How to Keep up with theCommonwealth

The most useful tool is The Round Table: The Commonwealth Journal ofInternational Affairs. Founded in 1910 by the ‘Round Table Moot’, thisquarterly journal published anonymous reports until 1966. It ceasedpublication briefly between 1981 and 1983. Publishing five issues ayear from 2000, its regular features include ‘Commonwealth Update’by Derek Ingram and ‘Documentation’, which provides the full texts ofsuch material as Chogm Communiqués and C-Mag reports. LeadingCommonwealth figures, as well as commentators and academics, con-tribute signed articles. The Round Table is available on line at<www.carfax.co.uk >.

The official reference book is The Commonwealth Yearbook (producedsince 1996 by Hanson Cooke for the Commonwealth Secretariat). It isthe successor to The Colonial Office List and The CommonwealthRelations Office List, which were followed by The Commonwealth OfficeYear Book in 1967 after the CO and CRO had merged. The Foreign &Commonwealth Office (created by a further merger in 1968) changedthe title to The Commonwealth Yearbook in 1987, and in 1993 trans-ferred the title and responsibility to the Commonwealth Secretariat.The format was changed from 1996 in association with the new pub-lishing partner.

The other important official reference book is Commonwealth at theSummit, vol. 1 Communiqués of Commonwealth Heads of GovernmentMeetings 1944–1986 (1987) and vol. 2 Communiqués of CommonwealthHeads of Government Meetings 1987–1995 (1997). The texts from the1997 and subsequent Chogms were published by the Secretariat in sep-arate pamphlets. Other useful reference works include: The

231

Commonwealth Minister’s Reference Book (from 1989/90 by KensingtonPublications); Alan Palmer, Dictionary of the British Empire andCommonwealth (1996), and House of Commons, Session 1995–6,Foreign Affairs Committee First Report The Future Role of theCommonwealth, vol. 1, Report, together with the Proceedings of theCommittee, vol. 2, Minutes of Evidence and Appendices (1996), whichincludes numerous very informative submissions from NGOs.

Academic study of the Commonwealth is catered for by The Journal ofImperial and Commonwealth History (thrice yearly since 1972) and TheJournal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics (thrice yearly since1974 as the successor of The Journal of Commonwealth Political Studies,started in 1961). Content details of both journals are available at<www.frankcass.com/jnls>. For the literary approach, Commonwealth:Essays and Studies (twice-yearly critical studies of the New Literatures inEnglish) is published by the Société d’Etude des Pays duCommonwealth at the Languages Faculty, Dijon.

The main inter-governmental organisations each produce magazinesand periodic reports. The Commonwealth Secretariat issues the bi-monthly illustrated magazine Commonwealth Currents and the biennialReport of the Secretary-General. The Secretariat maintains a website,which includes the texts of news releases and speeches as well asdescriptive material on the structure and membership of the associa-tion: <www.thecommonwealth.org>. The CFTC produces biennialreports entitled Skills for Development.The Commonwealth Foundation has an illustrated news magazineCommon Path; presents biennial reports for the Chogm; and maintainsthe website: <www.commonwealthfoundation.org>.The Commonwealth of Learning has two news publications,Connections and EdTech News. The COL reports biennially to theChogm and has the websites <www.col.org> and <www.col.org/colint>.CAB-International (the former Commonwealth Agricultural Bureauxuntil 1986) publishes each year a report, such as 99 In Review: PresentingCAB International and also Reports of Proceedings of its triennial ReviewConferences. The component divisions maintain eight websites, whichcan all be accessed via the home site <www.cabi.org>.

For the work of the Secretary-General during the first 35 years of theSecretariat see: Arnold Smith, with Clyde Sanger, Stitches in Time: the

232 A Guide to the Contemporary Commonwealth

Commonwealth in World Politics (1981); Shridath Ramphal, One WorldTo Share: Selected Speeches of the Commonwealth Secretary-General, 1975–9(1979); Ron Sanders (ed.). Inseparable Humanity: An Anthology ofReflections of Shridath Ramphal (1988); Shridath Ramphal (ed.),International Economic Issues: Contributions of the Commonwealth1975–1990 (1990); Emeka Anyaoku, The Missing Headlines: SelectedSpeeches (1997); Phyllis Johnson, Eye of Fire: A biography of Chief EmekaAnyaoku, The Man and His Work (2000).Information on the People’s Commonwealth is available from theregular Newsletters and Annual Reports of the numerous NGOs. A selection of pan-Commonwealth websites is included below. Othersare available at <www.thecommonwealth.org>:

Commonwealth Business Council – <www.cbc.to/>Commonwealth Business Network – <www.combinet.net> and <www.combinet.org>Commonwealth Association for Corporate Governance – <www.cbc.to > [governance]Commonwealth Association for Public Action and Management –<www.capam.comnet.mt>Commonwealth Electronic Network for Schools and Education –<www.col.org/cense/>Commonwealth Games 2002 (Manchester) – <www.commonwealth-games2002.org.uk>Commonwealth Human Ecology Council – <www.tcol.co.uk\comorg\CHEC.htm>Commonwealth Institute <www.commonwealth.org.uk> and <www.eCommonwealth.net>Commonwealth Lawyers Association – <www.oneworld.net>Commonwealth Press Union – <www.compressu.uk>Commonwealth Youth Exchange Council, – <www.britcoun.org>Institute of Commonwealth Studies, London – <www.ihr.sas.ac.uk/ics/>Museum of the Empire & Commonwealth – <www.empiremuseum.co.uk>Royal Commonwealth Society – <www.rcsint.org>

For historical background, the classic works are the ‘Chatham Housesurveys’ by Hancock, Mansergh and Miller. W. K. Hancock, Survey ofBritish Commonwealth Affairs, vol. I, Problems of Nationality, 1918–1936(1937); vol. II, Problems of Economic Policy 1918–1939, Part 1 (1940),

How to Keep up with the Commonwealth 233

Part 2 (1942); Nicholas Mansergh, Survey of British CommonwealthAffairs: Problems of External Policy, 1931–1932, 2 vols. (1952, 1958) andsee the same author’s The Commonwealth Experience (1969); J. D. B.Miller, Survey of Commonwealth Affairs: Problems of Expansion andAttrition, 1953–1969 (1974) and see the same author’s TheCommonwealth and the World (1965). See also H. Duncan Hall, TheBritish Commonwealth of Nations: A Study of its Past and FutureDevelopment (1920) and the same author’s Commonwealth: A History ofthe British Commonwealth of Nations (1970).

Studies of the Commonwealth have been sparse since the last‘Chatham House survey’ in 1974. The chief published works were: W. David McIntyre, The Commonwealth of Nations: Origins and Impact1869–1971 (1977): D. Judd and P. Slinn, The Evolution of the ModernCommonwealth, 1920–80 (1982); A. J. R. Groom and Paul Taylor (eds.),The Commonwealth in the 1980s (1984); Dennis Austin, TheCommonwealth and Britain (1988); Stephen Chan, The Commonwealth inWorld Politics: A Study of International Action 1965 to 1985 (1988) andTwelve Years of Commonwealth Diplomatic History: CommonwealthSummit Meetings 1979–1991 (1992); Margaret Doxey, TheCommonwealth Secretariat and the Contemporary Commonwealth (1989);D. A. Low (ed.), Constitutional Heads and Political Crises: CommonwealthEpisodes, 1945–85 (1988); D. Butler and D. A. Low (eds.), Sovereigns andSurrogates: Constitutional Heads of State in the Commonwealth (1990);W. David McIntyre, The Significance of the Commonwealth, 1965–90(1991); Leslie Zines, Constitutional Change in the Commonwealth (1991);R. Bourne, Britain in the Commonwealth (1997); I. M. Cumpston, TheEvolution of the Commonwealth of Nations, 1900–1980 (1997);D. Mansergh (ed.), Nationalism and Independence: Selected Irish Papers byNicholas Mansergh (1997); W. David McIntyre, British Decolonization1946–1997: Why, When, and How did the British Empire Fall? (1998);G. Mills and J. Stremlau (eds.), The Commonwealth in the 21st Century(1999).

234 A Guide to the Contemporary Commonwealth

Notes

1 Origins and Meanings

1. Speech by British Prime Minister, Mr Tony Blair, at the Chogm OpeningCeremony, 24 October 1997, p. 2.

2. S. R. Mehrotra, ‘On the use of the Term “Commonwealth”’, Journal ofCommonwealth Political Studies [JCPS] (1963) 2(1): 1–16.

3. R. Jebb, Studies in Colonial Nationalism (London, 1905), pp. 272–80.4. Dictionary of Canadian Biography, XII, 1891 to 1900 (Toronto, 1990), p. 1055.5. British Parliamentary Papers: 1907, Accounts and Papers, IX, 61, Cd 3523,

pp. 80–1; K. C. Wheare, The Constitutional Structure of the Commonwealth(Oxford, 1960), pp. 7–9.

6. See L. Curtis, The Problem of the Commonwealth (London, 1915) and TheCommonwealth of Nations (London, 1916).

7. N. Mansergh, Survey of British Commonwealth Affairs: Problems of ExternalPolicy 1931–1939 (London, 1952), p. 270.

2 Dominion Status and the 1926 Declaration

1. H. D. Hall, ‘The Genesis of the Balfour Declaration of 1926’, JCPS (1962)1(3): 169–93; P. Wigley and N. Hillmer, ‘Defining the First BritishCommonwealth: the Hankey Memorandum on the 1926 ImperialConference’, Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History [JICH] (1979)8(1): 105–16.

2. L. S. Amery, My Political Life, 3 vols. (London, 1953–5), II, pp. 390–5.3. Joe [Sir Saville] Garner, The Commonwealth Office 1925–68 (London, 1978),

p. 51.4. The Commonwealth at the Summit: Communiqués of Commonwealth Heads of

Government Meetings 1944–86 [Cwlth. Summit, I] (London, 1987), p. 295.5. Amery, My Political Life, II, p. 395.6. ‘Document Number Two’, in D. Macardle, The Irish Republic (Dublin, 1951),

p. 960. See also N. Mansergh, ‘The implications of Éire’s relationship withthe British Commonwealth of Nations’, in Nationalism and Independence:Selected Irish Papers, ed. by D. Mansergh (Cork, 1997), pp. 148–68.

7. For Ireland under Dominion status, see D. W. Harkness, The RestlessDominion: The Irish Free State and the British Commonwealth of Nations1921–31 (London, 1969).

8. Professor Nicholas Mansergh was told that the affirmative answer aboutleaving the Commonwealth was elicited by the Tass correspondent. ‘IrishForeign Policy, 1945–51’ in Ireland in the War Years and After 1939–51, ed.by K. B. Nowlan and T. D. Williams (Dublin, 1969), p. 140.

9. In his 1948 press conference in Ottawa Costello was quoted as implying that: ‘Once partition was ended, the way would be clear for complete and friendly association of the republic of Ireland with Britain in a

235

Commonwealth of Nations.’ Winnipeg Free Press (9 September 1948), p. 17.col. 7.

10. See J. M. Ward, Colonial Self-Government: The British Experience 1759–1856(London, 1976).

11. McIntyre, ‘The Strange Death of Dominion Status’, JICH (1999), 27(2):193–212.

12. ‘Canada, the Commonwealth and the World’, address to CanadianUniversities Society of Great Britain, 22 March 1965. Arnold Smith Papers,N[ational] A[rchives of] C[anada], MG 31/E47, vol. 81, file 24; address toeditors of Christian newspapers of North America, Ottawa, 5 May 1965. MG31/E47, vol. 72, file 8.

3 Republic Status and the 1949 Declaration

1. P. J. H. Stent, ‘The British Commonwealth and Asia’, January 1948. Copy inP[ublic] R[ecord] O[ffice]: PREM[IER] 8/735, pp. 25–33.

2. N. Mansergh et al. (eds.), Constitutional Relations Between Britain and India:The Transfer of Power, 1942–1947, 12 vols. [TOPI] (London: 1970–83), vol. X,pp. 609–10.

3. Governor-General of Malaya to Secretary of State for the Colonies (183) 27 June 1947 in CR(47)3, 15 September 1947. PRO: CAB[INET] 134/117.

4. CR(48)2, 21 May 1948; CR(48) 2nd.mtg., 31 May 1948. CAB 134/118.5. Memo of 31 December 1948, with CR(49)1, 3 January 1949. CAB 134/119.6. 2nd.mtg. between Fraser and Listowel, 22 March 1949, N[ew] Z[ealand]

A[rchives] PM 205/3/4 Part 10, pp. 1–11 in series AAEG 950/3436; mtg. inMcIntosh’s room, 22 March 1949, p. 8.

7. Notes on a visit to London, 19–30 April 1949. Lester Pearson Papers, NAC:MG 26, N1, box 34, file India–Canadian Relations 1947–57, p. 5.

8. Mtg. on 22 April 1949. PMM (UK) (49)1, 25 April 1949. CAB 133/91.9. The best account is in R. J. Moore, Making the New Commonwealth (Oxford,

1987).10. PMM(49)5, 26 April 1949 and PMM(49) 6th. mtg. 27 April 1949. NAC:

MG/26, N1, vol. 23, file Prime Ministers’ Meeting – April 1949. The text ofthe London Declaration is in Cwlth. Summit, I, p. 29.

4 The Secretariat and the 1971 Declaration

1. McIntyre, ‘Canada and the Creation of the Commonwealth Secretariat,1965’, International Journal [Toronto] (1998) 53(4): 753–77; ‘Britain and theCreation of the Commonwealth Secretariat’, JICH (2000), (28): 135–58. Onearlier proposals, see B. Vivekanandan, ‘The Commonwealth Secretariat’,International Studies [New Delhi], 1968 9(3): 302–8.

2. R. Hyam, ‘Bureaucracy and “Trusteeship” in the Colonial Empire’, in J. M.Brown and W. R. Louis (eds.), The Oxford History of the British Empire[OHBE], vol. 4, The Twentieth Century (Oxford, 1999), pp. 255–65.

3. H. D. Hall, Commonwealth (London, 1971), p. 588.4. Phrase used by Sir Charles Jeffries. Jeffries to Sedgwick, 31 March 1953.

PRO: Commonwealth Relations Office records, DO 35/5056.

236 Notes

5. McIntyre, ‘The Admission of Small States to the Commonwealth’, JICH,1996 (24)2: 244–77.

6. ‘Patriotism Based on Reality, Not on Dreams?’, The Times, 2 April 1964, p. 13. Powell finally admitted to the authorship in 1997. S. Heffer, Like TheRoman: The Life of Enoch Powell (London, 1998), pp. 350–1.

7. D-Home to Pearson, Menzies and Holyoake, 3 June 1964. CanadianExternal Affairs archives, NAC: RG 25, box 10662, part 2.

8. Holmes, ‘The Commonwealth Faces 1964’, The Times (7 January 1964), p. 9;‘Statement on the Commonwealth issued by the Royal CommonwealthSociety on the eve of the Prime Minister’s Conference’, embargoed to 2 July1964.

9. PMM(64) 3rd. mtg., 8 July, 4th. and 5th. mtgs., 9 July, 6th. mtg., 10 July1964, consulted in series ABHS 950, PM 153/50/4 Part II in NZA and MG26, N3, box 320, file 812.3 – 1964 in NAC. (CAB 133/253–255 in PRO areinexplicably closed for 50 years).

10. Trend for PM, 11 July 1964. PRO: PREM 11/4637.11. The Agreed Memorandum, 25 June 1965 in Cwlth. Summit, I, pp. 105–11;

see also Garner, Commonwealth Office, p. 352.12. Text of the 1971 Declaration in Cwlth. Summit, I, pp. 156–7.

5 Rhodesia’ UDI and the Crisis of the 1960s

1. A. A. Mazrui, The Anglo-African Commonwealth: Political Friction and CulturalFusion, (Oxford, 1967), pp. 1–2.

2. Commonwealth Prime Ministers’ Meeting, September 1966. Record ofRestricted Session: 2nd. Mtg., 12 September 1966, Secretary-General131/66/3. Arnold Smith boxes in ComSec Archives, Marlborough HouseLibrary.

3. McIntyre, ‘End of an Era for the Commonwealth: Thoughts on the HibiscusSummit’, N[ew[ Z[ealand] I[nternational] R[eview] (1990) 15(1): 6.

4. For the background, see A. Verrier, The Road to Zimbabwe 1890–1980(London, 1986); C. Palley, The Constitutional History and Law of SouthernRhodesia 1880–1965 (Oxford, 1966).

5. Discussion on ‘Progress of British Territories towards IndependentMembership of the Commonwealth’ 10 July 1964, as reported by ArnoldSmith in Stitches in Time: The Commonwealth in World Politics (London,1981), p. 2. He told his ghost-writer that Pearson’s breaking the ice was a‘lovely moment’. Record of conversation with Clyde Sanger, 17 October1979. NAC: MG31/E47, vol. 88, file 23. He also recounted the Banda story,as ‘a healthy breath of fresh air … an intervention I shall never forget’, inhis address to the Canadian Universities Society of Great Britain, 22 March1965. MG 31/E47, vol. 81, file 24, p. 32. The official British record merelysummarised Banda as saying: ‘He and Mr Sandys were good friends. Manyof the things Mr Sandys had said about the development of theCommonwealth were very true. But he must question Mr Sandys’ claimthat Britain had given her colonies independence entirely of their own freewill and without pressure. If Britain had indeed done so, he and some of hisfellow Prime Ministers would not have spent time in British gaols.’ Meeting

Notes 237

238 Notes

of Commonwealth Prime Ministers, July 1964, Minutes. NAC: MG226, N3,file 812.3–1964.

6. Communiqué, 12 January 1966. Cwlth. Summit, I, p. 119.7. Ibid., pp. 124–6. The caucus’s views in record of Restricted Session, 1st.

mtg., 12 September 1966. Secretary-General 131/66/3 in Arnold Smithboxes, Marlborough House Library.

8. J. Davidow, A Peace in Southern Africa: The Lancaster House Conference onRhodesia, 1979 (Boulder and London, 1989); S. Chan, The CommonwealthObserver Group in Zimbabwe; A Personal Memoir (Gwelo, 1985).

6 Apartheid and the Crisis of the 1980s

1. D. Austin, The Commonwealth and Britain, Chatham House Papers, 41(London, 1988), p. 15.

2. The Round Table (1987), 304: 431.3. A. Sampson, Black and Gold: Tycoons, Revolutionaries and Apartheid (London,

1987), p. 218.4. See Okanagan Statement and Programme of action in Southern Africa, 16

October 1987 and Southern Africa: The Way Ahead, the Kuala LumpurStatement, 22 October 1989. The Commonwealth at the Summit, vol. 2,Communiqués of the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meetings 1987–1995[Cwlth. Summit, II] (London, 1997), pp. 8–11, 46–50.

5. J. D. Omer-Cooper, ‘Apartheid’, in Africa South of the Sahara (London, 1987),pp. 916–29; T. R. H. Davenport, South Africa: A Modern History (London,1977), pp. 257–327; The Oxford History of South Africa, ed. by M. Wilson andC. Thompson (Oxford, 1971), vol. II, pp. 459–70; S. Dubow, Scientific Racismin South Africa (Cambridge, 1995).

6. A. Sampson, Mandela: The Authorised Biography (London, 1999), pp. 192–4;N. Mandela, Long Walk to Freedom: The Autobiography of Nelson Mandela(Boston, 1994), pp. 303–69.

7. ‘A Testing Time’, introductory pamphlet to Secretary-General’s Report,1985, p. 15.

8. Cwlth. Summit I, p. 267.9. Mission to South Africa: The Commonwealth Report (London, 1986), pp.

23, 103–4.10. McIntyre, ‘End of an Era’, NZIR (1990) 15(1): 5.11. P. Johnson, Eye of Fire: Emeka Anyaoku (Trenton, 2000), pp. 50–1.12. T. Richards, Dancing on Our Bones: New Zealand, South Africa, Rugby and

Racism (Wellington, 1999), p. 251.13. Johnson, Eye of Fire, pp. 53–99.

7 The Head of the Commonwealth

1. See T. McDonald, The Queen and the Commonwealth (London, 1986);McIntyre, The Significance of the Commonwealth 1965–90 (London, 1991), pp. 244–61.

2. W. Dale, The Modern Commonwealth (London, 1983), p. 35.3. Text in Cwlth. Summit , I, p. 29.

Notes 239

4. Dale, Modern Commonwealth, p. 35.5. Nehru’s telegram in The Times (9 February 1952).6. Pearson to Sir Alan Lascelles, 3 January 1952. Pearson Papers, NAC: MG 26,

N1, vol. 34, Gov-Gen Appt. 7. Ibid., Pearson to J. W. Pickersgill, 12 February 1952. 8. Minute by Churchill, 4 Feb. 1955, submitting Pakistan application to HM

Queen as Head of the Commonwealth. PRO: DO35/5134.9. Ibid., Adeane to Clutterbuck, 26 September 1959 and 3 November 1959.

10. Table of visits in McIntyre, Significance of the Commonwealth, pp. 252–3.11. Lester Pearson’s report of meeting in No. 10 Downing St., 2 February 1955:

‘This is a silly idea … We must stop this proposal, which no one reallywants but the “old man” … ‘ Pearson Papers, NAC: MG 26, N1, vol. 23,Commonwealth PMM 1955.

12. Commonwealth (1986), 28(5): 177.13. The Times, 2 April 1964, p. 13, cols. 5–7.14. Text in C[ommon]w[ea]lth Currents, February 1984, p. 9.15. Daily Express, 30 December 1983.16. The Times, 21 January 1984.17. Ibid., 26 January 1984 and 6 February 1984.18. Ibid., letters of 20 February, and 24 February 1984.19. Ibid., 17 July 1986.20. Ibid., 21 and 22 July 1986.21. H. V. Hodson, ‘Crown and Commonwealth’, Round Table (1995), 333: 89–95.22. Ibid. (1996), 339: 279–86. J. Collinge, ‘Criteria for Commonwealth

Membership’.23. HGM (97)7, Report of the Intergovernmental Group on Criteria for

Commonwealth Membership, September 1997.24. Quoted in V. Bogdanor, The Monarchy and the Constitution (Oxford, 1995),

p. 269.25. Only two other reporters picked up the significance of this move: John

Hibbs: ‘Mr Blair ducked awkward questions about the future role of theQueen as Head of the Commonwealth’, Daily Telegraph (28 October 1997), p. 10, and Derek Ingram: ‘The change in terminology from King (and nowQueen) appeared to affirm that the Prince of Wales and his successorswould automatically succeed as Head of the Commonwealth … thereappears to have been no discussion of the details of the report. It seemsdoubtful that many countries had understood the subtle but importantchange that had been quietly effected’ (Round Table [1998], 345: 15).

8 The Logo, the Venue and the Argot

1. Smith, Stitches in Time, p. 18.2. For Gemini’s Commonwealth role, see R. Bourne, News on a Knife-edge:

Gemini Journalism and Global Agenda (London, 1995), pp. 147–64.3. RCS Newsletter, 1996, 1, pp. 1–2.4. See McIntyre, ‘Britain and the Creation of the Commonwealth Secretariat’,

JICH (2000) 28(1): 138–9.5. Brook for PM, 29 January 1959. PRO: PREM 11/4102.

6. Cwlth. Currents, 1978, April p. 6.7. Austin, Commonwealth and Britain, p. 60.8. C. Ball and L. Dunn, Non-Governmental Organisations: Guidelines for Good

Policy and Practice [NGO Guidelines] (London, 1995), pp. 29–30.9. D. A. Low, ‘Commonwealth Policy Studies: Is there a case for a centre?’.

Round Table (1988), 308: 309.

9 Membership

1. D. M. Schreuder, Gladstone and Kruger: Liberal Government and Colonial HomeRule 1880–85 (London, 1969), Foreword, p. vii.

2. On decolonisation, see W. R. Louis, ‘The Dissolution of the British Empire’,OHBE, IV (1999), pp. 329–56; J. Darwin, British Decolonisation: The Retreat ofEmpire in the Post-War World (London, 1988) and The End of the BritishEmpire: The Historical Debate (Oxford, 1991); McIntyre, British Decolonization1946–1997: When, Why, and How did the British Empire Fall? (London, 1998).

3. D. J. Morgan, The Official History of Colonial Development, vol. 5, GuidanceTowards Self-Government in British Colonies (London, 1980), p. 43.

4. CPC(57)30 (Revise), 6 September 1957. PRO:CAB 134/1556. For a detailedanalysis, see Tony Hopkins, ‘Macmillan’s Audit of Empire, 1957’, in P.Clarke and C. Trebilcock (eds.), Understanding Decline: Perceptions andRealities of British Economic Performance (Cambridge, 1997), pp. 234–60.

5. See R. Holland, Britain and the Revolt in Cyprus 1954–1959 (Oxford, 1998).6. Note for the record by T. Bligh, 20 July 1960 about mtg. on 13 July ‘No cir-

culation’ – as arranged by Sir N. Brook.’ PRO: PREM 11/3649.7. For the significance of the Cyprus decision see McIntyre, ‘The Admission of

Small States to the Commonwealth’, JICH (1996) 24(2): 244–77.8. Macmillan to Menzies (Secret & Confidential), 8 February 1962. PRO: PREM

11/3649.9. PM’s comments, 5 August 1964, on minute by Paul Martin, 4 August 1964.

NAC: MG 26, N3, vol. 267, file 811/M261; Pearson memo. for Wilson, 25 March 1965. PRO: PREM 13/185.

10. Cwlth. Summit, II, pp. 160–9.12. HGM(97), 7 Sep. 1997. Report of the Intergovernmental Group on Criteria

for Commonwealth Membership, pp. 2–3; The Edinburgh Communiqué,1997, pp. 3–4; preliminary explanation by Collinge, in ‘Criteria forCommonwealth Membership’, Round Table (1996), 339: 279–86.

10 At the Summit – Chogms

1. See J. E. Kendle, The Colonial and Imperial Conferences 1887–1911: A Study inImperial Organisation (London, 1967).

11 Ethos, Values and the 1991 Declaration

1. Cwlth. Summit , I, pp. 156–7.2. Ibid., pp. 198–9.

240 Notes

Notes 241

3. Dale, Modern Commonwealth, pp. 54–5.4. S. Chan, The Commonwealth in World Politics: A Study of International Action

1965 to 1985 (London, 1988), p. 50.6. Chan with A. J. R. Groom, ‘The Future’, in S. Chan, Twelve Years of

Commonwealth Diplomatic History: Commonwealth Summit Meetings1979–1991 (Lampeter, 1992), pp. 123–31.

7. Text dated 20 October 1991 in Cwlth. Summit, II, pp. 82–5.8. McIntyre, ‘The Mandela and Major CHOGM: consensus ninety per cent

restored’, NZIR (1992) 17(1): 7.9. Ibid., p. 9, Chan, ‘Action, issues and instruments in the post-Thatcher

Commonwealth’.10. Text dated 12 November 1995 in Cwlth. Summit, II, pp. 156–9.

12 Below the Summit

1. Report on the Commonwealth Ministerial Action group on the HarareDeclaration (CMAG) to Heads of Government, September 1997, pp. 26–9;HGM(99)4 (Addendum), November 1999. Report of the CommonwealthMinisterial Action Group on the Harare Declaration (CMAG) MinisterialMission to Pakistan, 28–9 October 1999, pp. 11–12.

2. The reports of Ramphal’s expert groups are summarised in InternationalEconomic Issues: Contributions by the Commonwealth 1975–1990 (London,1990).

3. 1997 CMAG Report, pp. ix, x.4. Ibid., p. xii.5. J. Mayall, ‘Democratizing the Commonwealth’, International Affairs (1998),

74(2): 389.6. HGM(99)4, 1 October 1999, ‘The Future Role of CMAG’, in CMAG Report,

p. 25.7. Durban Communiqué, November 1999, p. 11.

13 Rediscovery and the Generation Gap

1. House of Commons, Session 1995–6. Foreign Affairs Committee First Report‘The Future Role of the Commonwealth’: vol. I, Report together with theProceedings of the Committee, vol. II, Minutes of Evidence and Appendices(London, 1990) [FAC Report].

2. R. Jenkins, Reassessing the Commonwealth, Chatham House Discussion Paper72 (London, 1997).

3. Learning from Each Other: Commonwealth Studies for the 21st Century: Report ofthe Commission on Commonwealth Studies (London, 1996) [Symons Report].

4. HGM (97) Commonwealth (2), 1 September 1997. Review of theCommonwealth Secretariat’s Information Programme and Response byCommonwealth Agencies (London, 1997) [Ingram Report].

5. Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia: Joint Standing Committee onForeign Affairs, Defence and Trade. ‘From Empire to Partnership: Report on aSeminar on the Commonwealth of Nations’ (Canberra, 1997) [CanberraSeminar].

242 Notes

6. The Royal Commonwealth Society, Ottawa Branch. The MillenniumChallenge – A Communiqué from the ‘Commonwealth in the 3rd.Millennium Colloquium’, 15 March 1998 [Ottawa Colloquium].

7. K. Ford and S. Katwala, Reinventing the Commonwealth (London, 1999).8. FAC Report, I, pp. lx–lxii.9. FAC Report, II, pp. 243–8.

10. Canberra Seminar: Fraser’s address, 20 August 1997, pp. 5, 6, 8.11. Ibid., Prof. Patience, pp. 66–7; Ruth Inall, p. 68.12. Ottawa Colloquium Communiqué, p. 5.13. FAC Report, II, pp. 237–9.14. Ibid., p. 136.15. Ibid., pp. 127–8.16. West, Economic Opportunities for Britain and the Commonwealth, pp. 16, 26–9.17. Canberra Seminar: West, 20 August 1997, pp. 75–9.18. FAC Report, I, pp. xxi–xxiii.19. Jenkins, Reassessing the Commonwealth, p. 56.20. Ingram Report, p. 47.21. FAC Report, II, p. 244.22. Ibid., p. 47.23. Canberra Seminar, pp. 28, 31.24. Ingram Report, p. 64.25. FAC Report, I, pp. xxxiv, lxiv.26. FAC Report, II, pp. 94–5.27. Ford and Katwala, Reinventing the Commonwealth, pp. 7, 19–20, 30–1, 60–3.

14 Globalisation, Small States and Regionalism

1. New Zealand Foreign Policy: Statements and Documents 1943–1957(Wellington, 1972), p. 93.

2. Smith, Stitches in Time, p. 18.3. Report of the Commonwealth Secretary-General 1977–1979 [S-G Report]

(London, 1979), p. 6.4. Cwlth. Summit, II, p. 159.5. A Future for Small States: Overcoming Vulnerability [Vulnerability II] (London,

1997), pp. 3–4.6. Promoting Shared Prosperity: Edinburgh Commonwealth Economic

Declaration, 26 October 1997; pp. 1, 4, 5.7. The Fancourt Commonwealth Declaration on Globalisation and People-

Centred Development, 14 November 1999, pp. 3, 5.8. Brook for PM, 26 April 1960. PRO: PREM 11/3220.9. Vulnerability: Small States in the Global Society (London, 1985), p. vi.

10. Ibid., pp. 9–10.11. Vulnerability, II, list on p. 10.12. Ibid., pp. 9–13. See J. P. Atkins, S. Mazzi and C. D. Easter, A Commonwealth

Vulnerability Index for Developing Countries: The Position of Small States(London, 2000).

13. Durban Communiqué, November 1999 (London, 1999), p. 17.14. Vulnerability, II, pp. 41–2.

Notes 243

15. Pamphlet The International Organisation of the Francophonie (Paris, 2000).16. Cwlth. Currents, 2000, 1, pp. 2–3.17. C. van der Donckt, ‘Examining the Commonwealth’s Political Role:

Constraints, Challenges, and Opportunities’, in G. Mills and J. Stremlau,The Commonwealth in the 21st Century (Johannesburg, 1999), p. 33.

15 The Secretariat and the CFTC

1. Report of the Review Committee on Inter-Commonwealth Organisations(London, 1960).

2. S-G Report, 1975, p. 81. The best work on the Secretariat is M. P. Doxey, TheCommonwealth Secretariat and the Contemporary Commonwealth (London,1989).

3. Smith, Stitches in Time, pp. 108–20. The CFTC biennial reports were titledfor many years Commonwealth Skills for Commonwealth Needs, later Skills forDevelopment.

4. To Senior Officials, in Canberra, May 1976 quoted in S-G Report, 1977, p. 15.5. Introduction to S-G Report, 1985, p. 21.6. S-G Report, 1979, p. 6.7. The scope of Ramphal’s interests can be seen in his collections of speeches:

S. Ramphal, One World to Share (London, 1979), and R. Sanders (ed.),Inseparable Humanity (London, 1988).

8. S-G Report, 1999, p. 19. For the range of his work, see E. Anyaoku, TheMissing Headlines: Selected Speeches (Liverpool, 1997).

9. Report by M. Faber, ‘“Do Different”: Review of the Commonwealth’s “C”Programmes, Wholly or Partly Funded by the CFTC’ (London, 1994), pp. 10, 16, 20.

10. Report by J. Toye, Review of the Economic and Social Programmes: Reportto the Commonwealth Secretariat (London, 1995), pp. 25–6, 39, 154, 163,167, 170.

11. S-G Report, 1997, p. 142.12. Report by G. M. Draper, Change Management in the Commonwealth

Secretariat 1998–1999: Report of the Change Management Officer(London), p. 55.

13. Cwlth. Summit, II, pp. 156–9.

16 The Commonwealth Foundation

1. J. Chadwick, The Unofficial Commonwealth: The Story of the CommonwealthFoundation 1965–1980 (London, 1982), p. 67.

2. Ibid., pp. 53–4.3. Ibid., p. 76.4. E. Reid to C. S. A. Ritchie (Canadian High Commissioner in London),

6 February 1968. Arnold Smith Papers, NAC: MG31/E47, vol. 77, file 15.5. Chadwick, Unofficial Commonwealth, p. 174.6.From Governments to Grassroots: Report of the advisory committee on relationships

between the official and unofficial Commonwealth (London, 1978); Cwlth.Summit, I, p. 215.

7. The Commonwealth Foundation: Aims and Achievements 1966/1981 (London,1981), p. 7.

8. The Commonwealth Foundation: A Special Report 1966 to 1993 (London,1993), pp. 5–10.

9. Report of the First Commonwealth NGO Forum on Environmentally SustainableDevelopment and Collaboration in the Commonwealth, Harare, Zimbabwe19–23 August 1991 (London, 1991), p. 110.

10. C. Ball and L. Dunn, Non-Governmental Organisations: Guidelines for GoodPolicy and Practice [NGO Guidelines] (London, 1995); media statement, 8 November 1995.

11. NGO Guidelines, p. 19.12. Report by H. Acton, Reviewing the Commonwealth Foundation’s

Commonwealth Liaison Unit Programme, September 1997, pp. 27–9.13. Strategic Plan of the Commonwealth Foundation 1997–2001 (London,

1997), p. 5.14. The Commonwealth Foundation: Citizens and Governance: Civil Society and

the New Millennium (London, 1999), p. 20.15. Ibid., pp. 27–70.16. Ibid., pp. 72, 92.17. Outcomes of Durban: The Communiqué of the Third Commonwealth NGO

Forum, November 1999, paras. 1–10.

17 The Commonwealth of Learning

1. Cwlth. Summit, I, pp. 285–6.2. Report by A. Briggs, Towards a Commonwealth of Learning: A Proposal to

Create the University of the Commonwealth for Co-operation in DistanceEducation (London, 1987), p. 2.

3. Ibid., p. 50.4. Ibid., p. v. Foreword by Ramphal.5. The Commonwealth of Learning [COL]: Information Services Network [COLIS

Network] (Vancouver, 1989).6. The COL: Annual Report 1990 – A Year of Consolidation (Vancouver,

1990), pp. 5–12.7. The COL: Profile ‘95, p. 3.8. The COL: Summary Report 1994–1996 (Vancouver, 1997), p. 2.9. The COL: Report to the Commonwealth Heads of Government, 1997, p. 1.

10. Ibid., pp. 5–6.11. The COL: Report from the Board of Governors to Commonwealth Heads of

Government, (Durban, 1999), pp. 8–9, 16.

18 Outgrowing the Commonwealth – The Case of Cabi

1. For background, see McIntyre, Significance of the Commonwealth, pp. 174–8;T. Scrivenor, CAB – The First 50 Years (Farnham Royal, 1980); E. M. Aichisonand D. L. Hawksworth, IMI: Retrospect and Prospect (Wallingford, 1993).

2. S-G interview with Sir Thomas Scrivenor, 16 March 1967; Scrivenor toSmith, 20 March 1967. Arnold Smith Papers: NAC, MG31/E47, vol. 2, file 7.

244 Notes

Notes 245

3. CAB International: Eleventh Review Conference, London, 1990, Report ofProceedings (Wallingford, 1990), pp. 40, 77–85; 1995 in Review: GrowingGlobally (Wallingford, 1995), p. 2.

4. Presenting CAB International: 96 in Review (Wallingford, 1990), p. 47.5. CAB International: Eleventh Review Conference, 1990, p. 83.6. CAB International: Twelfth Review Conference, London, 1993 Report of

Proceedings (Wallingford, 1993), p. 71.7. CAB International: Looking Today for Their Tomorrow – 94 in review

(Wallingford, 1994), p. 1.8. R. J. Williams ‘New Strategies, Developments and Special Initiatives for the

2000–2002 Triennium’. CAB International: Fourteenth Review Conference,Report of Proceedings (Wallingford, 1999), p. 35.

19 Professional Associations

1. S.-G. Report, 1999, p. 21; S.-G. Report, 1991, p. 3; S.-G. Report, 1993, p. 10.2. T. Dormer (Desk Officer for Non-governmental Organisations), ‘Working

with Non-governmental Organisations’, February 2000.3. H. Duncan Hall, The British Commonwealth of Nations: A Study of its Past and

Future Development (London, 1920), pp. 372–8; [R. G.] Lord Casey, TheFuture of the Commonwealth (London, 1963), p. 114; RCS: ‘A Statement ofFaith’, 22 June 1964, in ‘How the Links in the Commonwealth May beStrengthened’, Commonwealth Journal (1964) 7(4): 161.

4. M. M. Ball, The ‘Open’ Commonwealth (Durham, N.C., 1971), pp. vi, 201; J.D. B. Miller, Survey of Commonwealth Affairs: Problems of Expansion andAttrition, 1953–1969 (London, 1974), p. xiii.

5. RCS: ‘Towards a People’s Commonwealth’, 22 August 85, p. 1.6. Dormer, ‘Working with Non-governmental Organisations’, pp. 1–2.7. See H. Brittain, Pilgrims and Pioneers (London, n.d.).8. See I. Grey, The Parliamentarians: the History of the Commonwealth

Parliamentary Association, 1911–1985 (London, 1986).9. A. Donahoe, ‘A Commonwealth of Parliaments’, The Parliamentarian,

October 1999: 359–64.10. Chadwick, Unofficial Commonwealth, p. 16; see also E. Ashley, Community of

Universities: An Informal Portrait of the Association of Universities of the BritishCommonwealth 1913–1963 (Cambridge, 1963) and H. W. Springer, TheCommonwealth of Universities: The Story of the Association of CommonwealthUniversities (London, 1988).

11. Julius K. Nyerere, Keynote Speech, 16 August 1998, text in ABCD – acu bul-letin of current documentation (1998), 135: 5–7.

12. Put Our World to Rights: Towards a Commonwealth Human Rights Policy(London, 1991), pp. 175–6.

13. Nigeria – Stolen by Generals: Abuja after the Harare Commonwealth Declaration(London, 1995), p. 28.

14. Over a Barrel: Light Weapons & Human Rights in the Commonwealth (NewDelhi, 1999); Rights Must Come First: The Commonwealth Human Rights Unit –A Chequered History (New Delhi, 1999).

15. CPA, CMJA, CLEA and CLA: Parliamentary Supremacy, Judicial Independence –Latimer House Guidelines for the Commonwealth, 19 June 1998.

246 Notes

16. Prof. M. Gibbons (ACU), ‘Submission to the Commonwealth Heads ofGovernment Meeting in Durban, 12–15 November 1999, from 8Commonwealth Professional Associations’, Typescript 10 November 1999;Press Release, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, 12 November 1999.

17. Durban Communiqué, 1999, p. 18.

20 Philanthropic Organisations

1. NGO Guidelines, p. 16.2. Ibid., p. 19.3. Ibid., p. 23.4. Directory of Organisations, in The Commonwealth Yearbook, 1999,

pp. 410–11, 422.5. British Commonwealth League. Report of Conference, ‘The Citizen Rights

of Women Within the British Empire’ 9–10 July 1925 (London, 1925), inthe Sadd Brown Library, London Guildhall University; G. Davies, ‘A BriefHistory of the League 1925–39’ (typescript by courtesy of the author).

6. Commonwealth Countries League Education Fund, Annual Report1998/1999.

7. Managing Education Matters: The Professional Journal of the CCEAM, 1999(2)1: 10.

8. Working for Common Wealth Series No. WCW1: The InternationalCommonwealth Conference on Local Economic Development, Goa, India,21–28 September 1998, pp. 6, 7, 8.

9. Ibid., pp. 13–14.10. Ibid., p. 19.11. FAC Report, II, p. 219.12. P. Williams, ‘Can We Avoid a Poverty-focused Aid Programme

Impoverishing North–South Relations?’, in Partnership and Poverty inBritain’s and Sweden’s New Aid Policies, Occasional Paper 75, Centre ofAfrican Studies, University of Edinburgh, May 1998.

13. Z. Daysh, ‘The Commonwealth – Globally to Centre Stage: The HumanEcology Route’. CHEC: Human Ecology (1999), 16/17, p. 6.

14. Ibid., p. 11, C. Liburd, ‘Outcome of the First Meeting of theCommonwealth Consultative Group for Human Settlement (CCGHS)’.

21 Educational and Cultural Endeavours

1. The Commonwealth Yearbook, 1959 (London: 1959), pp. 1099, 1105–6.2. ACU: Commonwealth Universities Yearbook, 2000, 75th edn (London, 2000),

II, pp. 1960–1.3. T. R. Reese, The History of the Royal Commonwealth Society, 1868–1968

(London, 1968), pp. 255–8.4. T. A. Barringer, ‘The Rise, Fall and Rise Again of the Royal Commonwealth

Society Library’, African Research and Documentation (1994), 64: 4.5. Ibid., pp. 5–9.6. Royal Commonwealth Society: Annual Report 1998–9.

7. See J. M. Mckenzie, ‘The Imperial Institute’ Round Table (1987), 302:246–53.

8. ‘British Teenagers Attend Commonwealth Summit’. CommonwealthInstitute press release, Limassol, October 1993.

9. Commonwealth Institute – Centenary 1893–1993. Report to theCommonwealth Heads of Government Meeting, Limassol, 1993.

10. FAC Report, I, p. lxiv; II, pp. 272–8.11. Commonwealth Institute: Review of 1999, Prospectus for 2000 (London,

1999).12. The Empire & Commonwealth Museum, Five Hundred Years in the Story of

the English-speaking Peoples of the World (Bristol, n.d.), p. 4.13. Annual Report 96/97,’Exchange Teacher’, p. 25; see also LECT: The Story of

the League, 1901–1991 (London, 1991).14. Pamela Maryfield interview with Jill Dilks, Overseas: Journal of the Royal Over-

Seas League, December 1996–February 1997, p. 20.15. D. N. Dilks, ‘Youth Exchanges in the Commonwealth’, Journal of the Royal

Society of Arts, August 1973: 4; see also, Dilks, ‘Commonwealth YouthExchange Council – A New Area at Work’, Commonwealth (December 1971),145–7.

16. L. J. Griffiths during discussion of Dilks’ paper, J. of R. Soc. of Arts, August1973: 10.

17. Toye, Review of Economic and Social Programmes, p. 163.18. Youth Experience in the New Millennium: Report of the Third Meeting of

Commonwealth Ministers Responsible for Youth Affairs, Kuala Lumpur,27–30 May 1998 (London, 1998), pp. 11–12.

19. The Commonwealth Office Year Book, 1968 (London, 1968), pp. 681–2.20. Ashby, Community of Universities, pp. 92–5.21. Learning from Each Other, p. 21.22. Ibid., pp. 5, 17.23. Ibid., pp. 39–43.24. F. Madden, ‘The Commonwealth, Commonwealth History, and Oxford,

1905–1971’; R. Robinson, ‘Oxford in Imperial Historiography’, in F.Madden and D. K. Fieldhouse, Oxford and the Idea of the Commonwealth:Essays Presented to Sir Edgar Williams (London, 1982), pp. 7–29, 30–48.

25. W. R. Louis (ed.), The Oxford History of the British Empire, 5 vols. (Oxford,1998, 1999).

26. FAC Report, II, Memo. from University of Cambridge, pp. 224–7.27. ICS Newsletter: ‘1949–1999 50th. Anniversary’, 1990, issue 20.28. FAC Report, II, p. 94; see also K. Bourne, ‘Cumberland Lodge: The Influence

of a Conference Centre’, Round Table (1997), 342: 231–6.29. The Commonwealth Foundation, Report 1996–1999 (London, 1999), pp.

13–16.

22 Sport and the Commonwealth Games

1. CHOGM Committee on Co-operation Through Sport [CCCS], 1993 Report(London, 1993), p. 24.

2. Ibid., p. 2.

Notes 247

248 Notes

3. Sir Charles Tennyson, ‘They Taught the World to Play’, Victorian Studies(1959) 2(3): 211–22; J. Arlott (ed.), The Oxford Companion to Sports andGames (London, 1977); J. A. Mangan, The Games Ethic and Imperialism:Aspects of the Diffusion of an Ideal (London, 1986); McIntyre, Significance ofthe Commonwealth, pp. 224–43.

4. C. Dheensaw, The Commonwealth Games: The First 60 Years, 1930–1990(Auckland, 1994).

5. Commonwealth Games Federation General Assembly, 1988, Bids for 1994.6. Cwlth. Summit, II, p. 76.7. Ibid., p. 105.8. CCCS, 1993 Report, p. 5.9. HGM(99) (CW)5. October 1999, CCCS, 1999 Report, p. 1.

10. The Commonwealth Yearbook, 1999 (London, 1999), p. 21.11. CCCS, 1999 Report, p. 6.12. Chris Laidlaw, Rights of Passage, (Auckland, 1999), pp. 86–7.13. CCCS, 1999 Report, pp. 19–22.14. Ibid., p. 3.

23 Public–Private Partnerships and a CommonwealthBusiness Culture

1. Cwlth. Summit, I, p. 157; S-G Report, 1975, p. 9.2. International Economic Issues: Contributions by the Commonwealth 1975–1990

(London, 1990), pp. 6–7.3. Cwlth. Summit, II, pp. 66–7.4. See W. Rendell, The History of the Commonwealth Development Corporation

1948–1971 (London, 1976); Morgan, Official History of Colonial Development,II, pp. 320–82, IV, pp. 92–257.

5. J. Majoribanks, ‘The Intellectual Case for the Public–Private Partnership as aVehicle to Stimulate Investment in Poorer Countries; The Transformation ofthe Commonwealth Development Corporation into CDC Group plc’, paperto OECD workshop, Paris, January 2000, p. 1.

6. CPII Financial Statements, xls, as at 31/12/99.7. Science for Technology for Development: An Expanded Programme of Scientific Co-

operation in the Commonwealth (London, 1984).8. Knowledge Networking for Development – Science and Technology for the

Millennium: Report of the CSG Steering Group, Dec. 1998 (London, 1998), p. 15.9. Ibid., p. 29.

10. Cwlth. Currents, March/April 1995, p. 4.11. K. West, Economic Opportunities for Britain and the Commonwealth , Chatham

House Discussion Paper 60 (London, 1995), pp. 26–9.12. FAC Report, I, pp. xxii–xxiii.13. Parliamentary Debates (Hansard), 6th series, vol. 280, Session 1995–96, House

of Commons, 27 June 1996, col. 479.14. Jenkins, Reassessing the Commonwealth, p. 56.15. The Commonwealth and Europe: Investment and Trade – Opportunities for

Partnership (London and Edinburgh, 1997), p. 5.16. The Edinburgh Communiqué, 1997, para. 6.

17. Promoting Shared Prosperity: Edinburgh Commonwealth EconomicDeclaration, 20 October 1997, paras. 1, 3.

18. CACG: Commonwealth Association for Corporate Governance (Inc.),‘Promoting Excellence in Corporate Governance in CommonwealthCountries’ – An invitation to participate; CACG: ‘Update on Activities’, 1 May 2000.

19. HGM(99) (CW)1 (Supplement 3), October 1999. Report of theCommonwealth Expert Group on Good Governance and the Elimination ofCorruption in Economic Management, para. 5.

20. The Fancourt Commonwealth Declaration on Globalisation, 1999, p. 5.

Notes 249

Index

Abacha, General, 98ABC members, 129, 134, 156, 159,

180, 193, 206, 207ABCD – the a.c.u. bulletin of current

documentation, 167Abiola, Chief Moshood, 172Acheson, Dean, 23acronyms, 63–5Acton, Heather, 144Adeane, Sir Michael, 50, 61Advisory Group on the future of

small states, 116Africa-Caribbean-Pacific (ACP) group,

95, 125African National Congress, 38, 41, 42Afrikaner Nationalists, 39Agreed Memorandum on Secretariat,

25Agriculture Ministers’ meetings, 94Alexander of Tunis, Lord, 49All Blacks, 202, 204, 205, 208Allam Iqbal Open University of

Pakistan, 152Amery, Leo, 12, 13, 15Amory, Heathcoat, D., 60, 61Angola, 40Anguilla’s secession from St Kitts, 133Antigua, 115Anyaoku, Chief Emeka, 42, 43, 82, 96,

133, 137, 163, 182, 184, 199, 224,233

Anzus Pact, 1952, 121Aotea Centre, Auckland, 79apartheid

Commonwealth issue, 31, 42EPG report, 41Front Line States, 122opposition to, 38–43, 89, 133policy of, 39South Africa returns to

Commonwealth, 69, 96thaw in, 82, 87Wind of Change, 40

arms sales to South Africa, 26Armstrong, Lord, 88arts and cultural festivals, 145Asean (1967), 121Asia Pacific Economic Co-operation

(APEC), 116, 125Asia-Pacific region, 102, 107, 216associated states, 75Association for Commonwealth

Studies, 109, 197, 199Association of Commonwealth

Universities, 61, 106, 164, 166,196

Attlee, Clement, 14, 17, 18, 19, 20,70, 71

Austin, Denis, 38, 63, 65Australia

Canberra Pact (1944), 121Canberra seminar (1997), 102, 108C-Mag member, 99COL contribution, 151, 152Commonwealth broadcasting

conference, 168cricket and rugby, 202criteria group member, 76Dominion status, 8, 9, 11, 12EPG member, 41Governors-General, 50H-Lag member, 87Macmillan’s visit, 72nation, 8republicans, 55Royal title, 20Scholarship and Fellowship Plan,

183, 186Secretariat contribution, 129Secretariat idea, 21sports assistance by, 206UN founder member, 113women’s franchise, 178

Bahamas, 7, 39, 41, 76, 87Balfour, Lord, 9, 12, 13, 27

250

Ball, Colin, 143, 147, 163, 176, 180Banda, Hastings, 34, 237Bangladesh, 122Barbados, 8, 56, 98, 99, 106, 118Beit Professors, Oxford, 198Belgium, 22Belize, 95Benn, Tony, 55Bermuda, 76Bhutan, 122Biafra, 95BioNET-International, 159Blair, Tony, 7, 47, 80, 81, 110, 125Blake, Lord, 54Bolger, Jim, 205Botswana, 40, 98, 99Bougainville, 137Bourne, Richard, 189, 199boycotts of Commonwealth Games

(1986), 54Brandt Commission on Development

(1986), 133Briggs, Lord, 149Bristol, 1, 192Britain

aloof from EEC, 121C-Mag member, 99COL contribution, 152Commonwealth Development

Corporation, 212Commonwealth Scholarship and

Fellowship Plan, 167contributes 30 per cent of

Secretrariat budget, 129contribution to CAB, 157contribution to Foundation, 147cost recovery fees for foreign

students, 149criteria group member, 76disenchantment with the

Commonwealth, 31Imperial War Cabinets (1917–18),

78member of C-Mag, 97member of H-Lag (1989–91), 87Mini-Summit (1986), 41NGOs in, 176rediscovery of the Commonwealth,

101

Southern African embarrassments,43

sports assistance by, 206three spheres of activity, 124UN founder member, 113

Britannia, royal yacht, 51Britannic Alliance, 8British Commonwealth League, 178British Commonwealth of Nations, 9,

10, 12, 48, 69, 178British Dominions Suffrage Union,

178British Empire & Commonwealth

Museum, Bristol, 192British Empire and Commonwealth

Games, 203British Military Advisory and Training

Team, Zimbabwe, 37British monarch, 47, 56, 77British North America Act (1867), 8,

11Brook, Sir Norman, 17, 18, 19, 61,

62Brundtland Commission on the

Environment (1987), 133Brunei, 150, 151Buckingham Palace, 19, 20, 51, 54Built-Environment Professionals in

the Commonwealth, 183Buller, Amy, 199Bureau of Biological Control, 156Bureau of Mycology, 156Burma, 17, 21, 22, 72, 76

CABI Bioscience, 159CABI Information, 160CABI Information Institute, 158CABI Publishing, 160CAB-International (CABI), 65, 155–60Cabot, John, 1, 192Cairns, Lord, 218Cambridge Commonwealth Trust,

148–9, 198Cambridge Compendium of

Commonwealth Studies, 198Cameroon, 51, 69, 76Canada

C-Mag member, 91, 97, 99COL contribution, 150, 151, 152

Index 251

Commonwealth broadcastingconference, 168

criteria group member, 76Diefenbaker’s enthusiasm for

Commonwealth, 185Dominion, 8, 9, 11, 12, 14EPG member, 41Francophonie member, 126Governors-General, 49H-Lag member, 87Macmillan’s visit, 72nation, 8NGOs, 176Royal title, 20Scholarship and Fellowship Plan,

183, 185Secretariat contribution, 129and sport, 96sports assistance by, 206Trudeau and Chogms, 94UN founder member, 113Victoria Day, 62

Canadian Association for Health,Physical Education andRecreation, 207

Canadian citizenship law (1946), 48

Canadian International DevelopmentAgency (Cida), 64, 173

Canberra Pact (1944), 121Canberra seminar (1997), 102, 104,

106, 109Cape Colony, 11, 39Caricom, 64, 119, 122, 212Casey, Lord, 50CDC Capital Partners, 213Ceylon, 10, 16, 20, 70, 93CFTC, 26, 64, 88, 91, 129, 131, 133,

134, 135, 136, 139, 160, 232Chadwick, John, 139, 140, 141Chairperson-in-being, 221, 223,

229Chalker, Baroness, 108Chan, Stephen, 87, 90Charles, Eugenia, 116, 119Chemical Research and

Environmental Needs (CREN),214

Chequers, 74, 75, 79

Chogm Committee on Co-operationThrough Sport (CCCS), 65, 83,96, 195, 201, 204, 208–9

Chogms, 78–85(1997 and 1999), 164Auckland (1995), 42, 82, 172, 212,

214Brisbane (2001), 147Delhi (1983), 118Durban (1999), 3, 59, 77, 79, 99,

112, 120, 126, 145, 174, 191,215, 219, 227

Edinburgh (1997), 2, 47, 49, 56, 59,79, 97, 98, 102, 119, 120, 124,137, 144, 152, 183, 216

expansion of, Table, 85games on agenda, 207Harare (1991), 42, 87, 96, 171key issues, 82Kuala Lumpur (1989), 41, 87, 150,

204, 212length of, 80Limassol (1993), 52, 119London (1969), 131London (1977), 141Lusaka (1979), 37, 38, 141Melbourne (1981), 79Nassau (1985), 40, 149need for revision, 225opening ceremonies, 80Singapore (1971), 26, 51, 75, 79, 94summary of 1990s, 78Vancouver (1987), 41, 78, 118, 148,

150venues (1971, 1977, and 1997), 62

Christmas Day broadcast, Queen’s, 53Churchill, Winston, 15, 16, 50, 52, 71Citizens and Governance Programme,

147citizenship participation, civil society

project, 146City or Island States, 71civil society, 1, 4, 110, 143, 146, 154,

166, 171, 209, 227, 228Civil Society Advisory Committee,

147Civil Society in the New Millennium,

145, 224, 225, 229Clarke, Don, 144

252 Index

Clarkson, Adrienne, 50C-Mag, 91–2, 93, 96–100, 110, 137,

172–3, 189, 215, 225Code of Conduct on Good Corporate

Governance, 219Code of Good Conduct on Integrity

in Public Office, 219COL, see Commonwealth of Learning COL International, 153Colombo Plan, 93Colonial Conferences, 11, 78Colonial Office, 16, 21, 23, 60, 155,

156Committee of Foreign Ministers on

Southern Africa (CFMSA), 96Committee of Imperial Defence, 22Committee of the Whole (CoW), 64,

82, 83common allegiance to the Crown, 10,

12, 22, 48Common Market for Eastern and

Southern Africa (Comesa), 122Commonwealthexpansion of membership, 70meaning of, 7negative views on, 105Commonwealth Aeronautical

Advisory Research Council(CAARC), 130

Commonwealth Africa InvestmentFund Ltd (COMAFIN CPII), 213

Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux,65, 130, 155, 156, 232

Commonwealth Air TransportCouncil (CATC), 131

Commonwealth Association ofPaediatric Gastroenterology andNutrition (CAPGAN), 174

Commonwealth Association forCorporate Governance (CACG),219

Commonwealth Association for LocalAction and EconomicDevelopment (COMMACT), 180

Commonwealth Association forMental Handicap andDevelopmental Disabilities(CAMHADD), 174

Commonwealth Association forPublic Administration andManagement (CAPAM), 64, 134

Commonwealth Association ofArchitects (CAA), 168

Commonwealth Association ofIndigenous Peoples (CAIP), 173

Commonwealth Association ofProfessional Centres (CAPC), 104,168

Commonwealth at the Summit, 84,see Chogms

Commonwealth BroadcastingAssociation, 168

Commonwealth Business Council,164, 184, 192, 211, 217, 227, 228,233

Commonwealth business culture, 1,4, 107, 216

Commonwealth Business Forum, 2,82, 112, 217, 219, 227

Commonwealth Business Network(Combinet), 64, 214

Commonwealth Centre, Edinburgh(1997), see CommonwealthPeople’s Centre

Commonwealth Conference onPhysical Education, 207

Commonwealth Consensus on LightWeapons, 173

Commonwealth Council forEducational Administration andManagement (CCEAM), 179

Commonwealth Countries’ League(CCL), 178

Commonwealth Currents, 108, 216, 232

Commonwealth Day message,Queen’s, 54, 63, 208

Commonwealth Defence ScienceOrganisation (CDSO), 131

Commonwealth Dental Association(CDA), 174

Commonwealth DevelopmentCorporation (CDC), 212

Commonwealth Economic AdvisoryCouncil, 23, 60, 130

Commonwealth EconomicCommittee (CEC), 61, 130

Index 253

Commonwealth EconomicConference, Montreal (1958), 23,60, 185

Commonwealth EducationConference, 181

Commonwealth Education LiaisonCommittee (CELC), 130, 186

Commonwealth Education LiaisonUnit (CELU), 61, 130, 186

Commonwealth Electronic Networksfor Schools and Education(CENSE), 64

Commonwealth Engineers Council,168

Commonwealth Equity Fund, 212Commonwealth Finance Ministers’

meetings, 93Commonwealth Foreign Ministers’

meetings (1950), 93Commonwealth Forestry Institute,

131Commonwealth Forests, Standing

Committee on, 130Commonwealth ForumDurban (1999), 173Edinburgh (1997), 2, 84, 144Commonwealth Foundation, 139–47

arts and culture, 200creation (1966), 163Edinburgh Commonwealth Centre

(1997), 189enlarged mandate (1980), 176Marlborough House West Wing,

139minuscule budget, 139original mandate, 165professional linkages, 186proposal for, 24small staff, 153strategic plan (1997–2001), 144,

171Commonwealth Fund for Technical

Co-operation. See CFTCCommonwealth Games, 1, 31, 40, 47,

51–2, 54, 59, 96, 109, 145, 164,200–3, 207, 210, 233

Commonwealth Games Code ofConduct (1982), 40

Commonwealth Games Federation(CGF), 59, 204, 207

Commonwealth Higher EducationManagement Service (CHEMS),167

Commonwealth House idea, 23, 60,188

Commonwealth House, Lion Yard,Clapham, 193, 194

Commonwealth Human EcologyCouncil (CHEC), 59, 164, 183,233

Commonwealth Human RightsInitiative (CHRI), 103, 106, 164,171, 227

Commonwealth Institute, 60, 83,130, 186, 190, 200, 233

Commonwealth Jewish Council, 164

Commonwealth JournalistsAssociation (CJA), 103, 171

Commonwealth Kite-mark, 110Commonwealth Knowledge Network

(CKN), 215Commonwealth Lawyers Association

(CLA), 164, 171, 233Commonwealth Lectures, 200Commonwealth Legal Education

Association (CLEA), 171Commonwealth Liaison Committee

(CLC), 130Commonwealth Liaison Units (Clu),

64, 142, 144Commonwealth Linking Trust (CLT),

193Commonwealth Local Government

Forum (CLGF), 134Commonwealth Mace, 52Commonwealth Media Exchange

Fund, 165Commonwealth Medical Association

(CMA), 164, 168Commonwealth Ministerial Action

Group (CMAG). See C-MagCommonwealth Network of

Information Technology(Comnet-IT), 64, 214

Commonwealth norms andconventions, 47, 77

254 Index

Commonwealth Nurses Federation(CNF), 164, 174

Commonwealth Observer Group,Rhodesian elections, 37

Commonwealth of IndependentStates, ex-USSR, 7

Commonwealth of Learning (COL),64, 83, 91, 94, 125, 148–54, 226

Commonwealth Office for NGOs inSouth Africa and Mozambique(Congosam), 64

Commonwealth Organisation forSocial Work (COSW), 174

Commonwealth ParliamentaryAssociation (CPA), 106, 165

Commonwealth Partnership forTechnology Management(CPTM), 59, 214, 227

Commonwealth People’s Centres, 84,164, 189, 227

Commonwealth PharmaceuticalAssociation (CPA), 174

Commonwealth Policy Studies Unit,199

Commonwealth Press Union (CPU),165, 168

Commonwealth Private InvestmentInitiative (CPII), 125, 212

Commonwealth ProfessionalAssociations (CPAs), 170

Commonwealth Relations Office(CRO), 16, 18, 21

Commonwealth Scholarship andFellowship Plan (CSFP), 95, 109,149, 167, 185

Commonwealth Science Council(CSC), 131, 213

Commonwealth Secretariat, 129–38beginnings of, 25criticised, 105Desk Officer for NGOs, 164Human Rights Unit, 172in Marlborough House, 153origins, 21origins and structure of, 129programme-driven structure (1997),

136restructuring, 134

Science and Technology Division,213

small size, 4Small States Division, 118use of NGOs, 141

Commonwealth State, 73Commonwealth Studies, 3, 109, 186,

196, 197, 200, 233Commonwealth Telecommunications

Board (CTB), 131Commonwealth Trades Union

Council (CTUC), 171Commonwealth Trust, 106, 109, 188,

189Commonwealth Universities Year Book,

167Commonwealth Yearbook, 155, 231Commonwealth Youth Affairs

Council, 194Commonwealth Youth Credit

Initiative (CYCI), 195Commonwealth Youth Exchange

Council, 164, 193, 233Commonwealth Youth Forums, 2, 84,

194Commonwealth Youth Games,

Edinburgh (2000), 206, 210Commonwealth Youth Programme,

125, 136, 150, 194Commonwealth, Royal Agricultural

Society of, 168communiqués

Chogm public records, 84Durban (1999), 146, 175Edinburgh (1997), 47, 77, 218Kuala Lumpur (1989), 31, 41PMM (1964), 25PMM (1965), 35references to small states, 118Vancouver (1987), 31, 41

ComSec-Speak, 64consensus building, 86, 91, 116, 223,

224Consultative Group on Small States

(CGSS), 119Cook Islands, 75, 119Cook, Robin, 110, 191Corporate Commonwealth, 228Costello, John A., 14, 18

Index 255

Council for Education in theCommonwealth, 164, 181, 186

Cowan, Sir Zelman, 50Craft, Hugh, 108credibility gap, 222cricket, 202Cripps, Sir Stafford, 20, 48Crown, basic link through, 18Cumberland Lodge, 106, 109, 199,

222Curtis, Lionel, 9Cust Memorial Lectures, Nottingham,

200Cyprus, 23, 32, 73, 76, 84, 95, 117

Dale, Sir William, 48, 56, 87Dalhousie conference (1976), 141,

164Daysh, Zena, 183de Klerk, President F. W., 42de l’Isle, Lord, 50de Valera, Eamon, 3, 13, 14, 17, 18,

48, 49Deakin, Alfred, 8Deane, Sir William, 50Declarations

(1949) and (1971), 27Balfour on status (1926), 12, 26,

86Commonwealth Principles (1971),

10, 211Edinburgh Economic (1997), 117,

218Fancourt (1999), 117, 220Gleneagles Agreement (1977), 87Goa (1983), 86Harare (1991), 76, 86, 89, 223London (1949), 17, 26, 48, 56Lyford Cay (1985), 39Nassau (1985), 86on Southern Africa (1985, 1987,

and 1989), 87Singapore principles (1971), 21, 26,

86, 87decolonisation, 22, 23, 70, 113

British disappointments, 43Gold Coast, 71rapid in 1960s, 79withdrawal from east of Suez, 74

democracy, 86, 89, 116Dhanarajan, Gajaraj, 151, 153Dilks, David, 193, 194, 216Dilks, Jill, 193distance education, 149Ditchley Foundation, 23Dominica, 7, 116, 119, 126Dominion Day, 11Dominion, meaning of, 8Dominion status, 11–16, 18, 33,

70–72, 78Dominions beyond the Seas, 8, 11,

14, 20Dominions Office, 12, 16, 21Dominions, Asian, 10Dormer, Terence, 164Dorneywood, 79Douglas-Home, Sir Alec (Lord Home),

23, 24, 25, 33, 60, 73Duke of Edinburgh, 52, 60, 81, 206Dunn, Leith, 143, 176Durban International Convention

Centre, 79dyarchy, 15

East and Central Africa, 22eCommonwealth, 192Economic Community of West

African States (Ecowas), 1975, 121

Economic Community of WestAfrican States’ Monitoring Group(ECOMOG), 112

Edinburgh Games boycotts (1986),204

Edinburgh International ConferenceCentre, 62, 79

education, 185Education conferences, 94education, Foundation and, 141Education Ministers’ meetings, 94,

145, 152, 186, 196educational exchanges, 88Edward VII, 78Éire, 13–14, 18, 78Elizabeth II

addresses Chogms (1997 and 1999),81

Commonwealth day services, 63

256 Index

Elizabeth II (continued)future as Head of the

Commonwealth, 239India, Pakistan visit (1997), 2opens RCS Club, 189patron of Commonwealth Games,

206proclaimed, 11provision of Marlborough House,

61question about headship, 55role as Head of the

Commonwealth, 47succeeds to headship (1952), 48symbolic head, 3

Eminent Persons Group (EPG), 41, 96

Empire Day, 62Empire Games, 203English language, use of, 88, 107,

196, 203, 216Enosis, 73Environment Ministers’ meetings,

94environmental degradation, 143EOKA, 73equal opportunities, 86, 116, 143,

172, 223equality of status, 12–14errant states, 98European Coal and Steel Community,

121European Community, 41European Economic Community

(EEC), 22, 121European Union (EU), 4, 107, 116,

125, 217Evatt, Herbert, 113Expert Groups, 95, 219external association, 13, 14, 18External Relations Act (1936), Irish,

13–14

Faber, Mike, 134, 137FAC Report, 101–2, 105–9, 191, 198,

215–16Faletau, Inoke, 142, 180Fancourt Commonwealth

Declaration, 220

Federated States of Micronesia, 122Federation of Commonwealth Open

and Distance LearningAssociations (FOCODLA), 153

Fiji, 2, 16, 69, 75, 92, 95, 157, 194,225

Finance Ministers’ meetings, 94, 212football, 202Foreign Affairs Committee, British

House of Commons, Report(1996). See FAC Report

Foreign & Commonwealth Office(FCO), 21, 84, 106, 108, 173, 189,191, 216

Foreign Office, 21Foreign Policy Centre, British, 102,

110France, 22franchise, Southern Rhodesia (1961),

33Francophone Community, 126Fraser, Malcolm, 37, 41, 104, 200Fraser, Peter, 19, 113free association, 75free trade, 86, 116, 211, 223, 228Freyberg, General, 49From governments to grassroots, 141,

164Front Line States, 40, 41, 122fundamental political values, 86–7,

89–90, 98

Gambia, 96games enrich English language, 203Gandhi, Indira, 53Gandhi, Mahatma, 40Gandhi, Rajiv, 39, 87Garner, Sir Saville, 12, 25Gemini News Agency, 58, 103generation gap, 106, 109, 221, 223George VI, 19, 20, 48, 199Ghana, 22, 50, 72, 97, 98Gibraltar, 36, 71Gilbert and Ellice Islands, 75Gleneagles Agreement (1977), 40,

87Global Humanitarian Order, 82, 224Global Knowledge Partnership (GKP),

64, 152

Index 257

globalisation, 82, 88, 112–17, 119–21,125–6, 143, 146, 155, 166, 177,180–1, 218

Goa Declaration on InternationalSecurity (1983), 86

good governance, 76, 86, 107, 110,116, 125, 134, 145, 154, 171, 173,212, 215–19, 220, 223–4, 229

Gordon Walker, Patrick, 18governors-general, 49Grenada crisis, 119Group of Developing Nations (G77),

95, 126Group of Industrialised Nations (G8),

125Guidelines for Good Policy and

Practice for NGOs, 64guiding norms, 86Guyana, 125

Habitat Agenda, 183Hancock, W. K., 197, 198Hankey, Sir Maurice, 22Harare Declaration (1991), 76, 89–91Harare International Conference

Centre, 79Harare principles, 97, 99Hasluck, Sir Paul, 50Hayden, Bill, 50Head of State, Queen in 16 countries,

50Head of the association, 13, 17Head of the Commonwealth, 1, 2, 3,

10–11, 18–20, 47–57, 61, 77,80–1, 208, 225

Heads of Government Meetings,Commonwealth. See Chogms

Heads of Government RegionalMeetings (Chogrms), 104

Headship of the Commonwealth,47–57

conventions of advice, 55future of, 239symbolic position of, 2

health, 164, 174Health conferences, 94Health Ministers’ meetings, 94, 145health, the Foundation and, 141Heath, Edward, 51

Hibiscus Issue, 212High Level Appraisal Group (H-Lag),

87, 89–90High Level Review Group, 99, 221,

222Hillmer, Anne, 204HIV/AIDS, 88, 91, 143, 171, 174, 175,

209, 227hockey, 202, 207Hodson, H. V., 54, 55, 56Holland, Rob, 105Holmes, John W., 24Holyoake, Sir Keith, 49Home Rule, Ireland, 9Hong Kong, 2, 166Hossain, Dr Kamal, 172Howell, David, 107, 216Human Resources Development,

Secretariat, 206human rights, 76, 86, 88–90, 98–9,

110, 116, 117, 125, 145, 171–3,177, 212, 218, 223–5

Human Rights Unit, 173

ICT, see information andcommunications technology

IDI (Illegal Declaration ofIndependence), 35

Imperial Agricultural Bureaux, 156Imperial Agricultural Research

Conference, 156Imperial Bureau of Entomology, 156Imperial Bureau of Phytopathology,

156Imperial Conferences

(1911), 78, 155Rhodesian observer, 32series (1911–37), 78War Conference (1917), 12War Conference (1918), 156

imperial federalists, 9Imperial Institute, 190Imperial Parasite Service, 156Imperial War Cabinets (1917–18), 78Inall, Ruth, 104India

COL contribution, 150, 151, 152Commonwealth broadcasting

conference, 168

258 Index

India (continued)cricket and hockey, 202criteria group member, 76Dominion, 10, 16, 23EPG member, 41HIV/AIDS, 174H-Lag member, 87Macmillan’s visit, 72NGOs, 176opposition to apartheid, 40, 42Queen’s visit (1997), 2Regional Youth Centre, 125, 194representative legislatures, 15republic, 2, 3, 14, 17, 18, 19Scholarship and Fellowship Plan,

185Secretariat contribution, 129UN founder member, 113

India Office, 21Indian Independence Act (1947), 16Indian Ocean Rim Association for

Regional Co-operation (IORARC),124

Indira Gandhi National OpenUniversity, Delhi, 149

Indirect Rule, 70information and communications

technology (ICT), 64, 113, 116,212, 214

Ingram Report, 102, 103, 106, 108–9,222, 223

Ingram, Derek, 58, 102, 103, 106,108, 196, 231

Institute of Biological Control, 158Institute of Commonwealth Studies

(ICS), London, 101, 165, 173, 198

Institute of Commonwealth Studies,Oxford, 198

Inter-governmental Group on Criteriafor Membership, 47, 56, 76, 93

internal settlement, Zimbabwe-Rhodesia (1978), 36

international commissions,Ramphal’s contribution, 133

Inter-University Council for HigherEducation Overseas, 196

Ireland, 3, 9, 11–14, 18, 19, 23, 57,71, 76, 157

Irish Free State, 9, 11–14, 78Irish model, 17Isaacs, Sir Isaac, 49Island or City State, 73Israel, 76

Jamaica, 74, 97Joint Office for Small States in New

York, 118

Kabbah, Ahmed Tejan, 97Kashmir, 95Kaunda, Kenneth, 26, 31, 35, 37Kendrew, Sir John FRS, 214Kenya, 132, 159, 174Kenyatta, Jomo, 51Kerr, Sir John, 50Khan, Humayun, 143Kingdom of Canada, 8Kiribati, 75Kirkman, Bill, 198Kula Fund Ltd (KULA CPII), 213

L’Agence de Co-opération Culturelleet Technique (ACCT), 126

L’Organisation Internationale de LaFrancophonie (OIF), 126

Labour Ministers’ meetings, 94Lancaster House Chogms (1969 and

1977), 62Lancaster House Conference on

Zimbabwe-Rhodesia (1979), 37Latimer House Guidelines, 173Laurier, Wilfred, 8, 9Law conferences, 94Law Ministers’ meetings, 94League for the Exchange of

Commonwealth Teachers (LECT),193

League of Nations Mandates, 76Learning From Each Other, 197Leeward and Windward Islands, 76Lesotho, 119, 196Listowel, Lord, 19logo, Commonwealth, 58Lomé Conventions, 95, 125London Declaration (1949), 2, 17, 20,

27, 48, 56Lyon, Peter, 105

Index 259

Macdonald, Ian, 151, 153MacDonald, Malcolm, 17Machel, Gracia, 147Macleod, Iain, 22, 74Macmillan, Harold, 22–3, 40, 50,

61–2, 72–4Mahathir bin Mohamad, 87Major, John, 42, 89, 90Makarios, Archbishop, 73Malan, Daniel, 20Malawi, 33Malaya, 22, 72Malaysia, 97, 98Maldives, 122Malta, 72, 74, 157Mandela, Nelson, 40–3, 56, 76, 82,

96, 178, 205Manila Pact (1954), 121Manley, Michael, 37Maraj, James, 150, 151market economy, 86, 89, 223market principles, 218Marlborough House, 96, 108, 129,

137, 153, 186, 222as Commonwealth venue, 60conferences outgrow, 79PMM venue (1964), 24Queen allows use of, 23royal palace, 61Secretariat outgrows, 62Senior Officials’ Meetings (1965),

25Marshall Islands, 122Massey, Vincent, 50Mathare Youth Sports Association,

209Mauritius, 122McIntosh, Alister, 19McKinnon, Don, 137, 166, 192McMurtry, Roy, 204Media Centres, 83membership, 69–77

Fiji suspended from councils, 93,101

growth of, 69limitation of, 16Nigeria suspended, 82, 172Pakistan suspended from councils,

93, 101

Sierra Leone suspended fromcouncils, 101

total of 54, 2Menzies, Robert, 24, 35, 74Meridian Hotel, Limassol, 79mezzanine status, 16, 22, 72micro-states, 118, 119Millbrook Commonwealth Action

Programme (MCAP), 91, 96, 105,116, 137, 172, 223

mini-states, 118, 119Ministerial Group on Small States

(CMGSS), 112, 119Mini-Summit, 1986, 41Mont Tremblant, Quebec, 79Morris, Jan, 188, 192Mozambique, 36, 40, 51, 69Mugabe, Robert, 37, 42, 83Mulroney, Brian, 39Mururoa Atoll, 82Muzorewa, Bishop Abel, 36Myanmar (Burma), 76, 157

Namibia, 40, 41, 76Nassau Declaration on World Order

(1985), 86Natal, 11, 39National Curriculum, English, 109Nauru, 77, 119Nehru, Jawaharlal, 14, 20, 34, 48,

49Nepal, 122network NGOs, 144neutrality, Irish, 13New Hebrides, 75New International Economic Order,

95, 116new members, Cameroon and

Mozambique, 56new regionalism, 121, 125New Zealand

Canberra Pact (1944), 121Chogm host, 80, 91C-Mag member, 91, 97COL contribution, 152Commonwealth broadcasting

conference, 168criteria group member, 56, 76Dominion status, 8, 9, 11, 12, 14

260 Index

Governors-General, 49independence of, 2Macmillan’s visit, 72nation, 8NGOs, 64Pacific Islands, 75, 122quits Cabi, 158regional organisations, 121republicans, 55Royal title, 20rugby, 43, 202, 204Secretariat contribution, 129UN founder member, 113women’s franchise, 178, 179

Newfoundland, 1, 11, 13, 78NGOs, 163–210

British liaison unit, 189Commonwealth accreditation, 83definition of, 64, 143, 177First NGO Forum, Harare (1991),

142, 181, 227government relations, 110liaison desk idea, 141, 164liaison unit idea, 142NGO Advisory Committee, 144Second NGO Forum, Wellington

(1995), 143Secretariat NGO Liaison Officer, 84,

142, 163, 206Third NGO Forum, Durban (1999),

145, 146Nibmar, 33, 35, 36Nigeria, 22, 31, 72, 151

human rights abuses, 90military dictatorship, 172return to civilian rule, 98suspension, 2, 91

Niue, 119Nkomo, Joshua, 37Nkrumah, Kwame, 24, 50, 71–2, 74No. 10 Downing Street, 19, 22, 73, 75,

79Non-Aligned Movement, 95, 126non-governmental organisations. See

NGOsNon-Governmental Organisations:

Guidelines For Good Policy andPractice, 143, 176

North American Colonies, 8

North American Free Trade Area(NAFTA), 116, 125

North/South dialogue, 95, 132, 211Northern Cameroons, 76Northern Rhodesia, 32Nova Scotia, 14Nunavut, 165Nyasaland, 32Nyerere Commission on South Co-

operation (1990), 133Nyerere, Julius, 35, 43, 167

Obasanjo, General, 41, 97, 98, 172Obote, Milton, 24, 58Olympic Games, 40, 42, 96open learning, 149Open University, British, 149Orange Free State, 11Organisation of African Unity (OAU),

121Organisation of American States

(OAS), 121Organisation of Commonwealth

Associations (OCA), 170, 227Organisation of East Caribbean States

(OECS), 122Ottawa, 14, 102, 104, 106, 167, 222Oxford History of the British Empire,

198

Pacific Island Producers’ Association,122

Pacific Islands Association of NGOs(Piango), 64

Pacific Islands Forum. See SouthPacific Forum

PakistanCabi membership, 157Dominion, 10, 16hockey, 202military coup (1999), 92, 99, 225Queen’s visit (1997), 2regional organisations, 121republic, 50Royal title, 20Secretariat contribution, 129suspended from councils, 79, 82,

93, 101, 112view on Indian republic, 20

Index 261

Palau, 122Palestine, 12, 32, 70, 76, 77Palestinian Authority, 2, 76Palme Commission on Disarmament

(1982), 133Pan-Commonwealth Forum on Open

Learning, Brunei (1999), 152Pan-Commonwealth professional

associations, 171Papua New Guinea, 75, 137Parliamentary Conferences of Small

States, 166partition of India, 122partition of Ireland, 14Pearson, Lester, 19, 20, 34, 36, 49,

74People’s Commonwealth, 1, 4, 84,

104–5, 163–4, 181, 185, 187,209–10, 227–8

Pindling, Lynden, 42PMMs (Prime Ministers’ Meetings)

(1948), 18, 71(1961), 23(1962), 61, 74(1964 and 1965), 139(1964), 24, 34expansion of, Table, 85Lagos (1966), 35Marlborough House, 94Rhodesian observers (1944–62), 32too large for 10 Downing Street,

61Porritt, Sir Arthur, 49Portuguese revolution (1974), 36Powell, Enoch, 23, 52, 53, 54Prime Ministers’ Meetings (1944–69).

See PMMsPrince Charles, 55, 56, 57, 81, 188Prince Edward, 206Prince of the Commonwealth, 52private business sector, 1, 211, 227,

228private investment, 211, 212prizes for fiction and poetry, 145professional associations, 164professional associations, growth of,

Table, 169–70Professional Centres, 140, 168professional linkages, 140, 142

profit and loss account, 1957, 73public-private partnerships, 1, 91,

211–20

quasi-Dominion, Rhodesia as, 32Queen’s baton relay, Commonwealth

Games, 51

racial descrimination, 26Raj, British, 2, 81, 122Ramphal, Shridath (Sonny), 37, 38,

40, 95, 104, 113, 115–16, 118,132–3, 149–50, 166, 192, 199,204, 211–12, 223, 233

Reddy, G. Ram, 149rediscovery of Commonwealth by

Britain, 101, 215Reeves, Sir Paul, 49Regional Investment Funds, 227regional organisations

and globalisation, 116Commonwealth members in, Table,

123–4NGO colloquia, 118South Asia, 122

Regional Youth Centres, 125, 226Reid, Escott, 140Reinventing the Commonwealth, 3,

102, 110Remote Sensing and Geographical

Information Systems, 214representative legislatures, Indian, 15Republic of Ireland, 14republican constitutions, 17–20

Australian debate, 20Danzig and Lübeck, 19debate about, 17Éire (1937), 13India, 17, 18, 48Transvaal, 18

responsible governmentconventions of, 49definitions of, 15in Dominions, 8Indian demands, 15

restructuring of Secretariat, 134Retreats, 79, 80, 83, 89, 225Rhodes House Library, 198Rhodes Scholarships, 148, 198

262 Index

Rideau Hall, Ottawa, 50Rivonia trials, 40Robben Island, 43Round Table, The, 9, 39, 55, 56, 78,

231Royal Colonial Institute, 187, 189Royal Commonwealth Society (RCS),

24, 59, 102–3, 106, 108, 109, 110,141, 163, 164, 170, 186, 187–9,198, 233

Royal Empire Society, 187Royal title, (1949), 20Royal Titles Bill (1953), 52rugby, 202rule of law, 76, 86, 89, 99, 110, 116,

117, 125, 173, 209, 212, 218, 219,220, 223–4

Rwanda, 2, 76, 77, 82

Samoa, see Western SamoaSandys, Duncan, 34Sauvé, Jeanne, 50Scarlett, Prunella, 109, 200Scholarship and Fellowship Plan

(CSFP), 61Science and Technology Ministers’

meetings, 94Scottish Parliament, 165Scrivener, Sir Thomas, 157Second World War, 3, 10, 14, 22, 32,

39, 41, 49, 69, 70, 121, 156, 179,196, 203

Secretary-General of theCommonwealth

Anyaoku, Emeka, 90in Marlborough House, 129McKinnon, Don, 137, 225press conferences by, 84Ramphal, Shridath (Sonny), 132Smith, Arnold, 16

Senior Officials’ Meetings (SOM), 94separate Crowns, 48Seychelles, 118Sharpeville, 40Sherfield Report, 130, 131, 156Sierra Leone, 74, 95, 97, 98, 101, 225Sight-Savers International, 155, 164,

168, 177Singapore, 26, 121, 152, 217, 224

Sir Robert Menzies Centre forAustralian Studies, 199

Six Principles for Rhodesiansettlement, 36

Small Island Water InformationNetworks (SI-WIN), 214

small states, 76, 90, 118, 221, 223characteristics of, 119populations, table of, 120vulnerability of, 118

Small States Exposition, Vancouver,118

Small States Office for the UN, NewYork, 226

Smaller Territories Committee 1951,72

Smith, Arnold, 16, 25, 32, 35, 58, 103,113, 129–32, 133, 137, 139, 157,166, 194, 211, 232

Smith, Ian, 33, 34, 35, 36Smuts Professorship, Cambridge,

198Smuts, General Jan, 9, 39, 113soccer, 202, 209social welfare, the Foundation and,

142Solomon Islands, 95, 109Somalia, 76, 82Sound Seekers – the Commonwealth

Society for the Deaf, 164, 168,178

South Africa, 38–43arms sales to, 26British attitude, 39C-Mag member, 91, 97Commonwealth broadcasting

conference, 168Dominion status, 9issues at Singapore Chogm, 94nation, 8quits Commonwealth (1961), 23,

74, 79returns to Commonwealth (1994),

42, 69, 90Royal title, 20rugby, 202UN founder member, 113

South African National NGOCoalition (Sangoco), 64, 145

Index 263

South Asia Regional Fund Ltd (SARFCPII), 213

South Asian Association for RegionalCo-operation (Saarc), 122

South Pacific Forum (Pacific IslandsForum), 119, 122

Southern AfricaHIV/AIDS epidemic, 174issues, 31sport, 206

Southern African DevelopmentCommunity (SADC), 122

Southern African Development Co-ordination Conference (SADCC),122

Southern Cameroons, 76Southern Rhodesia, 24, see ZimbabweSouthern Rhodesian constitution

(1961), 33sovereign, independent, republic,

India as, 48Soviet Union, 7, 113sports, 201–10sports boycotts, 31, 40, 96Springbok rugby tour of New Zealand

(1981), 43Springboks, 202, 208Sri Lanka, 95, 122, 225St Kitts, 133St Lucia, 106St Vincent, 115Statehood, 72, 73Status declaration (1926), 11Statute of Westminster (1931), 9,

12–16Steering Committee of

Commonwealth Senior Officials(Scoso), 94, 134

Stent, P. J. H., 17Stephen, Sir Vivian, 50Sterling Area, 211Student mobility, 149Sudan, 21, 22, 72, 76, 82, 196Suez crisis (1956), 22, 72sustainable development, 86, 89, 91,

116, 135, 159, 176, 212, 218, 223,224, 228

Swaziland, 40symbol of free association, 19, 48

Symons Report, 101, 102, 106, 109,186, 196–7, 198, 200, 223

Symons, Professor Tom, 101, 106, 196

Tambo, Oliver, 38Tamil separatism, 95Tanganyika, 74Tanzania, 36, 40Technical Assistance Group, 132, 134,

135technical co-operation between

developing countries (TCDC), 64,132

technology transfer, 212, 213, 215Temple Meads Railway Station,

Commonwealth museum in, 192Ten Wise Men, 95Thatcher, Margaret, 31, 36–9, 41–2,

53, 88, 133, 198, 204, 215The Commonwealth Today, 58Third Commonwealth, 31Thorne, Sir David, 109, 188, 189, 192Tilley, Leonard, 8Tiona Fund Ltd (TIONA CPII), 213Tizard, Dame Cath, 49Tonga, 75Toye, John, 135, 194transfers of power, South Asia, 16Transvaal, 11, 18Treaty of Rome (1957), 22, 121Trend, Sir Burke, 25Trinidad, 8, 24, 74, 159Trudeau, Pierre, 63, 79, 94Tuvalu, 75, 77, 79

UDI, Rhodesia, 32Uganda, 74Ulster, 12UN Membership, Commonwealth

percentage, Table, 114–15under-development, 212Union of South Africa, 11, 32United Nations, 4, 11, 14, 22, 35–6,

40, 42, 74, 75, 79, 85, 95, 97, 98,106, 113–15, 118, 120–1, 124,126, 129, 132, 157, 183, 221, 222

University Colleges of LondonUniversity, 196

264 Index

University of the Commonwealth forCo-operation in DistanceEducation, 148, 153

Unwin, Peter, 105

Vancouver BC, COL venue in, 150Vanuatu, 75Verwoerd, Dr H., 61Victoria (Queen-Empress), 2, 53, 55,

62, 78, 190Victoria League for Commonwealth

Friendship, 188Vippsos, 65, 110, 126, 185, 199, 201,

220, 221, 223, 227, 228Visitor Centre, proposed for

Marlborough House, 222voluntary organisations, 105, 163–84Vulnerability: Small States in the Global

Society, 118Vulnerability II, 119

Wallabies, 202Ward, Sir Joseph, 8Way Ahead, 24, 25, 33, 139, 148Welsh Assembly, 165West African Community, 98West Indies

cricket, 202Federation, 74, 118

West, Katherine, 106–7, 216Western Samoa (Samoa), 74, 75Westminster Abbey for

Commonwealth Day services, 63Williams, Eric, 24Williams, Peter, 183Wilson, Harold, 31, 34, 35, 36, 41, 74,

75, 194Wind of Change, 23, 40, 72, 74Withdrawal from East of Suez, 74women, 88, 90, 95, 116, 178, 224Women’s Affairs Ministers’ meetings,

94, 145World Bank, 4, 94, 120, 135, 152,

219World Trade Organisation (WTO),

121, 126, 228writer’s prizes, 200

Year of the Commonwealth (1997),189

Yemen, 2, 76, 77Youth Affairs Ministers’ meetings, 94,

145, 195

Zambia, 33, 36, 40, 41Zimbabwe, 37, 40, 41, 76, 95, 97Zimbabwe-Rhodesia, 36, 38Zimmern, Alfred, 9

Index 265