REAPPRAISAL OF THE MIOFLORA FROM THE

JABALPUR SERIES OF IN DI~ WITH REMARKS 0 THEAGE OF THE BEDS

H. P. SI:,{GH

Birbal Salmi Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow

ABSTRACT

The present paper deals with the sporologicalanalysis (miospore genera) of coals from the neigh­bourhood of Sehora and Hathnapur in the JabalpurSeries of India which are exposed as the youngestGondwana strata in the Mahadeo hills of MadhyaPradesh. The assemblage consists of 32 miosporegenera, of which the saccate constituent are invari­ably non-striated. The occurrence of striatedand some of the non-striated bisaccates, as reportedby Dev (1961), from the Sher river assemblagenear Sehora is not confirmed. A comparison ofthe present assemblage (non Dev, I.e.) with someof those known from comparable horizons fromIndia and abroad has been briefly given. Onsporological grounds, it has been inferred thatthe J abalpur Series as represented near Sehoraand Hathnapur can be successfully distinguishedfrom the Umia beds in Cutch and the RajmahalHills in Bihar. The botanical relationship of thedispersed spores with that of the megaflora hasbeen indicated, wherever possible. The reinvesti­gated mioflora consists of many additional miosporegenera some of which viz. Aequitriradites, Rousei­sporites, Foveotriletes, Crybelosporites, Coohsonitesand Contignisporites glebulentus in conjunctionwith the megafossil record of Onchyiopsis andWeichselia strengthen the belief that the J abalpurSeries may conform to Lower Cretaceous age.

INTRODUCTION

THE present paper incorporates revisedsporological information (miosporegenera) on the coals from the J abalpur

Series (Upper Gondwana) of India and aimsto indicate some index fossil forms containedtherein. Coal samples have been examinedfrom the Sher river near Sehora and fromthe Hard river at its confluence with theSakkur river in the district of Narsinghpur,Madhya Pradesh. Previously Dev (1961)described an interesting assemblage fromthe same beds near Sehora and recorded somestriated bisaccate pollen grains occurringin association with a mioflora almost of theWealden type. Strikingly enough, thisappeared to be quite surprising as striatedbisaccate pollen are hitherto 110t known tooccur beyond Jurassic strata. Hart (1964)indicated that if the strata analysed is

87

correctly dated then a younger Jurassicassemblage occurs in India whereas anotherpossibility whether or not the same miofloracould have been reworked also seemed to beattracting. It is in view of these enquiriesthat an attempt has been made to reassessthe miospore composition of the J abalpurSeries. The data presented here are only across section of the detailed investigationsand have been briefly compared with someother comparable assemblages from the welldated horizons, indicating that the Jabalpurmioflora is in close agreement with thosewhich are known from the Lower Cretaceousage. Pollen grains comparable to the familyMagnoliaceae and striated bisaccates as re­ported by Shrivastava (1954) and Dev (1961)respectively from the J abalpur Series havenot been confirmed.

Geology - The J abalpur Series are exposedas. the youngest Gondwana strata in theMahadeo hills of Madhya Pradesh, appearingat intervals from South Rewa westwardsalong the southern side of the Narbadavalley, and are seen capping the northernhills of the Satpura. Thin coal seams out­crop at various places but the samples havebeen collected from the neighbourhood ofSehora and Hathnapur in the district ofN arsinghpur, Madhya Pradesh for thepresent study.

Carbonaceous shales intercalating stringsof jet black coal are exposed on the Sherand Machi rivers near Sehora and overliethe usual J abalpur type strong bed of sand­stone. This layer of carbonaceous shalesand coals is separated from a similarone by several feet thick beds of sand­stone.

The second locality is exposed on theHard river at its junction with the Sakkurriver near Hathnapur, exhibiting the bottombeds of conglomeratic sandstone overlyingflaggy sandstone and coaly shales alongwith jet black coal. This band is in turnoverlain by strong beds of sandstone typi­cally of J abalpur type.

88 THE PALAEOBOTANlST

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Coal samples were collected by me fromthe Sher river (SEHORA) and Hard river(HATHNAPuR) in March, 1962, at an intervalof 6-8 inches in each case and were packedin thick brown paper envelopes. The coalsare jet black. While sampling, the custo­mary precautiolls to avoid surface con­tamination were observed.

The usual maceration technique for thesecoals proved rewarding. They were treatedwith nitric acid (commercial) for a week toaffect oxidation. The acid free residueafter repeated washings with water wasdigested with hot (simmering) 5 percentKOH solution for about 10 minutes. Thewashed alkali free macerate was stored inglycerine jelly and slides were prepared inthe same medium.

MIOFLORAL COMPOSITION AND ITSCOMPARISON WITH SOME OTHER

MESOZOIC ASSEMBLAGES

The present mioflora of the ]abalpurSeries consists of 32 miospore genera ofwhich 18 are trilete, 2 are monolete, 4 arebisaccate, 1 is trisaccate, 1 is monosulcate,1 is non-saccate and 5 are alete. This

'assemblage, obviously records many addi­tional genera, in contrast to the one des­cribed by Dev (1961) from Sehara and amongthese some forms appear to be of definiteindex value as they are already known tobe present only in the Lower Cretaceousassemblages. Those forms which seem tooccur exclusively in the Hathnapur coalsare marked with an, asterisk while otherswhich appear to be individualistic in thecoals of Sehora are pointed out in the text.The list of miospore genera occurring in the] abalpur Series, though not complete assome forms yet await identification, is givenbelow. Descriptions of the dispersed sporesand their specific identification are notattempted in this paper.

1. Cvathidites Couper, 1953.*2. Stereisporites Pflug, 1953.

3. Dictyophvllidites Couper, 1958.4. Matonisporites Couper, 1958.5. Gleicheniidites Ross ex Delcourt &

Sprumont emend. Dettmann, 1963.6. Verrucosisporites (Ibraim) Smith et

al. 1964.

7. Trilites Erdtman ex Couper emend.Dettmann, 1963.

8. Osmundacidites Couper, 1953.9. Conbaculatisporites Klaus, 1960.

10. Foveotriletes Van del' Hammen exPotonie, 1956.

11. Lycopodiumsporites Thiergart exDelcourt & Sprumont, 1955.

12. Boseisporites Dev emend. Singh et al.,1964.

13. Rouseisporites Pocock, 1962.14. Cf. Coptaspora Dettmann, 1963,15. Crybelosporites Dettmann, 1963.16. Contignisporites Dettmann, 1963.

* 17. Cicatricosisporites Potonie & Gelletich,1933

*18. Aequitriradites Delcourt & Sprumontemend. Cookson & Dettmann, 1961.

19. Densoisporites Weyland & Kriegeremend. Dettmann, 1963.

20. Cooksonites Pocock emend. Dettmann,1963.

*21. Murospora Somers, 1952.22. Leschikisporis Potonie emend. Bharad.

& Singh, 1964.23. Laevigatosporites Ibrahim, 1933.24. Araucariacites Cookson ex Couper,

1953.25. Callialasporites Dev. 1961.26. Alisporites Daugherty, 1941.27. Platysaccus (Naumova) Potonie

& Klaus, 1954.28. Podocarpidites Cookson ex Couper,

1953.29. Podosporites Rao, 1943.30. Vitreisporites Leschik, 1955.31. Classopollis Pflug emend. Pocock &

]ansonius, 1961.32. Cycadopites Wodehouse emend. Wil­

son & Webster, 1946.

From the pursual of the above list ofmiospore genera distributed in the ]abalpurSeries of India, it is apparent that the assem­blage as it is recovered from the neighbour­hood of Sehora does not contain such formsviz. Todisporites, Concavissimisporites, Lyco­podicidites (=1niquiornatisporites) M onolites,Saccarispor des, Sehorisporites, Z onalasporites,Circella, Striatites, Protosacculina, Striatopo­docarpites, Pityosporites (in part), Protopinus,Protoconiferus, Duplicisporites and M ono­sulcites which were recorded by Dev (1961)from the same locality. On the contrarythe following forms viz. Dictyophyllidites,M atonisporites, Gleicheniidites, Osmundaci­dites, Trilites, V errucosisporites, F oveotrilites,Crybelos porites, Densoisporites, Contignispo­rites, Coohsonites, Leschikispor is, V itreispo-

SINGH - REAPPRAISAL OF THE MIOFLORA FROM THE JABALPUR SERIES 89

rites and etc. have been recovered from thereinvestigated assemblage of Sehora butthey were not previously reported by Dev(l.c.). While those forms which appear tobe common between the present assemblageand that of Dev (l.c.) are Cyathidites. Lyco­podiumsporites, Boseisporites, Laevigatospo­rites, Callialasporites, Alisporites, Platy saccus ,Podocarpidites, Cycadopites, Araucariacitesand Rouseisporites (figured as unidentifiedspecimen by DEV, l.c. PL. 8, FIG. 67). Amongthe common forms, except Rouseisporites,there is hardly any other element which canbe considered as an indicator to date theJabalpur Series. But from the appendedlist of miospores, the presence of F oveotriletes,Crybelosporites, Contignisporites (parti­cularly C. glebulentus Dettm.) and Rousei­sporites seem to be strikingly significantbecause their vertical distribution, so far asthe author is aware, is limited to LowerCretaceous strata.

A comparison of the Hathnapur andSehora (non DEV, l.c.) assemblages of theJ abalpur Series reveals that certain mio­spore genera appear to be characteristic foreach of these. For instance, forms likeConbaculatisporites, Aequitriradites, M uros­pora and Cicatricosispcrites are representedin the former assemblage whereas M atoni­sporites, Gleicheniidites, Boseisporites, Osmun­dacidites and F oveotriletes are confined tothe latter. The remaining forms (See thelist of miospore genera) are common to boththese assemblages. Among the individua­listic forms represented in the Hathnapurassemblage, the occurrence of Aequitriraditesand Murospora (particularly M. d. florida)significantly lend further support to theassnmption that the J abalpur Series miofloramay have a closer agreement with thoseassemblages which unquestionably conformto Lower Cretaceous age (DETTMANN,1963).However, it may be pointed out here thatthe Australian and Indian Lower Cretaceousassemblages (BALME,1957, DETTMANN,1963;and SINGHet al., 1964) are much more diverseand complex in their miospore contentqualitatively as compared to that of theJ abalpur Series. It also seems necessaryto add that the application of characteristi­cally restricted miospore genera occurringin the Hathnapur and Sehora assemblagesand their full stratigraphic value withinthe J abalpur Series would indeed be betterknown after the completion of this work.Nevertheless, if the present sporological

data are considered in sum total, the indexforms contained therein tend to indicate;Lower Cretaceous as the estimated age forthe J abalpur Series.

The Umia bed mioflora from the BhujSeries of Cutch described by Singh et al.,(1964), excluding megaspores, has manygenera common to the J abalpur Series.These are Cyathid-ites, Matonisporiles, Os­mundacidites, Lycopodiumsporites, Contigni­sporites, Boseisporites, Densoisporites, Aequi­triradites, Callialasporites, Platysaccus,Podocarpidites, Podosporites, A raucariacites,Cycadopites and Classopollis. Those generawhich occur in the Umia beds only and havenot been observed in the J abalpur Series areDeltoidospora, AlsoPhilidites, Concavispo­rites, Lophotriletes (?), Trilobosporites (?),Cyatheacidites, Crassimonolites, M onolites, En­zonalasporites M icrocachryidites, Schizospor isand Baculareticulosporis. On the other handthere are certain forms, viz. Stereisporites,DictyoPhyllidites, V errucosisporites, Trilites,Conbaculatisporites, F oveotriletes, Coollson­ites, Crybelosporites, Murospora, Alisporites,Vitreisporites and Rouseisporites, etc., whichare exclusively confined to the JabalpurSeries mioflora but are absent in that of theUmia beds. Thus, from this comparisonit seems possible that the Umia beds miofloracan be distinguished from that of the J abal­pur Series on account of the different associa­tion of miospore genera in each case althoughboth conform to Lower Cretaceous age.

Sah & Jain (1965) have investigateda miospore assemblage from the RajmahalSeries of India, deducing Bajocian to Ox­fordian age for these beds. The genericconstituents of this assemblage in commonwith the J abalpur Series are: Cyathidites,Gleicheniidites, V errucosisporites, Osmunda­cidites, Lycopodiumsporites, Cicatricosispori­tes, Callialasporites, Alisporites, Platysaccus,Podocarpidites, Vitreisporites, Podosporites,Araucariacites, Cycadopites and Classopollis.These forms which are considered to beuseful in distinguishing the Rajmahal mio­flora from that of the Jabalpur Series bytheir presence in the former and absencein the latter are: Deltoidospora, Divisispor­ites, Concavissimisporites, Ceratosporites,F oveosporites, I schyospor ites, Trilobospor­ites, Phyllocladidites and Dacrycarpites.On the other hand some of the strikinglycharacteristic examples distributed in theJabalpur Series but absent in the RajmahalSeries are: Contignispor ites, Crybelosporites,

90 THE PALAEOBOTAN[S T

A equitriradites, Densoisporites, Coollsonites,Murospora, Foveotriletes, and Rouseisporites.From this comparison it appears that allthe index miospore genera of the JabalpurSeries characteristic of Lower Cretaceousage are absent in the Rajmahal hills. Thuson this evidence it is fair to believe thatthe J abalpur Series mioflora is distinct fromthat of the Rajmahal hills and is youngerIn age.

Vishnu-Mittre (1954), Sah (1953, 1955)and Ramanujam (1957) have given anaccount of dispersed spores from the Jurassicstrata of the Rajmahal Hills, Andigama,Ceylon, Salt Range and East Coast Gond­wana of India respectively. All the 4miofloras, as judged from their respectivegeneric constituents certainly reveal a closeragreement with Jurassic miofloras and donot possess any elements matching with theLower Cretaceous strata. Recently Srivas­tava (1963) has published a note on the mio­flora from the Jurassic strata of the Raja­sthan indicating that it belongs to Lower­Middle Jurassic age. The striking similarityof this assemblage, as observed by its author,with the (?) Jurassic strata of Jabalpur Seriesseems to be a sweeping statement as thequalitative differences between the two aremore apparent than their close relationship.

From the Lower Cretaceous of South eastAustralia, Dettmann (1963) has put forwarda monographic study of the miospores withan account of their stratigraphical andgeographical distribution and has recognizedthree distinct miofloral assemblages namely,the Stylosus assemblage, the Speciosusassemblage and the Paradoxa assemblage onthe basis of distinctive species of restrictedstratigraphical ranges. She has furtherobserved that this mioflora of S.E. Australiais copiously diversified and contains quitea large number of species which have alreadybeen reported in the assemblages of WesternAustralia (BALME,1957), Canada (POCOCK,1962) and Western Siberia (SAMOlLOVICHet al. 1961) from the comparable horizons.A comparison of the J abalpur mioflora withthat of the S. E. Australia clearly indicatesthat the former in spite of its being muchimpoverished, has many genera in commonwith the latter. Among the commonelements, the occurrence of Cyathiditespunctatus, Contignisporites glebulentus, A e­quitriradites sp., Coollsonites sp., Crybelos­porites sp., Foveotriletes sp. and Rouseisporitessimplex in the Jabalpur Series is strikingly

noteworthy as they exhibit vertically restrict­ed range (Lower Cretaceous) and yet havea wider geographic distribution either in­dividually or in different associations.

DISCUSSION

The miofloral analysis of the J abalpurSeries attempted in this paper enables meto invoke discussion on the debatable aspectof the age of these Series. Oldham (1893)observed that the Jabalpur beds could becloser in age to the Umia beds than to thoseof the Rajmahal Hills. On the megafossilrecord Crookshank (1936) suggested thatthey are probably of the Oolite (Middle­Upper Jurassic) age and further proposedthat the Jabalpur Series could be split upinto two stages namely the Jabalpur and theChaugan stages although the lithology ofboth is alike. Pascoe (1959) did not agreeto this treatment and recognized these twostages as one formation, viz. the JabalpurSeries which is followed in the present paper.Wadia (1953) indicated that the J abalpurSeries pertain to Upper Jurassic age whileMatley (1921) opined that they might con­form to Lower Cretaceous age on strati­graphical grounds. Bose & Dev (1959)supported the latter view on account of theoccurrence of two characteristic wealdenferns namely Weichselia Stiehler andOnchyiopsis Yokoyama. The area of in­vestigation by these authors was in theneighbourhood of Bansa and Sehora. But inthe present case miofloral investigationsrefer to the coals exposed in the neighbour­hood of Sehora and Hathnapur.

The analysis of the palynological datahere and particularly its broad based com­parison with those assemblages knownfrom the comparable horizons has revealedtwo important aspects. Firstly, that thereare a number of miospore genera whichappear in the pre-Cretaceous strata andyet continue their presence in the LowerCretaceous formations and they are Cyathi­dites, Gleicheniidites, Osmundacidites, Cicatricosisporites, A lisporites, Classopollis, Cal­lialasporites, Podocarpidites, Podosporites,Araucariacites etc. These forms are of noparticular stratigraphical significance al­though they constitute a major proportionof the whole assemblage and remain charac­teristically associated with the index forms.The index forms, viz. Contignisporitesglebulentus, A equitriradites, Coollsonites,

SINGH -- REAPPRAISAL OF THE MIOFLORA FROM THE J ABALPUR SERIES 91

Foveotriletes, Rouseisporites and Crybelospo­rites are of significant stratigraphical valuebecause all of them (along with some othermiospore genera which are not present here)have a dependable record of restricteddistribution in the Lower Cretaceous strataof S. E. Australia (DETTMANN,1963) andare usually markers of their entry level.They also happen to behave in a similarfashion, if present, either singly or in diffe­rent groupings in the contemporary strataof W. Siberia (SAMOILOVICHet al., 1961),Western Canada (POCOCK, 1962), GreatBritain (COUPER,1959) and Belgium (DEL­COURT & SPRUMONT,1955). From thehitherto known vertical distribution of theserestricted miospore forms and their presencein the J abalpur Series it would appearbeyond doubt that these strata are postJurassic and may pertain to Lower Creta­ceous age thus supporting Bose & Dev's(l.c.) contention held on the megafossilrecord. So far as the finer sporologicalzonation of the J abalpur Series is concerned,it is deferred till late date as the qualitativeand quantitative data pertaining to thedistribution of the miospore species arewanting.

The mioflora of J abalpur Series is alsoimportant in the sense that it distinguishesitself very well from those of the older Raj­mahal hills and slightly younger Umia bedsof the Upper Gondwana. The feasibilityof this fact has been revealed from thedetailed comparison among the three assem­blages, attempted earlier. The presence ofsuch forms, viz. Divisisporites, Concavissi­misporites, Ceratosporites, N eoraistrickia,Foveosporites, Phyllocladidites and Dacry­carpites in the Rajmahal hills; Stereisporites,T rilites, Conbaculatisporites, Crybelosporites,Cooksonites, F oveotriletes, M urospora andRouseisporites in the J abalpur Series;Crassimonoletes, Shizosporis and many megas­pore types in the Umia beds are significantlystriking for each of the 3 respective assem­blages.

Probable relationship of the dispersedspores involved with the correspondingmegafossils has been indicated by deducingfrom the analogy of the spore morphologyin the extant forms on the assumption thatit also holds good here. Then Cyathiditesmay represent cyatheaceous and dicksonia­ceous stock. Gleicheniidites may as wellcorrespond to Gleicheniites, and Osmundaci­dites to the osmundaceous forms of themegaflora. Lycopodiumsporites and Densois­porites may have no doubt in reflectinglycopodiaceous content of the megaflorawhereas the easily recognizable presence ofCicatricosisporites and Trilites may besuggestive of schizeaceous element therein.Leschikisporis may indicate marattiaceousidentity. Araucariacites, Podocarpidites andCallialasporites in all probability seem tohave coniferous affinity, of which the firsttwo may represent araucarian and podo­carpaceous stocks respectively. Aequitri­radites and Rouseisporites according toDettmann (1963) seem to have a link withthe hepatic species of the megaflora.

CONCLUSION

The present mioflora of J abalpur Serieswidely differs from that of the previouslydescribed by Dev (1961) from the samelocality by the absence of striated bisaccatesin total, some nonstriated bisaccates and bythe presence of many additional miosporegenera. Among these the most importantones are Contignisporites, A equitriradites,Cooksonites, F oveotriletes, Rouseisporites andCrybelosporites as they reflect a closerrelationship of the J abalpur mioflora withthose known from the Lower Cretaceousstrata elsewhere. The occurrence ofOnchyiopsis and Weichselia in the sameSeries provides supporting evidence forthis contention. Besides, the J abalpurmioflora has an identity of its own and isdistinct from those of the Rajmahal hillsand the Umia beds.

REFERENCES

BALME, B. E. (1957). Spores and pollen grainsfrom the Mesozoic of Western Australia. C.S.I.R.G. Aust. Coal Res. Sect. 25: 1-48.

BOSE, M. N. & DEV, S. (1959). Occurrence of twocharacteristic Wealden ferns in the J abalpurSeries. Nature, Lond. 183: 130-131.

COUPER, R. A. (1958). British Mesozoic micro­spores and pollen grains, a systematic andstratigraphic study. Palaeontographica. BI03:75-179.

CROOKSHANK,H. (1936). Geology of the northernslopes of the Satpuras between the Morand

92 THE PALAEOBOTANIST

and the £her rivers. Mem. geol. Surv. India.66(2) : 173-376.

DELCOURT, A. & SPRUMONT, G. (1955). Lesspores et grains de pollen du Wealden du Hainut.Mem. Soc. belge. Geol. 4: 1-73.

DETTMANN, lVL E. (1963). Upper Mesozoic micro­floras from south-eastern Australia. Proc. roy.Soc. Vict. 77(1): 1-148.

DE v, S. (1961). The fossil flora of the JabalpurSeries - 3. Spores and pollen grains. Palaeo­botanist. 8: 43-56.

HART, G. (1964). A review of the classificationand distribution of the Permian miospore:Disaccate striatiti. C. R. V Congr. into Strat.Geol. Carbo Paris. 3: 1171-1191.

l\lATLEY, C. A. (1921). On the stratigraphy, fossilsand geological relationship of the Lameta bedsof J ubbulpore. Rec. geol. Surv. India. 53(2):142-164.

MEDLICOT, H. B. (1873). Notes on the SatpuraCoal basin. Mem. geol. Surv. India. 10: 133-188.

OLDHAM,R. D. (1893). Geology of India, Manual2nd Edn. Govt. of India Press. Calcutta.

PASCOE, H. (1959). A manual of the Geology ofIndia and Burma. 2. Govt. of India Press.Calcutta.

POCOCK, S. J. (1962). Microfloral analysis andage determination of strata at the Jurassic

-'Cretaceous boundary in the Western Canadaplains. Palaeontographica. B Ill: 1-95.

RAMANU]AM,C. G. K. (1957). Microfossils from aCarbonaceous shale near Vemavaram (Jurassic)

in the east coast Gondwanas. ]. Indian bot.Soc. 35(3): 348-372.

SAH, S. C. D. (1953). Spores and other micro­remains from a carbonaceous shale (Jurassic)in Andigama, Ceylon. Spolia zeylan. 27: 1-12.

Idem (1955). Plant microfossils from a Jurassicshale of Salt Range, West Punjab (Pakistan).Palaeobotanist. 4: 60-71.

SAH, S. C. D. & JAIN, K. P. (1965). Jurassicspores and pollen grains from the RajmahalHills, Bihar, India, with a discussion on theage of the Rajmahal Intertrappean beds. Ibid.13 (3): 264-290.

SAMOILOVITCH,S. R. et al. (1961). Pollen andspores of western Siberia; Jurassic to Palaeocene. UNIGRI (Tr. All Union Petrol Sci.Res. Geol. Expl. Inst.) 177: 1-657 (in Russian).

SHRIVASTAVA,R. N. (in KRISHNAN, M. S.) (1954).General report of the geological survey of Indiafor the year 1952. Rec. geol. Surv. India. 86(1):225.

SINGH, H. P., SRIVASTAVA,S. K. & Roy, S. K.(1964). Studies on the Upper Gondwana ofCutch 1. Mia-and Macrospores. Palaeobotanist.12(3): 282-306.

SRIVASTAVA,S. K. (1963). Polo spores from Juras­sic of Rajasthan, India. Nalure, Lond. 198:1323-1324.

VISHNU-MITTRE (1954). Petrified spores andpollen grains from the Jurassic rocks of Raj­mahal Hills, Bihar. Palaeobolanist. 3: 117-127.

WADIA, D. N. (1953). Geology of India, London.

EPXLANATION OF PLATE

(All figures are from un-retouched negatives and are X 500.)

PLATE

1-3. Foveotriletes sp.4-7. Aequitriradites sp.8. Crybelosporites sp.9. Cooksonites sp.

10-11. Rouseisporites sp.12. Cicatricosisporites sp.13-14. Contignisporiles glebulentus Dettmann,

1963.15-17. Contignisporites sp.

THE PALAEOBOTANIST, VOL. 15 SIKGH - PLATE t

6

3

2

54

8