Ilia Rodov, The Development of Medieval and Renaissance Sculptural Decoration in Ashkenazi...

The Development of

Medieval and Renaissance Sculptural Decoration in

Ashkenazi Synagogues

from Worms to the Cracow Area

Thesis Submitted for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy

to the Senate of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem

by

Ilia Rodov

Volume 3

Illustrations 1-359

Jerusalem, 2003

Contents

Volume 3

Map................................................................................................................................ 1

List of Illustrations....................................................................................................... 2

Illustrations 1-359

Map Synagogues mentioned in the text

2

List of Illustrations

1. Prague, Altneuschul. The tympanum of the portal of the prayer hall. Photograph by

the author, 2000.

2. Otto Böcher, Reconstruction of the Worms synagogue’s Holy Ark from 1623-24,

drawing (from Otto Böcher, “Die Alte Synagoge zu Worms” in Ernst Róth, Die Alte

Synagogue zu Worms [Frankfurt am Main, 1961], fig. 44).

3. Maciejów, Synagogue. The west wall of the prayer hall: a bear and an ox flanking the

dedicatory inscription of Ezekiel ben Moses of Sokal, 1781. Photograph by Szymon

Zaiczyk, before 1939 (the Institute of Art of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw,

neg. no. 18865).

4. Maciejów, Synagogue. The upper part of the bimah and the vault. Photograph by

Szymon Zaiczyk, before 1939 (the Institute of Art of the Polish Academy of Sciences,

Warsaw, neg. no. 18863).

5. Cracow (Kazimierz), Old Synagogue. The Holy Ark, here dated to 1557-63 (from

Katalog zabytków sztuki w Polsce, 4, Miasto Kraków, 6, Kazimierz i Stradom.

Judaica: Bóżnice, budowle publiczne i cmentarze, eds. Izabella Rejduch-Samkowa

and Jan Samek [Warsaw, 1995]: fig. 98).

6. Szydłów, Synagogue. The Holy Ark, early 17th century. Photograph by the author

1998.

7. Worms. Plan of the synagogue complex (based on Böcher, “Die Alte Synagoge zu

Worms,” fig. 1).

8. Worms, Synagogue. Ground plan, ca. 1870 (from Böcher, “Die Alte Synagoge zu

Worms,” fig. 79).

9. Worms, Synagogue. Courtyard, the entrance to the prayer hall. The women’s

chamber is seen on the left (from Fritz Reuter, Warmaisa: 1000 Jahre Juden in

Worms [Frankfurt am Main, 1987], 37).

10. Worms, Synagogue: a). The prayer hall and the Rashi chamber: a longitudinal

section looking northward, ca. 1860; b). The Women’s chamber: a cross section looking

southward, ca. 1860 (from Böcher, “Die Alte Synagoge zu Worms,” fig. 2).

11. Worms, Synagogue. The prayer hall, interior looking eastward (from Samson

Rotschild, Aus Vergangenheit und Gegenwart der Israel. Gemeinde Worms

[Mainz, before 1901], 13).

3

12. Worms, Synagogue. The prayer hall, interior looking towards the north-east (from

Benas Levy, Die Juden in Worms [Berlin, 1914]).

13. Worms, Synagogue and Hintere Judengasse: the south-eastern corner. Photograph

by the author, 2000.

14. Worms, Synagogue. The prayer hall and the Rashi chamber: the south-western

corner (from Richard Krautheimer, Mittelalterliche Synagogen [Berlin, 1927], 171 fig.

55).

15. Worms, Synagogue. Women’s chamber. Façade looking southwards (from S.

Rotschild, Aus Vergangenheit und Gegenwart, 12).

16. Worms, Synagogue. Women’s chamber, interior looking northwards, before 1938

(from Böcher, “Die Alte Synagoge zu Worms,” fig. 34).

17. Carl Hertzog, “The Interior of the Worms Synagogue.” Lithograph, ca. 1860 (from

Hans-Peter Schwarz, ed., Die Architektur der Synagoge [Frankfurt am Main, 1998],

77 fig. 76a).

18. Abraham Neu, “The Interior of the Worms Synagogue.” Lithograph, before 1842

(from Krautheimer, Mittelalterliche Synagogen, 105 fig. 22).

19. Heinrich Hoffmann, “The interior of the Worms Synagogue.” Watercolour, before

1842 (from Reuter, Warmaisa, 130).

20. Carl Hertzog, “The Courtyard of the Synagogue and Rashi Chamber in Worms.”

Lithograph, ca. 1860 (from Der Wormgau, 15 [1987/1991]: 13).

21. Worms, Synagogue. The dedicatory tablet of Jacob, son of David and his wife

Rachel, 1034. Photograph by the author, 2000.

22. Worms, Synagogue. The Holy Ark, ca. 1704. Photograph, before 1938 (from

Böcher, “Die Alte Synagoge zu Worms,” fig. 46).

23. Cologne, Old Synagogue. The ground plan of the building from ca. 1000 (from Otto

Doppelfeld, “Die Ausgrabungen im Kölner Judenviertel” in Zvi Asaria, ed., Die Juden

in Köln von den ältesten Zeiten bis zur Gegenwart [Cologne, 1959], 120).

24. Rouen, Old Synagogue. The ground plan of the building from ca. 1096-1116 (from

Bernhard Blumenkranz, ed., Art et archéologie des juifs en France médiévale

[Toulouse, 1980], 246 fig. 8).

25a. Cologne, Old Synagogue. The ground plan of the building from 1096 and 1270

(from Doppelfeld, “Die Ausgrabungen,” 126).

25b. Reconstruction of the barrier in front of the eastern wall in the Old Synagogue of

Cologne, 1096. Drawing by the author based on ill. 25a.

4

26. Regensburg, Synagogue. The ground plan of the building from the late 11th or the

early 12th century A – prayer hall; B1-B3 – adjacent rooms; C – courtyard; D – a house

(from Silvia Codreanu-Windauer, “The Medieval Jewish Quarter of Regensburg and Its

Synagogue: Archaelogical Research 1995-1997” in Timothy Insoll, ed., Case Studies

in Archaelogy and World Religion: The Proceedings of the Cambridge Conference

[Oxford, 1999], 143 fig. 4).

27. Worms, Cathedral. The northern portal, 1173-80. Photograph by the author, 2000.

28. “Interior of a Synagogue.” Woodcut from Johannes Pfefferkorn, Büchlin der

Judenbeicht, Cologne, 1508 (from Rachel Wischnitzer, The Architecture of the

European Synagogue [Philadelphia, 1964], 51 fig. 41).

29. “Interior of a Synagogue.” Woodcut from Antonius Margharita, Der gantz jüdisch

Glaub, Augsburg, 1530 (from Krautheimer, Mittelalterliche Synagogen, 117 fig. 25).

30. “Interior of a Synagogue.” Woodcut from Antonius Margharita, Der gantz jüdisch

Glaub, Augsburg, 1530 (from Helmut Eschwege, Die Synagoge in der deutschen

Geschichte [Dresden, 1980], 64 fig. 20).

31. Regensburg, Synagogue. The ground plan of the building from the early 13th century

A – prayer hall; B – adjacent room (vestibule?); C – courtyard; D – a house (from

Codreanu-Windauer, “The Medieval Jewish Quarter of Regensburg,” 144 fig. 5).

32. Albrecht Altdorfer, “The Prayer Hall of the Synagogue in Regensburg before Its

Destruction.” Engraving, 1519 (from Krautheimer, Mittelalterliche Synagogen, 109

fig. 23).

33. Albrecht Altdorfer, “The Vestibule of the Synagogue in Regensburg before Its

Destruction.” Engraving, 1519 (from Krautheimer, Mittelalterliche Synagogen, 130

fig. 34).

34. Worms, Synagogue. The capital of the eastern pillar in the prayer hall, 1174-75


35. Worms, Synagogue. The portal of the prayer hall. Photograph (from Krautheimer,

Mittelalterliche Synagogen, 158 fig. 47).

36. Worms, Synagogue. The western section of the northern wall: the 1174-75 masonry

appears in shading in the lower area, and the rest of the wall is an addition from 1623-

24. Drawing (from Böcher, “Die Alte Synagoge zu Worms,” fig. 37).

37. Worms, Synagogue. The portal of the prayer hall: voussoir and imposts, detail.

Photograph (from Böcher, “Die Alte Synagoge zu Worms,” fig. 17).

5

38. Worms, Synagogue. The portal of the prayer hall: voussoir and imposts, detail.

Photograph (from Krautheimer, Mittelalterliche Synagogen, 159 fig. 48).

39. Worms, Cathedral. The two columns placed above the northern portal, 1173-80

(from Der Wormgau, 15 [1987-1991]: 99 fig. 19).

40. Worms, Synagogue. The capital of the western pillar in the prayer hall, late 12th

century. Photograph, before 1938 (from Helen Rosenau, Vision of the Temple

[London, 1972], 41 fig. 22).

41. Worms, Cathedral. The northern portal, 1173-80: imposts. Photograph by the

author, 2000.

42. Worms, Synagogue. The portal of the prayer hall: a section of the voussoir.

Photograph by the author, 2000.

43. Worms, Synagogue. The portal of the prayer hall: imposts. Photograph by the

author, 2000.

44. “The Righteous Entering the Garden of Paradise,” Bird’s Head Haggadah, Southern

Germany, ca. 1300. Jerusalem, Israel Museum, Ms. 180/57, p. 33 (from The Bird’s

Head Haggadah of the Bezalel National Art Museum in Jerusalem, Complete

Facsimile, ed. Moshe Spitzer [Jerusalem, 1968]).

45. “The Gates of Mercy,” Worms Mahzor, vol. II, Germany, ca. 1280-90. Jerusalem,

Jewish National and University Library, Heb. 40 781/2, fol. 73r (from Raphael Weiser

and Rivka Plesser, eds., Treasures Revealed [Jerusalem, 2000], 57).

46. A Bronze Coin of the Bar Kokhba Revolt: “A Palm Tree (obv.) and a Bunch of

Grapes (rev.).” The Holy Land, 132-33 C.E. (from A. Reifenberg, Ancient Hebrew

Arts [New York, 1950], 93 no. 5).

47. Dalton (Upper Galilee), Synagogue. Torah Ark gable, ca. 6th century (from

ישראל- כנסת קדומים בארץ- בתיצבי אילן, [Tel Aviv, 1991], 28 fig. 1).

48. “The Feast of Shavu’ot,” Worms Mahzor, vol. I, Germany (Würzburg?), 1272.

Jerusalem, Jewish National and University Library, Heb. 40 781/1, fol. 151r (from

Worms Mahzor. Ms. Jewish National and University Library, Heb. 40 781/1, the

complete facsimile, ed. Malachi Beit-Arié, [Vaduz, 1985]).

49. “The Feast of Shavu’ot,” The Double Mahzor, vol. I, Germany, Württemberg

(Esslingen?), ca. 1290. Dresden, Sächlische Landesbibliothek, MS. A 46a, fol. 202v

(from Gabrielle Sed-Rajna, ed., Jewish Art [New York, 1997], fig. 135).

50. “Winged Dragon above a Gate of the Heavenly Jerusalem” (a detail from the

monumental circular lamp in ill. 139), Hildesheim, Cathedral, 11th century (from

6

Willmuth Arenhövel, Der Hezilo-Radleuchter im Dom zu Hildesheim. Beiträge zur

Hildesheimer Kunst des 11. Jahrhunderts unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der

Ornamentik [Berlin, 1975], fig. 244).

51. “Winged Dragon above a Gate of the Heavenly Jerusalem” (a detail from the

monumental circular lamp in ill. 139), Hildesheim, Cathedral, 11th century (from

Arenhövel, Der Hezilo-Radleuchter im Dom zu Hildesheim, fig. 238).

52. A Rotatable Calendar, Bible, Toledo, Navarre, ca. 1300. Paris, Bibliothèque

Nationale, MS hébreu 20, fol. 7v (from Gabrielle Sed-Rajna and Sonia Fellous, Les

manuscrits Hébreux enluminés des bibliothèques de France [Leiden, 1994], 38).

53. “Winged Dragon,” Worms Mahzor, vol. I, Germany (Würzburg?), 1272. Jerusalem,

Jewish National and University Library, Heb. 40 781/1, fol. 131r (from Worms

Mahzor, the complete facsimile).

54. Rouen, Synagogue. The southern façade: “Dragon” on the base of a column, 1096-

1116 (from Blumenkranz, Art et archéologie des juifs, 272 fig. 24).

55. Worms, Synagogue. A fragment of an arch: “Dragon,” here dated to 1355.

Photograph, 1953 (Worms, Stadtarchiv, negative no. M 6966).



57. “Forest Landscape,” Carmina Burana, Upper Bavaria, Benediktbeuren Abbey, ca.

1230. Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Clm 4660, fol. 64v (from Anton Legner,

Deutsche Kunst der Romanik [Munich, 1982], fig. 484).

58. Cividale, Baptistery. Stone relief: “The Cross, Tree of Life and Symbols of the Four

Evangelists,” 8th century (from Gertrud Schiller, Ikonographie der Christlichen

Kunst, 3 [Gütersloh, 1980]: 530 fig. 552).

59. Worms, Synagogue. A fragment of a pier: “Bellete’s Dedicatory Inscription and a

Palm Tree” (1034) with interlaced zigzag bands on its left side. Photograph by the

author, 2000.

60. Worms, Synagogue. Right side of the fragment of a pier in ill. 59: “A Tree,” dated

here to 1174-75, and an attached colonette. Photograph, 1957 (Worms, Stadtarchiv,

negative no. M 10020/4).

61. Worms, Synagogue. A fragment of a pier: “A Palm Tree,” dated here to 1174-75.


62. Worms, Synagogue. Left side of the fragment of a pier in ill. 61: “A Tree,” dated

here to 1174-75. Photograph by the author, 2000.

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63. Cologne, Old Synagogue. Five fragments of stone reliefs found in the genizah, ca.

1270 (from Doppelfeld, “Die Ausgrabungen,” 123).

64. Susiya, Synagogue. A chancel screen: “A Palm Tree Flanked by Birds,” 5th or 6th

century (from Zeev Yeivin, “Khirbet Susiya – the Bema and Synagogue

Ornamentation” in Rachel Hachlili, ed., Ancient Synagogues in Israel: Third-Seventh

Century C. E. (Oxford, 1989), pl. LIV fig. 8).

65. “The Table for Reading the Torah in the Worms Synagogue.” Drawing, after 1842


66. “The Interior of the Worms Synagogue.” Watercolour, after 1842 (from Schwarz,

ed., Die Architektur der Synagoge, 77 fig. 76b).

67. Worms, Synagogue. A fragment of a pier, 1623-24. Photograph by the author, 2000.

68. Worms, Synagogue. A fragment of a pier (the same as in ill. 67), photographed from

the corner to show the decoration of the adjacent side, 1623-24. Photograph by the

author, 2000.

69. Worms, Synagogue. Another fragment of a pier, 1623-24. Photograph by the author,

2000.

70. Worms, Synagogue. The Rashi Chamber: Remnants of the carvings from 1623-24 (a

darker tint) within the reconstructed portal. Photograph by the author, 2000.

71. Worms, Synagogue. The Rashi Chamber: The original remnant of a spandrel of the

portal including a rosette and a faceted rectangle from 1623-24. Photograph by the

author, 2000.

72. Worms, Synagogue. A fragment of the Holy Ark: Remnants of crown reliefs and of

the inscription “Crown of the Torah, Crown of the Kingdom […],” 1623-24.


73. Otto Böcher, Reconstruction of the Worms synagogue’s bimah from the 12th

century, drawing (from Otto Böcher, “Die Alte Synagoge zu Worms,” fig. 49).

74. Otto Böcher, Reconstruction of the Worms synagogue’s Bimah from 1623-24,

drawing (from Otto Böcher, “Die Alte Synagoge zu Worms,” fig. 53).

75. Worms, Synagogue. Stone carved fragments found during the excavations by 1956.

Photograph, 1956 (Worms, Stadtarchiv, negative no. F 1787/26).

76. Worms, Synagogue. Side and obverse of the fragment of an arch in ill. 56: rosette

and zigzag reliefs, 1355. Photograph by the author, 2000.

77. Worms, Synagogue. Obverse of the fragment of an arch in ill. 56: rosette and

Hebrew inscriptions, 1355. Photograph by the author, 2000.

8

78. Worms, Synagogue. Side of the fragment of an arch in ill. 56: zigzag pattern, 1355.


79. Worms, Synagogue. Left side of the fragment of a pier in ills. 59-60: interlaced

zigzag relief and attached colonette. Photograph, 1957 (Worms, Stadtarchiv, negative

no. M 10020/2).

80. Worms, Synagogue. Obverse of the fragment of a pier in ills. 59-60: attached

colonette. Photograph by the author, 2000.

81. Worms, Synagogue. Lower half of the fragment of a pier in ills. 59-60: “Palm

Tree,” 1034.

82. Worms, Synagogue. Upper half of the fragment of a pier in ills. 59-60: Bellette’s

dedicatory inscription. Photograph, 1957 (Worms, Stadtarchiv, negative no. M

10020/3).

83. Worms, Synagogue. Detail of the fragment of a pier in ill. 61: “Palm Tree,” 1174-

75.

84. Glass bottle produced for Jewish pilgrims to Jerusalem, the last quarter of the 6th or

the early 7th century. Israel Museum Collection (from Yael Israeli, ed., In the Light of

the Menorah: Story of a Symbol [Jerusalem, 1998], 173 fig. 6).

85. Rome, St Peter’s. Fragments of chancel screens: “An Arcade with Palm Trees,” 8th

century. Berlin, Staatliche Museen (from 799 – Kunst und Kultur der Karolingerzeit:

Katalog der Ausstellung, Padeborn, 1999, 2 [Mainz, 1999]: 617 no. IX.6).

86. A Vespasian sesterce, (rev.): “Judea as a Captive Seated under a Palm Tree,

Guarded by Titus in Military Attire,” ca. 71 C.E. (from Sed-Rajna, Jewish Art, 404 fig.

267).

87. Maon (Nirim), Synagogue. Floor mosaic, 6th century, drawing (from M. Avi-Yonah,

“The Mosaic Pavement [of the Ma’on Synagogue],” Louis Rabinowitz Fund for the

Exploration of Ancient Synagogue, Bulletin, 3 [Jerusalem, 1960]: 27 fig. 13).

88. Susiya, Synagogue. Chancel screens, 5th or 6th century. Reconstruction in the Israel

Museum, Jerusalem (from .(fig. 1 312 ישראל-כנסת קדומים בארץ-בתיאילן,

89. Priene, Synagogue. Ashlar: “The Menorah Flanked by Birds, a Palm Branch and a

Plant,” 3rd or 4th century (from Steven Fine, ed., Sacred Realm: The Emergence of the

Synagogue in the Ancient World [New York, 1996], 72 fig. XII).

90. Gold glass from the Jewish catacombs of Rome: “The Menorah and open Torah

Shrine,” 4th-6th century. Drawing (from Steven Fine, This Holy Place: On the Sanctity

of the Synagogue during the Greco-Roman Period [Indiana, 1997], 155).

9

91. Ostia, Synagogue. Detail of an architrave: “Menorah, Shofar, Lulav and Etrog,” 4th

century (from Lee I. Levine, ed., Ancient Synagogue Revealed [Jerusalem, 1981],

170).

92. Asia Minor. Plaque: “The Menorah and Palm Trees,” 4th- 6th century (from Fine,

Sacred Realm, 44 fig. 2.19c).

93. Sardis, Synagogue. Plaque: “The Menorah, a Palm Branch and Shofar,” 4th-6th

century (from Fine, Sacred Realm, 44 fig. 2.19b).

94. Priene, Synagogue. Plaque: “The Menorah, Torah Scrolls, Palm Branches, an Etrog,

and Shofar,” 3rd or 4th century (from Reifenberg, Ancient Hebrew Arts, 141).

95. Beit Alpha, Synagogue. Mosaic pavement, detail: “The Ark Flanked by Lions, a

Menorah, Ritual Objects and Birds,” 6th century (from Sed-Rajna, Jewish Art, fig. 315).

96. Rome, Torlonia Catacomb. A Jewish sarcophagus: “The Menorah Flanked by Ritual

objects,” late 2nd-4th century (from Israeli, In the Light of the Menorah, 78 fig. 6).

97. “Sanctuary Implements and Aaron the High Priest Lighting the Menorah,”

Regensburg Bible, Germany, Bavaria, ca. 1300. Jerusalem, Israel Museum, Ms. 180/52,

fols. 115v-156r (from Israeli, In the Light of the Menorah, 58-59).

98. “A Man Blowing the Shofar before the Ark,” Mahzor for Rosh Ha-shanah and Yom

Kippur, Germany (Constance?), first quarter of the 14th century. Paris, Bibliothèque de

l’Alliance Israélite Universelle, Ms. 24 H, fol. 84v (from Sed-Rajna and Fellous, Les

manuscrits Hébreux, 212).

99. Abraham Farissol, “The Temple Façade framing the initial of the verse ‘This is the

bread of affliction’,” Haggadah, Ferrara, 1515. New York, The Library of the Jewish

Theological Seminary of America, Mic. 4817, fol. 5 (from Evelyn M. Cohen, “The

Illustration in Abraham Farissol’s Haggadah of 1515,” JA, 12-13 [1986-87]: 95 fig. 9).

100. Title page of Juspa Shammash’s “Custom Book,” Worms, ca. 1648- ca. 1678

(from Schlomo Eidelberg, R. Juspa, Shammash of Warmaisa [Worms]: Jewish life

in the 17th century Worms [Jerusalem, 1991], 132).

101. “A Jew Praying in the Synagogue,” Mahzor, ca. 1300. Milan, Biblioteca

Ambrosiana, Ms. Fragm. S. P. II 252 (from Ursula and Kurt Schubert, Jüdische

Buchkunst, 1 [Graz, 1983], fig. 17).

102. Proportions of the Sanctuary Menorah as described in Menakhot 28b vs. the Palm

Tree relief from 1034 in the Worms Synagogue.

10

103. Two gold glasses from the Jewish catacombs of Rome: “The Menorah Flanked by

Ritual Objects,” 4th-6th century. Drawing. (from Rachel Hachlili, Ancient Jewish Art

and Archaeology in the Diaspora [Leiden, 1998], 299 figs. VI-26, VI-27).

104. Nicaea (Iznik), Synagogue. Plaque with a menorah, 4th-6th century (from Fine,

Sacred Realm, 41 fig. 2.16).

105. “Menorah and Sanctuary Implements,” Farhi Bible, Spain or Provence, 1366-82.

The Sassoon Collection, Ms. 368, pp. 182-83 (from Bezalel Narkiss, Hebrew

Illuminated Manuscripts [Jerusalem, 1978], 73 fig. 16).

106. “The Ark, Menorah and Sanctuary Implements,” Harley Catalan Bible, Spain

(Barcelona?), third quarter of the 14th century. London, British Library, Ms. Harley

1528, fol. 7v (from Bezalel Narkiss, Hebrew Illuminated Manuscripts in the British

Isles: A Catalogue Raisonné, 2 [Jerusalem, 1982], 115 pl. CX fig. 326).

107. “The Ark, Menorah and Sanctuary Implements,” Pentateuch, Catalonia, 1301.

Copenhagen, Det Kongelige Bibliotek, Cod. Hebr. II, fol. 11v (from Elisabeth Revel-

Neher, Le témoignage de l’absence: Les objets du sanctuaire à Byzance et dans

l’art juif du XIe au XVe siècle [Paris, 1998], pl. 31 fig. 59).

108. “Menorah,” Kaufmann Mishneh Torah, Northeastern France, 1295-96. Budapest,

Library of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Kaufmann Collection, Ms. A 77/III,

fol. 3v (from Codex Maimuni: Moses Maimonides’ Code of Law. The Illuminated

Pages of the Kaufmann Mishneh Torah [Budapest, 1984], 103).

109. Rouen, Synagogue. The southern façade: Relief of a Palm Tree, 1096-1116 (from

Bernhard Blumenkranz, “La synagogue à Rouen (env. 1100),” Archives juives, 13

[1977], 3: 41).

110. Rouen, Synagogue. The southern façade: Relief of a Palm Tree, 1096-1116 (a

detail of ill. 109), set on its side counterclockwise as originally intended.

111. Reconstruction of the aperture in a barrier in the synagogue of Worms, 1174-75,

drawing by the author based on ills. 59-60, 62.

112. Reconstruction of the chancel screen in front of the Ark in the synagogue of

Susiya, corrected drawing based on Yeivin, “Khirbet Susiya – the Bema and Synagogue

Ornamentation,” pl. LVII fig. 5.

113. “The Ark and Sanctuary Implements,” Foa Bible, Catalonia, 14th century. Paris,

Compagnie des prêtres de St. Sulpice, Ms 1933, fol. 7v (from Sed-Rajna and Fellous,

Les manuscrits Hébreux, 62).

11

114. “The Sanctuary Implements,” Harley Catalan Bible, Spain (Barcelona?), third

quarter of the 14th century. London, British Library, Ms. Harley 1528, fol. 8r (from

Narkiss, Hebrew Illuminated Manuscripts in the British Isles, 2: 116 pl. CXI fig.

327).

115. Pavia, Sta. Maria Teodote della Pusterla Cloister, chancel screen: “The Tree of

Life Flanked by Griffins,” first half of the 8th century. Pavia, Musei Civici (from 799 –

Kunst und Kultur der Karolingerzeit, 1: 81 fig. 42).

116. Worms, Synagogue. A fragment of a cornice: “Vine with Clusters of Grapes,” here

dated to 1174-75. Photograph by the author, 2000.

117. Worms, Synagogue. A fragment of a cornice: “Vine with Clusters of Grapes,” here


118. Nevoraya (Nabratein), Synagogue. Torah Ark Pediment flanked by lions, 6th

century (from Fine, Sacred Realm, 14 fig. V).

119. Rome, Torlonia Catacomb. Painting on the rear wall of Arcosolium IV: “The Ark

with the Scrolls Flanked by a Menorah and Ritual objects,” 3rd or 4th century (from Sed-

Rajna, Jewish Art, fig. 56).

120. Dura Europos, Synagogue. The Torah Shrine decorated with paintings of “The

Temple with the Menorah and the Binding of Isaac,” 244-45 C.E. (from Sed-Rajna,

Jewish Art, 565 fig. 688).

121. Reconstruction of the Torah Ark in the Synagogue of Ostia, drawing (from Fine,

Sacred Realm, 42 fig. 2.17).

122. “Weighing Shekels for the Temple,” Worms Mahzor, vol. I, Germany

(Würzburg?), 1272. Jerusalem, Jewish National and University Library, Heb. 40 781/1,

fol. 39v (from Worms Mahzor, the complete facsimile).

123. “The Passover Seder,” Worms Mahzor, vol. I, Germany (Würzburg?), 1272.

Jerusalem, Jewish National and University Library, Heb. 40 781/1, fol. 86v (from

Worms Mahzor, the complete facsimile).

124. Assisi, San Rufino Cathedral. South door of the façade, 1140 (from, Erwin R.

Goodenough, Jewish Symbols in the Greco-Roman Period, 7 [New York, 1958]: fig.

228).

125. Sardis, Synagogue. Prayer hall: the bimah flanked by two sets of paired lions, 4th-

6th century (from Hachlili, Ancient Jewish Art - Diaspora, fig. II-1).

126. Sardis, Synagogue. Prayer hall: Paired lions flanking the bimah, 4th-6th century

(from Hachlili, Ancient Jewish Art - Diaspora, fig. II-6).

12

127. Ein Samsam. A carved block (supposedly originating from the Ein Neshut

Synagogue): “Lion’s Head” and “Daniel in the Lion’s Den,” 5th or 6th century (from Z.

Ma’oz, “The Art and Architecture of the Synagogues of the Golan” in Levine, Ancient

Synagogue Revealed, 112).

128. Reconstruction of the Holy Ark resting on sculptured lions supposedly from the

Ein Neshut Synagogue, utilizing the carved block in ill. 127, drawing (from Hachlili,

Ancient Jewish Art - Diaspora, 277 fig. 24b).

129. Rouen, Synagogue. The southern façade, an upside-down relief of a lion on the

base of a column, 1096-1116 (from Blumenkranz, ed., Art et archéologie des juifs,

263 fig. 16).

130. “The Feast of Shavu’ot,” Laud Mahzor, Southern Germany, ca. 1290. Oxford,

Bodleian Library, Ms. Laud Or. 321, fol. 127v (from Narkiss, Hebrew Illuminated

Manuscripts, 95 fig. 27).

131. Verona, San Zeno. Nicolao, Portico supported by lions, ca. 1135. Photograph by

the author, 2000.

132. Worms, Cathedral. Fragments of the decoration of the southern portal: “Daniel in

the Lion’s Den,” second or third quarter of the 12th century (from Eduard Sebald, “Neue

Erkenntnisse zum Romanischen Südportal des Worms Doms,“ Der Wormgau, 15

[1987-1991]: 91 fig. 3).

133. Worms, Cathedral. A sculpture of a lion before the southern façade, 11th-12th

century. Photograph by the author, 2000.

134. Regensburg, St. Emmeram. Bishop’s chair in the western crypt, ca. 972 (from Otto

der Grosse, Magdeburg und Europa. Eine Ausstellung im Kulturhistorischen

Museum Magdeburg vom 27. August – 2. Dezember 2001, 1 [Mainz, 2001]: 288 fig.

4).

135. Lund, Cathedral. St. Mary’s Altar (former bishop’s chair), ca. 1080-1145 (from

Anthony Blunt, “The Temple of Solomon with Special Reference to South

Italian Baroque Art” in Artur Rosenauer and Gerold Weber, eds.,

Kunsthistorische Forschungen. Otto Pächt zu zeinem 70. Geburtstag

[Salzburg, 1972], 262 fig. 1).

136. “The Judgment of Solomon,” the Tripartite Mahzor, vol. I, Southern Germany, ca.

1320. Budapest, Library of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Kaufmann Collection,

Ms. A384, fol. 183r (from Narkiss, Hebrew Illuminated Manuscripts, 107 fig. 33).

13

137. Worms, Synagogue. A fragment of an arch, here dated to 1355. Photograph, 1957

(Worms, Stadtarchiv, negative no. M 10017).

138. Reconstruction of an arch with a dragon, here dated to 1355, in the synagogue of

Worms, collage by the author based on ills. 48, 55, 137.

139. Hildesheim, Cathedral. Monumental Circular Lamp: “Heavenly Jerusalem,” 11th

century (from Legner, Deutsche Kunst der Romanik, fig. 448).

140. Hildesheim, Cathedral. Detail of a Gate of the Monumental circular lamp in ill.

139, with dragons in the spandrels above the entrance, 11th century (from Arenhövel,

Der Hezilo-Radleuchter im Dom zu Hildesheim, fig. 230).

141. Rome, Arch of Titus. “Triumphal Procession Carrying the Menorah and Other

Spoils from the Temple of Jerusalem,” 81 C.E. The relief in situ (from Sed-Rajna,

Jewish Art, fig. 30).

142. Rome, the Arch of Titus. “Triumphal Procession Carrying the Menorah and Other

Spoils from the Temple of Jerusalem,” 81 C.E. Drawing of the menorah’s base (from

Hachlili, Ancient Jewish Art - Diaspora, 315 fig. VII-3b).

143a. Vyśśí Brod, Monastery church: Tympanum of the Sacristy: “Vine Tree with

Clusters of Grapes, Flanked by two Dragons and Blessed by God’s Hand,” 1260s.


143b. Vyśśí Brod, Monastery church: Tympanum of the Sacristy: “Vine Tree with

Clusters of Grapes, Flanked by two Dragons and Blessed by God’s Hand,” 1260s.

144. “A Plan of the Tabernacle,” Rashi’s Commentary on the Pentateuch, Camerino,

1399. Oxford, Bodleian Library, Ms. Michael 384, fol. 142v (from Bezalel Narkiss, “A

Scheme of the Sanctuary from the Time of Herod the Great,” JJA, 1 [1974]: 15 fig. 8).

145. Cologne, Old Synagogue. The ground plan of the building from 1370 (from

Doppelfeld, “Die Ausgrabungen,” 128).

146. “Reading of the Open Torah Scroll on the Desk,” Ashkenazi Siddur, Germany, ca.

1395-98. Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica, Cod. Vat. ebr. 324, fol. 80v (from Thérèse and

Mendel Metzger, Jewish Life in the Middle Ages [New York, 1982], fig. 94).

147. “Reading of the Open Torah Scroll on the Desk,” Siddur of Ashkenazi rite,

Germany, Rhineland (Mainz?), ca. 1427-28. Hamburg, Staats- und

Universitätsbibliothek, Cod. Hebr. 37, fol. 114r (from Metzger, Jewish Life in the

Middle Ages, fig. 105).

14

148. “Reading of an Open Book on a Desk,” Mahzor Lipsiae, Southwest Germany, 1st

quarter of the 14th century. Leipzig, Universitätsbibliothek, Ms. V 1102/I-II, fol. 27r

(from Machsor Lipsiae, ed. Elias Katz [Vaduz, 1964], pl. 4).

149. Worms, Synagogue. A carved fragment (of the bimah’s 1174-75 enclosure?).


150. “Cantor in a Sephardi Synagogue Reading the Passover Haggadah,” “Sister” to the

Golden Haggadah, Spain (Barcelona?), 14th century. London, British Museum, Or. Ms.

2884, fol. 17v (from Narkiss, Hebrew Illuminated Manuscripts, 59 fig. 9).

151. Regensburg, Synagogue. A fragment of the enclosure of the bimah, early 13th

century (from Codreanu-Windauer, “The Medieval Jewish Quarter of Regensburg,” 147

fig. 8).

152. Constance, Cathedral. Chapel of the Holy Sepulchre, late 13th century (from Ernst

Gall, Cathedrals and Abbey Churches of the Rhine [London, 1962], fig. 23).

153. “The Altar of God (The Blowing of the Sixth Trumpet),” The Trinity College

Apocalypse, England, ca. 1250. Cambridge, Trinity College Library, Ms. R. 16. 2

(C.M.A. 524), fol. 10r (from The Trinity College Apocalypse [facsimile edition], ed.

Peter H. Brieger [London, 1967]).

154. “The Altar of the Martyrs,” The Trinity College Apocalypse, England, ca. 1250.

Cambridge, Trinity College Library, Ms. R. 16. 2 (C.M.A. 524), fol. 6v (from The

Trinity College Apocalypse [facsimile edition]).

155. “The Pouring of the Fourth and Fifth Vials,” The Trinity College Apocalypse,

England, ca. 1250. Cambridge, Trinity College Library, Ms. R. 16. 2 (C.M.A. 524), fol.

19r (from The Trinity College Apocalypse [facsimile edition]).

156.“A Plan of the Altar,” Kaufmann Mishneh Torah, vol. III, Northeastern France,

1295-96. Budapest, Library of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Kaufmann

Collection, Ms. A 77/III, fol. 3r (from Codex Maimuni, 102).

157. “A Side View of the Altar,” Kaufmann Mishneh Torah, vol. III, Northeastern

France, 1295-96. Budapest, Library of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Kaufmann

Collection, Ms. A 77/III, fol. 3r (from Codex Maimuni, 102).

158. Worms, Synagogue. A grill door from the Holy Ark, here dated to 1355.

Photograph (from Otto Böcher, “Die Alte Synagoge zu Worms,” fig. 42).

159. Relief (a fragment of a retable?), France, early 14th century. Chicago, Art Institute,

no. 1924.1051 (from Transformation of the Court Style: Gothic Art in Europe in

Europe 1270 to 1330 [Rhode Island, 1977], 133).

15

160. Worms, Synagogue. Fourteen fragments of Gothic tracery (1355 and later).


161. Worms, Synagogue. Nine fragments of Gothic tracery (1355 and later).


162. Worms, Cathedral. Southern portal, ca. 1289-1325 (from Gall, Cathedrals and

Abbey Churches of the Rhine, 89).

163. Worms, Old Jewish Cemetery. Tombstone, 1375. Photograph by the author, 2000.

164. Worms, Synagogue. Five fragments of a cornice: “Vine with Grape Clusters,” here

dated to 1355. Photograph, 1952 (Worms, Stadtarchiv, negative no. M 6408).

165. Worms, Synagogue. A fragment of a cornice: “Vine with Grape Clusters,” here

dated to 1355. Photograph by the author, 2000.

166. Worms, Synagogue. A fragment of the corner of a cornice: “Vine with Grape

Clusters,” here dated to 1355. Photograph by the author, 2000.


dated to 1355. Photograph by the author, 2000.

168. “Vine Tree,” Lambert of Saint Omer, Liber Floridus, Saint Omer, before 1121.

Ghent, Centrale Bibliotheek van de Rijksuniversiteit Cod. 1125(92), fol. 140r (from

Lamberti S. Avdomari Canonici Liber Floridus, [a facsimile edition], ed. Alberto

Derolez, Ghent, 1968).

169. Worms, Synagogue. A fragment of a section of a cornice with a protruding corner:

“Vine with Grape Clusters,” dated here to 1355. Photograph by the author, 2000.


“Vine with Grape Clusters,” dated here to 1355. Photograph by the author, 2000.



172. Worms, Synagogue. A fragment of a pier and tracery: “Vine with Grape Clusters”

here dated to 1623-24. Photograph by the author, 2000.

173. Worms, Synagogue. A fragment of a pier and tracery (the same as in ill. 172).

174. Worms, Synagogue. A fragment of a pier: “Vine with Grape Clusters” and

interlacing undulate bands, here dated to 1623-24 (Worms, Stadtarchiv, negative no. M

20279).

175. Worms, Synagogue. A fragment of a pier: “Vine with Grape Clusters” and

interlacing undulate bands, here dated to 1623-24 (the same as in ill. 174). Photograph


16

176. Worms, Synagogue. A fragment of a pier, 1623-24. Photograph, 1991 (Worms,

Stadtarchiv, negative no. M 20280).

177. Worms, Synagogue. A fragment of a pier, 1623-24. Photograph by the author,

2000.

178. Worms, Stiftskeller at Stelzen Street. Portal, 1610. Photograph by the author, 2000.

179. Worms, Stiftskeller at Stelzen Street. Portal, 1610, detail. Photograph by the

author, 2000.

180. Worms, Andreasstift. A wall tombstone, 1583. Photograph by the author, 2000.

181. “The Flower of the Valleys,” Worms Mahzor, vol. II, Germany, ca. 1280-90.

Jerusalem, Jewish National and University Library, Heb. 40 781/2, fol. 119v (from

Weiser and Plesser, eds., Treasures Revealed, 56).

182. Jerusalem or Judea. Ossuary: “Two Six-Petalled Rosettes Separated by a Lily,” 1st

century B.C.E. – 1st century C.E. (from Goodenough, Jewish Symbols, 3: fig. 184).

183. Worms, Synagogue. A fragment of a pier: “Vase with Vine and Grape Clusters,”

here dated to 1623-24. Photograph by the author, 2000.

184. “Mourning Ceremony for Emperor Franz I in the Altschul in Prague.” Engraving,

1835 (from Arno Pařík, The Prague Synagogues in Paintings, Engravings and

Photographs [Prague, 1986], [n. p.]).

185. V. Popelík, “Interior of the Altschul.” Engraving, 1855 (from B. Foges and D. J.

Podiebrad, Altertümer der Prager Josefstadt, 1 [Prague, 1855], facing p. 35).

186. Prague, Altneuschul, begun in the 1230s: the north-western corner. Photograph by

the author, 2000.

187. Prague, Altneuschul. The ground plan of the building from the 1230s, marked in

black (based on ill. 188).

188. Al. Masák, The ground plan of the Altneuschul, 1922 (from Zdenka Münzer, “Die

Altneusynagoge in Prag,” Jahrbuch der Gesellschaft für Geschichte der Juden in

der Cechoslovakischen Republik, 4 [1932], fig. 1 following p. 96).

189. Prague, Altneuschul. The southern vestibule looking eastward. Photograph (from

Münzer, “Die Altneusynagoge in Prag,” fig. II).

190. Prague, Altneuschul. The southern vestibule looking eastward. Photograph (from

Milada Vilímková, The Prague Ghetto, [Prague, 1993], 112 fig. 81).

191. Prague, Altneuschul. The portal of the prayer hall. Photograph by the author, 2000.

192. Al. Masák, The scheme of the spanning of the Altneuschul, 1922 (from Münzer,

“Die Altneusynagoge in Prag,” 101 fig. 8).

17

193. Prague, Altneuschul. The vault of the central bay in the northern nave. Photograph

(from Vilímková, The Prague Ghetto, 116 fig. 86).

194. Al. Masák, The longitudinal section of the Altneuschul, 1922 (from Münzer, “Die

Altneusynagoge in Prag,” 99 fig. 4).

195. Al. Masák, The cross section of the Altneuschul, 1922 (from Münzer, “Die

Altneusynagoge in Prag,” 98 fig. 3).

196. Prague, Altneuschul. The northern nave of the prayer hall looking eastward.

Photograph (from Joseph Neuwirth, Prag [Leipzig, 1901], 43 ill. 26).

197. Prague, Altneuschul. The southern nave of the prayer hall looking eastward.

Photograph (courtesy of Bracha Yaniv).

198. Al. Masák, Keystones in the Altneuschul, 1922. Drawing (from Münzer, “Die

Altneusynagoge in Prag,” 105 fig. 11):

a. The northeastern keystone (ill. 192 no. I)

b. The southeastern keystone (ill. 192 no. II)

c. The middle keystone in the northern nave (ill. 192 no. III)

d. The middle keystone in the southern nave (ill. 192 no. IV)

199. Prague, Altneuschul. The southwestern keystone (ill. 192 no. VI). Photograph


200. Prague, Altneuschul. The middle keystone in the northern nave (ills. 192 no. III;

198c). Photograph (from Münzer, “Die Altneusynagoge in Prag,” fig. X on the left).

201. Prague, Altneuschul. The northeastern keystone (ills. 192 no. I; 198a) (from

Münzer, “Die Altneusynagoge in Prag,” fig. X on the right).

202. Al. Masák, Capitals attached to colonettes in the Altneuschul, 1922. Drawing

(from Münzer, “Die Altneusynagoge in Prag,” 102-103 fig. 9):

a. The capital on the southern wall between the middle and the southwestern bay

(ill. 192 no. VII),

b. The capital on the northern wall between the middle and the northwestern bay

(ill. 192 no. IX),

c. The capital on the northern wall between the middle and the northeastern bay

(ill. 192 no. X),

d. The capital on the southern wall between the middle and the southeastern bay

(ill. 192 no. XI).

18

203. Prague, Altneuschul. The capital on the southern wall between the middle and the

southeastern bay (ills. 192 no. XI; 202d). Photograph (from Krautheimer,


204. Prague, Altneuschul. The capital of the attached colonette on the northern wall

between the middle and the northwestern bay (ills. 192 no. IX; 202b) (from

Krautheimer, Mittelalterliche Synagogen, 209 fig. 76).

205. Al. Masák, Capitals of the attached colonettes in the Altneuschul, 1922. Drawing

(from Münzer, “Die Altneusynagoge in Prag,” 102-103 fig. 9):

a. The capital in the northwestern corner (ill. 192 no. 1),

b. The capital in the northeastern corner (ill. 192 no. 5),

c. The capital in the southeastern corner (ill. 192 no. 6),

d. The capital in the southwestern corner (ill. 192 no. 10).

206. Al. Masák, The corbels of the western pillar of the Altneuschul looking northward,

and section of the pier showing the corbels locations, 1922. Drawing (from Münzer,

“Die Altneusynagoge in Prag,” 104 fig. 10).

207. Al. Masák, The corbels in the western pillar of the Altneuschul looking towards the

south-west, 1922. Drawing (from Münzer, “Die Altneusynagoge in Prag,” 98 fig. 5).

208. Prague, Altneuschul. The corbels in the eastern pillar of the Altneuschul.

Photograph (courtesy of Bracha Yaniv).

209. Al. Masák, Wall corbels in the Altneuschul, 1922. Drawing (from Münzer, “Die

Altneusynagoge in Prag,” 102-103 fig. 9):

a. The middle corbel on the northern wall in the northwestern bay (ill. 192 no. 2),

b. The middle corbel in the middle northern bay (ill. 192 no. 3),

c. The middle corbel on the northern wall in the northeastern bay (ill. 192 no. 4),

d. The middle corbel on the southern wall in the southeastern bay (ill. 192 no. 7),

e. The middle corbel on the southern wall in middle southern bay (ill. 192 no. 8),

f. The middle corbel on the southern wall in the southwestern bay (ill. 192 no. 9).

210. Prague, Altneuschul. The corbel in the southeastern corner of the prayer hall (ill.

192 no. 6) (from Münzer, “Die Altneusynagoge in Prag,” fig. IX on the left).

211. Prague, Altneuschul. The corbel in the northwestern corner of the prayer hall (ill.

192 no. 1) (from Münzer, “Die Altneusynagoge in Prag,” fig. IX on the right).

212. Prague, Altneuschul. The pediment of the Holy Ark. Photograph (from Münzer,

“Die Altneusynagoge in Prag,” fig. IV following p. 105).

19

213. Prague, Altneuschul. The portal of the prayer hall: the capital on the left.


214. Prague, the St. Salvator church in the St. Agnes monastery: interior, ca. 1280.

Photograph (from Helena Soukupová, Anežský klášter v Praze [Prague, 1989], 129

fig. 131).

215. The Chapel of Guardian Angels in the Zlatá Koruna monastery near Českí

Krumlow, third quarter of the 13th century: the longitudinal section (from Jiří Kuthan,

Die mittelalterliche Baukunst der Zisterzienser in Böhmen and Mähren [Munich,

1982], 221).


Krumlow, third quarter of the 13th century: the spanning and southern wall of the

ground floor. Photograph by the author, 2000.

217. Naumburg, Cathedral. A keystone in the western choir, 1249-60 (from Friedrich

and Helga Möbius, Bauornament im Mittelalter [Vienna, 1978], fig. 124).

218. Prague, the St. Salvator church in the St. Agnes monastery: a wall capital, after

1261. Photograph, 1914 (from Soukupová, Anežský klášter, 132 fig. 134).

219. Prague, the St. Salvator church in the St. Agnes monastery, the entrance portal:

capitals, ca. 1265. Photograph, 1984 (from Soukupová, Anežský klášter, 144 fig. 157).


Krumlow. The entrance portal, third quarter of the 13th century. Photograph by the

author, 2000.


Krumlow. The entrance portal: the left capital. Photograph by the author, 2000.


Krumlow. Two corner corbels, third quarter of the 13th century. Photograph by the

author, 2000.

223. Marburg, St. Elisabeth’s Church. Portal, after 1250 (from Georg Dehio,

Geschichte der Deutschen Kunst, 1/2 [Berlin, 1919]: 241 fig. 303).

224. Magdeburg, Cathedral. Tympanum above the portal of the choir passage, 1220-30

(from Möbius, Bauornament im Mittelalter, fig. 117).

225. Prague, Altneuschul. The Holy Ark. Photograph (courtesy of Bracha Yaniv).

226. J. Eckert, The Holy Ark of the Altneuschul. Photograph, ca. 1900 (from Pařík, The

Prague Synagogues in Paintings, Engravings and Photographs, [s.p.]).

20

227. Prague, Altneuschul. The steps, bench and left parapet before the Holy Ark.


228. Prague, Altneuschul. The Ark’s forestructure. Photograph by the author, 2000.

229. Prague, Altneuschul. The right parapet before the Holy Ark. Photograph by the

author, 2000.

230. “The Heavenly Jerusalem,” The Trinity College Apocalypse, England, ca. 1250.

Cambridge, Trinity College Library, Ms. R. 16. 2 (C.M.A. 524), fol. 25v. (from The

Trinity College Apocalypse [facsimile edition]).

231. “The Tree of Life,” (a detail of ill. 230, set on its side counterclockwise).

232. “Vine Tree,” Pentateuch, Southern France or Spain, ca. 1300. Frankfurt am Main,

Stadtsbibliothek, Codex Ausst. 4, fol. 25r (from Zofja Ameisenowa, “The Tree of Life

in Jewish Iconography,” Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, 2 [1939]:

fig. 57d).

233. Hildesheim, Cathedral. Font: “The Baptism of Christ,” ca. 1225 (from Legner,

Deutsche Kunst der Romanik, fig. 309).

234. Erfurt, St. Mary’s Church. Retable, third quarter of the 12th century (from Legner,

Deutsche Kunst der Romanik, fig. 237).

235. J. V. Hellich, “The Portal of the Prayer Hall of the Altneuschul,” engraving, 1860

(Pařík, The Prague Synagogues in Paintings, Engravings and Photographs, [s.p.]).

236. Prague, Altneuschul. The portal of the prayer hall. Photograph, ca. 1901 (from

Neuwirth, Prag, 72 ill. 48).

237. Prague, Altneuschul. The tympanum of the portal of the prayer hall, detail: “Roots

of the vine tree.” Photograph by the author, 2000.

238. Dura Europos, Synagogue. The Holy Ark surmounted by the painting: “The Vine

of the Lord,” 244-245 C.E. Drawing (from Kurt Weitzmann and Herbert L. Kessler,

The Frescoes of the Dura Europos Synagogue and Christian Art [Washington,

1990], fig. 195).

239. “Vine Tree,” Hispano-Moresque Haggadah, Castile, late 13th or early 14th century.

London, British Museum, Or. 2737, fol. 1 (from Narkiss, Hebrew Illuminated

Manuscripts in the British Isles, 2: no. 9 fig. 79).

240. “Sign of the Month,” The Tripartite Mahzor, vol. I, Southern Germany, ca. 1320.

Budapest, Library of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Kaufmann Collection, Ms.

A384, fol. 85v (from Ruth Mellinkoff, Antisemitic Hate Signs in Hebrew Illuminated

Manuscripts from Medieval Germany [Jerusalem, 1999], 103 fig. 30).

21

241. Worms, Old Jewish Cemetery. Tombstone, late 14th or early 15th century.


242. “Crucifix with Ecclesia and Synagoga,” patten of a chalice from Trzemeszno

(Tremessen) Abbey, ca. 1170. Gniezno, Cathedral treasury (from Adam Bochnak and

Kazimierz Buczkowski, Decorative Arts in Poland [Warsaw, 1972], fig. 12).

243. Sangerhausen, St. Ulrich’s Church. Impost of a pillar in the choir, ca. 1300: “A

Bird Pecking at Grapes” (from Möbius, Bauornament im Mittelalter, fig. 10).

244. Cross reliquary, the Maas region, ca. 1200-1220 (from Ornamenta Ecclesiae.

Kunst und Künstler der Romanik, 3 [Cologne, 1985]: 121 no. H40).

245. Rome, San Clemente Church. Mosaic of the apse: “Crucifix,” ca. 1125 (from

Walter Oakenshott, The Mosaics of Rome from the Third to the Fourteenth

Centuries [London, 1967], 249).

246. Naumburg, Cathedral. Tympanum above the portal of the northeastern tower, ca.

1230-40 (from Hans-Henning Grote, “Magdeburg und Naumburg (Ost)” in Der

Magdeburger Dom: Ottonische Gründung und Staufischer Neubau [Leipzig,

1989], fig. 131).

247. Rome, Ara Pacis Augustae. A panel of the marble enclosure: “Saeculum aureum,”

13-9 B.C.E. (from Paul Zanker, The Power of Images in the Age of Augustus

[Michigan, 1988], 181 fig. 140).

248a. “Arbor Bona - Ecclesia Fidelis,” Lambert of Saint-Omer, Liber Floridus, before

1121. Ghent, Centrale Bibliotheek van de Rijksuniversiteit Cod. 1125(92), fol. 231v

(from Liber Floridus, [a facsimile edition], 462).

248b. “Arbor Mala - Synagoga,” Lambert of Saint-Omer, Liber Floridus, before 1121.

Ghent, Centrale Bibliotheek van de Rijksuniversiteit Cod. 1125(92), fol. 232r (from

Liber Floridus, [a facsimile edition], 463).

249. Prague, The Old Jewish Cemetery. Tombstone of Moses ben Israel Tchoř the

Levite, d. 1656 (from Der Alte Jüdischen Friedhof in Prag [Prague, 1960], fig. 22).

250. Prague, The Old Jewish Cemetery. Tombstone of Moses ben Israel Tchoř (a detail

of ill. 249): “The Tree of Life Flanked by Foumarts.” Photograph (from Der Alte

Jüdischen Friedhof in Prag, fig. 23).

251. Prague, Altneuschul. An alms box inside the entrance to the prayer hall.


22

252. Antependium, Germany, Rupertsberg, 1210-20: “Enthroned Christ,” detail (from

Konrad Hoffmann, ed., The Year 2000. Centennial Exhibition at the Metropolitan

Museum of Art, 1 [New York, 1970], 328).

253. “Mundane Ages,” Lambert of Saint-Omer, Liber Floridus, before 1121. Ghent,

Centrale Bibliotheek van de Rijksuniversiteit Cod. 1125(92), fol. 232v (from Liber

Floridus, [a facsimile edition], 464).

254. Reims, Cathedral. Plant reliefs, ca. 1260: “Whitehorn.” Photograph (from Lottlisa

Behling, Die Pflanzenwelt der mittelalterlichen Kathedralen [Cologne, 1964], fig.

XCI).

255. Reims, Cathedral. Plant reliefs, ca. 1260: “Clover.” Photograph (from Behling, Die

Pflanzenwelt, fig. LXXXIa).

256. Reims, Cathedral. Plant reliefs, ca. 1260: “Vine Tree, Wormwood and Bryony.”

Photograph (from Behling, Die Pflanzenwelt, fig. LXXXIb).

257. Naumburg, Cathedral. Capitals, ca. 1250: “Wormwood.” Photograph (from

Behling, Die Pflanzenwelt, fig. CIX).

258. Reims, Cathedral. Plant reliefs, ca. 1260: “Ivy.” Photograph (from Behling, Die

Pflanzenwelt, fig. XC).

259. A carved stone fragment, ca. 1239: “Hops.” Mainz, the Diocese Museum (from

Behling, Die Pflanzenwelt, fig. XCVIIb).

260. Naumburg, Cathedral. A capital, ca. 1250: “Fig Leaves and Fruits.” Photograph

(from Behling, Die Pflanzenwelt, fig. CVIb).

261. Marburg, St. Elisabeth’s Church. Mausoleum of St. Elisabeth, the 1260s, detail:

“Maple Leaves.” Photograph (from Behling, Die Pflanzenwelt, fig. CXXVb).

262. Marburg, St. Elisabeth’s Church. Mausoleum St. Elisabeth, the 1260s, detail:

“Bindweed.” Photograph (from Behling, Die Pflanzenwelt, fig. CXXVa).

263. Miltenberg, Synagogue. Pediment of the Holy Ark, late 13th century (from

Krautheimer, Mittelalterliche Synagogen, 191 fig. 66).

264. Miltenberg, Synagogue, late 13th century. The ground plan (from Krautheimer,


265. Sopron, Synagogue at 22-24, Új Street. The Holy Ark, ca. 1300 (from www.us-

israel.org/jsource/ Judaism/synhungary.html).

266. Sopron, Synagogue at 22-24, Új Street. The Holy Ark, ca. 1300. Photograph (from

László Gerő, ed., Magyarországi zsinagógák [Budapest, 1989], 56 fig. 16).

23

267. “The Cantor at His Pulpit in Front of the Holy Ark,” Mahzor, France, 1304. Parma,

Biblioteca Palatina, Ms. Parm. 3006 – De Rossi 654, fol. 99v (from Metzger, Jewish

Life in the Middle Ages, 66 fig. 93).

268. “The Holy Ark,” Mahzor, Bavaria (region of Salzburg), ca. 1390. Paris,

Bibliothèque nationale, MS hébreu 646, fol. 38v (from Sed-Rajna and Fellous, Les


269. “The Holy Ark Open,” Haggadah, Germany, 1462-70. The Carl Alexander

Floersheim Art and Judaica Collection (Ms 511 in the S. D. Sassoon Collection), p. 23

(from Annette Weber, “Ark and Curtain: Monuments for a Jewish Nation in Exile,” JA,

23-24, The Real and Ideal Jerusalem in Jewish, Christian and Islamic Art [1997-

98]: 92 fig. 4).

270. “The Cantor at His Pulpit at the Holy Ark,” Haggadah, Germany, 1462-70. The

Carl Alexander Floersheim Art and Judaica Collection (Ms 511 in the S. D.

Sassoon Collection), p. 28 (from Annette Weber, “Ark and Curtain,” 92 fig. 3).

271. “Coming out from the Synagogue,” Sarajevo Haggadah, Spain, Barcelona(?), 14th

century. Sarajevo, National Museum, fol. 34 (from Bezalel Narkiss, “The Heikhal,

Bimah, and Teiva in Sephardi Synagogues,” JA, 18 [1992]: 36 fig.19).

272. “Presentation of the Virgin,” Lectionary of Henry II, the 11th century. Munich,

Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Cod. Lat. 15713, fol. 1v (from Carol Herselle Krinsky,

“Representations of the Temple of Jerusalem before 1500,” Journal of the Warburg

and Courtauld Institutes, 33 [1970]: pl. 1b).

273. Andrea Orcagna, Baldachin (Ciborium), 1359. Florence, Orsanmichele (from

Jacob Burckhardt, The Altarpiece in Renaissance Italy [Oxford, 1988], 25 fig. 11).

274. Workshop of Matteo di Ser Cambio, Perugia, “Worshipper in front of the Holy

Ark,” Jerusalem Mishneh Torah, ca. 1400, fol. 33v (from Geoffrey Wigoder, The Story

of the Synagogue: A Diaspora Museum Book [New York, 1986], 74).

275. “Women at the Holy Ark” and “Jews Studying,” Prayerbook, Ferrara region, the

1520s (?). E. Bicart-Sée’s collection (from Elkan Nathan Adler, ed., Jewish Travellers

[London, 1930], frontispiece).

276. “Women at the Holy Ark,” Prayerbook, Ferrara region, the 1520s (?). E. Bicart-

Sée’s collection ( a detail of ill. 275).

277. “Presentation in the Temple,” Decacordum cristianum, published by Gershom

Soncino, Venice, 1507 (from Maria Luisa Moscati Benigni, Marche. Itinerari ebraici.

I luoghi, la storia, l’arte [Venice, 1996], 76).

24

278. “Officiant with the Torah Scroll before the Holy Ark,” Rothschild Miscellany,

Ferrara, ca. 1470. Jerusalem, Israel Museum, MS 180/51, fol. 105v (from Metzger,

Jewish Life in the Middle Ages, 69 fig. 97).

279. “Worship in a Synagogue,” Jacob ben Asher, Arba’ah Turim, Mantua, 1435.

Vatican, Bibliotheca Apostolica, Cod. Rossiana, 555, fol. 12v (from Metzger, Jewish

Life in the Middle Ages, 64 fig. 92).

280a. Gold Glass fragment, Rome, 4th century. Vatican, Museo Sacro. Photograph (from

Archer St. Clair, “God’s House of Peace in Paradise: the Feast of Tabernacles on a

Jewish Gold Glass,” JJA, 11 [1985]: 7 fig. 1).

280b. Drawing of ill. 280a (from St. Clair, “God’s House of Peace in Paradise,” 7 fig.

2).

281. Sopron, the Synagogue at Új Street no. 11. The Pediment of the Holy Ark, mid-

14th century (from Alexandre Scheiber, “Une synagogue médiévale à Sopron,” Revue

des études juives, 118 [1959-60], 93 fig. 5).

282. Nuremberg, Synagogue. The Pediment of the Holy Ark, ca. 1451. Photograph

(from Eschwege, Die Synagoge in der deutschen Geschichte, 63 fig. 18).

283. Nuremberg, Synagogue. The Pediment of the Holy Ark, ca. 1451, in a later setting.

Photograph, before 1909(?) (from Krautheimer, Mittelalterliche Synagogen, 251 fig.

98).

284. “The Holy Ark Open,” Mahzor, vol. I, Bavaria, Ulm, 1459. Munich, Bayerische

Staatsbibliothek, Cod. Hebr. 3/I, p. 23 (from Annette Weber, “Ark and Curtain,” 92 fig.

5).

285. Leefdael, St. Vérone Church. Aumbry, 15th century (from Barbara G. Lane, The

Altar and the Altarpiece: Sacramental Themes in Early Netherlandish Painting

[New York, 1984], 33 fig. 23).

286. “The Sanctuary (Frontispiece to Numbers),” The Lobbes Bible, 11th century.

Tournai, Bibliothèque du Séminaire, MS 1, fol. 77r (from Walter Cahn, Romanesque

Bible Illuminations [Ithaca, 1982], 126 fig. 80).

287. “Crucifix with Ecclesia and Synagoga,” Biblia Pauperum: Apocalypse, ca. 1340-

50. Weimar, Stiftung Weimarer Klassik, Herzogin Amalia Bibliothek, fol. 22r (from

Heinz Schreckenberg, The Jews in Christian Art [London, 1996], pl. 3 following p.

64).

25

288. “The Cantor at the Holy Ark,” Germany, ca. 1395-98. Vatican, Biblioteca

Apostolica, Cod. Vat. ebr. 324 (from Tel] 95 מחנייםמרדכי הכהן, "בית הכנסת בהלכה ובאגדה,"

Aviv, 1964]: 18).

289. “Crossing the Jordan River,” Michaelbeuern Bible, Italy, second quarter of the 12th

century. Michaelbeuern, Stiftsbibliothek, Cod. Perg. 1, fol. 74r (from Cahn,

Romanesque Bible Illuminations, 156 fig. 114).

290. “The Righteous at the Gate of Jerusalem,” Bird’s Head Haggadah, Southern

Germany, ca. 1300. Jerusalem, Israel Museum, Ms. 180/57, fol. 47 (from The Bird’s

Head Haggadah, Complete Facsimile).

291. The Holy Ark from a synagogue in Modena, 1472. Paris, Cluny Museum (from

Sed-Rajna, Jewish Art, fig. 153).

292. “Search for Leavened Bread on the Eve of Passover,” The First Cincinnati

Haggadah, Southern Germany (the Ulm region?), 1480-90. Cincinnati, Hebrew Union

College, fol. 1v (from Narkiss, Hebrew Illuminated Manuscripts, 131 fig. 45).

293. “Search for Leavened Bread on the Eve of Passover,” Rothschild Miscellany,

Ferrara, ca. 1470, Ferrara. Jerusalem, Israel Museum, Ms. 180/51, fol. 155v (from

Metzger, Jewish Life in the Middle Ages, 96, fig. 138).

294. Printer’s mark of Gershom Soncino, Sefer Kol Bo, Rimini, 1525-26 (from

שערי ספרים עברייםא. מ. הברמן, [Safed, 1969], 31).

295. “The Temple with the Ark of the Covenant,” Sarajevo Haggadah, Spain,

Barcelona(?), 14th century. Sarajevo, National Museum, fol. 32r (from Narkiss, Hebrew

Illuminated Manuscripts, 61 fig. 10).

296. Prague, Pinchas synagogue. The Holy Ark’s Forestructure, the 1520s. Photograph


297. “The Cantor at His Pulpit,” Bird’s Head Haggadah, Southern Germany, ca. 1300.

Jerusalem, Israel Museum, Ms. 180/57, fol. 76 (from The Bird’s Head Haggadah,

Complete Facsimile).

298. Sopron, Synagogue at 22-24, Új Street. The tympanum of the portal of the prayer

hall, ca. 1300 (from Dávid, Sopron: Old Synagogue, 9).

299. Benedikt Ried, Vladislav Hall, 1493-1503. Prague, Hradčany Royal Castle (from

Jan Białostocki, The Art of the Renaissance in Eastern Europe [Oxford, 1976], fig.

42).

300. Benedikt Ried, Vladislav Hall: Portal of the Parliament room, 1493-1503. Prague,

Hradčany Royal Castle (from Białostocki, The Art of the Renaissance, fig. 46).

26

301. Initial page of Exodus from the Pentateuch published by Gershom Ha-Cohen,

Prague, 1518 (from Charles Wengrov, Haggadah and Woodcut: An Introduction to

the Passover Haggadah Completed by Gershom Cohen in Prague, Sunday, 26

Teveth 5287 = December 30, 1526, to Accompany Its Facsimile Edition [New York,

1976], fig. 6).

302. Printers’ marks and colophon on the frontispiece of a Prayer Book, printed by

Gershom Ha-Cohen. Prague, 1512 (from Die Juden in Prag [Prague, 1927],

Supplement, fig. 1).

303. R. Ječný, The ground plan of the Pinchas Synagogue in Prague (the building of the

1520s is marked in black). Drawing (from Hana Volavková, The Pinkas Synagogue

[Prague, 1955], 63).

304. Prague, Pinchas Synagogue. The bimah (seen from above). Photograph by the

author, 2000.

305. Prague, Pinchas Synagogue. The bimah looking to the north-west. Photograph by

the author, 2000.

306. Prague, Pinchas Synagogue. The bimah’s northern parapet: a pier and Gothic arch

revealed under the plaster. Photograph by J. Ehm, 1951 (Volavková, The Pinkas

Synagogue, fig. 25).

307. Prague, Pinchas Synagogue. A remnant of a pinnacle. Photograph by V. Hnízdo,

1952 (Volavková, The Pinkas Synagogue, fig. 16).

308. Prague, Pinchas Synagogue. Two remnants of pinnacles. Photograph by V.

Hnízdo, 1952 (Volavková, The Pinkas Synagogue, fig. 18).

309. Prague, Pinchas Synagogue. The vault looking eastward. Photograph by the author,

2000.

310. R. Ječný, The ground plan of the Pinchas Synagogue in Prague (the extension of

1535 is marked in black). Drawing (from Volavková, The Pinkas Synagogue, 64).

311. Prague, Pinchas Synagogue. The pier between the 3rd and the 4th bay on the

southern side of the prayer hall: supporting pilaster. Photograph by the author, 2000.

312. Prague, Pinchas Synagogue. The pier between the 4th and the 5th bay on the

southern side of the prayer hall: supporting colonette. Photograph by the author, 2000.

313. Prague, Pinchas Synagogue. The prayer hall: the portal in the 5th bay on the

southern wall. Photograph by the author, 2000.

314a. Prague, Pinchas Synagogue. The portal (the same as in ill. 313), detail: the

entablature. Photograph by the author, 2000.

27

314b. Prague, Pinchas Synagogue. The portal (the same as in ills. 313, 314a), detail: the

frieze. Photograph by the author, 2000.

315. Prague, Pinchas Synagogue. The dedicatory inscription of Aaron Meshulam

Horovitz and his wife Nechamah, 1535 (from Volavková, The Pinkas Synagogue,

frontispiece).

316. Prague, Pinchas Synagogue. The dedicatory inscription of Aaron Meshulam

Horovitz and his wife Nechamah, 1535 (the same as in ill. 315). Photograph by the

author, 2000.

317. Prague, Hradčany Royal Castle. Followers of Benedikt Ried, St George’s Church:

the southern portal, ca. 1520. Photograph after Białostocki, The Art of the

Renaissance, fig. 51a).

318. “Three Jewish Hats,” Jewish seal imprint, Constance, Germany, 1332.

Karlsruhe, Badisches Generallandesarchiv, sign. 3/188 (from EJ, 14: 1077 fig.

7)

319. Toledo, El Tránsito (Samuel Ha-Levi Abulafia’s synagogue). Interior looking

toward the south-east, ca. 1357 (from Esther W. Goldman, “Samuel Halevi Abulafia’s

Synagogue [El Tránsito] in Toledo,” JA, 18 (1992): 58 fig. 1).

320. Seville, Alcazar. Façade, 1350-69 (from Goldman, “Samuel Halevi Abulafia’s

Synagogue,” 69 fig. 6).

321. Seville, Alcazar. Interior, a detail of the wall reliefs, 1350-69 (from Goldman,

“Samuel Halevi Abulafia’s Synagogue,” 64 fig. 15).

322. Toledo, El Tránsito (Samuel Ha-Levi Abulafia’s synagogue). The dedicatory

inscription to the left of the Holy Ark, ca. 1357 (from Francisco Cantera Burgos,

Sinagogas Españolas [Madrid, 1955], fig. 21).

323. Strzegom, St. Barbara’s Church (former synagogue). Exterior: the north-western

corner, 14th century, rebuilt after 1454 (from Maria and Kazimierz Piechotka, Bramy

Nieba. Bóżnice murowane na ziemiach dawnej Rzeczypospolitej [Warsaw, 1999],

44 fig. 28).

324. Strzegom, St. Barbara’s Church (former synagogue). Ground plan (the synagogue

is marked in black) (from Piechotka, Bóżnice murowane, 43 fig. 26).

325. Strzegom, St. Barbara’s Church (former synagogue). Interior looking westward:

The former synagogue (from Piechotka, Bóżnice murowane, 45 fig. 31).

28

326. Oleśnica, Evangelical Church (former synagogue), late 14th or early 15th century.

Ground plan (the synagogue is marked in black) (from Piechotka, Bóżnice murowane,

46 fig. 32).

327. Oleśnica, the Evangelical Church (former synagogue). Western façade. Drawing

(from Piechotka, Bóżnice murowane, 47 fig. 34).

328. John Strożecki, “Cracow and its Vicinities,” in Hartmann Schedel, Liber

Cronicarum, Nuremberg, 1493 (from Hartmann Schedel, Das Buch der Croniken,

facsimile [New York, 1996]).

329. “The Synagogue of Erfurt,” The Ratmeister Friese Chronicle (from Eschwege, Die

Synagoge in der deutschen Geschichte, 64 fig. 19).

330. Cracow (Kazimierz), the Remah Synagogue. The Holy Ark, 1557-58, detail: the

pilasters and entablature. Photograph by Eleonora Bergman, 1998.

331. Cracow (Kazimierz), the Remah Synagogue. The Holy Ark, 1557-58, the pilaster

directly to the left of the Torah’s niche, detail: the fluted pilaster’s shaft. Photograph by

the author, 1998.

332. Cracow (Kazimierz), the Remah Synagogue. The Holy Ark, 1557-58, the pilaster

directly to the right of the Torah’s niche, detail: the pilaster’s capital and shaft.


333. Cracow (Kazimierz), the Remah Synagogue. The Holy Ark, 1557-58, detail:

capital of a pilaster directly adjoining the Ark. Photograph by the author, 1998.

334. Cracow (Kazimierz), the Remah Synagogue. The Holy Ark, 1557-58, detail.



paired capitals to the left of the Torah’s niche (from on Katalog zabytków, 4 Kraków,

6: fig. 102).


paired capitals to the right of the Torah’s niche. Photograph by the author, 1998.


paired capitals to the right of the Torah’s niche. Photograph by the author, 1998.


shaft of the left outer pilaster. Photograph by the author, 1998.

339. Cologne, St. Ursula’s Church. Altarpiece, ca. 1170, detail. Cologne, the

Schnütgen-Museum, no. G. 569 (from Ornamenta Ecclesiae. Kunst und Künstler der

Romanik, 2 [Cologne, 1985]: 348 no. E 113).

29

340. Chalice from Trzemeszno (Tremessen) abbey, ca. 1170, detail: “Aaron, the

Flowering Rod and Barren Rods.” Gniezno, Cathedral treasury (from Florens Deuchler,

ed., The Year 1200: A Background Survey [New York, 1970], fig. 144).

341. Neuenburg (Neuchâtel), former monastery church. A carved impost, second half of

the 12th century. Drawing (from François Maurer-Kuhn, Romanische Kapitellplastik

in der Schweiz [Bern, 1971], 184).

342. A rūmī pattern engraved on an ivory, Sicily, 11th or 12th century. Drawing (from

Jurgis Baltrušaitis, Le Moyen Age fantastique [Paris, 1955], 89 fig. 37e).

343a. Le Puy, St. Michael Chapel. The portal, ca. 1150 (from Andreas Petzold,

Romanesque Art [New York, 1995], 151 fig. 114).

343b. Le Puy, St. Michael Chapel. An arch of the portal, detail of ill. 343a.

344. An ornamental decoration to the Hallel, (Ps. 118:28-29), the Golden Haggadah,

Barcelona(?), ca. 1320. London, British museum, Add. Ms. 27210, fol. 55r (from

Narkiss, Hebrew Illuminated Manuscripts in the British Isles, 2: pl. XLIV fig. 148).

345. Cracow (Kazimierz), The Remah Synagogue, 1553 and 1557-58, and the Jewish

cemetery, founded 1551-52. A general plan (based on Eugeniusz Duda, Krakowskie

judaica [Warsaw, 1991], 86).

346. Cracow (Kazimierz), the Old Jewish Cemetery near the Remah Synagogue. A

sculpture of a lion, Cracow, 13th century(?). Photograph by the author, 1998.


sculpture of a lion, Cracow, 13th century(?). Photograph by the author, 1998.

348. Nicolao, The portico, ca. 1135: the lion under the right column. Verona, San Zeno.

Photograph by Emma Fanar, 1999.

349. Cracow (Kazimierz), The Old Synagogue. Exterior: the northern façade.


350. Cracow (Kazimierz), Town Wall and the Old Synagogue: the north-western corner.


351. Location of the Old Synagogue in Kazimierz (based on ill. 328).

352. “Judengasse and the Synagogue from 1460-64,” a detail of M. Merian, “View of

Frankfurt am Main,” 1628 (from Wischnitzer, Architecture, 77 fig. 36).

353. Cracow (Kazimierz), the Old Synagogue. Ground plan (based on Katalog

zabytków, 4 Kraków, 6: 4).

354. Cracow (Kazimierz), Szeroka Street. View of the entrance portal to the courtyard

of the Remah Synagogue (from on Katalog zabytków, 4 Kraków, 6: fig. 37).

30

355. Franciscus Florentinus and Jörg Huber, the Tomb of John Albrecht, 1501-1505.

Cracow, Wawel Cathedral (from Białostocki, The Art of the Renaissance, fig. 16).

356. Franciscus Florentinus, Frame of the Tomb of John Albrecht, 1502-1505, detail.

Cracow, Wawel Cathedral. Photograph by the author, 1998.

357. Bartolommeo Berrecci, the Sigismund Chapel, 1517-33: the southern façade.

Cracow, Wawel Cathedral (from Białostocki, The Art of the Renaissance, fig. 101).

358a. Bartolommeo Berrecci, the Sigismund Chapel, 1517-33: ground plan (from

Białostocki, The Art of the Renaissance, 37).

358b. Bartolommeo Berrecci, the Sigismund Chapel, 1517-33: vertical section looking

southward. Cracow, Wawel Cathedral (from Białostocki, The Art of the Renaissance,

36).

359a. Bartolommeo Berrecci, the Sigismund Chapel, 1517-33: lantern. Cracow, Wawel

Cathedral (from Stanisław Cercha and Feliks Kopera, Nadworny rzeżbiarz króla

Zygmunta Starego Giovanni Cini z Sieny i jego dzieła w Polsce, Cracow, [1917],

109 fig. 108).

359b. Bartolommeo Berrecci, the Sigismund Chapel, 1517-33: orb, putto, crown and

cross. Cracow, Wawel Cathedral (from Cercha and Kopera, Nadworny rzeżbiarz, 111

fig. 109).

360. Bartolommeo Berrecci and his workshop, the wall decorations, the royal throne (on

the left) and the tomb of Sigismund I (on the right above), 1524-31; Santi Gucci, the

tomb of Queen Anna (in front of the throne), the tomb of Sigismund Augustus (on the

right below) and alterations of the tomb niche, 1574-75. Cracow, Wawel Cathedral, the

Sigismund Chapel, interior looking towards the north-west (from Białostocki, The Art

of the Renaissance, frontispiece).

361. Bartolommeo Berrecci and his workshop, the wall decorations, the tomb of

Sigismund I (above), 1524-31; Santi Gucci, the tomb of Sigismund Augustus (below)

and alterations of the tomb niche, 1574-75. Cracow, Wawel Cathedral, the Sigismund

Chapel, interior looking westward (from Białostocki, The Art of the Renaissance, fig.

104).

362. Bartolommeo Berrecci and his workshop, the Sigismund Chapel: the northern

tympanum, the drum and the dome, 1524-31. Cracow, Wawel Cathedral (from

Białostocki, The Art of the Renaissance, fig. 106).

31

363. Bartolommeo Berrecci and his workshop, the Sigismund Chapel: the dome, lantern

and the artist’s signature, 1524-31. Cracow, Wawel Cathedral (from Białostocki, The

Art of the Renaissance, fig. 120).

364. Bartolommeo Berrecci, Chapel of Bishop Piotr Tomicki, ca. 1530 (on the left) and

Sigismund Chapel, 1517-33 (in the center). Cracow, Wawel Cathedral: the southern

façade. Photograph by the author, 1998.

365. Bartolommeo Berrecci or Gian Maria Padovano, Tomb of Bishop Piotr Tomicki,

ca. 1535. Cracow, Wawel Cathedral, the Tomicki chapel (from Białostocki, The Art of

the Renaissance, fig. 181).

366. Cracow workshop, Epitaph of Alexander Myszkowski, after 1548. Cracow,

Dominican church. Drawing by Stanisław Cercha, 1903 (from Feliks Kopera,

Maksymilian and Stanisław Cercha, Pomniki Kracowa, 2 (Cracow, 1904): [s. p.]).

367. Frontispiece of the Remah’s Torat Ha-Olah printed by Mordechai Ha-Cohen,

Prague, 1570 (from Mitchell M. Kaplan, Panorama of Ancient Letters [New York,

1942], 55 no. 80).

368. Cracow (Kazimierz), the Remah Synagogue and the Jewish cemetery looking

southward (from on Katalog zabytków, 4 Kraków, 6: fig. 38).

369. Cracow (Kazimierz), the Remah Synagogue. Israel Isserl’s dedicatory inscription,

1553 and 1557-58. Photograph by Jerzy Langda, 1974 (the Institute of Art of the Polish

Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, neg. no. 127231).

370. Cracow (Kazimierz), the Remah Synagogue. Israel Isserl’s dedicatory inscription,

1553 and 1557-58. Photograph by the author, 1998.

371. Cracow (Kazimierz), the Remah Synagogue. The bimah (reconstructed in 1958)

and Israel Isserl’s dedicatory inscription, 1553 and 1557-58. Photograph by the author,

1998.

372. Cracow (Kazimierz), The foundation tablet above the passage from the courtyard

of the Remah Synagogue to the Jewish cemetery, 1881(?) (the Jewish Historical

Institute, Warsaw).

373a. Cracow (Kazimierz), the Remah Synagogue. Ground plan of the prayer hall of

1557-58 (marked in black) (from Piechotka, Bóżnice murowane, 116 fig. 99a).

373b. Cracow (Kazimierz), the Remah Synagogue, 1553 and 1557-58. Plan of the

windows level of the prayer hall of 1557-58 (marked in black) (from Piechotka,

Bóżnice murowane, 116 fig. 99b).

32

374. Cracow (Kazimierz), the Remah Synagogue, 1553 and 1557-58. Interior looking

towards the south-east. Photograph, 1932 (the Institute of Art of the Polish Academy of

Sciences, Warsaw, neg. no. 134235).

375. Cracow (Kazimierz), the Remah Synagogue, 1553 and 1557-58. Interior looking

eastward (from Piechotka, Bóżnice murowane, 116 fig. 106).

376a. Cracow (Kazimierz), the Remah Synagogue, 1553 and 1557-58. Cross section

looking eastward (the prayer hall is marked in black) (from Piechotka, Bóżnice

murowane, 116 fig. 104).

376b. Cracow (Kazimierz), the Remah Synagogue, 1553 and 1557-58. Longitudinal

section looking southward (the prayer hall is marked in black) (from Piechotka, Bóżnice

murowane, 116 fig. 105).

377. Reconstruction of the ground plan of the 1553 prayer hall in the Remah Synagogue

in Cracow (Kazimierz). Drawing by the author.

378. Cracow (Kazimierz), the Remah Synagogue, 1553 and 1557-58. The eastern


379. Cracow (Kazimierz), the Remah Synagogue, 1553 and 1557-58. The vault looking

eastward (from Katalog zabytków, 4 Kraków, 6: fig. 41).

380. Cracow (Kazimierz), the Remah Synagogue. The Holy Ark, 1557-58. Photograph

by Jerzy Langda, 1974 (the Institute of Art of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw,

neg. no. 137222).

381. Cracow (Kazimierz), the Remah Synagogue. The Holy Ark, 1557-58 (from Majer

Bałaban, Przewodnik po żydowskich zabytkach Krakowa [Cracow, 1935], fig. 16).

382. Cracow (Kazimierz), the Remah Synagogue. The alms box, 1557-58 (from

Bałaban, Przewodnik,fig. 14).

383. Cracow (Kazimierz), the Remah Synagogue. The alms box, 1557-58. Photograph


384. Cracow (Kazimierz), The Remah Synagogue, 1553 and 1557-58. Interior looking

towards the south-east. Photograph, before 1939 (the Institute of Art of the Polish


385. Cracow (Kazimierz), The Remah Synagogue. The Holy Ark, 1557-58. Photograph

by Eleonora Bergman, 1998.

386. Cracow (Kazimierz), The Remah Synagogue. The Holy Ark, 1557-58, detail: the

Eternal Light on the left pilaster. Photograph by the author, 1998.

33


Tombstone, 1567 (from Katalog zabytków, 4 Kraków, 6: fig. 232).

388. Cracow (Kazimierz), The Remah Synagogue. The Holy Ark, 1557-58, detail.


389. Workshop of Jan Maria Padovano, Tomb of Krzysztof Herburt, third quarter of the

16th century. Felsztyn, Parochial church (from Feliks Kopera, “Jan Maria Padovano,”

Prace Komisji Historii Sztuki, 7 [Cracow, 1938]: 233 fig. 20).

390. Cracow, St. Barbara’s Church. Cracow workshop, Frame of an unknown epitaph,

mid-16th century. Photograph by the author, 1998.

391. Sz. Pencz, Sacrament repository, 1542. Zawichost, former Franciscan church.

(from Katalog zabytków sztuki w Polsce, 3, Wojewódstwo Kieleckie, 11, Powiat

Sandomierski, eds. Jerzy Z. Łoziński and Barbara Wolff [Warsaw, 1962], fig. 207).

392. Chroberz, Parochial church. Lavabo (washbowl), 2nd half of the 16th century

Photograph (from Katalog zabytków sztuki w Polsce, 3, Wojewódstwo Kieleckie, 9,

Powiat Pińczowski, eds. Jerzy Z. Łoziński and Barbara Wolff [Warsaw, 1961], fig.

105).

393. Ambrogio Bergognone, “The Virgin and Child with Saints Catherine of Alexandria

and Siena,” 1490. London, National Gallery (from Giotto to Dürer: Early

Renaissance Painting in the National Gallery [London, 1991], fig. 51).

394. A woodcut ornament on the frontispiece of Rabbi Nissim Gerondi (Ran),

Responsa, Rome, 1545-46 (from Christie’s East: The Warner Prins Collection of

Hebrew and Judaic Books [Wednesday, December 6, 1995], [n.p.], no. 166).

395. Jan Maria Padovano’s Workshop, Tomb of Katarzyna Pielecka, after 1555. Pilica,

Parochial church (Kopera, “Jan Maria Padovano,” 235 fig. 22).

396. Twenty Four (Pentateuch), published by Daniel Bomberg, Venice, 1517 (from

המדפיס דניאל בומברגי ורשימת ספרי בית דפוסואברהם הברמן, [Safed, 1978], no. 8).

397. Frontispiece, Rabbi Bahya, Commentary on the Torah, published by Daniel

Bomberg, Venice, 1541 (from ,המדפיס דניאל בומברגיהברמן fig. 186).

398. “Blowing the Shofar in a Synagogue,” Mahzor, Northern Italy (Emilia), 1465-75.

Jerusalem, Jewish National and University Library, G. Weill Collection, MS Heb. 80

4450 (from Wigoder, The Story of the Synagogue 78).

399. “Worship in a Synagogue,” Mahzor, Northern Italy (Emilia), 1465-75. Jerusalem,

Jewish National and University Library, G. Weill Collection, MS Heb. 80 4450, p. 1

(from Metzger, Jewish Life in the Middle Ages, 69 fig. 96).

34

400. The Holy Ark from the synagogue of Urbino, ca. 1500, refurbished 1624. New

York, Jewish Museum (from Vivian B. Mann, “The Recovery of a Known Work,” JA,

12-13 [1986-87]: 270 fig.1).

401. The middle section of the Holy Ark from the synagogue of Urbino with doors

opened, ca. 1500, refurbished 1624. New York, Jewish Museum (from Mann, “The

Recovery of a Known Work,” 274 fig. 8).

402. “The Holy Ark from the Synagogue of Urbino,” Joseph del Vecchio, Sefer Ha-

Maftir di Urbino, Urbino, 1704, p. 21. Jerusalem, Italian Synagogue (from Mann, “The

Recovery of a Known Work,” 277 fig. 10).

403. The Holy Ark from the synagogue of Sabbioneta, first half of 16th century.

Jerusalem, the Western Wall Library ” (from ארונות קודש ותשמישי קדושה ש. א. נכון,

.(65 ,[Tel Aviv, 1970] מאיטליה בישראל

404. The Holy Ark from a synagogue in Emilia Romagna, ca. 1520 (from Frida

Schottmuller, Furniture and Interior Decoration of the Italian Renaissance [New

York, 1921], 111 fig. 252).

405. The inscription on the Holy Ark from a synagogue in Emilia Romagna (a detail of

ill. 404).

406. Cima da Conegliano, “The Olera Polyptych,” ca. 1486-88. Olera (Bergamo),

Parish church (from Peter Humfrey, The Altarpiece in Renaissance Venice [New

Haven, 1993], fig. 117);

407. Table-Chest, Venice, ca. 1550 (from Schottmuller, Furniture and Interior

Decoration of the Italian Renaissance, 39 fig. 77).

408. Carlo Crivelli, “Madonna della Rondine (The Virgin and Child with St, Jerome

and St. Sebastian),” ca. 1490. London, National Gallery (from Giotto to Dürer, 159 fig.

208).

409. Rome, Scuola Catalana. The Holy Ark, 1523. Photograph, before 1893 (from

בתי הכנסת באיטליהקב פנקרפלד, יע [Jerusalem, 1954], fig. 22).

410. X. A. Hartleib, “The Holy Ark of the Scuola Catalana of Rome.” Etching, before

1893 (A. Berliner, Geschichte der Juden in Rom, 2 [Frankfurt am Main, 1893]:

frontispiece).

411. Jacopo Sansovino, The Martelli Altar, 1518-21. Rome, Sant Agostino (from Bruce

Boucher, The Sculpture of Jacopo Sansovino, 2 [New Haven, 1991]: fig. 6)

412. Jacopo Sansovino, Loggetta, detail, 1537-45. Venice, Piazza San Marco.


35

413. Andrea Sansovino (assisted by Jacopo Sansovino?), Tomb of Cardinal Girolamo

Basso della Rovere, 1507. Rome, Santa Maria del Popolo (from Boucher, The

Sculpture of Jacopo Sansovino, 2: fig. 13).

414. Andrea Sansovino, Tomb of Cardinal Ascanio Sforza, detail, 1509. Rome, Santa

Maria del Popolo (from Boucher, The Sculpture of Jacopo Sansovino, 2: fig. 16).

415. “Gate Guarded by Lions,” Mahzor, northern Italy, third quarter of the 14th century

Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, Hébreu 618, fol. 38r (from Sed-Rajna and Fellous, Les


416. Frontispiece, Moses Cordovero, Or Ne’erav, published by Giovanni Di Gara,

Venice, 1587 (from David Werner Amram, The Makers of Hebrew Books in Italy

[Philadelphia, 1909], 365).

417. Rome, Catacomb of the Vigna Rondanini. Marble sarcophagus: “Menorah in a

Clipeus Carried by Winged Victories, the Seasons and Putti Stamping Grapes in a Wine

Press,” 3rd-4th century. Rome, Thermae (Sed-Rajna, Jewish Art, fig. 55).

418. Rome, Il Tempio Synagogue. The Holy Ark, after 1555. Photograph, before 1893

(from .(fig. 21 בתי הכנסת באיטליהפנקרפלד,

419. X. A. Hartleib, “The Holy Ark of the Il Tempio Synagogue of Rome.” Etching,

before 1893 (Berliner, Geschichte der Juden in Rom, 2: facing p. 96).

420. Bar Kokhba’s tetradrachm: “The Temple and the Holy Ark,” 133-34 C.E. (from

from Reifenberg, Ancient Hebrew Arts, 93 fig. 1).

421. Rome, Forum Boarium. Temple of Fortuna Virilis, ca. 100-80 B.C.E. (from

Ю. Д. Колпинский, Н. Н. Бритова, Искусство этрусков и Древнего Рима

[Moscow, 1982], fig. 91).

422. Antonio Lombardo and others, San Zeno Altarpiece, 1504-18. Venice, San Marco,

San Zeno Chapel (from Humfrey, The Altarpiece in Renaissance Venice, 125 fig.

109).

423. Padua, Scuola Tedesca. The prayer hall on the ground floor looking towards the

south-east, ca. 1525 and later additions (from H. Frauberger,“Über Bau und

Ausschmückung alter Synagogen,” Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft zur Erforschung

jüdischer Kunstdenkmäler, 2 [Frankfurt am Main, 1901]: 38 fig. 42).

424. Padua, Scuola Tedesca. The Holy Ark, ca. 1525 (a detail of ill. 423).

425. Padua, Corte Lenguazza. A sculptural head near the entrance that leads to the

prayer hall on the ground floor of the Scuola Tedesca. Photograph by the author, 2000.

36

426a. Padua, San Martino a Solferino Street. The arcade under the Scuola Italiana.


426b. Padua, San Martino a Solferino Street. The arcade under the Scuola Italiana. A

human mask on the capital of the column in the foreground of ill. 426a. Photograph by

the author, 2000.

427. Padua, Corte Lenguazza. the Scuola Tedesca: the entrance to the prayer hall on the

ground floor, ca. 1525. Photograph by the author, 2000.

428. Padua, Via delle Piazze (Contrada San Canziano). The Scuola Tedesca (the first

red building on the left), showing the projection of the Torah shrine between the

windows of the prayer hall on the first floor, 1682-83. Photograph by the author, 2000.

429. Padua, the Scuola Tedesca. Plans, 1943 (from Claudia De Benedetti, ed., Hatikwá.

Il cammino della speranza: gli Ebrei e Padova, 1 [1998]: 79).

a. The ground floor.

b. The first floor.

430. Padua, Scuola Tedesca. Cross section looking west, 1943 (from Benedetti, ed.,

Hatikwá, 1: 80).

431. Padua, Scuola Tedesca. The plaque with a monumental inscription (the same as in

ill. 433) and the Baroque Holy Ark on the first floor, 1682-83. Photographed in situ

after 1943 (from ,ארונות קודשנכון 36).

432. The Holy Ark from the Scuola Tedesca in Padua, , 1682-83. Tel Aviv, The Yad

Eliahu Synagogue (from ,ארונות קודשנכון 37).

433. Plaque with a monumental inscription, marble, last quarter of the 15th century,

from the Scuola Tedesca in Padua. Jerusalem, the Umberto Nahon Museum of Italian

Jewry (from Gabrielle Sed-Rajna, Ancient Jewish Art: East and West [Paris, 1985],

130).

434. Ornamented initial word, the Babylonian Talmud, Berakhot 2a, published by

Joshua Solomon Soncino, Bologna, 1483 (from Aron Freimann and Moses Marx,

Thesaurus Typographiae Hebraicae Saeculi XV [Jerusalem, 1968], 54).

435. Padua, University, Il Bo campus. Ornamental frieze on a doorway in the passage

from the Contrada San Canziano, first half of the 16th century. Photograph by the

author, 2000.

436. Reconstruction of the Holy Ark from ca. 1525 in the Scuola Tedesca in Padua,

drawing by the author based on ills. 423, 433.

37

437. Leon Battista Alberti, Façade of Santa Maria Novella, Florence, 1456-70 (from

Jacob Burckhardt, The Architecture of the Italian Renaissance [London, 1985], 97,

fig. 129).

438. Rome, Arch of Constantine, 312-15 C.E. (from Колпинский, Бритова,

Искусство этрусков и Древнего Рима, fig. 313a).

439. Giacomo della Porta, Church of Il Gesù, ca. 1568-84. Rome (from E. H.

Gombrich, The Story of Art [London, 1995], 389 fig. 250).

440. Rome, Arch of Titus, 81 C.E. (from Колпинский, Бритова, Искусство этрусков

и Древнего Рима, fig. 174).

441. Leon Battista Alberti, “Church Façade,” De re ædificatoria, 1485, fol. 306r, detail

(from Franco Borsi, Leon Battista Alberti: Complete Edition [Oxford, 1977], 331 fig.

361).

442. Leon Battista Alberti, “Monumental Gate,” De re ædificatoria, 1485, fol. 374v,

detail (from Borsi, Leon Battista Alberti, 334 fig. 365).

443. Andrea Moroni, Gate of the entrance to Il Bo campus, 1540s, Padua, University.


444. Frontispiece, Meir ben Gabbai, Derekh Emunah, Padua, 1562 (from Kaplan,

Panorama of Ancient Letters, 49 no. 68).

445. Padua, St. Mary’s Cemetery. Tombstone of Liv Lod Levi, 1545, detail (from

E. Morpurgo, “L’Università degli Ebrei in Padova nel XVI secolo,” [Padua, 1910;

offprint from Bolletino del Museo Civico di Padova, 12, 1909], fig. 1).

446. Reconstruction of the Holy Ark from 1557-58 in the Remah Synagogue in Cracow

(Kazimierz), drawing by the author, based on ill. 380.

447. Cracow (Kazimierz), The Remah Synagogue. The Holy Ark, 1557-58, detail: the

entablature, attic and pediment. Photograph by the author, 1998.

448. Bartolommeo Berrecci and his workshop, the Sigismund Chapel, detail: the capital

of the pilaster to the right of the entrance arch, 1524-31. Cracow, Wawel Cathedral.


449. Beit She’an, Synagogue. Mosaic pavement, a detail: “The Holy Ark,” 6th century

(from Sed-Rajna, Jewish Art, fig. 76).


inscription below the doors. Photograph by Eleonora Bergman, 1998.


crown. Photograph by the author, 1998.

38

452. Cracow (Kazimierz), the Old Jewish Cemetery near the Remah Synagogue.

Fragment of a tombstone, the 1550s(?). Photograph by Daniel Zawadzki, 1961

(Warsaw, Jewish Historical Institute, neg. no. ŻIH-III-667).

453. Printer’s Mark of the Bragadini Press on the frontispiece of the Maharam of Padua,

Responsa, Venice, 1553 (from Simon Schwarzfuchs, “I responsi di Rabbi Meir da

Padova come fonte storica” in Scritti in Memoria di Leone Carpi [Jerusalem, 1967],

120).

454. A follower of the S. B. monogramist, Madonna and Child, 1542. Krobia, Parochial

Church (from Tadeusz Dobrzeniecki, Janina Ruszczycówna and Zofia Niesiołowska-

Pothertowa, Sztuka sacralna w Polsce, 2, Malarstwo [Warsaw, 1958], fig. 189).

455. “Sigismund I” in Jost (Jodocus) Decius, De Sigismundi regis temporibus liber,

published by Hieronim Wietor, Cracow, 1521 (from Barbara Miodońska, "Korona

zamknięta w przekazach ikonograficznych z czasów Zygmunta I," Biuletyn Historii

Sztuki, 32 [Warsaw, 1970], 1: 8 fig. 3).

456. Bartolommeo Berrecci and his workshop, the Sigismund Chapel, detail: the

tympanum and putti holding a crown in the throne niche, 1524-29. Cracow, Wawel

Cathedral. Photograph by the author, 1998.

457. “Coat of Arms of the Polish Kingdom” in Mikolaj Rej, Postilla, Cracow, 1557

(from Samuel Fiszman, ed., The Polish Renaissance in Its European Context

[Bloomington, 1988], fig. 8).

458. “Allegory of the Polish Kingdom,” in Stanisław Orzechowski, Quincunz Polonia,

Cracow, 1564 (from Renesans. Sztuka i ideologia [Warsaw, 1976], 93 fig. 46).

459. “Model of the Polish Kingdom,” in Stanisław Orzechowski, Quincunz Polonia,

Cracow, 1564 (from Stanisław Arnold, ed., Odrodzenie w Polsce, 1, Historia

[Warsaw, 1955], fig. between p. 536 and p. 537).

460. Initial word of Leviticus, Pentateuch, Prague, 1530 (from David Altshuler, ed.,

The Precious Legacy: Judaic Treasures from the Czechoslovak State Collections,

New York, 1983, p. 150, ill. 135, cat. no. 278).


attic and pediment (from Katalog zabytków, 4 Kraków, 6: fig. 103).

462. Printer’s Mark of Tobias Foa, 1551-59, Sabbionetta (from ,דגלי אברהם יערי

עשרה-העברי ועד סוף המאה התשע המדפיסים העבריים מראשית הדפוס [Jerusalem, 1944], 13

fig. 21).

39

463. Cracow workshop, Tomb of Tomasz and Jakub Sobocki, 1543-48. Sobota near

Łowicz, Parochial church (from Helena Kozakiewisz, “Renesansowe nagrobki piętrowe

w Polsce,” Biuletyn Historii Sztuki, 17 [1955]: 6 fig. 2).

464. Bernardino de Giannottis and Giovanni Cini, Tomb of Krzysztof Szydłowiecki,

1532-36, altered in the 18th century. The original S-shaped volutes are highlighted.

Opatów, Collegial church. (from Białostocki, The Art of the Renaissance, fig. 171).

465. Cracow workshop, Tomb of Jan and Janusz Kościelecki, 1559. Kościelec near

Inowrocław, Parochial church (from Białostocki, The Art of the Renaissance, fig.

196).

466. Cracow workshop, Tomb of the three Jan Tarnowskis, before 1550 and ca. 1561.

Tarnów, Cathedral (from Białostocki, The Art of the Renaissance, fig. 195).

467. Jan Maria Padovano’s workshop, Tomb of Stanisław Gabriel Tęczyński, 1550-53.

Kraśnik, Parochial church. (from Helena Kozakiewicz, Rzeżba XVI wieku w Polsce

[Warsaw, 1984], fig. 141).

468. Cracow workshop, Tomb of Mateusz and Anna Czarny, after 1566. Cracow, St.

Mary’s church. Drawing (from Kopera and Cercha, Pomniki Krakowa, 2: [147]).

469. Reconstruction of the Ark’s attic and pediment from 1557-58 in the Remah

Synagogue in Cracow (Kazimierz), drawing by the author based on ill. 461.

470. Cracow (Kazimierz), The Remah Synagogue. The Holy Ark, 1557-58, a detail of

the volute on the right side. Photograph by the author, 1998.

471. Gian Maria Padovano and his workshop, The Tomb of Archbishop Piotr Gamrat,

1545-47. Cracow, Wawel Cathedral. Drawing by Stanisław Cercha, 1899 (from Kopera

and Cercha, Pomniki Kracowa, 2: [115]).

472. Bartolommeo Berrecci and Giovanni Cini, the Sigismund Chapel: the eastern

tympanum, 1524-29. Cracow, Wawel Cathedral (from Białostocki, The Art of the

Renaissance, fig. 111).

473. Bartolommeo Berrecci and Giovanni Cini, the Sigismund Chapel: the northern

tympanum, 1524-29. Cracow, Wawel Cathedral (from Białostocki, The Art of the

Renaissance, fig. 109).

474. Bartolommeo Berrecci and Giovanni Cini, the Sigismund Chapel: the southern

tympanum, 1524-29. Cracow, Wawel Cathedral (from Adam Bochnak, Kaplica

Zygmuntowska [Warsaw, 1953], fig. 8).

475. Bartolommeo Berrecci and Giovanni Cini, the Sigismund Chapel, the eastern

tympanum, 1524-29 (the same as in ill. 472), detail: “Leafy Candelabrum” with

40

Daphne(?). Cracow, Wawel Cathedral (from Lech Kalinowski, Speculum Artis. Treści

dzieła sztuki sredniowiecza i renesansu [Wasraw, 1989], 563 fig. 24).

476. Bartolommeo Berrecci and Giovanni Cini, the Sigismund Chapel, detail: the

central panel of the northern tympanum, 1524-29 (the same as in ills. 362, 473).

Cracow, Wawel Cathedral (from Cercha and Kopera, Nadworny rzeżbiarz, fig. 112).

477. Bartolommeo Berrecci and Giovanni Cini, the Sigismund Chapel: “Leafy

Candelabrum” in the southern tympanum, 1524-29 (the same as in ill. 474). Cracow,

Wawel Cathedral (from Kalinowski, Speculum Artis, 564 fig. 25).

478. Raphael Sanzio, “Ansidei Madonna (Madonna and Child with St. John the Baptist

and St. Nicholas of Bari),” 1505. London, National Gallery (from Giotto to Dürer, 375

fig. 65).

479. O. Zagórowski, Reconstruction of St. Dorothy’s altarpiece of 1529-31 from Wawel

Cathedral in Cracow. Drawing (from Ignacy Trybowski and Olgierd Zagórowski,

“Renesansowy ołtarz Św. Doroty z katedry na Wawelu,” Studia Renesansowe, 3

[Wroclaw, 1963]: 245 fig. 46).

480. St. Dorothy’s altarpiece, 1529-31, recomposed 1637. Bodzów, Chapel (from

Trybowski and Zagórowski, “Renesansowy ołtarz Św. Doroty,” 206 fig. 2).

481. Stanisław Cercha, Drawing of the frame of an unknown epitaph from the mid-16th

century in St. Barbara’s church in Cracow (ill. 390), 1903 (from Kopera and Cercha,

Pomniki Kracowa, 2: [227]).

482. Bartolommeo Berrecci and Giovanni Cini, the Sigismund Chapel: the northern

tympanum, 1524-29, detail of ill. 473: “A Bird Pecking at Grapes.” Cracow, Wawel

Cathedral (from Bochnak, Kaplica Zygmuntowska, fig. 8).

483. Bartolommeo Berrecci and his workshop, the Sigismund Chapel, the tympanum in

the throne niche, 1524-29: “A Bird.” Cracow, the Wawel Cathedral. Photograph (from

Bochnak, Kaplica Zygmuntowska, fig. 49).

484. Stanisław Samostrzelnik, “Presentation in the Temple,” Book of Hours of

Krzysztof Szydłowiecki, Cracow, 1528-32. Milan, Biblioteca Ambrosiana (from Feliks

Kopera, Malarstwo w Polsce od XVI do XVII wieku (Renesans, Barok, Rokoko),

Cracow, [1925], 34 fig. 39).

485. “Profanation of the Host in Passau,” 1477, detail. Broadsheet by Caspar

Hochfeder, Nuremberg, ca. 1495 (from Schreckenberg, The Jews in Christian Art,

265).

41

486. Lucas Cranach the Elder, “Allegory of Law and Grace,” woodcut, ca. 1529 (from

Craig Harbison, The Mirror of the Artist: Northern Renaissance Art in Its

Historical Context [New York, 1995], 117 fig. 79).

487. Erhard Altdorfer, “Allegory of Law and Grace” on the frontispiece of the Luther

Bible, published by Ludowick Dietz, Lübeck, 1553 (from Schreckenberg, The Jews in

Christian Art, 124).

488. Wroclaw, St. Mary Magdalene’s Church, The epitaph of the Reformist Jan Hess,

1547-49: “Allegory of Law and Grace” (from Jan Harasimowicz, "Rola sztuki w

religijnych i spolecznych konfliktach wieku Reformacji na Śląsku," Rocznik Historii

Sztuki, 18 [Wroclaw, 1990], 48 fig. 13).

489. “Allegory of Law and Grace” at the top of the frontispiece the Bible published by

Leopolita (Jan Nicz), Cracow, 1577 (a copy of the 1561 edition) (from Fiszman, ed.,

The Polish Renaissance in Its European Context, 102).

490. Frontispiece of Hasdai Crescas, Or Adonai, published by Abraham Usque, Ferrara,

1555-56 (from Kaplan, Panorama of Ancient Letters, 43 no. 56).

491. Mantua, Synagogue. The Holy Ark and Two Seats of Honour, 1543. Jerusalem, the

Umberto Nahon Museum of Italian Jewry (from Sed-Rajna, Ancient Jewish Art, 131).

492a. Mantua, Synagogue. The entablature and pediment of the Holy Ark, 1543, detail

of ill. 491. Jerusalem, the Umberto Nahon Museum of Italian Jewry. Photograph by the

author, 2003.

492b. Mantua, Synagogue. The pediment of the Holy Ark, 1543, detail of ill. 491.

Jerusalem, the Umberto Nahon Museum of Italian Jewry. Photograph by the author,

2003.

493. Mogiła, Monastery Church. Grille screen in the northern wing of the transept, 17th

century (from Stanisław Tomkowicz, Teka Grona konserwatorów Galicyi

zachodniej, 2, Inwentaryzacya zabytków Galicyi zachodniej, 3, Powiat Krakowski

[{Cracow}, 1906], 168 fig. 109).

494. Hieronim Canavesi, Tomb of the Górka family, 1574-76. Poznań, Cathedral (from

Białostocki, The Art of the Renaissance, fig. 197).

495. Cracow workshop, Tomb of Elżbieta Pieniążkowa, after 1579. Cracow, Cloister of

the Dominican church. Photograph by the author, 1998.

496. Cracow (Kazimierz), Old Synagogue, interior looking towards the south-east.


42

497. Ignacy Krieger, Old Synagogue, interior looking towards the south-east.

Photograph, ca. 1880 (from George K. Loukomski, Jewish Art in European

Synagogues: From the Middle Ages to the Eighteenth Century [London, 1947]).

498. Cracow (Kazimierz), Old Synagogue. The entrance to the prayer hall. Photograph


499. Cracow (Kazimierz), Old Synagogue. An alms box on the eastern side of the

entrance to the prayer hall, 1570 (from Katalog zabytków, 4 Kraków, 6: fig. 116).

500. Cracow (Kazimierz), Old Synagogue. An alms box on the northern wall of the

prayer hall, 1638(?) (from Majer Bałaban, Historja Żydów w Krakowie i na

Kazimierzu, 1304-1868, 1, 1304-1655 [Cracow, 1931]: fig. 6).

501. Cracow (Kazimierz), Old Synagogue. The alms box “for Jerusalem” inside the

entrance (seen on the left), and the alms box in the prayer hall, 1638(?). Photograph by

the author, 1998.

502. Cracow (Kazimierz), Old Synagogue. An alms box in the vestibule, 1626 or 1632

(from Katalog zabytków, 4 Kraków, 6: fig. 106).

503. Cracow (Kazimierz), Old Synagogue. An alms box in the vestibule, 1626 or 1632.


504. Cracow (Kazimierz), Old Synagogue. The ceiling of the prayer hall looking

towards the north-east (from Katalog zabytków, 4 Kraków, 6: fig. 32).

505. Cracow (Kazimierz), Old Synagogue. Exterior: the south-western corner.


506. Kazimierz, The Jewish Quarter and the Old Synagogue (highlighted, under the

caption Porta Iudeorum). Detail of the map in Georg Braun, Civitates Orbis Terrarum,

4 (Cologne, between 1576 and 1618) (from August Ottomar von Essenwein, Die

mittelalterlichen Kunstdenkmale der Stadt Krakau, [Cracow, 1869]).

507. Parapet of the Sukiennice (“Cloth Hall”) in Cracow, 1556-60. Photograph by the

author, 1998.

508. Daniel Hopfer, Interior of St. Katherine in Augsburg, looking westward.

Engraving, after 1517 (from Henry-Russell Hitchcock, German Renaissance

Architecture [Princeton, 1981], fig. 15).

509. Cracow (Kazimierz), Old Synagogue. The “singers’ hall.” Exterior: the western


510. Cracow (Kazimierz), Old Synagogue. The “singers’ hall.” Exterior: the western


43

511. Sebastian Serlio, “Façade,” Drawing in his “Book IV: On Five Styles of

Buildings,” Venice, 1537, fol. 52r (from Sebastian Serlio on Architecture, eds.

Vaughan Hart and Peter Hicks, 1 [New Haven, 1996]: 357).

512. Cracow, Royal Castle on Wawel Hill, 1507-36. Plan of the first floor (from Helena

and Stefan Kozakiewicz, Renesans w Polsce [Warsaw, 1976], 29).

513. Cracow, Royal Castle on Wawel Hill. Eastern and southern wings, 1507-36 (from

Białostocki, The Art of the Renaissance, ill. 57).

514. Bartolommeo Berrecci and his followers, Entrance portal and the passage to the

courtyard, after 1534. Royal Castle on Wawel Hill. Photograph by the author, 1998.

515. Bartolommeo Berrecci and his followers, Entrance portal, a detail, after 1534.

Royal Castle on Wawel Hill. Photograph by the author, 1998.

516. Cracow (Kazimierz), House at 36 Joseph Street and the High Synagogue. Drawing,

ca. 1869 (from Eugeniusz Ekielski, Miasto Kazimierz i budowle uniwersyteckie w

tem mieście [Cracow, 1869], 128).

1. House at 36 Joseph Street (former 266/90 Żydowska Street), the western

façade.

2. House at 36 Joseph Street (former 266/90 Żydowska Street), the southern

façade.

3. The High Synagogue (38 Joseph Street, former 267/89 Żydowska Street).

4. Cherub, a detail of the carved frame around a door in the southern façade of the

house at 36 Joseph Street.

5. Carved frame of the window, next to the High Synagogue, in the the southern

façade of the house at 36 Joseph Street.

6. Traces of old, walled up windows.

7. Traces of the stone mouldings and window frames are coloured in yellow.

8. Supposed position of the old windows is coloured in pink.

517. Cracow (Kazimierz), Chapel of St. Thomas in the monastery of the Augustans.

Four vault key-stones with the letters composing the name KA-ZY-MI-R (Casimir), the

late 1340s (after J. Rączka, Krakowski Kazimierz [Cracow, 1982], 19).

518. Cracow (Kazimierz), Old Synagogue. Holy Ark, 1557-63(?). Photograph by the

author, 1998.

519. Cracow (Kazimierz), Old Synagogue. Holy Ark, detail: a pedestal. Photograph by

the author, 1998.

44

520. Cracow (Kazimierz), Old Synagogue. Holy Ark, detail: the right attached column

and pilaster, and the Eternal Light (on the left) (from Katalog zabytków, 4 Kraków, 6:

fig. 100).

521. Cracow (Kazimierz), Old Synagogue. Holy Ark, detail: the capital of the left

pilaster. Photograph by the author, 1998.

522. Cracow (Kazimierz), Old Synagogue. Holy Ark, detail: the capital of the right

attached column. Photograph by the author, 1998.

523. Cracow (Kazimierz), Old Synagogue. Holy Ark, detail: the capitals of the left

column and pilaster. Photograph by the author, 1998.

524. Cracow (Kazimierz), Old Synagogue. Holy Ark, detail: the capitals of the right

column and pilaster. Photograph by the author, 1998.

525. Cracow (Kazimierz), Old Synagogue. Holy Ark, detail: the entablature’s

protruding section above the right column. Photograph by the author, 1998.

526. Cracow (Kazimierz), Old Synagogue. Holy Ark, detail: the upper part. Photograph

by Jerzy Langda, 1982 (the Institute of Art of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw,

neg. no. 137256).

527. Cracow (Kazimierz), Old Synagogue. Holy Ark, detail: the pediment. Photograph


528. Cracow (Kazimierz), Old Synagogue. Holy Ark, detail: “Crown,” relief on the attic

panel. Photograph by the author, 1998.

529. Cracow (Kazimierz), Old Synagogue. Holy Ark, detail: a standing volute in the

attic. Photograph by the author, 1998.

530. Cracow (Kazimierz), Old Synagogue. Holy Ark, a detail of the inscription in the

attic. Photograph by the author, 1998.

531. Cracow (Kazimierz), Jewish Cemetery in Miodowa Street. The tombstone of Leah

Margaliot, wife of Shaul Margaliot, 1879 (from Katalog zabytków, 4 Kraków, 6: fig.

318).

532. Bartolommeo Berrecci and his workshop, the Sigismund Chapel, 1524-31, detail:

the capital of the pilaster to the left of the throne niche. Cracow, Wawel Cathedral (from

Bochnak, Kaplica Zygmuntowska, fig. 55).

533. Cracow, Royal Castle on Wawel Hill. The first floor of the southern gallery, 1530-

48, detail: capital of the attached column on the right side of the left arch. Photograph


45

534. Cracow, Royal Castle on Wawel Hill. The first floor of the southern gallery, 1530-

48, detail: capital of the attached column on the left side of the left arch. Photograph by

the author, 1998.

535. Bartolommeo Berrecci and his workshop, the Sigismund Chapel, 1524-31, detail:

head of Sigismund I. Cracow, Wawel Cathedral (from Białostocki, The Art of the

Renaissance, ill. 180).

536. Cracow (Kazimierz), Old Synagogue. Vestibule: the entrance to the prayer hall (on

the left), the buttress (in the center) with the built-in alms box of 1626 or 1632 (the

same as in ills. 502-503), and the stairs (on the right) leading to the upper floor (from

Bałaban, Przewodnik, 50 fig. 3).

537. Bartolommeo Berrecci and his followers, Passage to the courtyard, after 1534,

detail: a vault corbel. Royal Castle on Wawel Hill. Photograph by the author, 1998.

538. Cracow (Kazimierz), Old Synagogue. The prayer hall, detail: a vault corbel (from

Bałaban, Przewodnik, 51 fig. 4).

539. “Bimah in the Old Synagogue in Kazimierz.” Drawing, ca. 1869 (from Essenwein,

Die mittelalterlichen Kunstdenkmale der Stadt Krakau).

540. Cracow (Kazimierz), the Isaac Synagogue, 1638-44. The bimah and the portal (on

the left) in the western wall of the prayer hall (from Alfred Grotte, “Deutsche,

böhmische und polnische Synagogentypen vom IX. bis Anfang de XIX. Jahrhunderts,”

Gesellschaft zur Erforschung jüdischer Kunstdenkmäler (Eingetragener Verein)

zu Frankfurt am Main, 7-8, [Berlin, 1915], 6 fig. 1).

541. Frontispiece, Ioannis Verner, De triangulus sphæricis, with a commentary by

Georg Joachim Rheticus, Cracow, 1557 (from Jerzy Miziołek, “Oculus Mundi... osulus

coeli. Prolegomena do studium o kaplicy grobowej prymasa Uchańskiego” in Między

Padwą a Zamościem: Studia z historii sztuki i kultury nowożytnej ofiarowane

profesorowi Jerzemu Kowalszykowi [Warsaw, 1993], 94 fig. 14).

542. Końskie, Parochial Church. Tomb of Hieronim Koniecki, d. 1564. Drawing by

Maksymilian Cercha, 1879 (from Kopera and Cercha, Pomniki Kracowa, 2: [s. p.]).

543. Sebastian Serlio, “Fireplace,” Drawing in his “Book IV: On Five Styles of

Buildings,” Venice, 1537, fol. 63v (from Sebastian Serlio on Architecture, 1: 368).

544. Joel ben Shimon (Vivus-Feibush Ashkenazi), “The Exodus and the Pillar of Fire,”

Prayer Book of the Italian Rite, North Italy, ca. 1450. Jerusalem, Jewish National and

University Library, Heb. 80 4450, fol. 116r (Weiser and Plesser, eds., Treasures

Revealed, 65).

46

545. Cracow (Kazimierz), the Isaac Synagogue. Interior: the portal inside the western

wall, looking from the prayer hall (from Piechotka, Bóżnice murowane, 131 fig. 131).

546. Alfred Grotte, Drawings of the Isaac Synagogue in Cracow (Kazimierz) (from

Grotte, “Deutsche, böhmische und polnische Synagogentypen,” 65 fig. 12)

1. Ground plan,

2. Cross section looking westward,

3. Ceiling,

4. Arcade of the women’s gallery,

5. Portal in the western wall of the prayer hall.

547. Sebastian Serlio, “Architectonic Frame,” Drawing in his “Book IV: On Five Styles

of Buildings,” Venice, 1537, fol. 28r (from Sebastian Serlio on Architecture, 1: 303).

548. Cracow (Kazimierz), the Isaac Synagogue. The portal on the southern façade.


549. Cracow (Kazimierz), Old Synagogue. The entrance seen from the prayer hall (from

Bałaban, Przewodnik, fig. 6 [facing p. 28]).

550. Kalisz, Jesuit Church. Tomb of Archbishop S. Karnkowski, 1611 (from Mariusz

Karpowicz, “Rzeźba około roku 1600-1630,” Sztuka około roku 1600. Materiały sesji

Stowarzyszenia historyków sztuki, Lublin, 1972 [Warsaw, 1974], 61 fig. 11).

551. A follower of Kasper Berger, Epitaph of Frederik von Abschatz, ca. 1595.

Chmielów, Church (from Jan Harasimowicz, “Kasper Berger i rzeżba legnicka schyłku

XVI wieku,” Biuletyn historii sztuki, 42 [1980], 2: 125 fig. 18).

552. Cracow (Kazimierz), Old Synagogue. The alms box “for Jerusalem” inside the

entrance. Photograph by the author, 1998.

553. Cracow (Kazimierz), Old Synagogue. An alms box in the vestibule, 1626 or 1632

(the same as in ills. 502-503). Photograph by the author, 1998.

554. Cracow (Kazimierz), Monastery at Corpus Christi church. A portal in a corridor,

the first quarter of the 17th century. Photograph by Jerzy Langda, 1975 (the Institute of

Art of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, neg. no. 130721).

555. Cracow (Kazimierz), Old Jewish Cemetery near the Remah Synagogue. A

tombstone of an unknown person, d. 1616, detail (from Katalog zabytków, 4 Kraków,

6: fig. 241).

556. Cracow (Kazimierz), Old Jewish Cemetery near the Remah Synagogue.

Tombstone of Mendl, mid-17th century (from Katalog zabytków, 4 Kraków, 6: fig.

159).

47

557. Cracow (Kazimierz), Old Synagogue. Support of a cantor’s pulpit(?), 1621.


558. Cracow (Kazimierz), Old Synagogue. Women’s gallery looking westward, the late

16th or the early 17th century. Photograph by the author, 1998.

559. Cracow (Kazimierz), High Synagogue. Southern façade, 1556-63. Photograph by

the author, 1998.

560a. Cracow (Kazimierz), High Synagogue. Entrance portal facing Joseph Street,

1556-63. Photograph by Waldemar Deluga, 2001.

560b. Cracow (Kazimierz), High Synagogue. Entrance portal facing Joseph Street,

1556-63. Photograph, before 1939 (Warsaw, Jewish Historical Institute, neg. no. ŻIH-

III-6691).

561a. Cracow (Kazimierz), High Synagogue. Flower in the left spandrel of the portal

facing Joseph Street, 1556-63. Photograph by Waldemar Deluga, 2001.

561b. Cracow (Kazimierz), High Synagogue. Entrance portal facing Joseph Street,

1556-63, detail: the keystone. Photograph by Waldemar Deluga, 2001.


Tombstone of Rabbi Moses Isserles, d. 1572 (from Katalog zabytków, 4 Kraków, 6:

fig. 151).

563. “Bridegroom,” Prayer Book, Italy (Emilia?), ca. 1450. London, Jewish College,

Montefiore Library, Ms. 249 fol. 13v, detail (from Bezalel Narkiss, ed., Picture

History of Jewish Civilization [New York, 1974], 109).

564. Cracow (Kazimierz), High Synagogue. a. Plan of the basement floor; b. Plan of the

ground floor; c. plan of the prayer hall; d. plan of the prayer hall at the level of windows

(from Piechotka, Bóżnice murowane, 120 fig. 107).

565. Cracow (Kazimierz), High Synagogue. Cross section looking eastward (from

Piechotka, Bóżnice murowane, 121 fig. 110).

566. Cracow (Kazimierz), High Synagogue. Southern façade, 1556-63. Photograph, ca.

1935 (from Bałaban, Przewodnik, fig. 2 [facing p. 12]).

567. Cracow (Kazimierz), High Synagogue. Prayer hall looking towards the north-west.

Photograph, before 1939 (the Institute of Art of the Polish Academy of Sciences,

Warsaw, neg. no. 3378).

568. Cracow (Kazimierz), High Synagogue. Northern façade. Photograph by Jerzy

Langda, 1978 (the Institute of Art of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, neg. no.

137296).

48

569. Cracow (Kazimierz), High Synagogue. Prayer hall looking towards the north-west.


570. Cracow (Kazimierz), High Synagogue. Prayer hall looking westward. Photograph


571. Cracow (Kazimierz), High Synagogue. Prayer hall looking eastward: a door to the

left of the Holy Ark. Photograph by the author, 1998.

572. Cracow (Kazimierz), High Synagogue. Prayer hall looking toward the Holy Ark.

Photograph, before 1939 (Warsaw, Jewish Historical Institute, neg. no. ŻIH-III-6186).

573. Cracow (Kazimierz), High Synagogue. Prayer hall looking toward the Holy Ark

(from Bałaban, Historja Żydów, 1: fig. 19).

574. Pankratius Roder and Rada, High Synagogue: northern façade, 1568. Prague.


575. Cracow (Kazimierz), High Synagogue. Holy Ark, 1556-63, 1623 or 1643, 1773.

Photograph by Jerzy Langda, 1974 (the Institute of Art of the Polish Academy of


576. Cracow (Kazimierz), High Synagogue. Holy Ark (from Bałaban, Przewodnik, fig.

3 [facing p. 16]).

577. Cracow (Kazimierz), High Synagogue. Holy Ark, detail: the right attached column

and pilaster. Photograph by the author, 1998.

578. Cracow (Kazimierz), High Synagogue. Holy Ark, detail: the upper part.


579. Santi Gucci’s workshop(?), Epitaph of Zofia Czerska (d. 1584). Cracow, Cloister

in the Dominican Church. Photograph by the author, 1998.

580. Santi Gucci’s workshop(?), Epitaph of Zofia Czerska (d. 1584), detail. Cracow,

Cloister in the Dominican Church. Photograph by the author, 1998.

581. Santi Gucci’s workshop(?), Epitaph of Zofia Czerska (d. 1584), detail. Cracow,

Cloister in the Dominican Church. Photograph by the author, 1998.

582. Cracow (Stradom), Missionary Church. Portal of the the sacristy, 1772 (from

Katalog zabytków sztuki w Polsce, 4, Miasto Kraków, 5, Kazimierz i Stradom.

Kościoły i klasztory, 2 [illustrations], eds. Izabella Rejduch-Samkowa and Jan Samek

[Warsaw, 1994]: fig. 78).

583. Przysucha, Church. Arch above the entrance, 1780-86. Photograph by the author,

1998.

49

584. Łańcut, Synagogue. Arch above the bimah’s northern side, 1761. Photograph by

the author, 1998.

585. Przysucha, Synagogue. Holy Ark, a detail, 1780-86. Photograph by the author,

1998.

586. Cracow (Kazimierz), High Synagogue. Panel with a relief of crown above the door

in the northern wall (a detail of ill. 567).

587. Cracow (Kazimierz), High Synagogue. Pediment with arboreal relief above the

walled up door in the westen wall of the prayer hall. Photograph by the author, 1998.

588. Cracow (Kazimierz), House at 40 Joseph Street. Alms box from the High

Synagogue, 1556-63, 1773, 1969-71. Photograph by the author, 1998.

589. Cracow (Kazimierz), High Synagogue. Prayer hall: the alms box near the entrance

door in the northern wall, 1556-63, 1623 or 1643, 1773. Photograph, the 1930s (from

Bałaban, Przewodnik, fig. 4 [facing p. 20]).

590. Cracow, Church of the Holy Spirit. Lavabo donated by Matheus Regimontanus,

1581 (from Kopera and Cercha, Pomniki Kracowa, 2: [s. p.]).


Synagogue, detail: standing volutes. Photograph by the author, 1998.


Synagogue, detail: grotesque bird’s head. Photograph by the author, 1998.

593. Cracow, St. Barbara Church. Tomb of Jan Horlemus, d. 1567. Photograph by the

author, 1998.

594. Reconstruction of the 1556-63 Holy Ark in the High Synagogue in Cracow

(Kazimierz), drawing by the author based on ills. 575, 586-87, 592.

595. Reconstruction of the 1623 or 1643 Holy Ark in the High Synagogue in Cracow

(Kazimierz), drawing by the author based on ills. 575, 586-87.

596. Reconstruction of the 1623 or 1643 alms box in the High Synagogue in Cracow

(Kazimierz), drawing by the author based on ill. 589.

597. Cracow (Kazimierz), Monastery at Corpus Christi Church. Window in the western

façade, ca. 1612. Photograph by the author, 1998.

598. Cracow (Kazimierz), the Isaac Synagogue. Arcade of the women’s gallery looking

eastward, 1638-44, detail. Photograph by the author, 1998.

599. Cracow (Kazimierz), Kupah Synagogue, 1608-35 and later reconstructions.

Exterior: the south-eastern corner (from Katalog zabytków, 4 Kraków, 6: fig. 47).

50

600. Cracow (Kazimierz), Kupah Synagogue, 1608-35 and later reconstructions.

Exterior: the northern façade (from Katalog zabytków, 4 Kraków, 6: fig. 48).

601. Cracow (Kazimierz), Kupah Synagogue. The dedicatory inscription of the Holy

Society of Cohens and Levites, 1647. Photograph by the author, 1998.

602. Cracow (Kazimierz), Kupah Synagogue. a. Ground plan; b. Plan at the level of the

galleries (from Piechotka, Bóżnice murowane, 127 fig. 120).

603. Reconstruction of the ground plan of the 1608-35 prayer hall in the Kupah

Synagogue in Cracow (Kazimierz). Drawing by the author.

604. Cracow (Kazimierz), Kupah Synagogue. Holy Ark, 1608-35, detail (courtesy by

Eleonora Bergman).

605. Cracow (Kazimierz), Kupah Synagogue. Holy Ark, 1608-35, detail: the right

pilaster and the niche. Photograph by the author, 1998.

606. Cracow (Kazimierz), Kupah Synagogue. Holy Ark, 1608-35, detail: the left

pilaster and the niche. Photograph by the author, 1998.

607. Cracow (Kazimierz), Kupah Synagogue. Holy Ark, 1608-35, detail: the right

capital. Photograph by the author, 1998.

608. Cracow (Kazimierz), Kupah Synagogue. Holy Ark, 1608-35, detail: the relief of

the crown in the attic’s lower panel, and a standing volute. Photograph by the author,

1998.

609. Cracow (Kazimierz), Kupah Synagogue. Holy Ark, 1608-35, detail: the dedicatory

inscription of the gabbaim, 1912, in the attic’s upper panel. Photograph by the author,

1998.

610. Cracow (Kazimierz), Kupah Synagogue. Holy Ark, 1608-35 and later

reconstructions, detail: the pediment. Photograph by the author, 1998.

611. Rendering of the Holy Ark in the Kupah Synagogue in Cracow (Kazimierz), based

on ills. 605-610, 613.


Tombstone of S[...], daughter of Moses Samuel Katz, the first half of the 17th century


613. Cracow (Kazimierz), Kupah Synagogue. Holy Ark, 1608-35 and later

reconstructions, detail: the pediment. Photograph by Eleonora Bergman, 2000.

614. Reconstruction of the 1608-35 Holy Ark in the Kupah Synagogue in Cracow

(Kazimierz), drawing based on ills. 605-608, 610, 614.

51


Tombstone of Judah Leib Landau, d. 1632, detail (from Katalog zabytków, 4 Kraków,

6: fig. 155).


Tombstone of Mordechai ben Samuel Margaliot, d. 1616, detail (from Katalog

zabytków, 4 Kraków, 6: fig. 236).


Tombstone of Malka, wife of Hayim Sherer, d. 1639, detail (from Katalog zabytków, 4

Kraków, 6: fig. 237).


Tombstone of Hetzel, daughter of Moses Mendels, the first half of the 17th century,

detail (from Katalog zabytków, 4 Kraków, 6: fig. 238).

619. Doors of the Holy Ark from the Remah Synagogue in Cracow (Kazimierz),

1648(?). Painted lead and tin alloy on wood. Jerusalem, Israel Museum, no. 195/5;

3704-9-64 (from Israeli, In the Light of the Menorah, 66).

620. Cracow (Kazimierz), High Synagogue. The Holy Ark, 1556-63, detail: reliefs on

the inner side of the doors, the second half of the 17th century (from Bałaban, Historja

Żydów, 1: fig. 21).

621. Cracow (Kazimierz), High Synagogue. The Holy Ark, 1556-63, detail: reliefs on

the outer side of the doors, ca. 1773(?) (from Bałaban, Historja Żydów, 1: fig. 20).

622. Yehiel ben Mattityahu, “Menorah,” Mahzor, 1397, Pisa. Private collection

(formerly in the collection of S. D. Sasson, Ohel David, Oxford and London, 1931, Ms.

1028), fol. 31 (from Bezalel Narkiss, ed., Picture History of Jewish Civilization, 102).

623. Cracow (Kazimierz), Remah Synagogue. The Holy Ark, 1557-58, detail: the

wooden doors, ca. 1900. Photograph by Jerzy Langda, 1982 (the Institute of Art of the

Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, neg. no. 137226).

624. Rendering of the Holy Ark with open doors in the Remah Synagogue in Cracow

(Kazimierz), based on ills. 380, 619.

625. Szydłów, Synagogue. Exterior: the southern façade, 1534-64. Photograph by the

author, 1998.

626. Szydłów, Synagogue. Exterior: the south-western corner, 1534-64. Photograph by

the author, 1998.

627. Szydłów, Synagogue. Exterior: the northern façade, 1534-64. Photograph by the

author, 1994.

52

628. Szydłów, Synagogue. Exterior: the eastern façade, 1534-64. Photograph by the

author, 1994.

629. Szydłów, Synagogue. a. Ground plan, b. Plan at the level of the windows (based on

Piechotka, Bóżnice murowane, 134 fig. 135).

630. Szydłów, Synagogue. a. Cross section looking eastward, b. Cross section looking

westward (based on Piechotka, Bóżnice murowane, 137 figs. 142-43).

631. Szydłów, Synagogue. Longitudinal section looking northward (based on Piechotka,

Bóżnice murowane, 134 fig. 136).

632. Szydłów, Synagogue. Prayer hall looking westward, 1534-64 and the early 17th

century (the Institute of Art of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, neg. no.

4691).

633. Szydłów, Synagogue. Prayer hall: the ceiling looking eastward, 1534-64 and the

early 17th century. Photograph by the author, 1998.

634. Szydłów, Synagogue. Prayer hall: the ceiling above the north-western corner,

1534-64 and the early 17th century. Photograph by the author, 1998.

635. T. Chrząski, “Synagogue in Szydłów,” watercolour, 1844-46 (from Piechotka,


636. Szydłów, Synagogue. Exterior: the south-eastern corner. Photograph, 1913(?)

(from Loukomski, Jewish Art, 70).

637. Szydłów, Synagogue. Exterior: the south-western corner. Photograph, before 1939

(the Institute of Art of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, neg. no. 4694).

638. Szydłów, Synagogue. Prayer hall: entrance portal looking toward the vestibule; an

alms box inside the entrance (the same as in ill. 679), the niche for the Eternal Light

(around the corner, to the right of the alms box, the same as in ill. 639). Photograph by

the author, 1998.

639. Szydłów, Synagogue. Prayer hall: the niche for the Eternal Light in the western

wall, the early 17th century. Photograph by the author, 1998.

640. Szydłów, Royal Castle. Knights’ Hall, 14th century, renovated 1528. Photograph by

the author, 1998.

641. Szydłów, Synagogue. Prayer hall looking towards the north-east. Photograph,

before 1939 (the Institute of Art of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, neg. no.

4692).

642. Szydłów, Synagogue. Holy Ark, the early 17th century. Photograph, before 1939


53

643. Szydłów, Synagogue. Prayer hall looking towards the north-east: the bimah, the

early 17th century. Photograph, 1928(?) (the Institute of Art of the Polish Academy of


644. Szydłów, Synagogue. Holy Ark (from Loukomski, Jewish Art, 106).

645. Szydłów, Synagogue. Holy Ark, detail: wooden frame and doors, the late 1670s

(from Loukomski, Jewish Art, 107).

646. Szydłów, Synagogue. Prayer hall looking towards the north-east. Photograph by K.

Kłos, 1913 (the Institute of Art of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, neg. no.

2989).

647. Szydłów, Synagogue. Prayer hall looking eastward. Photograph, before 1939 (the

Institute of Art of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, neg. no. 4689).

648. Szydłów, Synagogue. The Holy Ark. Photograph by the author, 1998.

649. Szydłów, Synagogue. The Holy Ark. Photograph by the author, 1998.

650. Szydłów, Synagogue. The Holy Ark, detail. Photograph by the author, 1998.

651. Szydłów, Synagogue. The Holy Ark, detail: a standing volute. Photograph by the

author. 1998.



654. Followers of Santi Gucci, Tomb of Jan Tęczyński and Cecylja the Swede, after

1604. Kraśnik, Parochial Church (from Krystyna Sinko, Santi Gucci fiorentino i jego

szkola [Cracow, 1933], ill. 20).

655. Santi Gucci, Tomb of Andrzej and Barbara Firlej, 1585. Janowiec, Church (from

Helena Kozakiewicz, Rzeżba XVI wieku w Polsce, fig. 226).

656. Santi Gucci, Tomb of King Stefan Batory, 1595. Cracow, Wawel Cathedral (from

Białostocki, The Art of the Renaissance, ill. 203).

657. Blażej Gocman, Tomb of Dominik Comvalis (d. 1605). Zamość, Collegial Church.


658. Santi Gucci, Tomb of King Stefan Batory, detail: the royal coat-of-arms, 1595 (a

detail of ill. 639).

659. Szydłów, Royal Castle. Coat-of-arms of Sigismund III above the entrance to the

courtyard, 1592-99. Photograph by the author, 1998.

660. Raphael, Tomb of Sigismund Chigi in the Chigi Chapel, 1513-16, altered by

Gianlorenzo Bernini, 1652. Rome, S. Maria del Popolo (from Irving Lavin, Bernini

and the Unity of the Visual Arts, 2 [New York, 1980], fig. 34).

54

661. Raphael, Chigi Chapel, 1513-16, altered by Gianlorenzo Bernini, 1652. Rome, S.

Maria del Popolo. Drawing in G. Rossi, Disegni vari altari e capelle nelle Chiese di

Roma…, Rome, 1713 (from Nina Miks-Rudkowska, “Theatrum in exequiis Karola

Ferdynanda Wazy. Z badań nad twórczością G. B. Cisleniego,” Biuletyn historii

sztuki, 30 (1968), 4: 423 fig. 3).

662. Cracow, Cloister in the Dominican Church. Tomb of Galeazzo Guicciardini, d.

1557. Photograph by the author, 1998.

663. Santi Gucci’s workshop, Tomb of Wojciech Sobieński, the early 1560s. Płock,

Cathedral (from Stanisław Mossakowski, “Mauzoleum Morsztynów w Warszawie a

egiptologia XVII wieku,” Sztuka jako świadectwo czasu [Warsaw, 1980], 192 fig.

147).

664. Pyramid of Cestius, 12 B.C.E. Rome, Gate of Ostiensis (from Колпинский,

Бритова, Искусство этрусков и Древнего Рима, fig. 111).

665. Sebastian Serlio, “Pyramid of Cheops and Sphynx,” Drawing in his “Book III: On

Antiquties,” Venice, 1540, fol. 94 (from Sebastian Serlio on Architecture, 1: 184).

666. Sebastian Serlio, “Obelisk at St. Peters in Vatican, Rome,” Drawing in his “Book

III: on Antiquties,” Venice, 1540, fol. 68 (from Sebastian Serlio on Architecture, 1:

153).

667. Kraśnik, Parochial Church. The entrance to the northern sepulchral chapel of the

Tęczyński family (courtesy by Elżbieta Lewczyk).

668. Kraśnik, Parochial Church. The entrance to the southern sepulchral chapel of the

Tęczyński family (courtesy by Elżbieta Lewczyk).

669. “We were Pharaoh’s slaves in Egypt,” Haggadah, published by Israel ben Daniel

Zifroni, Venice, 1609, fol. 4r (from The Passover Haggadah: Venice, 1609 [reprint;

Jerusalem, 1974]).

670. “The Saving of Moses,” Haggadah, published by Israel ben Daniel Zifroni, Venice,

1609, fol. 8v (from The Passover Haggadah: Venice, 1609 [reprint]).

671. “The Jews’s hard bondage, in mortar and in bricks,” Haggadah, published by Israel

ben Daniel Zifroni, Venice, 1609, fol. 14r (from The Passover Haggadah: Venice,

1609 [reprint]).

672. “Allegory of Law and Grace,” Radziwiłł (Brest) Bible, published by Bernard

Wojewódka, Brest-Litovsk, 1653, frontispiece (from Fiszman, ed., The Polish

Renaissance in Its European Context, 119).

55

673. Frontispiece, Rabbi Liva ben Bezalel (the Maharal of Prague), Gevurot Adonai,

Cracow, 1582 (from Kaplan, Panorama of Ancient Letters, 59 no. 88).

674. Chęciny, Parochial Church. Main altarpiece, carved wood, 1628, partially altered

in the early 18th century. Photograph by Gołda and Witalis Wolny, 1955 (the Institute of

Art of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, neg. no. 62325).

675. Szydłów, Synagogue. Prayer hall: rosettes on the ceiling, the early 17th century.


676. Szydłów, Synagogue. Prayer hall: a vault corbel, the early 17th century. Photograph


677. Chęciny, Parochial Church. The central nave looking eastward, 1603 (from Adam

Miłobędzki, Architektura Polska XVII wieku, 2 [Warsaw, 1980], 175 fig. 442).

678. Szydłów, Synagogue. Prayer hall: the southeastern corner. Photograph by the

author, 1998.

679. Szydłów, Synagogue. An alms box inside the entrance to the prayer hall, the early

17th century. Photograph by the author, 1998.

680. Cracow (Kazimierz), Monastery at Corpus Christi Church. A portal, after 1612.

Photograph by Jerzy Langda, 1975 (the Institute of Art of the Polish Academy of


681. Szydłów, Synagogue. Plan of the bimah. Drawing by the author.

682. Pińczów (Mirów), Church. The western façade, ca. 1615-19. Photograph by

Witalis Wolny, 1969 (the Institute of Art of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw,

neg. no. 120625).

683. Vitruvian Town attributed to Fra Giocondo, Vitruvius, De Architectura Libri

Decem, 1511 (after Ruth Eaton, Ideal Cities: Utopianism and the (Un)Built

Environment [London, 2001], 44).

684. “The Dome of the Rock as the Temple,” Printer’s mark of Marco Antonio

Giustiniani, Venice, 1545-52 (from ,דגלי המדפיסיםיערי 11 fig. 17).

685. “The Messiah Approaching Jerusalem,” Haggadah, published by Israel ben Daniel

Zifroni, Venice, 1609, frontispiece (from The Passover Haggadah: Venice, 1609

[reprint]).

686. Bertoldo di Giovanni, “Lorenzo de’ Medici il Magnifico and the Pazzi

Conspiracy,” 1478. Bronze medal, diameter 6.4 cm. Washington, National Gallery of

Art, Samuel H. Kress Collection, no. 1957.14.846.a (from http://www.nga.gov).

56

687. Pińczów, St. John the Baptist Church. Western façade, 1598-1615. Photograph by

the author, 1998.

688. Pińczów (Mirów), Church. Western façade, ca. 1615-19. Photograph by the author,

1998.

689a. Wodzisław, Synagogue (former Reformist Church), before 1556. Exterior: the

north-western corner. Photograph, after 1942 (from Tadeusz Przypkowski, “Zabytki

Reformacji w Kielecczyżnie” in Walicki, Michał, ed., Studia renesansowe, 1

[Wroclaw, 1956]: 61 fig. 1).

689b. Wodzisław, Synagogue. Exterior: the north-eastern corner. Photograph, after

1942 (from Przypkowski, “Zabytki Reformacji w Kielecczyżnie,” 61 fig. 2).

690. Tadeusz Bereżnicki, Wodzisław, Synagogue: cross section looking westward.

Drawing, 1946 (Faculty of Architecture, Warsaw University of Technology, no.

1109/VI).

691. Tadeusz Bereżnicki, Wodzisław, Synagogue: western façade. Drawing, 1946

(Faculty of Architecture, Warsaw University of Technology, no. 1109/VI).

692. Tadeusz Bereżnicki, Wodzisław, Synagogue: longitudinal section looking

southward. Drawing, 1946 (Faculty of Architecture, Warsaw University of Technology,

no. 1110/VI).

693. Pińczów, Old Synagogue (former Reformist Church?), before 1586(?). Exterior:

the north-eastern corner. Photograph by the author, 1998.

694. Pińczów, Old Synagogue. Groung plan. 1. Antechamber, 2. Vestibule, 3. Niche,

4. Small chamber, 5. Communal office, 6. Prayer hall. Drawing, 1952 (Faculty of

Architecture, Warsaw University of Technology, no. 1082/VI).

695. Pińczów, Old Synagogue. Plan at the level of the upper storey. 1. Women’s

gallery, 2. Prayer hall, 3. Alms box. Drawing, 1952 (Faculty of Architecture, Warsaw

University of Technology, no. 1083/VI).

696. Pińczów, Old Synagogue. Cross section looking westward. 1. Antechamber,

2. Vestibule, 3. Door to the small chamber, 4. Women’s gallery, 5. Alms box, 6. Prayer

hall, 7. Aperture in the western wall. Drawing, 1952 (Faculty of Architecture, Warsaw

University of Technology, no. 1084/VI).

697. St. Białecki, Pińczów, Old Synagogue: longitudinal section looking northward.

Drawing, 1952 (Faculty of Architecture, Warsaw University of Technology, no.

1085/VI).

57

698. Pińczów, Old Synagogue. Cross section looking eastward (from Piechotka,


699. Pińczów, Old Synagogue. Longitudinal section and perspective drawing looking

northward (from Piechotka, Bóżnice murowane, 59 fig. 49).

700. Pińczów, Old Synagogue. Exterior: the north-eastern corner (from Loukomski,

Jewish Art, 70).

701. Pińczów, Old Synagogue. Vestibule looking towards the south-west: the entrance

portal to the prayer hall (on the left), a door to a room under the staircase (on the right).

Photograph by Cz. Olszewski, after 1945 (the Institute of Art of the Polish Academy of


702. Pińczów, Old Synagogue. Exterior: the south-western corner, before 1586(?) and

later additions. Photograph, before 1939 (the Institute of Art of the Polish Academy of


703. Pińczów, Old Synagogue. Interior looking northward. Photograph by Szymon

Zajczyk, before 1939 (the Institute of Art of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw,

neg. no. 4713).

704. Pińczów, Old Synagogue. Prayer hall: northern wall and the entrance (on the left)

looking towards the north-west. Photograph by Szymon Zajczyk, before 1939 (the

Institute of Art of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, neg. no. 4709).

705. Pińczów, Old Synagogue. Exterior: the western façade. Photograph by the author,

1998.

706. Pińczów, Old Synagogue. The buttresses in the southern wall. Photograph by the

author, 1998.

707. Pińczów, Old Synagogue. Exterior: the western façade, before 1586(?) and later

additions. Photograph by Szymon Zajczyk, before 1939 (the Institute of Art of the


708. Klimonów, Dominican Church. The central nave looking eastward, 1617-20 (from

Miłobędzki, Architektura Polska XVII wieku, 2: 175 fig. 444).

709. Pińczów, Old Synagogue. Prayer hall looking towards the north-east, before

1586(?): the bimah and the Holy Ark, the early 17th century. Photograph by

Komornicki, 1917 (the Institute of Art of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw,

neg. no. 5642).

58

710. Salomon de Brosse, Huguenot “Temple,” 1622-23 in Charenton near Paris: ground

plan (from Helen Rosenau, “The Synagogue and Protestant Church Architecture,”

Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, 4 (1941): fig. 17b).

711. Pińczów, Old Synagogue. Holy Ark, the early 17th century. Photograph by Szymon

Zajczyk, before 1939 (the Institute of Art of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw,

neg. no. 4711).

712. Pińczów, Old Synagogue. Holy Ark, the early 17th century. Photograph, after 1945


713. Pińczów, Old Synagogue. Prayer hall: the eastern wall and the Holy Ark.


714. Pińczów, Old Synagogue. Holy Ark, detail. Photograph by the author, 1998.

715. Followers of Santi Gucci, Tomb of Anna Jakubczyk (d. 1618) and her sons.

Pińczów, St. John the Baptist Church. Photograph by the author, 1998.

716. Pińczów, St. John the Baptist Church. Western pediment, 1598-1615. Photograph


717. Pińczów, St. John the Baptist Church. Entrance portal to the northern aisle, 1598-

1615. Photograph by the author, 1998.

718. Sebastian Serlio, “Portal with Solomonic Columns,” Drawing in his “Extraordinary

Book,” Lion, 1551, fol. 24r (from Sebastian Serlio on Architecture, 1: 505).

719. Alfred Grotte, Drawings of the Nachmanowicz Synagogue in Lvov: a. Ground

plan, b. Cross section looking eastward, c. Holy Ark (from Grotte, “Deutsche,

böhmische und polnische Synagogentypen,” 65 fig. 12).

720. Lvov, Nachmanowicz Synagogue. Interior looking eastward: the Holy Ark, 1580-

82. Photograph by Janusz Witwicki, 1941 (the Institute for Theory and History of

Architecture, neg. no. I-10218).

721. Lvov, Nachmanowicz Synagogue. Interior looking eastward. Photograph, before

1905 (from Majer Bałaban, Żydzi lwowscy na przełomie XVI i XVII w. [Lvov, 1906],

35 ill. 9).

722. M. Kowalczuk, “The Holy Ark in the Nachmanowicz Synagogue in Lvov.”

Drawing, before 1901 (from Władysław Łoziński, Sztuka lwowska w XVI i XVII

wieku. Architektura i rzeżba [Lvov, 1901], 89 fig. 17).

723. Pińczów, Old Synagogue. Painting around the Ark’s pediment, fragment: plant

ornaments within the rectangular frame (on the left above). Photograph by the author,

1998.

59

724. Lvov, House at 28 Market Place. Portal, the late 16th or the early 17th century.


725. Paolo il Felice, Parochial Church in Żólkiew. Exterior: the south-eastern corner,

1606-18. Photograph by the author, 1998.

726. Paolo il Felice, Parochial Church in Żólkiew. Entrance portal, 1606-18.


727. Pińczów, Synagogue. Exterior: the south-eastern corner, the late 18th century.

Photograph, before 1939 (Piechotka, Bóżnice murowane, 412 ill. 599).

728. Pińczów, Synagogue. Interior looking towards the north-east, the late 18th century.

Photograph, before 1939 (Piechotka, Bóżnice murowane, 412 ill. 598).

729. Pińczów, Old Synagogue. Prayer hall: the alms box inside the entrance, the early

17th century. Photograph by Szymon Zajczyk, before 1939 (the Institute of Art of the


730. Pińczów, Old Synagogue. Entrance portal to the prayer hall looking from the

vestibule, the early 17th century, detail. Photograph by the author, 1998.

731. Pińczów, Old Synagogue. Prayer hall: an oculus in the western wall and a detail of

the ceiling. Photograph by the author, 1998.

732. Pińczów, Old Synagogue. Ceiling painting in the vestibule, fragment: two-headed

eagle, 1695-96, 1742-43. Photograph by the author, 1998.

733. Pińczów, Old Synagogue. Painting around the Ark’s pediment, fragment: a

standing volute (on the right) and a rectangular frame (on the left above), 1695-96.


734. Pińczów, St. John the Baptist Church. The coat of arms of Sigismund

Myszkowski-Gonzaga above the entrance to the vestibule, 1598-1615. Photograph by

the author, 1998.

735. Pińczów, Old Synagogue. Prayer hall: the entrance portal looking toward the

vestibule and an alms box inside the entrance. Photograph by Cz. Olszewski, after 1945


736. Pińczów, Old Synagogue. Prayer hall: ceiling, the early 17th century, detail.

Photograph by Szymon Zajczyk, before 1939 (the Institute of Art of the Polish


737. Pińczów, Old Synagogue. Prayer hall: a vault corbel in the south-western corner,

the early 17th century. Photograph by the author, 1998.

60

738. Pińczów, Old Synagogue. Prayer hall looking towards the north-west: the bimah,

the early 17th century. Photograph, 1906 (from “Tygodnik Illustrowany,” 1 [1906]: 67).

739. Pińczów, Old Synagogue. Prayer hall looking towards the north-east: the bimah

and the Holy Ark, the early 17th century. Photograph by Szymon Zajczyk, before 1939


740. Followers of Santi Gucci, Tomb of the Montelupi family, early 17th century.

Cracow, St. Mary Church. Photograph by the author, 1998.

Illustrations 1-359

1. Prague, Altneuschul. The tympanum of the portal of the prayer hall.

2. Otto Böcher, Reconstruction of

the Worms synagogue’s Holy Ark

from 1623-24, drawing.

3. Maciejów, Synagogue. The west wall of the prayer hall: a bear and an ox

flanking the dedicatory inscription of Ezekiel ben Moses of Sokal, 1781.

4. Maciejów, Synagogue. The upper part of the bimah and the vault.

5. Cracow (Kazimierz), Old Synagogue.

The Holy Ark, here dated to 1557-63.

6. Szydłów, Synagogue. The Holy Ark, early 17th

century.

7. Worms. Plan of the synagogue complex.

8. Worms, Synagogue. Ground plan, ca. 1870.

9. Worms, Synagogue. Courtyard, the entrance

to the prayer hall. The women’s chamber is

seen on the left.

10a. Worms, Synagogue. The prayer hall and

the Rashi chamber: a longitudinal section

looking northward, ca. 1860.

10b. Worms, Synagogue. The Women’s

chamber: a cross section looking southward,

ca. 1860.

11.Worms, Synagogue. The prayer hall, interior looking towards the east.

12. Worms, Synagogue. The prayer hall, interior looking towards the north-east.

13. Worms, Synagogue and Hintere Judengasse looking towards the north-east.

14. Worms, Synagogue. The prayer hall and the Rashi chamber

looking towards the north-west.

15. Worms, Synagogue. Women’s chamber, Façade

looking southwards.

16. Worms, Synagogue. Women’s

chamber, interior looking northwards,

before 1938.

17. Carl Hertzog, “The Interior of the Worms Synagogue.” Lithograph, ca. 1860.

18. Abraham Neu, “The Interior of the Worms Synagogue.” Lithograph, before 1842.

19. Heinrich Hoffmann, “The interior

of the Worms Synagogue.”

Watercolour, before 1842.

20. Carl Hertzog, “The Courtyard of the Synagogue and Rashi Chamber in Worms.”

Lithograph, ca. 1860.

21. Worms, Synagogue. The dedicatory tablet of Jacob, son of David and his wife Rachel, 1034.

22. Worms, Synagogue. The Holy Ark, ca. 1704. Photograph, before 1938.

23. Cologne, Old Synagogue. The ground plan of the

building from ca. 1000.

24. Rouen, Old Synagogue. The ground

plan of the building from ca. 1096-1116.

25a. Cologne, Old Synagogue. The ground plan of the building

from 1096 and 1270.

25b. Reconstruction of the

barrier in front of the eastern

wall in the Old Synagogue of

Cologne, 1096 (based on ill.

25a).

26. Regensburg, Synagogue. The ground plan of the building from the late 11th or the early 12th

century: A – prayer hall; B1-B3 – adjacent rooms; C – courtyard; D – a house.

27. Worms, Cathedral. The northern portal, 1173-80.

28. “Interior of a Synagogue.” Woodcut from Johannes Pfefferkorn,

Büchlin der Judenbeicht, Cologne, 1508.

29. “Interior of a Synagogue.” Woodcut from

Antonius Margharita, Der gantz jüdisch Glaub,

Augsburg, 1530.

30. “Interior of a Synagogue.” Woodcut from

Antonius Margharita, Der gantz jüdisch

Glaub, Augsburg, 1530.

31. Regensburg, Synagogue. The ground plan of the building from the early 13th century:

A – prayer hall; B – adjacent room (vestibule?); C – courtyard ; D – a house.

32. Albrecht Altdorfer, “The Prayer Hall of the Synagogue in Regensburg before Its Destruction.”

Engraving, 1519.

33. Albrecht Altdorfer, “The Vestibule of the Synagogue in Regensburg before Its Destruction.”

Engraving, 1519.

34. Worms, Synagogue. The capital of the eastern pillar in the prayer hall, 1174-75.

35. Worms, Synagogue. The portal of the prayer hall.

36. Worms, Synagogue. The western section of the northern wall: the 1174-75 masonry appears in

shading in the lower area, and the rest of the wall is an addition from 1623-24.

37. Worms, Synagogue. The portal of the prayer hall: voussoir and imposts, a detail.

38. Worms, Synagogue. The portal of the

prayer hall: voussoir and imposts, a detail.

39. Worms, Cathedral. The two columns

placed above the northern portal, 1173-

1180.

40. Worms, Synagogue. The capital of the western pillar in the prayer hall, late 12

th century.

41. Worms, Cathedral. The northern portal, 1173-80: imposts.

42. Worms, Synagogue. The portal of the prayer hall: a section of the voussoir.

43. Worms, Synagogue. The portal of the prayer hall: imposts.

44. “The Righteous Entering the Garden of Paradise,” Bird’s Head Haggadah,

Southern Germany, ca. 1300. Jerusalem, Israel Museum, Ms. 180/57, p. 33.

45. “The Gates of Mercy,” Worms Mahzor, vol. II, Germany, ca. 1280-90.

Jerusalem, Jewish National and University Library, Heb. 40 781/2, fol. 73r.

46. A Bronze Coin of the Bar Kokhba Revolt:

“A Palm Tree (obv.) and a Bunch of Grapes (rev.).” The Holy Land, 132-33 C.E.

47. Dalton (Upper Galilee), Synagogue. Torah Ark gable, ca. 6th century.

48. “The Feast of Shavu’ot,” Worms Mahzor, vol. I, Germany (Würzburg?), 1272.


49. “The Feast of Shavu’ot,” The Double Mahzor, vol. I, Germany, Württemberg (Esslingen?),

ca. 1290. Dresden, Sächlische Landesbibliothek, MS. A 46a, fol. 202v.

50. “Winged Dragon above a Gate of the Heavenly

Jerusalem” (a detail from the monumental circular

lamp in ill. 139), Hildesheim, Cathedral, 11th

century.

51. “Winged Dragon above a Gate of the

Heavenly Jerusalem” (a detail from the

monumental circular lamp in ill. 139),

Hildesheim, Cathedral, 11th

century.

52. A Rotatable Calendar, Bible, Toledo, Navarre, ca. 1300.

Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, MS hébreu 20, fol. 7v.

53. “Winged Dragon,” Worms Mahzor, vol. I, Germany (Würzburg?), 1272.


54. Rouen, Synagogue. The southern façade: “Dragon” on the base of a column, 1096-1116.

57. “Forest Landscape,” Carmina Burana, Upper Bavaria, Benediktbeuren Abbey, ca. 1230. Munich,

Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Clm 4660, fol. 64v.

58. Cividale, Baptistery. Stone relief: “The Cross, Tree of Life and Symbols of the Four Evangelists,”

8th century.

59. Worms, Synagogue. A fragment of a pier:

“Bellete’s Dedicatory Inscription and a Palm

Tree” (1034) with interlaced zigzag bands on its

left side.

60. Worms, Synagogue. Right side of the

fragment of a pier in ill. 59: “A Tree,” dated here

to 1174-75, and an attached colonette.


“A Palm Tree,” dated here to 1174-75.

62. Worms, Synagogue. Left side of the fragment of

a pier in ill. 61: “A Tree,” dated here to 1174-75.

63. Cologne, Old Synagogue. Five fragments of stone reliefs found in the genizah, ca. 1270.

64. Susiya, Synagogue. A chancel screen: “A Palm Tree Flanked by Birds,” 5th or 6th century.

65. “The Table for Reading the Torah.” Drawing, after 1842.

66. “The Interior of the Worms Synagogue.” Watercolour, after 1842.

67. Worms, Synagogue. A fragment

of a pier, 1623-24.

68. Worms, Synagogue. A fragment of a pier (the

same as in ill. 67), photographed from the corner to

show the decoration of the adjacent side, 1623-24.

69. Worms, Synagogue. Another fragment of a pier, 1623-24.

71. Worms, Synagogue. The Rashi

Chamber: The original remnant of

a spandrel of the portal including a

rosette and a faceted rectangle from

the 1623-24.

70. Worms, Synagogue. The Rashi Chamber:

Remnants of the carvings from 1623-24

(a darker tint) within the reconstructed portal.

72. Worms, Synagogue. A fragment of the Holy Ark: Remnants of crown reliefs and of the inscription

“Crown of the Torah, Crown of the Kingdom […],” 1623-24.

73. Otto Böcher, Reconstruction of the Worms synagogue’s bimah from the 12th

century,

drawing.

74. Otto Böcher, Reconstruction of the Worms synagogue’s Bimah from 1623-24, drawing.

75. Worms, Synagogue. Stone carved fragments found during the excavations by 1956.

76. Worms, Synagogue. Side

and obverse of the fragment

of an arch in ill. 56: rosette

and zigzag reliefs, 1355.

77. Worms, Synagogue. Obverse

of the fragment of an arch in

ill. 56: rosette and Hebrew

inscriptions (marked by arrows),

1355.

78. Worms, Synagogue. Side of

the fragment of an arch in

ill. 56: zigzag pattern, 1355.

79. Worms, Synagogue. Left side of the fragment of

a pier in ills. 59-60: interlaced relief and attached

colonette.

80. Worms, Synagogue. Obverse of the

fragment of a pier in ills. 59-60: attached

colonette.

81. Worms, Synagogue.

Lower half of the fragment of

a pier in ills. 59-60:

“Palm Tree,” 1034.

82. Worms, Synagogue. Upper

half of the fragment of a pier in

ills. 59-60:

Bellette’s dedicatory inscription.

83. Worms, Synagogue. Detail of

the fragment of a pier in ill. 61:

“Palm Tree,” 1174-75.

84. Glass bottle produced for Jewish pilgrims to Jerusalem, the last quarter of the 6th or the early 7th

century. Israel Museum Collection

85. Rome, St Peter’s. Fragments of chancel screens: “An Arcade with Palm Trees,”

8th century. Berlin, Staatliche Museen.

86. A Vespasian sesterce, (rev.): “Judea as a Captive Seated under a Palm Tree,

Guarded by Titus in Military Attire,” ca. 71 C.E.

87. Maon (Nirim), Synagogue. Floor mosaic, 6th century, drawing.

88. Susiya, Synagogue. Chancel screens, 5th or 6th century.

Reconstruction in the Israel Museum, Jerusalem.

89. Priene, Synagogue. Ashlar: “The Menorah Flanked by

Birds, a Palm Branch and a Plant,” 3rd or 4th century.

90. Gold glass from the Jewish

catacombs of Rome: “The Menorah and

open Torah Shrine,” 4th-6th century.

Drawing.

91. Ostia, Synagogue. Detail of an architrave:

“Menorah, Shofar, Lulav and Etrog,” 4th century.

92. Asia Minor. Plaque: “The Menorah and Palm

Trees,” 4th- 6th century.

93. Sardis, Synagogue. Plaque: “The Menorah, a Palm

Branch and Shofar,” 4th-6th century.

94. Priene, Synagogue. Plaque: “The Menorah,

Torah Scrolls, Palm Branches, an Etrog, and

Shofar,” 3rd or 4th century.

95. Beit Alpha, Synagogue. Mosaic pavement, detail: “The Ark Flanked by Lions, a Menorah,

Ritual Objects and Birds,” 6th century.

96. Rome, Torlonia Catacomb. A Jewish sarcophagus: “The Menorah Flanked by Ritual objects,”

late 2nd

-4th century.

97. “Sanctuary Implements and Aaron the High Priest Lighting the Menorah,” Regensburg Bible,

Germany, Bavaria, ca. 1300. Jerusalem, Israel Museum, Ms. 180/52, fols. 115v-156r.

98. “A Man Blowing the Shofar before the Ark,”

Mahzor for Rosh Ha-shanah and Yom Kippur,

Germany (Constance?), first quarter of the 14th

century. Paris, Bibliothèque de l’Alliance Israélite

Universelle,

Ms. 24 H, fol. 84v.

99. Abraham Farissol, “The Temple Façade

framing the initial of the verse ‘This is the bread

of affliction’,” Haggadah, Ferrara, 1515. New

York, The Library of the Jewish Theological

Seminary of America,

Mic. 4817, fol. 5.

100. Title page of Juspa Shammash’s “Custom

Book,” Worms, ca. 1648- ca. 1678

102. Proportions of the Sanctuary Menorah as

described in Menakhot 28b vs. the Palm Tree

Relief from 1034 in the Worms Synagogue.

101. “A Jew Praying in the Synagogue,” Mahzor, ca. 1300.

Milan, Biblioteca Ambrosiana, Ms. Fragm. S. P. II 252.

103. Two gold glasses from the Jewish catacombs of

Rome: “The Menorah Flanked by Ritual Objects,” 4th-

6th century. Drawing.

104. Nicaea (Iznik), Synagogue.

Plaque with a menorah, 4th-6th century.

105. “Menorah and Sanctuary Implements,” Farhi Bible, Spain or Provence, 1366-82.

The Sassoon Collection, Ms. 368, pp. 182-83.

106. “The Ark, Menorah and Sanctuary Implements,” Harley Catalan Bible, Spain (Barcelona?),

third quarter of the 14th century. London, British Library, Ms. Harley 1528, fol. 7v.

107. “The Ark, Menorah and Sanctuary Implements,” Pentateuch, Catalonia, 1301.

Copenhagen, Det Kongelige Bibliotek, Cod. Hebr. II, fol. 11v.

110. Rouen, Synagogue. The

southern façade: Relief of a Palm

Tree, 1096-1116 (a detail of

ill. 109), set on its side

counterclockwise as originally

intended.

108. “Menorah,” Kaufmann Mishneh Torah, Northeastern

France, 1295-96. Budapest, Library of the Hungarian

Academy of Sciences, Kaufmann Collection, Ms. A 77/III,

fol. 3v.

109. Rouen, Synagogue. The southern façade: Relief of a Palm Tree, 1096-1116.

111. Reconstruction of the aperture in a barrier in the synagogue of Worms, 1174-75,

drawing based on ills. 59-60, 62.

112. Reconstruction of the chancel screen in front of the Ark in the synagogue of Susiya, drawing.

113. “The Ark and Sanctuary Implements,” Foa Bible, Catalonia, 14th century.

Paris, Compagnie des prêtres de St. Sulpice, Ms 1933, fol. 7v.

114. “The Sanctuary Implements,” Harley Catalan Bible, Spain (Barcelona?),

third quarter of the 14th century. London, British Library, Ms. Harley 1528, fol. 8r.

115. Pavia, Sta. Maria Teodote della Pusterla Cloister, chancel screen:

“The Tree of Life Flanked by Griffins,” first half of the 8th century. Pavia, Musei Civici.


“Vine with Clusters of Grapes,” here dated to

1174-75

117. Worms, Synagogue. A fragment of

a pier: “Vine with Clusters of Grapes,” here

dated to 1174-75.

118. Nevoraya (Nabratein), Synagogue. Torah Ark Pediment flanked by lions, 6th

century.

119. Rome, Torlonia Catacomb. Painting on the rear wall of Arcosolium IV:

“The Ark with the Scrolls Flanked by a Menorah and Ritual objects,” 3rd or 4th century.

120. Dura Europos, Synagogue. The Torah Shrine

decorated with paintings of “The Temple with the

Menorah and the Binding of Isaac,” 244-45 C.E.

121. Reconstruction of the Torah Ark in the

Synagogue of Ostia, drawing.

122. “Weighing Shekels for the Temple,” Worms Mahzor, vol. I, Germany (Würzburg?), 1272.

Jerusalem, Jewish National and University Library, Heb. 40 781/1, fol. 39v.

123. “The Passover Seder,” Worms Mahzor, vol. I, Germany (Würzburg?), 1272.


124. Assisi, San Rufino Cathedral.

South door of the façade, 1140.

125. Sardis, Synagogue. Prayer hall: the bimah flanked by two

sets of paired lions, 4th-6

th century.

126. Sardis, Synagogue. Prayer hall:

Paired lions flanking the bimah,

4th-6th century.

127. Ein Samsam. A carved block (supposedly originating from the Ein Neshut Synagogue):

“Lion’s Head” and “Daniel in the Lion’s Den,” 5th or 6th century.

128. Reconstruction of the Holy Ark resting on sculptured lions supposedly from the Ein Neshut

Synagogue, utilizing the carved block in ill. 127, drawing.

129. Rouen, Synagogue. The southern façade, an upside-down relief of a lion on the base of a column,

1096-1116.

130. “The Feast of Shavu’ot,” Laud Mahzor, Southern Germany, ca. 1290.

Oxford, Bodleian Library, Ms. Laud Or. 321, fol. 127v.

132. Worms, Cathedral. Fragments of the

decoration of the southern portal: “Daniel in

the Lion’s Den,” second or third quarter of

the 12th century.

131. Verona, San Zeno. Nicolao, Portico

supported by lions, ca. 1135.

133. Worms, Cathedral. A sculpture of a lion before the southern façade, 11th-12

th century.

134. Regensburg, St. Emmeram. Bishop’s chair

in the western crypt, ca. 972.

135. Lund, Cathedral. St. Mary’s

Altar (former bishop’s chair), ca.

1080-1145.

136. “The Judgment of Solomon,” the Tripartite Mahzor, vol. I, Southern Germany, ca. 1320.

Budapest, Library of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Kaufmann Collection, Ms. A384, fol. 183r.

137. Worms, Synagogue. A fragment of an arch, here

dated to 1355.

138. Reconstruction of an arch with a

dragon, here dated to 1355, in the

synagogue of Worms, collage based

on ills. 48, 55, 137.

139. Hildesheim, Cathedral. Monumental Circular Lamp: “Heavenly Jerusalem,” 11

th century.

140. Hildesheim, Cathedral. Detail of a Gate of the monumental circular lamp in ill. 139,

with dragons in the spandrels above the entrance, 11th century.

141. Rome, Arch of Titus. “Triumphal Procession Carrying the Menorah and Other Spoils from

the Temple of Jerusalem,” 81 C.E.

142. Rome, the Arch of Titus. “Triumphal Procession Carrying the Menorah and Other Spoils from

the Temple of Jerusalem,” 81 C.E. Drawing of the menorah’s base.

143. Vyśśí Brod, Monastery church: Tympanum of the Sacristy: “Vine Tree with Clusters of Grapes,

Flanked by two Dragons and Blessed by God’s Hand,” 1260s.

144. “A Plan of the Tabernacle,” Rashi’s Commentary on the Pentateuch, Camerino, 1399.

Oxford, Bodleian Library, Ms. Michael 384, fol. 142v.

145. Cologne, Old Synagogue. The ground plan of the building from 1370.

146. “Reading of the Open Torah Scroll

on the Desk,” Ashkenazi Siddur,

Germany, ca. 1395-98. Vatican,

Biblioteca Apostolica, Cod. Vat. ebr. 324,

fol. 80v.

147. “Reading of the Open Torah Scroll on the Desk,”

Siddur of Ashkenazi rite, Germany, Rhineland

(Mainz?), ca. 1427-28. Hamburg, Staats- und

Universitätsbibliothek, Cod. Hebr. 37, fol. 114r.

148. “Reading of an Open Book on a Desk,” Mahzor Lipsiae,

Southwest Germany, 1st quarter of the 14th century. Leipzig,

Universitätsbibliothek, Ms. V 1102/I-II, fol. 27r.

149. Worms,

Synagogue. A carved

fragment (of the

bimah’s 1174-75

enclosure?).

150. “Cantor in a Sephardi Synagogue Reading the Passover Haggadah,” “Sister” to the Golden

Haggadah, Spain (Barcelona?), 14th century. London, British Museum, Or. Ms. 2884, fol. 17v.

151. Regensburg, Synagogue. A fragment of the

enclosure of the bimah, early 13th century.

152. Constance, Cathedral. Chapel of the

Holy Sepulchre, late 13th century.

153. “The Altar of God (The Blowing of the

Sixth Trumpet),” The Trinity College

Apocalypse, England, ca. 1250. Cambridge,

Trinity College Library, Ms. R. 16. 2 (C.M.A.

524), fol. 10r.

154. “The Altar of the Martyrs,” The Trinity

College Apocalypse, England, ca. 1250.

Cambridge, Trinity College Library, Ms. R. 16. 2

(C.M.A. 524), fol. 6v.

155. “The Pouring of the Fourth and Fifth Vials,” The Trinity College Apocalypse, England,

ca. 1250. Cambridge, Trinity College Library, Ms. R. 16. 2 (C.M.A. 524), fol. 19r.

156.“A Plan of the Altar,” Kaufmann

Mishneh Torah, vol. III, Northeastern

France, 1295-96. Budapest, Library of the

Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Kaufmann

Collection, Ms. A 77/III, fol. 3r.

157. “A Side View of the Altar,” Kaufmann Mishneh

Torah, vol. III, Northeastern France, 1295-96.

Budapest, Library of the Hungarian Academy of

Sciences, Kaufmann Collection, Ms. A 77/III, fol. 3r.

158. Worms, Synagogue. A grill door

from the Holy Ark, here dated to 1355.

159. Relief (a fragment of a retable?), France, early 14th

century. Chicago, Art Institute, no. 1924.1051.

160. Worms, Synagogue. Fourteen fragments of Gothic tracery (1355 and later).

161. Worms, Synagogue. Nine fragments of Gothic tracery (1355 and later).

162. Worms, Cathedral. Southern portal, ca. 1289-1325.

163. Worms, Old Jewish

Cemetery. Tombstone, 1375.

164. Worms, Synagogue. Five fragments of a cornice: “Vine

with Grape Clusters,” here dated to 1355.

165. Worms, Synagogue. A fragment of a cornice: “Vine with Grape Clusters,” here dated to 1355.

166. Worms, Synagogue. A fragment of the

corner of a cornice: “Vine with Grape

Clusters,” here dated to 1355.

167. Worms, Synagogue. A fragment of the corner

of a cornice: “Vine with Grape Clusters,” here dated

to 1355.

168. “Vine Tree,” Lambert of Saint Omer, Liber Floridus,

Saint Omer, before 1121. Ghent, Centrale Bibliotheek van de

Rijksuniversiteit, Cod. 1125(92), fol. 140r


“Vine with Grape Clusters,” dated here to 1355.


“Vine with Grape Clusters,” dated here to 1355.

171. Worms, Synagogue. A fragment of a cornice: “Vine with Grape Clusters” (1355 and later).

172. Worms, Synagogue. A fragment of a pier

and tracery: “Vine with Grape Clusters,” here

dated to 1623-24.

173. Worms, Synagogue. A fragment of a pier and

tracery (the same as in ill. 172).

174. Worms, Synagogue. A fragment of a

pier: “Vine with Grape Clusters” and

interlacing undulate bands, here dated to

1624-24.


“Vine with Grape Clusters” and interlacing

undulate bands, here dated to 1624-24 (the same

as in ill. 174).

176. Worms, Synagogue. A fragment of a pier, 1623-24. 177. Worms, Synagogue. A fragment of a pier,

1623-24.

178. Worms, Stiftskeller

at Stelzen Street. Portal,

1610.

179. Worms, Stiftskeller

at Stelzen Street. Portal,

1610, detail.

180. Worms, Andreasstift. A wall tombstone, 1583.

181. “The Flower of the Valleys,” Worms Mahzor, vol. II, Germany, ca. 1280-90.


182. Jerusalem or Judea. Ossuary: “Two Six- Petalled Rosettes Separated by a Lily,”

1st century B.C.E.- 1st century C.E.

183. Worms, Synagogue. A fragment of a pier: “Vase with Vine and Grape Clusters,”

here dated to 1624-24.

184. “Mourning Ceremony for Emperor Franz I in the Altschul in Prague.” Engraving, 1835.

185. V. Popelík, “Interior of the Altschul.” Engraving, 1855.

186. Prague, Altneuschul, begun in the 1230s, looking towards the north-east.

187. Prague, Altneuschul. The

ground plan of the building

from the 1230s, marked in

black, (based on ill. 188).

188. Al. Masák, The ground plan

of the Altneuschul, 1922.

189. Prague, Altneuschul. The southern vestibule looking eastward.

190. Prague, Altneuschul. The southern vestibule looking eastward.

191. Prague, Altneuschul. The portal of the prayer hall.

192. Al. Masák, The scheme of the spanning of the Altneuschul, 1922.

193. Prague, Altneuschul. The vault of the central bay in the northern nave.

194. Al. Masák, The longitudinal section of the Altneuschul, 1922.

195. Al. Masák, The cross section of the Altneuschul, 1922.

196. Prague, Altneuschul. The northern nave of the prayer hall looking eastward.

197. Prague, Altneuschul. The southern nave of the prayer hall looking eastward.

198. Al. Masák, Keystones in the Altneuschul, 1922. Drawing.

a. The northeastern keystone (ill. 192 no. I)

b. The southeastern keystone (ill. 192 no. II)

c. The middle keystone in the northern nave (ill. 192 no. III)

d. The middle keystone in the southern nave (ill. 192 no. IV)

199. Prague, Altneuschul. The southwestern keystone (ill. 192 no. VI).

200. Prague, Altneuschul. The middle keystone in

the northern nave (ills. 192 no. III; 198c). 201. Prague, Altneuschul. The northeastern

keystone (ills. 192 no. I; 198a).

202. Al. Masák, Capitals attached to

colonettes in the Altneuschul, 1922.

Drawing.

a. The capital on the southern wall between

the middle and the southwestern bay (ill.

192 no. VII)

b. The capital on the northern wall between

the middle and the northwestern bay (ill.

192 no. IX)

c. The capital on the northern wall between

the middle and the northeastern bay (ill.

192 no. X)

d. The capital on the southern wall

between the middle and the southeastern

bay (ill. 192 no. XI).

203. Prague, Altneuschul. The capital on the

southern wall between the middle and the

southeastern bay (ills. 192 no. XI; 202d).

204. Prague, Altneuschul. The capital of the

attached colonette on the northern wall between

the middle and the northwestern bay (ills. 192 no.

IX; 202b).

205. Al. Masák, Capitals of the attached colonettes in the Altneuschul,

1922. Drawing.

a. The capital in the northwestern corner (ill. 192 no. 1).

b. The capital in the northeastern corner (ill. 192 no. 5).

c. The capital in the southeastern corner (ill. 192 no. 6).

d. The capital in the southwestern corner (ill. 192 no. 10).

206. Al. Masák, The corbels of

the western pillar of the

Altneuschul looking northward,

and section of the pier showing

the corbels locations, 1922.

Drawing.

207. Al. Masák, The corbels in

the western pillar of the

Altneuschul looking towards the

south-west, 1922. Drawing.

208. Prague, Altneuschul. The corbels in

the eastern pillar of the Altneuschul.

209. Al. Masák, Wall corbels in the Altneuschul, 1922.

Drawing. a. The middle corbel on the northern wall in the northwestern

bay (ill. 192 no. 2)

b. The middle corbel in the middle northern bay (ill. 192 no. 3)

c. The middle corbel on the northern wall in the northeastern


d. The middle corbel on the southern wall in the southeastern


e. The middle corbel on the southern wall in middle southern


f. The middle corbel on the southern wall in the southwestern


210. Prague, Altneuschul. The corbel in the

southeastern corner of the prayer hall (ill. 192 no. 6).

211. Prague, Altneuschul. The corbel in the

northwestern corner of the prayer hall (ill. 192 no. 1).

212. Prague, Altneuschul. The pediment of the Holy Ark.

213. Prague, Altneuschul. The portal of the prayer

hall: the capital on the left.

214. Prague, the St. Salvator church in the St.

Agnes monastery: interior, ca. 1280.

215. The Chapel of Guardian Angels in the Zlatá

Koruna monastery near Českí Krumlow, third

quarter of the 13th century: the longitudinal

section.

216. The Chapel of Guardian Angels in the Zlatá

Koruna monastery near Českí Krumlow, third

quarter of the 13th century: the spanning and

southern wall of the ground floor.

217. Naumburg, Cathedral. A keystone in the

western choir, 1249-60.


Agnes monastery: a wall capital, after 1261.


Agnes monastery, the entrance portal: capitals,

ca. 1265.

220. The Chapel of Guardian Angels in the Zlatá Koruna monastery near Českí Krumlow.

The entrance portal, third quarter of the 13th century.

221. The Chapel of Guardian Angels in the

Zlatá Koruna monastery near Českí

Krumlow. The entrance portal: the left

capital.

222. The Chapel of Guardian Angels in the Zlatá Koruna monastery near Českí Krumlow.

Two corner corbels, third quarter of the 13th century.

223. Marburg, St. Elisabeth’s Church. Portal, after 1250.

224. Magdeburg, Cathedral. Tympanum above the portal of the choir passage, 1220-30.

225. Prague, Altneuschul. The Holy Ark.

226. J. Eckert, The Holy Ark of the Altneuschul. Photograph, ca. 1900.

227. Prague, Altneuschul. The steps, bench and left parapet before the Holy Ark.

228. Prague, Altneuschul. The Ark’s forestructure.

229. Prague, Altneuschul. The right parapet before the Holy Ark.

230. “The Heavenly Jerusalem,” The Trinity College Apocalypse, England, ca. 1250. Cambridge,

Trinity College Library, Ms. R. 16. 2 (C.M.A. 524), fol. 25v.

231. “The Tree of Life,” (a detail of ill. 230, set on its side

counterclockwise).

232. “Vine Tree,” Pentateuch, Southern France or Spain, ca. 1300.

Frankfurt am Main, Stadtsbibliothek, Codex Ausst. 4, fol. 25r.

233. Hildesheim, Cathedral. Font: “The Baptism of Christ,” ca. 1225.

234. Erfurt, St. Mary’s Church. Retable, third quarter of the 12

th century.

235. J. V. Hellich, “The Portal of the Prayer Hall of the Altneuschul,” engraving, 1860.

236. Prague, Altneuschul. The portal of the prayer hall. Photograph, ca. 1901.

237a. Prague, Altneuschul. The tympanum of the portal of the prayer hall.

237b. Prague, Altneuschul. The tympanum of the portal of the prayer hall:

“Roots of the vine tree,” detail.

238. Dura Europos, Synagogue. The Holy Ark surmounted by the

painting: “The Vine of the Lord,” 244-245 C.E. Drawing.

239. “Vine Tree,” Hispano-

Moresque Haggadah, Castile, late

13th or early 14th century. London,

British Museum, Or. 2737, fol. 1.

240. “Sign of the Month,” The Tripartite Mahzor, vol. I, Southern Germany, ca. 1320. Budapest,

Library of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Kaufmann Collection, Ms. A384, fol. 85v.

241. Worms, Old Jewish Cemetery. Tombstone, late 14

th or early 15

th century.

242. “Crucifix with Ecclesia and Synagoga,” patten of a

chalice from Trzemeszno (Tremessen) Abbey, ca. 1170.

Gniezno, Cathedral treasury.

243. Sangerhausen, St. Ulrich’s Church.

Impost of a pillar in the choir, ca. 1300:

“A Bird Pecking at Grapes.”

244. Cross reliquary, the Maas region, ca.

1200-1220.

245. Rome, San Clemente Church. Mosaic of the apse:

“Crucifix,” ca. 1125.

246. Naumburg, Cathedral. Tympanum above the portal of the northeastern tower, ca. 1230-40.

247. Rome, Ara Pacis Augustae. A panel of the marble enclosure: “Saeculum aureum,” 13-9 B.C.E.

248a. “Arbor Bona - Ecclesia Fidelis,” Lambert of

Saint-Omer, Liber Floridus, before 1121. Ghent,

Centrale Bibliotheek van de Rijksuniversiteit Cod.

1125(92), fol. 231v.

248b. “Arbor Mala - Synagoga,” Lambert of Saint-

Omer, Liber Floridus, before 1121. Ghent, Centrale

Bibliotheek van de Rijksuniversiteit Cod. 1125(92),

fol. 232r.

251. Prague, Altneuschul. An alms box

inside the entrance to the prayer hall.

249. Prague, the Old Jewish Cemetery. Tombstone of

Moses ben Israel Tchoř the Levite, died 1656.

250. Prague, the Old

Jewish Cemetery.

Tombstone of Moses

ben Israel Tchoř (a

detail of ill. 249):

“The Tree of Life

Flanked by

Foumarts.”

252. Antependium, Germany, Rupertsberg, 1210-20: “Enthroned Christ,” detail.

253. “Mundane Ages,” Lambert of Saint-Omer, Liber Floridus, before 1121. Ghent, Centrale Bibliotheek van de Rijksuniversiteit Cod. 1125(92), fol. 232v.

254. Reims, Cathedral. Plant reliefs, ca. 1260: “Whitehorn.”

255. Reims, Cathedral. Plant reliefs, ca. 1260: “Clover.”

256. Reims, Cathedral. Plant reliefs, ca. 1260: “Vine Tree, Wormwood and Bryony.”

257. Naumburg, Cathedral. Capitals, ca. 1250: “Wormwood.”

258. Reims, Cathedral. Plant reliefs, ca. 1260: “Ivy.”

259. A carved stone fragment, ca. 1239: “Hops.” Mainz, the Diocese Museum.

260. Naumburg, Cathedral. A capital, ca. 1250: “Fig Leaves and Fruits.”

261. Marburg, St. Elisabeth’s Church. Mausoleum of St. Elisabeth, the 1260s, detail: “Maple Leaves.”

262. Marburg, St. Elisabeth’s Church. Mausoleum St. Elisabeth, the 1260s, detail: “Bindweed.”

263. Miltenberg, Synagogue. Pediment of the Holy Ark, late 13th century.

264. Miltenberg, Synagogue, late 13th century. The ground plan.

265. Sopron, Synagogue at 22-24, Új Street. The Holy Ark, ca. 1300.

265. Sopron, Synagogue at 22-24, Új Street. The Holy Ark, ca. 1300.

266. Sopron, Synagogue at Új Street no. 22-24. The Holy Ark, ca. 1300.

267. “The Cantor at His Pulpit in Front of the Holy

Ark,” Mahzor, France, 1304. Parma, Biblioteca

Palatina, Ms. Parm. 3006 – De Rossi 654, fol. 99v.

268. “The Holy Ark,” Mahzor, Bavaria (region

of Salzburg), ca. 1390. Paris, Bibliothèque

nationale, MS hébreu 646, fol. 38v.

269. “The Holy Ark Open,”

Haggadah, Germany, 1462-

70. The Carl Alexander

Floersheim Art and Judaica

Collection (Ms 511 in the

S. D. Sassoon Collection),

p. 23.

270. “The Cantor at His Pulpit at the

Holy Ark,” Haggadah, Germany, 1462-

70. The Carl Alexander Floersheim Art

and Judaica Collection (Ms 511 in the

S. D. Sassoon Collection), p. 28.

271. “Coming out from the Synagogue,” Sarajevo Haggadah, Spain, Barcelona (?), 14

th century.

Sarajevo, National Museum, fol. 34.

272. “Presentation of the Virgin,” Lectionary of Henry II, the 11th century.

Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Cod. Lat. 15713, fol. 1v.

273. Andrea Orcagna, Baldachin (Ciborium), 1359. Florence, Orsanmichele.

274. Workshop of Matteo di Ser Cambio, Perugia, “Worshipper in front of the Holy Ark,”

Jerusalem Mishneh Torah, ca. 1400, fol. 33v.

275. “Women at the Holy Ark” and “Jews Studying,” Prayerbook, Ferrara region, the 1520s (?).

E. Bicart-Sée’s collection.

276. “Women at the Holy Ark” (a detail of ill. 275).

277. “Presentation in the Temple,” Decacordum cristianum,

published by Gershom Soncino, Venice, 1507.

278. “Officiant with the Torah Scroll before the Holy Ark,”

Rothschild Miscellany, Ferrara, ca. 1470. Jerusalem, Israel

Museum, MS 180/51, fol. 105v

279. “Worship in a

Synagogue,” Jacob

ben Asher, Arba’ah

Turim, Mantua,

1435. Vatican,

Bibliotheca

Apostolica, Cod.

Rossiana, 555,

fol. 12v.

280a. Gold Glass fragment, Rome, 4th century. Vatican, Museo Sacro.

280b. Drawing of ill. 280a.

281. Sopron, the Synagogue at Új Street no. 11. The Pediment of the Holy Ark, mid-14th century.

282. Nuremberg, Synagogue. The Pediment of the Holy Ark, ca. 1451.

283. Nuremberg, Synagogue. The Pediment of the Holy Ark, ca. 1451, in a later setting.

Photograph, before 1909(?).

284. “The Holy Ark Open,” Mahzor, vol. I, Bavaria,

Ulm, 1459. Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek,

Cod. Hebr. 3/I, p. 23.

285. Leefdael, St. Vérone Church. Aumbry,

15th century.

286. “The Sanctuary (Frontispiece to Numbers),” The

Lobbes Bible, 11th century. Tournai, Bibliothèque du

Séminaire, MS 1, fol. 77r.

287. “Crucifix with Ecclesia and

Synagoga,” Biblia Pauperum:

Apocalypse, ca. 1340-50.

288. “The Cantor at the Holy Ark,” Germany, ca. 1395-98.

Vatican, Bibliotheca Apostolica, Cod. Vat. ebr. 324.

289. “Crossing the Jordan River,” Michaelbeuern Bible, Italy, second quarter of the 12th century.

Michaelbeuern, Stiftsbibliothek, Cod. Perg. 1, fol. 74r.

290. “The Righteous at the Gate of Jerusalem,” Bird’s Head Haggadah, Southern Germany, ca. 1300.

Jerusalem, Israel Museum, Ms. 180/57, fol. 47.

291. The Holy Ark from a synagogue in Modena, 1472. Paris, Cluny Museum.

292. “Search for Leavened Bread on the Eve of

Passover,” The First Cincinnati Haggadah,

Southern Germany (the Ulm region?), 1480-90.

Cincinnati, Hebrew Union College, fol. 1v.

293. “Search for Leavened Bread on the Eve of

Passover,” Rothschild Miscellany, Ferrara, ca.

1470, Ferrara. Jerusalem, Israel Museum, Ms.

180/51, fol. 155v.

294. Printer’s mark of Gershom Soncino, Sefer Kol Bo, Rimini, 1525-26.

295. “The Temple with the Ark of the Covenant,” Sarajevo Haggadah, Spain, Barcelona(?), 14th century. Sarajevo, National Museum, fol. 32r.

296. Prague, Pinchas synagogue. The Holy Ark’s Forestructure, the 1520s.

297. “The Cantor at His Pulpit,” Bird’s Head Haggadah, Southern Germany, ca. 1300.

Jerusalem, Israel Museum, Ms. 180/57, fol. 76.

298. Sopron, Synagogue at 22-24, Új Street. The tympanum of the portal of the prayer hall, ca. 1300.

299. Benedikt Ried, Vladislav Hall, 1493-1503. Prague, Hradčany Royal Castle.

300. Benedikt Ried, Vladislav Hall: Portal of the Parliament room, 1493-1503.

Prague, Hradčany Royal Castle.

301. Initial page of Exodus from the Pentateuch published by Gershom Ha-Cohen, Prague, 1518.

302. Printers’ marks and colophon on the frontispiece of a Prayer Book,

printed by Gershom Ha-Cohen. Prague, 1512.

303. R. Ječný, The ground plan of the Pinchas Synagogue in Prague

(the building of the 1520s is marked in black).

304. Prague, Pinchas Synagogue. The bimah (seen from above).

305. Prague, Pinchas Synagogue. The bimah looking to the north-west.

306. Prague, Pinchas Synagogue. The bimah’s northern parapet: a pier and Gothic arch

revealed under the plaster.

307. Prague, Pinchas Synagogue.

A remnant of a pinnacle.

308. Prague, Pinchas Synagogue. Three remnants

of pinnacles.

309. Prague, Pinchas Synagogue. The vault

looking eastward.

310. R. Ječný, The ground plan of the Pinchas

Synagogue in Prague

(the extension of 1535 is marked in black).

311. Prague, Pinchas Synagogue. The pier between the

3rd

and the 4th bay on the southern side of the prayer

hall: supporting pilaster.

312. Prague, Pinchas Synagogue. The pier

between the 4th and the 5

th bay on the

southern side of the prayer hall: supporting

colonette.

313. Prague, Pinchas Synagogue. The prayer hall: the portal in the 5

th bay on the southern wall.

314a. Prague, Pinchas Synagogue. The portal (the same as in ill. 313), detail: the entablature.

314b. Prague, Pinchas Synagogue. The portal (the same as in ill. 313), detail: the frieze.


The dedicatory inscription of Aaron

Meshulam Horovitz and his wife

Nechamah, 1535.


The dedicatory inscription of

Aaron Meshulam Horovitz and

his wife Nechamah, 1535 (the

same as in ill. 315).

317. Prague, Hradčany Royal Castle. Followers of Benedikt Ried,

St George’s Church: the southern portal, ca. 1520.

318. “Three Jewish Hats,” Jewish seal imprint, Constance, Germany, 1332.

319. Toledo, El Tránsito (Samuel Ha-Levi Abulafia’s synagogue).

Interior looking towards the south-east, ca. 1357.

320. Seville, Alcazar. Façade, 1350-69. 321. Seville, Alcazar. Interior, a detail of

the wall reliefs, 1350-69.

322. Toledo, El Tránsito (Samuel Ha-Levi Abulafia’s synagogue).

The dedicatory inscription to the left of the Holy Ark, ca. 1357.

323. Strzegom, St. Barbara’s Church (former synagogue).

Exterior looking towards the south-east, 14th century,

rebuilt after 1454.

324. Strzegom, St. Barbara’s Church

(former synagogue). Ground plan (the

synagogue is marked in black).

325. Strzegom, St. Barbara’s Church (former

synagogue). Interior looking westward: The

former synagogue.

326. Oleśnica, Evangelical Church (former

synagogue), late 14th or early 15th century. Ground

plan (the synagogue is marked in black).

329. “The Synagogue of Erfurt,” The

Ratmeister Friese Chronicle.

327. Oleśnica, the Evangelical Church (former

synagogue). Western façade. Drawing.

328. John Strożecki, “Cracow and its Vicinities,” in Hartmann Schedel, Liber Cronicarum,

Nuremberg, 1493.

330. Cracow (Kazimierz), the Remah Synagogue. The Holy Ark, 1557-58, detail:

the pilasters and entablature.

331. Cracow (Kazimierz), the Remah Synagogue.

The Holy Ark, 1557-58, the pilaster directly to

the left of the Torah’s niche, detail: the fluted

pilaster’s shaft.


The Holy Ark, 1557-58, the pilaster directly to

the right of the Torah’s niche, detail: the pilaster’s

capital and shaft.


The Holy Ark, 1557-58, detail: capital of a

pilaster directly adjoining the Ark.

334. Cracow (Kazimierz), the Remah

Synagogue. The Holy Ark, 1557-58, a detail.

335. Cracow (Kazimierz), the Remah Synagogue. The

Holy Ark, 1557-58, detail: the paired capitals to the

left of the Torah’s niche.

336. Cracow (Kazimierz), the Remah

Synagogue. The Holy Ark, 1557-58, detail:

the paired capitals to the right of the Torah’s

niche.


The Holy Ark, 1557-58, detail: the paired capitals

to the right of the Torah’s niche.


The Holy Ark, 1557-58, detail: the shaft of the

left outer pilaster.

339. Cologne, St. Ursula’s Church. Altarpiece, ca. 1170,

detail. Cologne, the Schnütgen-Museum, no. G. 569.

340. Chalice from Trzemeszno

(Tremessen) abbey, ca. 1170,

detail: “Aaron, the Flowering Rod

and Barren Rods.” Gniezno,

Cathedral treasury.

341. Neuenburg (Neuchâtel), former monastery church.

A carved impost, second half of the 12th

century. Drawing.

342. A rūmī pattern engraved on an ivory,

Sicily, 11th

or 12th

century. Drawing.

343a. Le Puy, St. Michael Chapel. The portal, ca. 1150

343b. Le Puy, St. Michael Chapel. An arch of the portal, detail of ill. 343a.

344. An ornamental decoration to the Hallel, (Ps. 118:28-29), the Golden Haggadah,

Barcelona(?), ca. 1320. London, British museum, Add. Ms. 27210, fol. 55r

345. Cracow (Kazimierz), The Remah Synagogue, 1553 and 1557-58,

and the Jewish cemetery, founded 1551-52. A general plan.

346. Cracow

(Kazimierz), the Old

Jewish Cemetery near the

Remah Synagogue. A

sculpture of a lion,

Cracow, 13th century(?).

347. Cracow

(Kazimierz), the Old

Jewish Cemetery near the

Remah Synagogue. A

sculpture of a lion,

Cracow, 13th century(?).

348. Nicolao, The

portico, ca. 1135: the lion

under the right column.

Verona, San Zeno.

349. Cracow (Kazimierz), The Old Synagogue. Exterior looking towards the south-east.

350. Cracow (Kazimierz), Town Wall and the Old Synagogue looking towards the south-west.

351. Location of the Old Synagogue in Kazimierz (based on ill. 328).

352. “Judengasse and the Synagogue from 1460-64,”

a detail of M. Merian, “View of Frankfurt am Main,” 1628.

353. Cracow (Kazimierz), the Old Synagogue. Ground plan.

354. Cracow (Kazimierz), Szeroka Street.

View of the entrance portal to the

courtyard of the Remah Synagogue.

355. Franciscus Florentinus and

Jörg Huber, the Tomb of John

Albrecht, 1501-1505. Cracow,

Wawel Cathedral.

356. Franciscus

Florentinus, Frame of

the Tomb of John

Albrecht, 1502-1505,

detail. Cracow, Wawel

Cathedral.

357. Bartolommeo Berrecci, the Sigismund Chapel,

1517-33: the southern façade.

358b. Bartolommeo Berrecci, the Sigismund

Chapel, 1517-33: vertical section looking

southward. Cracow, Wawel Cathedral.

358a. Bartolommeo Berrecci, the Sigismund Chapel, 1517-33:

ground plan. Cracow, Wawel Cathedral.

359a. Bartolommeo Berrecci,

the Sigismund Chapel, 1517-33:

lantern. Cracow, Wawel Cathedral.

359b. Bartolommeo Berrecci,

the Sigismund Chapel, 1517-33: orb,

putto, crown and cross. Cracow, Wawel

Cathedral.

Ilia Rodov, The Development of Medieval and Renaissance Sculptural Decoration in Ashkenazi...

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