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Indus Script evidence Pasupati seal deciphered. Bronze-age

metalwork technology transfers from ancient India to Japan &

Slovakia reinforced by Japanese and Slavic words

This monograph has two parts: Part 1 relates to the archaeometallurgical indicators of smelting,

copper-brass metalwork in Japan and Slovakia compared with Indian sprachbund and Part 2

relates to decipherment of so-called Pasupati seal as an artisan guild: mint-master, village chief,

metalworker, (artisans) engaged in brass metal casting (and as) turner.

Two insights of importance to trace the roots of Bhāratam Janam and in Ancient Indian

civilization studies are provided by Georges Pinault and MB Emeneau. Both insights are related

to the ancient speech (parole)/language (langue) of the people. A good example to

distinguish parole and langue is provided by mleccha and chandas in the Indian cultural

tradition.

The unfinished task is to compile the lexis of the people's speech -- Meluhha, mleccha or Proto-

Prakritam -- based on the metalwork described in catalogus catalogorum, i.e. Indus Script

Corpora of about 7000 inscriptions. If Proto-Indo-European (PIE) glosses can be reconsructed

with * indicators, it is suggested that such a reconstruction can also be achieved for Meluhha

speech and Proto-Prakritam pronunciations of words in speech forms. In the monographs

presented so far, a beginning has been made, every attempt has been made to avoid *indicators

for Proto-Prakritam (Meluhha) words but only lexically attested glosses from languages of

Indian sprachbund have been used to decipher the Indus Script Corpora. This is based on the

assumption that one or more of the Indian sprachbund languages point to the ancient

pronunciations of a pair of words which can become a homophone pair of words signifying a)

hieroglyph component of a hypertext hieroglyph-multiplex and b) the metalwork semantics.

Two examples are cited to indicate how some glosses are retained and continue to be in vogue

only in some languages of the Indian sprachbund (language union). One example relates to the

glosses for semantics: tatara 'smelter, furnace'. Another example relates to the glosses for

semantics: med 'metal, iron, copper'.

tatara 'smelter' (Japanese) < ṭhaṭṭhāra 'brass worker' (Prakritam) (< is indicated as a

possibile transfer mode in language contacts for metalwork technical gloss.)

"The tatara (鑪?) is the traditional Japanese furnace used for smelting iron and steel. The word

later also came to mean the entire building housing the furnace...tatara is foreign to Japan,

originating in India or Central Asia...Tokutaro Yasuda suggests that the word may be from the

Sanskrit word taatara, meaning "heat," noting that the Sanskrit word for steel is sekeraa, which

is very similar to the word used in Japan for the steel bloom which the tatara produces..."

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The dissemination of iron-manufacturing technology to Japan

http://www.hitachi-metals.co.jp/e/tatara/nnp0101.htm

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatara_(furnace)

*ṭhaṭṭh ʻ strike ʼ. [Onom.?]N. ṭhaṭāunu ʻ to strike, beat ʼ, ṭhaṭāi ʻ striking ʼ, ṭhaṭāk -- ṭhuṭuk ʻ

noise of beating ʼ; H.ṭhaṭhānā ʻ to beat ʼ, ṭhaṭhāī f. ʻ noise of beating ʼ.(CDIAL 5490)

¹ taṭṭāṉ, n. < -. [M. taṭṭān.] Gold or silver smith, one of 18 kuṭimakkaḷ, q. v.;

. ( .) e. taṭra goldsmith or silversmith. Cf. Turner,CDIAL, no.

5490, *ṭhaṭṭh- to strike; no. 5493, *ṭhaṭṭhakāra- brassworker; √ ta , no. 5748, tāˊ a- a blow; no.

5752, tā áyati strikes.

*ṭhaṭṭha ʻ brass ʼ. [Onom. from noise of hammering brass? -- N. ṭhaṭṭar ʻ an alloy of copper and

bell metal ʼ. *ṭhaṭṭhakāra ʻ brass worker ʼ. 2. *ṭhaṭṭhakara -- 1. Pk. ṭhaṭṭhāra -- m., K. ṭh ṭhur m.,

S. ṭh ṭhār m., P. ṭhaṭhiār, °rā m.2. P. ludh. ṭhaṭherā m., Ku. ṭhaṭher m., N. ṭhaṭer ,

Bi. ṭhaṭherā, Mth. ṭhaṭheri, H. ṭhaṭherā m.(CDIAL 5491, 5493)

Tatta1 [pp. of tapati] heated, hot, glowing; of metals: in a melted state (cp. uttatta)

Aii.122≈(tattena talena osiñcante, as p nishment); Dh 308 (ayog ḷa); J ii.352 (id.); iv.306

(tattatapo "of red -- hot heat," i. e. in severe self -- torture); Miln 26, 45 (adv. red -- hot); PvA

221 (tatta -- lohasecanaŋ the po ring o er of glowing copper, one of the p nishments in

Niraya).(Pali)

taṭṭ -m ṭṭ , n. Redupl. of ² [T. M. Tu. taṭṭumuṭṭu.] 1. Furniture, goods and

chattels, articles of various kinds; .

( . 225). 2. Apparatus, tools, instruments, utensils; . 3.

Luggage, baggage; . (W.)Ta. taṭṭ m ṭṭ furniture, goods and chattels, utensils,

luggage. Ma. taṭṭ m ṭṭ kitchen utensils, household stuff. Tu. taṭṭim ṭṭ id.(DEDR 3041)

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A Gold Rhyton with two tigers; svastika incised on thigh of tiger; found in historical site of

Gilan, Iran

http://www.fouman.com/Y/Image/History/Gilan_Gold_Rhyton_Lion.jpg

sattu (Tamil), satta, sattva (Kannada) jasth m. (sg. dat. jastas ), zinc, spelter;

pewter; zasath or zasuth m. (sg. dat. zastas ), zinc, spelter, pewter

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(cf. Hindī jast). jast ; adj. (f. jastüvü), made of zinc or pewter.(Kashmiri). Hence the

hieroglyph: svastika repeated five times. Five svastika are thus read: taṭṭal satt a Reb s: zinc

(for) brass (or pewter). *ṭhaṭṭha1 ʻbrassʼ. [Onom. from noise of hammering brass?]N. ṭhaṭṭar ʻ

an alloy of copper and bell metal ʼ. *ṭhaṭṭhakāra ʻ brass worker ʼ. 1.Pk. ṭhaṭṭhāra -- m.,

K. ṭh ṭhur m., S. ṭh ṭhār m., P. ṭhaṭhiār, °rā m.2. P. ludh. ṭhaṭherā m., Ku. ṭhaṭher m.,

N. ṭhaṭer , Bi. ṭhaṭherā, Mth. ṭhaṭheri, H.ṭhaṭherā m.(CDIAL 5491, 5493). See

also: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2014/10/indus-script-kharada-brief-memoranda-of.html

Decipherment of Mohenjo-daro seal m0304 (seated, horned person surrounded by animal

glyphs)

m 304. Mohenjo-daro seal. DK 5175, now in the National

Museum of India, New Delhi. Seated person with buffalo horns.

Head gear: Hieroglyph: taTThAr 'buffalo horn' Rebus: taTTAr 'brass worker'; Hieroglyph: goṇ e

ʻ cl ster ʼ (Kannada) Reb s: k ṇ i-a = village headman; leader of a village (Prakritam)

m h face ; reb s: metal ingot ( antali) m h = the quantity of iron produced at one time in a

native smelting furnace of the Kolhes; iron produced by the Kolhes and formed like a four-

cornered piece a little pointed at each end; mūhā mẽṛhẽt = iron smelted by the Kolhes and

formed into an eq ilateral l mp a little pointed at each end; kolhe tehen me~ṛhe~t mūhā akata =

the Kolhes have to-day produced pig iron (Santali.lex.)

hoggy hair; tiger’s mane. sodo bodo, sodro bodro adj. adv. rough, hairy, shoggy, hirsute,

ne en; sodo [Persian. sodā, dealing] trade; traffic; merchandise; marketing; a bargain; the

purchase or sale of goods; buying and selling; mercantile dealings (G.lex.) sodagor = a merchant,

trader; sodāgor (P.B.) (Santali.lex.) The face is depicted with bristles of hair, representing a

tiger’s mane. cū ā, cūlā, cūliyā tiger’s mane (Pkt.)(CDIAL 4883).Reb s: cūḷai f rnace, kiln,

funeral pile' (Te.)(CDIAL 4879; DEDR 2709). Thus the composite glyphic composition: 'bristled

(tiger s mane) face is read reb s as: sodagor m h cūḷa f rnace (of) ingot merchant .

kamarasāla = waist-zone, waist-band, belt ( e.) karmāraśāla = workshop of blacksmith ( kt.)

kamar ‘blacksmith’ ( antali)

The person on platform is seated in penance: kama ha penance (Pkt.) Reb s: kammaṭa ‘mint,

coiner’ (Malayalam)

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Hieroglyph: arms with bangles: kar n.pl.ʻwristlets, banglesʼ.(G jarati)(CDIAL 2779) Reb s:

khār 'blacksmith' (Kashmiri)

khār m. (sg. abl. khāra 1 ; the pl. dat. of this word is khāran 1 , which

is to be distinguished from khāran 2, q.v., s.v.), a blacksmith, an iron worker (cf. bandūka-

khār, p. 111b,l. 46; K.Pr. 46; H. xi, 17); a farrier (El.). This word is often a part of a name, and

in such case comes at the end (W. 118) as in Wahab khār, Wahab the smith (H. ii, 12; vi,

17). khāra-basta

khāra-basta - f. the skin bellows of a blacksmith. -büṭhü -

&above; &below; f. the wall of a blacksmith's furnace or hearth. -bāy -

f. a blacksmith's wife (Gr.Gr. 34). -d k r - &below; m. a

blacksmith's hammer, a sledge-hammer. - -ग&above; &below; or -güjü -

ग&above; &below; f. a blacksmith's furnace or hearth. -hāl -

f. (sg. dat. -höjü - &above; &below;), a blacksmith's smelting furnace; cf. hāl 5.

-kūrü - &below; f. a blacksmith's daughter. -koṭ - &above; &below;

m. the son of a blacksmith, esp. a skilful son, who can work at the same profession. -

küṭü - &above; &below; f. a blacksmith's daughter, esp. one who has the

virtues and qualities properly belonging to her father's profession or caste. -më˘ʦü 1 -

&above; &dotbelow; &below; f. (for 2, see [khāra 3] ), 'blacksmith's

earth,' i.e. iron-ore. -n y - &below; m. a blacksmith's son. -nay -

f. (for khāranay 2, see [khār n] ), the trough into which the blacksmith allows

melted iron to flow after smelting. -ʦa - &dotbelow;ञ f.pl. charcoal

used by blacksmiths in their furnaces. - ān m. a blacksmith's shop, a forge,

smithy (K.Pr. 3). - aṭh - m. (sg. dat. - aṭas - ), the large stone used by a

blacksmith as an anvil.(Kashmiri)

K r. kaṇ ō a stool. Malt. kan o stool, seat. (DEDR 1179) Reb s: kaṇ = a f rnace, altar

( antali.lex.) k ntam haystack ( e.)(DEDR 1236) Reb s: k ṇ am a pit for recei ing and

preserving consecrated fire' (Te.)

A pair of hayricks, a pair of antelopes: k nda m = manger, a hayrick (G.) Reb s: k ndār t rner

(A.); k dār, k dāri (B.); k ndār (Or.); k nda to t rn on a lathe, to car e, to chase; k nda dhiri

= a hewn stone; kundau murhut = a graven image (Santali) kunda a turner's lathe (Skt.)(CDIAL

3295)

Decoding a pair: dula m. a pair, a co ple, esp. of two similar things (Rām. 966)

(Kashmiri); dol ‘likeness, pict re, form’ ( antali) Reb s: d l ‘to cast metal in a mo ld’ ( antali)

d l meṛe cast iron (Mundari. Santali)

Antelope: miṇ āl ‘markhor’ ( ōrwālī) me ho a ram, a sheep (G.)(CDIAL 10120); reb s: mẽṛhẽt,

me ‘iron’ (M .Ho.)

Glyph: krammara ‘look back’ ( e.); Reb s: kamar ‘smith’ ( antali) Vikalpa 1: mlekh

‘antelope’(Br.); milakkh ‘copper’ (Pali) Vikalpa 2: kala stag, buck (Ma.) Rebus: kallan mason

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(Ma.); kalla glass beads (Ma.); kalu stone (Kond.a); xal id., boulder (Br.)(DEDR 1298). Rebus:

kallan ‘stone-bead-maker’.

h s, together, the glyphs on the base of the platform are decoded reb s:me kamar d l meṛe

k dār, iron(metal)smith, casting (and) t rner .

Animal glyphs around the seated person: buffalo, boar (rhinoceros), elephant, tiger (jumping).

ran:gā ‘b ffalo’; ran:ga ‘pewter or alloy of tin (ran:k ), lead (nāga) and antimony

(añjana)’(Santali)

kANDa 'rhinoceros' Rebus: khaNDa 'metal implements'

ibha ‘elephant’ ( kt.); reb s: ib ‘iron’ ( antali) karibha ‘tr nk of elephant’ (Pali); reb s: karb

‘iron’ (Ka.)

kolo, koleā jackal (Kon. antali); kola k k r white tiger (A.); dāṭ ‘leap’ ( e.); rebus: kol

pañcaloha fi e metals ( a.); kol f rnace, forge (K wi) dāṭ j mp ( e.). Reb s: dhāt ‘mineral’

( kt.) Vikalpa: p ṭi to j mp ; p ṭa calcining of metals . h s the glyph j mping tiger read

rebus: 'furnace for calcining of metals'.

Decoding the text of the inscription

Text 2420 on m0304

Line 2 (bottom): body glyph. mēd ‘body’ (K r.)(DEDR 5099); me ‘iron’ (Ho.)

Line 1 (top):

Body glyph pl s ligat re of splinter shown between the legs: mēd ‘body’ (K r.)(DEDR 5099);

me ‘iron’ (Ho.) sal ‘splinter’; Reb s: sal ‘workshop’ ( antali) h s, the ligat red glyph is read

rebus as: meḍ sal 'iron (metal) workshop'.

Sign 216 (Mahadevan). ato ‘claws or pincers (chelae) of crabs’; aṭom, iṭom to seize with the

claws or pincers, as crabs, scorpions; aṭkop = to pinch, nip (only of crabs) ( antali) Reb s:

dhat ‘mineral’ ( antali) Vikalpa: erā ‘claws’; Reb s: era ‘copper’. Allograph: kamaṛkom = fig

leaf ( antali.lex.) kamarmaṛā (Has.), kamaṛkom (Nag.); the petiole or stalk of a leaf

(Mundari.lex.) kamat.ha = fig leaf, religiosa (Skt.)

ign 229. sannī, sannhī = pincers, smith’s ice (P.) śannī f. ʻ small room in a ho se to keep sheep

in ‘ (WPah.) Bshk. šan, Phal.šān ‘roof’ (Bshk.)(CDIAL 12326). seṇi (f.) [Class. k. śreṇi in

meaning "g ild"; Vedic= row] 1. a g ild Vin i .226; J i.267, 314; i .43; Dā s ii.124; their

n mber was eighteen J i.22, 427; VbhA 466. ˚ -- pamukha the head of a guild J ii.12 (text seni -

- ). -- 2. a division of an army J vi.583; ratha -- ˚ J i.81, 49; seṇimokkha the chief of an army J

i.371 (cp. senā and seniya). (Pali)

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ign 342. kaṇ a kanka rim of jar ( antali): karṇaka rim of jar’( kt.) Reb s: karṇaka ‘scribe,

acco ntant’ ( e.); gaṇaka id. ( kt.) ( antali) copper fire-altar scribe (acco nt)( kt.) Reb s: kaṇ

‘fire-altar’ ( antali) h s, the rim of jar ligat red glyph is read reb s: fire-altar (furnace) scribe

(account) karNI 'supercargo' (Marathi)

Sign 344. Ligatured glyph: 'rim of jar' ligature + splinter (infixed); 'rim of jar' ligature is read

reb s: kaṇ a karṇaka f rnace scribe (acco nt) .

sal stake, spike, splinter, thorn, diffic lty (H.); Reb s: sal ‘workshop’ ( antali) * ³ ālai,

n. < šālā. 1. Apartment, hall; . ( . 844. 7). 2. Elephant

stable or stall; . ( .

220, 3). ālai-k-k ḻi, n. < ¹ +. Receptacle for the juice underneath a

sugar-cane press; .*

ālai-t-toṭṭi, n. < id. +. Ca ldron for boiling s gar-cane juice;

. - ālai-pāy-, v. intr. < id. +. 1. To work a sugar-cane mill;

. ( . . 93). 2. To move, toss, as a

ship; . (R.) 3. To be undecided, vacillating; .

( ,) Vikalpa: sal ‘splinter’; reb s:

workshop (sal)’ ālai ‘workshop’ ( a.) * ³ ālai, n. < šālā. 1. Apartment, hall; .

( . 844. 7). 2. Elephant stable or stall; .

( . 220, 3). ālai-k-k ḻi,

n. < ¹ +. Receptacle for the juice underneath a sugar-cane press;

.* ālai-t-toṭṭi, n. < id. +. Cauldron for boiling

sugar-cane juice; . - ālai-pāy-, v. intr.

< id. +. 1. To work a sugar-cane mill; . ( .

. 93) Thus, together with the 'splinter' glyph, the entire ligature 'rim of jar +

splinter/splice' is read rebus as: furnace scribe (account workshop). Sign 59. ayo, hako 'fish'; a~s

= scales of fish ( antali); reb s: aya = iron (G.); ayah, ayas = metal ( kt.) ign 342. kaṇ a

karṇaka rim of jar ; reb s: f rnace scribe (account)'. Thus the inscription reads rebus: iron, iron

(metal) workshop, copper (mineral) guild, fire-altar (furnace) scribe (account workshop), metal

furnace scribe (account) As the decoding of m0304 seal demonstrates, the Indus hieroglyphs are

the professional repertoire of an artisan (miners'/metalworkers') guild detailing the

stone/mineral/metal resources/furnaces/smelters of workshops (smithy/forge/turners' shops).

Comparble to m0304 showing a seated person in penance, is a seal showing a scarfed person in

penance:

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Mohenjo-daro seal m 305 (DK 3884.

He also has scarf as a pigtail, is horned with two stars shown within the horn-curves.

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kuThi 'twig' Rebus: kuThi 'smelter' karA 'arm with bangles' Rebus: khAr 'blacksmith' dhatu

'scarf' Rebus: dhatu 'mineral'; taTThAr 'buffalo horn' Rebus: taTTAr 'brass worker' meDhA 'polar

star' Rebus: meD 'iron' (Mu.Ho.) gaNda 'four' Rebus: khaNDa 'metal imlements' aya 'fish' Rebus:

aya 'iron' ayas 'metal' (Rigveda) See: http://tinyurl.com/ozyobnc

kama ha penance (Pkt.) Reb s: kampaṭṭam ‘mint’ ( a.) K r. kaṇ ō a stool. Malt. kan o stool,

seat. (DEDR 1179) Rebus: kaṇ = a f rnace, altar ( antali)

ato = claws of crab ( antali); dhāt = mineral ( kt.), dhat id. ( antali)

kūdī, kūṭī b nch of twigs ( kt.lex.) kūdī (also written as kūṭī in man scripts) occ rs in the

Athar a eda (AV 5.19.12) and Ka śika ūtra (Bloomsfield's ed.n, xliv. cf. Bloomsfield,

American Journal of Philology, 11, 355; 12,416; Roth, Festgruss an Bohtlingk, 98) denotes it as

a twig. his is identified as that of Badarī, the j j be tied to the body of the dead to efface their

traces. (See Vedic Index, I, p. 177). Reb s: k ṭhi smelting f rnace‘ ( antali) koṭe ‘forged (metal)

(Santali)

mē ha he polar star. (Marathi) Reb s: me ‘iron’ (Ho.)

abe, abea ‘large horns, with a sweeping pward c r e, applied to b ffaloes’ ( antali) Reb s:

ab, himba, hompo ‘l mp (ingot?)’, clot, make a l mp or clot, coag late, f se, melt together

(Santali)

h s, the entire glyphic composition of the seated, horned person is decoded reb s: me dhat

kampaṭṭa ab k ṭhi kaṇ iron, mineral, mint (copper casting, forging workshop)furnace.

The text of the inscription shows two types of 'fish' glyphs: one fish + fish with scaled

circumscribed by four short-strokes: aya 'fish' (Mu.); rebus: aya 'metal' (Samskritam)

gaṇ a set of fo r ( antali) kaṇ a ‘fire-altar’ cf. ayaskāṇ a a quantity of iron, excellent iron

(Pāṇ.gaṇ) he reading is consistent with the entire glyphic composition related to the mineral,

mint forge.

Another comparable glyphic composition is provided by seal m1181.

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m1181. Seal. Mohenjo-daro. Three-faced, horned person (with a three-leaved pipal branch on the

crown), wearing bangles and armlets and seated on a hoofed platform.

m1181 Text of inscription.

Each glyphic element on this composition and text of inscription is decoded rebus:

Two glyphs 'cross-road' glyph + 'splice' glyph -- which start from right the inscription of Text on

eal m1181. he pair of glyphs on the inscription is decoded: dhat adar bāṭa f rnace (for)

mineral, nati e metal’. dāṭ cross ( el g ); bāṭa road ( el g ). a ar = splinter ( antali); reb s:

aduru = native metal (Ka.) aduru = gan.iyinda tegadu karagade iruva aduru = ore taken from the

mine and not s bjected to melting in a f rnace (Kannada. iddha_nti brahman.ya’ ’astri’s

new interpretation of the Amarakos’a, Bangalore, Vicaradarpana Press, 1872, p. 330)

Other glyphic elements: a ar k ṭhi nati e metal f rnace ; so fireplace ; sekra bell-metal and

brass worker'; aya sal 'iron (metal) workshop'.

*the person is seated on a hoofed platform (representing a bull): decoding of glyphics read rebus:

angar ‘b ll’; hangar ‘blacksmith’ (H.); koṇ o ‘stool’; reb s: ko ‘workshop’. he glyphics

show that the seal relates to a blacksmith's workshop.

*the seated person's hair-dress incl des a horned twig. a ar twig; a iri small and thin branch of

a tree; a ari small branches (Ka.); a ar twig ( .)(DEDR 67). a ar = splinter ( antali); reb s:

ad r = nati e metal (Ka.) Vikalpa: kūtī = b nch of twigs ( kt.) Reb s: k ṭhi = f rnace ( antali)

*tiger's mane on face: he face is depicted with bristles of hair, representing a tiger’s mane.

cū ā, cūlā, cūliyā tiger’s mane (Pkt.)(CDIAL 4883)Reb s: c ḷḷai = potter’s kiln, f rnace ( a.);

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cūḷai f rnace, kiln, f neral pile ( a.); c ḷḷa potter’s f rnace; cūḷa brick kiln (Ma.); c llī fireplace

( kt.); c llī, llī id. (Pkt.)(CDIAL 4879; DEDR 2709). s lgao, salgao to light a fire; sen:gel,

sokol fire ( antali.lex.) holl , hol = fireplace (K wi); so fireplace, stones set p as a fireplace

(Mand.); ule furnace (Tu.)(DEDR 2857).

*bangles on arms cūḍā ‘bracelets’ (H.); reb s: s ḍu 'fireplace'. Vikalpa: sekeseke, sekseke

covered, as the arms with ornaments; sekra those who work in brass and bell metal; sekra sakom

a kind of armlet of bell metal (Santali)

*fish + splinter glyph ayo, hako 'fish'; a~s = scales of fish (Santali); rebus: aya = iron (G.); ayah,

ayas = metal ( kt.)sal stake, spike, splinter, thorn, diffic lty (H.); sal ‘workshop’ ( antali)

Vikalpa: Glyph: hāḷiy m = adj. sloping, inclining; reb s: hāḷako = a large metal ingot (G.) H.

dhāṛnā ‘to send o t, po r o t, cast (metal)’ (CDIAL 6771). h s, the ligat red fish + sloping

(stroke)' is read rebus: metal ingot.

•dāṭ = cross ( e.); dhat = mineral ( antali) dhāt ‘mineral (Pali) dhāt ‘mineral’ (Vedic); a

mineral, metal ( antali); dhāta id. (G.)H. dhāṛnā ‘to send o t, po r o t, cast (metal)’ (CDIAL

6771). aṭar a splinter; aṭar ka to b rst, crack, slit off, fly open; aṭarcca splitting, a crack; aṭartt ka

to split, tear off, open (an oyster)(Ma.); a ar ni to crack ( .)(DEDR 66). dāra m = to tear, to

break (G.) dar = a fissure, a rent, a trench; darkao = to crack,to break; bhit darkaoena = the wall

is cracked (Santali) Rebus: aduru 'native (unsmelted) metl' (Kannada).

Seated person in penance: kamaḍha ‘penance’ (Pkt.); rebus: kampaṭṭa ‘mint’(Ma.) Glyphics of

shoggy, brisltles of hair on the face of the person: hoggy hair; tiger’s mane. sodo bodo, sodro

bodro adj. ad . ro gh, hairy, shoggy, hirs te, ne en; sodo [Persian. sodā, dealing] trade; traffic;

merchandise; marketing; a bargain; the purchase or sale of goods; buying and selling; mercantile

dealings (G.lex.) sodagor = a merchant, trader; sodāgor (P.B.) ( antali.lex.)

Glyph: cl mp between the two horns: k ṇ a n. ʻ cl mp ʼ e.g. darbha-- k ṇ a-- Pāṇ.(CDIAL

3236). k ndār t rner (A.)(CDIAL 3295). k ṇ a n. ʻ cl mp ʼ e.g. darbha-- k ṇ a-- Pāṇ. [← Dra .

( am. koṇṭai ʻ t ft of hair ʼ, Kan. goṇ e ʻ cl ster ʼ, &c.) . B rrow B OA xii 374] Pk. k ṁ a--

n. ʻ heap of cr shed s garcane stalks ʼ (CDIAL 3266) a. koṇtai t ft, dressing of hair in large

coil on the head, crest of a bird, head (as of a nail), knob (as of a cane), ro nd top. Ma. koṇṭa t ft

of hair. Ko.goṇ knob on end of walking-stick, head of pin; koṇ knot of hair at back of head.

o. kwï y Badaga woman s knot of hair at back of head (< Badaga koṇ e). Ka. koṇ e, goṇ e

t ft, tassel, cl ster. Ko . koṇ e tassels of sash, knob-like foot of cane-stem. . goṇ è topknot,

tassel, cl ster. e. koṇ e, (K. also) koṇ i knot of hair on the crown of the head. Cf. 2049 a.

koṭi. / Cf. kt. k ṇ a- clump (e.g. darbha-k ṇ a-), Pkt. (DNM) goṇ ī- = mañjarī-; Turner,

CDIAL, no. 3266; cf. also Mar. gō ā cl ster, t ft. (DEDR 2081) k ṇ ī = crooked b ffalo horns

(L.) reb s: k ṇ ī = chief of illage. k ṇ i-a = village headman; leader of a village (Pkt.lex.) I.e.

śreṇi jet.t.ha chief of metal-worker g ild. ko horns ; reb s: ko artisan s workshop (G.) h s

the entire glyphic composition of hieroglyphs on m1185 seal is a message conveyed from a

sodagor 'merchant, trader'. The bill of lading lists a variety of repertoire of the artisan guild's

trade load from a mint -- the native metal and brass workshop of blacksmith (guild) with furnace:

a ar k ṭhi nati e metal f rnace ; so fireplace ; sekra bell-metal and brass worker'; aya

sal 'iron (metal) workshop'.

12

Playing the tutari,

'trumpet'.

Use of buffalo horns on a tiger-woman toy: kola 'woman' kola'tiger' Rebus: kol 'working in iron'

kolhe 'smelters' kolle 'blacksmith'

If the buffalo horns were attached, the hieroglyphs would have been pronounced in Meluhha

speech as taTThAr, 'buffalo horn' Rebus: taTTAr 'goldsmith guild'; ṭhaṭherā 'brass worker'

(Punjabi)

13

Slide72. "Two composite anthropomorphic / animal figurines from

Harappa. Whether or not the attachable water buffalo horns were used in magic or other rituals,

unusual and composite animals and anthropomorphic/animal beings were clearly a part of Indus

ideology. The ubiquitous "unicorn" (most commonly found on seals, but also represented in

figurines), composite animals and animals with multiple heads, and composite

anthropomorphic/animal figurines such as the seated quadruped figurines with female faces,

headdresses and tails offer tantalizing glimpses into a rich ideology, one that may have been

steeped in mythology, magic, and/or ritual transformation."

Approximate dimensions (W x H(L) x D) of the larger figurine: 3.5 x 7.1 x 4.8 cm. (Photograph

by Richard H. Meadow)

meď 'copper' (Slovak)

Santali glosses:

14

Wilhelm von Hevesy wrote about the Finno-Ugric-Munda kinship, like "Munda-Magyar-Maori,

an Indian link between the antipodes new tracks of Hungarian origins" and "Finnisch-Ugrisches

aus Indien". (DRIEM, George van: Languages of the Himalayas: an ethnolinguistic handbook.

1997. p.161-162.) Sumerian-Ural-Altaic language affinities have been noted. Given the presence

of Meluhha settlements in Sumer, some Meluhha glosses might have been adapted in these

languages. One etyma cluster refers to 'iron' exemplified by meD (Ho.). The alternative

suggestion for the origin of the gloss med 'copper' in Uralic languages may be explained by the

word meD (Ho.) of Munda family of Meluhha language stream:

Sa. <i>mE~R~hE~'d</i> `iron'. ! <i>mE~RhE~d</i>(M).

Ma. <i>mErhE'd</i> `iron'.

Mu. <i>mERE'd</i> `iron'.

~ <i>mE~R~E~'d</i> `iron'. ! <i>mENhEd</i>(M).

Ho <i>meD</i> `iron'.

Bj. <i>merhd</i>(Hunter) `iron'.

KW <i>mENhEd</i>

@(V168,M080)

http://www.ling.hawaii.edu/austroasiatic/AA/Munda/ETYM/Pinnow&Munda

— Slavic glosses for 'copper'

Мед [Med]Bulgarian

Bakar Bosnian

Медзь [medz']Belarusian

Měď Czech

Bakar Croatian

KòperKashubian

Бакар [Bakar]Macedonian

Miedź Polish

Медь [Med']Russian

Meď Slovak

BakerSlovenian

Бакар [Bakar]Serbian

Мідь [mid'] Ukrainian[unquote]

http://www.vanderkrogt.net/elements/element.php?sym=Cu

Miedź, med (Northern Slavic, Altaic) 'copper'.

One suggestion is that corruptions from the German "Schmied", "Geschmeide" =

jewelry. Schmied, a smith (of tin, gold, silver, or other metal)(German) result in med ‘copper’.

Georges Pinault observed ancu of Tocharian as a cognate of amśu of Rigveda.

("Aspects of Vedic semantics and etymology", communication au colloque international 14th

World Sanskrit Conference, Kyoto University, 1er-5 septembre 2009, section de

15

linguistique.) [p= 1,1] a kind of libation S3Br. m. a filament (especially of

the plant), a ray , sunbeam a point , end; end of a thread , a minute particle (Monier-

Williams). Tocharian word for "iron," A *ancu (adj. ancwasi "made of iron"),

B encuwo (adj. encuwanne), taken from the rusty color of iron.

MB Emeneau observed an Indian linguistic area (Indian sprachbund). (Emeneau, Murray

Barnson, 1980, Language and Linguistic Area: Essays, Stanford University Press, pp. 197-249).

That the Indian sprachbund dates back to the Chalcolithic-Bronze Age is shown in the

decipherment of inscriptions in Indus Script Corpora which date from ca. 3300 BCE.

(The earliest date of a potsherd from Harappa discovered by HARP -- Harvard Archaeology

Project -- with three hieroglyphs which later become frequently used component of hieroglyh-

multiplex corpora).

Potsherd h1522 discovered

in Harappa on the banks of River Ravi by archaeologists of HARP (Harvard Archaeology

Project) is dated to ca. 3300 BCE.

That the Rigveda dates to an epoch earlier than 8th millennium BCE is shown by the discovery

of Bhirrana, an archaeological site with continuous settlements from this date on the banks of

River Sarasvati (Drishadvati tributary) and a deduction made by archaeologists BR Mani, KN

Dikshit, BB Lal and Prof. Shivaji Singh who see the Sarasvati-Sindhu civilization as one side of

the heritage coin and Rigvedic culture as the other side of the heritage coin. The civilization had

about one million people in about 2,600 settlements. Of these settlements, about 2000 (i.e. 80%)

were on the banks of Rigvedic River Sarasvati. Some of the settlements had 50,000 inhabitants.

The area covered is about a million square kilometers. The contact areas were extensive ranging

from Hanoi to Haifa, spanning the globe like a measuring rod the way the great poet Kalidasa

describes the Himalayan ranges which stretch from Teheran to Hanoi. The culture evidenced by

the civilization is present even today in the Indian Ocean region where people celebrate and live

by the eternal, cosmic principle: dharma-dhamma.

16

https://friendsofasi.wordpress.com/writings/the-8th-millennium-bc-in-the-lost-river-

valley/ Mani, BR, 2013, The 8th millennium BCE in the 'Lost' river valley -- Indian civilization

evolved in the 8th millennium BCE in the 'Lost' River valley.

Potsherd. Bhirrana. Hieroglyph. dance-step.meṭṭ 'step' (Telugu)(DEDR 5058) Rebus: meD

'iron' (Mu.Ho.)

17

(Adams, Douglas Q., 2013, A dictionary of Tocharian B: revised and greatlyh enlarged, Rodopi,

p.85)

Copper plate m1457 The set of hieroglyphs deciphered as: 1. zinc-pewter

and 2. bronze:1. jasta, sattva and 2. kuṭila

Hieroglyph: sattva 'svastika hieroglyph'; asta, dasta 'five' (Kafiri) Rebus: jasta, sattva 'zinc'

Hieroglyph: kuṛuk 'coil' Rebus: kuṭila, katthīl = bronze (8 parts copper and 2 parts tin) cf. āra-

kūṭa, brass Old English ār 'brass, copper, bronze' Old Norse eir 'brass, copper',

18

German ehern 'brassy, bronzen'. kastīra n. ʻ tin ʼ lex. 2. *kastilla -- .1. H. kathīr m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼ;

G. kathīr n. ʻ pewter ʼ.2. H. (Bhoj.?) kathīl, °lā m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼ; M. kathīl n. ʻ tin ʼ, kathlẽ n. ʻ

large tin essel ʼ.(CDIAL 2984)

kuṭhi 'smelter' (Santali)

3229a †k ṭala -- n. ʻ roof, thatch ʼ lex., kuṭaṅka -- m. ib.

WPah.poet. kuraḍ m. ʻ long beam along the ridge of the roof of a temple ʼ, J. kur -- ṛ m. ʻ timber

log placed o er the joint of the roof of a illage deity s temple ʼ (Him.I 26)?

k ṭi 3230 k ṭi in cmpd. ʻ c r e ʼ, kuṭika -- ʻ bent ʼ MBh. [√k ṭ1]

Ext. in H. kuṛuk f. ʻ coil of string or rope ʼ; M. kuḍċā m. ʻ palm contracted and hollowed

ʼ, kuḍapṇẽ ʻ to c rl o er, crisp, contract ʼ.

*trik ṭī -- , bhrūk ṭi -- .

k ṭilá 3231 k ṭilá ʻ bent, crooked ʼ KātyŚr., °aka -- Pañcat., n. ʻ a partic. plant ʼ lex. [√k ṭ1]

Pa. kuṭila -- ʻ bent ʼ, n. ʻ bend ʼ; Pk. kuḍila -- ʻ crooked ʼ, °illa -- ʻ h mpbacked ʼ, °illaya -- ʻ bent

ʼ; N. kurilo ʻ Asparag s pl mos s ʼ.

ka ṭilya --

k ṇ alá 3268 k ṇ alá1 n. ʻ ring, ear -- ring ʼ ś Gr ., ʻ bracelet ʼ Śiś., ʻ coil of a rope ʼ lex. 2.

*kōṇ ala -- . 3. *g ṇ ala -- . 4. *gundala -- . [← Dra . B rrow B OA xii 374, EWA i 226]

1. Pa. kuṇḍala -- n. ʻ ring, esp. ear -- ring ʼ; Pk. kuṁḍala<-> m.n. ʻ ear -- ring ʼ, m. ʻ circle ʼ;

K. k nḍul, °ḍ lu ʻ ring -- shaped, ann lar ʼ; . kuniru m. ʻ ear -- ornament of yogis, round piece

of wood in a donkey s saddle ʼ, °ri f. ʻ sitting in a circle ʼ; K . kunlo ʻ horoscope ʼ (from the

circular form in which drawn), gng.kunaw; N. k ṛul ʻ circle, coil ʼ (k° pārera basnu ʻ to lie

c rled p ʼ), °li ʻ fold of a snake ʼ, °linu ʻ to be c rled p ʼ, k ṛar ʻ coil ʼ (← Bi.); Or. kuṇḍaḷa ʻ

ear -- ring, coil of a rope ʼ, °ḷiā ʻ wearing ear -- drops, spiral ʼ; OAw. kuṁḍara ʻ ear -- ring ʼ;

H. k ṛrā m. ʻ line drawn in a circle, magic circle from the centre of which one c rses ʼ;

G. k ḍaḷ n. ʻ ear -- ring ʼ, °ḍa ḷī f. ʻ small ring or circle ʼ, °ḍāḷ n. ʻ large circle ʼ; M. k ḍaḷī f. ʻ

circle, ring ʼ; O i. k ḍulu ʻ ear -- ornament ʼ, i. k n ḍ la ʻ ear -- ring ʼ, °lā ʻ snake ʼ; -- prob. ←

E: L. kuṇḍal m. ʻ rim ʼ, awāṇ. kuṇḍul ʻ coil ʼ; P. kuṇḍal m. ʻ iron ring ro nd an ox s neck, coil,

ear -- ring ʼ,°lī f. ʻ ring, coil, c rl ʼ; K . kuṇḍalī ʻ head of a dr m ʼ. -- Poss. Tor.

(Biddulph) koror, f. kerer ʻ ro nd ʼ.

2. Pk. k ṁḍala -- = kuṁḍala -- ; M. kõḍḷẽ n. ʻ circle, enclos re ʼ; -- H. kõṛarā m. ʻ iron ring

ro nd the mo th of a b cket ʼ, °rī f. ʻ wooden ring holding the leather of a h ṛ k dr m ʼ or poss.

< ka ṇ alá -- ; -- H. k ṛār m. ʻ circ lar band ro nd the wood of an oil -- press ʼ with -- āl<-> as

in G. forms above or <k ṇ alākāra -- .

3. N. ṛul , °li, °linu = k ṛul , &c. above; H. õṛarā = kõṛarā above, ḍlī, ẽṛulī, ẽṛurī f. ʻ a

ro nd mat to place pots on ʼ.

4. H. u lā ʻ ro nd, circ lar ʼ, m. ʻ ring, circle, coil ʼ.

ka ṇ alá -- ; k ṇ alākāra -- ; * pak ṇ ala -- .

k ṇ ala -- 2 ʻ mo ntain ebony ʼ see k ddāla -- 2.

Addenda: k ṇ ala -- 1: S.kcch. kūṇḍāṛ m. ʻ circle ʼ, tūṅ al m. ʻ a kind of ear -- ring ʼ.

19

kṓṣṭha 3546 kṓṣṭha2 n. ʻ pot ʼ Ka ś., ʻ granary, storeroom ʼ MBh., ʻ inner apartment ʼ lex., °aka -

- n. ʻ treas ry ʼ, °ikā f. ʻ pan ʼ Bhpr. [Cf. *kōttha -- , *kōtthala -- : same as prec.?]

Pa. k ṭṭha -- n. ʻ monk s cell, storeroom ʼ, °aka<-> n. ʻ storeroom ʼ; Pk. k ṭṭha --

, kuṭ°, k ṭṭhaya -- m. ʻ granary, storeroom ʼ; . āntar -- kuṭha ʻ fire -- place ʼ; h.

(Lor.) kōti (ṭh?) ʻ wooden essel for mixing yeast ʼ; K. kōṭha m. ʻ granary ʼ, kuṭhu m. ʻ room

ʼ, kuṭhü f. ʻ granary, storeho se ʼ; . k ṭh m. ʻ large room ʼ,°ṭhī f. ʻ storeroom ʼ; L. k ṭhā m. ʻ

h t, room, ho se ʼ, °ṭhī f. ʻ shop, brothel ʼ, awāṇ. k ṭhā ʻ ho se ʼ; P. k ṭṭhā, k ṭhā m. ʻ ho se

with m d roof and walls, granary ʼ, k ṭṭhī, k ṭhī f. ʻ big well -- built house, house for married

women to prostit te themsel es in ʼ; WPah. pā . kuṭhī ʻ ho se ʼ; K . k ṭh ʻ large square house

ʼ, gng. kōṭhi ʻ room, b ilding ʼ; N. k ṭh ʻ chamber ʼ, °ṭhi ʻ shop ʼ; A. k ṭhā, kõṭhā ʻ room

ʼ, kuṭhī ʻ factory ʼ; B. k ṭhā ʻ brick -- b ilt ho se ʼ, kuṭhī ʻ bank, granary ʼ; Or. k ṭhā ʻ brick --

b ilt ho se ʼ, °ṭhī ʻ factory, granary ʼ; Bi. k ṭhī ʻ granary of straw or br shwood in the open ʼ;

Mth. k ṭhī ʻ grain -- chest ʼ; OAw. k ṭha ʻ storeroom ʼ; H. k ṭhā m. ʻ granary ʼ, °ṭhī f. ʻ granary,

large ho se ʼ, Marw. k ṭh m. ʻ room ʼ; G. k ṭhɔ m. ʻ jar in which indigo is stored, wareho se

ʼ, °ṭhī f. ʻ large earthen jar, factory ʼ; M. k ṭhā m. ʻ large granary ʼ, °ṭhī f. ʻ granary, factory ʼ;

Si. k ṭa ʻ storeho se ʼ. -- Ext. with -- ḍa -- : K. kūṭhürüf. ʻ small room ʼ; L. k ṭhṛī f. ʻ small side

room ʼ; P. k ṭhṛī f. ʻ room, ho se ʼ; K . k ṭheṛī ʻ small room ʼ; H. k ṭhrī f. ʻ room, granary ʼ;

M. k ṭhḍī f. ʻ room ʼ; -- with -- ra -- : A. kuṭharī ʻ chamber ʼ, B. kuṭhrī, Or. k ṭhari; -- with --

lla -- : Sh. (Lor.) kotul (ṭh?) ʻ wattle and m d erection for storing grain ʼ; H. k ṭhlā m., °līf. ʻ

room, granary ʼ; G. k ṭhlɔ m. ʻ wooden box ʼ.

kōṣṭhapāla -- , *kōṣṭharūpa -- , *kōṣṭhāṁśa -- , kōṣṭhāgāra -- ; *kajjalakōṣṭha -- , *d ārakōṣṭha -

- , *dē akōṣṭha -- , d ārakōṣṭhaka -- .

Addenda: kṓṣṭha -- 2: WPah.kṭg. kóṭṭhi f. ʻ ho se, q arters, temple treas ry, name of a partic.

temple ʼ, J. k ṭhā m. ʻ granary ʼ, k ṭhī f. ʻ granary, b ngalow ʼ; Garh. k ṭhu ʻ ho se s rro nded

by a wall ʼ; Md. k ḍi ʻ frame ʼ, <-> k ři ʻ cage ʼ (X kōṭṭa -- ). -- with ext.: OP. k ṭhārī f. ʻ

cr cible ʼ, P. kuṭhālī f., H. kuṭhārī f.; -- Md. k ṭari ʻ room ʼ.

kōṣṭhāgāra 3550 kōṣṭhāgāra n. ʻ storeroom, store ʼ Mn. [kṓṣṭha -- 2, agāra -- ]

Pa. k ṭṭhā āra -- n. ʻ storeho se, granary ʼ; Pk. k ṭṭhā āra -- , k ṭṭhāra -- n. ʻ storeho se ʼ;

K. kuṭhār m. ʻ wooden granary ʼ, WPah. bhal. kóṭhār m.; A. B.kuṭharī ʻ apartment ʼ, Or. k ṭhari;

Aw. lakh. k ṭhār ʻ zemindar s residence ʼ; H. kuṭhiyār ʻ granary ʼ; G. k ṭhār m. ʻ granary,

storeho se ʼ, k ṭhāriy n. ʻ small do. ʼ; M. k ṭhār n., k ṭhārẽ n. ʻ large granary ʼ, -- °rī f. ʻ small

one ʼ; i. koṭāra ʻ granary, store ʼ.

kōṣṭhāgārika -- .

Addenda: kōṣṭhāgāra -- : WPah.kṭg. kəṭhāˊr, kc. kuṭhār m. ʻ granary, storeroom ʼ,

J. kuṭhār, kṭhār m.; -- Md. k řāru ʻ storeho se ʼ ← Ind.

kōṣṭhāgārika 3551 kōṣṭhāgārika m. ʻ storekeeper ʼ BH k. [Cf. kōṣṭhā- ārin -- m. ʻ wasp ʼ

śr.: kōṣṭhāgāra -- ]

Pa. k ṭṭhā ārika -- m. ʻ storekeeper ʼ; . k ṭhārī m. ʻ one who in a body of faqirs looks after the

pro ision store ʼ; Or. k ṭhārī ʻ treas rer ʼ; Bhoj. k ṭhārī ʻ storekeeper ʼ, H. kuṭhiyārī m.

Addenda: kōṣṭhāgārika -- : G. k ṭhārī m. ʻ storekeeper ʼ.

20

kuThi 'smelter'. mēḍha 'stake' rebus: meḍ 'iron, metal' (Ho. Munda). dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'cast

metal'. m h 'face' (Hindi) rebus: m he 'ingot' (Santali) m h = the quantity of iron produced at

one time in a native smelting furnace of the Kolhes; iron produced by the Kolhes and formed like

a four-cornered piece a little pointed at each end; mūhā mẽṛhẽt = iron smelted by the Kolhes and

formed into an equilateral lump a little pointed at each of four ends; k lhe tehen mẽṛhẽt k mūhā

akata = the Kolhes have to-day produced pig iron (Santali)

Hieroglyph: [ mē a ] f ( s ally q. .) m A stake (Marathi, Molesworth

lexicon p.662). Rebus: meḍ 'iron, metal' (Ho. Munda). See: Hieroglyph: Medhi (f.) [Vedic methī

pillar, post (to bind cattle to); B k. medhi Di y 244; Prk. me hi Pischel Gr. § 221. See for etym.

Walde, Lat. Wtb. s. . meta] pillar, part of a stūpa [not in the Canon?] (Pali) a

stake; (p. 665) [ mē hī ] f (Dim. of ) A small bifurcated stake: also a small stake,

with or without furcation, used as a post to support a cross piece.(Marathi) mḗḍhra-

(mēṇḍhra-- BhP.) n. ʻ penis ʼ AV. in mē ra-- n. ʻ penis, lower belly ʼ ( amskritam. Apte).

Reb s: m _ha ‘smelted ingot’ [m h opening or hole (in a stove for stoking, in a handmill for

filling, in a grainstore for withdrawing)(Bi.)]

mleccha-m kha ( kt.) = milakkh ‘copper’ (Pali) he anskrit loss mleccha-m kha sho ld

literally mean: copper-ingot absorbing the antali gloss, m ~h, as a s ffix. ee sed in cmpds.

( el g ): mlēchha-m kham . n. Copper, .

mlēchham . n. Cinnabar. .

muṇḍa 'head' rebus: muḍa āra 'litharge'.

H. mẽṛā, mẽḍā m. ʻ ram with c rling horns ʼ (CDIAL 10120). Rebus: mẽṛhẽt, me ‘iron’

(Mu.Ho.)

kuṛī f. ʻ girl (P njabi) Reb s: k ṭhi smelter ; d la pair Reb s: d l cast metal . h s, the two

young girls denote dul k ṭhi smelter for cast metal .

[ mē hā ] polar star Rebus: mẽṛhẽt, me ‘iron’ (M .Ho.) ayo fish Reb s: ayo iron

(Gujarati); ayas 'alloyed metal' (Sanskrit) eruvai 'eagle' Rebus: eruvai 'copper'.

miṇ āl markhor ( or.wali) me ho a ram, a sheep (G.)(CDIAL 10120)mēṇ haʻramʼ(CDIAL

9606). [mēṇ hā] m ( thro gh H) A male sheep, a ram or t p. or

21

[ mēṇ hakā or kyā ] a ( ) A shepherd (Marathi) Reb s: me iron (Ho.) mēṇ h

'gold' as in: [ mēṇ hasara ] m A bracelet of gold thread. (Marathi)

[mē ha] f A forked stake. sed as a post. Hence a short post generally whether forked or

not. Pr. .

kulai ‘a hare’ ( antali) Allograph: kul ‘tiger’ ( antali) Reb s: kolhe‘smelter’. kōlupuli = Bengal

tiger (Te.); kol = tiger (Santali) kōla = woman (Nahali) •kolhe (iron-smelter; kolhuyo,

jackal) kol, kollan-, kollar = blacksmith (Ta.)

Rebus: kol metal (Ta.) kol = pan~calōkam (five metals) (Ta.lex.)

The bunch of twigs = kūdi_, kūṭī ( kt.lex.) kūdī (also written as kūṭī in man scripts) occ rs in

the Athar a eda (AV 5.19.12) and Ka śika ūtra (Bloomsfield s ed.n, xli . cf.

Bloomsfield, American Journal of Philology, 11, 355; 12,416; Roth, Festgruss an Bohtlingk, 98)

denotes it as a twig. his is identified as that of Badarī, the j j be tied to the body of the dead to

efface their traces. (See Vedic Index, I, p. 177).

kut.i, kut.hi, kut.a, kut.ha a tree (Ka s .); reb s: k t.hi ‘smelter f rnace’ (M . antali)

Pk. ḍhaṁkhara -- m.n. ʻ branch without leaves or fruit ʼ (CDIAL 5524)

Rebus: ān:ro = a term of contempt for a blacksmith (N.)(CDIAL 5524). ṭhāk r = blacksmith

(Mth.) (CDIAL 5488).

Hieroglyph: [p= 513,3] m. layer , stratum Ka1ty 3r. Ka s3. constit ent part , ingredient

(esp. [ and in RV. only] ifc. , where often = " fold " e.g. - / ,

threefold &c ; cf. - , - , -) RV. TS. S3Br. &c (Monier-

Williams) dhāˊt *strand of rope ʼ (cf. tri hāˊtu -- ʻ threefold ʼ RV., ayu hātu -- ʻ ha ing an

ne en n mber of strands ʼ KātyŚr.).; S. hāī f. ʻ wisp of fibres added from time to time to a

rope that is being twisted ʼ, L. hāī˜ f.(CDIAL 6773) http://tinyurl.com/orfr5wf

Rebus: M. hāū, hāv m.f. ʻ a partic. soft red stone ʼ (whence ha vaḍ m. ʻ a caste of iron --

smelters ʼ, hāvḍī ʻ composed of or relating to iron ʼ); dhāˊt n. ʻ s bstance ʼ RV., m. ʻ element ʼ

MBh., ʻ metal, mineral, ore (esp. of a red colo r) ʼ; Pk. hāu -- m. ʻ metal, red chalk ʼ; N. hāu ʻ

ore (esp. of copper) ʼ; Or. ḍhāu ʻ red chalk, red ochre ʼ (whence ḍhāuā ʻ reddish ʼ; (CDIAL

6773) primary element of the earth i.e. metal , mineral, ore (esp. a mineral of a red

colour) Mn. MBh. &c element of words i.e. grammatical or verbal root or

stem Nir. Pra1t. MBh. &c (with the so thern B ddhists means either the 6 elements [see

abo e] Dharmas. xx ; or the 18 elementary spheres [ - ] ib. l iii ; or the ashes of the

body , relics L. [cf. - ]) (Monier-Williams. Samskritam).

22

Architectural fragment with relief showing winged dwarfs (or gaNa) worshipping with flower

garlands, Siva Linga. Bhuteshwar, ca. 2nd cent BCE. Lingam is on a platform with wall under a

pipal tree encircled by railing. (Srivastava, AK, 1999, Catalogue of Saiva sculptures in

Government Museum, Mathura: 47, GMM 52.3625) The tree is a phonetic determinant of the

smelter indicated by the railing around the linga: k ṭa, °ṭi -- , °ṭha -- 3, °ṭhi -- m. ʻ tree

ʼ Rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter'. kuṭa, °ṭi -- , °ṭha -- 3, °ṭhi -- m. ʻ tree ʼ lex., °ṭaka -- m. ʻ a kind of tree ʼ

Ka ś.Pk. kuḍa -- m. ʻ tree ʼ; Paš. la ṛ. kuṛāˊ ʻ tree ʼ, dar. kaṛék ʻ tree, oak ʼ ~ Par. kōṛ ʻ stick ʼ

IIFL iii 3, 98. (CDIAL 3228). http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/05/smithy-is-temple-of-

bronze-age-stambha_14.html

Worship of Shiva Linga by Gandharvas - Shunga Period - Bhuteshwar - ACCN 3625 -

Government Museum - Mathura

kuThi 'smelter' lokhaNDa 'metal implements' (lo 'penis' -- Munda)

23

Relief with Ekamukha linga. Mathura. 1st cent. CE (Fig. 6.2). This is the most emphatic

representation of linga as a pillar of fire. The pillar is embedded within a brick-kiln with an

angular roof and is ligatured to a tree. Hieroglyph: kuTi 'tree' rebus: kuThi 'smelter'. In this

composition, the artists is depicting the smelter used for smelting to create m h 'face' (Hindi)

rebus: m he 'ingot' (Santali) of mēḍha 'stake' rebus: meḍ iron, metal (Ho. M nda). (p.

662) [ mē a ] f ( s ally q. .) m A stake, esp. as bif rcated. (p. 662) [

mē ha ] f A forked stake. sed as a post. Hence a short post generally whether forked or

not. (p. 665) [ mē hā ] m A stake, esp. as forked. 2 A dense arrangement of stakes, a

palisade, a paling. (p. 665) [ mē hī ] f (Dim. of ) A small bifurcated stake: also a

small stake, with or witho t f rcation, sed as a post to s pport a cross piece. (p.

665) [ mē hyā ] a ( Stake or post.) A term for a person considered as the pillar, prop, or

support (of a household, army, or other body), the staff or stay. (p. 665) [

mē hējōśī ] m A stake- ; a who keeps acco nt of the &c., by driving

stakes into the ground: also a class, or an individual of it, of fortune-tellers, diviners, presagers,

seasonannouncers, almanack-makers &c. They are Shúdras and followers of the q. .

2 Jocosely. he hereditary or settled (q asi fixed as a stake) of a illage. (p.

665) [ mēndhalā ] m In architecture. A common term for the two pper arms of a

do ble (door-frame) connecting the two. Called also & . It answers

to the name of the two lower arms or connections. (Marathi)

[ mēṇḍhā ] A crook or curved end rebus: meḍ 'iron, metal' (Ho. Munda)

See: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/02/a-critique-of-general-theory-of-images.html for

the sculpture of three stakes on Sit Shamshi bronze.

24

Ziziphur Jojoba, badari twig

Hieroglyph components on the head-gear of the person on cylinder seal

impression are: twig, crucible, buffalo horns: kuThI 'badari ziziphus jojoba' twig Rebus: kuThi

'smelter'; koThAri 'crucible' Rebus: koThAri 'treasurer'; tattAru 'buffalo horn'

Rebus: ṭh ṭhāro 'brassworker'.

Tree shown on a tablet from Harappa. kuTi 'tree' Rebus: kuThi 'smelter'

25

[Pl. 39, Tree symbol (often on a platform) on punch-marked

coins; a symbol recurring on many Indus script tablets and seals.

k ṭhi ‘smelter f rnace’ ( antali) k ṛī f. ‘fireplace’ (H.); kr ṛI f. ‘granary (WPah.); k ṛī, k ṛo

ho se, b ilding’(K .)(CDIAL 3232)

kuṭhe = leg of bedstead or chair (Santali.lex.) Rebus: kuṭhi ‘a f rnace for smelting iron ore, to

smelt iron’;k ṭe ‘forged (metal)(Santali)

http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2013/06/ancient-near-east-scarf-hieroglyph-on.html

kuṭhi ‘smelter, f rnace’.

kuṭire bica duljad.ko talkena, ‘they were feeding the f rnace with ore’. ( antali) his se

of bica in the context of feeding a smelter clearly defines bica as ‘stone ore, mineral’, in general.

kuṭhi ‘ agina’; reb s: kuṭhi ‘smelting furnace bichā scorpion' (Assamese). Rebus: bica 'stone

ore' as in meṛe -bica = iron stone ore, in contrast to bali-bica, iron sand ore (Mu.lex.) dul 'pair,

likeness' Rebus: dul 'cast metal' (Santali) Thus the hieroglyphs connote a smelter for smelting

and casting metal stone ore.

Seal impession from Ur showing a squatting female. L. Legrain, 1936, Ur excavations, Vol. 3,

Archaic Seal Impressions. [cf. Rahmandheri seal with two scorpions flanking a similar glyph

with legs apart – also looks like a frog]. k ṭhi ‘p dend m m liebre’ (M .) kho m. ‘ l a’

(CDIAL 3947). Reb s: k ṭhi ‘smelter f rnace’ (M .) kh m. ‘pit’, kh f. ‘small pit’

(Kashmiri. CDIAL 3947),

Glyph: kuṭhi = pubes. Hieroglyph: kuṭhi p bes (lower down than paṇ e) ( antali), pudendum

muliebre (Munda, Santali) Cognates: koṭṭha (m. nt.) [ k. koṣṭha abdomen, any ca ity for holding

food, cp. k ṣṭa groin, and also Gr.k /tos cavity, ku/sdos pudendum muliebre, ku/stis bladder = E.

cyst, chest; Lat. cunnus pudendum. kuṭhi = the womb, the female sexual organ; sorrege kuṭhi

menaktaea, tale tale gidrakoa lit. her womb is near, she gets children continually (H. koṭhī, the

womb) (Santali.Bodding) kōṣṭha = anyone of the large viscera (MBh.); koṭṭha = stomach

(Pali.Pkt.); kuṭṭha (Pkt.); koṭhī heart, breast (L.); koṭṭhā, koṭhābelly (P.); koṭho (G.);

koṭhā (M.)(CDIAL 3545). kottha pertaining to the belly (Pkt.); kothā corpulent (Or.)(CDIAL

3510). koṭho [Skt. koṣṭha inner part] the stomach, the belly (Gujarat) kūti = pudendum muliebre

(Ta.); posteriors, membrum muliebre (Ma.); ku.0y anus, region of buttocks in general (To.); kūdi

26

= anus, posteriors, membrum muliebre (Tu.)(DEDR 188). kūṭu = hip (Tu.); kuṭa = thigh (Pe.);

kuṭe id. (Mand.); kūṭi hip (Kui)(DEDR 1885). gūde prolapsus of the anus (Ka.Tu.); gūda, gudda

id. (Te.)(DEDR 1891).

Reb s: k ṭhi ‘smelter f rnace’ ( antali) k ṛī f. ‘fireplace’ (H.); kr ṛI f. ‘granary (WPah.); k ṛī,

k ṛo ho se, b ilding’(K .)(CDIAL 3232) k ṭi ‘h t made of bo ghs’ ( kt.) g i temple (Telugu)

Rebus: kuṭhi ‘a f rnace for smelting iron ore to smelt iron’; kolheko kuṭhieda koles smelt iron

(Santali) kuṭhi, kuṭi (Or.; Sad. koṭhi) (1) the smelting furnace of the blacksmith; kuṭire bica

duljad.ko talkena, they were feeding the furnace with ore; (2) the name of ēkuṭi has been given to

the fire which, in lac factories, warms the water bath for softening the lac so that it can be spread

into sheets; to make a smelting furnace; kuṭhi-o of a smelting furnace, to be made; the smelting

furnace of the blacksmith is made of mud, cone-shaped, 2’ 6” dia. At the base and 1’ 6” at the

top. he hole in the centre, into which the mixt re of charcoal and iron ore is po red, is abo t 6”

to 7” in dia. At the base it has two holes, a smaller one into which the nozzle of the bellow is

inserted, as seen in fig. 1, and a larger one on the opposite side through which the molten iron

flows out into a cavity (Mundari) kuṭhi = a factory; lil kuṭhi = an indigo factory (koṭhi - Hindi)

(Santali.Bodding) kuṭhi = an earthen furnace for smelting iron; make do., smelt iron; kolheko do

kuṭhi benaokate baliko dhukana, the Kolhes build an earthen furnace and smelt iron-ore, blowing

the bellows; tehen:ko kuṭhi yet kana, they are working (or building) the furnace to-day (H.

koṭhī ) (Santali. Bodding) kuṭṭhita = hot, sweltering; molten (of tamba, cp. uttatta)(Pali.lex.)

uttatta (ut + tapta) = heated, of metals: molten, refined; shining, splendid, pure (Pali.lex.)

kuṭṭakam, kuṭṭukam = cauldron (Ma.); kuṭṭuva = big copper pot for heating water (Kod.)(DEDR

1668). gudgā to blaze; gud.va flame (Man.d); gudva, gūdūvwa, guduwa id. (Kuwi)(DEDR

1715). dāntar-kuṭha = fireplace (Sv.); kōti wooden vessel for mixing yeast (Sh.); kōlhā house

with mud roof and walls, granary (P.); kuṭhī factory (A.); koṭhābrick-built house (B.);

kuṭhī bank, granary (B.); koṭho jar in which indigo is stored, warehouse (G.); koṭhīlare earthen

jar, factory (G.); kuṭhī granary, factory (M.)(CDIAL 3546). koṭho = a warehouse; a revenue

office, in which dues are paid and collected; koṭhī a store-room; a factory (Gujarat) ko = the

place where artisans work (Gujarati)

See: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/06/meluhha-hieroglyph-on-indus-script.html

he sq atting woman on the r cylinder seal impression may be

showing dishe elled hair pro iding for reb s reading: <rabca?>(D) ADJ with dishe elled

hair . Reb s: (adj.) Pertaining to a stone. bicha, bichā ‘scorpion’ (Assamese) Reb s: bica

‘stone ore’ (M .) sambr.o bica = gold ore (Mundarica) Thus, the reading of the Ur cylinder seal

impression may depict: meṛe -bica ‘iron stone-ore’ kuṭhi‘smelter, f rnace’.

27

Rahman-dheri seal. Obverse: Two scorpions. Two holes. One T glyph. One frog in the middle.

Reverse: two rams.

1. mūxā ‘frog’. Reb s: m h ‘(copper) ingot’ ( antali) Allograph: m he ‘face’ ( antali)

2. bicha ‘scorpion’ (Assamese) Reb s: bica ‘stone ore’ (M .)

3. tagar ‘ram’ ( l ) Reb s: tagarm ‘tin’ (Kota). damgar ‘merchant’ (Akk.)

4. T-glyph may denote a fire altar like the two fire-altars shown on Warrka vase below two

animals: antelope and tiger. kand ‘fire-altar’ ( antali)

5. wo holes may denote ingots. d la ‘pair’ Reb s: d l ‘cast’ ( antali)

kola ‘woman’ Reb s: kol ‘working in iron’

kuṛī f. ʻ girl’ Reb s: kuṭhi ‘smelter’

Brass-worker catalog of implements and repertoire:There are five hieroglyphs on the cylinder

seal (Fig re 270): ‘dishe elled hair’, ‘pu en um muliebre’, ‘lizard’, ‘scorpion’, ‘woman’. he

accent is on the sting of the scorpion: koṭṭ (koṭṭi-) to sting (as a scorpion, wasp) (Tamil) Rebus:

Pk. k ṭṭa a -- m. ʻ carpenter ʼ, k ṭṭila -- , °illa -- m. ʻ mallet ʼ. (DEDR 3236). k ṭṭu-k-kaṉṉār

brass-workers. the woman is shown with disheveled hair. A lizard is also shown in the field

together with a scorpion (bica). <raca>(D) {ADJ} ``^dishevelled'' (Munda) rasāṇẽ n. ʻglowing

embersʼ (Marathi). rabca ‘dishe elled’ Reb s: rāca (adj.) Pertaining to a stone (ore)

(bica).

A symbolism of a woman spreading her legs apart,

which recurs on an SSVC inscribed object. Cylinder-seal impression from Ur showing a

squatting female. L. Legrain, 1936, Ur excavations, Vol. 3, Archaic Seal Impressions.

[cf. Rahmandheri seal with two scorpions flanking a similar glyph with legs apart. This glyphic

composition depicts a smelting furnace for stone ore as distinguished from a smelting furnace for

sand ore. meṛed-bica = iron stone ore, in contrast to bali-bica, iron sand ore (Mu.lex.)

S. Kalyanaraman

Sarasvati Research Center

August 26, 2015