INDIAN RAIDS ON THE KANSAS FRONTIJSR,

A THESIS

IN HISTORY

by

Lonnle J* White

Approved

Aooepted

Texas Teohnologioal College

^ugust, 1955

m

3L8§i^ia?0

I!i HirTOhY

Sul^ittea to th« Graduate Faoultjr

in Partial l'\iXtiXXiuent of till E«quijr«a«nt8

fojT the De^ee oX

I^onnit J* .hite, B*A,

Lubbook, Texas

I9SS

For flwtny ar«s the thXttn^ of the Xslns Xnaians on

the Kansas frontier composed a paramount barrier to the

atttXenaent of we*ttern ICan aB, Bsy oonstantXjr harassing

the frontier aettXers, overland traf f i c , railroad workers,

and hunting partie?5, the hotstiXe Indif\n» sought to re pel

land forat baalc the white tmn^% diviXi^ation thereby pre*

serving their own nomeaio way of Xife# To the frontiers*

miti^ the plains noaadss i ere an obtstaaXe to i^ettXements to

;the red loen,, the frontiersaien were treT^par-rers* The

blash between the two raaes for porises^ion oi western

iKlansas oaflurred in ti;e period X86t -75# The Plains Indian^

jaXthoo^^ oomparativtXy few in numbersi fout^ht desperately

to hold ba<sk the advans irit votive of ..'lite^ rvho desired the

landn of v estern ;0:nrjas, Xn thif? t?-tudy the ^«rit€r hart

fttt^iiipted to traoe the aauaes, natui-ei and -^i,.r^ifioanoe

of this oonfXiat.

The vaiter wishcn to aisknov-led^ e the assistanoe of

several people x ho have heXped to otake this woric possible*

to t>t* GarX Coke ^.ifiter, late tsi ^tin^ ui^hec: •xoienflor of

History, the author i" indebted for the oi i in tion of the

to.ic# To rr. irne^tt ifaXlaae, rroie-jror of history and

ii

4;g3istant JDean of Arts and Scienoes, the writer o ves a

debt of gratitude for his sound advioe, proapt correction

of the f&anusoript| and su ^ estion of souroes* He has

been wiXXine. and ready to assist the author at aXX times

and in any way. The preparation of the manuscript under

the oapabXe ^uidanoe of 2)r« WaXXaoe has been a pleasure

and an inspiration* To others ^o have been heXpfuX in

BBkin^ this study possible the writer expresses his

indebtedness and sincere appreoiation.

iii

XABLii; OF 0- mims

i?agt

Chapter

! • THB IMHEiiii KT SlfOA^riC'N • X

i l » THU PLiUi^^^ i::^riAN BlxCWl^m . . , . . . . . ' ^ 0

I I I . ^^TLkMmT CF ^^^E'^'^j^hm -iUKBAS • . • • , . 40

i V . FOki.Y^ ivfvT) TRi:ATi.uS, 18t^l- l&o7 65

V. i?'ll;iiiN ];KJ:'K-..:DATI0N3 AND UILIXAitY Iv.j..ii.XAwiON ^ 5

V I . iauiKIK^-.i!iON OF !i:ui, x;vi;i^iN PiiUBLi:.^. iiio

BiBLlOGiiiir nf • . • 1 5 1

m

hr-f OF !-Ai S

Hap 'a<ge

, # . . . . . . * . . • « « ' . « • * > * • • * • • • • • • . « • « . • * .

V

CHAPTER I

THE INHKitKNf niTUATiON

/estern Kansas, with which th i s -tudy ir, concerned,

embraces the whole of sixty-^leven counties. It i ^ bounded

approxinateXy by the ninety-seventh meridian on the e a s t ,

the one hundred*second neridian on the west, the th ir ty -

seventh paral le l on the southt and the f o r t i e t h paraXXeX

on the north. This area, with the exception of a narrow

atrip alon i' the eastern edge, Xiea weXX within the tree­

l e s s , semi-arid, XeveX xe ^ ion of tLe country known as the

Great .: Xains. ("',ee map X, pa^e 2 . )

ZebuXon ?% ?ilce, v?ho aroused the area in X806,

termed i t a desert region, v.e wrote in his report that

"the^e vast plains of the western healsphere may become

In time a^ celebrated an the sandy de-^erts of Africa. '

He wa* convinced ti;Ut t i e r e was not enough tiubtr and

water to support even "a i.ioderate ^hare of popaletio.'-

niorc ti;an 11 vears;. n^

Kont^ouiery io t Coues ( ed i tor ) , The ^ y [edit ion of ...etLLl y .t'ilce .. vol^-.; Tew Yoik, io^;. J, lT7 i i-.

on

Z I b i d . , i^idK^t

z

8t«ph«a E* Lottg Airtlisy •oupbaslsed Pik6*8 aXXegratloiis

ia XiSO, and on a xoap InoXiaded la his report hm XabeXei

%tM wli#X« pXaiat raglim the **GTeat Aasrlesii Desert.** In

1*080*• oplalcm, tke Orsat FXaiaa was **aXa08t ahoXXjr uaflt

for oultlTatioa^ aMi^ of course, aniahabitabXo.**^

A traaoitloa sons divides tho Oreat PXalas from tho

tlflibero4 Bati# Oaptaia BaadoXph Bt Karoy, who made tho

oaepXoratloa of Bod HlTsr la X8S£, fra|iliioalX]r dosoribed

this soae of ohaBfo whioh Xles aXoag tho nlaoty«»ooToath

aorldloa la Kaaoao:

Oa oaor^lag froa tho timbered Xaada • • * lato tho gre t pXalas, wo pass throagh a strip of foroot oaXXod tho OrooO'^TliAero, This sxtoaaiYs beXt of woodland, « . . forms one of tho Bost primlaoat and aaomaXoao featnroo apon tho faoo of tho oountry-r*

Westsra ^asas ocnstltuteo a somi-arid region,

rsoslTiag an annaaX arsrage rHlafnll of only fifteen to

twsnty«»two inches pr r year. There is generally a light

rainfall during tho winter months, but tho hoariest

preolpltation falls from April to October. The rain

'stophoa H» long, AeoQaat of an Expedition (£ TOIS.; Philadolphlaj 18E3), TI, 361; F. W. Blackmar, "The History of tho Desert,*' la Kansas St te Hiotorioal Colleotions. IX (190IJ*1906). lOSPlMl

^Senate Sxeoutlve Doonment, Ho. 54, 7^2 Congress, Z Session, 84.

aaoaXXjr ooaos ia oaddoa torronto* OaXy a oaaXX aaoaat lo

oaatM aad held by tho oolli tho root 1« qalokX/ oarrlod

away by stroaao*

Tho topography of Itaasao Is an alteraatloa of broad

lovoX river TaXlojro aad high rolXlag pralrloo, tho i^oXo

foralag a oorleo of gontXo aadalatlng pXatoaao. Tho

Otato*o altltiido Tarloo from 750 foot aboro soa XOTSX la

tho eaotera soetloa to 4,000 foot oa the high pXalas of

wostera Koaaao* Tho oolX lo Tory fertile aad was goaeralXy

lOOTerod with baffalo grass before It was broken. Thoro

are ao aatlTe trees oa tho plateau of western Kansas.

fho prlaolpaX stroans of this pralrlo«»Xaad area are

the Arkaasas aad Cimarron rlTsrs in tho south, tho

lopabXloan aad Solomon In the north, and between these,

tho Bmoky Hill Hirer and Ito tributary, tho Sallae, Tn

tho extromo west tho streams are small and generally dry

daring tho stimmer.

^J. B. Smith, *'Forage Conditions in the Pralrio Begion,^' in Yearbook of th^ United States Dom rtment of Airrlealtaro/ipgeTWaiEin^ 1896). 312; o, c. Hutchinson, "The Plains," in The -rnnsr-s arrjizino. I (March, 1874), 231.

Sontite ixooutive Document. No. 41, 66 Congress, 1 Session, 301-30(i.

''MOX Weat, **Tho Public Dorr in of the Unitol St-tea,' la Yearbook of the United St- tea '^mrtTrnt of Agriculture, 1898 (WaehinrFonT'l55^)> 3^?F:

Wostora Kaasas 1« a Xaad of extraordinary toaporataro

ohsageo* fho sandotorm, ton»do, aorthor, and bllssard

wore maoh feared by early trarolors and proopoctire

oottlsro* One rlsltor la southwestora Kaasas la 1885

reoorded his own awaroaoos of the weather oxtremltles

fltalts aooaratoly!

'<« It iroiad Ko too much to sajr that th« ulnd % .. oXwaara blows la Kansas, bat one who is la tho ^'^ proooss of aooXlmation feels th- t tho pauses

are both rare and short* Down upon us, often wlthoat a momoat's warning, sweeps a norther, aoaally of throe days' duration. Then tho weather gradually moderates, aad tho wind

^^ ohaages to tho south, to bo suooeeded shortly # by another northern galo.^

firoa frontiersmen complained of the **extreme heats and

sandstorms la summer an^ terrific risitation of wind,

snow, aad rain In winter.**^ Drops of forty to fifty

degrees In tomperature within the space of a few hours

fre(|Uontly oocurred.

At the turn of the nineteenth century, white settler s

were beginning to push westward toward the Or^nt ^Irlns.

They emigrated into tho territory now forming the central

and southern st'ites and found the country occurir I by

a M. H. Leonard, "Southwestern finans Soen with

Astern Syes/ In Atlantio Monthly, LVI (July, 1885), 107.

^Do B. Randolph Keim, 3heridfin*s Troopers on the Borders (Philadelphia, 1G85), 19.

trlbf»s of American Indians who had llrel there "from tlmo

Imaomorial.**' ^ After tho Loulslaaa Purchase la 1803,

jPreoldont Thomas Jefferson apparently saw the ladiaas as

fua obstaelo to i»©stern settlement for he proposed to

pongresa the gradual romoraX of the eastern tribes to ths

^rea Xylng west of the Mississippi Hirer, east of the Booly

^aataias, and north of the thirty-second parallel.^^

fioworer, tho gorernment made no immediate effort to carry

but this orerture.

Under the terms of treaties made ith rarious tribes

dating as early as 1785, the United St' tes gorernment

guaranteed the sendentiry Indians aeparrte existence as a

political community. They were also assured undisturbed

and full possession of land within cnrtrin bounliries

and protection ag Inst all Intorfer nee in their rights by

any people, st te, or nation.^^

The white population loth north fj.ni isouth of the Ohio

Birer oonst intly ound the aboriginal a nuisance ani a

^^Grsnt foreman, Indian :-en or^q (l ormfKn, 19.'^), 7,

^^A. H. /ibel, "Tniian Keserrationa in 'ansns ani the extinguishment of Their Title," in Kansas .:tntQ Historical Colleotions. VTIT (1903-1904), 7£; ^oy Glttinp-nr The

rmation of the St- te of Oklahoma (IJorman, 1939), 5-6.

^^Hegietor of the ieVetes in Conp'reas, 21 ronp'reBo, 1 Sesalon. Part T7 4S.

serloos impediment to progress. In 18£5, President James

lionroe expressed the view that the removal of the Indians

to the lands west of the great L.ississippi was of high

importance to the Union. Chief :ixeautive John ^. Adams

subsequently opposed removal, however, and sought to

protect the red man in his native claims. B^ the time

indrew Jackson became a presidentaX candidate in xe;^6,

llndlan removal had become a national issue.^^

I One of tho f i r s t important measures urged by Jackson

Iftfter his eXestioni^ and passed by Jon^ress, was the

Indian Removal Bi l l of May ^6, 1620. This act provided

*<for an exchange of lands with the Indians residing in

any of the States or Territories and for their removal

west of the iiis^iissippi. " ^ rhey were t uar an teed pro­

tection in the posr^ession ot their new lands.

I in a msB&^e to Congress on February 16, 183^, Jack­

son expounded that reaovint< was not compulsory, "but they i

must remain with such privileges and d i sabi l i t i e s as the

IS Foreman, 0£. o i t . , .;:l. iilsii£ii£ ^ the Debates in Con re * , iJ Jon^jres'?,

1 ''•ession, ..urt TT, ..ppetiui::, xxiiTl! .an;' l i iLts ht.d earl ier , upon mir ,£ ,estibn and sometin.es orc^sure, re^noved beyond the : i^^'i'^^si/ni. In the no^th ..hcje utt^lity i.nd more primitive tribe?; existed, l i t t l e opposition was offered. It aas tlie luore j ivi l i-cfi aoatiicrn trlLwS that refused to cooperate readily.

1 :

8

respeotlve states^ within whose Jurisdiction thoy live 1 F

may prescribe." The Indian, in submitting to state

sovereignty, would not bo free in his own peculiar culture.

Some of the Indians made hostile manifestations In

protest of removal and fought long and hard to beat book

the AngXo-American invaders, but were compeXled on each X6

oooasion into submitting to the inevitable, A government

Commission, writing in 1868, perhaps adequateXy expressed

tho Indian*s attitude when it reported tLat the Indian

"always objected /fo removajT^ and went with a sadder 17

heart."*

X8

The Osages and the Kaws had voXuntarlXy removed to

eastern Kansas before Indian removal was XegaXi£.ed in X8<:;0.

After that date, the Indian population increased by seven­

teen more sedentary tribes. These Indiana occupied reser­

vations in practlcaXXy the vjhoXe eastern fourth of the

niouse Kxecutiye Document, No. XX6, 22 Congress, X Session, Part il, 1.

l& Henry u. Schoolcraft, History of the Indian Tribes

of the anited states (6 vols.; T klladeXpTinr, 18b7),"Tr; 447-45i «

17 ' o y ^ecutive Document, ^o. 97, 40 Congress,

2 Session, 17. 18 The Ooages by the terms of a treaty ^.fade v.ith the

federal government in Ibs^t ceded their lands in the cast ior a reservation in southeastern l nsas. Ihey gave up their Kansas domain in 1867 for a small reservation in Indian I Territory but reserved the ri ht to hunt in western Kansa?. Thr trsages ooasionaily raided the frontier settlements.

otato* then Kansas Torrltory was orgaalsed In 1854, tho

rod men wore s t i l l tho solo Inhabitants*^^

After 1804 a flood of Imsalgratloa swept l ike a great

tldaj ware Into the eaotera portion of the stents, !^rsry

ros**rrfitlon wus onoompootod by white sottloro and snoroach-

mont upon Tadloa load was not uncommon. Conso^uont to

this "polo faoo*' inraoion and contrary to prior promises

of foderal protootlon In their tc^aln, tho Indians were

Again rolooi^tod on s t i l l soallor res^rratlons* Grndaally,

tribe after trlbo wwre paohei Into In as an Territory hor-

derlag ICanoao on the south* ^

Tho Aatlo*rA?aorloan hom«5seek-'r had stoodily pushed tho

sedentary Tadian before him in his westward rair\'-oh. By

about 18C10, the westward ©orlnp frontlor had r«>ached the

oootam odfo of th^ Great .Vlt-ins whe ^ i t halto.i for almost

two dooados* 'founts' on hor«<«8, +ho nomadlo Tnllans rrored

to bo a mor*" sff'^ctlri? barrier to thr» airr^nce of frontier

oottlom«int than ths ssdentmry TnlJans had been.^^

*^J, T'^ Head, ''Tho l iahlta lniit>m In ''t?.n-•t^3," in Kasgas state Historical Colleotions. VITT /l<'0:^-1904), 1712; J. ifU Holloway71l'i''£^tbyy o,g ^fis'nea'sTla Fayf»t*e, 1868), 'J:*.,

^Poter tQ^ionr^ *'rehool Lands on th- ^ OR'V r '^tv^r-ratlon,** In Kansas Stat? Hlntoionl Collection . Y (i889-i.i3i)G). S^ri^sTTToc* •ii>. yarpT^

^ rorott ':. Mlw rdri, "Tbr ;-;ettl<^rnnt of Cma-ln rlo," ^ Ysftrbook of ;*hc Jnitn} ^^lH^^ 'j.^;' •»'t":ont of -r-rlcnlluyo. 194t ('Aaahingyon, 194 . ) , a .

10

Tho foar major tribes roaming orer tho Southern Plalno

whloh forms tho lower |>ortloa of the Groat Plalno esid ia-

oladoo aootern Kansas prooodod the mglo-Amerloans by

llttlo more than one hundred years. Shortly after 1626,

the Arapahoes and Choyonnoo inhabited the country em-

braolag tho hoadwatera of tho Platte and Arkansas rirero.

Both tribes formerly llrod near the SDuroes of tho Mlsslo- |

olppl Blrer* Intertribal troublt^s, as well as pressure

from white settlers oa the east, had drlren there from one

part of tho plalao to another.

The Ohoyonnos were dlrlded into a northern and

southern diriolon. The former held the area Immeliately

north of the South Platte Hirer, and the latter were

ooaoentrated south of that stream. ^ The southern Cheyennea

and ths Arapahoes, who number el arrroxlmately i ,b00 In 24

1866, spread their sctirltif^s across the ontire breadth

of tho Kansas frontier. They were constant allies. Colonel

*mmtmmmmmmmmmiimmmmmmmmmmmmmmmii ii u m i i i i — — — • • n i« • . — » — — • — • —

^%r0deriok W. Ho Ige (editor), Kanlbook of American Indians Berth of Mexioo, Bureau of Bthnology, Bulletin SO IS Vols.; fasixtngion, l91E), T, 72, 2^?.; Schoolornft,

^%. B. Llewellyn ^ni *:. Adamson Hoebel, The Cheyenne Way (Herman, 1941), rxl.

^^4nnaal Beport of the Secretary of Interior for 1866, House Sxecutlre Document, ito. 1, 39 Congress, 2 Sea ion. 3.

XX

Richard Irving Dodge, an oXd plains army of f icer writing in

XS83, observed that "for s i x t y years the Cheyennes and

Arapahoes have been the f irmlst of fr iends , occupying the

same country, l i v i n g in the same camps, u.tking peace or

war Tilth the f ame enemies at the same time, and oondacting

themselves in everything (except intermorxiage) as If they

were one and the same t r i b e . "^ These two tr ibes xaain-

tained a d o s e friendship with the nioux, who l ived north

of the P la t t e . The Sioux sometimes acoompanied them on

their raids .

The two other prominent tr ibes of the plains area

were the Klowas and Comanches who l ived south of the

Arkansas River. After 1700 tfaey -iii^rated to the southwest

from the Hooky Koantain country northwest of the .»rkansas.

Their ooiTibined population in 1876 v>as estimated at <-',606.

The raids ooMLitted by the Kiowai and Jomanohos upon the

•Cansas frontier were comparatively •^litfht, us these Indians

generally operated ffarther nouth.

The large her<3 of bulfaloes roa-..in,, the plains ,:.n(i

gia*-in.. i t s r ich prairie jgrass provided ihe Indians' main

iiioh&rd Irving Lot^Q^ vox d id Incians U-ia^t.ord, 188S), 46-47,

•''6

'' Annual ;iepoit oi the Comi-d r loner of I no i an ..ifL-lis for 187b, House r^xecuTTve i^ooument, ^0 7"!, L- >^ont,i>-n9, 1 3e8sion, 1017 i-" ' «

x^

sustenance. W, D, Street, an earXy pioneer, estimated one

particttXar herd on the northwestern Kansas frontier in

X869 to have been not Xess than twenty miXes in length and

at least sixty miles in width, covering an area comprising 27

the equivalent of two present-day counties. He vividly

recalled that **all night long the guards reported hearing

the roar of the buffalo herd, and in the stillness of the

bright morning it sounded more like distant thunder than

anything else it could be compared with." The buffaloes

furnished the nomads food, ral ent, and shelter. The

movement of the buffaloes determined more than any other

factor the location of the Indians* camp. The red men

realised the animals* value and were careful not to kill 29

more than was required for their needs.

The nom<' dic Indian was greatly influenced by his

phenomenal environment. Indicative of this statement is

an assertion of Randolph B. }.:arcy. :e observed the Indian

to be as **. • . free as the boundless plains over which he

' rY. D. Street, "Victory of the plow," in ^ansas State Historical Collections, IX (1906-1906), ^T.

^^Xbid.. 4i3.

29 J* Lee Humfrevllle, Twenty Years among Cur Jostile

Indians (New York, 1899), 4S6.

IS

roamot ho neither knows or wanta any laxarleo boyoad what

ho finds la tho Buffalo or tho door aroaad hlm***^ Haroy

farther noted that tho Plalno ladlaa regarded stoallag

from otroagoro porfootly legitimate and honorable* Tho

msa ttoot suocossfaX la this otoaXlng was tho most highly

honorod among tho trlbo*^

Tho Plalao ladlaa was by nature forooioas, Implaoablo,

and oraoX* OonoraX Oeorge A« Custer commented that ho

^^^ ^^ savago la orory sense of the word; not woroo,

perhaps, than his ahlto brother would bo similarly bom

and bred, but one whose oruel and forooioas nature far

oxooedo that of any wild boast of the desertv**^^

Oruelty was an art to this Plains Indian. Colonel

Dodgo wrote that ** oruel ty of the Indian is bom In and bred I *

!

with Mm, and clings to him through llfo*** Ho further

asserted that the ladian lolip hted in torturing enemy

rlctlmo* ao much pleasure is derired from it, that

an Indian Is constantly thinking out now dorloeo of torture, and how to prolong to the utmost those

^^andolph B. March, Thirty Years of 4rgQr Life on tho Border (Hew York, 1866), 2"S -W.

^Ibld*, 23.

3 W* p. Webb, The Great Plains (Dallas, 1931), 59. II

33Qaorge A* Custer, "lid Life on the Plains (3t. Louis, 1886), 22.

14

axreaoy knowa* His anatomloal knowledge of the most sensitive portions of the human frame i s wonderfully accurate; and the amount of beating, cutting^ sXashin^i and burning he wiXX make a human body undergo without seriously affecting the v i ta l powers i s astonishing . . . . The bodies of enemies are almost always terribly mutilated • * . .^*

Dodge relates that frontiersmen sometimes saved one bullet

for themselves*^^ Undoubtedly, the Plains Indian was a

wild man who lived in a '>tBte of nature and followed his

natural impulses. He neither dwelt in the past nor

anticipated the future. He lived solely in the present,

and his l i f e and actions ^ere controlled by the primeval

laws of necessity.

The non^-agrioultureil nomtd vi/as exceedingly lan.iliar

with the vast stretches ox plains, and the military in

starch coula not easily line ui. . ::i3 mode of travel was

his f leet and hardy pony. Ant lo- viiAerican contecpfraiies

were astonished at hi* superb .loxseiiianship, and most who

chronicled his e::^.pericnces -iaired i t in ^jpc-xlative terms.

iiobert I/., v 'xight, an eaily Kc n u" pioneer who knew the

4;'lains Inci&n.- po-;nibly as TStell .'." any-ne, claiiT.ed that

"I !iavfe seen the I:as.~ian Jorsa^k . • • in f^oaferr Hu* "ia,

Kicl:4aru l iving Doii^e, "liiC Hunting Hroun^n ci the Great .est (London, 1877), 4.:S27^

Ibid. , 417.

^^iumfreville, ^ . c i t . . x i i .

Id

and, ti^lXe they have the reputation of being the f inest

and most graceful riders In the world they did not compare,

for fine horsemanship, ¥.ith the .uuerican Indians. "' ^

Mounted on horses and faiailiar with ever^ foot of the

monotonous viaste about him, the "Cossack of the Mierioan

Plains'* constantly harassed the Kansas frontier, retiring

to a safe distance upon the approach of ci anger.

The Indian's sk i l l in various naneuvers made him a

terrible foe in battle and on raid^. He could throw him­

self upon one side of his horse and discharge his arrows

with great rapidity toward the opposite side irom beneath OLD

his animal^s neck i^iile at fu l l speed. He fought with

doubled ferocity if a white woman was l ikely to i a l l into

his hands. One writer, v is i t ing ..estern Kansas in the

summer of 1871, observed thst ' the Indi&n knows nothing

and caies less about amoral influence. All the moral

suasion to do him any ^ood in that which in in3pired by I *Q A G

i feai.'*'''' Women \.ere nearly iilvin^"^ mercilessly outra^ea.

^^Robert lU 'bright, Dod e J l ty , The Cov bov Capital of the Cfxeat oatu ^ i Tt (;.iv}ii.ita, iJUc>l, 1 «

•.3 ktirijy, op. P i t . , iio-^y.

39 J. H. Ti^e, Ovei the Plains t.n6. on 1:.Q l.our.iains

(^»t. T.ouir, 1872), IT77 40

Colonel tiohard Irylr.^', ^)oCre^ in •lu^tir... ;'-round'-' of the > rt:at ..est. C)^6-OJ/, rei. tes an u.:ixOiiuni^te iaoiiicni"Tn which one captive Itidy wcS "xavi-^ned ly ever:, In* ir.n, numbering at l^eaat^thirty*"—

16

Tho plight of the oaptlre white women was further In-

toBsiflod In camp. Sqaaws, wild with jealously, heaped

cruelty aad exhausting labor apon their helpless rictims**^

Tho Plains Indian was generally peaoeful during tho

winter. Bat when the graos came out in the spring to supply

hlo pony with food and the buffalo became plentiful, he

grew restless. * Consequently, he often went on the warpath

to right the wrongs ho felt ths whites had committed

against him.

Re did not raid without motlre. He rlevod with great

concern and resentment tho white homeseekers* dauntless

weotward march and sought to prerent the cnoroachers from

oooapylng his bountiful hunting grounds. Among the whites

he found rery few sympathetic supporters and little

reluctance to appropriate his cherished domain. The white

man beXlered that it was contrary to th*? ordinance of

nature for myriads of square miles of rich and arrbls lands

to lie racant D-rely to furnish a hunting ground for a few

ragabond nomads. He Justified his usurpation on the basis

that he was executing his Creator's will. *

^^Slliabeth E. Custer, Tenting on the Plains (London, 1893), 391.

^%el3on A. Miles, P rsonal :^ecolloctlon8 (Kew York, 1897), 167.

43, Tloe, 0£. cit., J19.

17

Another source of i r r i t a t i o n was the i e d e r a l ^overn-

ment 's incon-^istent po l i cy . In an eXfort to .aeet the

temands of \vhite s e t t l e r s , the e^oveinment shunted the

Indian from one r e se rva t i on to another and f a i l e d in

nouiierous i n t a n o e s to l i ve up to t r e a t y c t l i^^at ions .

I'ajor General G. .:, roa^e, .vri t in^ froiu iiis Kansas head­

quar te r s in 1865, oonae^e^ the l a t t e r a s s t i t i o n . He sa id j

" •e have ni^de t r e a t i e s .;itL them •\aioii, owini^ to the

country they ere allov«ea to occupy, . . . ii- has been

i;apraotioable for us to c a n y out , and we have thereby AA

given them an excuse or opportunity to • • . make war."

fhen the In<2ian3 ^.eie r e s t r i c t e d to r e n e r v a t i o n s , the

federal governiicnt obl igated i t s e l i to provide p a r t i a l l y

tox the i r sustenari je, hot^ever, C^tnei.al '•."elson ii. .•J.les

iuaintiained tha t "they v,ere nojiie times for wteks without 45

tread l a t i o n c . *

ihe idd li.an i.oana ;.i.iLin^ the t r a n s i t i o n irom a wile ,

f r ee , i nd xovint^ i i i e to a r^tder t^ry exi^.tence on a

r e s t r i c t e d re^'eive hlrnoAt i. .:.os'^il:lc. He cit not l i k e

"the v/hite 'uin'n road , " and i^jiu-eo to '^tl.k i t Af^til f c i j ca

44 War of the . . c l e l l i on . Of i ' i j ia l I.CQOXUS Qi the

Union and ConfedeiTIe ..xuijen (Wa;-'!ii.-^ton, i b J o ) , . n e s 1, Vol. a J T l I , Part 11 ^ TAT.

40 ' i le-^, o2, cl t . , l c 7 .

18

to do 80*

Adding fuel to tho fXaae of Indian resentment was tho

olaughtor of hlo oommlssary, tho buffalo. Ho was exasper­

ated lateaeely at seeing his way of life eniangered by tho

46 waotofUX destruction. As a result, nothing aroused his

hostility more than buffalo hunters and railroad building. 47

He bellored the *'lron horse** would drire the buffalo away.

The Indian Imd been steadily drlron westward to the

open plains before the adrRnclng whites. The frontiersman

jasq od tho plalao to the Pacific and mlalng areas of the

West. After the Cirll War the settler began filling in the

gap between the eastern timb« r r -glon and the mountain

sottlemonts of the West. 'Iren as early as 1857, tho

Secretary of Interior wrote that ''the westwnrd march of

immigration, « • . has orertaken tho Tnil^n, and now bosrins

to press upon him, and it is erllent that a critical period

in history has been resohei," for "wherr he now is he murt

make a stand and struggle for existence or his doom is

sealed/'^® The first white inrasion of the Great • lalns wafi made

46. f i l e s , 0£. c i t > , 15b-169.

^^Daris L. tiTDOtts, Campaigning with fluster (Los Angelrs, 1928), 7.

^^Annual Peport of the ^'ecrets-rj of Tnterior for 1057, House Axecutlre Dooumfint. no* H, 7i Con'r^roes, 1 See ion, G:\

19

lato wootora Kansao*^^ Tho Plains Indian aoooptod the

ohalloago and laooosantXy haraosod tho frontier settler to

dloooarago hlo adranoo oad to force him to retreat* Tho

atrooitleo eommlttod apon l^o frontleroman by the rod man

to prorent tho westward march ** scarcely find a parallel la

tho ooaatry^s history.**^^ TTatll tho Plains ladlaa was

oabduod, thoro ooald be ao oafoty and llttlo progress mado

oa tho Xanoas frontier*

*^Jhrodorlok H* Bovoll, "Irrigation la tho Oroat Plalao,** la Yearbook of the thiitod Stipes pepartnont of ^mM^n:^^* iSSJk cwas&iag^on, i^H] .kfv^vnr.

*^8. J* Crawford, Kansas In tho Slxtleo (Chicago, 1911), 341.

ir^^'kix', ,^-

''-*^ i-

' I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

-J 1 1

CHA?ThH I I

l?'L-^ 111:1 i.; 1^1/03 'iiOMjiu*:^

The d€o :J € 1861^ to 1871 laarked the climax oi Indian

r a i d s on the p l a i n s f r o n t i e i . .Cvsver, i t was by no mme

the t eg in i i ins . For ii^ny ^e&r?- the pr&irie Indian pio*

blem had been growing werf^c. ihe red aian * .?! t^rcstiy ia*

t t - r la ted by err l^^at ion pour i r - ac re? * hi^ dcfi.ain i n t o

newly ':2iscovered ^old ret:,ions and was f e i the r incensed

by the con sequent .;:>ressui'e of s e t t l e r ooaupr. t ion from

the e a s t . This ^^hite encroachment r e s ^ t t t i in Indian

re pr i??alJJ#

On January «;4, lt;4h, J-.; -.es t '. Vt.iShall eiSv^ovcred

cn the A.'.ejrican h iver in Cnll lorniH. I'lx news ^.uick^r

^.-rtftd t o tr;e ¥^hole c i v i l i s e d world t h a t ^leoious <uetal In

fabulous <^us;r:tities ^--^ to be ha?* for the ::ieie di,:.i-:£,.^

A vast sftrc^am r,f e; J-iir^^i ion '^ocn flcAec^ escro'^s li.e Gieat

.'*Iflns, # i i c h .Ht tha t time iva*? re.^'.x-ded a^ an "'Indian

Countr;^'." Few : ! the-^c- lortor-rc stiei'.er^ le-^pectca '.he xcd

-iin'?5 ri,.ht?^, a^ro?^ ..;:C'*e huntincr y&::^,:i-^ h i r o-'.:8V^n9

1 ^ i l i la iu 1, "'heti.I:nt j m 2 £ £ i 15 oix ^ -^ v o l s . ;

New York, Ib^^ii), I , be.

• J 0

SI

aorod* fho plalao trlboo* groatXy alarmed by this

latraoloa^ attoisptod to discourage It by rlclouoly attaoklng

oadgTaat trains aad Isolated oommunltles and by oporadlo

doprodatloao* la ooarohlag for a oolutloa to tho weighty

ladian probXen, B* 2>* Mltoholl, Commlssloaer of Indian

Affairo, soat roprosentatires among the dissatisfied aomado i

^th laotraotlons to negotiate treaties granting emlgranto |

poacoful transit and. If possible, fixing definite

boaadarleo*^ A ooaaoll was oonrened at Fort Laraalo oa

Soptombor 17, 1861, at whloh tho Cheyoaaeo, Arapahoes,

CrowOt Aoolalbolaea, Oroo Yeatres, Mandans, aad Arlkareeo

wore roprosontod* Tho Treaty of Fort Laramie was the

rooalt of tho ^oalng aegotlatlons.^

At this powwow, tho whites gained seroral Important

adrantagoo* Thoy were granted the right to establish roads

oad military posts la Indian Country, and peaceful transit

orer the area. For this concession the federal gov r rnraent

promised to pay fifty thousand dollars a year for fifty

years, to bo distributed among the respectlre tribes in

s la 1849, Congress transferred the Tniian office from

tho War Bepertmont to the Interior on the assumption Ihat oirlllaas oould better sympathise with and xinderstand the needs of tho Indians than could military officers.

%ouse Kxecutlre Document. No. 97, 40 Conirress, E Session, 6.

ss

^* x«*

proportion to tho population*^ Tho senate, howerer, struck

oat **flfty yoaro** aad ro*>aordod It to road **ton years.'*

Boundaries for the sereral participating tribes were

defined In the treaty. Tho territory assigned tho

Chsyonnos and Arapahoes, the two most powsrfhl tribes

present at the conference. Included a large portion of

what later boaame eastern Colorado and western Kansas.

Within that territory ths United States agreed to protect

them against being proyed upon by Unltod states oltisens.

Hostilities diminished considerably following tho

oonclusloa of the treaty, and as a result the treaty served

Its purpose for almost a dooado.

Tho Indians In the years Immediately following

oontlauod to suffer, and their resentment toward the whites

mounted as the westward moremont grew In increasing

proportions. Indian Agent Thomas Fltspatrick for tho

Cheyennes and Arapahoes reflected this assertion in his

annual report for 1863:

They are in abject want of food half of the year, and their reliance for that scanty supply, la the rapid decrease of the buffalo, is fast

Charles J, :<appler, Indian Laws and Treaties (£ rols*; Washington, 1904), 594-W57

^Ibid.

£3

diooiyyoayljig* fho trarolap^s roads drlroo thMi off^ or olao oonftnes them to a narrow path dariat tho pesriod of oadgratloa • « * * Tholr women are plachod with want and thelr^ i^ildroa aro ooaotaatly orylag with bnagor*^

Blfforoaooo botwoon tho whites and Plains tribes

was further latonolfiod by ICexlcaa traders who sold tho

ladlaae whlakoy* ladlaa Agent Bobert C. HllXor for the

Ohoyoaaoa aad Arapahoes ooatributes to this llXogal trade

snoh of tho trouble botwooa the rod and white men. In his

anaaaX voport for 1867 ho wrotos

X would oaXl attention . • * to tho Immense number of small Mexican traders that are o(»itlaually 90Tlat orer tho country, and to whom much of our dl f f ioul ty with tho Indians may be traced. They oamo lato the oouatry obstonsibly to trade pro-rtsioao to the Indians, . . . Introduce among thorn tholr mloorable Moxloan vhlskrir* using tholr iaflaoaoo, * . • to koop up the host i le feollago agalaot tao voltes*- There are sereral • . * aboat loat*s Fort . . . .^

Tho dlsoorory of gold In Cherry Creek near the present

s i t s of Bonrer la 1858 caused tho Plains Indian problem to

beoome oxooodlngly cr i t i ca l* Thousands of frensled fortune

hunters rushed Into the newly dlscorered mining region*

The f i r s t wore reached I>exrTer in 1856. By May, 1869, erery

stream and body of timber from ''Iwood to the Big Blue was

6 Annual Beport of the Commieeioner Qt Indian Afihlra for 1863. Senate libceoutire Doouapnt. Ko. l , 33 Congress,

?eisToa, 360. 7 Annual Keport jgf tho Commissioner of Indian Affairs

1857. Houge iptooaflre Doo'-mpnt, I?o. T^ : 5 Congrras, 08sion, 43^. In!

1

£4

"aliro with tlio teats of imtfraato*"^ Indian Ag«at

fllllaa Boat, aho had replaced Miller as agent for tho

€hoyoaaoo oad Arapahooo, estimated in 1869 that '*tho atUBber

of whltoo trarorolag tho plains across tho ooater bolt to

haro oxeoodod 60,000**^

Tho BooJgr MouatalB adrenturero had by tho treaty stipuf

latlono tho right of transit through tho ladlaa Ooaatry.

Msay of tho unsuocossful gold seekers, howerer, oocuplod

Indian lands and Olaaghtored tho game la greater quaatltleo

than neooosory for subsistenoo. Cities were founded, farms

opened, aad roads built. Although the federal goremm»nt

had pronlood the ladians protootloa, their hunting rsngoo

and oren rlllageo were orerrun by the rery peopls who had

pledged thomselres to respect the Indians' rights. The

powerful Chsyonnos and Arapahoes protested but to no arall.

Thoy were gradually drlren by the white encroochers down

upon the waters of the Arkansas.-^^ Since the ^ites had

broken the Treaty of Fort Laramie, the Indiana no longer

oonslderod themselres obligated to remain within the

^J. L. Klngsburg, ''The Pike's ^oak Kush, 1059,'' in Colorado Ma^aglne> IV (Jsnu ry, 1927), 2.

^Annual n< port of the Commissioner of Tnli an Affairs for 1669. Senaie Sxecutire Docwnent. Ko."^, 36 Congress, 1 Session, 506.

S2S£1 ooatlre Document, Ko. 97, 40 Conrr^ss, £ Session, 6*

£6

••vti

m ••>• • • ; . ; ; i ,

proscribed bounds." **'

Tho Secretary of laterlor was fully aware of the

lajuotloo and feared retaliation. In his annual report to

tho Prealdoat la 1858, ho warned that tho latmslon had

oadangerod tho amicable relations.

,i Tho opening of three wagon roads, and tho I ootabliohmoat of "ttio ororlaad mall routes across

f^i the continent, haro presented new laducemento ;f sad fOollitles for trarellng orer the plalao of

l|>; tho interior; all these oauses combined haro : had ao little influence in disturbing our I amicable relations with those aomadio tribes, f ' that subsist . . . upon the chase.^^

His subordinate, the Commissioner of Indian Affairo,

sought to allorlate the hostility of the Plaias Indians.^^

He seat A. B. Groenwood, in the fall of 1860, as solo

commissioner to conclude with the mighty Cheyennes and

Arapahoes a second treaty. In October, Greenwood met with

the representatlres of these tribes at Ft. Wlso.^* Eight

years later a group of peace commissioners when eraluatlng

the 1856 situation surmised that under the circumstances

ths proposal for this treaty by the whites and its approral

111 Ibid.. 7.

•^^Annual Beport of the Secretary of Interior for 1868, House Bxeoutlve Document, Bo. £, 3^ Congress, Z Session,

13 • r

•^^Formerly Bent's old fort on the Arkansas.

£6

by tho Xndlone was the only palpable thing left for tho

two raooo to do* They wrote la thr lr report to tho

Preoldont:

The Indians aaa their former homos and hunting grounds orerrun by a groody population, thirsting for gold* Thoy saw their game drlren oast of the plains, and soon found themoelreo the objooto of joaXoaoy and hatred. Thoy too must fo. The presence of the Injured lo too often painful to the wrong-doer, ani Innonenoe Offenslre to the eyes of guilty. It now booame apparoat t]iat what had been taken by force must be retained by the rarlshei and nothing was loft for the Indians but to ratify a treaty oonsooratlng tho aot*^^

At tho Fort Wise oonrentlon. In which the Treaty of

Fort Wise was made, tho Cheyennes and Arapahoes were

Induood to reXlnqulsh their former reserre and to accept a

small "sand waste" lying on both sides of the Arkansas

Blrer, embracing the southeastern Colorado country near

'Fort Lyoa.*^ The reserr^tlcn consists! of a triangular

tract bounded on the east and northeast by Sand Creek In

eastern Colorado, on the south by the Arkansas and

Purgatory rirers, and on the west by a line extending some

ninety miles from the Junction of Sand Creek and the

^%0U8e Exeoutire Document, ro. 97, 40 Congress, £ i:>ssion, 7.

^^Annual Peport of the Commissioner of Tndian Affairs for 186b, Senpitp ^ -ecutive Docum'?nt', Ko. 17 .'6 Congress, £SeosTon, 152-4 6¥I

27

Arkansas.'^^

As a concession, which apparently was an attempt to

salve the discouraged Indians' f e e l i n g s , the United States

Commissioner pledged the federal government to pay each

tr ibe th ir ty thou«?and dol lars a year for f i f t e e n years. Tho

treaty «^tlpulated that the government would erect houses,

break up and fence agricul tural lands, build m i l l s , and

provide engineers, farmers, and mechanics to as^sist them

in the ir Journey along "the ^ i t e man's road. "- ^ The sen*

ete subsetiuently ap-roved the treaty on February 18, 1861.

However, the agreement was defective in that one or

two bands were not represented, wiio, conset^uently, ^ t i l l 19

claimed the r ight to roam throughout the terr i tory . Ivlany of the Indian chie fs and warriors v/ho were present

ZO refused to sign i t . l uoh to the chagrin even of those who signed, %hite intruders continued to dispossess them of

17 For a iap shovdn^ tii is re'nervation see Senate z ^ -

cutive Bocuaient, unnumlered, ^7 Congress, 5 -ession, n.p. ^^Kappler, 0£. o i t . , 807.

^^Annual He port of the neoretary of Interior for 166ic, ""Senate x-jxecutive Boouiuent, unnumbered, 7 conh,re^s, o .^es<^ion, 186.

l a i r s

cep . All air 8 for 1861, Hous e £xe cuTi v e Doouiuent, Mo. T7 37" Congress, *. ension, ^40.

£8

ISiolr lando. Ths Indians finally dstermlaod to mako a

"laot dltoh** fight to prorent their "Canaaa" from breaking

up. Tho danger of a general war wis first reported by

tho Saperlntendent of Indian Affairs for Colorado

Territory la a letter to Commissioner of Indian Affairs

W, P, Dole on October 14, 1863. He Informed his superior

officer that "the ladians talk rery bitterly of tho whites^

eay thoy hare stolen their poaloo and abuse! their women,

taken their hunting grounds, and that they expected that

thoy woald hare to fight for their rights*"^-^

The Saperlntendent'8 consternation was not without

fonadatlon* Sereral unorganlied Iniian raids had occurred

already. A small band of Plains Indians had oonduct< d

a foray against seroral ranchers a few miles west of

Sallaa, Kansas, late in 186E. Sereral ranchers were op

killed, and many head of stock we^e driven off.*"** In

another Incident, a mB.n hunting on Plum Creek wrts

surprise! by a band of cheyennes who "killed him with

for 186ii. litottse kxecutTre Jocumf nt. ! o, 1, 3G Conp-ress, resslon, 249.

^^Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian AffoirF>

^^James Humphrey, 'The Country est of orf l a rior to 1866," in Kansas State His toricrl Collnctions. TV (1886-1688), IWl

ig9

arrows, and in soalpln&i him took ears and aXX*"<iid Another

3'ald ooourred oa Becomber 5, X86J8, upon a United States mail

hlae running from Kansas city to Benver when a party of

(fheyennes oompXeteXy destroyed a maIX station, flity«^flve

iXes east of Fort Lyon, on the Arkansas Elver*^^

An incident that further Incensed their antipathy

toward the encroaching paXefaoes occurred on AprlX X2, X864.

Cn this date, a ranoher named HipXey reported at Camp

Sanborn that Indians had stolen some of his ^tock. Although

Bipley^s reputation was somewhat questionable, the post

commander sent forty men in pursuit of the raiders. The

soldiers soon came upon an Indian band, presuisably

Cheyennes, driving a herd of *?toak. Kipley surveyed tho

animals and declared tney were hin. The Indians

e&phaticalXy asserted they were not. The officer in

0large, however, took the rancher's word. He ordered his

m»n to halt the herd and to disarm the Indians. ^, short

skirmish ensued, but the enra ed red men ruana ed to

. . . j

^^J. h. Iviead, "The '^aline Elver Country in 1869,•• in ijbid.* IX (1905*1906), 19.

2A Annual He|)ort of the Comfil f ioner of Indian Aiiairs

fbr 186i^. House ^ JteoutTve' !l!)ocufiient, no* "l, b Con,^ress, r ^ e s s i o n , £40. l he Colorado miners had been loud in their demand for transportation. To satisfy thin, over-Iknd traffic had been organii^ed on a lai^e scale.

30

oo^po* fho Blploy Incident proolpltatod a crisis*

Tho poaorful Plalno tribes and sereral losssr trlbeo

had oonrenod in tho autumn of 1863 to discuss their plight*

At this oonsultatloa, the Kiowa, Comanche, Arapaho,

Choyonao, Apache, and 81oux formed an alllanoo against tho

whltoo* Thoy agreed to Inaugurate a geaeral war as ooon as

tho grass taraod grooa.^^ The Bipley episode provided a

good pretext for opening offenslre hostilities.

Fodoral authorities learned of the plans for a general

uprlolng through alert Indian agents. To meet the

oooasion, meooagss were sent directing that all friendly

Indians repair Immediately to certain designated military

poots*'^' When only a part of the Cheyennso and Arapahoes

1SSS4 yooutlre Booument, Bo. 97, 40 Congr^'ss, £ Session, 8. Much to ihe chagrin of the soldiers, they got the worst of the fight. Four men wer^ shot In the brisk encounter.

**J. vu Hooney, ''Calendar History of the nowa Inlions,^ Bureau of Ara? rioan Bthnology, Serentecnth Annual Heport (Washington, 1898), 176. In July, 1853, the federal gor rn-ment had negotiated a treaty with the Kiowa, Comanche, and Apache at Fort Atkinson, Kansas. These tribes orreed to peace and conoodel the right of the gorernment to establish roads and military posts within their tf»rritory. Like the Cheyenne and Arapaho, they were* diasatisfiel with white encroachment.

^^Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs for 18M> Hou8T"tjsouTrre^ocument, Fo. 1, 38 Congress, Tsesslon, 36! . Forts Lyon, L iramle, Is- na 1, ani Camp Collins were deslgnatel as concentration points for the sereral tribes.

31

oa«o lUf Kansas frontier settlements were alarmed, in

some oountles local miXltias were organli&ed for defense*

In GoXorado Territory, Governor John Evans similarly

strengthened his military foroes by one reeiiment**^® The

Governor, with the consent of the Indian Department, then

issued a proclamation that declared a l l Indians not

reporting in to the designated military pests as hoi t l l e

and authorised a l l persons **to go in put suit * . * to k i l l

and destroy /fhemjr as enemies of the country, wherever they

may be found*"

Meanwhile, the Indians went on the warpath*

SimuXtaneous attacks were reported upon various overland

imil s tat ions between Atkinson, Kansas, and Placervil le ,

California* In one in^^ tance, a family of ten llvine^ at

Eubank Station, one hundred miles east of Fort :<earney, was

massacred and scalped, "and one of the females beside

having suffered the L^tter inhuman barbarity, was pinned

' ^Annual l<eport of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs for 1864, iiou^e Jb^eoulTve !()ocufaent, No. 1, ^ Cont^ress, ^ session, 36^. Due to the Civil ^Var, federal troops ..ere too scarce to afforc protection from the Indian threat. In restoring tranquility the frontier had to rely lir^ely on i t s oviU resource8*

^^Mooney, loo. c i t . , 176; Annual Aeport of the Com-mlssioner of Inlliran ITTairs for 1864,' Aou e hxecuTTvFTocu* mont, M'OT I T 3^ Congress, a ""ession, ^TFUi

3£

to tho oarth by a otako through hor person*"'^ In other

raids, tho otatlono of Liberty Farm, Pawnee, and Oak GrOro

aore aooallod* Fire mon sad a youag lady lost tholr llfo

la thooo meroiXosa doraotatlono* At PXum Crook, thlrty-^flro

Biles aoot of Fort KOaraoy, a trala of tea wagons was

asoaaltod aad burned* Blao psroono aero murdered, and two

women, oad two ohiXdren were oapturod*

A bloody attaok by a military force under Major Jacob

Bowalng upon a Choyonao rill ago sixty mll^s north of the

South Platto groatXy latonolfled Indian caaduct* la Mhy,

Bowalng, who had been la Camp Sanborn laopootiag troopo,

oamo to Bonror aad got from Colonol J* M* Chlrlngton,

oommaader of the Third Colorado Calrary, about forty men to

ooaroh for raiders. When Bowalng found the Cfhoyenne camp,

ho quickly our rounded and surprl so-attacked the unsuopect-

Ing ladlano. When the one-sided battle ended, twenty^olz

rod men lay dead and thirty wounded* Tho soldiers then

burned the lodgoo and took the stock, which they dlrldsd

among thomoolres.^-^

^Annual B^poyt of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs r 3 Sf . Sff i feooa^yo l ocument, tlo. 1, 3! Congress, ?e8^lon, 398* Tho raids In Kansas and ^dorado Territory

were committed principally by the Choyonnes and their allies, while the Comanohes and Klowas carried the war to the region oouth of the Arkaaoaa*

%bld*. 383*

33

f>i» Indians retaXlhted with profli^ated vi^or. m

June 1£, a faaiily l iv ing on Box i^lder Creek, twenty miles

east of Denver, was murdered, scalpec, and their bodies

horribly mangled*^^ in another Indian attack ten miles

east of Fort Cottenwood four men were k i l led , i l f teen

wagons were captured, goods destroyed, and stock driven

off* On August i a, a band of isSO warricars attacked a train

of 94 wagons 60 miles west of Fort Larned, Kansas.^^

Several drivers were ki l led. AXX goods, cattXe, and

horses were taken* The raiders then escaped into the hiXls

near the post. Consequent of such attacks, caravans were

no longer permitted westward of Ft. Larned on the pawnee

Fork or the confluence of that stream ^ith the Aikanoas in ^5

parties of le^s than one hundrec men.

Kanchee and buffalo hunters received considerable

attention of the prairie warriors. Thomas koff i t t , a

Lincoln County rancher, wrote on July 30, 1864, that

'the Indians are so ho- t i le to the hunters and sett lers

^^Ibid.. 371.

'^^ar of the Rebellion. Official Kecords of the Union ana Conf e tier ate .-.x'-nieB (Wanhini. ton, 18^i5), S?rTes i , wrr^sn: pirrrrr^?:

34 C. 3. Burt, "The .abounsee ...ilitia GoupMny," in

Kf\n*?as State Historioal Collections. I (l-;^09-1910), 60fc). ^^Colonel Hilton I'oore, "An Incident on the Upper

Arkansas," In ibid., X (lvO7-1908), 414*

34

that wo dare not go from tho house."^ One week later, I

Moffitt lay doad with his body full of arrovio* On August 6,

ho and throo partnora were rushed by about one htindred wild

ladlano loos than one mile from tho ranoh houoo. Thoy

fought dooporatoly but were ooon orprcome.^^

Another Isolated ranoh rooelrlng tho attention of the

ladlano was loeatod la oouthwoatern Kansas twenty mlloo

north of Point Of Book on tho Arkansas Blrer. About throo

huadrod yolXlag Choysaaoo launched a terrifying assault

upoa tho B. M* Wright ranch at daybreak In the morning*

Harlag boon warned that the Indians were on the warpath,

Wright and his hired help hod fortified tho ranch house.

Thoy repulsed ons attaok after oaoth -r until the Indians

fliswlXy dopartod* weight later related that "for aboat

ooren hours the Indians made It rery warm for the boys;

then thoy got together and held a powwow, after which they

rodo off up the rlrer. The boys watched them with a spy

glass from the top of the building until they were satisfied

it was not a rase on the pa -t of the sarr^es, but th n.t they

had really olearel out.**^

* *C. Berahardt, Indian Balds; in Lincoln County, Konsao (Lincoln, 1910), 7.

nR. M. Wright, "Per: onal ri miniscer.f f ? of 'ronti- r Llfo in 3outhw<?8t Kansas," in Kansas State historical Colleotions. VII (1901-1902), 5!!-54.

36

Ao a rooult of Indian aotlrltl^s, the whites stiffsred

oa ootlaatod loao of throo thouooad head of oat tlo aad

horooo otoloa, aad property ralued at one mlllloa dollsro

dootroyod* Tho arouood brares barasd orory statioa except

oao upon tho ororlaad mall route for a dlstaaoo of 1£0

alios botwooa Thlrty«fwo Mile Crook and the Big Sandy

Blror. Statloao for a dlotanoo of four hundred aileo were

abandoaod, mall oorrloo latorrupted, ranohoo doaerted, and

tho groat tide of oalgratlon arrested and forced baok.^^

-^. Ao the oummer drew to a close, ladian though to turned

to poaoo* la Soptombor, a large band of Cheyennes under

Chief Blaok Kottla oonroned at Fort Lyoa and aoked for

poaoo and for protootlon*^ A. C. Hunt, Colorado Torrltoyy

Saporlntondent of ladlaa Affairs, later ocnteaded they

propoood poaoo fearing tho consequences of Goremor Srsns'

proolamatloa to hunt them out and destroy them.^^ i

Mhjor K. W. Viynkoop, post commander, assured them of

protootloa, but Infors^d them he did not hare the power of

^^Annual Ker ort of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs for ^864. House /yecuTTve l)ocu'mont. Bo. 1, 38 Congress, FTessTon, *^98-39^

^ Ibid*. 378. Tn bargaining for pf ace, the Cheyennes Offered to delirer serea white prisonrrs which t>oy held oaptlre.

41 . *AnnnBl Ksnnrt qZ iha Commt s R1 nnsr. oS.^ In , 1 an AffnlrH

for 1866, Houselxeoutlre Document, ITo. 1, 40 Congress, 3 Session, 640*

36

poaoomaklag* Ho oonduotod thorn, howerer, before tho

Oorornor at Boaror. Krano, thoroughly aroused by rsooat

roporto of ladlaa hootilltles, refused to hoar their

frleadly orertures* laotoad, la tho words of tho Goreraor

hlmoelf, "I admonishsd thorn of their . . * aegloot to

respoad to ay proolamatloa.**^^

£raaa told tho Indians that General S. B. Curtis,

Military Conauuider of tho Department of Mlooourl, had tho

oolo right of poaoo-maklag. Aocordlagly, synkoop sent a

moooago to Curtis for laetruotions sad adrlco. Before the

ordero oould arrlro, fyakoop was rollered from command at

Fort Lyoa by Major S* J* Aathoay.*^ The new ooimnander, at

wyakoop'e urglag, reaewod the permission that isynkoop had

glrea the ladlano to camp near the fort* Wynkoop left the

post oa Borembor £6.^ After he dopartod, Aathony decided

that he was exceodlag hla authority. He disarmed the

ladians and sent them northward away from Ft. Lyon.^^ Tho

Indians then mored forty mllee aw<iy and encamped on Sand

Creek*

^^Annaal Keport of the Commissioner of Tniian Affairs for I664. fe'use ExeoufTre !pocument. Bo. 1, 38 Congress, M Session, 2l64.

^%ouoe Exeoutire Document, Ko. 97, 40 Congress, £ So0sion, 6.

^Annual HeT ort of the Commissioner of Indian Affair a for 1868, riouse xecuTTvc t)ooumpnt, Ko. 1. 40 Congress, ^Session, 641. L

37

Aotlaf oa tho euppooitioB that the war was still oa,

ColoBol Ohlrlagton led the Third Colorado Calrary and a

part of tho First from alao hundred to a thousand strong

to Fort Lyoa oa Borember £8. After plcketlag the post to

koop aowo of his arrlral froa gottlag out, ho conferred on

tho situation with tho post eojissander, i^o urged that ho

destroy the Choyonao camp located on Sand Crook.

At daybreak, on Borember £9, Chlrlagtoa surrounded and

attookod tho defoneolsss Indians. The surprise! Cheyennes

were drlren from oao point to another* Bp the dry bottom

of Saad Crook thoy ran with the troopo la wild charge

bohlad thorn* la the hoUowo of the banks thoy sought

refuge, bat tho ooldiers dragged them out. Black Kettle

attempted to stop the bloody slaughter by raising an

Amerlcen flag, then the traditional white one. The

barbarous massacre continued. All manner of rarages were

iafXlcted* Men, women, and children were Indiscriminately

slaia* Chlrlngton subsequently notified Krans on

December 7 that ho had "killed 600 Indians; destroyed 130

^^Anaual Beport of the Commisaioner of Indian Affairs for X866. ftons?"ExecuWre booument. Bo. 1. 39 Congress, 1 Session, l9£. The solilers who took part in this episode did not lony their SBrag^ry. J. F. Tice in Oyr tho Plains and on the Moantains. 205-206, rrports thl^ fhoy defended tlTeir aciions* They contended that "these ladlano had Just made one of the mo :;t murderous and dostructlre forays into our settlomfints," an! indicated thoy got what thoy deserred.

Xodo oo; took ^00 a»saos and ponlest'' t. d t iSt ho was ' ' s t i l l

*xftejr them*'"^^

FuXXy Inoensodt Indian fugit ives from aand ..reek made

tholr way to a Cheyenne atxi^p of "Dog roXdlero'^^ Xooated on

the m%n% l ine of Kansas alone, the imoky xUil ^dvtr* A

oounoil w s held in which the log .<oldieis deaided to

aooo&paniy their kinsman on tho wtrpath* Jrom h9X€ the

Cheyenres sent im^n^n^exB to the i^rapsaces and t:i« visitin^j

" loux on the Zolo.mn bearing a report of the maisoore and an

entreaty for aid in their war tk^hinnt the whites* Tho

messent^ers fcmnd sym|>athetio ;..ilie'?*

Captain mnt^ Booth, Fort l4uxn%t*'^ Chief of Calvary,

made a mild undei^tt^tement in I>eceiLbejr, 1864, whtn ho

l« .M*<»<4 •<M"»'>«rMMIHI«»<>'<.>i" '<•»• i>. ti iliiBjHWIIilW

^ u'ar of tht li.eMllion* Clfioi&l iiL^Aii t f tt.e Union arid coaf e a ex a teAr&jes, .-.exies I , Vol* ..i, *hit IT, /y7*

" fne ''VOt, Soldier** Che^enne^ «?exc the ..-.o' t liostiic of a l l ^hVi^%nnis bands* The - ttere H H-ftriioi -^oaiety i hose memfctr pexi-oxiaed i^oilct cutie^ .n -.j«*i .p an^ on t. e o c.rje* In about Ibi w, a. i l \^ imn oi c nc ,;..i\, enr.e thm^ ^•^^•• ^cined t^e XQg 'oliiier*? in & Ivdy* After %'^i ti.. .e, l:<? irattinit^ o©trtprif»ed about one-hrdf the i.i n of the wnej -en.-ti tribe. They wejte the i:.iOfiit ai^sttnjt, lt:.i'Ortant, a'd a ^ J ' 'l c cf s ix t5e ;;;.i*jenne bancn.

" ^ C. K* Fairfield, " vhe Eleventh r.an a<? uCe.i-«^t at rlatte Brid£:e,'* in :,ii- ' af? t. te ' .i-Mrijai .«.>iic :-t. c ne,

^^'^•'VJid ™-:i£ - -!-'']:•: - i.; cir..ns iH w Yor-:, i t ^ j ; , .• «.'. he 5Ti«i-<jn*e V.oT ""HITit,3 n ";ere net hwd to •.•e.t' uade. rhlr* tanfi !.ad ini•oi! i. : tNc ^huter? in 1..^^ th -t the^ did -'ot bel. ^ to any other s-'v^ntr thi n the heafi of t ,c ,.«;p...tl. j;;n nfu: ",.,.oky Hill xiver-^* ..e - tr -ei t< d th«t t cy i.o.ail ncvc: ollov. it*'' ^^ettleacnt.

39

oommentodf *fhe Indians w i l l no doubt, be e:xasperated by 49

the late action at Ft. Lyon." In a report to President

Andrew Johnson, the commi«!sioners appointed under an act

of Congress approved July £0, 1867, stated that the

en 'uing war "cost the government 130,000,OJO, and aarried

conflagration and death to tiie border settlements. «*'

The bloody land Creek massacre sit,naii- ed the in­

tensification of a teriific ntruggle between the red and

wliite man for oooupaticn of the Great Plains, it marked

the be .lnning of depiedations on the Kansas frontier in

whloh there could be no safety until the Indians were

thoro%Jily subdued. Any prior accomplishments toward

solving the Plains Indian problem were eradicated by this

one unfortunate episode. . . S . * M « . . W H ' - * ' >

40 vVar £X the. He be 11 ion* Off ic ia l lie cords of the

Union nnd Confed'erlite Ariui?s, •Series 1, Vol. ..TLI, Par t IV,

t' Hou^e :<ecu.tive Docuinent, 'o, 97, 40 Congress, 2 : 'es3ibn, 9.

CHAPTSB III

aSTTLBHEBT OF ^eT: ?H KAB8AS

Basottlod oondltions after the termination of tho

Civil War did not halt tho western surge of immigrants*

Homoooekors flocked In large numbers to the beckoning

plains. Aooordlng to General W. T. Sherman they "were . .

rather stimulated than retarded by the danger of an Indian

War*'*' The year 1866 marked the beginning of oooupation of

root areas of western Kansas prairies which were lying

waste and Inrlting the hand of cultivation*

I4ost of western Kansas in 1865 remainsi a part of the

uaooouplod frontior* Few actual settlers had rentured into

the ares, ani only a few isolatei ranches dotted the

Immense expanse, D. B. Long, a United .states Army surgeon,

who crossed Kansas to Fort Marker in I860 later wrote about

the racant prairies he traversed. He saw a larre number of

prairie dog rillap-es. Ho bridres spfnnoi the streams, and

he saw no farms. All was one raouous prairie Irnrath the

^William T. Sherman, Personal ' ennoirs (£ rol.; Bew York, 189£), II, 44.

41

aowo oad gonial okioo, awaiting tho plowaaa's coming*^

Althoagh tho wootoramoot frlago of farm oottlomeat

iouohod tho aiaoty^ooroath meridian la aorthoaetom Kanoas

la 18#6, tho goaoral lino of oooupaaey ran approxlmat oly

aloag tho adaetyo^olxth meridian la tho Crooo Timbers Belt.

1^0 area opea to oottlomeat lay boyoad that morldlaa*^

^ ^ fho oargo of westward adranoo after 1866 ooon paohed

the froatlsr out onto tho prairies. ^ 1870, oottlomeat

had oatoadod boyoad tho aorthoastem oountieo of Hopubllo,

€load, Ottawa, SaXlno, oad IsPhorooa aloag tho nlaoty«»

olghth meridian* The froatlor had crossed the alnety«»

floreath meridian ia the southoastera oouatleo of Sumaor

aad Bodgwlck.^

Sororal sigalfloont faotoro garo Impetas to this push

lato aal^loadXy ladlaa oouatry. Tho Homootood Act of 186£

mado orory oltlsen twonty«oao years of age who had aerer

borao arms agalaot tho Baited States, and those who

doolarod their Intontloao of beoomlng such, eligible to

^Adolph Boenlgk at al*, Pioneer History of Kansas (n*p#, 1933), 64.

%enry B. Smith, Yirgln Band (Cambridge, 1960), 174; Fred A. Shannon, The Farmer's Last frontier (New York, X946), £6-£7| PauTlF* dates, FlHy l^lllon Acres (Bew York, 1964), £31.

^ , 8. Bureau of the Census, Kinth Census of the Ualtod Hates J 1870. Population. I (WoshingtonT^WF), £9<-30*

42

obtain a 160 aoire hoae-^tead on surveyed lands . ^ The

small foe for roglo ter iag tho patent was the only cost .

Pho applicant w?s required te reside for five years on h is

hiomestead BTA to i.ake cer ta in improvements before the f inal

£»atent was Issued. Mc^t of the lands avai lable for i

iomesteeding lay west of the Cress i n .be r s . ic 187£-73,

Bibout 16,000 persons received f inal patent??, the larger

[proportion being is-^ued to homesteaders in we':^t*rn rlansas.^

The Timber Culture Act of 1873 was e further stimuluo

to sett lement. This law provided t h t t a man, or head of

91 fUBiily, could aoquire 160 acres of public domain on

bondition that he plant 40 aijres of treeo and care for

pMm for -^even yearo. The act allowed a hoiie-^te&der to I

I

jsbtoin in addit ion to h is 160 avjre claim a free quarter-i

section of land. In & <=!eiai«arid country that required

large aerea^es to produce a living, the law aidt'd the 7

settler to survive, hntries were iTiade on 464,870 acres of

Land under t e act in 1876 alone, much of it being in

6. Jo-t^resgional _"Upi;e, 37 .^on-^ress, : "es'^icn, .-art -iv.

:o...suin< ionei' oi .-.^rioultare for the Year It^-b 1 / o ^•.'' t - j A ,s£. W W ^- ; * CM' V' \l • " V W %- I

1^94-396; Hou""e .'hxeoutive hocument, o. l, 44 Jo^rre-^', l ;•'€ ss 10 n", H'; ~ • . . e Ll, .Lhtj'ux'o a t x Ih-.nG v 1»M1 - & "<» !Lv..:l), 41;:.

43

wootora xaaoao*

Bew arrlrala, upoa finding all land already ttkm up

la oao Tlo laity, mored oa wootward lato tho domain of tbo

oowboya aad tholr loag«|ioraod Toxao oattlo herds* Ths

oatry of tho hoaootoadcro lato raaohlag oouatry produced

a ooafllot^ but tho Homootoad Law aao oa the oldo of tho t ,•'Tf^^

•i'.:

settlor aad tho free raagero were forood to go farther

woot*^

vli li ^ ^ imiigraato arrlrlag la B:ai8as durlag the olxtleo

aad oorontlos wore doXugsd with propaganda la tho form of

poatoro, aowopapor adrertloomento, paaphleto, and numerouo , ' .v.iiv'i. -. '

•.''.'••' • • ' > ! •

leuid agoata* Ono porhapo representatlro pamphlet, boootlag

the oottloment of Kansas la 1871, painted this lllualaouo «

ploturos Tho heart aches, ao you tramp from couaty

' to oouatT orer tho root regions of Kansas, and bohold mlllloao of acres of tho richest land

^ la tho world lying Idle and unoultirated, that roqulreo only to bo tilled by tho hand of tho husbandman to produoo Immenso crops. Mllliona la other parts of tho country and the world,

^ are wearing out tholr lires in perpetual toll for a scanty llrlng, many . . . fearing starratloa, when, if tliey could only be planted la Kaasas, peace, happiness, and abuadanco would soon crown their labors, and tho otato and tho nation would roceire the adrantages of thousanda of new and happy

®F* J. Swokla, ''Bohemians in Central Kin ran, ^ in Kansas Stats Historical Collections, XIII (191".1914), 4bi

44

aimMO • . • • » *

B* R* lorao'o Land Agoaoy of Topoko, Kan oao, ran

dally ado la !largo priat la tho Kansas State Bocord* Oao

typioal adrertlaoaeat oa Jaao 1£, 1869, onnouiwod 16,000

aoroo df land boloagiag to tho Atohlaoa, topoka and

Santa Fo wallway liao for i^lo* Tho ad doolarod tho domala

fo bo **woll watered, with oomo timber, * * * good sell,

aad aa a whole lo tho boot body of load for aale la tho

Otato.** Adrertlsomonte auoh as thlo probably attracted

oouatloaa homsoookora*

Approxlmatoly 40,600,000 acres of Kansas land was on

tho market for sale aad entry In 1668 aloao* Fo other

part of t3io west drew Immigration comparablo la numbs ro

to Kaaoao. About one mlllloa Cirll War roterana aoaght

now homea In tho West**^ Many of these sx-soldlera took

up olaltto In western Kansas. Finding themselres out of

omploymont at the close of the war, the roterano turned

to the western prairies. They first filled the humid

0 Wayno Grlswold, Kansas Pilot; Hor Besouross and

Dsreloamonto (Cincinnati, 1871), 56.

Kansas Stats Beoord (Topoka), June IE, 1869.

' ' C. E. Lolghty et al., 'The Corn Crop,*' in Yearbook of tho IJnited States 15Fpartment of Agriculture. 19£1 >KaEIag*loBrr9?iriff£), lU.

46

oaoooapied OiMtgo lando la southoaotom Kansas which had

boon oodod by that trlbo oa Jaauaty 1, 1867, to tho Ihiltsd

Statoe gororamoat la o:BShaago for a roserration la Indian

Torrltory***^ When all thooo lands had been oocuplod, thoy

thoB sought homoateada on tho Koaaas pralriea.

Ferhapa roproaentatlro of tho aoldlor«»homoateadera

wore throo youag men who during tho winter of 1870-71 talked

tho matter orer aad dooldod to go west together. Oa

JAprll 4, 1871, tho group left Shueyrlllo, Iowa* Tho throo

oomradea found tholr military eiq erlenoo and their oamp

life helpful la tholr new renture* With a fine team of

horooa aad a good oorerod wagon they ar^raged twenty-flro

mllea a digr* Oa arrlrlag at the eopt baak of the Missouri

Uiret opposlto aebraoka City, the mon found that a strong

wind mado it unoafo to run tho forry boat* While the

^oaradoo waltod thoro for the wind to abate, they met two

jsthor former soldiers on their way to homestead In Kansas*

Khero was a natural affinity. The group crossed the rirer

im^ trareled togethor. ?hey entered Kansas just north

Of Bellorllls in Itepublio County on 4pril £8 and home steaded

adjoining olalma.^^

^^C* S* Cory, "The Oeago Coded Lnnde," In Kansas Stote Historical Co^eotlons, Till (1903-1904) , 188-1^1 ThJee is !s lay oopt oi tlse Groat Plains and were more losirablc for forming*

^%rerett Dick, The Sod-House Frontier 1664-1890 (Lincoln, 1964), 1£1.

46

^^^ttoriF^oa^t^¥ottoatead8 lndlriduslly7"iailSa« Fradc^

ahortly after partlolpatlag la tho Cirll War, foiad hlaaolf

without ompli^rmoat or funda* Ooaeo<|uoatly, ho loft hla

I aatlro atato of Ohio and looatod oa a farm aoar Washington

la Washlagtoa Couaty, Kaasaa*^^ SladlarXy, Jomsa Coffla,

another rotoraa, oamo from Illlaolo aad ostablishod a j

olalm aoar Couaoll Ororo la iOrrlo Cowty. Thoso mm wore I •

I roproooatatlro of thouooada of roterano who oamo from t^o

Bast to obtala froo land la all porta of wostera Kansas*

|if Tho Oororaor garo offlolal onoourag^^ment to tho

imnigratlsa aioromoat* Ooreraor 3* J* Crawford, la a

moo tags to tho loglolaturo la 1868, urged that Immlgrstlon

be glroo otato asslstanoo. ^Kansas cannot afford to romala

ldlo«** ho oald, **whlle other states a^e uaing erery

honorable means la tholr power to encourage Immlgronta

wlthla their borders* The Immlgrailon for 1867 was 60,000

and it should haro been 100,000*"^^

This sp ir i t of anxiety was reflected not only In the

Ooreraor's stfitoment, but alao in the annual reports of

his o f f i c i a l s . In 1870, the Adjutant G^n^ral vi:ion©d the

farming p o s i l b i l l t i e s of we8t*»m Kansas. He pr' l i e te i thnt • » • • « • • » « • > > • • • * • • • — 1 1 • «».ll • U i n III m i l l l H I M • M i l l IIIIIHIIHIIII I W I H - • . I l l ! • • III ,11

^^Wm iS* Connelley, History of Kansas and Kan sans (6 rolo*; Hew York, 19£8), Y, £lT5.

^^J. S* Dawson, *'Tho Legisl-ture of 1868,*' in 'en pr s Otalo l^latorical Colleotions, l (1907-1908), E : 7 .

47

dMioatioatod aalmalo would aeon roplaoo the buffalo end

that tho area would bo brought lato oultlratloa without any

menace from bloodthlraty ladlaao* L. P. Brcckott, wrltiag

la 18a£, reported tl»t all aohool, unlrerolty, and swamp

laada belonging to tho 8tato oould bo had on farorablo

torma*' *

Although otato aapport did much to encourage immigra­

tion. It was not as Importoat as prlrato enterprises. Ths

rapid dorelopwent of railroads WRS of paramount importanoo.

Lorerott W. Spring, wrltiag In the eighties; truly

omphaalsod the Importanoo of rallroada la pralrlo-land

8ottlom«?nt when he wrote: **Tho oroatlcn of a great atato

la the wilderaess of Ki esas siaoe 1866 is mainly a feat

of tho railroad."^^ B* E. Mogel asserts that the

oonetructloa of railroads across the pralrio was *'aa iron

arrow • • * shot through the heart of the Indian country*'

soon to result in tho death and disintegration of that

region as a homo for the reds alone,'' for •'the railroad

brought population to the fronti' r faster thoa it had eror

come before*"^®

•^^i. P* Brookett, Our Western Empire (St. Louis, 1801), 86£*

^*L<^rerott W. Spring, Kansas; The Prelude to the "' r for tho Union (Boston, 1886), 310*

I ^^Biegel, op. cit., 460.

48

Sko Atohlaooaf Topoloa aad Saata Fo wao ohartorod la

1869 aad toa yoaro later had oxtoadod twoaty^olght allea

woot of topoka*^^ Tho llao roaohod Smporla ia 1870, aewtoa

a year latoTi, aad Bodge City on August 6, ISTS*^^ (Soo

"M P S» pogo 49«) la Booonber of that year tho road

roaohod tho Colorado llao* Tho Kanaaa Paoiflo^^ was

authorised by C^groos in 1866 to extend from Kansas City

to Bearer* Tho road oroaood tho wootern llao of liDsnoaa la

1869. Ia 1871, It was oomplotod through Bearer as far aa

Cheyaaao* (8oe map £, page 40*)

More thaa 3,860 mlloa of railroad were completed in

Xanoas before tho clooo of i8d£, much of it extending lato

and across tho western highland* Most of these roada wero

built with tho aid of atato land grant suboldloo* Those

railroad oompanleo, aooordlng to ono contemporary writer.

^^C. S* Olood, "The Behabllitctlon of the Santa Fo Hallroad Syatom,** in Kaasas State Historical Colleotiona, XIII (1913-1914), 461*:

I *^Floyd B* Stre^ter, The Kaw; The Heart of a Nation (Hew York, 1941),91.

I ^Some hlatorlons rofer to this railroad simply as tho Baloa Paciflo. Tho Kansas Pacific was one of the branches bf tht Union Pacific until 1880 when the two linos fonoolldatod. Siaoe this study corsrs a porlod prior to the date of oonsolldatlon, the line vrill be he"»-oafter referred to as the Kansas Paciflo.

^^Riogel, 0£* £it*, 611.

50

'*otaad with opoa honds ready to take all settlers oad

oalgranta aad tranaport thorn aloag their rast lines to

oh sap hoffloo . • . and giro them all tho time they need to

earn aoaey sad pay for the load.** '

Ths federal gorerament land grant made to tho Atchison^

Topoka and Santa F« la 1863 ooaprised nearly three million

aorea la alternate aoctlons, extending ten miles in depth

along both sides of ths road. The Saata Fe created a bureau

of Imalgrotloa to encoui^go settlement cn its lands. Its

managoment was entrusted to capable A. is, Tousalin, who

skillfully organised the dopartmeat. iSxteasire adrer-

tioing agoaoles were set up, and agents were scattered

through the eastera states with **8ome st' tlonary officers • I

at centers of population, and others in tine rant.'* Pach

agent was amply supplied with att- actire literature

deaerlbing the adrantages of the country lying adjaumt to

the ; anta Fe railroad. A system of efr-ctire newspaper

adrertising was inaugurated which *'soon brought . . . an

enormous dally roltuaae of inquiries from all pnrts of the

country."^ C, B. Schmidt, head o^ the compny's foreign

\\m>\ • • • - • I • '•

^^Oriswold, 0£. Pit., 67.

**C. B. Schmidt, ''Reminiscences of Porrlgn Inmigraiion Work for Kansas,*' in Kansas str>le Histor ical Collect ions , IA (1906-1906), 487.

61

lamlgratloa dopartmont, olalmod that Touaalia'a offioo la

Topoka was oft«i orowdod with land aoekora*

Although this agoaoy was Important la aocurlag aottleia

from tho East, it was or^^rahadowod by tho work of tho

Company •a forolga IjMdgratlon department uador tho dlrootloa

of Eobmldt* la tho summer of 1873 Sohmldt chanced to moot

Comolluo Sanson who Informed him that thero wore thouaanda

of Honaoalto Germans llrlng In aouthera Huasia who would

algrato to the Khaaas plains if proper Inducementa were

offered***

Sehaldt wont to Bussla and, although opposed by

Buaolaa offlelalo, returned in 1876 with 1900 Konnonitea

from tho Crimea, from the coasts of the Black Sea, and

from the area lying adjacent to the Sea of Asor. These

German-Buosian colonists bought sixty thouoand acres of

land in larlon, Mc$Phorson, Harrey, and Bono oouatloo*^^

• • IH" m m IIIIIIIM »ll l l l l» »IIH—ll«IIIM I |llilt)M»«IWMII»«WI«llll>IIIIIIWIIIIIIIII»WM-»»W»«» II'HII 11 I I • — — i m 11

*®Ibld*, 490* Tho Mennonites were one group of tho Anabaptisis who fled to southern Hussia from Germany after the Peasants' Borolt agalast the nobles in 10£o. Thoy bellored In nonroslstance and abstinence of oaths. Tney beoamo ouccossful farmere in ussia and enjoyed immunity from military aerrlco, religious freedom, and had their owa local administration. When they learned in about 1870 that tho men must adhere to allitary conscription and that the ohlldren would hare to attend the schools controlled by the Kuoslan Orthodox Church, they became intensely dissatisfied. Tho dloaatisfaotion resulted in many emigrating to tho United States.

^^Ibld*. 496; Jacob C. Ruppenthal, "?he Gorman '1 ms nt la ContfRntaasas," la Ibid., ifll (1913-1914), 517-518; Per. ?ranol8 3* Lang, "Gsrmsn rus^ian Settlnrvnts in ::ili8 Couaty, Kansas," in ibid*, XI (1909-1910), 439-527.

6iS

Several towns tiiat same to be the ir trading centers were

Halstead, Hutohinson, Hi l lsboro, and Kewton. Fifteen

thousand kinsmen had joined the Mennonite vanguard on tho

prair ies of western Kansas by 1688, oocupyint, farms in the

counties of E l l i s , Barton, Eu^sell , Rush, Lincoln, ?:ess,

Trego, Gove, Logan, Graham, Sheridan, and Cheyenne.^^

(See map ;>, page &3.)

The Kansas Paci f ic Railroad Goupany, concerned with

s e t t l i n g their lands, s e t about in 1870 to root from the

public alnd the idea that the high plains was "The Great

American Besert." In an e f fort to pi:ove that the s o i l s of

western Kansas were productive and that bountiful oxops

could be grovin there, the Company's industrial a^ent e s ­

tablished tiiree experiment st^^tions. They v.ere located

at Wilson's Creek, i l l l i s , and Pond Creek. J . H. Tice,

a t rave ler , ob^-erving the Wilson's Creek experimental f i e ld

in 1871, reported that "the luxuriant f i e lds of corn ^nd

the heavy wheat, yel low, and ready for the harvest vithout

ta int of disease s u f f i c i e n t l y a t t e s t the adaptation of the

country for y ie lding the heaviest crops oi c e i ea l s and the

best qual i ty . "" ^ Tice oould not jud^e the suooess ol the

£7 Kuppenthel, l o c . oi t . , bilk^m J . H. Tice, Over the Plains ^nd on _the ...ountains

{SU Louis, 187£), T f ^ 8 .

^Ib id*

xy 53

is

w

-0

c

i

o r 1

0

c

1

JriLr "0

8

y

54

experiment at Bills aiaoo a hailstorm had recently mowed

down the oropas ot Pond Creek, he described the crops aa

ipromlelng. He bellered that those experimpnta by the Kansas

Paciflo were omlnontly successful in proring that western

Kaasas lands oould be farmed.

Tho Kansas aciflc succeeded In locating In 1868-69 a

Swedish colony on 16,000 sores of its land in the southern

llpart of Saline County. That year initiated the great

Swedish migration. A terrific drought on the Scandinavian j

penlnaula forced thousando to leave their homeland, reports

by tho more renturesome made Kansas appear to be a land of

opportunity. By 1888 fifty thousand Swedes had located in

Kaasas west of the nlnety-serenth meridian.^^ The majority

Oame as colonists rather than as indlviiuals and settled in

^Pherson, i:allne, and Ottawa counties. (See map 4,

page 55*) Sereral of the colonies wero the Assaria,

Salemsborg, Fremont, and Marquetto. The towns of Lindaburg,

Salina, MoPherson, and Solomon City soon strongly reflected

Swedish culture.

The first Swedish Immigrants to arrive in the Grooky

Hill ralley in 1868 walked approxic^^tely sixty milos from

JuBOtlon City, the n' areet point of the railroad. Those

^ C . A. Swensson, ''The Swe'oe in Kcmiss,'* in Kai sae gtato Historical Collections, TV (Topeka, 1890), 2Wi

55

'1

UJ

c . d

t-c *

1 •

56

wore young aiagle san who had formerly come to I l l i n o i s and

Michigan and hod served In tho Onion Aray. They were look­

ing for hottcsteada In the Smoky Hil l valley area. Others

oame in organlaed bodies. A seoond Swedish ^roup was

organised under the leadership of 0. 0. Olsson and In-

corporated as the First Swedish Land Company of Chicago.

This organUation brought ma:^ of the G^edish se t t lers into

the Bmoky Hill valley during 1868-69*^^ S t i l l another groupi

formed the Oalesbur^i Colonisation Company who, after

considerable scouting, did the negotiating with the Kansas

Pacific for the land in Sfeline County. They also purchased

other land in MoPhtrson ^nd Ottawa counties from the t;overn*-

ent.

A British colony settled in Clay County in 1869-70.

Irhe s e t t l er s were from Scotland and England, and i t was

phiefly a faimine community. Another l'n,: li8h settlement was

J-OChted in 187; at Victoria in i . l l ip County by eortie Grant,

Vho purchased 69,000 teres of land from the Kansas Pacific. i

t i l l another colony of n. li«!hmen settled in I{L.iper County

31 C. T. Pinhblad, ' The Kansas "wedes," in Southwestern

Social Science Qu^^rterly, XIII (June, 19^^), Ct.-t>7. The acjustment v»as a great one ior this settleoient.

they ha(3 cciie from .ve? Ithy and ari*^tooratic families, V Uaish in Victoria; The tory of a estern >nsf-s Town, iJl, related that "tales , . . of TndTans distuiieu t:..eir sleep so that they woke at the si lightest noise and lay tense, waiting, hands on revolvers,"

r

.m

6?

aad oatabliohod tho town of Bunaymodo* (800 map 5, page 58.)

Tho fiagllah aottlera wore aot roadlly adaptable to tho

hatarda and danforo of frontior life. Of tho throo oottlo*

aonto, tho ooloay la Clay Oounty was tho most ouooossfal

and tho only oao to loaro oonsiderablo iaflaoaoo on tho

froatlor* Tho other ooloal a rlrtually disappeared shortly

after their founding.^^ •J*'.' •

fho forolga oottloment la westsra Kansas was relatlroly

largo* fho oonsus report for 1880 eot tho number of forolga

bora lahabltoata at 61,859 whereas tho non-foreign element

totaled 3£9,£38 persona*^ Thia was approximately one

forolgaor for orory olx Americana*

Just as aottlomcrnto tended to follow rallroada, thoy

aloo followed otrooma. Hew ar^irals desired timber and 1 ^

water aiaoo thoy wore accustomed to both in tho isaat. The

flrat oarly eottloments sprang up along tho Solomon, Saline,

and Smoky Hill rirers. Tho census report for 1880 shows

that settlomonta Imd followed the Kansas Blrer and its

blanches and tho Arkansas almost to the western bouniary of

^^Dlck, 0£* cit., 191-19£; Margaret ^^hittemore. Historlo Kansas (tawrenco, 1964), 109-111; W. B. Bracks, Wheat Country (Hew York, 1960), 66-72.

^^* 3* Bureau of the Census, Tenth renews of the Ualtod States; 1680. Population, I (Washington,T8Mr,

58

o ?

'Si

• ' I

cn

M

Ct.

wTv

0

59

th. .t.«..>» It „ « u t nntil th. yaosBt land, .loi«

railroad llnoo aad atroana had all beiiB taken that

Imalgraata uadortook to settle tho dooert plalao*

Itxplorlng groupe la ooaroh of land were ofton

frightened by tho loolatloa of tho frontier. A small colony

of Bohomlans who aot tied tho country around Wllaon In

Bllaworth Couaty roproaont an example* In ^rope, thoy

goaorally had llred la oltloa, towns, and rlllagos with tho

oxooptloa of a fow foroatero. Before they first riewed tho

Kansas plalaa thoy had nerer sean Isolatod farm dwellings,

aad tho rast oxpanso of the Kansas frontier tended to

frighten thorn* Bren a farmer in a well settled area seemed

U thm a poor Imman lest In a ^Uem«es.3« ^^ ^^^^^^^^

Of th© laaoas pralrio probably discouraged many settlers

from maklag their home there.

Baring the lato serenties and early eighties, many

dlasatisfled negroes loft the South. !3any came to western

Kansas. Those desiring to engage in agriculture settled in

Graham County.*'' At first, the freeimen tricMol into

Kansas in «aall numbers; but, lured by 'ho fnlee rerorts

^Ibld.. XX.

^*Swekla, loc. cit., 474, 479.

' Blck, 0£. jm., 196-107.

60

that the government would give eaoh^-slave forty acres

aad a mule, they migrated in increasing numbers. One

writer estimated that by 1879 some ten thousand negroes

were living in Kansas, many of them in the western part ^8

Of the state.

Most An^o-American pioneers wao came from the ilast

and made homes on the prairies of ijestern Kans is in the

1870*s brought a l l their worldly possessions and a stuall

supply of iood in ox or mule-drawn covered w«igons, the

family mnrh tub dangling from the beck, and a milk cow

trai l ing behind. The woii\en wore calico dre.' ses and sun-39 bonnets; the men wore overalls* Some came walking;

others came on horseback* All were in search of land.

The Smoky Hill and Arkansas roads were the routes travelled

hy most of this group of home-seeker??'.

3 ometii.es a tuffalo hunt was uti l ised in an effort to

locate desirable claims. L. h. Johnson reccunted that ir

1866 he and three other iien en;barked from AShland, ainras,

to hunt buffalo and to look lor l ane The ^iaartet lound

a vi^cant dutsout on ^cme famine: land near Thoiapf on Jxeek,

"^^Ueni^ Kin^, "Pioturesque l-Cbtures of ,:ansa . Farmin_;' in rcrlbner»5i /cnthly, IIX ( 'oveu. er, lb79), lob,

^^l.. G. haish, Victoria; The ;tory oi a i€?tern .lansas Town (Topeka, 1947),T7I

61

and one of the men promptly took up h i s claim there.

Johnson and the other two took up claia;s on desirable land

they located nearby.*^

In 1883 Bodge City was the western l imit of the

farmers' front ier in southwestern Kansas. Thousands of

iffiffiigrants, coming mostly from the East, swarmed into the

bottom lands of the Arkansas and l e s ser streams of south­

west Kansas in 1884 and took up^omesteads and timber 41

elaiiiis. Within a short space of scarcely more than two

years a l l the available lands were claisied and scores of

towns la id out. Garden City, located on the north bank of

the Arkansas, was one of the f i r s t towns in the area. It

became the county seat of Sequoyah County and a IJnited

States land of f ice was located there. Shortly i t had a

population of five or s ix thou-^and. Other towns that

sprang up were Richfie ld, Frisco, Hueoton, Woodsdale, 42

Ulysses, and Appomattox.

By the middle ei/^hties, western Kansas wa? .eneral ly I

well populated. The country that had been so vacant in

1865 had completely changed its appearance, Goii.in; to ::ansas

"^^Roenigk <et a l . , ££ . c i t . , 82. 41

T. A. ¥cTCeal, "Southwestern :ansa<^," in Kansas State His tor ica l Col leot ions , v i l (19ui-i90i:;), ; -t.

^^C. A. Kinchen, ' Boorn or Bust in Southwest ..at.r.as," in 'fest Texas Hi -tori cal Association Yearbook, X IV TOctober, 1^4877 -1-54 .

d£

4a tho aavljr fifties aad wrltiag la the olghtloa, a T

Pi^»—if Hothodlat mlaiotor doaorlbod tho ohango whloh

oooarrod aa a rooalt of tho rapid lanlgratloa lato weatom

£aaaaa following tho Cirll Wart i J

• • * oroa tho weatern oooatles that wero oaoo oonalderod unlalmbltable for want of auffloloat rala, haro so ohangad that abundaat oropo hare b^ea produood * . * an almost un-brokoa oxpanso of pralrio was prosontod to tho oyo, dotted oror with "olalm" shiwaties. How tho apaoloaa farm houoo aad bara haro taken their plaoo* Tho well caltlratod flsld, oorerod with goldoa grain, haa takoa tho plaoo of pralrio graas**^

Popalatlon figures rereal the rapid lacrease of

oottloment* Tho populatloa of Kansas west of the ninoty-

ooronth meridian la 1870 was B7,919.^ By 1880, it had

risen to 381,097,^'^ and a deoado later to 607,527.**

Central, northwestern, and southwestern Kaisas receired in

that sequence the bulk of settlem' nt*

Mtsy of the new settlers wero Ignorant of unique

probl' ma aad oondltions peculiar to the Gr^at Plains.

Consoquoatly, they were unprepared for the sudden blizzards,

in Kansas (Haskell, 1886), EEI^IES:

^U* 8* Bureau of the Census, Ninth Censue of the United atatea: 1870, Population. I, £9-30.

* % . 8* Bureau of the Census, . enth Cengu? of the United atates! 1880. Population, I, 60-61.

*%* S, Bureau of the C<»nsus, Compendium of th^ Zlpv^n^h Cansuo ti ia& PPl^q^ 8tatoo; 1 90. ropuiaxion,^ TTFTnnington, 189&), 18-19*

69

oooroMag droughts, *lo»y wlada, large awarms of dootruotlro

graaahoppera, aad tho barbarous ladlaaa that broke tho

,»0BOtoay of frontier life oa tho Kansas hlghlaad*

|» ^^ ''I** laorltable that tho nowoomera sad the natlro i'

|lahabltanta, one olrllisod and tho other aomadlo, ehould t.

olaoh oa tho rlrgla pralrio of wostera Kanaae. Tho

jialmloel Indians malntaiaod that tho land was theirs sod

jdotormlaod t hold it at all cos te* Thoy hoped te do ao by

ill* drlTlag a wodgo betwooa tho occupied areaa of their foo who I * " : . •••••• • ' • • •', • ; • ' ' '

dwollod oa both aides of them srea if they had **to deo*

nW\:'

t j roy ovety i^lto mm^ woB»n, and child to aooompllsh their

parpoao*'**''

Kv J . Mrs* Julia A« Chaso, a pioneer woman who llred in

,woatora Kansas at the time, writing la 190£, rlrldly

jdoscrlbod tho apalllng Indian situation:

I Tho Cheyennes and Arapahoes and other hostile r trlboa of ladlano umido llrlag oa the frontier a

hassardous thing for sereral years after tho war of tho rebellion* Thoy resented being cMiMM froa their huatlng«frrounds; thoy were maddened by dishonesty of the whites, and by the 'fire water" whloh olrllliation furnlshsd, and, breaking away from their reasrrTitions, they would sweep orer the country for hunirels of miles carrying death end deatruotlon**®

^^Annual Heport of the CommlBsioner of Indian Affairs 864. itouse feTeouTrre jbo'oument, Ko. 1. 38 Congress,

oeeion.

*®MrB. Julia A. Chase, "Mother lickrrdykn,'* in Kanaas State Historical Colleotions. VII (1901-1902), 192.

64

Oftoatlmaa ahon a ploaoor family rloitod a neighbor,

porhapo aa far aa twenty mlloa away, thoy took with them

the oow, tho ooop of ohlokona, ths atoro, aad praotioally

lororythlng portable that thoy owned for foar that othorwiso

tho ladlaao might take tho property imilo thoy were away.*^

Uadoubtedly, Ufa for the oottlora oa tho Khnaaa

froatlor wao dlfflouit, trying, and prlratlro* Tho

ploaoora* soalo wore trlod by floroo exporloaooa, and thooo

who wore aot of tho hardy typo gare up la doapalr aad

ro taraod to store gonial ollmoo, loarlag tho doaolato

pralrloo aad tho unfrloadly plaias to those who wore more

dotormlaod to ooatuor* Thoro was no greater obstaolo to

frontior adranoo thaa tho Plalao ladiaaa* Before thoy wero

finally aabduod, the unaorupuloua aaragea had acquired, la

tho worda of oao oarly ploaoor, -many a white man'a aoalp.' ' O

*^C# M* f* Shlolda, *'Tho Lyoa Crook settlement " in Kanaaa State Hiatorjeal Colleotions. XIV (1916-1918), 160.

®^oenlgk ll ai*, or. oit., 811.

'mi^"^ '•.•*••:; 4 U h r « » f i'• -^h.,* f^

CHAPT^ IT

K)PAYS AKB THEATIKS, 1866-1867

The year ia«6 found tho Plains Indian tribes banded

together la a death otruggle for their homea and hunting

grouada* Tho Sand Creek episode had destroyed the Indian's

last rostlgo of oonfldenoo in the white man and had marked

the boglnalag of wldoaproad Indioi; disturbances on the 1 ^ Kaaoao frontier* Tho incident had come at a time when

proapoots for peace were good*^ The rigorous forays

subsequently oonducted proolpltatod tho necessity of

Immoilate negotiations for the frontiersmen's safety. The

resulting treaties prored to be only temporary cessations of

hostilities.

The Indian warriors waited anxiously for the arrlral of

BipTinfi; la 1866* When it came and thr, f rass turned green,

jthoy left their winter haunts and waged a relentless warfare

aoroas the entire Kansas frontier. Ono early frontiersman.

^S* H. Palrfield, "The ISleventh Kansas Fiegimnnt at Platto Bridge," In ' ans s Stnte Hieto -iccl Collections. VTTT (1903-1904), 363; Annual ^ eport af the Commissioner of Indian Affairs for 186F7 House yecu^ivo )ocument, ??o, 1 ^^ Congress, 1 ;ossion, 571.

^S. J. Crawford, r nsas in the ciixties (Chicago, 1911), £23.

o5

66

XlTlag aoar Port Aubroy la 1866, later rooallod that ho

"had aumeroao * , * oklrmlehoo, trials, aad many aarrow

oaoapoo from tho ladlaaa**"^

Orerlaad traaaportatloa eaff< rod tho brunt of tho

attaoko* Tho wagoa tralaa that paasod orer tho Arkanaaa

aad 8«oby Hill routos were plaaderod oontiauoualy. fr«i

thorn tho Indiana hoped to obtain ample prorlsions and horses

for waging war agiinat tho dooploed frontiersmen* Ono early

ploaoor, 1^0 wltaeaaed aoreral aasaulta upon helpleas wagon

tralaa, later colorfully deaoribed a trala under attacki i

mM -^ I haro seen with my glaos from the lookout on top of my building at the rfjnch 200 or 300 wagona a M SC^O head of mules and oxen, all wait-lag for the rkansaaZ riror to go lown, so they could get aoroas; and I haro watched a band of Indians charge upon them like an sralanohe, kill tho • . • drirers aa easily and tusmeruifully aa a bunoh of hungry wolves . . . . Then the savages would Jump off tholr horses long enough to tear tho reeking scalps from their rictima' head . . . . Thi^, •^. . droro off many of the horses ani cattle*

A foray oocurred on the 4rkan8aB route on ib^-y 9, when

a band of Cheyennes attacked four gorernment wagon trains

bound for Port Union. The Tnilans assaulted ana c rtured

% • M. Wright, •'Personal ^©minicenses of '"rontlor T,i-e in Southwest Kansas,*' In Kanaaa ;:;t-te Historical Collectjons. X (1907-1908), 66. Wright gives no ietaila o" these experiences 'or this year.

*lMd., 68.

f&

6?

two of tho haplooo tralaa about two aad ono*half miles oaat

of Chawlo CMok* Tho uaoorupalouo aaragea brutally morderod

oao of tho toamotora aad mado off to tholr pralrio homo with

76 oattlo aad 104 moloa aad horaoa* Aaother trala loaded

with oora wao aabao<iuoatly assailed by about 110 Indiana aa

It approaohod Pawnoo Book* Tho party of braroa eonplotoly

roatod tl» holpioas frolghtora* Two persona wore killed and

aoalpod during tho rielous attack. Tho fourth train waa

rlgoroualy atruok by an ootlmatod ono hundred ladlano near

Plum Batto« Aftor ooaaldorable damage had boea lafllotod

aad aoToral hood of otook had been atolon, tho aaragea wero

ropalood by tho train's amll military escort.^ suoh

doprodatloaa ooatlauod all durlag May and Into Jnao*

la one laatanoo durlag the spring, a wagon loaded with

woodohoppora on routo from fort Hays to Big Creek wao

auddoaly rushed 'ky a large party of Indians* In the running

battle that onouod, tho woodohopporo* wagon paasod near the

oamp of a oalrary dotaohment that had been sent to pro toot

tho frontior* Tho soldiers quickly mounted and rushed to the

reacuo of the harassed frontiersmen. Tho Indians fled when

they saw tho soldiers.^

*War of tho T:ebrll!on. Official ^ ecorda of the npion and Confederate Armies (Waghington. 1896), if^rTe for* aVIII, ^arTTrg08-309.

^Slgmund Shlo8ing«?r, "Thr Belcher Island Pight," in Kansas State Historical Colleotions. XY (1919-1922), 539.

68

In another raid, on Juno fiO* a largo train, consisting

of 176 wagons and 18a horO of otook was struck near jrort

Bodge* About forty yelling Indians ohargod tho train and

oomtTieneed a savage attack* l,ieuteaant if* Hubert, who was

la oomiriana of a miall escort of army troops, suoooodod in

oorralllBg the train and arranging a formidable defense*

After falling to subdue their objective, the promiscuous

nomads dopartod, leaving two plainsmen doad*^

In JTune, tho aroused Indians, t h a two^fold purpose

of oapturlng stock and of making the calrary Ineffective,

struck the newly established Fort Bodge, under cover of a

heavy early morning fog» approacl. ately three hundred

maraudors hid themselves by lyings In ravines inside the

I pickets of the fort. Ifhen the fog lifted and before the

! surprised outpost guards could sound the alarm, they

assaulted the post. The soldiers finally succeeded in re­

pelling the onslaught. But v 'ille the fort was under

attack, some of tho Indians stampeded all the livestock

except ei^ht horses. Their objective succe^.'^fully ac-

complislied, the attackers erjoaped, dxivin the stock before

them at a rapid pace westward along the Arkansas.

t > W 1 W < — * W . — » • • • • • III H H I . I IW .1 i iMMlWlMill ia I . ill I 11 nil » H I I H I I 11 11 •

'war of tho Rebellion. Official i^ecords of the Union and Oonfe die rate Armies, :'..exics I, vol. . i /vlil , art I, im.

^Ibid, , 312.

69

tj, Although four Xawiao roglmonta wore la the field

attoaptlag to halt tho laourrootiim, ralda oontlaued durli^

tho aoath of July* On July 26, twonty*aeren aoldlora of the

lloroath Kaaoas Calvary, la ohsrgo of florgoaat A« J*

Ouatard, oaoortod a gororamont wagon trala to Platto Bridge*

Aa thoy approaohod tholr destination, tho train aad aoldiera

wore auddoaly aurrouadod by approxlaataly 1,600 ladlaa \

bvaroa* Tho llttlo baad fought dosp<!»rately for throo hours

hoforo thoy were ororpoworod* After tho trala had oarreador*

od,: Caatard was bound tightly with tolograph wire to a wagoa

wheol aad buraod allro*^ Other surrlrora were aiailarly

tortured*^

Aaother unfortunate Incident occurrod during tho

aummer along tho Bmoky Hill road when an emigrant train

oarrylag two Kaasas famlllos bound for Colorado was attacked

by a largo party of Comaachoa aad Klowas* At first, the

ladlaaa foigaod friendship» but after riding with the train

for aororal miles, thoy suddenly ahed their friendly disguise

and Burdorod ^rerj white man but one who managed to escape.

Two women wero captured and violated; one subsoquontly

oaoaped la the ride to tho Indian camp and the other, after

being Bubjected to the most outrageous treatment for seren

^Crawford, (g£. cit*. 266.

70

ttoatha, was ransoKOd to tho feieral torf^Tnment through

Indian Agaat J, H* loaroaworth for the Klowas and

Comanohoa*^^ ^t<

laJOT Ooaoral G* M* Bodgo, Comamader of Ualtod atatoa

l^rooa la Kanaaa and tho Tor **! tor lea, proposed a paaltlro

oanpalgn to oad the Indian war. Bodgo, la a letter on

j lfor«»bor 1, 1866, to tho Commander of the Bopartmoat of

I Mlasourl, aoottod orablttored with Indian problem and tho

I foot that auffloloat stops had not boon takoa by tho

I fodowal gororamont to ohastiso tho proialsouous raldora.

Ho rooommendod aupprsaslon of tho Indians by foroot

Tho Indian of tho plains, who for tho past olghtooa moatho has in deadly hostility beset throo routes, eofsd who persist in tholr hostility, must bo aororoly ohaatiaod as to make them bog for poaco, rop?>nt their hostility, oad in the future deter them from a repartition of tho outragoa la the eommlaslon of which they hare ao long boon engaged* This must be done or tho tadlaas entlroly remored froa tho oouatry.*^

fhllo tho Geaeral was eager to aoe these trlbea

punished, Indian Agent J. H* Le^^ren^crth deolarod that the

Indiana wore friendly. The Indians had found other frlende

la tho Bast after news of tho Sand Creek Affair had apread.

^Qlbid*. 267*

^^^Mt sljM m^mo^i ^^HH^ ^5?U^ ^ the uaign td ConrodoratoArgfles. Series I, Vol. XL VIII, Part II,

F* The throo routes Bodge referred to were the Northern Houto along the South Platte; the Middle Koute along tho Smoky Hill; aad tho South rn Poute along the Vrkansaa.

71

f r — Baatora hn«itarlaao bollor^d that moro ooald be aooonpllahod

by paaooful mothoda than by war*^^

Tho "poaoo polioy** adrooatoa oxorted tho groater

iaflaoaoo among tho aatloa'e loadora. Sororal lafluontlal

oongroaaaon roprosonting lastom humanltarlana argued to

Prosldoat Aadrow Johaaoa that If a aueooaoful offenairo

war wore to bo oonduotod agalaot tho Coi&anchoa, Klowaa,

Ohoyoaaoa, aad Arapahooo, as tho army desired, it would

ooot forty mlllloa dollars and require nearly tea thousand

^ troopo*''- Ooaao^uoatly, oa June 20, 1866, tho Proaldoat

appoiatod Agoat loaroaworth aa a '*apoolal commlasioner, . •

* * to noko suoh troatloa a M arrangements, * • . aa * . «

may aaapond hostllitloa aad eetabllsh poaoo with the

Indiana aad afford aocurlty to • • * aottlementa and

MtMlM

^^Annual Beport of the Commlasioner of Indian Affairs pT 3,86 . Houao fexeoutTrcnyoo^ Ho. 1. 39 congress, iBoaslon, 380«3io*Prederlok L* Paxaoa, The Last ^erioan yroatlor (Hew York, 1913), 334*343. from TEose oonnioting rlowo oaino ths question of who should control the Indiana, the far Bepertmont or tho Indian Bureau under the Department of latorlor. Tho latter office maintained that clvlllaa agonta were moro offeotire than army officers la civiliiing tho ladlaao* Those who fhrorod military coatrol argued that la the sray political appointments were fswer and the av rage lorol of porscaal lategrlty and derotion higher. Further­more, alnoo tho araxy had to take the blame for Indian up-rlalngs, its supporters arguei that it was only fair that its porsonnel should have complete control of Indian affaira This conflict on a high lorol hindered on immediate solution Of tho Plains Indian problem*

Beport of the CommiF; si on or of Iniian Affaira 1866. Houoo SiecuWre Boii jsslon.

for 1866. Houoo ayeoutlre Bocunent, IloVi, 39 Conprrss,

ffi

tvawolora oa tho froatlor*"^ From fort Kiley, l o a w a a v o r ^

•oat raaaora aMoag tho aororal trlboa and, although ho

oaaoaatorod ooaaldorable difficulty, galaod tholr promlao

to moot with ^ o whlto ooanBloaloaoro la a poaoo ooaaoll in

Ootobor*'*'^

r Tho ladlaaa and the OoRfialosloaora not on tho oaat bank

at tho liittlo Arkanaaa oa October 4. After aororal wooka

tho aegotlatloaa wero ooi&plotod. By tho torma of tho

troatloa ooaoludod,^^ tho four S o u t h o m Plalaa trlboa oodod

all foramr load olalma aad agrood to roaerratloa aaalgamenta.

Tho ChoyiMuioa aoooptod a tract of land bouadod oa tho north,

aoatht aad oaat by tho Arkansas Hirer and ita Hod Crook

tributary, and oa tho west by a line drawn northwardly from

^^JSJaU, 678*

^%a» of tho lebell ion. Official Rooordo of tho Ualoa and Coafodorato Armlea. Sorloa I . Vol. XLVIII, Tkx I , W^m,^laOarrTfrixed, 1«03| Aaaual goport of tho Commissioaer of Indian Affairs for 1866. House •:xecutlve fioou^nirilo*T'.nirTongroaB, l-^oasTS, WTT^Ol, 71l|" Jamoa i* Mead, ' Tho Iilttlo Arkansas,* in Khngas Statu Hlatorloal Colloctions. X (1907-1908), 18, poprosontlag iko feitoi Siaioa woro Goaeral J* S. ^abora. General r/. s. Raraoy, Suporlatondont of Indian Affairs Thomaa Murphy, Coloaol l i t Oaraon, Colonol W. w. Bent, Agont J* H. Jioaroaworl^, and Judge James Steolo. Among those ropre-aantlag tho Choyoanoa and Arapahoes were Blaok Kettle, Storm, Spotted Wolf, and Big Mouth*

^^Tho Choyonnea and Arapahoes signed a treaty with the fodoral gorernment on October 14 and the - iowaa and Cosiaachoa on Ootob< r 18.

T3

tho hoad of tho latter otroaa to tho Arkaaaas* ''' Tho

Klowas aad Oonaaohoa wore glren a reoorratlon aoath of tho

Arkanaaa Blror la woatora Oklahoma and Toxaa*^^

Sho ladiaas alao agrood to poaoo with the vrttltoa and

to abotala from doprodatloao* la rotam, tho fodoral

gororamoat ooaoodod thorn tho right to haat botwoen tho

Arkanoao aad Platto rlrera, but they wore not to approaoh

wlthla toa mlloo of trarelod routoa* Aa a further induoo-

mont to got the ladlano to aooopt a treaty, tho fodoral

gororamoat agrood to oxpoad forty doUara aanaally per per*

aoa for forty yoara for the beaofit of all those accepting

roaerratloa llfo*^^ j?

Ia 80 l^r ao the tsrma of the Treaty of the llttlo

Arkanaaa wore ooaosraod, tho United States goreramont

attaiaod ita enda quite aatiafaotorily* But like tho

-^^Charles J* Kappler. Indian Laws and Treatioa (2 rol*, Washington, 1904), ti, BST^RR),

X^Ibld*, 896; J. t. 'fooney, ' Cal ndar Hlatory of the Kiowa iM'isns,*' Bureau of American ]3thnology, Seren te on th Annual Boport (Washington, 1898), 180. In assigning tho ^Iowa-Comanche Hosorration, the feieral gor- rnment illegally laoludod a largo part of western Texas without consulting Texas, who had retained her public domain upon Joining the Union* It had to be abandoned two years later.

X^Annual Heport of the Seorota-y of Interior for 1866, iixooutiro Socumrnt. Ho* 17*3^ Congreas, 2 Ses. ion, 37 The fediiil gor<-rn o3lt apparently felt disgraced by tho Sand Creek Affair. When the Cheyonnes onroaaod themoclv s aggrlerod beoauso of tho masgecre, thf* oommisioners tonderod them reparation by donating lend to the widows nnl orphans of those killed, and proriding for pa ment of destroyed property.

74

treaty of fori fflao« It was dofootlro la ikmt oome of tho

baada woro aot roproaontod.f^ Tho Choyoaao Bog Soldi era ^

rofaaod to aooopt tho troaty beoauso it oodod their laada

oa tho Hopablloaa aad smoky,Hill tirera*^^ -^

Hardly had tho last aigaaturo been affixed to tho

troaty i^oa tho Bog Soldlora rlolouoly atruok tho Saoky x

Hill routo* A trarelsr loft,an aocoaat of oae represoata*

tiro attaok that oocurred on Horembor EO* A Butterflold

Ororlaad Stago llao ooaoh oarrylag foar paasongero oa

roato for Boaror was stopped ooreral mlloa woat of Port

Bllaworth ly a groap of white »oa who Informed tho

oooupaata that thoy had been among tho paasoagera on a

prooodlag ooaoh aad had barely eooapod dsath at tho haada

of a *atrong foroo" of Cheyonnea*^^ They had taken corer,

thoy aald, la a buffalo wallow whor^ they had suooesofully f

I repelled tho yelling warrioro. The waralag created paaic

la tho little group of pasi^engers who, fearing tho

oonooquencos of a similsr attaok, p* rj uaded the drirer to

return hastily to Downer's Station.

^Kappler, op* oit*. 891-898; Hooney, loc. cit., 179; Annual Boport of**tne comml osloner of I nd ienT7f a ir e for 1066. Houi o gyocullro*3ooumeni. Ho* 1, 39 Congress, 1 Sessioh, 7i8.

*^. B« Orinnell, The fighting iheyennes (H« w York, 1916), 237.

^%heodore I?. ;)aris, "A Stago Pile to Colorc o,** in Harper's Row ilonthly i tagagine, x; V (July, 1867), 14.'5.

J«'':

76

IQioa tho aiago aarlwod at tho atatloa, tho ladlano

tod already boon ^oro, had lilllod tto atatloa agoat« aad

had buraod tbo atatloa* Terror atrlokoa, thoy proooodod

vapidly for Smoky Hill Sprlaga atatloa* Burlag tholr

flight thoy oaeoantorod a oorraUod wagoa train uhioh had

auffovod aororal oauaalitloa and tho loaa of Ita aol a la

aa attaok oaly a fow houra prsrlouoly* A small body of

oolraryaoa had arrirod at ths aoone and ero awaiting tho

arrival of aa ambolaaoo* W&m it arrived, tho group

^i^rfooodad tOfothor to Smoky Hill aprinfo atatloa*

-^i^ As thoy noarod tho atatloa, an estimated one huadrod

aM»uatod Choyoaao0 auddonly ohargod thorn from tho roar. Ia

ttostoaalag fight toward the llttlo adobe atatlon, tho

ambulaaoo was ovortakon, burned, and its oooupanta brutally

killod* Tho others took rofago la tho atatloa and suocoedod

la ropolllag tho aasaalt until the aoxt moralng when a

military dotaohment appoarod and frightened the raldero

away*

The federal gororamont, realising thst the little

Arkanaaa Troaty would be ralueloas without the signature

of tho atrooioua Bog soldiers who exerted considerable

Influoaoo orer tho more peaceful Indians, made a rain effort

mmm

^^IbJLA*. 147-160.

76

to gala tholr aasoat to tho paot. Ia fobruary, 1066,

Major l i koop wao aoat aa a Spoolal Agoat to mako a treaty

but waa robuffod* In rofualng to sign the treaty. Chief

Big Hoad told tho agoat thati

Ho aad hla trlbo objootod atroagly to tho Smoky Hill routo, and to llrlag south of tho Arkaasaa{ that tho road layjlshroagh tholr boat hunting groundo . . . and / E W V he and hla trlboa proferrod to lire la tho oountry north ^f tha^Arkanaas, whore they were born and brod**^

Tho ladiaaa mado ao more raldo durlag tho winter but

whoa tho graoo turned groen la the sprlag of 1866, a

general ladlaa outbreak oocurred. Major General w* f*

Cloud, ooamsandor of the Kanaaa State Militia, wrote

Goreraor Crawford oa Borember 20, 1866, that "the peace

aad aafoty of tho atato remained Inrlolate until tho month

of May laat, when Indiana of uncertain number a and of

uakaowa trlboa, dopro lated upon tho settlemmta*'*^^

The truculent nomads oommeneed raiding with great

ferocity and when gorernment annuities were slow in

coming, other bands joined the Bog Soldiers in depredations.

Sottlom^^nta along the Bepublioan, Smoky Fill, and Solomon

^Annual Bsport of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs for 86' > House ExoouTTre Bocumant. Kp. 1, 39 Congress S Ses 8Ion, kif.'

^^Annnal Report of the -.ijutant General of tho ctate of Kansas for" the Yr>a71t fe6, 3.

7?

flrora ware rlolouoly aooallod* Ororlaad tralna ahd ..

tranaportatioa wore aloo tho objoeta of much attention*^

A faraor oa tho aolomoa waa attaokod aad killed on

May IS whllo attklag as mo laproromsata oa hla farm. Six

othora wero killed whllo huatlng upoa tho pralrloo flftooa

mlloa woat of lake Sibley oa tho Bapablloaa*^''' la Jaly,

aottlora apoa White Hook Blrer wero roleatloaaly aad

Tloloaaly aeaaultod* Sereral oitisena wore robbod of their

property, aad women woro rariahod la a moat Inhuman manner.

"To thooo outragoa,** wrote Geaeral Cioad, "may bo added

othoro o^malttod upon trsrelera** and "robber!ea and thefta

oontiauoualy oofmsittod whoa opportunity oocurred***^^

Other doprodatloao were oommltted by wandering banda

of Indiana from Hobraaka Territory. A party of Pawneea

and Omahaa oame into northwestern Kansas la August aad

droro tho aottlora from Lulu Crook, a Solomon tributary,

dootroyod tholr oropo, and warned thorn '*not to return upon

pala or death*'*^^ A group of hunters upon the iiolomon were

mtimmmmimmmmmmimmMii Hi i • m nn i . i mii wi mi • « w — — » - i . ^ — i

^Crawford, 0£* c i t« , I31.

" Annual Beport of th^ Ad jutsnt General of the State S£. Kansas ifor the YeaFlSSg.T.

£8;

' ibid. 29

78

drlroa ia durlag Ootober, baroly oxoaplng with their llroa*

a M iB BoTomber tho Indians attaokod and killod a man west

of Lako Sibley while on a huatlng trip, A oompanloa

oaoapod from tho ladlaaa oaly after a hard chaso* General

Olouft protoatod to H* B* Taylor, Hobrmska Superintendent

of Indian Affaira, oonoomlng those outrages, but hlo

roquost for an Inrestigation was denied* Taylor refuoed

to paalah tho aocuaod ladians on the grouad that they wore

gulltloaa.®^ Ho probably realised that the ladlaaa in hla

Jurladlctloa wor^ guilty 9LM feared tho results of an .

laroatlpition*

The Kaasas Pacific railroad reached !lanhatten la

August, 1866* Ballroad officials, reall?ing that tho

llao would soon extend into Indian Country, attempted to

bargain with the Bog Soldiers. Sereral Kansas Paciflo

Officials mot th© Cheyenne Bog Soldi «*rs in a three day

0088 ion at fort Harker durlag the summer. The white a

offered rewards and mado threats in turn, but on the

third night Chief Homan Hose broke up the conference with

a bristling donunciatlon of the railroad.^^ The railroad

*^Annual Bpport of the Commissi on <r of Tniian Affairs f0y jt866.^0ttse Sxecu'fTre A)OOuraent, Ko. 1. 39 Congress

ossion, 223*

^f* B* Stroetor, The Taw; The Heart oj lirtion (How York, 1941), 84*

79

aoa did not aooootlloh tholr objootlrea In tho couaoll bat"!

woro at least warned thoy ooald oxpoot ao moroy from lito

ladlaaa* ,

Tho govoramoat was alao aaxloua to remore tho Bog . 4

Soldlora from tho Saioky Hill oouatry la order to got a ^

railroad transit to tho woat. Consoquontly, la July,

Oooloy agala ordered lyakoop to approaoh tho Choyonno Bog

Soldi ero and. If poaalblo, to aecure a treaty with thea*^

At tho powwow Wyakaop persuaded tho Indians to gire up tho

Smoky Hill oouatry la return for gorerammst prorlsions.

Ho lator reported that ho bellored they would glre no

mors trouble*

Xoaawhllo, General H. S* Hancock assumed oommaad of i

jtho Bopartmoat of Misaourl. Ia m effort to hslt ladian

forays and laouro tho aafoty of ths froatier, he iiepatchod

a military force from fort Kllsworth to the Solomoa ralloy

and thoro set up blook forts as a lino of defense. Tn

addition, Gonoral Cloud sent a company of state militia to

the frontior. Having been assured t^ t adequate feieral

troops oould not be obtained eren in ^he ev-nt of an

extreme emergency, he published a circul r calling for the

organisation of "minute men^ who oould be rla;ri in the

^^anual Beport of the Commissioner of Indian vffairs for 1866. ouse ExooTuTrvFiyocuni^nt. No. 1, 39 Congress, £ Session, ii9.

r 00

n^U l y tto atato at a «oa«at*a aotioo^^^ Tto Indiana

apparoatly aaatod no trouble with tto eoldlera for no «oro

raids wato roportod dariag tto yoar«

tottooak took tto Hold ia porooa ia April of l««f juat

prioir to tto uoaal timo of ladlaa a>tttbroaka« Ro topod to

iaaaro poaoo aad traataility wlthla tho torrltory of hlo

Jariadiotion* Hia f i w t aatloa wita to arraago an Satorriow

i4tli tto Bof Boldior ohlofa wtoao trlboa woro toatlla*^

At laaoook^a roi|uoat» Agoeit fyakoop aaambli d aorona Slot

toldior ohiofa at fort laraod* Tho Ooa ral hold tho

oouaoil at algM doopito tto protoata of tho ohiofa that

i t imo *^ataiaot ttolr atodioiaot**^ Tto ooatomptaoaa O^oral

atnoNlir roprimaadod tho ladiaas for tholr p^lor dopro*

datloaa* la dofoaao^ Chief fal l Boll aaoertod ttat thoy

tod boon at poaoo olnoo tholr plod#o to fyakoop in Jaly*

l^oa laaooolr loaraod ttot Tall Ball was tto only prlaolpal

ohlof attoadlat tho powwow,, ho det#rmlaod to riait tho

Gtoyonao rillago m Bawaoo fork to warn tto oth^r ohlofo

JM MMMl ££MJQI IS£ 2M £M!

^^Aaaual Hoport of th^ Comnissionrr of tniian Affairs for 1067. HousQ ;^.^;OOuure .••octim -i nt. £0* 1. 40 Congreas,

A S k M . 4 K M 3 y » V iiiiiiiunpaiiMiiiiiii 'mmmmmmammmiBmtmm mtmmmmimmmmmmt^ * ^^ v TTooiioa* '^0.

^Orianell, m* oit** 241* Due to thia foot, tha ladiaas mrm auopToious of Hanoook*

81

Of tho nooosolty "of keeping off tto mala llaea of

trarol*"^

Contrary to Pynkoop'a adrloo, Hancock led hla oomamnd

of 1,400 mon^-oalrary, artlllsry, some Infantry, aad a

poatooa trala—from fort Larned to the mala Choyonno i

rillago thlrty-flre mllea west of the post. Suoh a

domoBstratloB of military force '^p.9 apparently designed to

jimproas tho Indiana with tho army's might, fyakoop later i

iOald that "his whole oourss in refsrenoo to tho Indians of

ay agoaoy waa a mistake."^^

I ' fhen tho oommaad oame within fire or .oix miles of ths

rillage, Haaooek oaiaped and sent messengers to the ohiefs

askl]% for a oonference. When tho measengere retumel with

word that the chiefs refused to comply, the General led

his troops toward the Indian camp. As ho Beared the

rillago, he abruptly halted the command for he aaw waitiag

for him about throo hundred Indians drawn up in battle

array, fhlle Hancock sat on his mount pondering his next

more, fyakoop, who had accompanied the expolltlon beoauso

he feared trouble, brarely role forward at the risk of hio

own lif<" to talk with the angry warriors. The A.g< nt

* Annual Poport of the Commisrionrr of Indian Affairs for 1867, i ouse JxeouTTre Document, Ko. 1, 40 Congress,

•;••'•

£ S.Bsloa, SIO.

8«

per^ttadod ohlofo Homaa Kose and Bull Boar to mt% the '

General between the lines for a powwow. T>urifig tho oouncil

talkt Hanoook itarred t ia t the worsen and o'.ildren had

deserted the zmp bevau?t« thoy it^r^a another masaaoro

Similar to the Ssnd Creek 1 oident* The laprudeat Ooneral

regarded thifj m^ a trea^jterous mineavei- mnd insiatcd that

tht refogets bt brought baok*^

Hancoek oar:.]. ed n^ut the village &j%<i waited for the

warriors to round up the deserters* in^ tead oi bringing

bsok tioir people, the out^auiabered braves theaseives

abandoned tht village during the night* upon dlscovuring

this the mxt j or -m,-, Hancock without further provocation

burned tho Cheyenne Po§ 5>oldier vi.iifc£,c.

General • ftnoook's expedition v hich aired at infjuring

peace re" ited in tfjc opposite* Af t* r the i oideit "the

Incian- w«r« then fully *4rou-e*: and no iiiore deteru-ined

was km ever been mi.^& by the®*''* ^ The whole frontier

was et'-'-tiliid* Ir.iout h.out the Bepublic;>»n, Solo ^ i' n, and

'Y.iOky Hill valleys, enc in Kari >n i,nd ;:utlei- aountivS, tht

sett lers s -ere reported n^> •x-::**tantly €Sprised to Indian

raid"'.

,Xbid*, ul i - .

I * * A. T* i indreas, -a^Lc;!-. 2I ' '- ' 'U.le c£ "ar)Si^^-' LJChi i ' , 18e<:), .,09*

8d

''fW.io %M P l a i n s Indians were murdering and i iarassing

on the western f r o n t i o r , renegade bands of Osages ra ided

along the southern border , s t e a l i n g an estimated 1,^00

head of '^tock. In a l a i d upon ^ librp«<3 J r e tk Community,

the Oaages captured a woman and her two-day old ch i ld .

The unfortan£.te lady and i m a n t , being too weak to r i d e ,

were dropped on the ia:air ie and l e f t to axe from exposure.^^

The Cheyennes, deeply l enen t ing the .westward moving

set t l t f iaents , soue^ht despexatca^ t o h a l t and t o push them

back* A small par ty of L,heyennes made a sweeping r a i d

i n t o the i a l i n e »'alley on June 1 and b r u t a l l y murdered a

woman and her four a i l d r e n . ihe husband escaped while

the I n a i a n s ».ere busy k i l i i n t , h i s faariily.^^ 3uch

depredat ions as th in probably .Uscoura^ed nany r i e t t l e r s

from vuakin.i : ao&es in western Kansas.

On aaot. .er cacasion duxinj the «^umi:oi.', a blook f o r t

in th€ ".oloiaon val ley isas viciou^^l^v' a::'^fciultcd. ':.rs. iJaily

h. iia^..ison, a ^or^er C iv i l ^/ar nurse , r e l a t ed tha t she

a t tended an ex, .e3tant mother a t a r&noh h-'ar>9 only one

41 Ci^u^lora, op. J i t . , 271; Annual J^;jc^t of tLe iidMutant .lenex-i'a of t u F ' s t a t e of Kansas'"!or 18F?^, 6,

V ien tixe r.Ba::,e ohle'fs v.-eTFTnforiiiea oi txiC cep^eaations ooffif.'.itted by "baa Osa^er^j," t'c^- took eifevitive stepr> to h a l t the aolivi l ic-r . c.. a few v.it.hin t he i r .-rddst.

AH Jra.vXoid, ££ . o i t . , *,CB.

84

milt away whllo the f o r t was under a t taok . Fear gripped

the houaohold u n t i l a oalrary detaohaent tv(m Fort Harker

arrived and drove tho Indians away. "The tension being

over I fa in ted away, there being nothing: further for me 43

to doi" wrote Mrs* Harrison*

The Indians v^ere great ly angered by the t r a i f i o

through t h e i r hunting grounds and directed much of the i r

ao t iv l ty against stage s t a t i o n s , in one instance, a band

of three hundred Cheyennes under Kom&n Nost attacked a

stage s t a t i on near Fort Wallaoe and succeeded in running

off the 3took. From there they proceeded to take the

poorly protected pof^t, probably hoping; to .ipe i t out and

to prevent res is tance to tr.elr as??&ult8 upon overland

t r a f f i c . After a br isk encounter, the colored otlvary

JEJtationed fct the for t put the Inc^ians to f l i eh t .*^

The arou5^ed cmraudern, ho^evci, continued their

iittacka by s t r ik ing a t the ra i l road v;hich was rapidly

jxtendin^. across the i r hunting, grounds. ..bout the midule

of the month, they s truck a t *vork-, roups on the lan^as

:?aoifio r j i l r o a d and a t freighter*' alon^ the :\i.ok^ l i l l .

^ r ® . limily H. Harrison, "neminif'oenoes of l a r ly l)ays in ottav/a Jounty," i r .ie.n^^^hs "^tate His toxical Col-J.ections. X (1^J7-1906), (,ZT,

'ff I—im

I *^ '. s . Eli-ubbeth A. Ou'^tcr, Tentir:^l on the x'l ins

London, 1893), ;ib?-;^b9.

86

kil l ing aotoral aoa ani oapturlng mkny head of atook* Thoy

Intonaifiai tholr attaoica upon tho railroad during tht

latter part r;t tiio aoatli* Tho railaay officials were

aaalou^ly ondoororing to got tto lino built t rou i t i t

Indian country as fuiokly as possible* consequently, ioany

man woro engaged ia laying track fro^ nisworth to tho

weatorn lino of Kansas* Tho lm4imn^ realised tasit the

railroad would bring with i t mc e trtiitos and would force

thoa from tlielr happy hunting grounds* In (^leii^tx to effect

a deoislve blow, tr.ey spl it into groups on iune ^H aad

struck working parties almultanoously a l l aloag tho roato*

About one thousand laborors wore driven frc^ tui&ii work*

uoh raids oould have no other effect but to slow t e prog*

rtsa of thorsilway* -,,

Tht raids against tho Kansas racific oontinued into

August* In one in?*.tanoe, a Kar-sas .Faoxfic aor tractor with

twenty-three men wa ? attacked or\ August 5 ten ^i l ts i est

of lays* Appro;cimateIy f -'ur hundred Indians drove t:.e

group from t eir work* evoral of tbe ..en » ere killed and

wounded* Another oamp fii'teen miles to the ^e-.t was

struck on tht m^m d^^ h^ nearly two hundrec jruiit nf.. ..iter

** A* Kocni k, 'i.allrcaii '..radiftii aaong ^'idians," in KtanmB -•tatt i-i-noxioal ^fiXlecUor^, Vlli .l-.ww-l;w4), III iL i i iMMi^^^^ml lM^ *i*t«i*i*|l«*i«"l*»l«P» "•' I I * I • . • • • • • • • • • • ^ i " " ' ' ^ " ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ W-P-—

86

o aoroM fti^t, tto toarily armod railroad worksra auoooodod

ia ropalliBg tho war pwty* Similar atttoka oontlauod into

Soptoi^or, oaaalag a aambor of wortors to loare their

Jatet** Ttoao idui roaialaod domadod protootloa* Aa a re­

sult tto ooBpai^ aot only armed ito ooastraotloo omployooa

but ooat gaarda to protoot thorn*

m^ tho ladlaa altaatloa ia wastern l^maaa beoaae ao

daagoroaa ttot tho railroad, other routoa of trarel, aad tho

froatlor aottlOKoato woald tore to be abandoned ualeaa

latoaalro mlllttry aotloa wero takoa* Coaao^aoatly, General

W* f^ Otoraaa, oommaader of the aewly formed Dlrialoa of tho

Hiaaoarl whloh «abraood tho Bopartmoat of Ulasourl wlthla

Ita OMsaaadt authorised Ooreraor Crawford oa Juae SO to call

out aad o<iulp a rolaateor battalion of troopo at tho oxpoaao

i^t tho foaoral gororamoat to protect the toraasod frontior*

tho amall ooatlagoat of federal troops assigned to protect

tho laaaaa froatlor oould aot efficiently patrol so great

a range of oouatry as wsstesra Kansas* Heaponding to Shsrman*8

authorItatloa, tho Goreraor losued a proolamation on 3nly 1

oalllasg for sight companies of calrary.^^

**Crawford, 0£. oit*. E68.

'' IJanlel W. f i lder . The Annals of Y nra. (Topeka. Ib7£) , 4d3«364j 0. B. Jen««s , "The iBattle of J'^^UWT i'reQ)^^''' in Kanaae State Historical Colleotions, i:* (1906-1906), 443.

87

m^ flio XOaaaa ttilitla iauaadiatoly took tto field* fhllo

OMroiaag for ladiaaa oa tho Solomoa Hirer oa Auguat fil a

foroo of oalrary uador Oaptaia 0* A* Araa oaooaaterod orer

ttooo huadrod Ghoyoaaoa, Arapahooo, aad Ilowaa* Araa later

roportod ttot thoy woro led by tho l^owa Chief 8ataatt«^^ ^,

Al though greatly oataamberod, the ooldlsra fought rallaatly*

0a tho aoooad day of fighting, tho Indiana reoalred roln*

-'- forooaaato aad foro<*« tho aoldlere to retreat. Aboat 150 "•;f-.

I aarrioro woro killod la tto battle whllo tto military

? ' jaaattiaod a ooraparatlroly alight loaa*** Sight daya lator,

1^ I* !• tooro with tho Blghtooa iCaaaaa Calrary, aaaiatod

' ' by tto Soweatt, oaoouaterod a portion of tho aame Indiana

along tho topablloan and droro thoa westward before tholr t>V>

80 guao**^^ this aotloa by the Kaaaas militia greatly redaood

the namber of Indian ralda* Although the etate military

[was aot otroag oaough to subdue tho rod men. It oheokod I

ttolr aotirlty agalaot tho frontier*

llaay of tho ladlano suocoedod la eluding the soldiers.

A oow«trador named Frank Islino, who llred at his store on

Cow Crook twonty-olac mlloo wast of Sllaworth, was killed and

48 Jsnoaa, l o c , o i t , , 46E.

40 *'Andreas, 0£. e i t . , 210.

Ibid* III I > I Hiiw

88

aoalpod by a part^^ of ladiaaa oa Soptombor 7, hla atoro

pillagod aad bar»od# fho aoat day, a party of wild Indiana

aaaaaltod a wagoa trala twenty mlloa oaat of iPort Dad go;

foar aoa woro killod and a aumbor wounded; one wagoa and a * ' * •

toaai woro oapturod* Two other tralao wero assailed tto same

day aoreateoa mlloa oaat of 0odgo City, aad a hay trala aoar

fort 2arak waa attaotod oa Soptember SO* All tho stook and

t

I--

fire wagoaa wore oapturod* Oao man and one woman wore

Mllod daring tto assault.^ Those wore tto last forays

iroportod durlag tho year* tlth winter approaehlag and the

ailittry aoarohlag for thorn, tho Indians migrated south for

tto wlator*

Moaai^llo, the fodoral gorernment had turned to troaty-

maklag agala* Alttough officials at Washington dli aot |

roallso tho oxtoat of ladlaa hostilities, they wero aware

ttot affaira la wost^Rrn Hhasas as well as south of Kansas

wore not satisfaotory. Agents had been sent to investigate

as oarly as ths autumn of 1866* Thoy reported that the

Ilowaa and Comanches T»ere flagrantly rlolating the Treaty

Of tho llttlo Arkaaaae, and that they did not evon come

la to rooelro their annuity goods—goods which were of

iafsrlor ejuslity. The majority of th*? army officers wers

i'V

f

^^^Crawford, 0£* cit., £gO.

89

otorgot Witt ' 'n tor igaoranoo of tho ladlaa otoraoter and

of tho proper mottod of doallag with tho ladlaao**^*

laaeook wao probably oao of tho offloora to whloh tto

roport nado roforoaoo* Aa a rooult of tho laroatlgatlon, * i

eoagroao oa July so, 1867, oatabllshod an ladlaa Poaoo

OoaadLaaloa to bo oonpoaod of throe olriliana, four goaorala,

aad tto Commiaaioaor of ladlaa Affaira* ^

Tho took of tho Gomnloaloa WE8 oren more difficult

thaa it tod boon la 1866* Tho Coaaslaaioaero wore oupposod

to oad a war of moro thaa throo yoaro duration, to oottlo

olalma for daaagoa growiag out of the Sand Creek massacre—

whloh oauaod tho war, to aottlo the eloime growing out of

tto dootruotloa by Ooa/?ral Haaooek*s troops of the Choyonno

Bog Soldier rillago at Pawnee Fork—whloh prolonged tho war,

to adjust tho olalms for book annuities, and to defiao and

plaoo the trlbeo upoa new roserrations.^

^%rnoot Wallaoe and ^. Adamson Hoebel, The Comanchee; Lords of the South Plains (Borman, 196E), 31£.

^%anual Beport of th© commissioner of Indian Affairs lai. .laprSfll^, l^gQ-^WyTloQ^^Q^^-» ^^^^^ 40 congress, 3Toasloa« 48 6, 510* Th© Peace Commissioners authorised by thlo act of Congress and appointed by the ^resident, oon-Sletod of Gem^rola W. T. Sh'-rnmn, T. S, Harney, A. Ti. Terry, C. C. Auguri United ttatos L'< nator J. J. Henderson, ;::'jmacl Tappan, J* B. Sf.nborn, ani r\ Q. Taylor—the la:H being chosen presidont. General ''"vit" Cnrson wr>s ori«rinally ap­pointed a member but became ill ani could not sorve. General Augur was arpointfic In his place.

^A* A* Taylor, "The MeUcinp Lo lge Poace Council,** in Chroniclea of Oklahoma, II (June, 1924), 96-99.

90

Tho Cooniasloaoro* first problem was to aasomblo tho

tootllo trlboa for a ooafsroaoo* fortunately, the Commls*

alOB tod two roaourooful membera in Ooneral Sherman end

Commiaaioaor faylor* Tho two men sent word out to tho

ladiaaa through military posts and Indian agencies that tho

Coomiiaoion doalrod to oonfor with them*^^ Goremor Crawford

roportod that tho Indians wore jubilant at the peace effort

Bolag out of a miunltlon and retroating southward, olossly pursued • « . the ladians woro mot by moaaongora and Inrited to a general ooancll . . . early In Ootober. This was joyful aowo to tho redsklna, beoauso Winter was approach-lag, aad their families were deotitute of almost

- ororythlng oixsopt buffalo meat.®®

ftp fho Oommiaaloaera first attemptod to confer with tho

aorthem plains tribes, >nt when their early efforts north

of the natto failed in the fall of 1867, they tu^ed south

to meet the southora tribes at Medicine Lodge Creek hoping

for more suoceas. >As the llttlo train of fifteen or twenty

haoka of officials and guests approached the assembly ground,

thoueanda of mouated Indians, who had been watching in

ooncealment, suddenly and without warning broke the crest

of a hill, riding la a hugh V-shope, end bore directly

down on tte startled Ar.fTlo-Anerioan party.

^%ax»on, 0£. cit.. 2^1.

^^Crowford, (g£* cit., 264.

91

Tho offloor ia ohargo of the train, qulokly ordered

tho ooluam to prooood to form aa •'8,» and present ita full

atrongth in proparatloa for an attaok* General A* A* Taylor,

a noabor of the party, lator related that when the Indians I tod oome within a mils of the procession:

^ • • . tho wodgo, without hitch or break, . quickly threw itself Into the shape of a huge ^ ring or wheel without hub or spokes, whose rim ,^ consiatod of fire distinct lines of . . . w horoomen. This ring, winding around aad around

with th© regularity m^ precision of fresh oll-t od maohlaory, approached nearer • • . to us idth

orory rerolution. Hoaohing within a hunlre d yardo of us at breakn<<»ok spool, the giant wheel

V or ring ooasad to turn an \ suddenly came to a ' atandstUl*®^

The Indians then saoortod the white men to the conf renco

grouada. This oschibition, whloh placed the whites at the

mercy of the rod mon, was spprirontly designed to impress

ths poaoo commissioners with th'»lr groat power and perhaps

obtain from th<5m more farorobl'? terms in oouncil.

Tho Indians aprteored somewhat restless during the

proooodlngs of the council, and several of the bsn Is under

tho influence of youag chioftnnr? contomplsted a massacre of

th« mhiUB.^Q COTemoT Cra,.fOTd. who »»» aeaistiiKr the

gt*

Taylor, loo, cit., 103.

^ T . A* McHeal, Slien Kansas Wae Young (Hew York, 19E2), 5. Harlng been marred Isy liad sltk in thoir der.lings with the whites, some conceired that the conference was just another pale face scheme to take away th^ir favorite hunt­ing grounds ani force them into cramped rrc-rv^ tions.

9S

ooamilaoioaoro, booaao alarawd at the great amount of

aotirlty amoag tho ladlaaa aad ooc^ualcatod his fears to

Ooaoral ^tormaa, who roallBed it was a i oll fouaded obsor^

ratloa* To proroat a ''Sand Crook** of the whites, £>horman

drew up hla military force into a hollow square and pointed

ooreral largo oannons toward the Indian cao^s on tho hllla

ororlooklag the rlror and groro. The Indians, aeoing that

tho aoldiera woro proparod for an attaok, took tho hint

aad abandoned their plans to massaore the commiasioners*^^

Tho oommlaoloaera reached an agreomont first with tho

Kloims, Comaachoa, aad Ilowa-Ap^^chcs* On October £1, 1867,

thooo Indians oodod all tholr rights to tho psahandles of

Toicaa aad woatora Oklahoma, and agrood to co fine thorn*

aolres to a now res^rre la the southwestern part of present

Oklahoma* The tract was bounded on th© ca«t by th«> ninety-

eighth nseridian, on the north by ihe 'ashita rirer westward

to a point thirty «ll«»s above fort Cobb and thenos by a

llao luo west to the Berth fork of the '«i irer, and on

the south sad west by Tod irer m^ its north Fork.^

Tho Choyonnes and Arapahoes, harlng been rrnvloiHay

ohunted from one resarvation to another, held out urtil

Ootober £8 bofore signing this twenty. Ac;jordir: to tho

^^Ibld*. 3-4.

*^Koppler, oi>.* cit,., 977.

9d

ttrmo Of tho treaty ootioludtS with thta» ttoy were granttd

land amounting to about dtSOatOOO m^x^n botwton tho

Arkansas and ciaarrcm rivers* ttf rtstrvation was to oofii*

mtnot at a point whore the Arkansas Hivnt oro'»*fed ttt

t h i r t y acre nth paralltl* then continue west to tht Cimarron

Eivtr, down this rivet to tht Arkansas i:ivtr and froa thtrt

«m?8trtiui along tht i.rkaasas to tht plaot oi be inning*^*^

Tht cmsjisiilontr of Indian Affairs later % ott that "'the

oountry al thin these l i i l t s aontains ikMt l i t t l e arablt

land* so alisost destitute of timfcor* and huB ftry l i t t i t

permanent fresh water* • ^

fh4 mdUim Lodge ^rtaty^^ ^rovidtd that tht Southtrn

Mains Ii^ians mrt to renounce a l l ol&liao to loriatr ranges,

i^^^m war on the frontier, abandon proiiiifUviuous rovln^, ant

£^ke aaienC's for mron^ done tht white man* in rtturn* tht

ftderal gevtrnaent wmn to ^iite tht Plains n-u.-iads food,

oiothing, and other ittass i ece 'sarv for their f^usttnanot

^^Ibld* * 980*

^%nnual Eei ort of the ^Itcretarj^ ot rntexivr for loo^, .-MMMMMMIIMMS iwniiiiirfiniiiiiiiiiiii. oiniit ^mmmmff »mmmmmmmmmi<immmv --mm, ,ap< im M m i|ii iniiiiii « M M M •• •» •• ••>'

Housig |jstcutivt i.'0<ii*ir.entT4l woni>rtas, ^ .e-*uon, ^W* ^ xKere" l- no evidtnoe tliat the Indians were jc-.vinotd timt i t w s hunt for theis to ceec aimy tht j r€i;tei- portion of IKeir lao<lS| tut the trtoty ?figners probably rtMiiiied that if thty rei'usfd t/;wy - ould *-ectiv« no annu-ty t:,co£is aru, »>c-uiu have to fight i^ol^icrs be-ue.ts.

i.:.v..;ept for nev* rt.' ' i- at .on tA~- 'i:,ri-.ent8, thiR treaty was veiy « imilrr tc the Treaty or ti.t ' .ittic . xkkxnrur .

94

oaoh year* To aupplomont their food aupply, tho Indiana

obttlaod tho oxoluslro right to hunt on BZLJT laada oouth of

tho Arkaaaas. la addition, thoy W€|ro to be glren fiacod

hoaea, farma, agrioulture laplemf^nta, aad provided with

white artisans to toaoh thorn how "to walk the whits man's

road." Tho agroomont, howtror, lik*» all previous treaties,

waa dofeotivo in that aoreral Indian bands were not present*

About ono»thlrd of tht Comanches alone war- not rer^resent- {

od**^ te,

After th© treaty had been agreed upon and signed by

tho aororal ohiofa prooant, the CoE3ml88ioners issued

prosonts to the people* The quantity of material dia-

tributsd among the aororal tribes was so groat that tho

Indians, unable to carry it all away, left piles of

clothing, blankets, and other things lying cn the ground.

The aupplleo inoludsd guns and smmtmitlon. The pre ento,

giron in return for the signatures of a few chiefs on

treaties, dll not appease the Indians, who shortly there­

after realiied that the economic basis—the buffalo—of

tholr whole means of life was being raridly tostroyed.^^

tho Inlians dsolded to make a final stand in defense of their

hunting grounds. ??olthor side was any longer in a mood to

mako further treaties.

^Wallaoa aad Hoobel, 0£* oit., 312.

65 Grlnnoll, op. cit., 265-266.

'^EAcTEii w

imun mi, Ki.Mf IONS fm r^iLmu^t u^^ajWiion

A oonsidtrablt calm prtralled on tht x:ansas prairies

immediately following the i lediolnt Lodge Treaty. But fail­

ure Oft tht part of tht united states to execute promptly

tht treaty provoked tht Indians into x^ne^ing war against 1

tht whltts. A dtsptratt appeal by tht statt of Kansas to

tht ftderal governRitnt for protection resulted in the army

being given tht responsibility of brin^in^ osrder out of

chaos. The i»ilitary»s effort at quelling tht Indian insur-

rtotion was frui t ful .

Vhen spring came in 1868, the Cheyennes and Arapahoes,

most of i om were congreiiated on tht Pawnee Kiver and alnut

Creek, btcaiiie rest ive . Ilhe^f dtolared that tht Peace jom-

misslon had promised tiitm arms and amrauntition in tht spring,

and that thty had not arrived. The i.edioine Lodge Treaty

had not been ratif ied by Congres<i. Kven ??o, vynkoop be­

l ieved i t possible to keep the Indians contented and to

1 Annual Keport of the Com Issioner of Indian Affairs for 18oSTTfouse 'ixc oufive l^ocuuient, No. T7 41 Congi ess .

^jb

96

k wtan thtm from their old habits*

To Otntral JHilllp H* Shtrldan, who had replaced

Hancook as Commander of ttt Dtpartmtnt of the Missouri and

had just completed an Inspection of posts at Fort Larned

and Fort Dodge ^ ttt situation seemed l e s s hB.^^:$* He saw

tht young mn "chafing and turbuitnt*» and feared that

frontier h o s t l l i t l o s would aocompany tht nxkjmixfx buffalo

hunt* Tht Otntral doclined a request of tht complaining

chiefs for a oouncil on tht ground tht v%hole matter was yet

la the hands of t^t Peace Gofaudssloners.^

oonsidtrablt destitution prevailed among the plains

tribes at tht timt* Tht rapid diminution of game was

trtrywtort observablt. tht annuitits at best offtred only

partial re l i e f , but Congre?53 created an intolerable situa*

tion by providing funds only irregularly. Three tii/ics

during tht spring tht Indian Commissioner prodded Oon^ ress

but that body, instead of appropriating the one ...illion

dollars the comgilssioner rtqutsted, provided in July only

one^-half tht sum and that to be spent by tiie War .epart-

^Annual Htport of tht Comi>dssioner of Indian Affairs for 186^, tfous^ '"iixtoufive Docufflent, ?:o. 17 40 don^ress, 3 -"esslon, £)£4.

^Gtneral P. H. Sheridan, Ptrsonal !:eir>oirs (.J vols . ; New York, 1888), I I , 284*286.

97

4 atnt rathtr than by tht Indian Office.

Mtanwhilt, about four hundred restless young Chtyennes

and a small numbtr of Arapaho and Kiowa warriors, under

tht Chtytnnt chitfs Tall Bull and Llttlt Kobe, dtoidtd to

makt war upon tho Saws whose reservation was in lorris

county* Taking tht guns and amruunition ^iven them at tht

Mtdiolnt lodge ptaoe conference, thty made their way throu^

Barton, Eloe, MoPhtrson, and Marion counties and approached

the iCaw reservation near Council Grove on June 2. Tht

KawS| having learned of their approaoh, quickly assembled

about two hundred brafts to repulse the attaok. For three

hours tht battle raged before fall Bull soundtd rttreat in

tht late evening without eitutr side havint; won a victory.

(B^e map 6, page 98.)

Cn thtir return to camp, tht young warriors wrought

oonsidtrablt havoc among tht settlers all along tht way.

' • ' * ' l " ' l ' » ' » ' " » « ' W ' « " " » » M » » M « l « M * « M " ' « « » M « M ' » « M i ' " ~ » ™ " ^ • -i-r-,

4 Annual He.port of the Gom^aissioner of Indian A. fairs for 1866. iJo'use ^xeoufivt pooumtntt itio. TT 45 congress, c ,bession, t^s .

fht QhtyenneB had attacked a iiCav/ hunting expedition near Fort il rah, Kansas, in Octoberi 1867, and had r-ulicred dtftat in tht brief encounter. Thty conr equently organiatd this raid for the purpose of revenge.

6 Annual litpyt of the Commissioner of Indian Aflairs

for 18^S, xxouse i xeoutivt Document, ??o. IT "HTUo^-ress, TlTts'sron, 6ib; G. P. Koorhouse, "Alon, the Kaw Trail," in Kansas 3tatt Historical Oolltctions, VIII (19u»;-1904),

^8

c 0

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vy o

. 3

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O H

9

or d > 2

O ^

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T c o

"•-» 3 J

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E yi 0 w n. A.

^

^ "^ O. 10

er^ e

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3 ^ .^1^ c 0 --4J

Q • J

- J ^ w

^ - ^

t • £i •** 5

^ ^ A Q-C- ^

^ < 5 :

+ ®x

99

Thty rodt through tht s tr te ts of Council Grove, yel l ing,

firlagg and frightening i t s intobltants. Upon tnooontering

a colored woman, stveral of tht young braves attacked and

mtrolltssly violated her. A mile down tht road thty

entextQ and ransacked William Pollard's home, yor sevtral

imilto, they pillaged tvtry house and wantonly kl l l td tht

l ivestook of tht farmtrs.^ Upon tnoounttrlng a large herd

i of catt le ooatng from Texas, thty cut Into the herd and

raedt Off with a portion btfore tht startled htrdsmtn oould

?;top thorn*

At tho timt of tho Kaw and Counoil Grove raids,

annunity goods including arms and ammunition vptre en route

to Foi't L^rmOi for tht Indians, Before the goods arrived,

the Indian Coiamissloner learned of the recent host i l i ty

and ox^exe^ ^^nkoop not to issue the arms and ammunition.

^^ihen the goods reached the Arent, he "was obliged to

state to the Indians what ms instructions .ere in regard 8

to the arms and amiaunition."

wynkoop reported that tht Indians wert greatly dis-

sa t i s f i td with th is order and btlltved '*that their i^i t t

brothers were pullin^:, away the hand r ivtn tc them at MMKM

7 Annual report of tht Adjutant Otntral lor the State

Of Kanaas for 1866, o7 8

Senate i.a.ecutivfc ]/Oou.uent, ! o. i» , 40 Con^^ress, '^ Session, 1(>-1TI

100

Mtdiolnt lodgt creek*'•^ Tht Indian Comiiissiontr, dis-

turbtd by tht dissatlsfaotion and fearing "that these

Indians, by rtasons of non'^dtlivery of arms and ammunition

and goods, will commence hostilities a^^alnst the v&itts

In tholr vicinity,«^^ modified the order aad telegraphtd

Wynkoop I *»lf you are satisfied that tht issue of tht

arms and asaaunitlon is necessary to preserve the peace,

and that no evil will result from their delivery, Itt tht

Indians hare thtm*«^^

This conotesion on tht part of tht commissioner was

welcomed by the Agent and met vlth the approbation of

Superintendent of Indian Affairs Thorras l.urphy. At : ort

larned on August 1, tht Arapahots, having prcunistd that

they would never use the aims and amcr^unition against the

whites, \ eie isf^ued 160 pistols, Bo Lancaster rifles,

IB kegs of powder, IJ ke -s of leaa, and 11,000 cap 5. A

little later, tht Cheyennes oacxe in ana, upon mftkin , a

similar promise, received their "^hare.

Annual i.ei>ort of the onx.j-'- ioner of Indian Aifairs for 18'6^, llbui e .i ljieou ive rcoufaent, -"c. T7 46 dongie^js,

• t M M M , 0m*mti»^^ iiiiiiiiiiiMiMiiiiw i,M"M • » • " • • • 111 •• "

awe salon, ^^Ibid*, 627.

•^^Ibid.

^hui.. i;a9.

101

within two weeks act ive warfare broke out and many

f'faltt s t t t l e r s lay dead or wounded from tht vexy ^uns tht

ovtrnment had issutd to tht Indians.^^ On August J, a

ar party of 244 Indians l e f t the ir oamp above the forks

of Walnut Creek and proceeded north.^^ Black Kettle was

%ht I tadtr . i«5uperinttndtnt kurphy erroneously thouitiht

ittoy wtrt heading for the ir hunting grounds.

Tht Indians crossed the Smoky Hi l l near Fort Hays.

Vh^^f sptnt tht evening at the pent on Aueust 7 and smoked

Jht peaot pipe, "Black rCettle loves his white soldier

irother, and his heart f e e l s ^lad when he ueets them and

ihakts the ir hands in friendship,** Post Tradtr l i l l l J.

i l son reported the leadtr as say in,,. Tht Chief further

iitattd that; "The white so ld ier ov%ht to be ^lad a l l the

';ime, because their ponies are so \ii^ and so strong,, and

1J€cause they have so many c,,un,? and so much to eat ," and

declared tliat "all other I niians may t;,:c:e the . ar t r a i l ,

imt Black iCettie wi l l forevtr ceep frienasriip . ith hi^

.. .en ;.iurpiiy, who had returned to his o i l ice at Atchison, Kansa*?, learned of their attacks , he ^aid: "I can no lender have corfidence in what the; say or do." s<ynkoop was also b i t t er at out tht Indians' deception. !5uoh deld'^iveriess by the red men Ic^t theu. valuable JCrienf]s Hiiiont;. the '.•.•1.1 t e s .

14 >3enate Executive Docaucgt* rcc. Ic?, iJ Con^jress,

S t s s ioh , l^i. Tht ;.• rty v/,.n oanpo -ed of tv*o hundred htytnnes, four Aiapahoes, anci fort^ v i s i t i n ^ Sio.xx from M Xiorth.

102

r whltt brothtrs."^^

Thret days afttr smoking the ptaoe plpt at Tort 'lays,

tht hands of Black K:tttlt*s warriors wtrt xta with whitt

settlers' blood* 0pon leaving the fort the war party

movtd eastward toward the settltmtnts and oa uped the first

night on tht Sallnt, near tht mouth of 3pili;aan Oreek*?'^

Two of tho Indians then procttdtd to a house nearby,

captured tht lady occupant, ^nd mercilessly violated htr.^^

The next day the bloodthirsty braves ooia..enctd vicious

raids. Thty first proftsstd friendship toward tht unsus­

pecting Otrman settlers and a«iked for food. Knowin i that

tht Indians liked coffee, sevtral of tht ladits In tht

settlement prepared it for them. "Prettndinc to bt indlg-*

nant because It was oerred to thtm in tin cups, •' Central

Sheridan wrote, "they threw tht hot oonttnts into the

woiiitn's faot^, and then first ma' ing pri«3oners of tht *utn,

one after another ravished the wofiitn . . . insensible. "^^

At each farm tbey ran off the stock and burned the oabi;i.

1 " mmtMrnntrnxmimt I I I M — « — > i i mi u n i i i I — — — w — M M i — — > — I II II Ini»«»««^—«mil i — — w i H I i • • • •

*^Hill P. hi lson, "Black Ke t t l e ' s Last ..LIU—18u6," in Kansas State His tor ica l JoXIcotlorr^, VllI (190^-li)J4), - _ WMMMMMMMIHIMIMi «MMM«ia lMMnM» MKmiWIM—OWl—l—illMl IWIIII II ' i i» i »l i m «

l la* Senate lacecutive Document, r.c. l o , 40 Con^rer?,^,

^ 1 • i iWii ii«iiiinii«»iniiiiiili III m m m m mil nil •> i * ^

d ^es.f'ioh, I S . 17

for i '.'ession.f

18

17 Annual Keport of the Goc^lssioner of Indian . . f la i i^

1868, House iixecuTTve locument, No. 1, 40 Conf^rtnn, msLim: Sheridan, 0£* o i t* , ^JO^

,..•^»-V..'^

\ 103

Thty tlthtr kllltd or oarrlod away e^txjf settler thty

found upon StplUman Crttk. {"tt map 7, pagt 104.)

Tht plundtrlng maraudtrs then procttdtd toward tht

South Fork of tht Solomon. Kot knovaing of their recent

activities, tht stttltrs there received them kindly and

govt thtm food. General Shtrldan later ..rott that thtir

kindness was "rtquited with murder and pillagt, and worst,

for all tht women who fell into thtir hands wtrt subjecttd

to horrors Indtsorlbablt by words." Thty killed thirteen

mtn and two women, burned five housts, stole tht livestook,

and oarritd off two little sisters named Bell.* ^

From tho South Fork, tht Indians rods north to tht

Morth f^k %dfitrt thty received a surprisingly warm welcome.

Tht stttltrs had been warned and wtrt ready. Thty opcntd

fire whttt tht raiders oame in ran -e, but tht Indians,

planting no part of an even fight, oircltd tht an ry whites i

for a timt ^n& thtn moved toward a house so t distance

away* Puring tht retreat, they encountered and killed

a settler.

As thty Swept throu^^h the s e t t l e :ent?i, the ,an ions

met a woman returning, home froiu a v i s i t with hex daughter

'^^Ibld., ^91. Sheridan olai ied that the l i t t l e c i r l s wtrt n^'vex heard of a .! in .

Senate £:xeoutive j[)o<^ument. o, 1^, 40 von^ress, Z revision, l 9 .

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106

who llvtd ia a noarb^ farm himst. Tht unscrupulous

Indiana laK»tdlatoly killod hor* Htr husband, stelng tht

action from thtir farm^ sought to prtvtnt hex brutal

doath but lost his own life la tht attempt. ^ x rocttding

onward through tht vallty to anothtr house, tht rtd latn

shot to dtath ¥flth an arrow a helpless stttltr as ht dts­

ptratt ly ran for tht rtfugt of his houat* .ath tht hus­

band aubdutd, thty tnterefl tht housti aritioally woundtd

tht wlft^ and with a hatohtt kllltd hex dtfenstltss

ohlld. At a ntighborlng farm rtsidtnot, thty killtd tht

two malt oooupanta and took oaptivt two young girls*

Mtanwhilt, in response to tht pita of tht infuriated

stttltrs for help, tht oomfiaandtr at i'ort Harktr dispatchtd

a troop of oalrary to tht vicinity. The savages wtrt

assaulting tht houat of a Mr* Ochtrmerhorn whtrt a few

settlers had oolltoted for dtlense ^en tht calvary

arrived. General Sheridan wrote that tht troops "htaring

the firing, . • • rode toward the sound at a cisllop, but

when thty appeared in vitiv, aoiidnt over the hills, the

Indians fled in all directions, escaping: pu-nishwent

through thtir usual practice of soattcririr. over ih^ .l^ins

21 ,, .:.. ebb, Buffalo Land {Philadelphia, 187^), *j..9.

^^Ibid*, MO-241.

106

SO as to Itavt no distinctlvt trail*«^^

Afttr tludlng tht military dttaohmtnt the raidtrs

rtadeavoustd on tht Sallnt south of tht Soloiaon, v^trt

thty brokt up Into smll raiding partita, A smaU group

rtturntd to thtir villages, but tho maaoiity went north

toward tht Solomon again* Thty struok tht stttlement at

Solomon City^^ in Ottawa County on Auguat IZ and com-

pltttly wiped it out, killing fifteen people, wounding

two, and oarrying away fivt women. ^ Afttr forcing one

woman to cook for them all the food in her homt, thty

threw hot oofftt In hex fact, \ihipptd hex husband with

thtir riding whips until ht was dtad, and put tht soaldtd

woman and hex tltvtn month old child on a pony to carry

thtm Into captivity. "She /fht woman)r rtfused to go

^owtvti^ and was ' hot through, the ball entering, the

right of tht spine and coming out through tht It ft

breast*'' Thty killtd Imx baby by speaxlng it in tht

htad and back*

lMIIWH«allllMHHMM«M.«

^3 Sheridan, 0£. oit*. i 95.

2A Tht present Minneapolis*

Horaot L* Moore, "Tht Nineteenth Kansas Calvary," in Kansas Statt Historical Collections. VI (18^^7-1900), _ ^ _ MiiilMMMIMDMWIMIIk HNMMMIMMMMI WMKMtWMMMMMIfMIIMniaNMMMB • ^ • • • i « « » « » i « « M « l » « « « « l « W « l M » • »

26 Annml Keport of the Adjutant General of the State of Kansas for 1866. i3.

M M H M M

107

Simultaneously, othtr Chtytnnt partita wtrt on tht

prowl* Thty dtmolishtd a hay oamp ntar fort Bodge,

raldtd oa Pawntt Crttk» and kllltd two frontitrsirttn on tht

Htpublioan* Oa Buffalo Ortek, a branch of tht Htpublioan

in Jtwtll County, thty killtd a kr. white, cariied his

tightttn ytar old daughttr into captivity, and robbtd

1 othtr ntarby stttltrs of praotioally tvtrythiag thty oould

oarry off* '''

Mtani#illt» messages of tht atrocitits pouitd into tht

Govtrnor»s offlat* The Infuriattd Orawford, desiring to

stt tht rtsults of tht Indian depredations for hiiustlf,

made a hurried iasptction of the ravagtd areas, dien he

rtturntd to tht capital on August 17, ht vividly dtscribtd

tht dtvastatlons to President Johnson and made a dtsptratt

apptal for htlp*

. « * forty of our citlkiens wtre kllltd and wounded by hor?tilt Indians. ::en, women, and ohlldren '^exe ijourdered indisorifflately. i:any of thtm mexe soalptd, and their bodies lautilated. .?omen, after receiving mortal wounds, ^^eve out­raged . . . in the gresenot of thtir dyin^ hus­bands and children.^®

Ee infor aed the President that "tht stttlements

covering a space sixty niileo wide, and reaching from the

Sallnt to tht Htpublioan /ere driven in, the oountry laia

"" Ibid* Til lllll II nil

' %. J. Crawford, ^ainsas in the Sixties (J l i ic i to , 1911) , 291.

108

In ashta and tho s o i l drcnohtd In blood. «^^ Tht Adjutant

Gtntral supporttd tht Govtrnor^s statemtnt whtn he xe->-

porttd that «tht wrttchtd conditions of tht s t t t l e r s in

tht val l ty on account of tht Indian Eaid, oan only bt

coffiprehtndtd by an tyt witntsa thertto."^^

Johnson, upon receiving Crawford's dtspairing tntreat^^

authorised Otntral Shtrfsan "to accept tht service of ont

rtglmtnt of voluntttr calvary from the 3tatt of iCansas,

• . « for s ix months*^^ In addition, atneral Shtrldan was

ordtrtd to uti l ls it his entire command in putting down tht

Indian insurrection.

Sherman wrote tht assistant Adjutant Otntral on

August Z^ that k» had ordtrtd Shtrldan "to cooiptl thtlx

removal south of tht JCansas l i n e , " for "I deem furthtr

fortbearanot with thtst Indians Impossiblt."^^ For ex-

|Ptdltncy of operations against tht Indians Shtrldan

established his htad(|uarttrs at Fort Hays. Thtst vtexe

' — I * mmtimiUf

^Annual Eeport of tht .adjutant General of tae -tate Kansai for I I M , 6; of

^*^3tttatt iwxecutivt Dooumtnt, ? o. 7, 40 congress, tSlillj >iiii>i*l » »m •.•• i iwiii i m i l — i w n m w t i w i iWii i w '

Z "^tssiOli, 1 . ^^Annual Heport :f tht Jomoiissioner of Indian Affairs

for 1865.' iiouse' 'gxeouITvTllocuiaent, ^ o. 1, 40 aonj-ress, T^t^ssTon, bii,

'^'^silBm^ loc , c i t . , 113.

109

ottpa wtll takta for on October 7 Wynkoop wrott tht

Indian Comi^lasloaer that «all tht Indians of tht Upper

Arkansas art tngagtd in tht strugglt.«^

At J?««rt Hays, Shtrldan dirtcted prtparaUons to halt

tht Indian war onot and for all* The General believed

that nht only rtmdy, . . * was to subju att the savagts

Immtdlattly tngagtd in tht forays hs forcing tht several

tribes to stttlt down on tht reservation set apart by the

treaty of Mtdiolnt Lodge. "' ^ Thus a "forct policy" was

to rtplaot tht unsuoetssful 'ptact policy*"

By iatt autumn Shtrldan had 2,600 mtn in his comiaand

in addition to a Kansas voluntttr rtglmtnt undtr the

command of Colonel Crawford, tht foarmer Kansas Governor,

who had roslgntd his txecutivt position to lieiht Indians;

but he dtoidtd to wait until after tht autumn hunts v^exe

over whtn tht Indians had congregattd in tht winttr

vlllagts and thtir horses ^i^exe weak fro... a shortagt of

grass* ^

To patrol the frontier wfoilt heiidan was resuming

34 Annual ^e^^ort of the UonMissioncr o£ inc.ian Af la i r s

for 1868', House .i-recuTTve iJooafnent, Wo.' 1, 4'J ^on r e s s . r mm. i M i M M H — H w . ' Ill J l f i i i i f i i i w III' • I l l ' 'ii'iii 11 "I "

s tss ion, 54ii. ^%htridan, 0£. £ i t . , ^95. t36

vV. iu Ganoe, T/ie ilr^tory of the United S ta tes Army (New York, 194^) , v^iiTT'^-aniei u. .iJti'erT^'he / . i ina l^br*"^ Kansas (Topeka, 187fc), 489.

no

W o forota and waiting for winttr, Coogrtss authoriatd tht

Otntral to tmploy fifty soouts* Shtrldan ordtrtd a mtmbtr

of his staff, colontl Otorgt A* Forsyth, to take command

Of tht Indian scouts*^'' iorsyth's first action was to

Invtstlgatt reotnt reports of several minor raids against

stage stations in the ricinity of Fort Wallace, ills forot

had Just arrived at tht fort whtn news caiat that a

Chtytnnt war party had attacked a wagon train at Shtrldan.

Afttr killing two teamsters and secuilng thtir stock, tht

Indians had burntd tht train, which consisted of forty 38 wagons*

Forsyth's l i t t l t comijaand took to thtir horses and

rodt rapidly to tht scene of tht attack. Upon pickin*:, up

the Indian t r a i l , the Indian fiehters \ient in pursuit.

Afttr stveral days of travelings, lorsyth discovered that

othtr bands wtre Joining tht war party. Keali-^in^ that ht

was pressing close upon a largt body of Indians, he

ordered his tired and worn command to halt for a rest .

Tht forot camped on tht north bank of the Arickaree fork

of tht Htpublioan Kiver in eastern Colorado. :. ' mall

M—IMMWMMI**

* -O, A. Ou'^ttr, :vild Life on tht Plains {St. Louis, 1888) , 12B-^12^.

^^Colonel n. f. fvheeler, Mffalo 2;ay3 (Indianapolis, 1926), 17.

Ul

•J'-'f-J' •

w

otrlp of land known as Betohtr Island lay in tht centtr

of tht ^xy river.^^ (3te map 6, pagt 112.)

At dawn tht followlnii mornin,^, -eptembtr 17, 1868,

six Indians suddenly dashed into the sleeping, camp and

attempted to stampedt the horsea,^^ The surprised scouts

quickly retreated to the safety of Beecher island leaving

thtir camping equipatat behind. Minutes later about one

thousand yelling Clityennes and Sioux assaulted the littlt

group on the i'^iand in great waves, lorsyth, although

wounded in tht first char^je, iri eniXioently directed tht

dtfeast against charge after oharee, Tht littlt group,

^xme^ with new^type Spencer repeatinc^ carbines, repul-ied

the savage as?^aults but could not ntop the att. oic.^^

There seemed no way of escape. The only hope was to ob­

tain aid* rwo scouts bravely volunteered to try to reach

Fort slallaoe, ninety miles aimy.

On the third day Chief iioman "one, who wao leading

the Indian attack, launched a supreme assault with three

hundred of hi& best v^arriors. The scouts succeeded in

killing the chief and in checking tht despeiate onsl.ou.- ht.

'••'iQ

Vs. i.. Connelly, Kansas and Kansans (I vols,; Ghica^cv 1918), II, 772.

a. A. i'orsyth, "Battle of Beecher inland," in Harper's iZ-onthl: -, L.r: JCI (June, 19t)l), 47.

^^.Tilson, loc. ait., IIJ.

112

NE B RPtSKA

CKcotnoc i^owlin

ni t Ktr5on

A ^Kcrman

5

A

I- ± 0* • 3hcrid«n

• Ft. WaDocft

CKcucnne Wdilsce I

L looan

J

* • •

X Denotes Ceantu 'boM.ncler'ies

bcnoiis St i le Bou.n(iorics

NAP ^ BATTLE JF FF i£ChEa INLAND

113

but sporadic f ight ing oontinued*^^ On tht ninth day a

detaohmtnt of s o l d l t r s , aummontd from Port Jallaot by tht

two voluntttr scouts , arrived and resoutd tht group*

Ont h is tor ian wrott that «tht climax of tht war with

tht Plains Indians in Kansas, emae in the Batt l t of Btechtr

Is land," I t was hardly tht climax, but i t was certainly

tht f i r s t important step in subduing tht Indians. Tht

same .viiter e s t i m t t d apparently with a great deal of

txaggtration that stven or eight hundrtd Indians wtrt

k i l l t d in the nine days. For?^yth s e t the number at thirty*

two k i l l t d but re porttd that a young chi t f had l e t t r told

hiu^ that tht Indians had sufftrtd seventy-five oasual t i t s 44

in tht tngagtment.

Although Forsyth's f ight trs •struck a blow to tht

Indiana, they did not completely curtai l th t ir a c t i v i t i e s .

A band of Qheyenne braves assaulted a waj on train coi.ing

into Kansas frofii :;€w x e^ioo in September, In the foray,

tht savagts k i l l e d evexy teamster, turned the .va ons, and

took a l l tht horses and mulcS, only I.x.' . Clara Biinn,

*%'orsyth, l o c . c i t * , bc^

^•^uonnelley, ^ . u i t . , VV«i.

^"^j 'orsyth, l oo . c i t . , oi-oi>. The n^ ber k i l led i s a oontiovtrsy siruFThtHnTdians ren^oved their fa l l en coiiirades ircr.ediately f ^ - the f i e ld of ba t t l e .

114

•iiom thoy oarritd into o a p t i ? l t y , t s c a p t i with htr l i f t^^^

Othtr Indian a c t i v i t y was dirtottd against tht hattd

railroad* 31x mtn, laying track on tht Kansas Pacif ic two

a l l t s wtst of Foss i l Cjpttk station^ mxe attacked by a

largt party of warriors who had rcmaintd ^cnctaled m a

ravlnt unt i l tJity wtrt o lost by th t i r t&igtt. Tht workmtn,

at t ing tht dangtr, Jumped on their handcar and started for

tht station* in t h t i r f l i g h t thrtt wtrt k i l l t d and two

woundtd btfort t ey re^^ohed shelter at Fossi l crttk

station* Tht s ta t ion ae,ent, who saw thtm ooming, covered

tht survivors tnom a dugout with uis r i f l t as thty r. n for 46

rtfugt*

Tht Indians withdrew wtstward about a milt and tort

up a s t c t l o n of tht track, sshioh re-!ulttd in a wtst bound

train lexn^ substquently ditchtd wlitn tht station agtnt

f a i l t d in an t f f o r t to *warn the engineer of tht dan^^tr.'*^

while part oi the Indians wert busy with tht ra-».lrccd,

othtrs struok the s t t t l tmtnts* A largt pcuty of marauders

Stotpt throut^ the Solomon val l ty on October 13, leaving, a

t r a i l oi death and plunder. Four s e t t l e r s were k i l l ed and

^^n. J. Crawford, "The Nineteenth Kansas Volunteers," in Kansas State n i s t c r i c a l Col lect ions , X i 19^,7-1908, 4L8.

4a > . I.oeniy.k., "hailroad .ix&c^.-^ axciGng Indij.ns," in

i b i d . * VIII (19^-.;-l;^vj4), cOu. ^^Ibid.

two others wounded. Two ij omen, a Uxa. Morgan and a Miss

vmitt^ wtrt oarritd Into captivity for tht iliioit purpost

of btoomlng ohitftains' wivts. it was truly a timt, as

ont plonetr dtclartd, whtn «ont would not bt surpristd to

wakt up and find himself dtad and soalptd. «*^ This was

tho last raid reporttd during tht ytar. With winttr upon

thtm, tho raidtro took tc thtir winter haunts.

Tht hostile Indians wtrt unav/are of tht plans tht

whites had made for them duiing tht winter, ivever before

had tht military struck thorn in thtir winttr quarters.

To prtvtnt tht slaueihttr of ptaotful bands, Sheraan,

Shtrldan*® auptrior, prepared for thtir concentration south

of tht Arkansas, in September, he urgtd tht rtmoval of

i^nkoop and Leavenworth's agencies 'to such points on tht

Canadian as may • . . bt detmtd most eligible." Ht

furthtr stated: "I have despatched Central jyi. B*/ Haatn

to tht frontier with . . • li iited . • . money . . . to

aid tht said agents to provide for tht peaceful parts of

those tribes this -inter vhilst en route to and after

48 Wlldtr, 2£. Pit., 489.

^^ *• B. strett, "Tht Victory of tht Plow," in Kansas 3tatt Historical Golltotions, XI (190L-19D6), ^ .

^^Annual Ktport of tht OomuiBPiionex ot Indian ..rri irs for •jrsti

^^Annual Ktport of tlit OomuiBPiionex ot Indian ..ftiir 186^. Houst ixecu^'ve Wournent, no. 1, 40 Congress, •iifen,nB37r

116

arrival at thtir homes* " ^ ~

Whtn winttr arrlvtd, Sheridan's army began its

dtadly work. Tht Gtntral's plan of action provided that

his main f<»at, tht Stvtnth Calvary with Gei»ral G. A.

Custtr In command, should march froin Fort Hays directly

against tht Indians by way of Gamp Supply; two sisaller

columns ^tie to suppltmtnt this, one jcarching into Indian

Ttrritory from :ltw lltxiao, and tht other from iort Lyoa

on tht old southeasttrn Colorado reserve.^^

Custer rtachtd Camp Supply vith his command in NOvtm-

btr ahead of tht rest, while tht Kineteenth Kansas Calvary

on tht way to reinforce him became lost in a heavy snow*

storm* On Hovesber 23, Custer left Gamp Supply to iollow

a fresh Indian trail viiieh led southwest toward the uar hita

Elver. Before dawn on tht nxrrine of oveiribtr ^7, he dis-

covtrtd a large Indian caiap in tht valley of tht .ashita.

Tht camp btlongtd to Black Kettle and included a fev,

^"^Ibid. » l l l l l i i i i i i i i « < i «

^ % r e d t r i c k 1 . Paxson, The Last American .brontler (?:ew Tork, 1924) , 317. On OctoberTrfe7""^«3?aan, Sher idan ' s s u p e r i o i , j u s t from a Chica,,.o meetin..^ ^A-ith the Peace Com­mis s ione r s , wa? ant^ry a t the peaoe advoo.ies because he uac been to ld a t the meetinr^, tha t t h t a^my i.ar^ted war* Due to t h i s f a c t , he e^ve Sheridan a free hand for the . . inter campaign.

his Paul ^^esbitt , "Ba t t l t of the va^^hita, ' in ^Chron­

i c l e s oi Gklaiiomu, I I I (Apr i l , 192 t} , iiZJ.

117

A3*apahots and tht Chtytnnts formtrly ltd by Homan Nost.^^

Tht Otntral quittly and quic£ly surroundtd tht camp

with his troops. At daybreak on Tlianksgiving Bay a

butle, sounding the ohargti broke the stillness of the

morning air. While tht band playtd "Garry Owen," tht

solditrs stormed the village. Custer later described tht

chargt:

Tht bugles sounded the charge, and the entire command dashed rapidly into the village. The Indians wtre caught napping; but realiaing at once the dangers of tht situation, they quickly overcame thtir first surprise and in an instant seized their rifles, bows, and arrows, and sprang behind tht nearest trees, while some leaped into the stream, nearly waist deep, and using the bank as a rifle-pit, began a vigorous and determined defense. ^

! For stveral hours a promiscuous fight raged up and

jdown the ravine with Indians everywhere taking to cover

ionly to be prodded out again. Custer's force killed about i I

|130 warriors. Among those killed were Blaok Kettle and

|the second in command, Little Rock.

AS the day advanced, Custer discovered that the

Cheyenne village was the last of a long i roup that ex­

tended for fifteen miles along the Jashita. .. general

^Ganoe, 2£. cit., ood; h, x.. uie^el, AiJaerioa .loves West (New York, 19'JUT, d76.

Custer, jog. cit., 219.

118

ingagomtat waa avoldtd^ howtvtr, and with bttttr luok than

lit was ont day to hart Ousttr marohtd back to Camp Supply

on Dtoombtr 3**^

Tht dtolsirt strokt that broko tht powtr of tht

Indians most activt against tht whites on tht Kansas fron-

tltr was tht Battle of tht Washita. (See map 9, pagt 119.)

Shtrldan substqutntly dtscribtd tht blowj

A most tfftctlvt ont, and fortunately fell on ont of tht most vlllanous of tht hostllt bands that, without provocation whattvtr, had perpetrated tht massacre on tht Saline and Solomoni , . . whost hands wtrt still rtd from t; eir bloody work on tht rtotnt raid*^"

lairing tht rest of tht winttr* Sheridan's army xf-

malntd in the vloinity of rort Cobb, gathering tht remnants

of tho shatttrtd tribes onto thtir reservations. Tht

Klowas and Comanohts mexe placed on tht lands awardtd thtm

at Mtdiolnt iiOdgt, and tht Qheyennen and Arapahots wtrt

«ubst<iutntly set tit d down upon the upper v attrs of tht

Oiisttr, upon finding himself surrounded, deoidtd that his force would be in dangtr if ht attacked the other !villages. Knowing that if ht started back to wsmp upply in daylight he vrauld likely loose hi?5 prinoner'? and ponies, ht dtoidtd to shoot tht i crses and ictcp skirmishing with tht Indians until nightfall and under cover of the darkness rtturn to Camp Supply.

, ^^Sheridan, 0£. cit*, i:>18. Pictures taken iroxn ..arm Ihousts on tht Sallnt wtrt later found in several lodges. Mrs. Clara rainn was cij covtrtd dead. She a, pt rently had bttn killed by tht Indians whtn tht solditrs attacktd.

119

^ Appro Mm Ate Si4t of B#tt/c o f 4Kt VJdsK«ta

1£0

Washita, n tar t h t va l l t y of t h t i r I a t t defeat.

Although Shtrldan punished th t Cheyennes severely

during th t w in t t r , Indian r a i d s broke out again on tht

Kansas f ron t i e r in May, 1869. These forays, however, wtre

not conducted by those rti?, men Sheridan had so «?evtrely

chast ised but by a l a r g t band of Chtytnne Do^ Sold i t r s

undtr Tall Bull who ^spent th t winter in tht powder River

country and secre t ly moved down in to Kansas. "^^ Tht f i r s t

a t taok r t po r t t d occoxred iay 21 oa tht iiepublioan when a

band of Dog Sold i t r s assaulted a hunting party of s ix men.

Only one of the group aanagtd to esoapt with his l i f t .

n news of thi?! r a id spread, m,ny of th t s e t t l e r s f l td

to Lakt S lb l ty for protect ion.^^

Anothtr incident against hunters occurred o^iiin^ May.

An expedition of four s e t t l e r s from Ottawa County was

struok r/hile camping on Covert Creek in Osborne County.

Tht men manaf:ed to escape in the t a l l ZXB^^^ t: nd hetvy

underbrush BIOHJ^ the creek bankn. But for the fact that

^®Faxson, op. e i t > , 522-343; annual uepoxt of the Com­missioner of Inl tainiTfair ; ! for IBu^, : ounc ..xecHTivt Unumni: f o . "1 , a (ion,;ress7^ TiisFioTTTT^O. fwo bands tSoapJTbein^ brought in . A t o i a l of LLCUI t».o hundred Indians under chiefs ledicine Arrov; and Bull Hear flee to the North x'latte Kiver, In thu n^rin^^, ucvitver, t.-^y deoidtd to i-etia-n in peaje to Canp ^upply.

^^Kansas s ta te .veaoi-d (i^opeka), June 10, 1669,

^^Ib id . , June 1, 1669.

Ul

^ ^ Indiana tnoouiStrtd~a largtr wt 11-armtd hunting party

thty probably would havt bttn soalptd. Only ont man, Mr*

Solomon Humbargtr, was woundtd during tht escapade.^^ By

attaoklng hunting parties, tht Bog Soldiers, solely de-^

pendent upon tht chast sinct thty had not reported to tht

reservation, hoped to disoouragt the whites from destroying

their commissary.

Much of the Indiana' attention was aireoted toward the

sett loaents In an effort to drive the sett lers from thtir

formtr hunting ranges. Tht warriors ki l led six men and

ont woman aad capturtd two boys in a raid upon v.hite Eock 62 Crtek in Kepublio County during; liay. In a depredation

on Spillman Creek, a lira. Aldcrdice and hex baby and a is irs.

Wtishell wtre taktn into captivity.^*^ By the tnd of L*ay,

tht Indians wtrt re porttd roaiaing at will in northwestern

Kansas* A report from tht l i t t l t town of atersvi l l t

stattd that *»th€ Indians are '^oouring the oountry north

and wtst of the iiepublican and on Litt le Blue, attackin^^

siTiftll partie?5 oi i.'^^-^'^ and ki l l ing those 'pettier-' who

l i v t rciiiote Xrom tht sett leaents , driving off ^11 tht

''"Adolph Koe -L,:X et a l . , I^ioneer History £ i .j^nsus ( n . p . , 19*-»*v), *ii~l--» -7,

*^^;Vildti, 0£. oi t* , 44L.

^^0. Bernhardt, Xnditn iiaids; In ^ir.ooln -.u.^'^l;,, Kansas (Lincoln, 1910J, ^^-«0«

122

Stock thty oan gtt • * . . Thtrt art some hunting partita

out who havt not bttn heard from*«^* Tht raids occurred

in this unprotected area because tht solditrs rexe farthtr

south guarding tht restrvations against a posniblt Indian

outbrtak*

Sporadic attacks by tht Bog Soldiers oontinutd all

during June. Tht Kansas state Record as early as Junt 1

rtporttd that all tht people ^exe movint: back toward

Salina* Four Kansas citizens, who wtre looking for farm

land at tht htad of White Hock, on Junt ;5 wert ruthltssly

«8tt upon by • . . savages, . . . and brutally murdtred

and mutilattd* *'®* Anothtr raid was reporttd a few days

later whtn six hunters wtre marjsacred at the mouth of

Whitt KociC. Although they made a gallant fi ht of two

days duration, tht hxintexs* ammunition gavt out and thty

fell easy victims to the I og olcliers' merciless toniahawks.

A small party of Chtytnnes ^ailtd a "vede and a littlt

boy at Scandia on Jujit 11. By this time, tht settlers

wtrt *'tienerally v/ell axmttl a cl apprehenr ive ol i.icre

trouble. "^^ Conr>equently, the number of raids Icsf entu.

However, anothtr .skirmish took pi ce on Junt 19. A party

64 i(ansa.«! S ta te Record, June 1, 1869. aMMMkMB —immtmmmimmm

^^Ibid. , Junt 6, 1869.

^^Ibid. , June 1^, 1669.

U3 I — —

I Ot surtoyors out somt f i f t t e n mi l t s wtst of Sheridan was

I attaokod by about f i f t y Chtytnnt braves. The «.hitts wtrt

armtd and r e p t l l t d tht as sau l t , kil l ing, four Indians while

sustaining two losses*^^ AS protection for frontier

c i t i z e n s against further a s s a u l t s . Adjutant General \:. 3,

Moorhoust, af ter making an inspection of the front ier ,

stationed m i l i t i a oa Plum Qxeek^ Fisher Creek, Spilliaan

Crttk, tht Sal ine , Beaver Crttk, the ..epublioan, and on

Turkty Crtek near the L i t t l t Arkarsar..^

Although tht s ta t t i?arti.'xlly c^ciended the frontier

against Indian at tacks , i t wa-^ the army that carried tht

war into tht Indian htadquartern. [.^hen "heridan received

news of tht Dog Soia i tr attacks , he ordered the commandants

of a l l f ront ier posts to r?end detaohrenti of calvary to

soout throui^h tht disturbed area and seek out tht Indians'

camp. In compliance with tli is ord r, ia^cr K, A, Carr l e f t

Fort MoPhtrson on June 7 with two hundred men to scout tht

headwaters of tht Republican above the mouth of Bog Greek.

Following the Eepablican upstreai;., he covered the country

on both ." ides for ten ::.iles or i'lore, 2.1 tor nearly three

hundrtd ail les of searohin;,:, he discovered the Dog ""oiditrs

and .30iiie '^ioux enoa.uped in a valle,v tetucen Julcster^ una

^^Ibid. , June -O, 18o9. » » i i i i i » III ' '

^®.»iiaer, o^, a i t . , i.07.

124

s ter l ing on tht south fork of tht Plattt dive^^

Carr Immtdlattly attaoktd and took tht vl l lagt btfort

I tht surpristd Indians oould stourt thtir weapons or es -

capt. Tht ftw who maaagtd to f lee tht camp wtrt pursutd

for four . a i t s . About fifty^two warriors, including Tall

Bull , wtxt k i l l td and 9eienteen women and children wert

I capturtd* ^^ lirs. Aldtrdict was found dead, having been

ik i l l td by tht Indians v^en tht solditrs attacktd. Mrs*

Wtishell was diacovtrtd nerexely woundtd ^hexe sht had

been l e f t I'or dtad. iihe lady later rtlated that iirs.

i^idtrdiet's baby iiritd so much on tht journey to tht

Indian villSj^t that tht savagts "wrung it*? htad off" and 71

threw tht sevexei^. parts into a stream.

Mien the battle was over, Carr sent out detachments

in eyexy direction to ascertain i f any Indians wtrt

hovering about, to drivt in stray animals, and to gather

up any worthwhile art ic les that oould be canied fway.

The soldiers tuxi ed the property that they ^ere unable to

takt baak to the fort .

^ii£X^B eAptdition brought "herifian's campaign to a

suoat^Bful fini;-h, ?ath the .;i.e.yt;nnes severely oaii.-^tised.

69 Bernhardt, op. c i t , , o*..

7 j <.. C. I'.irter, i' order ..o.-Lavjid (Noraion, l;^-x4}, l^C-

' i i> I 11 imiiw • 1. . i i . » .

151. 71 '*Btrnhardt, 0£. c i t . . 29-SO.

125

«itstern Kanaas was e,enerhlly fret of Indian deprenations

for almost f iv t years , ihe '•forct policy * had been -iore

successful than the 'peaot policy" in crin^int, trcintiUility

to th t f ron t i e r , when a f ina l ^^er.eral outbreak lifter

occurred, th t mi l i t a ry \m3 a^^ain i:ound to bt the most

effect ive in^truiaent for dealin^i v^ith the Indians.

f.t tr

CEAPTSK VI

ELiMii^Afloa QF fbs imij^ moBzm

3ht r idan»s fo ro t pol icy of 1868-69 .as unpopular

among B a s t t r n humani tar ians , t a p t c i a l l y th t Quakers «^o *

mxe a dtvout r e l i g i o u s s t a t . As a oonsequtnct of ;^uaktr

I n f l u t n o t , t h t f e d e r a l Boverniatnt again i n ^ t i g a t t d a peact

po l i ey which, l i k e t h t one b t f o r t , f a i l ed to prevent

Indian h o s t i l i t i e s . The Qheyenne-.^ Comancht^, and Kiowas

Joined in 1874 for ont f i n a l outbreak. The tnsuing m i l i ­

t a r y campaign solved the Indian problem once and for a l l .

A group of wiuaker??, opposines the use of force and

i n t t r t s j t e d in ca r ry ing o iv i l i s ta t ion and Christ iJ ini ty to

t h t Ind iana , v i s i t e d the ncvdy e lected President Ulysses

S. Grant in 1869 and proposed a chan^.c in t!ie axni^'s a ^

£:,re.S5- lve po l icy . They contended tha t the red iaen ..ere

haras.^ed, m i s t r e a t e d , and cisased over the pi:.ins by th t

soldier.^ and J^vi lndled hy agent-':?. The .,\JJUILCXB proponed

t h a t , an un in t e r e s t ed pax t i e s with no • 'pol i t ic : . ! axes to

grind,** they be a l i o - e d to :»ianage the Indian a i i 'o i rT,

They r e p o r t e u l y to la the Pra-^idtnt: " .e .vill t r e a t the

red men with kindness and Ju^' t icc. e n i l l s u b s t i t u t e

I r o t h e r l y love for the ?3worci, and in a s p i i i t of t- I c i a t i o n

126

127

brill l i f t thooo vmrOo of tht nation from barbarity to !

ohristian olvl l laatlon* "^

arant agrttd to tte suggtstlon, and a ptaot policy

WIS o f f io la l ly adopted, fht direct iaanae rement of tht

tr ibes was tntruattd to tht Society of i^ritnds; no atw

t r t a t l t s %exe to bt madti and Gtntral Sherman, who had

bttn promottd from Comjiscmdtr of tht rivision of Jkissouri

to utr^ral of tht Armits, was dirtottd to givt fu l l support

to tifeit new plaa*^

YJadtr this new %uaktr peaot policy tht Indians mexe to

romaln on the restrvations and thexe lie txee from military

haraasmtnt. Thty ^mxe to rtceivt rations of food, clothing,

and othtr n t o t s s i t i t s from thtir agtnts. Schools wtrt to

bt tstablisht^l, f ie ldo set asidt for tht Indians to ikxm^

and tvtry tffcart madt to oivi l iae tht new wards of tht

govtrnment**'

fkm only defect in tht ^usicer ptaot policy was that

tht Indians did not dtsire to changt thtir way oi l i f t and

would not urdtss forced to do so. The iaowa chief Satanta

perhaps expressed the indian->' view in 16u9 when iie told

MNMM«MiMlWM*MMMNI

^^. S. nye^ carbine and Lfcuioe U orii>an, 194.;), 9^.

^Ibid. <MMMa>IMIM»

^Iioust E-xtcutive PoouffleKt, Ko, 1, 4J Congress, ^ i^ts-,ion, i r r r t a i H T T a T u S T T l ^ : ^ ; : x e t h e r s ^ the Ptaoe 'olioy of Prtsident Ulyssts S. Grant u^-H^-^ip'-is, i o . j ; .

128

lawrlt Tatum# Huaktr agtnt for tht Klowas and Gomanchts, ~

that ^'he took hold of that part of tht i^itt man'" road

that was rtprtstnttd by tht brttoh-loading guns, but did

aot iikt tht ration of corn; it hurt his teeth.'^

'£he Kiowas and Comanoht^, althou^ aluriixed by

Shtrldan'3 military campaign in 1868-69, rtaaintd un-

aha?i5tistd. Const^utntly, thty %uickly recovtrtd froa

thtir alaxa and began raiding on tht Texas frontitr as

early as tht Bvmmex of 1869. Oinoe thtir restrvation lay

adjactnt to tht northern lint of Ttxas, thty found it

tuitt simple to conduct ionays across tht Ttxas border and

to esoapt punislyaent upon the ir rtturn to the reservation

sinot tit whites could not usually identity tht ^uilty

raiders. Tht new policy actually tncouxa^td raiding.

Instead of being punished by the military for their raids,

the xe^ men were given lar er rations as a biibt to top.

fatum rtlated that tht iCiowas and Coi anchts explained to

him that thty found that undtr tht u..ker ptact policy a

raid was the surest way of t> 'ttiag supplies froiu tht

government:

Ihey told ue a nu .ber of timer that the only i.vay thty could et a laxt e supply of annuity ^oods was to .0 on the warpath, icill soiie people, steal s oOi.d many horses, .,et the soidicus to c :a-e them awhile, without permitting thtm to do much har.., and thtn

•MUM

4 Tatum, 0£. oit.,

129

i M'-

»hU. «.. Kiowa, Mi cor. aoh«a wrought havoo along

th. T.«. fro«ti,r in th. „ , „ i«,aatel, foUowl„«

8h,rM.«.. o.«,.i«„, th, oh.jr,ni.., «l« A»ap.ho,s *,r.

«««l>M.tlT«l, tal.t. Th. latter trib, agpar.ntl, . „

•#»«•!, frlght,n,« bj, tht wrath of th, ar«y in i86»-»9

*na a.ttUd aown on tho Ghejrenn, and Arapaho reservation

to el». no more troabl.. Th, Cheyenne^ although restl,,,.

rcfiued m 1871 to Join the Kiouas who "used every art

known to inaian ai,l«N8..jr to prevail on th,a, to Join . . .

In a g.neral «uf.r« a.alnsit the whites.-* ih, Coimils-

.ioacr of Indian Affairs observed in 187a that the Ohey-

ennea were «or, "Inalln.d to give trouble than the Arap­

ahoes, and fw? lew, treatable but alnoe their aevere

lesson of . . . 1868»t>9, have been prudent enough to re­

frain froa . . . hostility."' Conseijuently, western

Kansas enjoyed freedom from Incllsn depredation,. This

assertion is reflected In the report of the .ajutant

itmtmmmmmm

I b i d . . 50. Ill m i l I I I M '

Annual r e p o r t of the ^Oiid^a3BiontT of ind ian Affaira for 1871, Hba?'e j^xeoulive ::ocjjiien;., r e . T7 4^ Co-^ress, rTe l7sTon,1 iF7r

7 Annual neport of the Con- jfi^ion^r of Indian Af la i r s

Xcr 18V".;;, liouse EAQauTive r-ocainent, ^o, T7 -iti; Con,^ress,

1£M9

Otntral for m i i nt affords mt grtat satisfactT^ to ~~

rtpart that during tht ytar our frontitr stttltrs havt

bttn almost tntirtly faret from fSvenT alarms o.u.ed by tht

apptaranot of hostllt Indians,«^

Wtsttrn Kansas remalntd in a " tatt of tranquility

« t l l tht sprm,, Of 1874 whtn, onct a^ain, tht Chtytnnts

took to tht warpath* me iamtdiatt outbrtak was prt.ipl-

tattd by whltts who etolt forty^thrtt valuablt ponies

belon^ln^ to tht band of Chitf Littlt Hobt.^ .hen tht

snisry Ohltf Itarntd stvtral i etks lattr that tht stoak

wtrt sold by tht whitt thitvts in Dodge city, ht stnt his

son with a small party of warrlc^rs to rtoovtr them.

Mtttlag with no suoctrs, tht bravts dtcidtd to raid a

stttltmtnt and obtain reparation for tht stoitn horsts.

Fro® Bodgt 0ity, tht Chtyennts procttdtd to 3un City

whtrt thty capturtd fifty-two htad of stock. The infuri­

attd stttltrs xepoxtea the raid to a detajiiisent of tht

nixth Calvary that happentd to be patrollin,^ tht area,

fht soldiers picktd up the trail and followtd it into

Indian ftrritory. fht calvary overtook tht Cheytnnea

btfore thty reached thtir camp and en^Sbeci theia in a britf

Annual i.cpoxt of tht Adjutant General of the State iiiiiiiii m Ill iiirii" ' ' » " y - ' W U * "•• • •" • • •"• • • • I • ^ ^ • • • • • • • • • • • • • M ™ wmtmtmmmmmmtmmmmm in MSHIMMK aManai^Haak

of Kansas iox 18717 TV «•«••>« imiiiiii— I—an—>•» m • mmm^mmmtmm ' 9

J . i«. i.!ooi:ty, '^Calendar Hi i t c iy of tht Cicwa Indii^nin, » Bureau of American iSthnolo^y, seventeenth Annual Report { a i3h in^ ton , 1898), 199.

131

«kirmish* In tht tncounttr tht solditrs recovtrtd tht

«took and, in doin^ so, or i t iaa l ly woundtd U t t l t robe's son,^^

fht wounding Of l i t t l t l o b f s son v.as additional caust

for h o s t i l i t i e s , fht Cheyenne code called lor tht victim's

friends to hold a Ven^-eanct Danet .nd pltd^se rtvengt,

Thty mu t not ^uit tht warpath until thty had kil l td and

soalptd at least one entay—usually any white would suff ict .

tht avtn^trs struok a short distanct txom Fort lod^t early

in Jurit, k i l l ing and scalping a cltisien namtd barren.

John Martin and l l i j a h Itnnedy uexe ki l l td thret days

l a t t r tw© and one-half .liilts southwtst of Mtdlcint Lodgt

Greek, and Issac Ktim was found dtad and saalptd on Ctdar

Qxeek. ^ ^

I'.tanwhilt, tht Comanches, dissatisf ied " vith tht whitt

i.an»^ road m4 inapirtd by a new mtdicine ip.hn n&meC i ca-

'Tai, conctived tht idta of holdin^:, a tribal un Dance."^

fht ir prophtt professed to havt tht power to la i s t tht

desd, to £0 into heaven and oonverfie with the Treat 3pirit ,

to produce from his sto iaoh vast quantities ci cartiid^ea.

A. f. Andrea^, History of tht State of Kansas {Ohica£^o, 188^5), ^11.

^%'ht oun Lance was an i; vootition of tht .rcat .cuer. It possf^std tht eltiatrts of ritualised supeinaturalism and tbe novel and ^['ectacular vi'iiah L.ie important in jiiC^sifcttic revlvftlisai.

lU

and t a caust tntmy b u l l t t s to f a l l hisrmitssly to tht l a s

ground* a?ht Indians realiaatd that i f £,3a-fai could do

t h t s t th ings , th t whltts could easi ly be beaten. Tht

projihtt preaahtd that "if tht Coaanchts wishtd to bt pros-

ptrous aga in , . » , they inust ^o to war and k i l l off th t

whltt people. ** ^

This ^osp t l apptal td to Btme of the Ccnaanohe uands

whose way of l i f t was fas t sl ipping away from them. Dta*

p t ra t lon was s t t t l i n g In t h t i r hea r t s , and htre was a

ILtsslah who claiiiied powtr to bring tht old way back again.

listen the tribtsji^en asstmbltd on the ??orth Jf'ork of the Ked

Eivtr n ta r th t mouth of Swtttwater Cxeek^ e^exy band was

r t p r t s t n t t d . fhe c^atherlngs took place about the mii d l t

of KiTiy and li^nttd several wteks. All tht Comanchts t;2Lctpt

t h t Swift Stin^ei® accepted tht prophtt.

The COi^nohta txtendtd an invi ta t ion to tht Klowaa

to join thtm in *itt&kin# mtdicine. ' Ihty accepted and

forwarded th t i nv i t a t ion to a large band of Cheytnnes who

Wtre att.:;ped near the head of the J;ashita Kiver. "Several

days a f te r tht inv i t a t ion was i &de, a party of Co/uanches I imiiw • ' •

^^i:.. /tciaa^son liotbel, "liie Comanche .-un Danot and ,:/.:SSi0nio :utbr€a^ of 1873,'^ in ..lueriuan ^.ithronclc i^ t . XLIII (April»June, I'^^^il), l/01-...O^.

-^^ii. ;•;•. Klchaidson, 'The Co/.anahe Incians end tht F i ^ t a t Adobe ..ali:?,*' in rfinhandle-•:'laim ^ i s t c r i c a l htview, IV (Canyon, 19».l), d1^

1^3

«nd Uowaa vislttd tht Gheyenne caap, '»a»on^ them, tht

prophtt hlmatlf. "- ^

1 council was htld in #iich tht chitfs present voictd

thtir grltvancta^ -hen it came ti..e or Cheyenne ci.ief

>tone calf to spei^k, he complaint a about tht kiUim^s at

?5and Cretkt tht Battle of tht l^ashita, restuvalion lift,

rations isf^utd by tht govtrnment, tht con'taat advance of

tht whitt settltments, iwM the lnorea??t of trt vtl across

tht Flainf^. «»:ht white agents," r tone Calf said, «.jivt

us rations and no e eOOd??, but m do not like baton and

flour, r or womtn do not want to makt bread, "e ire

hunters and like to eat buffalo riieat. ^"

fht rapid dlmunition of the buffalo was ont of tht

m^in sources oi irritation, ror s^everal years tht nomadic

1 trlbts had vatchtd the buffalo killtd in eyex increasing

nuabtrs. ?hc wanton f?laughttr had startec in 1871 whtn

J, "T. iviooai, a bu/falo hunter, had sold fifty-seven hides

to a pennsylvsnia tanner who madt a successful tanning

te^it. Z}:i€n the news spread amon^ the whites tiiat largt

profits could be mace iro; buffalo hides, large hunting

parties swarned onto the plain^i, wantonly killin^^ tht

animals for their hicits and le:vir;., the meat to lot on tht

I c i d . , • •u-. immnmin *

15 ..-oe A, Tilghiaan, ^uanah: Tht : fc^le of tiie Comanche a

( 'clahoma Oity, 1938>, ^T. ~

IM

Plaints. ** In tha tyts of tht Indians nhose who would t

«X<iy and aot tat wtrt worst than wolves.-^^ Tht Indiana

Xuliy rtallatd that thtir way of life could tndurt only if

tht buffalo rtaaintd pltntiful.

«aa*fal oonvinotd tht'Chtytnnts that his «war mtdicine»

was powtrful. Any doubts wtrt trastd when he sttmingly

pulltd irom tht air thrtt arrows, it told his ii»tentrs

that tht areat Spirit had informed hla that if thty would

all turn to tht warpath and annihilate i .e whites in one

swoop, the buffalo would comt back la . reat numbers? thtn

thty would bt prosptrous and ptactful again.^^ ne advistd

Adobt avails, i:txa?=?, a trading post for buffalo hunttrs,

as tht first target and promised «that thty would kill tht

whitt men with clubs whilt thty lay sltep. Thtn, tht

buffalo made saft, tht warriors oould ride far to tht

stttltatnts with fire and deatiu ' ^ ihe Indians agreed to

the proposal.

In the tvenin,5 after tht nee tin , tht Comanchts,

16 S t n t r a l 'e lson A. Liiltn in h i s P t r sona l Rtcol lect ions^

lfi8-109, est i i ictert t ha t 4,..7»:,7^Q buifa loes \sexe k i l l e d b t -tw t tn lB7ii-1674#

17 C. C. i i i s t e r , Boioei v0ui..anci (Norman, 1944), 1J^.

^®L. K. lachardson , The Coi.ia-)cht " a r r i e r to Touth P l a i n s Settlex^iCnt (Gitnciiile, l - c . . ) , ^3Tl

19 r. f i lghman, 0£, ai t , , 8 i .

1 ^

Kloaas, and Chtytnats a l l tanatd tagtthtr; and on tht ntxt

mornlnf a for at of about stvtn hundrtd warrior.<;> compostd

l a r ^ l y of Chtyennts and aomanchta took ofl for . dobt ;all?«

At daybrtak on tht morning of ^unt ^ tht attack was madt,

fhtrt mexe only t«tnty<»tight men and ont woman at tht post,

fortunately for tht whites, atvtjral of tht hunttrs wtre up

at tht tiHit of attaok, and tht tnt irt group of hunttrs

wtrt ariSitd with **ntw largt-bore, long-ranec buifalo

riflt.^.**"^^ -sd j

xn tht f i r s t chargt tht hunttrs kl l l td two Cheyenne9

and a aomancht. One Qheyenne ohargtd within the ASIIS and

was iffimtdiately ki l l td* Tht Indians chargtd again and

a aln throughout tht mornint.* and althou^^h thtrt ivtrt

more than enough warriors to ovtrwhtla tht l i t t l t party of

buffalo hunttrs, 'Ut m s not tht Plaina Incian way to takt & i l a ba.«3tion hy storm*'*

i sa - fa i sat throughout tht battlt upon his whitt

horse on a distant h i l l , i Oheyenne fathtr who had los t

his son in the fie^htin^ taunttd him a t h a dare to go aown

and bring out his son's body if he really had immunity to

bul le t s , m refused to liiove. i s though to mock him

^^Erneat ellace .nd ... Adam- on Hoebel, Tht Cou^anchts; Lords of tht south Plains ( 'orman, l^w^j, 2y«L.

^^mi^

136

ftirthtr, a long ranga shot froei ont of tht hunttr's

deadly rlflts knockad a cofiiradt from his horst as ht sat

with tht prophtt watching tht fiasco.

In tht afttrnoon, tht dlacouragtd Indians e avt up.

Thty had killtd only thrte men while suffering- a loss of

nint, including thost who under tht prophtt»s sptcial pro-

ttction had atttapttd to wi pt out tht enes&y by a suddtn

rush upon tht post* Tht braves *»hung around' for stvtral

days, but tht arrival of other buffalo hunttrs rtinforctd

tht post, and tht rtd mtn did not dart makt anothtr

attack. *

Although tht attack failtd and tht Indiana wtrt dis­

appointed with thtir ialse prophtt, tht war spirit had bttn

aroused* Like tht prairie firt they struok tht frontitra

of xew Hexioo, 5?txas, Colorado, and Kansa'?. By early

autiimn "probably ont-hivlt of tht coijanche, Kio\«a, and

Cheyenne tribes wexe openly hostile." " The outbreak

proved that chatisement of one tribe was not enough; all

mxxf^t bt puai^htd to brin^: peace. The Kansas frontier

could never be eaft a* lon - a?; tht Kiowas and Coaunches

exerted thtir inilut'noe over the Cheyennes.

.esttrn Kansa?? was scourged by t!ie Cheytnnes as in

^%iiohardson, 0£. jii* • •>''2.

^^Wallact and Hoebel, o^* o^t., L* o,

137

tlata of old. A party of warriora attacktd and killtd

tllilaa ;iatklas on iviky 1 two allts south of Ktd Fork*^^

Two days lattr, a band struok thrtt supply wagons ei^ht

milts south of Mositrfs ranch, killing thrte iaen and

burning to dtath a fourth^ ?at MenneBQey^ whilt he ^as

tltd to a wagon whttl. fht Kansas frontitr stttltrs wtrt

greatly alarmtd by tht indian outbreak, according to tht

Adjutant Gtntral tht rural population pout:;ht saftty in

ntarby townss

Hundrtds of peoplt destrttd thtir homts in tht counties of Barbour, Ford, S'omnei^ rvcno, Conlty, and -td^^wick and concentrated in tht towns of Uedtcint Lod^e, ^un city, Bod e City, Hutchinson, Arkansas City, and ichita, and many familits left tht Statt" permanently.*^^

Many counties fori sed local ailitias to i eet tht

danger. In July tht necictary of ,ar authoriiitd fivt

hundred Hhaip*s rifles for thtir une, /.n army ofi'iccr

traveling from fopek:.8 to Calowell durin^ tht month ob­

served that block houses for utitnse wert beini : con-

structed all alons the way.

A band of Osa,,ts, reportedly "jealous of tht

^^Annual Et port of Jfcht /.djutant Central of Jtht ^tute .•iiil'iiil ilii •»»— la - 'VLi i l l i J iJ"*"" , * T T ^ mmmmmm

pt Kansas f o r 187|), 4<..

^ ^ I b i G , , 7.

^^Ib id . , 10 .

laa

•ncroathatnt of tht whltts, "^^ addtd toTht alarm,

Barbour aounty had loag bttn tht sitt of thtir favoritt

hunting grounds, and thty mexe grtatly irritattd by tht

inortaslng whitt stttltmtnt of tht county and with tht

dtstruction of tht buffalo, A party of twenty-fivt of

thtir bravts raidtd tht county taily in August and stolt

aany htad of ^tock xrom the settler^. On anothtr occBSion,

six lilts east of Mtdiolnt Lodgt, two men haulia« posts

had thtir horsts cut from thtir wagon and axiven off* By

taking stock, tht raidtrs hoptd to makt reparation for tht

diminishing buffalo.

fhtlr dtpxtdations were halttd on August 7 whtn

Captain 0. ll. Eicker with a oofapaoy of Barbour County

militia tncounttrtd an Osagt party of about twenty-thrtt

Indians ntar 'dedicint ItOd e. A skirmish tnsutd In which

four red men were killtd and tht rtst put to flight amid

a Showtr of bullets. This tn^m er.ent .ri. htentd tht

Osagts sufficiently to (iis<iCiir<^^e furtlitr raiding

activity.

Mtaniihile, tht Cheyennes raided across tht tntire

ICansa?5 frontier. A party of twenty-five warriors mr;s-

saartd six government land luivtyors on August 26 forty

*" Annual of Kansas

ual lit port of tht Adjutant general of the ^tatt ?or im, 4Z"

Ibid, a 1,

i s f

fflllaa north and twtnty milts wtst of Dodgt City. Tht men~

wtrt «ubst;iutntly disoovtrtd "lying on thtir facts with

tht ir Skulls smashtd in. ««^ Fivt buffalo hunttrs wtrt

attacktd and fciliad tht ntxt day in Clark County. Four

Of tht men «wtrt soalptd and thtir skulls broktn in with

tomahawks, whilt tht bodits of a l l nexe ttrribly muti^

lattd**»^

Tht local mi l i t ias wtrt apparently unablt to oopt with

tht Chtyennts. Tht Ctrm&int family was attaoktd on tht

Smoky Hil l Hivtr in September; a l l wtre ki l l td but four

young g i r l s who wtrt taktn ca:*tivt. Two days later ,

about ont hundrtd Chtyennts assaulted the stockade at

^ i t r c t v i l l t on tht Santa Ft railroad. Fox four hours tht

Incians harassed tht l i t t l t town. Finally, thty burntd

tht only store and headtd southward across tht , rkansaa

liiver* running before thtii* stvtnty-nint htad of ^tock they

had taken.

*^%nnual Keport of the .id^utant General for tht .statt of iCansas for 3! 74,'"' u,

^Ib id* . ^H*

Ilil*» ^ » Annual Report of the Coiui^isajoner of Indian IITairs for 187^* j^P^g ^^^^^ve l ocuaie'nTr" o. 1, 44 congress, 1 WnBioru 771; Tatum. op. o i t . , 19v,

^%nnual Keport of tht Adjutant Ctneral of tht Statt of Kanaas for 1874. H157

140

fht situation btoamt~so bad on tht iouthtrn Plains^"

that tht governmtnt In Washington realiatd drastic action

must bt taktn to halt tht ftrooious raiding. Constqutntly,

it oonf tnttd for tht arsgr to attack tht Indians in thtir

own territory and to subdue thtm whtrtver thty offtrtd

rtsistanct to con^tituttd authority. The outbreak in 1874,

thtrefore, put an tnd to tht ptact policy.^ 3!ht ohangtd

attitudt of the govtrnmtnt was refltoted by tht Co»-

missiontr of Indian Affairs in .ovexiibtr, 1874, In hia

stattmtnt that **all outragts or dtpredations should bt

followtd up promptly, and punishtd at all iiai ards and at

any cost* Any Itnitnot which comts in to prtvtnt extroist

of kindness is an txpenelvt and mistaktn kindntss, which

is surt to end in great sufferin ^ caused by tht ntcesalty

for greater severity. ** ^

Brisi;:aditr Central John Pope, who had replaced Shtrldan

as commandtr of tht Department of i issouri, i6«arned tht

Indians that tht military inttndtd to conduct a winttr

campaign* fhost Indians professine. to bt friendly ^exe

HNWM

* < hile the Qheyennes operated in western Kansas, tht

Klowas and CoiTiianchts raided to the f?outh.

^^'^.iellact and Hotbel, 0£. ^ U . , 6iit.

^\nnual Keport of Jfeht Comiaisf ioner ot Indian Affairs for lB7TrTroua'e fcJtteuTTvt Document, No. 1, 4S Cont^ress, rte^rHon,TT5r

141

dirtottd to bt tnroXltd on thtir rtstrvations by winttr

and to answtr roll call; othtrwist thty mxe to bt treatad

as fots. ether tiian tht i\rapahots who rtmaintd at ptaot,

ftw Of tht Indians responut to the order. Indian Agtnt

J* D. Milts for tht Ohtytnnts and Arapahots rtporttd on

Stpttmbtr 30 that 1,800 Gheyenmn ^.exe «absent without

Itavt and , , . hostile. »» ^ Only ^80 of tht tribt had

enroiltd at tht agency. '

?opt*9 plan of action was to send fivt oolumns of

troops into Indian ftrritory txoai all sidts, tnoircling

tht Indians and either to annihilate thtm or to forct thtir

surrtndtr. From Fort Dodge Oolontl Htl??on A. itiles with

740 men was to mote south via Cai»p Bupply in a dirtot routt

toward tht Anttlopt riille; Major w. R. Prist with a part

of tht iSighth G&lvary vms to advance ea?t from Fort Union,

Htw Mtxico, along tht Oanadian toward tht Antlopo Hills

and join l!iles 'or aot indeptndtntly, as oiroumstancts

might dictate." In Ttxa^, colonel H. S. haoKQuaie with

E72 men was to move north from tht head-aters of tht

Bramos to tht heau..citer3 of tht Ked Hi vers Colonel J. i?,

X avidfjon with a co&mand was to opertite .vent cdong tht

m '\nnmxl report of ^tht Coamis-^ioner of Indian Afiairs for 1874;,"'!:ou^e jlxtcuTrve Documtnt, ^ o. 1, 4;5 congrtss, d eijsion, o41.

37 T!ou?=ie ' ^ecu t iv t Document, No. 1, 4b Congror:!.9^ 2 . e s -

. • — — i n ^mmmmmimmm-~mmmmmmmt mmmmmtmmmmmKm^mmm

s ion, r'art I I , 4>u,

14£

'Washita aivtr froa Fort Slll{ Colonel a. p, Butll with

Six calvary troopa and two Infantry companies was to move

jfroa Fcfft Sill up tht aain Ked hivtr into tht region

bttwttn Davidson and KaclCtn it.*

Miles was tht first to ene a e the Inuians* He tn­

counttrtd a band on August iO btfort aettin^ Prict aad,

"afttr a rapid pursuit for stven suocer sive days of tht

body of /Sbout Zt^ Qheyenne Indians among whom \exe a

numbtr of . , * Oowaa and Gomanchto, Colontl liilts over-

39 took tht ooiiibined forot on tht banks of Ktd hivtr."

Milts sucottdtd in routing tht rtd men and pursued them

for thirty (sales onto the Staked Plains before being

40 forced to withdraw on aocount of a rhortagt of supplits.

Fries tncounttrtd a largt party of Klowas bttween r>wett-

iwattr Creek and the a' hita on Septembtr 1«- but was unablt 41

to overtakt thtm when thty ltd. Davidson marchtd north

of tht ^Uchita i lountainsj aid headtd for tht North Fork of

tht -ed Kiver; ht skirted tht edge of the Gtaktd ; lains

south to tht Ked Kivtr and thtn returntd to if'ort 3111.

,8 Ibid., ;i7.

^^Houae £xtoutivt Document, No. 1, 44 Congresn, 1 --ero­s ion , j;-^irTTi7**7rr

^^Ibid. 7^-74; Me In on A, S i l e s , ptraon&l i ecjollections (rcw yorl7"U97T, 170; Hichaid'^oi, 0£, c i i , , ZoT. ^

41 1' Moonty, loc , c i t . , --U, J

14a

Most of tht Indians fltd from him into tht dtpth of Palo

^uro Uanyon or into tht Braa,os bad lands.

Davidson appartntly stt tht Indians u,p for l'ac.:en;iie

Viho on Stpttmbtr Z7 struok tht most sevtrt blow of tht

campaign, MaoKtnait had moved up tht Cltar Fork and

htadtd for Falo X>uro Canyon, When he rtachtd fult canyon

ntar its Jur^ctlon vsdth tht Palo Puro, «ht looktd down upon

iiuadrtds of tipis strttchtd for milts along tht bottom of

iht canyon. »^^ In tht battlt that followtd tht solditrs

^tstroytd tvtry tipi and capturtd somt 1,400 horses which

thty substquently killtd, iithout mounts tht Indians

atrt hobbltd.^*

'Piiroughout tht fall cf 1874 and tht succeeding winter,

tht Indians wtre followed day and night by the calvary,

0tntral Milts lattr recalled that "vaaencver tht Indians

could be found they f.ere followed as lon_ as their trail

could \ie traced. "^^ Butll attacktd a ^roup of red men in

Qxeex County, Texas, on October 9; four ctys later Price

struck another party in lemphill Cou-iti-. ^n ".oveu ber 9 a

bane of Qhtyenne?? wa* discovered and caotured by a oalvary

tmmtmmmmmmtmmmmmmmmmmimiitmmmmmmmm

*^BBlla9e and i-oetel, 0£. tflt.. ^^T

^Slooney, loc. o i t , , - H*

*^.;:iles, o£. o i t . , 17i.

144

forct undtr lltuttnant Frank Baldwin on MoCltllan Crtek

in rhttltr County. ^

^exy ftw of tht Indiana mxe killtd in the eni^eiS^--

ments with tht calvary, and virtually nont of tht warriors

wtrt capturtd. 'owever, their mounts and supplies wtrt

too dtplettd for thtm to oontinat their exlstenet on tht

plains. ath tht siolditra constantly searching for thtm,

tht Indiana could no longtr find saftty in any location,

ont by ont tht Indian bands straggltd in to thtir

resptctlvt agtnaits and surrtndtrtd unconditionally. Tht

last of tht Klowas reported to thtir reservation agency

in February, 187£. In ...arch "tht main Cheyenne villat e

undtr Gray Beard, Heap 0« Birds, Stone Calf, Bull Bear,

and riiinor chiei'; , surrendered to miles a short distanct

from tht fSheyenne and Arapt hcJ a; enoy." Thret months

4 D Two of the Oera.aint sister^^ that ht u been captur td

i n western ^ansas 'ik-exe recovered in t a i s en 'a. .ement. The other two wtrt rvubseq^.tntly tur'ned over to the wiiites by another e>i'oup .vl.o voluntar^ily -unende red .

47 Loonty, l oc , ai t , , ^11 , .- 14. while tne proocnsiri.;

of p r i sone r s vvar; ;„oin^, on, a younji breve 'ntun^^ to lUbdnesg ' by t h t tauntn oi squav.'^, '*teiokeG cyex ti;e blaokBtuith' and atteriipted to escape, but wa- -^hot ana 'ciiled by the guards, Tht f ir ing- of the veapons oau^ec a cUsturb&'ioe among the Indians and when a force of troop? approached to e^ '- is t the t uards in oontroi l i r io tktiu, ....ny oi the Che^-ennen fled to a "nearby s andh i l l where they hac: hidden s^xxns and au*-ffiunitlon before j^urrc'^.c^erin,,, The trcopr. ^^^aulteu the h i l l but without suvjoea^t. r^u-in^'. the n i^h t , the Cheyennes t h a t had taken leiu.^e on the h i l l '^soaptd to Join t h t i r kinsmen north ot the "li t t e .

146

lattr, tht last of tht Comanches surrtndtrtd at Fort

am*

fht Plains Indians wtrt btat in . fh is timt thtrt

wtrt no ptact counci l s , no prts tnts , 211^ Cneytnnts wtrt

no longtr tht scourgt of tht Kansas front i tr . the vivid

d t scr ip t ion Of tht d t s t i tu t ion of tht Chtyennts givtn hy

Agtnt Miles r t f l t c t s their condition:

«^^*^*^*^^ ^^ lodgts , and tht most ordinaiy of o^ti^f^^^^f^f^''*. " ^ ''^ P^«^«^' -^ othtr mtans afd^^rv^f^^J^i*"? for wood or water; hal i starved. ^ 1 . 1 ^ 2 ^^}Vt ^? ^^^» ""''^ ^earetly anything that could bt aa l l td olothin,, , thty mxe truly obftcts of p i ty ; and for the firjst tii .e the Cheytnnes stta^td to realiiet the power of the Governmtnt and their own i n a t i l i t y to jopt successfully thtrtwith.*®

Tht 'ring l e a e t r s ' and «?,or^t cri . i n a s ' of a l l tht

Houthern Plains tr ibes wtrt s?ufc'?equently sent to prison '

at Fort Marion, i l o r i d a . General i i l e n wrote that Gtntral

Sheridan declared that ^the 0= i:.pcii ,n w f not only very

ccfftprehtnsive, but was the iiio t succesr^fui of any Inciian

oampcvi n in tht country. "*^ The Adjutant General of

Kansas wrote in 1671 that the oampaii n had "t.iven peact

and stvjurity to our irof.tier 53ettlers, ' ^

43 ^^Annu&l Etyort oX the wQ.Ld^^ioner of Indian Affairs for 187^, House i^xtcuirvt Dcou...ent, Ko. 1. 44 flohir'essT l l ^ t s s i o n , 771.

49 Miles , ££ . £ 1 ^ . , 181,

60 Annual litport of the -^.^ut-^rt Generfel of the Statt of Kansas for 1^7^, 1. ' "^ '" u.

140

Mth tht olost of tht war> tht Indians slowly ad-

justtd thtm-^tlvts to thtir new life. They could do

nothing tlst, txotpt ptrish. Tht ohiefs who had ltd thtm

on tht warpath wtrt dtad or in prison; iheir horsts had

been taken from thtm*, military posts and iarrisons had

been established in their midst; and the tuiifclo was fast

fipapptaring. fht rtd mtn wtrt powtiltPS in the hands of

tht white*', and "with a ^eeg sign of rc: rtt for thtir

venishtd sovereignty thty littrally put thtir hands to

tht plow and endtavored . . . to iollow tht v.hitt mux^B

road* '• ^

Only ont othtr Indian raid brokt tht tranquility of

tht Kansas frontitr. The incident oould possibly havt

been avoidtd if tht ftdtral goverximent ixad ivtn to a

band of northern Cheyennes undtr Chitf l>ull iCnife its

permission to ^ucve to a re? .crvation north of tht Platte.

fhe longing of the noxthexn Cheyennes to i^o homt to tht

Fowdtr Eivtr Country aau^td them to brtak from tht rtser-

vation in Stpttmbtr, 1&7B, and to procetd northward across

wtsttrn Kansas* ' A pursuing military forct discovtrtd

thtm tamptd near Poison Creek In Clerk county, Kansas.

^h \Looncy, lpQ.0 c i t , , clb,

^^Annui l heport of the Coimissioner oi Inuian ^.ifairs for 1879> Hou3e -ixeouTIvr^c^maent, ^ o, 1, io congress, T^.e-nBTon.TU: '

147

holding tht s o l d i t r s at bay a l l day. tht t n t i r t group t s -

captd undtr cover of darkntss and oontinutd th t i r journty

sa fe ly to th t i r d t s t ine t ion ,^^

Tht troops k i l l t d a large numbtr of tht Indian ponies

m tht canyon l i g h t , and, oonse^utntly, the rtd mtn

harassed tht -ansas front i tr . t t t l t r n a l l along tht ir routt|

m an ef fort to secure re;.ounts and a suf f io i tn t food

supply. Upon rtaching tht Powdtr lUvtr country, tht Indians

surrendered t o f t d t r a l author i t i t s who allowtd thta to xe^

tiain unpunishtd on a reservation ntar t it ir tcxmex homt.

. i i ter t h i s tpisodt the western Cansas s t t t l t r s no

longtr heard tht bloodthirsty y t l i s ol savatt Indians or

f e l t tht cold s t e e l oi their Sj.lpini.' knives. vith the

Indians i eace fu l ly s e t t l ed on th t i r reservations, the

f ront i t r *%cved vestward rapidly. General Miles observed

that af ter the Indian raid?? had been : t l t e d "tht vest

area of co^mtry . . . ovei -Ahiah Indians and buff s l o t s and

v^ild horsts thtn roamtd, s?' a yex^' le-^ y e ' i s afterward

transformed into a !=«eries of peaceful corh unitien^ "et t l t -

Intnts gradually e.\tendtd t. c.fitlver? over tht val leys and

f e r t i l e pl i i ins ." The cema'^ i i a e s :?apport /Li,3

•Ma

'H. A, ilc:;eal, fihen ^ >?ap »a8 ^oung (Xew York, Iji^d) C3u-88* """"^

£ 4 X1

. iles, ££. ^it., 180.

148

stattaant* la 1870, northwtsttrn iCansas had only ^4,681

inhabitants* By 1880, a;S6,&£l4 ptoplt had madt thtir homts

in that stat ion. Southwtsttrn iiansas containtd a popu­

lat ion of 3,«38 in 1870; ttn years l a t t r , 154,473 ptopla

wtrt thtr t .

An early wtsttrn Kansas plonetr noted that with tht

pasaing of tht Indian menaot ''tht country dtveloptd 58 rapidly." Ptrhaps indicative of this assertion art

tht crop production reports for two important wtsttrn •

Kansas crops, in 1870 only 299,710 bushtls of Tihtat wtrt

productd; nine years la ter , 8g70iB,877 bushels of whtat

wtrt rtporttd, Similarly, the afsount of corn raised in

1070 was but 83^,509 bushtls} in 1879, 30,£18,b0£ bushtls &7

wtrt productd.

In tbt long period of disturbtd relations bt twttn

tht ?lain« Indians and the whites, i t i s not .diff icult to

* a* ' . Bureau of tht Ctnsus, Ninth Ctnsua of tht Unittd States: 1870. Population, 1 (Washington, lITT), B-aOi f, '^."VMremTof the census. Tenth Ctnsus of tht United s tates: 1B80. .-'u;.al. tion, I (V»c.3hington, ISTO),

___I^HM>MMMiiM> II mill mmmmmmm

80-61, ^ J . F. Doran, "Kan??a8 nixty Ytars H^O," in ganaaa

Statt a is torical Colltotiong, -.v iii^ 19-19^;i), 49;i.

^^a '•". 'uxeau et the Census, Ninth CenJ5us £x the uni ttd States; 1870. -^e^lth arid Industry, III msKTng'tbn, ' l 8 7 l T r i ^ - ^ - ^ ' * . . bureau of tue census, Tenth Ctnsus of tht Unittd Statts: 1880. Agriculturt, TrrTri?ashington,nrayTrri^s-i«y-

149

Stt that tha rod sian had somt just gritvancts, in an

tffort to makt room for tht rapidly dtvtloplng frontitr,

tht ftdtral govtraitnt movtd tht Indians about from ont

rtstrv&tlon to anothtr, tach succeeding ont smalltr than

btfort. The Indians appartntly feared that nont of thtir

foratr lands and hunting grounds wtre to bt Itft to thtm,

and, constqutntly, thty took to raiding in an tffort to

discouragt iiaeiigration.

Tht Chtytants had othtr grltvanots in tht bloody Sand

fa Crttk tpisodt and In Mancock's warlikt cjcptditlon into

thtir oountry whtn thty wtrt at peace. It is improbablt

that with tht whitt population pressing upon thtm that tht

Indians in tithtr cast intendtd to kttp tht ptact.

Ghivlngton»s siistakt grtatly influtnotd tht insti­

gation of tht first peace policy which could not last; tht

ladians would not /ivt u.^ thtir way of lift without a

fight. Thtxefore, only tht army could dtal suoctssfully

with tht hostllt indin^. Ka« tht military bttn allowtd

to continue tht forct policy after 1869, tht Indian prob­

lem might havt Men stttltd then. Inateac, tht <<uaktr

ptact policy was initiated, and tht problem beoain; as

grave as ever. The difficulty was magnified when horst

thieves provoked tht Glicyennes into ! o itility agair, and

the problem was further intenf iiied by tht great bufialo

j,lea,ihter. Tht la^t outbreak of 1874 finally caused the

ICO

iJvr, ftdtral govtrnmtnt to rtall^t that only forct could stop

tha Indians froa raiding and bring ptact to tht frontitr.

Throughout tht dtcadt 1860-187h tht Indian and tht

whitt man clashed on tht Kansas frontitr, tht formtr dt-

ftndlng his happy hunting grounds, the latter struggling

to occupy and utiliat them, fht Indian fought with all

tht ftrooiousntss that nature had instilled into him to

rtptl tht whitt Invadtr; but in tht ent, he was defeated

and forcibly plactd on a reservation to walk tht whltt

jaan*s road. Tht grtattst barrltr to tht stttltmtnt of

wtsttrn Kansas had bttn rtmoirtd.

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