Coastal Upwelling

Coastal and Estuarine Sciences

A series developed to advance the knowledge of physical, chemical, and biological processes in coastal and estuarine regimes and their relevance to societal concerns.

1. Coastal Upwelling

Coastal and Estuarine Sciences 1

Coastal Upwelling Francis A. Richards

Editor

American Geophysical Union Washington, D.C. 1981

Published under the aegis of the Geophysical Monograph Board: Robert Van der Voo, Chairman; Eric J. Essene, Donald W. Forsyth, Joel S. Levine, William I. Rose, and William R. Winkler, members.

Coastal Upwelling

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Main entry under title:

Coastal upwelling research, 1980.

(Coastal and estuarine sciences; 1) Includes bibliographies. 1. Upwelling (Oceanography)—Congresses. 2. Coastal

ecology—Congresses. I. Richards, Francis A. II. Series. GC228.5.C6 551.4701 81-14866 ISBN 0-87590-250-2 AACR2

Copyright 1981 by American Geophysical Union 2000 Florida Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20009

Figures, tables and short excerpts may be reprinted in scientific books and journals if the source is properly cited; all other rights reserved.

Printed in the United States of America.

CONTENTS

Editor's Preface ix Organizers' Remarks xi

Coastal Upwelling Overview Warren S. Wooster A n Upwelling Mythology 1

Felipe Ancieta The Importance of Coastal Upwelling Research to Peru 4

R.R.P. Chase NASA's Potential Remote Sensing Capabilities 6

James C. Kelley The Coastal Upwelling Ecosystems Analysis Program: Social Implications 9

Feenan D. Jennings The Coastal Upwelling Ecosystems Analysis Program: Epilogue 13

The Physical Process of Upwelling Forcing Functions

Norbert Michelchen Estimates of Large-Scale Atmospheric Pressure Variations in the Upwelling Area off Northwest Africa 17

G.L. Moody, David W. Stuart, A J. Watson, and M.M. Nanney Sea-Surface Temperatures and Winds During JOINT II: Part I. Mean Conditions 21

David W. Stuart Sea-Surface Temperatures and Winds During JOINT II: Part II. Temporal Fluctuations 32

David W. Stuart, Robert J. Goodwin, and William P. Duval A Comparison of Surface Winds and Winds Measured at 152 m During JOINT I 1974 and JOINT II 1977 39

Clive E. Dorman and David P. Palmer Southern California Summer Coastal Upwelling 44

Sargun A. Font Upwelling: Effects on Air Temperatures and Solar Irradiance 57

Thomas D. Leming and Christopher N.K. Mooers Cold Water Intrusions and Upwelling Near Cape Canaveral, Florida 63

Eberhard Hagen Mesoscale Upwelling Variations off the West African Coast 72

W.R. Johnson The Propagation of Tidal and Inertial Waves in the Upwelling Region off Peru 79

Laurence C. Breaker and Ronald P. Gilliland A Satellite Sequence on Upwelling Along the California Coast 87

B. Voituriez Equatorial Upwelling in the Eastern Atlantic: Problems and Paradoxes 95

Descriptions and Comparisons of Specific Upwelling Systems Robert L. Smith A Comparison of the Structure and Variability of the Flow Field in Three Coastal Upwelling

Regions: Oregon, Northwest Africa, and Peru 107

Masayuki Takahashi, Yoshibumi Yasuoka, Masataka Watanabe, Fadakuni Miyazaki, and Shun-ei Ichimura Local Upwelling Associated With Vortex Motion off Oshima Island, Japan 119

Merritt R. Stevenson, David W. Stuart, and George W. Heburn Short-Term Variations Observed in the Circulation, Heat Content, and Surface Mixed Layer of an Upwelling Plume off Cabo Nazca, Peru 125

Eberhard Fahrbach, Christoph Brockmann, Nelson Lostaunau, and Wilfredo Urquizo The Northern Peruvian Upwelling System During the E S A C A N Experiment 134

L.V. Shannon, G. Nelson, and M.R. Jury Hydrological and Meteorological Aspects of Upwelling in the Southern Benguela Current 146

Claude Millot and Lucien Wald Upwelling in the Gulf of Lions 160

Antonio Cruzado and Jordi Salat Interaction Between the Canary Current and the Bottom Topography 167

F. Fraga Upwelling off the Galacian Coast, Northwest Spain 176

Models

John A. Johnson Weakly Stratified Shelf Currents 183

Donald R. Johnson and Christopher N.K. Mooers Internal Cross-Shelf Flow Reversals During Coastal Upwelling 188

E-Chien Foo, Claes Rooth, and Rainer Bleck A Two-Dimensional Diabatic Isopycnal Model of a Coastal Upwelling Front 193

Masahiro Endoh, Christopher N.K. Mooers, and Walter R. Johnson A Coastal Upwelling Circulation Model With Eddy Viscosity Depending on Richardson Number 203

Some Chemical Consequences of Upwelling L.A. Codispoti Temporal Nutrient Variability in Three Different Upwelling Regions 209

G. E. Friederich and L.A. Codispoti The Effects of Mixing and Regeneration on the Nutrient Content of Upwelling Waters off Peru 221

E.D. Traganza, J. C. Conrad, and L. C. Breaker Satellite Observations of a Cyclonic Upwelling System and Giant Plume in the California Current 228

D.M. Nelson, J.J. Goering, and D. W. Boisseau Consumption and Regeneration of Silicic Acid in Three Coastal Upwelling Systems 242

Terry E. Whitledge Nitrogen Recycling and Biological Populations in Upwelling Ecosystems 257

Taizo Okuda Water Exchange and the Balance of Phosphate in the Gulf of Cariaco, Venezuela 274

Gunnar Kullenberg A Comparison of Distributions of Suspended Matter in the Peru and Northwest African Upwelling Areas 282

Klaus von Brocket A Note on Short-Term Production and Sedimentation in the Upwelling Region off Peru 291

Stephen W. Robinson Natural and Man-Made Radiocarbon As a Tracer for Coastal Upwelling Processes 298

Upwelling, Primary Production, and Phytoplankton W.G. Harrison, T. Piatt, R. Calienes, and N. Ochoa Photosynthetic Parameters and Primary Production of

Phytoplankton Populations off the Northern Coast of Peru 303

O. Guillen and R. Calienes Upwelling off Chimbote 312

Roberto Jimenez Composition and Distribution of Phytoplankton in the Upwelling System of the Galapagos Islands 327

Dolors Blasco, Marta Estrada, and Burton H. Jones Short-Time Variability of Phytoplankton Populations in Upwelling Regions—The Example of Northwest Africa 339

B. Rojas de Mendiola Seasonal Phytoplankton Distribution Along the Peruvian Coast 348

S.A. Huntsman, K.H. Brink, R. T. Barber, and D. Blasco The Role of Circulation and Stability in Controlling the Relative Abundance of Dinoflagellates and Diatoms Over the Peru Shelf 357

Richard T. Barber and Walker O. Smith, Jr. The Role of Circulation, Sinking, and Vertical Migration in Physical Sorting of Phytoplankton in the Upwelling Center at 15°S 366

Gretchen Schuette and Hans Schrader Diatoms in Surface Sediments: A Reflection of Coastal Upwelling 372

Upwelling and Zooplankton Patricio A. Bernal and John A. McGowan Advection and Upwelling in the California Current 381

S.L. Smith, K.H. Brink, H. Santander, T.J. Cozvles, and A. Huyer The Effect of Advection on Variations in Zooplankton at a Single Location Near Cabo Nazca, Peru 400

Hay dee Santander Bueno The Zooplankton in an Upwelling Area off Peru 411

S.L. Smith, CM. Boyd, and P.V.Z. Lane Short-Term Variation in the Vertical Distribution of Small Copepods off the Coast of Northern Peru 417

Fernando Arcos A Dense Patch oiAcartia levequei (Copepoda, Calanoida) in Upwelled Equatorial Undercurrent Water Around the Galapagos Islands 427

S.B. Schnack and M. Elbrachter On the Food of Calanoid Copepods From the Northwest African Upwelling Region 433

Upwelling and Macrofauna The Nekton

John J. Magnuson, Cynthia L. Harrington, Donald J. Stewart, and Gary N. Herbst Responses of Macrofauna to Short-Term Dynamics of a Gulf Stream Front on the Continental Shelf 441

D.H. Cushing The Effect of El Nino Upon the Peruvian Anchoveta Stock 449

R.J. Trumble, O.A. Mathisen, and D. W. Stuart Seasonal Food Production and Consumption by Nekton in the Northwest African Upwelling System 458

The Benthos Gilbert T. Rowe The Benthic Processes of Coastal Upwelling Ecosystems 464

Upwelling and Biological Systems K.H. Brink, B.H. Jones, J.C. Van Leer, C.N.K. Mooers, D.W. Stuart, M.R. Stevenson, R.C. Dugdale, and G.W.

Heburn Physical and Biological Structure and Variability in an Upwelling Center off Peru Near 15°C During March, 1977 473

L. Hutchings The Formation of Plankton Patches in the Southern Benguela Current 496

J.G. Field, C.L. Griffiths, E.A.S. Linley, P. Zoutendyk, andR.A. Carter Wind-Induced Water Movements in a Benguela Kelp Bed 507

K.L. Denman, D.L. Mackas, H.J. Freeland, M.J. Austin, and S.H. Hill Persistent Upwelling and Mesoscale Zones of High Productivity off the West Coast of Vancouver Island, Canada 514

Ramon Margalef and Marta Estrada On Upwelling, Eutrophic Lakes, the Primitive Biosphere, and Biological Membranes 522

ORGANIZERS1 REMARKS

In February, 1980, a week-long International Symposium on Coastal Upwelling was held in Los Angeles, California. It was co-sponsored by The American Geophysical Union, The American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, and the American Meteorological Society, The intent of the sym­posium was to summarize recent progress in the multi-disciplinary aspects of upwelling research, especially the progress made during the IDOE (International Decade Of Ocean Exploration) in the 1970*s. Over 100 papers were presented, either orally or with posters. Participants came from five continents and a l l major disciplines of oceanography. The symposium was organized by several of the investigators in the multi-year, multi-institutional, multi-disciplinary IDOE pro­gram sponsored by the U.S. National Science Foundation that was called CUEA (Coastal Upwel­ling Ecosystems Analysis); the National Science Foundation funded many of the costs of the sym­posium as well as this volume. However, care was taken to ensure that CUEA investigators did not dominate the symposium and that the broadest pos­sible participation was achieved. The symposium itself was organized in a multi-disciplinary fashion, with biological and physical papers mainly grouped together by scale: large scale,

synoptic scale, mesoscale, and small scale. Approximately one-third of the papers presented at the symposium are published in this volume after peer review. They provide a representative cross-section of the papers presented at the symposium. The volume is augmented by some papers that were not presented at the symposium. The 1970*s saw several attempts to study jointly

physical and biological processes on the several scales of va r i a b i l i t y noted above. The general objective was to develop consistent physical and biological data sets and models of the coastal upwelling ecosystem. Though the models tended to be conceptual and s t a t i s t i c a l , substantial pro­gress has been made in identifying causal rela­tions between physical and biological fields and processes. By conducting somewhat similar stu­dies in a variety of regions around the world, a basis was provided for comparison of similari­ties and differences.

Christopher N.K. Mooers

Department of Oceanography U.S. Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, California 93940, U.S.A.

Upwelling areas are important because they supply 50% of the world's sea food. Upwelling is studied to understand the mechanisms that lead to the generation of the rich fisheries and to develop a capacity to predict the effect on the fisheries of perturbations in these mechanisms. Upwelling i t s e l f i s caused by a divergence of the surface flow f i e l d which, in turn, can be caused by wind, bottom topography, and several types of internal waves. In each instance, sub-surface, nutrient-rich water is added to the light-rich surface waters and stimulates the development of phytoplankton blooms. The blooms provide the food supply for the zooplanktonic, nektonic, and benthic components of the upwelling ecosystem.

The Coastal Upwelling Ecosystems Analysis (CUEA) Program was developed to study the environmental forcing functions and the physical, chemical, and biological aspects of the upwelling ecosystem. The CUEA group studied intensively four different upwelling regions: off Baja C a l i ­fornia during the MESCAL I and II expeditions in March and April, 1973; off Oregon during the CUE-2 expedition in July and August, 1972 (Plate II); off northwest Africa during the JOINT-I expedition in March and April, 1974 (Plate I); off Peru during the JOINT-II expedition from March to October, 1976 and March to May, 1977 (Plate III a, b). Many of the articles in this volume are based on the results these expeditions

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or similar ones made by other research groups to the same regions. The IDOE International Symposium held at the

University of Southern California from 4 to 8 February, 1980, was the fourth of a series of symposia and workshops that started with the working conference on the Analysis of Upwelling Systems held in Barcelona, Spain in March, 1970. The Barcelona meeting and the published proceed­ings (Investigaciones Pesqueras, 35, 1, 1971) were so successful that a second meeting was planned to be held in Marseille. At the Mar­seille meeting (May, 1973) there was increased participation from the community of physical oceanographers. The proceedings (Tethys^ 6y 1-2, 1974) reflect their contribution as well as the

general broadening of the multi-disciplinary base of upwelling research. The third meeting followed soon afterwards, in Kiel, West Germany, in Sep­tember, 1975, and like the Marseille meeting, was strongly interdisciplinary. The published record appeared as the book Upwelling Ecosystems, edited by R. Boje and M. Tomczak, Springer-Verlag, 1978. In the present volume the organizers and the editor collaborated to preserve the multi-disci­plinary flavor of the previous volumes.

Theodore T. Packard

Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences West Boothbay Harbor, Maine 04575, U.S.A.

FG

Plate I. Site and current-meter moorings during the JOINT I Expedition off northwest Africa, 1974. The letters designate mooring locations: FG = Foxglove; FF = Forest Fern; Lp = Lupine; 0 = Oregon Grape; U = Urbinia; W = Weed; L = Lisa; R = Rhododendron. Courtesy of R.L. Smith.

Plate II. Site of the CUE 2 observations and current meter moorings off the Oregon coast in July and August 1973. Courtesy of R.L. Smith.

90°W 80° 70° Plate III. a) Site and mooring locations during the JOINT II Expedition off Peru, March to May 1977. The C line extended along 215°T from the coast approximately through moorings A, PSS, M, PS, I, La, and Lo. The letters designate mooring locations: P = Parodia; A = Agave; PSS; PS; M = Mila; I = Ironwood; La = Lagarta; Lo = Lobivia; E = Euphorbia, b) Pe = Peyote; Y = Yucca Too; 0 = Opuntia. Courtesy of R.L. Smith.

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