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hRLD CONCEPTUAL­CHRONOLOGICAL APPROACH .

· THE

Wd)RLD CONCEPTUAL­CHRONOLOGICAL APPROACH

I

Updated Edition

Gregorio F. Zaide

Sonia M. Zaide.

~BOOKSTORE PUBLISHERS e METRO MANILA

PHILIPPINES

Published by National Book Store, Inc.

COPYRIGHT, 1983, 1985 by Gregorio F. Zaide & Sonia M. Zaide

Updated Edition

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means, except brief quotations for a review, without permission in writing from the AliiJiOii.

PCPM Certificate of Registration No. SP 594

Cover Design by Lindo Hernandez

Printed by Golden Art Printing Corp. 58 Kalayaan St., Diliman, Q.C. ISBN 971-08-0532-0

TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapters Pages

CHAPTER I THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT OF MANKIND ...... . ............. . .... .

Origin of the Earth. The Earth's Surface. Geography: An Important Factor. Climate. Vege· tation. Soils. Minerals. Conservation: A New Necessity. Impact of Location. The Eurasian Land Mass.

CHAPTER 2 MAN BEFORE THE DAWN OF HISTORY ... . .... .... . . ... . . . ... . ... ... . 9

The Prehistoric Men. Life in the Village. Contrasts: Farmers and Hunters. Neolithic Culture as the Basis of Civilization. Domestication of Animals. From Tribe to Village. Old Stone Age Men. New Stone Age Men.

CHAPTER 3 ENVIRONMENT AND CIVILIZATION .... ..... ..................... . . 16

Mesopotamia. Egypt. Phoenicia. India. China. Greece. The Roman Empire. Man's Conquest of the Physical Environment. The Case of the Hebrews. The Case of the Incas. The Case of the Scandinavians. The Case of the Dutch. The Case of the Swiss. The Case of Japan.

CHAPTER 4 POLITICAL CHANGES THROUGH WARS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Rise and Fall of Empires in Mesopotamia. Rise and Fall of the Egyptian Empire. Rise and Fall of the Persian Empire. Rise and Fall of Greece. Rise and Fall of the Roman Empire. Rise and Fall of the Arabian Caliphate. Rise and Fall of the Mongol Empire. Rise and Fall of the Ottoman Empire. Rise and Fall of the Russian Empire. Rise and Fall of the Napoleonic Empire. The Unification of Italy. The Unification of Germany. Political Changes Caused by World War I (1914-1918). Political Changes Caused by World War II (1939-1945). The Three Worlds. ·

CHAPTER 5 POLITICAL CHANGES THROUGH REVOLUTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

Uprising of the English Barons against King John (1215). "The War of the Barons" (1265). The Dutch Revolution (1566-1581). The American Revolution (1775-1781). The French Revolution (1789-1799). The Mexican Revolution (1810·1821). The Greek Revo· lution (1821 ·1829). European Revolution of 1830. Chinese Revolution of 1911. Russian Revolution of 1917. Arab Revolution (1916-1918). Fascist Revolution in Italy (1919· 1935). Nazi Revolution in Germany (1919-1934). Indonesian War oflndependence (1896· 1902). War of Vietnamese Independence (1945-1954);

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' ' CHAPTER 6 POLITICAL CHANGES THROUGH CIVIL WARS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

War of the Roses (1453- \ 485). English Civil War between Parliamentarians and Royalists (1642-1649). American Civil War (1861-1865). Russian Civil War (1918-1920).

· Arab Civil War (1919-1925). Spanish Civil War (1936-1939). Vietnam War (1956-1975).

CHAPTER 7 POLITICAL CHANGES THROUGH LEGISLATION .. . . .. ........ .... ..... 62

Constitutional Changes in the British Government. Other Political Reforms Enacted by the British Parliament. From Colonies to Dominions. British Commonwealth of Nations. Constitutions Granted by the Monarchs. Constitutions Peacefully Made by the People.

CHAPTER 8 ECONOMIC CHANGES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

Feudalism. Economic Effects of Feudalism. Commercial Revolution / Effects of Commercial Revolution. First Industrial Revolution (1760-1860). England: Birthplace of Industrial Revolution. Agricultural Revolution. Second Industrial Revolution (1860-1914). New Inventions and Discoveries. Third Industrial Revolution (1914 to present). Results of the Industrial Revolution. Rise of New Economic Doctrines. Laissez-Faire Doctrine. Im­perialism. Capitalism. Socialism. Marxist Socialism. Fabian Socialism. Guild Socialism. Syndicalism. Communism.

CHAPTER 9 RELIGIOUS CHANGE: PROTESTANT REFORMATION AND CATHOLIC COUNTER-REFORMATION . ... ...... . ... . .. . . .... . . ... ... 75

The Decline of the Papacy. Forerunners of the Religious Revolution. Luther, Father of Protestant Revolt. The Leipzig Debates. Luther's Appeal to the German People. Luther's Defiance to Pope and Emperor. The Peasants' War (1524-1525). Origin of the Term "Pro­testant". Spread of the Protestant Movement. Protestantism in England. The Catholic Counter-Reformation. Council of Trent (1545-1563). Missionary Achievements of the Catholic Church. Differences between Catholicism and Protestantism.

CHAPTER 10. THE INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION ................. . . ... ... . .. .. . 79

History and Historians. Political Philosophy. Montesquieu, Apostole of Separation of Powers. Quesnay, Precursor of Economic Liberty. Adam Smith, "Father of Political Economy." The Encyclopedists and Enlightenment . Classicism in Arts. Classicism in Lite­rature. Classicism in Music. Social Ideas and Reforms during the Age of Enlightenment. Reforms of the Criminal Codes. Movement for World Peace. Sympathy for the Common People.

CHAPTER 11 CULTURAL AND SOCIAL CHANGES IN THE 19TH CENTURY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

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The Age of Romanticism. Romanticism in Philosophy. Romanticism in Literature. Romanticism in Arts. Romanticism in Music. The Age of Realism (1830-1914). Darwin and the Evolution Theory. Revolutionary Discoveries in Biological and Medical Sciences. Revo­lutionary Discoveries in Physical Sciences. Growth of Social Sciences. New Changes in Philosophy. Realism in Literature. Symbolism and Imaginism in Literature. Realism in Arts. Realism in Music. Social Changes in the 19th Century. Abolition of Slavery, Eman­cipation of Wotnen. Woman Suffrage. Popular Education and Higher Learning. Social Justice and Labor Legislation. The Rise of Humanitarian Societies.

CHAPTER i2 CULTURAL AND SOCIAL CHANGES IN THE 20TH CENTURY . ...... . .... . . 9.1

Einstein's Revolutionary Theories in Physics. Birth of the Atomic Age. Exploration of Outer Space. New Marvels in Science and Technology, Revolutionary Advances in Medicine Advances in Social Sciences. Contemporary Trends in Philosophy. Contemporary Trends in literature. Contemporary Trends in Arts. Contemporary Trends in Music. Social Problems in the 20th Century. Population Explosion. Urbanization of Society. Widening Gap between Rich and Poor. '

CHAPTER 13 HERITAGE OF ANCIENT, NATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

Sumerian Heritage. Babylonian Heritage. Assyrian Heritage. Egyptiiln Heritage. Persian Heritage. Hittite Heritage. Lydian Heritage. Phoenician Heritage. Greek Heritage. Roman Heritage. Indian Heritage. Chinese Heritage. Indian Heritage from Latin America.

CHAPTER 14 HERITAGE OF MEDlEY AL NATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

Heirs of the Roman Empire. Byzantine's Legacy to Civilization. The Church as Patron of Culture . Chivalry. The Crusades. The Rise of Universities. Scholastic Philosophy. Medieval Science. Birth of National Languages. flowering of National Literatures. Medieval Drama. Medieval Architecture. Painting and Sculpture. The Legacy of Islam.

CHAPTER 15 THE RENAISSANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

Meaning of Renaissance. Italy, Birthplace of the Renaissance. Rise of Humanism. Effects of the Humanist Movement. Humanist Influence on Education. The Renaissance Man. The Era of Exploration. Renaissance Discoveries and Inventions.

CHAPTER 16 HElUTAGE OF MODERN NATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

Portugal's Contributions to Civilization. Spain's Contributions. France's Contributions. Holland's Contributions. Italy's Contributions. Germany's Contributions. Britain's Contri· butions. Russia's Contributions: Contributions of the U.S.

CHAPTER 17 THE RELIGIONS OF MANKIND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

Hinduism. Judaism. Buddhism. Christianity. The Teachings of Christ. Christ's Ufe. Death and Resurrection. The Break-Up of Christian Unity. Islam. The Break-up of Islam's Unity. Confucianism. Taoism. Shinto. Zoroastrianism. Religious Population of the World.

CHAPTER 18 THE GOVERNMENTS OF ANCIENT NATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138

Sumer, Cradle of Man's First Government. Harnmurabi, Babylonian Lawgiver. Egypt , World's First Theocratic Government. Persia, First World Empire. Sparta, First World's Oligarchy. Athens, Cradle of Democracy. Rome, Greatest Empire of the Ancient World.

CHAPTER 19 THE GOVERNMENTS OF MEDIEVAL NATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

Charlemagne's Carolingian Empire. Feudalism and Feudal Government . The Holy

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Roman Empire. The Christian Church and Papacy. Oligarchic City-Republics of Italy. The Republic of Venice. The Republic of Milan. The Republic of Florence.

CHAPTER 20 THE GOVERNMENTS OF MODERN NATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148

Absolute Monarchy. Constitutional Monarchy. England, "Mother of Parliamentary Government." Dictatorships of Modern Nations. Communist Government of U.SSR. Fascist Government of Italy. Nazi Government of Germany. Falangist Government of Spain under General Franco. General Zia'sMilitary Government in Pakistan. Presidential Government of the United States.

CHAPTER 21 POLITICAL ALLIANCES OF NATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . !58

The Interdependence of Nations. Alliances of Nations. The Congress of Vienna (1814· 1815). Holy Alliance (1815). The Congress of Paris (1878). The Commonwealth of Nations (1931). The Arab League (1945). Organization of American States (OAS). The French Community. The Organization of African Unity (OAU). The Asian and Pacific Council (ASPAC).

CHAPTER 22 ECONOMIC ALLIANCES OF NATIONS

Hanseatic League (ca. 1300). Zollverein (1818). Organization for European Economic Cooperation (1948). Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON) in 1949. COLOMBO PLAN (1951). European Coal and Steel Community (1953). European Common Market (1958). European Free Trade Association (1960). Latin American Free Trade Association (1960). Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (1961). Alliance for Progress (1961). Central American Common Market (1970). United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) established in 1964. Arab Common Market (1965). Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) established in 1967. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) founde-d in 1960.

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CHAPTER 23 MILITARY ALLIANCES OF NATIONS ........ ... . ·.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . !69

Peloponnesian League (560 B.C.). Delian Confederacy (478 B.C.). Aetolian and Achaean League (290 B.C. and 280 B.C.). Grand Alliance (1701 ). Concert of Europe (1815) Three Emperors' League (1881). Triple Alliance (1882). Triple Entente (1907). Axis Powers (1939). Allied Powers (1939). North Atlantic Organization (1949). ANZUS Council (1951). SEAT0(1954).Eastern Europe Mutual Assistance Treaty (NATO) estab· lished in 1955. CENTO (1959). Co-Existence and Detente. Cold War after World War II. Effects of the Cold War. Easing of Cold War. Co-Existence and Detente .

CHAPTER 24 MISCELLANEOUS ALLIANCES OF NATIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176

International Organizations for Peace. Early Peace Organizations. League of Nations and the United Nations. Humanitarian Organizations. The International Red Cross (1863). The UNRRA (1943). "Operation Brotherhood" (1954). The Peace Corps (1961). Inter­national Sports Organizations. INTERPOL (International Criminal ·Police Organization), Other International Organizations for Other Purposes.

CHAPTER 25 EARLY ADVOCATES OF WORLD PEACE

Peace Is Man's Cherished Dream. First Advocates of Peace (Christ , Buddha, Confu-

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cious, Mencius.) The· Christian Church as Peace Advocate since Ancient Times. Dante (A.D. 1313) as Advocate of Peace, Advocates of Peace in the 17th Century. Peace Advocates in the 18th Century. Peace Advocates in the 19th Century. The Popes as Advocates of Global Peace. The Hague Conferences and World Peace .

CHAPTER 26 THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS .. . ' ................................... 184

Birth of the League of Nations. Growth of the League Membership. Structure of the League of Nations. Assembly of the League. Council of the League. Secretariat of the League . World Court. International Labor Office . International Health Commission. Weak­nesses of the League of Nations. League's Failure to Preserve Global Peace. Achievements of the League of Nations. End of the League of Nations.

CHAPTER 27 THE UNITED NATIONS, MANKIND'S LAST HOPE FOR WORLD PEACE .. .. ...... .. .... . ... ... .. ... . . .. ...... .. .... .. 188

Peace Is Man's Cherished Dream. Steps Toward the Creation of the United Nations. The San Francisco Conference (1945). The Birth of the United Nations. The U.N. Head­quarters in New York City. U.N. Flag and Official Languages. The Amendments to the U.N. Charter. l>urposes of the U.N. The Member States of the U.N. The U.N. General Assembly. The U.N. Security Council . The Economic and Social Council. The Trustee­ship Council. The International Court of Justice . The Secretariat. The Specialized Agencies of the U.N. The Failures of the U.N. The Achievements of the U.N. The United Nations, Mankind's Last Hope for World Peace.

INDEX . , . . .. ............... . ... . . . .. .. .............. ... ...... .... . .. 197

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