.K.-Use of Torsional Braid Analysis to Study

Thermo-Oxidative Aging of Polymer Films, Oct., p. 62. SCOTT, J.L.-Seasonal Variations-Nemesis of Re-

peatable1Reproducible Accelerated Outdoor Durability Tests?, Oct., p. 27.

SEREDA, P.J.-See Karpati, K.K. SEYMOUR, R.B.-New Techniques for Making Cellulose4k-

rivatives, Mar., p. 36. SMITH, R.A. and RIZOFF, W.J.-Latex Paint Mildewcides:

Mercurials Vs. Nonmercurials, July, p. 51. SOLVASON, K . R . S e e Karpati, K.K. STIEG, F.B.-A B C's of White Hiding Power, July, p. 54.

T THOMAS, F.L.--See Rakoff, H.

Proceedings Of the Paint Research Institute

No. 126Report of.the Research Director, Aug., p. 41.

TICKER, A., PREISER, H.S., and DILIBERTI, J.-Study of the Fluidized Bed Process for Treatment of Spent Blasting Abrasives, Mar., p. 29.

v VANDERHOFF, J.W.-See El-Aasser, M.S. VENKATESWARAN, A. and DESAI, R.L.-Ammoniacal Zinc

Salt Preservatives as Conductive Bases for Electrostatic Coatings on Wood, July, p. 39.

W WICKS, Z.W., JR. and KOSTYK, B. W.-Reactions of Diethyl

Malonate Blocked Cyclohexyl Isocyanate, Nov., p. 77. Woo, J.T.K. and EVANS, J.M.-Method to Elucidate the

Structure of Maleinized Linseed Oil, July, p. 42. Woo, J.T.K. and HEINERT, D.H.-Coatings From Vinyl

Isocyanate Monomer, Sept., p. 82.

Y YASEEN, M. and ASHTON, H.E.-Effect of Free Film Prep

aration Method on Physical Properties of Organic Coat- ings, June, p. 50.

YOUNG, R.G.-Novel Ambient-Cured, Water-Borne, Acrylic-Epoxy Coatings, Sept., p. 76.

z ZELLER, R.C.--Color Measurements in the Iron Oxide Pig-

ment Industry, Nov., p. 91.

Constituent Society Papers

C-DI-C - Investigation of the Factors Involved in Mildew Growth, Mar., p. 38

GOLDEN GATE-Relationship of Flash Points of Solvents, Resin Solutions, and Paints, Apr., p. 52.


Society meetings

Chicago Oct. 3 Guest speakers for the evening were

Fred Burns, of E-Z Paintr Co., who spoke on "ROLLER AND PAD APPLICA- TIONS," and Dr. T.M. Muzyczko, of the Richardson Co.

W.B. BARTELT. Secretary

Cleveland Sept. 19 Herbert L. Fenburr, Past President of

The Paint Research Institute and the Federation, discussed many of the changes which have taken place in PRI since its beginning, almost 20 years ago.

G. Allan Stahl, of B.F. Goodrich Co., spoke on "CHEMICAL ANCHORING OF MILDEWCIDES IN PAINTS."

Dr. Stahl described the main advantages of chemically bonding mildewcides to the polymer as being: the elimination of solubility problems; improvement of mildewcide dispersion; retention of mildewcide in the coating until needed; and use of lower loading levels, thereby reducing costs. Chemi- cal bonding of the mildewcide is superior to micro-encapsulation, said Dr. Stahl, because micro-encapsulation slows, not eliminates, the process of loss of mildewcide to the environment; and with micro-encapsulation there is no correlation between the time when the mildewcide is needed to fight attack- ing organisms and the time when it is available.

Incoming President, Helen Skow- ronska, of Sherwin-Williams Co., was presented with the Tenneco gavel by Tom Elias.

A 25-year pin was awarded to Arthur Holton, who is retired from the Sherwin-Williams Co.

PAUL HOUCK, Secretary

Dallas Oct. 13 Honored guests in attendance, at a

meeting sponsored by the Educational Committee, included area high school chemistry teachers.

Herman Lanson, of Polychem Re- sins, Inc., presented a demonstration1 lecture on "THE COATINGS~NDUSTRY."

Dr. Lanson discussed the beginnings of the coatings industry, itsalliance with the plastics industry, and coatings as liquid plastics. Assisted by Alan Ander- son, Dr. Lanson showed, by experiment, how to prepare two common or-

Officers and Board of Directors of the Cleveland Society for Coatings Technology for the year 19TI-78. Seated (I& to right): Treawrer4. S. Malaga; President Elect-<. K. Beck; President-4. Skowronska; and SecretaryP. J. Houck. Standing (I& to right): Tech. Coordinator-C. A. Kumlns; Member-at-Large & Membership Chairwoman-L. 2. Bazarko; By-Laws Charlman-K. C. Waldo, Jr.; Council Representattve-F. G. Schwab; Educational Chalrmaf+C. J. Knauss; Environmental Chairma-. H. Faud; CTSC

Reprewntativ+V. G. Sandorf; and Assistant Treasurer-T. D. Tuckerman

ganic pigments, toluidine red and hansa yellow.

Kits were offered to the teachers for use in their classrooms.

WILLIAM F. HOLMES, Secretary

Detroit Oct. 18 A presentation of Payne's two vol-

umes on Coatings Technology was made to Mike Tersillo for being the outstanding student for the 1976-1977 academic year in the resin technology course offered at the University of De- troit under the auspices of the Detroit Society.

Ralph Stanziola, of Applied Color Systems, Inc., spoke on "COMPUTER SIMULATED COLOR MATCHING."

Mr. Stanziola described the instruments used, the principals involved, and the importance of various factors which influence the color of a paint batch. He emphasized the significance of the standardization of the mass, and tint tones of the pastes used.

G.M. SASTRY, Secretary

Golden Gate Oct. 17 Neil R. Bernard, of The O'Brien

Corp., discussed some of the Corrosion and Adhesion papers presented at a North Dakota State University Sym- posium which he attended on a study grant.

Ronald G. Sorice, of Hercules, In- corporated, spoke on "HIGH PERFOR-

M A N C E INORGANIC PIGMENTS FOR COATINGS."

Aided by slides, Mr. Sorice summa- rized some conventional inorganic pigments used in coatings and the chemical methods of their manufacture. He then compared this conventional chemistry with the solid state chemistry involved in the manufacturing of calcined inorganic pigments. The problem of the paint chemist today, said Mr. Sorice, is to formulate long term, durable, anti- corrosive coatings with high resistance to atmospheric conditions. Calcined inorganic pigments are manufactured by a controlled solid state process, involving high heat, which results in stable, high performance products.

Q. What are the suggested quantities in a formulation for proper hiding, and are these pigments blendable with conventional inorganic pigments?

A. A 7-plus Hegman grind may be expected on a 5 min Cowles dispersion, and they are blendable, but for opacity these pigments are not as strong as the conventional ones.

Q. What is the price comparison? A. The price compares favorably.

JOHN DICKMAN, Secretary

Houston Oct. 11 A moment of silence was observed in

memory of Gordon Weigersand Vytan- tas Cirpulis, of Shell Development Co., who died recently.


T.J. Corlett, of duPont de Nemours & Co., Inc., spoke on "USE OF A SLURRY."

Mr. Corlett made the following points: the bulk handling of TiO, is probably the most dramatic change to occur in the history of this pigment; total handling process is efficient; the rheology of slurry should not change with time and stirring the mixture at intervals will prevent settling; and bac- teria control requires an active program.

Q. Should the agitator be free standing?

A. Yes, and it should have a thrust bearing.

Q. What type offlowmeter is needed? A. A magnetic flowmeter is used. Q. Should a constant stir or a timed

stir be used? A. A timer set to run 5 to 10 minutes

per hour is best. Q. Are there surfactants in the slurry? A. Yes, topreventdepositingof solid.

WILLIAM WENTWORTH, Secretary

Kansas City Oct. 13 Area high school teachers were

among the honoredguests whoattended a demonstrationilecture on the com- plexities of the coatings industry, sponsored by the Education Committee. So- ciety member Lee Hansen, of George C. Brandt, Inc., spoke on rigid foamand the reaction that was taking place, while Dennis Mathes, of Cook Paint & Var- nish Co., performed the accompanying demonstration. Paul Sara, of Con- chemco, Inc., then presented a paint demonstration. Kits of both demonstrations were offered to the teachers for use in their classrooms.

WILLIAM J. FI~PATRICK, Secretary

Los Angeles WHAT KW wANT...HcNu You WANT IT... AND 1

Martin Freedman, of Rohm I

Co., gave a slide illustrated talk on

appearance, resistance, and -stability. Explaining a test method to check adhe- I

"LA~~?)RATORY PROCEDURES FOR THE s EVALUATION OF INTERIOR LATEX 1 PAINTS ' '

Paint evaluation should always be I

planned in advance, deciding on the most important properties, said Mr. Freedman. Four categories of tests were described including application,

ing. After the desireddry time plus soak I

Vol. 49, No. 635, December 1977 103

I ' ELEClFtONlCALLY MONITORED PROCESSING 1 FOR BElTER PRmUNlFORMrrY

sion, Mr. Freedman said that test coatings, including a control, are applied at known thicknesses and cured for equal lengths of time. Cheesecloth is placed over the painted surfaces and saturated with a controlled weight of a single coat-

' ,- ] F--) SYLACAUGA CALCIUM PRODUCTS POST OFFICE BOX 330 I ILACAVGA, ALABAMA 31110 PRODUCING FROMONE OF THE WORLD S LARGESTDEPOSITS OF WHITE MARBLE

time, weights are applied to the cheesecloth sufficient to cause stripping of the cheesecloth plus test coating.

Describing three types of stability tests including oven aging, freeze-thaw, and a mechanical stability test, Mr. Freedman said that the latter consistsof rolling a partially filled can of the paint.

In summation, he stated that a paint formulator must utilize several types of chemistry. He must beapolymer, physical, and surface chemist, and he must understand rheology.

Q. Are the cheesecloth adhesion and roller can stability rests written up?

A. Yes, they will be available in new Rohm and Haas literature.

Q . Is the roller test strictly for mechanical stability?

A. Not necessarily. Some paints with good freeze-thaw and oven stability have poor shelf stability. Often we can duplicate shelf results with the roller test, particularly if the problem is due to a reactive pigment.

ALBERT SENEKER, Secretary

Louisville Oct. 19 The society's incoming President,

Nick Lanning, of Progress Paint Co., was presented the Tenneco gavel by Tom Disney.

Art Massey, of Hercules Incorpo- rated, spoke on "WATEWDISPERSIBLE DRY COLORS."

The dry, completely water- dispersible pigment, said Mr. Massey, is a new scope of the water-dispersible types which, in prior years, were d e signed specifically for paper coatings. Mr. Massey mentioned that there are two lines of these dry pigmentsfor coatings applications. One line is designed for general purpose trade sales; the other is offered specifically for water- reducible industrial coatings.

JOHN K. MENEFEE, Secretary

New York Oct. 11 A moment of silence was observed in

the memory of Thaddeus P. Dob- kowski, of the Engelhard Minerals and Chemicals Corp., who died recently.

Honored guests in attendance included Dr. Philip Heiberger, President of PRI, Tom Kocis, Editor of the JCT, Bob Ziegler, Associate Editor of the JCT, and W.H.K. Lakin, of Manchem Ltd. and a member of the Birmingham - Society.

Dr. Heiberger, who spoke on "PRI- AN UPDATE." discussed PRI's obiec- ~ -

tives and its approach to selecting projects.

PRI studies on mildew defacement have yielded new information on the

104 Journal of Coatings Technology.:)

formation of mildew, said Dr. Heiberger. Film formation and drying is another project being worked on. One program involves the utilization of a highly sensitive quartz microbalance, which was developed by PRI, to measure the rate of solvent vapor diffusion in paint films, thereby providing information on solvent retention of various coatings as well as to measure film permeability to water vapors and corrosive gases.

Studies on the film formation and drying mechanisms of alkali-neutralized acid bearing film formers, using other instrumental techniques developed by PRI, indicates that good adhesion can only be obtained with systems that were more than 40% neutralized, he said.

In conclusion, Dr. Heiberger stressed the desire of PRI to be more responsive to the membership and its attitudes.

Q. What percentage cf PRI's budget is spent on research:)

A. 75-80% is spent on research. The remainder is spent on support, travel, etc.

Q. The mildeaf defacement program, as well as others, are limited primarily to the development of data that is of benefit to trade sales manufacturers, hence they are of limited value to industrial manufacturers. What is being done about this?

A. PRI is attempting to resolve the problem in a few ways. The mildew defacement program has reached the point where funding should be supplied by industry, thus those who will most benefit from the results will pay for the additional data. The UV curing study is related to industrial coatings and, additionally, PRI is receptive to sugges- tions for new projects that will be more relevant to various segments of industry.

SAUL SPINDEL. Secretary

Pacific Northwest Sept. 22 T. Kryznowek, of Polyvinyl Chemi-

cals, Inc., spoke on "WATERIBORNE INDUSTRIAL COATINGS."

R.P. STEWART. Secretary

Piedmont Sept. 21

Russ Schwerdfeger, of O'Boyle Tank Lines spoke on "TANK TRUCK SAFETY AND THE HANDLING OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS."

Mr. Schwerdfeger discussed various regulations which state that carriers must be informed what materials they are handling and they must be supplied with safe-handling procedures.

CHARLES B. WILSON, Secretary


John S. Baker (left), President of the Rocky Mountain Society for Coatings Technology, accepts the Tenneco gavel from Dick Mullen, Society Council Representative.

Rocky Mountain Oct. 10 Western New York Sept. 13 Society President John S. Baker, of Marko K. Markoff, of Spencer-

Johns-Manville Corp., was presented Kellogg Div. of Textron, Inc., spoke on the Tenneco gavel by J.D. Mullen, of "WATER-THINNED RESINS." J.D. Mullen Co. Mr. Markoff discussed a broad line of

Martin Freedman, of Rohm and Haas water-thinned resins and their perform- Co., spoke on "LABORATORY TESTS ance in water-based systems. Colored FOR EVALUATION OF INTERIOR LATEX slides were shown depicting the results PAINTS." of salt spray corrosion tests. The

Mr. Freedman discussed the signifi- water-thinned resins, he said, could be cance of several tests and presented a included in formulas to meet a wide series of slides demonstrating the im- range of application requirements from portance of evaluation. brushing to electrostatic spraying.

C. W. IRVIN. Publicity Chairman THOMAS E. POPOVEC, Secretary

test surface wear with the

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Future Societv Meetings

B i n n i q h m

(Jan. 12)--LLAUTOMOTIVE COAT- INGS"-H. Quick, of Chrysler (U.K.) Ltd.

(Feb. 2)-"METAL PRETREAT- MENT~''-~. Monis, of Pyrene Ltd.

(Mar. 2)-"ExportingW-D.K. Nor- ton, of Ault & Wiborg Ltd.

New England

. (Jan. 19bJoint Meeting with New England Coatings Assn. "METRIC SYS TEM" presentation.

(Feb. 16)-"CoRRosIoN RESISTANCE IN WATER-REDUCIBLE COATINGS"- Paul C. Stiewater, of Spencer-Kellogg.

(Mar. I6kJoint Meeting with Soci- ety of Plastic Engineers.

Chiago New York

(Jan. 10)-"SLEUTHING WITH A (Jan. 9)--"COMPUTER M~CROSCOPE"-R~~~~~ Z. Muggli, of

TROL SEMINAR"-^^^^^ presentation. Walter C. McCrone Associates. Como Inn, Chicago.

(Feb. 6)-"H¶0 INDUSTRIAL FIN- ISHES"-Ravmond Schneider, of Reichhold chemicals, Inc.; and "TECHNICAL COMMITTEE LEC-

N o r t h m w ~

TURE"-&. W.J. Bailev. of Universitv (Jan. 10)-Manufacturing Committee . , if &land. presentation. (Mar. 6F'Hardboard Surfaces for (Feb. AIR-DRY OR FORCE-DRY

Coatingsv; "Review of the Principles of INDUSTRIAL WATER-BORNE COAT- Sandgrinding and High Speed Disper- INGS"-Michael PezZ~t0, of Poly~inyl sions." Chemical Industries.

(Mar. -50th Anniversary Celebra- tion.

Clwdand

(Jan. 10)-Annual Joint Meeting Cleveland Paint and Coatings Assn. "LIVING WITH GOVERNMENT R e ~ u ~ ~ ~ ~ o ~ s " - P a n e l discussion.

(Feb. 14)--"NEw PIGMENTS"-Rep resentative of Hercules Incorporated.

(Mar. 9)-"Product Liabilitym- Panel discussion.

Golden Gate

(Jan. 16)--"INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE

(Jan. 12)-Joint Meeting with Phila- delphia Paint and Coatings Assn. "ECONOMICS UPDATE IN THE COATINGS I ~ ~ u s ~ ~ ~ " - W i l l i a m A. Benley, Her- cules Incorporated.

(Feb. 9w'FSCT SLIDE PRESENTA- non"-Federation President-Elect James A. McCormick and Executive Vice-Resident Frank Borrelle.

(Mar. 9w'Similarities and Differ- ences Between Inks and Paintsw-Fred Falk, of Precision Colors, Inc.

CONSIDEGTIONS AND GOVERNMENT AGENCIES IN THE PAINT INDUSTRY"-

Pittsburgh

IX. D.A. Wevel. of Mobay Chemical (Jan. 9kSociety 50th Anniversity. . . Co. "WORLD OF COATINGS AND ENVIRO-N-

( ~ ~ b . ZI)-q-+A U ~ ~ Q U E L Y MENT"-Dr. John Weaver, of NEW c~~~~~~~~ STABLE THICK- Sherwin-Williams Co. Hiiton Hotel. ENER"-H.J. Iammarino, of Kelco, (Feb. 6)-"Tox1crr~"-Michael J. Inc. Dunn, of H. Kohnstamm & Co., Inc.

(Mar. 20)-"Appearance Measure (Mar. 6FAccelerated Weathering ment and Physical Testing of and Fading or Natural Outdoor Coatingsu-Thomas Keave, of Gard- Testingw-Raymond A. Kinmonth, Jr., ner Laboratories. of Atlas Electric Devices Co.

Journal of Coatings Technolo@y

Active

CALTRIDER. CARROLL E., JR. - Baltimore Paint and Chemical Co., Baltimore, Md.

DESANTIS, G. WILLIAM-Farw CO., Bal- timore.

GRABOSKI, MICHAEL J. - Duron, Inc., Beltsville, Md.

HENRY, RICHARD J. - Contact Paint Co., Baltimore.

OUDERSLUYS, RICHARD C. - Minerd Pig- ments Corp., Beltsville.

VAN HORN, ROBERT A. - Marvelite Paint Co., Inc., Baltimore.

WANKO, DOUGLAS L. - Duron, Inc.. Beltsville.

CHICAGO

Active

ALBRECHT, RUDOLPH C. -Enterprise Paint Co., Chicago, IU.

Awz, MOHAMMED A. - Enterprise Paint Co., Wheeling, Ill.

CAMPBELL, GORDON G. - Moline Paint Mfg. Co., Moline. Ill.

CARLSEN, RUSSELL - DeSoto, Inc., Des Plaines, Ill.

FUERTE, IS MA EL^. -United CoatinKS, I ~ c . , Chicago.

GEITY, MARY - Enterprise Companies. Wheeling.

GLASER, MILTON A. - Consultant, 171 Wentworth Ave., Glencoe, Ill.

HATKEVICH, ALBERT- The O'Brien Corp., South Bend, Ind.

KESLING, JOHN B. - Olympic Stain, Batavia, Ill.

LEVINE, MARK L. - Valspar Corp., chicago, nI.

Lo . SALVADOR R. - Carbit Paint Co., Chicago.

MAY, ROBERT P. - Sherwin-Williams. Chicago.

MAYNARD, EARL- U.S. Gypsum CO.. Des Plaines, IU.

MURPHY, EDWARD J. - DeSoto, Inc., Des Plaines.

PATEL, K.N. - United Coatings, Inc., Chicago.

PAITERSON, DAVIDD.-The O'BrienCorp., South Bend.

PODLEWSDI, RAYMOND - The O'Brien Corp., South Bend.

RIORDAN, JAMES G. - Glidden-Durkee, Chicago.

SCHROEDER, CARLA.- Masonite Corp., St. Charles, Ill.

SONNEE. RAYMOND R. - Valspar Corn., Chicago.

STARKEY, WILLIAM C. - General Paint and Chemical Co., Chicago.

TODO, JAMES A. - Olympic Stain, Batavia, Ill.

TUCCI, JOHN 111 - DeSoto, Inc., Des Plaines.

URS, BHASKAR R. - Rusco/Perma Coatings, Inc., Melrose Park, IU.

VORA, SHAFI- Enterprise Paint Co., Wheel- "8.

Associate

ANDERSON, ROBERTE., JR.-Amoco Chem- icals Corp., Naperville, Ill.

BEUCKMAN, WILLIAM J. - Pfizer Inc., Hoffman Estates, Ill.

COCHRAN, W. WAYNE.JR.-TennecoChem- i d s . Inc., Chicago, IU.

DIPASQUA, ROBERT A. - Union Carbide Corp., Chicago, 111.

DUGAN, DAVID H. - Harshaw Chemical Co., Hinsdale, Ill.

GOLOSTEIN, WALTER W. - Axon Corp., Chicago.

KELLOOG, GEORGE H. - Nalco Chemical Co., Oak Brook, Ill.

MANIER, JAMES F. - Reichhold Chemical, Inc., Oak Brook.

REED, CLINTON M. - %r, Inc., Hoffman Estates.

TYRRELL, KENNETH E. - The Cary Co., Addison, Ill.

HOUSTON

Active

BURI, RUDOLF F.-Diamond Kuhn Paint, Houston, Tex.

FRIEDSAM, LARRY W.-Diamond-Kuhn Paint, Houston.

HENRY, JON P.-Champion Paint Mfg., Houston.

MAYNARD, RM-Oil Center Research, Inc., Lafayette, La.

MOON, ROBERT M.--Cook Paint & Varnish Co., Houston.

PHILLIPS, GARY M.-Misson Coatings, Houston.

b r r , JEAN BERRY-Napko Corp., Hous- ton.

SCHNEIDER, HANS 1.--Cruise Arrow, Inc., Seabrook, Tex.

SCHWARR, GEORGE R.--Gulf States Paint Co., Houston.

VECCHIA, ROBERT L.-Pearsall Chemical, Houston.

Associate

Associate

TOWN, ROBERT E.-AMSCO, Union Oil Co. of Calif., Vancouver, wash.

PHILADELPHIA

Active

DENNY, DONALD F.-E.W. Kaufmann Co., Flourtown, Pa.

HARUILCHUCK, JAMES T.-In0lex COP., Philadelphia, Pa.

HOCHBERG, SEYMORE-DuPoII~ CO., Phila- delphia.

JUDLIN, JAMES W.--Grow Chemical Chat- ings Corp., Pennsauken, N.J.

PATEL, NATUBHAI G.-Roma-Kote Paint Inc., Norristown, Pa.

SLOTKIN, ALAN H.-HB Fuller Co., Phiia- delphia.

Associate

CAMPBELL, STUART M.-Diamond Sham- rock Corp., Washington Born, Pa.

HOWE, JOHN F.-Sherwin-Williams Co., Troy, Mich.

SADLER, RONALD L.-Harmon Colors Corp.. Hawthorne, N.J.

PIEDMONT

Active

HAGER, MICHAEL E.-Lilly Co., Hiigh Point, N.C.

HARRIS, WILLIAM E.-Mobil Co., High Point.

HAUSMAN, THOMAS C.-Lilly Co., High Point.

FLORLANI, ROBERT J.-Reliance Universal Inc., Roanoke, Vir.

JANI, SAURABH I.--Guardsman Chemical, Inc., High Point.

MCKINNEY, LARRY G.-Lilly Co., High Point.

WATERS, GARY L.-Spruance Southern, Inc., Winston-Salem, N.C.

Associate

BIsaoF, HARRY P.-MOOney Chemicals, BROWN, W. LANIER-K~~~csBW-W~~OX,

Inc., Houston, Tex. Inc., Norcross, Ga.

EAKINS, PAUL D.-Drew Chemical Co., HISSEY. DAVIDS.-W.R. McClayton Br Co..

Houston. High Point.

M~ISUER, KENNETH L.--Celanese Polymer L F ~ . y ; """' Specialties Co., Houston. SONLEITNER. ~ K V M.-Houston Solvents W ~ ~ $ $ ~ ~ - R o h m and Co''

Br Chemical Co., Houston.

PACIFIC NORTHWEST WESTERN NEW YORK

Active Active

WELLS, JOHN R.-Perfection-Letz Paint ROGEMOSER, DAVID R.-Spencer KeUogg, Co., Kennewick, Wash. Div. of Textron, Cheektowaga, N.Y.

Vol. 49. No. 635. December 1977 107

Technical Rrticles in Other PubllccRions Compiled by the Technical Information Systems C o m m i t t H . Skowronska, Chairman

Farbe und Lack (in German)

Published by Curt R. Vincentz Verlag, 3 Hannover, Postfach 6247, Schiigraben 43, Germany

Vol. 83 No. 10 October 1977

Mahner, K. - "Questions about Planned EEC Guidelines for the Preparation of Dangerous Substances;" 883-885.

Hauser, P., and Honigmann, 9 . - "Disk Centrifuge with Laser- Optical Device for Particle Size Analysis of Pigment Dispersions;" 886-890.

Sander, H. - "Influence of Titanium Dioxide Pigments on the Re- activity of Acid-Catalysed, One-Component, High Solids Stoving Systems;" 891-8%.

Kukla, J., and Niedziocha, Z. - "Electrostatic Testing Methods for the Determination of Corrosion Protecting Properties of Paint . . Films;" 8%903.

Schneider, W., and Marquardt, W. - "Survey of Solvent-Free Epoxy Coatings;" 904-915.

Brushwell, W. - "Technology of Fluropolymers" (Literature Sur-

Journal of,the Oil and Colour Chemists' Association

Published by Oil and Colour Chemists' Association, Priory House, %7 Harrow Road, Wembley, Middlesex,

HA0 2SF England.

Vol. 60 No. 10 October 1977

Cremer, M. - "Determination of Zeta Potentials as an Aid to the Pigmentation of Water Paints;" 385-397.

Mondt, J.L. - "Binders without Environmental Pollution and with Good Penetration Properties on the Basis of Acrylic Emulsions with Very Fine Particle Sizes;" 398-403.

Howe, D.J.T. - "Paint Industry in a Situation of Diminishing Availability of Raw Materials;" 404-41 1.

Hamann, K., and Joppien, G.R. - "Structure of Layers of Adsorbed Polymers at PigmentiSolution Interfaces and Their Influence on the Dispersion Stability of Pigments in Paints;" 412-423.

Double Liaison - Chimie Des Peintures (In French)

vey); 915-918. German Standard Draft DIN 53 174: Solvents for Paints and Var- Published by Les Presses Continentales, Rue du Cherch-Midi,

nishes; References to Methods of Test for Solvents Mixtures; F-750006, Paris, France 923-925.

Discussion about Determination Methods for Soluble Heavy Metals Vol. 24 No. 265 September 1977

in Paintand Allied Materials,forthePlanned"Paint Guidelines" of Funke, W., and Seitz, U. - "Reactive Microgels - Polymers in be- the EEC; 933-934. tween Colloidal and Molecular Sizes;" 27-34.

Lubcke, D. - "Publicity for Industrial Coatings. 11;" 937-939 Petit, J. - "Paint Analysis in the Picture Field;" 39-42.

\ L

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Same lacquer finish. The difference? NiPar S-30'" in the solvent.

The NiPar S-30 finish has superior film integrity. No cotton-like pre- cipitate or milky discoloration.

When formulated correctly, NiPar S-30 retards blush, decreases dry time, provides better flow and superior performance in fast air dry systems. Ni-Par S-30 can save you money.

NiPar S-30 (nitropropane solvents). It solves your problems.. . without creating new ones.


Lattewitz, E. - "Powder Coatings, Water Paints, High Solids Content Paints. - Limits and Possibilities in industrial paints;" 45-57.

Van Lerberghe, K., and Van Springel, C. - "Improved Silane Method for Preparation of Free Paint and Varnish Films. 11;" 57-60.

Defazet (Deutsche Farben-Zeitschrift)

(in German)

Published by Lack-und Chemie-Verlag Elvira Moeller GmbH, Karl-Benz-Strasse 11, Postfach 11 68, 7024,

Filderstadt I, Germany.

Vol. 31 No. 8 August 1977

Fleck. L. - "Spray Painting on Large- and Small Scale;" 300-302. Hadenfeldt, W. - "Metal Finishing with An Air Electrostatic Spray

Gun;" 302-303.

Rachinger, G. - "Layered 1 Stratified Structures;" 303-305.

Stober, W. - "Application of Coatings and Films to Wood and Wood-Materials:" 305-312.

Briistle, W. - "Painting Wooden Windows;" 312-313.

Hoppe, F.W. - "Electrostatic Powder Spraying;" 313-317.

Heinrich, F. - "CIELAB - A New Color Coordinate System of CIEin Combination with A New Color Difference Formula;" 318-324.

Skandinavisk Tidsskrift for Farg och Lack

Published by Dansk Bladforlag KIS, Holbersgade 20, 1057 Copenhagen, Denmark

Vol. 23 No. 9 September 1977

Lindberg, B. - "Painting on Plastics. I1 - Solvent Attack, Wetting,and Plasticizer Migration;" 257-266 (in Swedish).

Polymer Preprints Preprints of Papers Presented before ACS Division of Polymer

Chemistry Vol. 18 No. 2 Chicago, Ill. August 1977

Mesomorphic Order in Polymers and Polymerization in Liquid- Crystalline Media (20 papers); 1-90.

Novel Instrumental Methods for Probing Polymer Structures (20 papers); 91-172.

Chromatography of Polymers (17 papers); 173-248. Crystallinity Control and Polymer Mechanics (20 papers); 249-354. Special Topics in Polymer Chemistry (42 papers); 355-579.

Inquiries regarding price and availability of this preprint book should be sent to Division Circulation Manager Robert Saxon, P.O. Box 415, Bound Brook, N.J. 08805.

Send me technical information and a gallon of N l P a r S-30 so I can make my own "NIPARison"

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Vol. 49, No. 635, December 1977 109

Interpretation of IR Spectra Available in AIV Format

A new introductory program to infrared theory and application, "The In- terpretation of Infrared Spectra-An Audio-Visual Program," has been an- nounced by Heyden & Son, Inc., Bellmawr, N.J.

Eight lessons containing 122 color slides and cassette taped commentary describe the nature of I R spectra, modes of bond vibrations, and characteristic absorption bands. Each lecture discusses a specific functional group, and considers such effects as neighbor- ing group substitutions and overtone bands. The lessons conclude with revi- sion material and spectra for analysis.

Designed for students who have a fundamental knowledge of organic chemistry, the program has been vali- dated with close to 100% success.

The complete program contains slides, four tape cassettes, instructor's guide, course books, and 10 Colthup tables to aid in student participation.

Cost of the program is $160. For more information write Heyden

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CALL FOR PAPERS Symposium on Surface Contamination:

Its Genesis, Detection, and Control

4th International Conference on Contamination Control Washington, D.C.-September 10-14, 1978

The purpose of thissymposium is to bring together scientists and engineers interested in all aspects of surface contamination, to discover the latest developments in this important topic, and to provide a forum for ideas. The technical program will be comprised of both invited state of- the-knowledge overview papers and original research contributions. Papers dealing with all types of surface contaminants irrespective of the nature of the surface are solicited. The following specific subtopics are listed as a guide, but all papers which fall within the purview of the symposium will be considered.

Origin and consequences of surface contamination. Surface-chemical aspects of surface contamination. Techniquesfor removing surface contaminants; i.e., for cleaning surfaces. Techniques (particularly quantitative) for characterizing and monitoring surface contamination or the degree of surface cleanliness. Kinetics of recontamination; storage of clean surfaces Mechanism of particle adhesion and removal.

Abstracts of 150-200 words should be submitted by January 31,1978 to Dr. K. L. Mittal, Symposium Chairman, Dept. 49F, Bldg. 300-400, IBM Corp., Hopewell Junction, N.Y. 12533.

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RADIATION CURING JOURNAL OF WATER BORNE COATINGS

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People

The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), Committee D 1, has established the Henry A. Gardner Award for persons demonstrating "outstanding competence in the management of a unit of the committee, resulting in high achievement and productivi- ty ." Honored posthumously, Dr. Henry A. Gardner, who established the Gard- ner Laboratory, Bethesda, Md., was a well-known author and highly active member of D- I .

Two officers with Burgess Pigment Co., Sandersville, Ga., have been elected to new positions on the Board of Directors. Maledm S. Burgess, Jr. was elected President and Daniel 0. Adrien was named Executive Vice-President.

Herbert E. Ebert has been appointed Sales Representative for Boehle Chem- icals, Inc., Southfield, Mich. He was formerly in sales-management with West Chemical Products, Inc.

The two U.S. subsidiaries of West Germany's Degussa Frankfurt have been merged into a single corporate en- tity. The new organization designated Degussa Corp. and headquartered in Teterboro, N.J., comprises the operations previously identified as Degussa, Inc., and Degussa, Alabama, Inc. The former was responsible for marketing in the U.S. while Degussa, Alabama was the company's manufacturing arm.

Under the reorganized structure these functions are now identified as Degussa Corp./Teterboro Group, and Degussa Corp./Alabama Group, with the entire American enterprise under the direction of Helmut Wicke, Chair- man of the Board and President. Dr. Sven-Peter Mannsfeld is Executive Vice-PresidentlChemical Production and PresidenUAlabama Group.

In related areas, the company has named Harry J. Golding Vice-President and Business Manager-Pigments, Robert J. Mitchell-National Sales Managerpigments, and Terry Bower- man-Marketing Services Manager1 Pigments. All will be attached to the Teterboro Group.

Engelhard Minerals & Chemicals Corp., of New York, has elected Mark N. Kaplan to the Board of Directors, and President and Chief Operating Of- ficer of the company. As President, he succeeds Milton F. Rosenthal, who will continue as Chief Executive Officer.

H.A. Gardner M.S. Burgess, Jr.

The Board of Directors of Hercules, Inc. has elected Alexander F. Giacco President, Chief Executive Officer, and Chairman of the Executive Committee. At the same time, Werner C. Brown, President since 1970, was named Chairman of the Board. John M. Mar- lin, Chairman since 1970, became Hon- orary Chairman and will remain active until his retirement in January 1978. Mr. Giacco was formerly Executive Vice- President and Chief Operating Officer.

Dr. Harry W. Blunt was named Re- search Supervisor of the company's Coatings and Specialty Products Div. in Wilmington, Del.

AMAX Molybdenum has named Dr. Marion Semchyshen Vice-President of Research. He will be responsible for the operation of the Ann Arbor, Mich. research facility.

Malcdm G. Slaney has been elected Vice-President and General Manager of PPG Industries' Coatings and Resin Div. He succeeds Elmer C. Larson, who recently retired.

Witco Chemical Corp. has appointed Marvin J. Torbert, Jr. Manager of Mar,- keting Communications at its New York City offices.

Monsanto Co. has elected H. Harold Bible to the newly-created post of Vice-Chairman, and Richard J. Mahoney as Executive Vice-President. In other appointments, John R. Eck and Tom K. Smith, Jr. were named Senior Vice-Presidents, and Earle H. Harbi- son, Jr. and J. Virgil Waggoner were elected Vice-Presidents.

Jay G. Kaplan has been appointed Vice-President and General Manager of M&T Chemicals, Inc., Chemical Div. He will be responsible for the areas of marketings, sales, research and administration of the division.

D.O. Adrien H.E. Ebert

The Color Div. of Ferro Corp., Cleve- land, Ohio, has appointed John G. Wdfe, Jr. District Sales Manager for New England, the mid-eastem states, Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia.

~f fecdve January 1, 1978, the Pig- ments Dept. and the Dyes and Chemi- cals Div. of the 0rgan.i~ Chemicals Dept., E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc., Wilmington, Del., will be combined with the Industrial Chemicals Dept. forming a new department, the Chemicals, Dyes, and Pigments Dept. This new unit will be responsible for acid products, methanol products, and specialty chemicals from Industrial Chemicals; white and color pigments from the Pigments Dept.; and a wide range of dyes and chemical intermedi- ates from Organic Chemicals.

Harold H. Snyder, Vice-President and General Manager of Industrial Chemicals, will become Vice- President, Chemicals, Dyes and Pig- ments Dept. James H. Baud and Robert J. Blair, Assistant General Managers of Pigments and Industrial Chemicals, respectively, will become General Man- agers of the new department.

At the same time, Roy L. Schuyler, Vice-President and General Manager of the Organic Chemicals Dept., and Ar- thur H. Geil, Vice-President and Gen- eral Manager of the Pigments Dept., have elected to retire December 31 following 40-year and 37-year careers, respectively, with the company.

Celanese Polymer Specialties Co. has appointed Dennis Bollenbach Sales Rep- resentative in the Los Angeles area.

Emil C. Bosacki has been named Manager of American Cyanamid's Titanium Dioxide Dept., Bound Brook, N.J. Employed with thecompany for 17. years, he was formerly Manager of the Building Products Dept. in Montreal, Quebec.


Henry E. Jones has been elected Pres- ident of Pratt & Lambert, Inc., Buffalo, N.Y. Meanwhile, J.J. Castiglia has been named Executive Vice-President.

Body Bros., Inc. has appointed George S. Sanjer Assistant Technical Director at the Bedford, Ohio facility.

Dr. Gerald Gruber was named Tech- nical Manager for Radiation Cured Coatings at PPG Industries' Allison Park (Pa.) Research Center.

Conchemco Coatings has promoted Jerome F. Parenteau to Vice-President and General Manager of the Eastern Di- vision at Baltimore, Md. He was formerly Group Vice-President of Finance and Administration.

The Sherwin-Williams Co. has named Jim Mack to succeed Geof Tickner as General Manager of the Chemicals Div. Mr. Tickner will become Group Vice- President of the Specialty Products Group.

Enrique Levy has been elected Presi- dent, Chief Operating Officer, and member of the Board of Directors of Polychrome Corp., Yonkers, N.Y. Gregory Halpern, formerly President, will continue to serve as Director of the Board and Chief Executive Officer.

James F. Slatic has been named Presi- dent of the Ameron Protective Coatings Div., Brea, Calif. He was formerly Di- vision Manager.

Fuller-O'Brien Paints, S. San Fran- cisco, Calif., has named Marvin 0. Nance District Manager for Arizona and New Mexico.

Dr. David C. Cooper has been appointed Director of Battelle's William F. Clapp Laboratories, Inc.. Duxbury, Mass. Dr. Cooper had served as Man- ager of Clapp's research operations and was previously Director and Coor- dinator of research at Battelle- Columbus.

C.J. Patterson Co., Kansas City, Mo. has named Alan J. Dankwerth Vice- President and Director of Designed Chemicals. He will be responsible for the company's coatings programs as well as areas of diversification.

Ernest E. Mills, of Standard Dry Wall Products, has been promoted to the newly-created post of Director of Spray Systems, with the purpose of stan- dardizing spray methods and techniques.

AMSCO Div., Union Oil Co. of Calif. has appointed two Sales Representa- tives. John C. Norder, Jr., headquartered in Detroit, will serve Michiganand northern Ohio, while Erlean M. Ellis will be based in La Mirada, Calif. and cover southern California.

Glidden Coatings & Resins Div, SCM Corp., has named John D. Meader Gen- eral Counsel. Mr. Meader was formerly Vice-President and Assistant Secretary of Atlantic Plant Maintenance, a Gen- eral Electric subsidiary. Meanwhile, Richard A. Martin has been appointed Technical Manager of the company's Eastern Region. Mr. Martin will direct development of new chemical coatings products.

major TiO? supplier.)

BURGESS OPTIWHITE: George L. Trubin has been named Vice-President, international manufac-

True hiding with the greatest whiteness and flatting efficiency. turing operations, for the Adhesives and No need for coarse extenders or flatting agents to maintain low Resins Div., of National Starch and angular sheen and sheen control. Chemical Corp. He joined the com-

latex paints, or abra- pany's Plainfield, N.J. facility in 1947. your application area the basic properties

Obituary


Letters to the Edltor Interferometry Technique TO THE EDITOR

Attempting to protect a half-silvered glass flat by sprayingon Krylon Crystal Clear Spray Coating #I303 produced a coating which when dry and placed in a laser interferometer gave the interferogram shown. The glass was flat to A120 across its 40 mm diameter and had, suc- cessively, the air dried Krylon coating, approximately a quarter wavelength of silicon monoxide (SiO) and 0.0025 mm vacuum evaporated aluminum.

After drying overnight at 22 + 0.f C the flat was mounted as one plate of two in a Fabry-Perot interferometer. The resulting interferogram was video-taped then photographed from the T.V. monitor.

The thickness of the coating was found by successive measurings with a 1/10,000 inch micrometer. First the glass + A1 + coating was measured (the SiO is ignored because it was only about 3 x lV5 mm thick). Then part of the aluminum and coating was stripped and the glass measured. The coating was then washed off as near as possible to the stripped area. The coating was found to be 8 x 10% mm thick.

An arrow has been placed in the upper right hand comer of the illustra- tion pointing to a complex set of contours about the length of the arrow (which is 1 mm long) away. The series of two oval fringes represents a hill or protruberance and the dark fringe in which the arrow terminates is a valley several mm long meandering among other hills. Close inspection of the whole interferogram shows that in this field of view of the coating, there are typically two closed bright fringes. The bright fringes are contours of the surface and mark an area one wavelength of light higher up the hill when divided by the refractive index. Assuming that the refractive index of the coating is 1.5, we can then say a typical BCnard cell formed under our conditions is about 2 mm in diameter and has a thickness (above the mean level of the coating) of

8 x 1V5 mm. Another interferogram showed some three fringe cells or about 1.2 x 1W mm height. This surface roughness should be great enough to prevent specular reflection and hence partially dull and gloss. The basic as- sumption is that there is no variation in composition of the fiim.

Viewing from a distance suggests that there are bands of more active areas.

Close scrutiny shows the cells to be quite irregular, certainly not equiaxed hexagonal as might be expected.

This techniaue was discovered acci- dentally but refinements such as build- inganopen interferometer with thedry- ing coaGng horizontal would allow cob- stant monitoringof adryingfim. The effect of tem~erature. and viscositv could be studied: ~ o l o ~ r a ~ h i c interferometry would allow minor amounts of pigments and extenders to be added and their effects studied.

This work was partly supported by the Paint Research Institute, Grant #59CO.

R.N. OBRIEN and A.J. LANGLAIS Dept. of Chemistry

Univeristy of Victoria Victoria, B.C., Canada

Application Summary A case history, Application Summary

5B-1, cites successful implementation of a customized crude unit corrosion control program. The case involved a crude distillation unit, processing Ara- bian and Iranian crudes, which had ex- perienced severe corrosion of the col- umn Monel liner, top trays, and over- head exchangers while using ammonia and a filming corrosion inhibitor. For additional information, write Nalco Chemical Co., Petroleum and Process Chemical Div., 1800 Esperson Bldg., Houston, Tex. 77002.

Re. FSCT Annual Banquet

To THE EDITOR Those of us who attended the Thurs-

day night banquet at the recent Federa- tion Annual Meeting in Houston enjoyed a wonderful evening.

The ambience was just right, the food excellent, and the orchestra was simply superlative. The "business" part of the evening was held to a delightful minimum. It was a pleasure and honor to be present when Harold Spitzer received the George B. Heckel Award and to witness the induction of John Oates as the new Federation President.

I was perplexed and bothered, however, to see how few members of the Federation Council and members of the Federation Board of Directors were in attendance. Even the Past-Presidents attended in fewer numbers than usual.

Do we have too many "extra cumcular" activities for those attending the Annual Meeting to wme to our banquet? Was the price of the banquet too costly?

I hope that our new President, Board, and other important people in the Fed- eration hierarchy will rethink their attitude towards the annual banquet, and that many more people will be present at this event in Chicago next year. If our leaders (Officers, members of theBoard of Directors, Committee Chairmen, etc., etc.) do not show their appreciation and involvement by attending our annual banquet, perhaps we should eliminate the banquet activity completely.

MILTON A. GLASER President, FSCT (1957)

Dispensing System A new computerized colorant/ink

production dispersing system is described in literature just published. The system consists of positive displacement pumps directly mounted on the individual colorant storage drums, a dispensing station with individual Po- simeterdkpensing units and a computer video terminal and control console. The capability to automatically update all formulas on file is a feature of the new system. For additional information, write Applied Color Systems, Inc., P.O. Box 5800, Princeton, N.J. 08540.


~ - - - Jook Review Two recently developed products, -

Defoamer L-405 for use in acrvlic latex coatings and Defoamer L-49j for use with water-reduciblealkyds and polyesters, are discussed in technical literature from Drew Chemical Corp., Spe- cialty Chemicals Div., 701 Jefferson Rd., Parsippany, N.J. 07054.

FSCT Educational Committee Offers Coatlngs Courses Guide

A 16-page "Guide to Coatings Courses, Symposia, and Seminars," compiled by the Northeast Region of the Federation's Educational Com- mittee, is now available.

Based on information supplied by the Constituent Societies, the Guide lists a variety of coatings educational offerings by geographic region and society. Plans are to update the listing annually in order to reflect current programs, curricula, etc.

To obtain copies of the Guide write to Educational Committee (Coatings Courses), c/o Federation of Societies for Coatings Technol- ogy, 1315 Walnut St., Suite 832, Philadelphia, Pa. 19107.

SILICONES, VOLUME I Rubber, Electrical Molding Resins a n d Functional Fluids

Edited by William Ranney Noyes Data Corp. Park Ridge, N.J. 1977 $39.00

Reviewed by Harold L. Vincent Dow Corning Corp. Midland, Mich.

This is a continuation in the series of chemical technology reviews (#91) published by Noyes DataCorp. (NDC). The format is the same as previous NDC books. Selected United States patents are abstracted and combined in a well organized, readable approach to the subjects.

The introduction provides a excellent

I .

(Carlstadt, N.J. ~ased)

You're an accomplished polymer or resin1 chemist. . . ideally with an MS or PhO . . . you're innovative and ready to advance into greater managerial responsibility. This position with our industry leading corporation may be the opportunity you had insight! To qualify, you should have an experimental background in the paint, inks or industrial coatings industries, strong leadership skills and the ability to manage the experimental development and synthesis of new resin materials for use in industrial coatings. In addlon to outstanding career ptential, you can look forward to an excellent salary and full company benefits package. To arrange a local intewiew, send you resume with salary history, in confidence to:

GERALD MdAlN BROUP PERSONNEL MGR.

Sun Chemical Corporation GENERAL PRINTING INK DIV.

135 W. Lake Northlake, 111. 60164

E q d Opportunity Ernplow MIF -

brief history of the silicones business. The book is divided into Part I, Silicone Rubber; and Part 11, Electrical Molding Resins and Functional Fluids. The organization of the first part is very good, with logical subparts. However, the second part contains a wide variety of topics ranging from electrical varnishes to silicone organic copolymers to lubricants and functional fluids. As a result, one might have difficulty understanding the differences between silicone resins, fluids. and rubbers. Mr. Rannev has done i n excellent job of selecting and reviewing some 170 United States patents on organo-silicones. There is a good brand of chemistry and perforrn- ance data, which enables a reader familiar with either silicone chemistry or applications to readily achieve the essence of the patents. The index is organized to include company, inventor, and US patent number.

This is an excellent reference for recent patented changes in the United States. However, anyone interested in a deeper review must also consult the Eu- ropean, Russian, and Japanese patent and other technical literature.

BINDERS Handy flat back blade-type magazine binders which will hold a year's issues of the "Journal of Coatings Technology;" and "Federation Series on Coatings Technology."

Each binder is covered in blue imitation leather with gold embossing of publication name on front and backbone. Each copy can be inserted into binder quickly and there are no holes to punch and no tools required. Binders stand upright on shelf.

Shipped postage prepaid.

Journal of Coatlngs Technology($6.50 each)

Federation Series . . . . . . . . . . . . .($6.00 each)

Order From:

Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology

1315 Walnut Street

Suite 830

Philadelphia, ~ e n n r ~ l v a n i a 19107

Please make all checks payable to the Federation of Soci*tin for Coatings Technology and in U. S. funds. payable in New York or Philadelphia. Pennsylvania residents add 6% sales tax.


Coming Events FEDERATION MEETINGS

(May 1 9 W p r i n g Council Meeting. Kansas City Crown Center, Kansas City, Mo.

(Nov. 1-3)-56th Annual Meeting and 43rd Paint Industries' Show. Conrad Hilton Hotel. Chicago, Ill. (FSCT. Suite 830,1315 Walnut St., Philadelphia, Pa. 19107).

JOINT FSCTIMCCAIISCC COLOR SYMPOSIUM

(Mar. 14-16)-Symposium on Color and Appearance In- strumentation. Marriott Hotel, Cleveland, Ohio. Jointly sponsored by Federation of Societiesfor Coatings Technology, Manu- facturers Council on Color and Appearance, and Inter-Society Color Council. (FSCT, 1315 Walnut St., Suite 830, Philadelphia, Pa. 19107).

PAINT RESEARCH INSTITUTE MEETING

(May 1-2)-Paint Research Institute Symposium on Photochemical Processes in Film Curing and Degradation. Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, Ohio. (Dr. Raymond R. Myen.ChemistryDept.,KentStateUniversity, Kent, Ohio44242).

SPECIAL SOClOY MEETINGS (Jan. 26wh icago Society Annual Management Develop

ment Seminar. Holiday Inn--09HarelKennedy, Rosemont, Ill. (William Lesney, The Sherwin-Williams Co.. A.W. Steudel Tech- nical Center, 549 East 115th St., Chicago, 111. 60628).

(Jan. 3DFeb. I)-Symposium on "Water-Borne and Higher- Solids Coatings." Hyatt Regency Hotel, New Orleans Hotel. Sponsored by Southern Society and University of Southern Mis- sissippi. (Dr. Gary C. Wildman, College of Science and Technol- ogy. University of Southern Mississippi. P.O. Box 5165. Southern Station. Hattiesburg. Miss. 39401).

(Mar. 8-lobsouthern Society Annual Meeting. Omni Inter- national Hotel, Atlanta. Ga. (A. Roy Neal, Rico Chemicals, inc., P.O. Box 1003, Toccoa. Ga. 30577).

(Mar. 21-22kCleveland Society Symposium on "Advances in Coatings Technology." (Carl J. Knauss, Chemistry Dept.. Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242).

(Apr. 13-15)-Dallas and Houston Societies. Southwestern Paint Convention. The Hilton Inn, Dallas, Texas. (J. Donald Webb, Jones-Blair Co., P.O. Box 35286, Dallas, Texas 75235).

(Apr. PObDetroit Society FOCUS Seminar, "Coatings for Automotive Plastics." Detroit. Mich. (Stephen Peng, Ford Motor Co., Paint RBD Labs. 400 Groesbeck Highway. Mt. Clemens, Mich. 48043):

(May 4-6kPacific Northwest Society Spring Symposium. Washington Plaza Hotel, Seattle, Wash. (Curtis P. Bailey, Parker Paint Mfg. Co., 3302 S. Junett St., Tacoma, Wash. 98409).

OTHER ORGANIZATIONS NPCA Regional Seminar on "Toxic Substances." (Jan. 10) in

Chicago; (Jan. 12) in LosAngeles; (Jan. 17) in New York; and (Jan. 19) in Atlanta. (Georgene Savickas, Director, Meetings and Con- ventions, National Paint and Coatings Association, 1500 Rhode Island Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005).

(Jan. 17-19pSerninar on "Resolving Corrosion Problems in Air Pollution Control Equipment Ii." Atlanta Hilton Hotel, Atlanta, Ga. Jointly sponsored by the Air Pollution Control Association, the Industrial Gas Cleaning institute, and the National Associa- tion of Corrosion Engineers. (Dale Miller, NACE. P.O. Box 1499. Houston, Texas 77001).


Corninq Events NPCA Regional Seminar on "Shipping Hazardous Materi-

als." (Jan. 31) in Los Angeles; (Feb. 2) in Seattle; (Feb. 3) in Portland: (Mar. 7) in St. Louis; (Mar. 8) in Denver; (Mar. 9) in Dallas; (Apr. 26) in New York; (Apr. 27) in Boston: and (May 23) in Chicago. (Georgene Savickas, Director, Meetings and Con- ventions, National Paint and Coatings Association, 1500 Rhode Island Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005).

(Feb. 5-8)-Second Inter-Society Color Council Conference, "Objectives of Pictorial Color Reproduction." Williamsburg. Va. (Mrs. Bonnie Swenholt, ISCC, Photographic Technology Div., Bldg. 69 Kodak Park, Rochester, N.Y. 14650).

NPCA Regional Seminar on "Energy Analysis and Consewa- tion." (Feb. 23) in New York; (Apr. 4) in Kansas City; (June 20) in Cleveland; and (Sept. 19) in Chicago. (Georgene Savickas, Di- rector, Meetings and Conventions, National Paint and Coatings Association, 1500 Rhode Island Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005).

(Mar. 6-10)-National Association of Corrosion Engineers Annual Conference and Materials Performance and Corrosion Show. CORROSION/78. Albert Thomas Convention Center, Houston. Texas. (NACE, 2400 West Loop South, Houston. Texas 77027).

(Mar. 6-11)-Painting and Decorating Contractors of America. 94th National Convention. Honolulu, Hawaii. (PDCA, 7223 Lee Highway. Falls Church. Va. 22046).

NPCA Regional Seminar on "Fire Protection." (Mar. 28) in Chicago; (Apr. 18) in Atlanta; (June6) in Los Angeles; (June8) in San Francisco; and (Sept. 14) in New York. (Georgene Savickas, Director, Meetingsand Conventions, National Paint and Coatings Association, 1500 Rhode Island Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005).

(Apr. 10-11)-Washington Paint Technical Group's 18th An- nual Symposium. Marriott Twin Bridges Motel, Washington, D.C. (Mildred A. Post, c/o U.S. Dept. of Commerce. National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C. 20234).

(April 18-21)-OCCA-30. Oil and Colour Chemists' Associa- tion 30th Annual Technical Exhibition. Alexandra Palace, Lon- don, England. (The Director & Secretary, Oil and Colour Chemists' Association, Priory House, 967 Harrow Road, Wembley, Middlesex HA0 ZSF, England).

(Apr. 27-28wanadian Chromatography Conference. Hotel Bonaventure. Montreal, Canada. (Vijay Mohan Bhatnagar, Alena Enter~rises of Canada, P.O. Box 1779. Cornwall. Ontario K6H 5W, Canada).

(May 11-12)-OCCA 60th Anniversary. May 11--City Livery Hall; May 12-Savoy Hotel. London, WC2, England. (The Director &Secretary, Oil & Colour Chemists' Association, Pr~ory House 967 Harrow Road. Wembley, Middlesex, HA0 ZSF, England).

(May 14-18bAmerican Oil Chemists' Society 69th Annual Spring Meeting. Chase-Park Plaza Hotel, St. Louis, Mo. (AOCS, 508 S. Sixth St., Champaign, 111. 61820).

(May 18-19)-5th lnternational Symposium on Flammability and Fire Retardants. Hotel Toronto. Toronto, Canada. (Vijay Mohan Bhatnaaar. Editor. "Advances in Fire Retardants." 209 . - -~

Dover Road, ~&nhal l , 0ntario K6J lT7, Canada). (May 3lJune 2)-18th Annual NDSU Coatings Symposium,

North Dakota State University. Fargo, N.D. (Dr.Zeno W. Wicks, Jr., Polymers and Coatings Dept., North Dakota State University. Fargo. N.D. 58102).

(June 4-9)-XIVth FATIPEC Congress. Budapest, Hungary. (Dr. L. Kovacs, Magyar Kemikusak Egyesulete, H-1368 Budapest ff. 240, Hungary).

(June 29-30)-World Chromatography Conference. Shera- ton Hotel, Stockholm, Sweden. (Vijay Mohan Bhatnagar, Alena Enterprises of Canada, P.O. Box 1779. Cornwall, Ontario K6H 5W, Canada).

(July 10-13)-World Conference on Future Sources of Or- ganic Raw Materials. Toronto, Canada. (Chemical Institute of Canada, 906-151 Slater St., Ottawa, Ontario, Canada KIP 5H3).

(July 13-14)-2nd European Conference on Flammability and Fire Retardants. Sheraton Hotel, Copenhagen, Denmark. (Vijay Mohan Bhantagar, Editor, "Advances in Fire Retardants," 209 Dover Rd.. Cornwall, Ontario K6J 1T7, Canada).

(July 17-21)-4th International Conference in Organic Coat- ings Technology, Athens. Greece. (Dr. Angelos V. Patsis, State University of New York at New Paltz, CSB. 209, New Paltz, N.Y. 12562).

(Aug. 21-23)-First International Conferenceon Durabilityof Building Materials and Components. Ottawa, Canada. (K. Char- bonneau. Executive Secretary, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa. Canada KIA OR6).

Advertisers Index

AIR PRODUCTS AND CHEMICALS, INC. ......................... !57 ................................... AMOCO CHEMICAL CORP. .12-13

....................................... BURGESS PIGMENT CO. .I12

............................................. CENTRAL CAN CO. 34 CROWN ZELLERBAWHEMICAL PRODUCTS ................. 1

EL W PONT DE NEMOURS & CO., INC., POLYMERS DN. ........ 41 El. W PONT M NEMOURS & CO.. INC.. PIGMENTS MV. ..... Cover 4 -. . - - - - - . .

.................................................. MANO CORP. 15

..................................... GEORGIA KAOLIN CO. Cover 2 GULF OIL CHEMICALS COrSPEClALTY CHEMICALS ........... .I06

........................................ ILLINOIS MINERALS CO. 10 .............................. IMC CHEMICAL GROUP, INC. .10g109

................................ KERR-McOEE CHEMICAL CORP. 58

N L INDUSTRIES, INC., CHEMICALS DIV. ......................... 48 ......................................... NALCO CHEMICAL CO. 21

PFIZER, INC., MINERALS, PIGMENTS AND METALS DIV. ......... 17 ........................... PENNSYLVANIA GLASS SAND CORP. 22

................................................. @PANEL CO. 110

ROHM AND HAAS CO. ........................................ 1M9

SHELL INTERNATlONAL .................................... Cove 3 SPENCER-KELLOGG DIV., TEXTRON. INC. ....................... 2

..................................... STAUFFER CHEMICAL CO. 20 .............................................. ST. JOE ZINC CO. .b9

SYLACAUGA CALCIUM PRODUCTS CO. .................... , ... .1W TECHNOLOGY MARKETING CORP. .............................. 110 TELEDYNE TABER, PHYSICAL TEST DIV. ....................... .I05 TENNECO CHEMICALS, INC., COATINGS & COLORANTS ......... 11 THIOKOUCHEMICAL MV. ....................................... 33

........................................ UNION CARBIDE CORP. . 4 4

R.T. VANDERBILT CO., INC. ..................................... 47 .............................................. VEBA-CHEMIE AG 38

WHlllAKER, CLARK & DANIELS, INC. .......................... .I15


-- ~-~ ~- -- -- - ~ - - .

WHY THE LEADE IN EPOXY RESINS IS EXPANDING AGAIN

This year, Shell Chemicals will be making even more Epikote epoxy resins, because the success of our resins for paint has increased demand from all over the world.

Epikote resins are helping to produce tough primers, marine paints and protective coatings to stand up to every environment.

We don't stop at epoxy resins. VeoVa is forming the basis of resin systems for high quality emulsion paints. And Cardura is being used to make high-quality industrial finishes.

All Shell resins are backed by the resources of the research and technical support groups based at Shell Polymers Centre, Amsterdam, and by the worlds largest manufacturing capacity for epoxy resins.

And in 1911, we'll be malung even more. Your Shell company will be happy to tell you more of the reasons why.

Better resins make better paints.

A new 150,000-ton-per-year titanium dioxide plant, our fourth, will go on-stream at De Lisle, Mississippi, in 1979. This will bring Du Font's total domestic capacity to 575,000 tons. All made by our own modern and efficient chloride process. That's good news to paint, paper, plastics, ink, and other manufacturers who depend upon this irreplaceable white pigment.

We're investing over $150 million in the new plant. A substantial sum, but we believe that our country should be self-sufficient in lots of things besides energy.. .titanium dioxide among them.

We're betting that you agree.

Above: Artist's conception of the De Lisle plant, which is located on the Bay of St. Louis, 15 miles west of Gulfport, Mississippi. 'PIGMENTS

'!I Clvi :

Journal of Coatings Technology 1977 Vol.49 No.635

Documents

Transcript of Journal of Coatings Technology 1977 Vol.49 No.635