Index - ISEAS Publishing

Index

AAbdurrahman Wahid

end of discriminatory regulations against Chinese population, 165

Abu Bakar, 33Age of Commerce, 10Aguinaldo, Emilio (General), 39Alaungsithu, 120Anawrahta

Bagan King, 119offering, 120reign of, 127

Ang Kwee Kee, 105anti-Chinese policies

Spanish colonial authorities, 36anti-Japanese activities, 101Aquino, Corazon, 58APINDO (Indonesian Association of

Entrepreneurs), 167ASEAN-5, 189, 198

foreign direct investments in, 217technological structure, 190visitors from APEC, 203

ASEAN-China Dialogue, 23ASEAN-China relations, 57ASEAN+3, 23, 47, 54, 59

ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF), 23, 47, 54

ASEAN’s Treaty of Amity and Cooperation, 23

Asian Development Bank (ADB), 198

Asian Development Bank Outlook, 207assimilation, 138, 139atomic bomb, 62Aung-Thwin, 121Australia, 145Ayutthaya, 11

BBabai, 125Bagan, 118

invasion of, 128Bagan Empire, 123Bagan Yazawin, 119, 130Bagan Yazawinthit, 117Bahasa Indonesia, 156

importance of, 171Bandung

Regional Administrative Officials, 172

Bannya Dala, 117Banten, 13

12 Con_Dist Index.indd 253 10/5/09 4:09:26 PM

Masiah

Text Box

Reproduced from Connecting and Distancing: Southeast Asia and China edited by Ho Khai Leong (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2009). This version was obtained electronically direct from the publisher on condition that copyright is not infringed. No part of this publication may be reproduced without the prior permission of the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. Individual articles are available at < http://bookshop.iseas.edu.sg >

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254 Index

barbarian vassal state, 7barter trade, 32Batavia, 13

junk trade, 11Battacharya, A., 189Bayinnaung (King), 117, 126Biao Zhun Dui

tea from Taiwan, 108bilateral commercial agreements, with

China, 21black tea, 107Bourdieu, Pierre, 138British Borneo

Chinese migration, 17British forces

return to Singapore, 64British Malaya

Chinese population, 18British Royal Air Force, 64Brunei

visitors from China, 203BTEC Higher National Diploma, 143,

152Buddhist pilgrimages, 6Buddhist temples, 166Bureau of Commerce

Qing government, 78Bureau of International Trade

Xiamen City, 104Burma

bilateral commercial agreements with China, 21

see also MyanmarBurman Ava, 116Burmese Chronicles, 116Buttinger, Joseph, 234

CCable Vision, 167Caktiong, Tony Tan, 58Cambodia, 199

bilateral commercial agreement with China, 21

Vietnamese occupation of, 21visitors from China, 203

Cameron Highlands, 104Campos, Jose Yao, 58Canton, 13Central Government, 88Central People’s Government

Beijing, 104Central Kingdom, 4Central Trust of China, 106Ceylon, 101Champa, 6, 11Chan, Antonio, 58Chan, Jose Mari, 58Chang Pi Shi, 89Cheah Yee Tean, 87Cheli, 125Chen Yun, 206Cheong Fatt Zte, 97Chiang Kai-shek, 43, 66

Northern Expedition, 101Chiang Mai Initiative (CMI), 188Chiangmai Chronicle, 115China

ancient route linking with Southeast Asia, 12

average family income, 144averting direct competition with,

201barter trade, 21comparative advantage and

disadvantage, 197cultural hegemony, 232diplomatic relations, Indonesia, 22diplomatic relations with, 46domestic market, 205economic emergence, 187economic relationship

with Southeast Asia, complementary, 198

emergence and policy implications, 196–204

exchange missions with Sulu, 33


Index 255

exports of products, 199family ties, 145Filipino investments in, 48, 53First Five-Year Plan, 20foreign trade, 21GDP growth, 196high technology products, 190imports, 191imports from ASEAN, 193increase in market share, 189–94investment opportunities, 201–203labour-intensive light

manufacturing, 199manufactured exports, 223office rentals, 200opening of, 188outward investment from, 204patriotism, Singapore tea merchants,

102perceptions of, overseas tea traders,

100–14Philippines, reconnecting, 44Philippines trade with, 47post-War peaceful unification, 65private property rights, 200re-engagement with global economy,

221reconnection with, 46regional export structure,

coefficients, 190rival of U.S., 31service sector, 202size of market, 201–203Southeast Asia, long-term historical

review, 3–30Southeast Asian studies in, 4techonological structure, 190third largest trading nation, 188threat to NIEs, 192trade structure, 188trading partner, 104tributary system, 131view of Southeast Asia, 4

visitors from, 203wages, 200war of resistance, 65

China-American Tea Company, 106China-ASEAN Free Trade Area

(CAFTA) , 23, 47, 54China-ASEAN Strategic Partnership

Agreement, 47China-ASEAN trade, 24China-Dutch Indies trade, 11China-Myanmar relations, 115China-Southeast Asia relations, 4, 20,

22China students

academic performance, 141assimilation into local society, 146better education attainments, 142cultural characteristics, 141employment in China, 148horizontal movement across

national borders, 141length of stay, 144news from China, 145plans after completion of study, 147possible migrants, Singapore, 139relations which China, 141restrictions, 155scholarships, 144Singapore, 140

position temporarily fixed, 149support for fees, 143

China Tea Company (CTC), Xiamen branch, 105

Chineseborn in Philippines, 55long-term interaction, 11

Chinese Communist Party (CCP), 103Chinese Community Association,

Malaya, 71Chinese Cosmo Pageant Indonesia,

154Chinese cultural identity

translocal, 159


256 Index

Chinese culturepractising, 170

Chinese flag, significance, 67Chinese General Chamber of

Commerce, 65, 66, 67, 70Chinese government, initiatives

towards Philippines, 50Chinese imperialism, 18Chinese junk trade, 10Chinese language

erosion of, 181Thailand, 3, 4

Chinese Massacre (1740), 155Chinese media

Indonesia, 164Chinese merchants, sojourn in

Southeast Asia, 11Chinese mestizos, 38Chinese migration

mid-19th to mid-20th century, 15Philippines, 17Southeast Asia, 10

Chinese Muslim traders, 9Chinese nationalism, 76Chinese nationalist identity, 72Chinese new migrants, Singapore, 140Chinese New Year

celebrations at Jakarta Fair, 167, 173

national holiday in Indonesia, 165Chinese reactionary group, 245Chinese Revolutionary Party, 80Chinese special envoys, tributary

system, 6Chinese Town Hall, 77, 78, 80, 83, 89Chinese trader, as middlemen, 36Chinese traders

Filipino traders, 32linking with Filipino traders, 32

Chineseness, 170chu nom, 249Cojuangco, Eduardo, 58Cold War, 18–21

end of, 22Philippines, anti-China stance, 43

colonialism, Western, 16common factors, 191communist

guerillas, 19organizations, 43

Coser, Lewis, 63culture

China students in Singapore, 141practising, 170

DDai Viet, 15Dasmarina, Gomez, 35de Artera, Diego, 35de Keizer, Madelon, 62de Sande, Francisco, 35Dee, Howard, 58Deng Xiao Peng, 187, 206Dewey, George (Commodore), 39Diamond Jubilee

Queen Victoria, 93diplomatic relations

China and Indonesia, 22direct equity investments, Chinese

overseas direct, 204Director of Transportation, 84Donation for the Relief and Security

of Guangdong and Fujian Provinces, 76, 77, 83, 87

Dong Bei Jiang, flood victims in, 91Dong Son, 232dual allegiance, 69–72Dutch colonial powers, 155Dutch disease, 207Dutch Indies, 13

liberal period, 17

EEarly Harvest Programme, 188East Asia

export dependencies, 225


Index 257

investment statistics, 222new regionalism, 219–26production of cotton textiles, 213regionalization, 212

East Asian regionalization, 226Economic Analytical Unit, 196economic integration, 220European regional project, 221European Union, 221export ratios

intra-regional, 224

FFa Xian, travel to India, 7Faure, David, 233Filipino Chinese

Christians, 55list of outstanding, 58use of Chinese surnames, 55

Filipino Chinese (Tsinoys)Min-Nan as lingua franca, 55

financial crises, 221flying-geese pattern, 200Flying Tigers, 163Foo Choo Choon, 90, 97foreign direct investment

by country, 195China, 187, 194

Foreign Policy Council, 46free trade area, 24Frienship Pass, 244Fujian province, 55Fujian Provincial Government, 101Fujian tea

competition with Taiwan teas, 106–108

quality, 107Funan, 6Fuqing Association, 166

GGajah Mada, 165Gan Wei Hoon, 103

German Bundestag, 220Ghosh, S., 189Giddens, Anthony, 180Glass Palace Chronicle, 115globalization, 22–24

notion of Indonesian Chinese, 157transmission of values, 159

Glodok, 165Goh Say Eng, 78, 79, 93Gokongwei, John, 58Gotianun, Andrew, 58government-linked corporations

(GLCs), 202Gremio de Chinos, abolishment of, 40Gresik, 13Guang Fu Gong, 91Guangdong, 55

Relief Operation Centre, 91Guangzhou, 12guanxi, 14, 158Guanxi-Lang Son borderlands

Friendship Pass, 244Guo Ju Ri Bao, 167

HHainan, 12, 14Hakka Association, 166Halbwachs, Maurice, 62Hall, Stuart, 154, 178Han dynasty, 6, 7Hanthawati period, 126Harian Indonesia, 166high-yen crisis, 214Hiroshima, 62Ho Chi Minh, 242Ho Chi Minh City, 243Ho Chi Minh Museum, 247Hokkien Association, 166Hong Kong, 55, 159

export of, 107manufactured exports, 223

Hmannan, 117, 119, 120, 131Hu Jintao, 74


258 Index

Huang Xing, 88huaqiao, 158Huks, 43Hutabarat, Victor, 168

Iideological barriers, disappearance of,

22imagined dreamland, Chinese media,

164imagined nostalgia, 160, 162, 165imagined security, 161India, 13, 101Indian Ocean, 12Indonesia, 199


Centre of Strategic and International Studies, 177

China’s threat to, 192Chinese education in, 182Chinese in, 153–84, 155Chinese-language schools, 156colonial period, 180communist guerillas, 19cultural identity of Chinese, 153diplomatic relations, China, 22Flying Tigers, 163Lembaga Sensor Film, 161manufactured exports, 223manufacturers of motorcycles, 199May (1998) riots, 157, 161Miss Chinese Cosmos Pageant, 171pribumi, 180visitors from China, 203

Indonesian Chineseblood brotherhood initiation, 164Buddhist temples, 166cultural identity, 165–67notion of hybridity, 179pastiche personality, 157role of media, 160–65social chameleon, 157

Indonesian International Trade Fair (1955), 21

Indovision, 167internal development, Chinese culture,

232International Society for the Study of

Chinese Overseas, 152Inwa, 123–26Inwa period, 127

JJakarta Fair Ground, 154Jakarta Post, 169Jali-Jali, 168Jansen, W.J., 189Japan, 212

commodity exports, 214competition with NIE, 218cross-border trade surplus, 227foreign investment, 215industrial restructuring, 215intra-regional export ratio, 223official surrender, 64surrender in Singapore, 64

Japanese investments, 215, 226Java, 15, 17Jian Chang Hang Tea Merchant, 105Johor, 11Johor Bahru, 68Joint Declaration on Strategic

Partnership, with ASEAN, 23Joo Hiang Tea Merchant, 102junk trade, 11

Manila-China, 37

KKAISA-Angelo King Heritage Center,

60Kang Tai, 6King Kiling of Butuan, 32King of Spain, 35King of Sulu, 8Khoo Beng Cheang, 78, 79, 94


Index 259

Khoo Cheow Teong, 85, 96Khoo Ewe Bee, 83Ko Chung Cheng, 102Koh Hoon Peng, 102, 103Korean War, 43Kota Cina, 15Kuala Lumpur, 68kung fu serials, impact on Indonesian

Chinese, 161Kuomintang (KMT), 101Kusuma, Eddie, 178Kwong Wah Yit Poh, 93Kyawswa, 122

LLaksono, Sylvia Agung, 172Lall, Sanjaya, 222land trading route, 12lantern parade, 71Lao Cai, 241Laos, 14, 199

visitors from China, 203Laurel-Langley Agreement, 46Le Le Association, 91Leong Lok Hing, 83, 84, 87, 96Lian Yingzhou, 66Liang Houzhou, 67, 68liberal period, 17Lieberman, Victor, 130Lim, Alfredo, 58Lim Ewe Hong, 89Lim Joo Teck, 84, 89, 94Lim Keng Lian, 102, 103, 105Lim Kim Thye Tea Merchant, 103, 105Lim Seng Hooi, 95Lim Sioe Liong, 159Lim, Vincente (Gen), 58Limahong, 35Lin Wen Qin, 87Locke, P.V., 95Lontong Cap Go Meh, 168Luce, G.H., 117Luzon, traders from, 32

MMa-hala-chih, 32Madura, 17Magellan, Ferdinand, 33Mahayazawingyi, 116, 119Mahayazawinthit, 116Mai-i, 33

traders from, 32main trade route, 12Makassar, 14Makdum, 33Malacca, 68Malay Peninsula, 14Malaya


communist guerillas, 19conflict of double allegiance, 71decolonization, 110

Malaysiacautious interchange with, 23China’s threat to, 192hub for halal food, 200manufactured exports, 223New Economic Policy, 201visitors from China, 203

Manchu administration, 76Manila, 14

junk trade, 11Manila-China junk trade, 37manufactured exports, technological

structure, 191manufacturing, labour intensive,

198–200market positioning, 222Marcos, Ferdinand, 46, 58maritime private trade, 9–15Mattli, Walter, 221Maung Maung Lay, 15Maw Shan, 125Mawtonmawkaysa, 124Melaka, 11Metro TV, 167


260 Index

Miandian, 125Military Government of Hubei, 82Military Governor of Guangdong,

91Miao people, 241Min Guo calendar, 69Ming China, 126Ming dynasty, 8Ming period, 10Ming Shi-lu, 124, 125, 129Minkyinyo, 126Minyekyawswa, 123Miss Chinese Cosmos Pageant,

171–76, 176Indonesia, 174

mobility multiplier, 162Mon, history of, 117Mon Hanthawati, 116Mongol

dynasty, 128invasion, 129, 130

Mubang, 125multilateral organizations

China’s participation, 23multinational companies

risk diversification, 201Municipal Commissioner for

Georgetown, 79, 81Mutual Defence Treaty, with United

States, 43Myanmar, 124

Inwa, 123–26relations with China, 115–33tributary of Tarup-China, 127visitors from China, 203

Myanmar-China relations, 118Myanmar-Taungngu, 126Myinsaing, 121–23

NNanjing, 65Nanjing Treaty, 17Nanyang, 4

Nanyang Siang Pau, 63, 64, 67, 69, 107, 108

Narathihapate, 129Nat

spirits and dieties, 131nation building, 18–21National Archives of Singapore (NAS),

110National Donation, 87, 88, 89National Government, Nanjing, 101National People’s Congress, Nanjing,

103National Security Council, 46Neubronner, H.A., 79, 94New Concept of Secuirty and Peaceful

Rise/Development, 23new regionalism, 219Nine Dragon River, 12Nine Three, victory of, 68

OOman, 223Omocon, 35Ong, Aihwa, 158Ongpin, Bobby, 58Ooi Huck Boon, 84original equipment manufacturing

(OEM), 219Osmena, Sergio Sr, 58Ou Yang Ri Kui, 87overseas Chinese, 16

allegiance of, 70case of Penang, 92identity, 68Malaya, 76national construction of post-War

China, 68patriotic sentiment, 72relations with China, 19Singapore

Chinese nationalistic identity, 69fight against Japanese, 63

tea traders, 100–14


Index 261

Overseas Chinese Affairs Commission (OCAC), 109

Overseas Chinese Commission, 104

PPaduka Batara, 32Paduka Prabu, 32Paduka Suli, 33Pangasinan, 33Pangestu, Mari E., 171Panggabean, Ghea, 173Panthay, 15Parian, 36Partai Komunis Indonesia (PKI), 156Patani, 11, 13patriotic Chinese organizations, 102Paua, Ignacio (General), 38, 58pauchong tea, 111Pe Maung Tin, 117Pearl River Film Company, 93Pek Kim Aw, 102Peking Treaty (1860), 17Penang

Cantonese community, 91Chinese, 76Chinese Town Hall, 91contributions by Chinese in, 81donation promoters, 86leadership of Chinese community,

77National Donation, 87

end of campaign, 91negative reaction, 89

passiveness, 90remittance to China after Wuchang

uprising, 83Penang Chinese Chamber of

Commerce (PCCC), 77, 80Penang Conference, 81, 88Penang Gazette, 79Penang Philomathic Union, 77Penang Sin Poe, 88, 90People’s Daily Overseas Edition, 167

People’s Political Council, Chongqing, 103

pepper, 14Perak, Chinese Protector, 90Phayre, Arthur, 121Philippine-China bilateral agreements,

49Philippine-China connection, 33Philippine-China relation, socio-

cultural, 54–56Philippine-China relations, 31–61

after 1991, 47–54American occupation, 42deepening connections, 47–54present day, 57

Philippine-China trade, 37American Occupation, 41Spanish occupation (1855 to 1895),

38Philippine culture, Chinese influences, 57Philippine government

initiatives towards China and Filipino-Chinese, 49

Philippine Revolution, 38Philippine-U.S. Treaty of Friendship,

Cooperation and Security, 47Philippines

abolishment of Gremio de Chinos, 39China’s threat to, 192Chinese investments in, 48, 52Chinese migration, 17colonial rule of U.S., 31Communist guerillas, 19ethnic Chinese born in, 55foreign trade (1899), 37major trading partners, 52manufactured exports, 223positioning with China, 56–59preferential access to U.S. markets, 46reconnecting with China, 44, 46relations with China, (1565) to

(1975), 34–44Spanish colonial rule, 35–39


262 Index

trade with China, 44, 47, 51trade with Taiwan, 45visitors from China, 203World War II, 40

Plaza Accord (1985), 213Plaza Senayan, 165post-World War II, 42Presidential Decision Directive, 88private trade, ban on, 12Pus, Philip, 161Pyuminhti

victory over Tarup, 129

QQincai, land struggle, 241Qing dynasty, 6, 9, 82Qing government, 15Qiu Jin Jing, 97Quanzhou Harbour, 12Queen Victoria

Diamond Jubilee, 93Quirino, Elpidio, 42

RRaja Baginda, 33Ratepayers’ Association, 79, 80Reformasi, 154regionalism, definition, 220Reid, Anthony, 11Ren Jian, 168Republic of China (ROC), 43, 88

continued recognition of, 108–10reunification by Kuomintang

(KMT), 101Rimbunan Hijau Group, 93Rizal, Jose 39, 58Romulo, Carlos P., 45Ruiz, St. Lorenzo, 58

SSt. Francis Baccalaurate, 143, 152St. Francis Methodist School (SFMS),

142

Second Myanmar Empire, 126semi-fermented tea, 107Serif Kabungsuan, 33Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome

(SARS), 194Shan, 116, 124Shang Bao Ri Bao, 167Shantou Chamber of Commerce,

Guangdong province, 104Shanxi province, 175Shin Thilawuntha, 117Shizu Zhiyuan, 128Silalahi, Harry Tjan, 177Silicon Valley, 206silks, 13Singapore, 14, 145

China students, 137–52China’s threat to, 192Chinese communities, literature on,

150Chinese new migrants, 140Chinese tea traders, 100–14diplomatic relations with China,

140English-speaking nation, 146hub of halal food, 200internationalized education

environment, 141manufactured exports, 223part of Malaya, 68return of British forces, 64St. Francis Methodist School

(SFMS), 142visitors from China, 203

Singapore Chinese Mobilization Council, 103

Singapore Chinese Tea Importers and Exporters Association (SCTIEA), 100, 110

cost of tea rising, 104loyalty to ROC, 108patriotism towards China, 102report on Taiwanese tea trade, 106


Index 263

rise in cost of tea, 104trade missin to Taiwan, 105–106

Singapore-Malaysia Trade Mission, to Taiwan, 105

Singapore Tea Merchants Association, 100

Sino-French War, 240Sino-United States rapprochement, 21Sino-Vietnamese relations, 22, 233,

237borderline demarcation, 239

Sino-Vietnamese tension, 21Society Ordinance, 78socio-cultural gap, 4, 5Soeharto era, 154Song period, 12South Korea

developing domestic economies, 219

invesments abroad, 216manufactured exports, 223

South Sulawesi, 13Southeast Asia, 189, 194

ancient route linking with China, 12

benefit from relations with China, 5Chinese migration into, 10communist guerillas, 19engagement of big powers, 5strategic policy implications,

187–207view of China, 4

as dangerous adversary, 19Spain, colonialization of Philippines,

34spice trade, 180Spratly Island, 22, 238, 244Steering Committee for Vietnam-

China Bilateral Cooperation, 239Straits Chronicle, 79Straits Echo, 80Straits Settlements, 95

British nationals, 95

strategic partnership, 22–24Suara Pembaruan, 169Sulu, 32

exchange missions with China, 33Sulu Sultanate, 34Sun Dao Ren, 84Sun Yat-sen, 68, 76, 77, 81Sung Dynasty, 32Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, 154, 181Suyenti, 176, 178

symbol of acculturation, 174Sy, Henry, 58Sycip, Albino, 58Sycip, Alexander, 58Sycip, Washington, 58Sydartha, Myra, 173

TTabinshwehti, 126Tagaung dynasty, 118Taiwan, 55, 66, 159, 211–29

competition with Fujian teas, 106–108

dependence on Chinese market, 227

developing domestic economies, 219

manufactured exports, 223Philippine’s relations with, 43trade balances with China, 225trade mission of SCTIEA, 105–106trade with Philippines, 45

Taiwan policy, 43Taiwan Strait, 220Taiwanese pauchong tea, 111Taiwanese Strait, 22Tan Kah Kee, 103Tan, Lucio, 58Tan Sin Cheng, 78, 79, 94Tang dynasty, 8Tarian Nusantara, 168Tarup, 116, 117

preference for Kyawswa, 122


264 Index

Tarup-China, Burmese perception of, 129

Tarup-China relations, 126–29Taruppye, 120Taungngu, 124, 126tea

important trading commodity, 13promotion as a “national product”,

101Teehankee, Claudio, 58Temasik, 15Teo Soon Kheng, 87Teo Thian Guan Tea Merchant, 105textiles, 13Thailand, 23

China’s threat to, 192communist guerillas, 19manufactured exports, 223visitors from China, 203

Thaksinomics, 207Tharehkettara dynasty, 118Thio Thiau Siat, 97Three People’s Principle Youth Corp,

67Tjo Jak Min, 105Tonkin, 13tourism, outbound, 202trade balance

favour of China, 51transnationalism, 138, 139Treaty of Amity and Cooperation, 23trepang, 14tributary gifts, 8tributary system

barbarian vassal state, 7Chinese special envoys, 6early period to mid-19th century,

6–9Sino-Southeast Asian officials, 7

tributary missions, from Southeast Asian states, 8

Trustees of Guangfu Gong, 85Tumahan, 32

Tung Meng Hui, 88Penang branch, 78

Ty, George, 58Tye Kee Yoon, 89

UU Kala, 123U Thaw Kaung, 130U Tin Ohn, 130United Kingdom, 88, 145United States, 88, 145

clothing market, 199colonialization of Philippines, 31Philippines dependent for national

security, 42Philippines, principal source of

defence, 57preferential access to markets, 46rule over Philippines, 39, 40

University of London Examinations and Assessment Council (ULEAC), 152

Unnan, 12uprisings, financial support for, 82USS Missouri, 65

VVictory Day, 65, 66, 71Vietnam, 230–51, 233

Chinese consulate in, 238cultural relationship with China,

231–34historial struggles, 234Military Museums, 247political relationship with China,

234–36power of rhetoric, 236–37spirit of resistance, 235visitors from China, 203

Vietnam Diplomatic Relationship 1945–2000, 245

Vietnam-American War, 242Vietnam-China conflicts, 243


Index 265

Vietnamese-Chinese interactions, 248

Vu Dung, 239

WWacik, Jero, 172Wacik, Triesna, 172Wang Gungwu, 72, 170Wang Ji, 125Wang Zeng Yuan Tea Merchant, 109,

110Wee Kim Kheng, 78, 79, 83, 87, 93Wong Nai Siong, 84World Tourism Organization, 202World Trade Organization, 188World War II, 5

Philippines, 40prior to, 18

Wuchang uprising, 83donations to pseudo collectors, 90

Wuyi Mountain tea, 107

XXiamen Chamber of Commerce, 104Xiamen Tea Merchants Association,

104Xiaosanmeng, 241Xiong Yu Shan, 78, 79, 94

YYap, Arthur, 58Yap, Emilio, 58Yazawingyaw, 117Yeoh Guan Seok, 79, 94Yong La, 9Yuan dynasty, 10Yuan Shi, 128, 129Yuan Wen Lei, 128Yuchengco, Enrique, 58Yuchengo, Alfonso, 58Yuegang, 12Yueh culture, 234Yung Lo (Emperor), 33Yunnan, 14, 233Yunnan-Vietnam Border Agreement, 240

ZZhang Yucai, 70Zhen Guang, 175Zheng He, 7

voyages, 9, 10Zhenla, 7Zhou Da-guan, 6Zhu Ying, 6 Zhuan Ke, 168Zhuang Yin An, 96Zinmeh Chronicle, 115


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