,, y^C s i r PHAM T P H 6 CHi MINH HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION ^^ ..HOA HOC JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

ISSN: KHOA HOC XA HOl VA N H A N VAN SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES 1859-3100 Tap 16, So 5 (2019). 5-18 Vol. 16, No. 5 (2019): 5-18

Email: tapchikhoahoc@hcmue edu.vn; Website: http:/Ackh.hcmue.edu.vn

LICH SU TAY HA VA TIEU THUYET BON HOANG CUA INOUE YASUSHI Phan Thu Van

Truimg Dai hoc Sirplmm Thdnh pho Ho Chi Minh

Tdc gid lien he: Phan Thu Van ~ Email: vanplh(^hcmue.edu vn

Ngay nh$n bAi: 21-3-2019. ng^ynhan bii su'a 29-3-2019; ngay duyet dang. 20-4-2019

TOM TAT

Bdi viet gidi thieu lick sir Tay Ha vd tim hieu nguyen nhdn tieu thuyet lich sic Ddn Hoang (Tonka - 1959) cua Inoue Yasushi duoc xdy dung tren bdi cdnh cua mdt quoc gia timg bi lang quen trong lich sir.

Tu khoa: Inoue Yasushi, Don Hoang, tieu thuyet lich su, lich sii Tay Ha.

1. Md-aSu Thdi ki nha Tdng, d vimg Tay Bac Trung Qudc cd mdt vuong trieu dac biet, tu xung

la nude Dai Ha, dan tdc chu yeu la Dang Hang; thdi Bac Tdng tung ddi phd vdi Bac Tdng va Lieu, thdi Nam Tdng cung xung hung vdi Nam Tdng va Kim. Dai Ha cd tdng cdng mudi ddi vua, tdn tai 190 nam (1038-^1227), cudi cung bi diet vong dudi tay Mdng Cd. Van tu cua ho trd thanh tu ngii, sach vd dien tich bi mai mot, lich su van hda Tay Ha ciing mo hd khdng ro, dan tdc Tay Ha da hda chung vao ddng chay Idn ciia Trung Hoa. Ngudi sau ggi dd la vuong trieu than bi. Vi vu'ong trieu nay khdng luu lai sii' lieu, nen de nghien cuu lich su cua hp, phai hoan toan dua vao cac ghi chep ciia Trung Hoa cd dai, ngudi Trung Hoa gpi nude Ha nam phia Tay nay la Tay Ha. Gan tam the ki sau khi vuong trieu Tay Ha diet vong, nha van Nhat Ban tioue Yasushi' da tai hien lai lich su Tay Ha, dac biet la siic hut cua chii vidt Tay Ha, qua tac pham Ddn Hoang (1959). Cd the ndi, sir ra ddi cua cudn tieu thuyet lich su Bdn Hoang da gay kinh ngac khdng chi tren van dan Nhat Ban, ma cdn ca tren van dan Trung Qudc. Trung Qudc, mdt qudc gia giau truyen thdng su hpc, say me nghien ciiu ddn ngpn ngudn ciia mgi van de, bang hoang khi nhan ra mdt Id hdng Ion trong lich su nghien ciiu nude nha: tai thdi diem ay, Tay Ha da trd thanh Ninh Ha, ciing mgt ph4n Tan Cuong, mdt phSn Thanh Hai, mdt phan Ndi Mdng Cd, deu thugc lanh thd Trung Qudc, nhung khdng ai bidt gi ve Tay Ha; khdng mgt an pham nao, khdng mgt nghien cicu nao timg dugc thuc hien ve Tay Ha.

' Nhung thong tin ve cuoc doi sir nghiep tac gia Inoue Yasushi da dupe chung loi giai thieu trong hai bai viel Lang lai kl cua Inoue Yasushi: Giac mong Tay vitc tir van hoc den dien anh, Tap chi Nghien cthi Vdn hoc, so 9 (535) ihang 9/2016, tr 115-127, Lich siJ va con ngiroi trong moi s6 tac pham d6 tai lich sir Trung Hoa - Tay vuc ciia Inoue Yasushi. Tap chi Khoa hoc, s6 14(4b),lr.\05-n5.

TAP CHI KHOA HOC - Tru-ong SHSP TPHCM

Ljch sii Tay Ha cd gi dac biet, va vi sao Inoue Yasushi chpn ven buc man lich sir de vi8t cuon tieu thuy8t lich sir de ddi ciia dng? Trong bai viet nay, chiing tdi cd gang tra Idi cau hdi dd. 2. Tac pham Don Hoang

Ban diu, Ddn Hoang ( {($X')^^)) Tonko) dugc dang thanh nhi^u ki tren tap chi Q^i^n tugng {{^i§)) tir thang 1 ddn thang 5 nam Chieu Hda thii' 34 (1959), bd tidu thuyet vdi cau chuyen ki la xay ra tren con dudng ta lua phia Tay dat nude Trung Hoa xa xdi da nhanh chdng trd nen ndi nhu cdn tai Nhat Ban.

Ddn Hoang nam phia Tay tinh Cam Tiic, gidng nhu Lau Lan thdi cd dai, la mot dd thi cd day ma luc nhu mgt cau dd khdng Idi giai. Ddn Hoang la noi bat dau cua con ducmg to lua thdi cd dai, la trung tam giao luu van hda giua Trung nguyen va Tay vuc, ddng thdi ciing la dia diem ddng quan, niit th5t kinh te va giao thdng trpng yeu. Lich sir quan the hang Mac Cao Ddn Hoang vdn la mdt bd tidu thuyet ki bi dupe vi6t bdi thdi gian. Den luat Inoue Yasushi, dng thdng qua ba nhan vat hu cau: "than bao hg van hda" Trieu Hanh Due, "tudng quan anh diing" Chu Vuong Le va "nd le ciia tai san" Uy Tri Quang, xen ke giiia nhieu nhan vat lich six cd that, dS co gang thu giai thich Ii do tdn tai cita hang tram hang dgng Mac Cao, vdi vd sd bich hga va dieu khac Phat giao, hang loat cac loai cd vat ciing nhu bat ngan kinh van chat chiia ben trong.

Ti8u thuy8t bat dau b^ng viec Trieu Hanh Diic tir ndng thdn Hd Nam di den thu do Khai Phong ciia nha Tdng, khdng ngd trudc ki thi dien d Khai Phong, vi ngii quen ma 15 mat gid thi. Sau do, tinh cd, chang ciiu mgt cd gai Tay Ha suyt bi sat hai. Tiep xiic vdi tidng Tay Ha, Trieu Hanh Diic bit dau bi cudn hiit bdi ngdn ngii nay, chang quyet tam den Tay Ha. Tren dudng di, chang tham gia mgt dgi quan ngudi Han do Chu Vuong Le dan dau, dugc Chu Vuong Le trgng dung. Tren chien trudng, chang lai ciru dugc con gai vuong tdn cua tdc Hdi Hot, hai ben nay sinh tinh cam. Trieu Hanh Diic vi mudn tdi dd thanh Hung Khanh ciia Tay Ha de hgc chir, ben nhd Chu Vuong Le cham sdc ngudi yeu, khdng ngd Ly Nguyen Hao cua Tay Ha lai cudp nang lam thiep. Ve sau, quan chua Hdi Hot nhay xudng tucmg thanh tu sat. Trieu Hanh Diic biet tin du, vd cimg dau ddn. Tir do trd di, chang chuyen tam nghien cim kinh Phat. Trong chien tranh, Trieu Hanh Diic ket giao vdi Uy Tri Quang, mpt thuang nhan luu manh chi biet tu loi. Gia tdc ciia Uy Tri Quang vdn timg gdp phan vao viec tac cac Phat dgng Mac Cao, nen Uy Tri Quang rat thdng thao cac hang ddng nay, mudn dem tai san cua minh giau vao do de tranh chien loan. Trieu Hanh Diic Igi dung co hdi, lira dugc ga gian thirong, dua rat nhieu kinh Phat den cat giau d cac hang ddng niii Minh Sa. Cuoi cimg, Chu Vuong Le, Uy Tri Quang dSu chet, kinh Phat bi viii lap trong ddng khdng ai hay biet, mai den cudi ddi Thanh mdi dugc Vuong dao sT phat hien. Tir do, di san Ddn Hoang b^t dau budc ra the gidi.

TriFd-ng DHSP TPHCM Phan Thu Van

Sau khi tac phdm dugc in trgn ven va trd thanh mdt trong nhiing best seller tai thdi diem dd, sd du khach Nhat Ban ddn Trung Qudc du lich tang vpt. Ddn Hoang va Lau Lan da ciing doat giai thucrng nghe thuat ciia Mainichi nam 1960. 3. Lich su- Tay Ha - nhihig trang su- bi lang quen

Tay Ha dupe thanh lap bdi mgt tdc ngudi chinh, lich su ggi la ngudi Dang Hang ( ^ l l Dangxiang). Ngudi Dang Hang thupc dan tgc Khuong^. Trong Tam qudc dien nghia, cac anh hiing thugc tdc Khuong deu vd ciing vii diing, chang han nhu Ma Sieu, Lu Bd, Khu'ong Duy...

Khdng ai biet dan tdc nay ra ddi tir bao gid. Lich sir chi bat dau cd nhimg ghi chep tii' the ki thii nhat va thii hai sau cdng nguyen, khi tdc ngudi Tien Ti (|,¥-^ Xianbei) tii' vimg Dai Hung An LTnh xa xdi chuyen den noi sinh sdng ciia tgc Dang Hang d ven hd Thanh Hai, dan trd nen himg manh, thanh lap de qudc Thd Due Hdn, khdng ngirng xung dot vdi Dang Hang. Ngudi Dang Hang phai ddi mat vdi quyet dinh khd khan: hoac quy phuc nude Ion, hoac rdi bd manh dat hg da cam re hang tram nam de di tim su sdng mdi. Day la budc ngoat dau tien trong lich sir dan tdc nay. Mgt bd phan ngudi Dang Hang chpn each d lai nuong nho Thd Due Hdn, hp da nhanh chdng bi hda tan vao dan tgc Idn hon, klidng cdn tim thay dau vet. Nhiing ngudi khac quyet dinh di cu ve phia Dong Nam.

Sau Tien Ti, dan tdc Thd Phdn ( i t ^ Tubo) ndi len nhu mdt the luc mdi d cao nguyen Thanh Tang. Trong khoang thai gian it nhat mgt the ki, dan tdc Dang Hang nhd be hi kep giira hai the lire Thd Due Hdn va Thd Phdn, nhimg ngang nganh chdng giii den cimg.

Nam 618, Trung Qudc mgt lan niia thdng nhat sau bdn tram nam chia cat va chien loan. De qudc Dai Dudng hien ra Ion manh huy hoang chua timg cd trong lich su. Dd ciing la thdi diem ma Thd Phdn hung manh nhat, khdng ngimg banh truang ve phia Ddng. Dang Hang tiep tuc bi kep giiia Thd Phdn va Dai Duong.

Nam 626, hoang de thii hai cua Dai Dudng la Ly The Dan chieu cao thien ha: "Tu cd giai quy Trung Hoa, tien di dich, tram ddc ai chi nhu nhat. {"'^'^^^P.^MBMi'k, fl)^^S:5:$[]—"), nghia la: "Xua nay, (cac ddi vua trudc) dSu trgng Trung Hoa ma khinh thudng cac dan tdc nhd xung quanh, rieng tram yeu quy tat ca nhu nhau". Ly The Dan la vi vua d4u tien trong lich sit Trung Qudc cd kha nang dat ngudi Han d vi tri binh dang vdi cac dan tdc khac. Cac dan tdc thieu sd xung quanh lan lugt quy phuc nha Duong.

^ Khuong ( T ^ ten goi chung cua tren 100 bo lac khac nhau s6ng a phfa BJc Trung Nguyen thm co dai, giua ho co mot lien k a long leo, khong quy phuc lin nhau hay mot thS luc nao.

TAP CHi KHOA HOC - Truong BHSP TPHCM

Nam 638, thu ITnh Thac Bat Xich Tir ( K j t ^ ^ Tuoba Chici) cua bd lac Thac Bat' dai dien xin quy phuc. Ly The Dan sac phong Thac Bat Xich Tir lam Dd Ddc"*, ddng thdi ban cho hg Ly.

Nam 663, Thd Phdn diet vuong trieu Thd Due Hon, muc tieu tidp theo chinh la Dang Hang. Ngudi Dang Hang lai diing tnrdc sir lira chpn: d lai dS hi Thd Phdn chinh phuc, nhap vao thanh mgt nhanh thieu sd ciia Thd Phdn, hoac ddi d6n vi tri gSn Dai Dudng hon de dugc bao ve. Hg chgn Dai Dudng. De qudc Dai Dudng phan cho dan tdc Dang Hang mgt viing dat mdi Khanh Chau , each kinh dd Trudng An khdng xa. Ngudi Dang Hang tiep tuc van hda du muc, nhung ddng thdi ciing hgc nghe ndng, bat dau trdng trot canh tac. Trong hai tram nam tiep theo, hg khdng ngimg hpc tap van minh Dai Dudng, trd nen ngay cang Idn manh.

Cudi thd ki thii IX, nha Ducmg bat dau suy thoai. Bku nam 881, khdi nghTa Hoang Sao danh vao thanh Trudng An, hoang de Dai Dudng bd chay. Thii ITnh Dang Hang bay gid la Thac Bat Tu Cung ( •HUJt, . Tuoba Sigong) da mang quan dpi ciia minh din quyet chien, giup Dai Dudng thu lai Trudng An. De tra cm, Dudng Hi Tdng phong Thac Bat Tu Cung lam Tiet Dp Sii cai quan bdn chau d bien cuong phia Bac cua de qudc, phong cho quan dpi ciia hg lam Dinh Nan quan. Sau Ly The Dan, Dudng Hi Tdng la vi vua tiep theo da ban hg Ly cho quy tdc Dang Hang. Tir dd trd di, hp Thac Bat cua ngudi Dang Hang deu chuyen thanh hg Ly.

Nam 960, de qudc nha Tdng dugc dung nen. Bay gid, ngudi Khiet Dan phucmg Bac da lap nen de qudc Lieu himg manh. Ngudi Dang Hang chiem giir mpt dien tich lanh thd Icm d Tay Bac, nhung lai mdt lan niia nam kep giira hai nude Idn.

Nam 981, viec quy tdc Dang Hang vi tranh quyen doat Igi ma td cao lan nhau da giup Tdng Thai Tdng cd Ii do ban chieu thu lenh cho ngudi Dang Hang rdi khdi Ha Chau, dua toan bd dan tdc minh ve Bien Luong, tra quyen quan Ii Ha Chau ve lai cho trieu dinh. The nhung, mdt quy tdc Tay Ha la Ly Ke Thien {^MM Li Jiquan), em hg dai thii ITnh Thac Bat, tir chdi rdi di. 6ng dua gia quyen trdn trong sa mac Mu Us phia hkc Ha Chau, tap hgp luc lugng, nhieu nam lien dau tranh vdi Dai Tdng tren cac mat tran kinh tl, quan su, ngoai giao... de ddi lai quyen sd hiiu Ha Chau - manh dat da dugc danh ddi bang mau

Y nglna ciia Thac Bat (ISft Tuoba, Tabghach) la "viing dat cao". Nguai bo lae nay sinh Iruong tren vung cao cua cao nguyen, dan Iro thanh hat nhan, nitnig cot cua toan bo toe ngiroi Dang Hang.

Chiic Do Doc trong thai dai nha Duong la chiic quan quan chinh cao nhat, cao hon nhieu so voi chuc Tri Chau, nhung doi vcri ngiroi thuoc dan toe thieu so, thi chirc nay chi co gia iri trong pham vi dan loc do ^ Khanh Chau ^'Nngay nay la Khanh Duong ^ I c i i a linh Cam Tile. " Bao gom Ha Chau, Ngan Chau, Hoan Chau, Hmi Chau (ffil'H ^M ^'N. #J'H). Co thuyit noi ring nguoi Dang Hang duoc phan ca nam chau, gCtm bon chau nay va TTnh Cliau i^Jtl Thac Bat Tu Cung da mo rong khong gian phat tri€n cho nguai Dang Hang tii mot goe Dong Nam cua cao nguyen Hoang Tho dan dan vucm sang phia Bac,

Tru-cyng DHSP TPHCM Phan Thu Vdn

cua cha dng thud xua. Tir nam 998, Ly Kd Thien tin cdng Linh Chau . Nam 1002, chiem duac Linh Chau, dng ddi ten nai nay thanh Tay Binh Phii, thiet lap co cau hanh chinh phdng theo each thiic cua nha Dudng. Tiep den, dng tan cdng Luong Chau , nudi tham vgng nam quyen kilm soat hanh lang Ha Tay. Dang tiec rang mdng Idn chua thuc hien, Ly Ke Thien da hi phuc kich trgng thuong, qua ddi tai Lirong Chau khi mdi 41 tudi.

Van menh dan tdc Tay Ha giao phd vao tay con trai cua Ly Ke Thien la Ly Dire Minh ( $ t ^ . ^ Li Deming). Khdng gidng Ly Ke Thien ngang nganh dau dpi trdi chan dap dat, Ly Diic Minh ca ddi an nhan giau minh, than phuc ca Tdng lan Lieu. 6ng chu truong phat trien kinh te, md rdng thuong mai vdi cac dan tdc lang gieng, lam cho dan giau nude manh. Ly Diic Minh chiu anh hudng Idn til' van hda Han. Thdi ki nay, tir dd thanh ddn quan che, tir phuc siic den khi chat, ngudi Dang Hang deu cd gang hgc tap theo md hinh nha Tong.

Sau 24 nam kien nhan dudng sire chd thdi, Ly Diic Minh da dimg len thuc hien nhiing gi cha dng cdn bd dd. Nam 1028, Ly Diic Minh lenh cho con trai minh la Ly Nguyen Hao (^TC^Li Yuanhao) tien danh Cam Chau , mpt dia diem trpng yeu tren con dudng to lua. Nguyen Hao chien thang ngay lan dau ra quan, Ly Diic Minh tuyen bd Nguyen Hao se la ngudi ke vi. Tiep dd, Nguyen Hao quay lai tan cong Luong Chau, danh bai Thd Phdn gianh lay ngdi thanh nay. Dat cua ngudi Dang Hang dugc md rgng tir cao nguyen Hoang Thd sang den hanh lang Ha Tay.

Nam 1032, Tdng va Lieu gan nhu cimg liic sac phong Ly Diic Minh lam Ha Qudc Vuong. Ciing trong nam nay, Ly Diic Minh hi benh tir tran, Nguyen Hao ke vi lam vua nude Ha. Nguyen Hao vira len ngdi da lap tiic ra ba menh lenh lam rung chuyen qudc gia: 1) Trong vdng ba ngay, tat ca nam gidi thanh nien ciia Dang Hang deu phai cao dau; 2) Hoang tdc Thac Bat tir bd hg Ly do nha Dudng ban va hp Trieu do nha Tdng ban, ddi thanh hp Ngdi Danh ( ^ ^ Weiming); 3) Thiet ke lai trang phuc ciia ba quan van vo.

' Lmh Chau ^ H nay la thanh pho Lmh Vu M^thuoc kliu tir tri Hoi toe Ninh Ha WS. Tir khi viec thong thucmg bat dau tren con ducmg to lua, Linh Chau luon la diem giao thong quan trong ket noi giua Trung Nguyen va khu vuc phia Tay Bac. Thoi Duong, Lmh Chau duoc xung tung la "Giang Nam d bien thiiy", dat dai mau ma, nong nghiep phat trien, vira la diem quan su trong yeu, vira la nai phat trien ve van hoa Thai ki loan An Lpc San, Duong Tuc Tong Ly Hanh da dang CO tai Linh Chau, bat dau cong cupc phuc hung Dai Duong, Thai Tong, Linh Chau la cii diem chien luac, " Luong Chau ;#linay la thanh pho Vii Uy fitScthuoc tinh Cam Tiic "B^ mot dia diem noi danh tren con duong to lua. '' Cam ChauttlH nay la mot huyen thuoc ihanh ph5 Truong Dich^g^ linh Cam Tuc'HIBi Trung Qu6c V6n ten la Tay Luong ChauSslH dSn nam thii ba Phe D€ doi Tay Nguy (554) doi ihanh Cam Chau, doi Tiiy d6i Oianh huyen Tnrong Dich DSn doi Duong, noi nay rai vao tay Th6 Ph6n, r6i bi H5i Hot chi6m lai, Doi T6ng, Tay Ha chi4m ITnh va d5i ten thanh Tuyen Hoa PhiilHtJf?. Sau khi de qu6c Mong C6 diet Tay Ha, lai d6i l i Ihanh Cam Chau Dfin nam 1985, dSi lai thanh thanh pho Truong Dich,

TAP CHl KHOA HOC - Trudng DHSP TPHCM

Ba menh lenh ciia dng deu nham vao mdt muc tieu: thay ddi hinh tugng van hda Han nai ngudi Dang Hang, thiet lap mgt hinh tugng mdi mang tinh dan tgc. Ddi vdi Nguyen Hao, ngudi Dang Hang vira phai hoc tap van hda Han, vira phai bao ve va phat huy truyen thong van hda dan tgc. Ha Canli Tdng Ly Nguyen Hao tu ddi ten thanh Ngdi Danh Nang Tieu ( ^ ^ ftff Weiming Nangxiao) lay hieu la Ngdt Thdt'".

Tir nam 1032 den 1036, Nguyen Hao tap trung vao ba viec: 1) Thiic day sang tao, truyen ba va phd cap chii Tay Ha; 2) Md rdng va xay dung lai Hung Chau theo md hinh hpc hdi tir Trudng An va Bien Luong, tao nen mdt do thanh nguy nga, ddi ten thanh Hung Khanh Phu; 3) DSn nude sdng Hoang Ha vao cac viing dat cd the trong trgt dugc, hoan thien he thdng thuy Igi tudi tieu cho ddng mgng d Hung Khanh Phii. Sau khi ba viec Idn hoan thanh, nam 1936, Nguyen Hao dan quan danh Qua Chau", tiep den thdn tinh Sa Chau'^, rdi quay lai chilm ITnh Tiic Chau'^ Sau no luc cua hon hai thi he, cudi cimg ngudi Dang Hang ciing da thanh cdng, nam trgn hanh lang Ha Tay trong tay. Ngay 11 thang 10 am lich nam 1038, Nguyen Hao tu xung hoang de, lay qudc hieu la Dai Bach Cao qudc.

Nguyen Hao la mdt thien tai v'e quan sir, danh dau thang day. Tuy vay, trong cugc sdng rieng tu, dng cd phSn budng tudng, tu cao tu dai, ham me mT nii. Nam 1947, viec Nguyen Hao cudp Mgt Tang Thi (i'^sicft Mozang shi) vdn la vg ciia con trai vl phong lam hoang hau da khien phu tir tuang tan, hoang de Nguyen Hao chet dudi tay thai tir Ninh Lenh Ca ( ^ ^ ^ Nmgling ge) nam dng mdi 46 tudi. Ninh Linh Ca sau do ciing bi bat va xu tdi chet.

Con trai Mdt Tang Thi la Lugng To (iMffi Liangzuo) bay gid mdi 1 tudi dupe lap lam hoang de, quyen hanh nam trong tay Mdt Tang Thi va anh trai Mdt Tang Ngoa Bang {f^M^tJU Mozang Epang). Lupng To chinh thii'c doat lai quyen hanh nam 15 tudi, den nam 21 tudi bi benh qua ddi, hoang hau hp Luong (^' Liang) dua con nhd len ngdi, nam quyen nhiep chinh va phong em trai minh lam tudng qudc. Thdi ki Luong thai hau nam chinh quyen d Tay Ha, nham loi keo quy tdc Dang Hang, ba da nd luc truyen ba van hda cua ngudi Dang Hang, nhung con trai ba la Ha Hue Tdng Binh Thudng (M'M Bingchang) lai chi yeu thich van hda Nho giao, Khi hoang de Binh Thudng tuyen bd phe bd le nghi Dang Hang, thirc hien le nghi ciia van hda Han, thai hau da vd cimg ndi gian. Ba nSm thirc quyen, nen ra lenh tdng giam hoang de. Su tranh gianh quyen lire giira hau eung va trieu dinh trd thanh cugc chien giua van hda Han va van hda Dang Hang. Nam 1081, Tdng Than

'" Ngot Th6t hay 6 Thot (Jl^Wuzu), trong tieng Dang Hang nghia la Thien tir. " Qua Chau jSii^ nay la mot huyen thuoc thanh ph6 Tmi Tuy^n i ^ tinh Cam Tiic '^M, Trung Quoc ' Sa Chau i'jfM nay la thanh ph6 Don Hoang filtg tinh Cam Tiic " M Trung Qu6c. ' Tuc Chau ftlH timg la thanh noi tiing tren con ducmg to lua, nay la mot khu thuoc thanh pho Tiru TuySn i^ Cam Tiic "HB; Tning Quoc. Noi nay duoc thilt lap quan huyen tir thdi Tay Han, den nay da hon 2100 nam lich sir

Tru-o-ng DHSP TPHCM Phan Thu Van

Tdng ISy danh nghTa ciiu hoang dl Tay Ha, phat ddng mgt chien tranh Idn chua timg cd. Dudi sir chi dao cua Luong thai hau, ngudi dan Tay Ha bat ke nam nii deu tdng quan danh giac. Quan Tay Ha toan thing. Chiln tranh kit thiic, Luong thai hau phuc vi cho con trai, ddng thdi lap chau gai minh lam hoang hau de tiep tuc nam quyen. Hoang de Binh Thudng ciing mat sdm, Ha Siing Tdng Can Thuan (^I'll Qianshun) len ngdi tudi cdn nhd, quyen lire lai ve tay chau gai Luong thai hau, sir sach ggi la Tieu Luang thai hau. Tieu Luong thai hau nam quyen sudt 13 nam, phat dgng hang chuc cupc chien vdi Tdng va Lieu. Sir ngdng cudng ngao man cua ba khien nha Lieu ndi gian, lenh cho sii than bd ddc vao rugn dang cho Tieu Luong thai hau, hai chet ba.

Nhu vay, sau khi Nguyen Hao chet, trong vong hon nam muoi nam, Tay Ha cd den ba lan mau hau nhiep chinh, ngoai thich chuyen quyen. Phu nir Tay Ha ndi tieng xinh dep, lai dung cam thien chien, cd tai quan sir va tai tri qudc nhu nam gidi. Phap luat Tay Ha ciing quy dinh phu nii Tay Ha cd nhieu quyen loi gidng nhu nam gidi, tham chi vupl: ca nam gidi, dac biet trong tu do yeu duong va tu do quylt dinh hanh phiic gia dinh. Mgt so nha nghien ciiu da chi ra rang nguyen mau tren thue te ciia Tay Luong nii qudc (M^'^H!) ma Ngd Thira An raieu ta trong Tay du ki cd the chinh la Tay Ha trong thdi ki tri vi ciia hai vi Luong thai hau.

Nam 1139, Ha Nhan Tdng Nhan Hieu ('fH^Renxiao) ke thira ngdi vi, day la hoang de Tay Ha tai vi thdi gian dai nhat, 54 nam. Liic bay gid nha Tdng da phai ddi ve phuong nam, trd thanh Nam Tdng; nude Lieu diet vong, nude Kim dang ndi len. Nd lyc cua cac vi vua ddi tnrdc da giiip Tay Ha tao duac the chan vac vdi Tdng va Kim, tir do cham diit can qua. Ly Nhan Hieu ca ddi trung thanh vdi van hda Nho gia, diing tu tudng Nho gia de dn dinh xa hdi. Tay Ha bat dau thdi ki thai binh thinh tri, phat trien van hda, nhung ddng thdi ciing budc vao thdi ki trgng van khinh vd, qui tdc an choi hudng lac, phan hda giau ngheo cang liic cang rd net. Ben canh Nho gia, Phat giao Tay Ha ciing ngay mdt phat trien, tang lop tang Itr cd the luc va dirge trpng vpng trong xa hdi

Nam 1195, Ha Nhan Tdng mat, con dng la Thuan Him ke vi, trd thanh Ha Hoan Tdng. Thuan Huu nhan tir can kiem, biet each tri nude, nhung khdng ngd sau mudi nam tai vi, Thuin Huu lai bi anh em hp la An Toan (^:^Anquan) soan ngdi. Tir sau cugc chinh bien, Tay Ha bat dau di vao giai doan hau ki. Sau khi An Toan bi phe tniat, Tay Ha cdn trai qua ba ddi vua niia la Tuan Hue (MM Zunxu), Dii'c Vugng (t^0£ Dewang) va Hien (RMxian), nhung khdng cd nhieu tu lieu ghi chep ve ba ddi vua cudi cimg nay.

'' Tay Ha tir khi lap quoc da bit d3u siing bai Phat giao Han truySn. Thai ki Dire Minh, nguoi Dang Hang nhi^u \in phai nguai dSn Dai Tong hoc van hoa Phat giao Nguy£n Hao ciJng tiing phai rieng sii doan dSn Dai T6ng thinh kinh Phat, ngoai ra con xay dimg Ngu Dai son tu nim giira Ha Lan son DSn dai Nhan Hidu, van hoa Phai giao o Tay Ha dSn thinh hanh, roi tro thanh qu6c giao.

TAP CHi KHOA HOC - Tru-dng DHSP TPHCM

Nam 1205, quan Mdng Cd va quan Tay Ha chinh thiic ddi dau lan dau tien. Nam 1206, cac bd lac d Mdng Cd cung tdn Thiet Mdc Chan lam thu ITnh, tdn hieu la Thanh Cat Tu Han. Miia thu nam 1207, quan Mdng Cd tan cdng vao can cii quan su phia bac cita Tay Ha. Tir do trd di, cugc ddi dau giiia Mdng Cd va Tay Ha keo dai sudt hai muai nam.

Thanh Cat Tu Han danh Tdng 40 nam, nha Tdng sup dd. Thanh Cat Tu Han danh Kim 10 nam, nha Kim sup dd. Thanh Cat Tu Han danh Tay Ha 20 nam, vdi 6 chien djch Idn, Tay Ha sup dd, nhung thii ITnh Thanh Cat Tu Han cung dot ngdt qua ddi ngay tren chien trudng Tay Ha trong nhung gid phiit quyet dinh cudi ciing.

Hau due Thanh Cat Tu Han da chpn cai tri tren dat nha Tong, giii lai toan bg lich sir van hda ciia nha Tdng, sau dd con viet su cho ca Lieu, Kim, chi rieng su Tay Ha khdng he dugc viet lai, ma toan bd lich sii van hda cua Tay Ha bi nha Nguyen cudp bdc va pha huy. Til' ddi Nguyen ve sau, dat nude nay khdng cdn dupe nhac den, ehim khuat trong lich sir, trd thanh mdt qudc gia than bi. (Tran Hai Ba, 2016, tn204) 4. Cach "miroTi sua ndi nay" trong tieu thuyet lich su- cua Inoue Yasushi

Nhiing hieu biet ciia the gidi hien dai ve van minh Tay Ha mdi chi bat dau tir nam 1909, sau cugc tham hiem ciia ngudi Nga tai thanh Khara-Khoto'^, va thuc sir di vao quy cu tai Trung Qudc tir nhiing nam 70 cua the ki XX. Trong khi do, tac pham Ddn Hoang cua Inoue Yasushi viet ve nen van minh Tay Ha, ciing nhu tac pham Ldu Lan, hoan thanh tir cam hiing vdi cac qudc gia Tay vuc, da dugc thuc hien tir nhung nam 50 ciia the ki XX, chiia nhieu tu lieu hch su dang tin cay, dac biet ve mat van hda xa hdi. Dieu nay cho thay su cap nhat trong thdng tin, su ddi dao ve tu lieu cung nhu su tinh te va can trgng trong nghien cii'u lich su cua rapt nha van Nhat Ban.

Tay Ha la mdt dan tdc nhd, vdi nhieu thdi ki lieh sir ludn nam trong tinh the bi kep giira hai nude Idn, vide quyet dinh dudng di cua dan tdc vao mdi thdi diem deu anh hudng sau sac den van menh lich sir hang tram nam sau ciia dan tgc. Bai hgc lich sir tir Tay Ha cd the khoi ggi cam himg va nhiing suy nghT sau xa hon cho bat ki qude gia hay dan tdc nao tren the gidi, Inoue Yashushi dudng nhu da tap trung xay dimg mdt Tay Ha xua de thdi hdn Nhat Ban nay. Neu dya tren cii lieu lich sir, ta cd the thay nhieu diem tuong ddng giiia Tay Ha vaNhat Ban:

1 Tay Ha nuong nhd dat dai cua nha Dudng va hgc hdi van minh Dudng Tdng, nhung khdng mat di ban sac dan tgc, Nhat Ban ciing la mdt dan tdc timg hpc hdi rSt nhilu tir van hda nha Dudng, nhung van the hien dupe ban sac rieng, tham chi cdn phat trien vugt bac tren nen tang vdn cd.

' Nha tham hiem Piotr Kozlov trong khoang ihoi gian 1907-1909 da kham pha ra di tich tiianh c6 Khara-Kholo, tiic thanh Hac Thiiy, thanh pho ciia Tay Habi phahiiy vao nam 1372 thoi nha Minh. 6ng da mit nhieu nam iroi 6& khai quat va mang vc St. Petersburg rat nhieu van vat ciing nhu sach va viet bang tieng Tay Ha Kozlov da mieu ta phat hien ciia ong trong tac pham Mong Cd vdAmdo vangoi tir thanh Khara-Khoto (Mongolia and Amdo and the Dead City of Khara-Khoio-192'i) Ong duoc nhan duac nhieu giai thucmg cho phat hien quan trong ciia minh.

Tru-dng DHSP TPHCM Phan Thu Van

2. Kinh dd Hung Khanh eua Tay Ha dugc xay dyng dua tren viec hpc hoi ap dung rao hinh kiln tnic Trudng An. Hai kinh dd Nara va Kyoto cua Nhat Ban cung vay.

3. Chu Tay Ha dugc hinh thanh dua tren chir Han, gidng nhu chii Nhat Ban dugc tao nen tren nen tang cac net chii Han.

4. Ngudi Tay Ha hgc hdi van hda bang each dich thuat va thyc hanh. Tinh than hpc hdi va thuc dung nay rat gidng vdi tinh than hpc hdi va thyc dung ciia ngudi Nhat Ban.

5. Ngudi Tay Ha yeu ty do, yeu thien nhien, diing cam quat cudng, khdng chiu liii budc, khi can thilt sEn sang coi cai chet nhe tua long hdng... Nhiing pham chat nay rat gan gui vdi tam hdn Nhat Ban. Mdi ngudi Tay Ha, dii nam hay nir, deu la radt chien binh. Tinh thSn chien binh nay ciing rat dugc nguong md d Nhat Ban.

6. Tay Ha la rapt dan tdc du muc ma lai tdn thd Khdng tii, mdt dan tdc Idn len tren lung ngua nhung lai nuong tua van hda Nho gia, mdt dan tdc thien chien va ludn san sang quyet tii song lai siing thupng Phat giao. Day la mdt dan tdc day mau thuan, tham chi ddi chd cue doan; nhung chinh su mau thuan va cue doan nay lai rat gan gui vdi mdt mat tinh each nao do cita ngudi Nhat Ban.

7. Ngudi Tay Ha hpc hdi Nho giao va Phat giao tir Trung Qudc, ap dung triet ly Nho giao trong viec xay dyng bg may hanh chinh va giii ki cuong trieu dinh, ddng thdi simg bai dao Phat trong ddi sdng van hda. Nhiing diem nay cd phan tuong ddng vdi Nhat Ban.

8. Giai doan lich sii Tay Ha ma Inoue Yasushi lua chpn de tap trung xay dyng tieu thuylt cua minh la giai doan cudi thdi Ly Dire Minh, dau thai Ly Nguyen Hao. Day la giai doan dyng nude, the hien rd khi phach dan tdc, ciing nhu khat vpng xay dung ban sac rieng cho dan tdc Tay Ha, qua do cung an chiia khat vpng va nhirng suy nghT cua Inoue Yasushi ve nude Nhat trong giai doan tai xay dyng dat nude sau chien tranh.

Qua tac phdm Ddn Hodng, cd the thay van de khoi ggi mdi quan tam hang dau ddi vdi Tay Ha ciia Inoue Yasushi chinh la van hr. Van ty la tieu chi quan trgng dl do su phat triln cua van minh, ddng thdi ciing the hien sy tdn nghiem ciia mdt nen van hda.

Mdt chinh quyin mudn dugc cdng nhan, dupe coi trgng, nhat dinh phai cd ehu vilt rieng ciia minh. Nam 1036, Da Lgi Nhan Vinh'*' nhan chi thi cua Ly Nguyen Hao, sang tao van ty Tay Ha. Nhin ra cac nude xung quanh, khdng chi Tdng va Lieu cd chu viet rieng, ma den Thd Phdn, Hdi Hot la cac chinh quyen dan tdc thieu sd eung cd chii viet, nen Nguyen Hao y thiic sau sac rang mudn tao nen mdt trieu dai, xay dimg mdt qudc gia, mudn lam hoang de ciia qudc gia do, trudc tien phai tao lap dugc mdt nen tang vung chac ve van hda, ma nen tang nay khdng the chi dua tren sy vay mugn tir van hda Han. Ong ciing Da Lai Nhan Vinh da diing bdn nam, tir 1032 din 1036, d^ sang tao ra mdt loai van ty hoan

'' Da Loi Nhan Vinh |^il_5R(? - 1942) irijng ihSn khai qufic ciia nha Ha, tuong truydn la nguoi da tao ra chij Tay Ha

TAP CHI KHOA HOC - Tru-dng DHSP TPHCM .

toan mdi. Cudi cimg, hp da sang tao ra rapt he thdng gan sau ngan chii Tay Ha^ , lap thanh

mudi hai quyen qudc sach ban hanh trong ca nude. He thdng chii viet nay tir khi sang tao

ra, den luc thuc day viec truyen ba khap ca nude, den liic chinh thuc sir dung trong phani vi

qudc gia, chi vdn ven khoang thdi gian rat ngan ngiii. Day la mdt ki tich trong lich sii "^'^

hda the gidi.

Chii Tay Ha md phdng chu Han, song khdng mdt chii Tay Ha nao gidng vdi chii

Han. Tuy vay, du ve mat binh thiie ed khac, cau tao chii van dua tren quy t ic gidng het nhu

chii Han (tugng hinh, hdi y...). Ngudi Han vdn coi thudng eac dan tdc nhd be xung quann

minh, tham chi coi thudng ca van hda cua hp, sy coi thudng ay dugc the hien ro trong tac

pham Ddn Hodng:

Horn sau, Trieu Hanh Diic hoi tham dugc vi lao nhan kia la quan bo Lc, ben co y vao

nha mon de bai vpng. Dieu ki qua! la sy dau ddn vi bo Id dien thi da hoan toan tan bien trong

long chang. Hanh E)uc den xin gap ba lan mdi duoc cho vao. Chang dua tam vai ra cho ong

xem, xin ong doc giup. The nhung, ong chi ciii xudng cam mat nhin cham cham vao tam vai

mai khong ngang d§u len. Hanh E>iic giai thich ve lai lich ciia xkm vai, khi ay ong quan gia

mdi rdi mit khoi no: "Ta chua bao gid nbin thay loai van tu nay. Chir Khiet Dan va chu Hoi

Hot ta deu biet, nhung lai chua biet rang hoa ra Tay Ha cung co chii viet rieng. Loai chu nay

chic mdi dugc sang tao ra. Day la mpt dang van tu md phong Han van, chang c6 y n ^ a gi

to Idn lam."

Hanh Diic ben noi: "Nhimg mot dan toe c6 van tu cua rieng hp thi la mgt viec Idn phi

thudng, chang phai sao? Dpi den khi Tay Ha Idn manh rdi, thi tat ca cac dien tich den tii

phuong Tay di qua Tay Ha tat deu phai dugc dich thanh chii Tay Ha, cii nhu vay, tat ca van

hoa da tung duac truyen ba den Tay Ha ma chua timg dugc tiep nhan, deu se co the cam re

tai Tay Ha."

Vi quan gia tram ngam hoi lau roi noi: "Ta nghi ching can lo lang qua, Tay Ha khdng

den miic Ion manh dugc dau."

"The nhung, \iec co chii viet rieng ching phai the hien Tay Ha nghiem nhien da trd

thanh mgt nuoc Idn roi sao?"

"May nude man di do hcfi ma rgng dugc lanh tho thi lap tiic mudn bat chudc nude

khac de ra ve ra day. Tay Ha c6 gang may ciing chang qua la mpt nhanh cua Iii moi rg, khdng

phai dan toe dac biet uu tu gj."

"Khong phai. Toi cho rang Tay Ha du tiem luc de trd thanh nuac Idn. Chinh nhu Ha

Lirgng timg dii doan, sdm muon ciing se trd thanh noi lo Idn ciia Trung Nguyen." Hanh Diic

dap.

Chang khong he do du khi thdt ra nhung Idi nay. Trong giac ma nai trung dinh

Thucmg Thu tinh, chang timg chi trich su that bai trong chinh sach Tay Ha ciia nha dm

Trong Trung tam nghien ciiu phucmg Dong cua St. Petersburg luu giQ mgt quyen sach rat quan trgng ten la Van Hdi, tii dien chu viet ciia nguoi Dang Hang Cac chuyen gia phat hien Uong Vdn Hdi co hon nam ngan chQ Tay Ha, uong do co khoang 2000 chu thucmg dimg. Ngay nay, cac hoc gia goi loai ehii viSt nay la chii Tay Ha hoac chii Phien.

Tru-dng BHSP TPHCM Phan Thu Van

quy6n. Liic nay day, chang cam thay nhiing Idi noi ra con thuc te va manh me hon khi ay

Chi mgt nguai con gai nai gdc chg ngoai thanh con mang yeu td dii dc giup Tay Ha trd nen

himg manh. Sir tmh tai lanh liing coi cai chet nhe tua long hong mot each dang kinh ngac,

tinh each ay chi e ring khong phai bat nguon tir ca the, giong nhu vang tdi trong ddi mat

nang, sir tram lang diem tTnh coi mgi thii thugc vl sinh menh deu nhe nhu khdng, tat phai bit

nguon til' huyet mach cua dan tgc Tay Ha.

(Inoue, 2015, p.lO-U)

Qua thuc, ngudi Han chua bao gid cd y thiic hpc hdi hay lu-u giu' nhii-ng vin d l lien

quan den chu Tay Ha. Tdng sir - Hq qudc truyen ( ( ( ^ !>fe — M1111$)) ) ghi chep vl Tay Ha

rat gian luge khai quat, khdng da ddng gi lam den chii Tay Ha. Ngdn ngii nay da thit

truyen dugc gan tam the ki, hau nhu khdng ai cdn biet gi ve nd. Cho d in nay, ngudi cd thi

dgc hieu chii Tay Ha tren toan the gidi chi dem tren diu ngdn tay. Thi nhung, Inoue

Yasushi cung gidng nhu nhan vat Trieu Hanh Diic cua dng, ngay lap tiic da bi chii Tay Ha

hdp hdn. Cd le vi Nhat Ban ciing gidng nhu Tay Ha, da timg xay dyng he thdng chii vilt

cua dan tdc minh tren nen tang chu Han, rdi nhd dich thuat "eac diln tich din tir phuong

Tay" ma dan md mang tu tudng va trd nen Idn manh.

Nhan vat chinh Trieu Hanh Diic trong Ddn Hodng chinh vi long hiiu ki vdi mdt loai

chii viet ki la radi me, ma thuc hien hanh trinh ngan dam sudt nhieu nam liin d l din dugc

thu phu Hung Khanh cua Tay Ha, hgc cho dupe loai chii viet nay. Hanh trinh ciia chang tir

Linh Chau, den Luang Chau, den Cam Chau, Hung Khanh, rdi Qua Chau, Sa Chau (Ddn

Hoang) gan chat cimg eac chang vien chinh cua quan Tay Ha, ddng thdi ciing la hanh trinh

khao khat giai ma van hda. Nhd hpc van uyen tham, chang dugc tham gia vao cdng viec

lap bang ddi chieu chii Han va chir Tay Ha, trd thanh mdt trong nhiing ngirdi ed cdng cho

ra ddi cudn Phiin Hdn hgp thdi chuong trung chdu.

Hanh Diic lat dd cudn sach nhd, rat nhieu tir ngu do chang tuyen chgn dap vao mit

chang: phich lich, hda diem, cam 16, huyen phong..., nhirng tir lien quan den hien tirgng tu

nhien dugc xep thanh mdt hang, phia ben phai xep cac chir Tay Ha tuang iing, chii Tay Ha

CO chii each phat am bang chu Han, chir Han thi kem theo each phat am bang chU Tay Ha,

Chii Viet tren cudn sach nho cung rat dep, khong biet cd phai do cac hoc sinh viet hay khdng.

Nhung dil the nao chang niia, doi vai Hanh Diic, cudn sach nay cung rat dang duoc giu lam

ki ni8m.

Lat sang mot trang khac, la mot loat ten cac con vat: meo, cho, Ign, lac da, trau, ngua.

Trang tiep theo la cac tir co lien quan den than the: dau, mat, nao, mui, ludi, rang, mdi.

Hanh Diic lat sach xem hoi lau mdi cam biit tham dam muc, viet len phan giay trang

hep va dai tren bia sach may chir "Phien Han hgp thai chuong trung chau" (Bao boi trong

long ban tay ve chu nuoc ngoai va chir Han).

(Inoue 2015: 90)

TAP CHi KHOA HOC - Tri^dng DHSP TPHCM

Tren thyc te, sach Phien Hdn hgp thdi chuong trung chdu la bd tir dien song ngii do

Cdt Lac Mau Tai (#$f )J^ :^ Gule Moucai) ngudi Tay Ha bien soan, dugc in nam hai muoi

mdt Can Huu, ddi Ha Nhan Tdng (nam 1190), la bd sach day chii thdng thudng, mdi tir

dIu diing hai van ty Phien, Han phan thanh bdn muc, chii am chii nghTa cho nhau, tra cuu

rit thuan tien"*. Ngudi biet chii Han khdng biet chir Tay Ha, hoac biet chu Tay Ha ma

khdng biit chii Han deu cd the hpc dugc ngdn ngii cdn lai nhd vao cudn sach nay •

Trong lich su, Ly Nguyen Hao hmg ra lenh tat ca chinh lenh, cdng van, giay to deu

phai sir dung chii Tay Ha. Day la phuong phap hieu qua nhat de thiic day phd cap mpt

ngdn ngii mdi. Nhiing ngudi mudn lam quan, budc phai hpc tieng Tay Ha trong thdi gian

ngin nhit. Nam 1039, nam thii hai sau khi thanh lap nude Tay Ha, cac ca quan giao due

chuyen day chii Tay Ha da dugc thanh lap, trong do cd Phien hpc vien. Ngudi sang lap chii'

Tay Ha la Da Lgi Nhan Vinh trd thanh ngu'di phy trach dau tien ciia Phien hpc vien. Nhiem

vu cua hgc vien nay la dao tao ra nhiing ngudi tinh thdng ca chii Han lan chii Tay Ha, dong

thdi tiln hanh dich sach chii Han ra chii Tay Ha. Viec dich thuat cung la mgt trong nhiing

phuong thiic tdt nhit d l thiic diy truyen ba van hda. Nhu vay, Nguyen Hao da sir dung ba

con dudng chinh d l phd cap ngdn ngir mdi cho ngudi Tay Ha: Day hpc, hanh chinh va

dich thuat va in an.

Nhan vat Trieu Hanh Diic da dugc "do ni ddng giay" de khdp vdi nhiing dilu kien

lich sii' nay, trd thanh mdt mit xich quan trgng trong viec phd bidn va bao tdn ngdn ngir

Tay Ha, ddng thdi nhd co duyen trdi dinh, gdp phan lu-u giir di san kinh Phat chiia Dai

Van, ciing la radt phan di san ciia the gidi nay.

Hanh Diic quay dau nhin lai, chi thay nhimg con lac da chat day cac kien hang to nhd

lang le noi dudi nhau dudi anh trang trang bac. NghT tdi viec tat ca nhiing thii trong cac kien

hang to nho ay deu lit kinh sach, Hanh Diic khdng khoi cam thay doan lac da sau lung chang

vo cimg dac biet. Sau muoi con lac da to Idn dang tai kinh sach, tien budc duai anh trang

nga, that khien ngudi ta xiic dgng, dii rang da so ngudi d day deu khdng biet ben trong hang

hoa CO nhiing gi. Hang Diic khong khoi cam thay chang lan Ion chon bien thiiy sudt bao nam

qua, CO le chinh la vi dem nay.

(Inoue, 2015, p.156)

Cuon sach tong cong 37 trang, gom 414 muc chir, phan lam 9 loai Ion, npi dung bao gom tir vimg lien quan den bau trdi, mat trcti mat trang va cac vi sao - nhat nguyet linh tii, sir bien hoa ciia gioi tu nhien, niii non song bien, khoang san, Ihirc vat va dgng vat, quan tii, tieu nhan, cac bo phan ca the nguoi va hoat dong ciia con nguai. Loai cuoi ciing chiem den niia cuon sach, bao gom each xung ho gitra than bang quyen thuoc, hoai dgng Phat su, kien tnic nha ciia, do diing hang ngay, trang siic - y phuc, cong cu canh dien lam nong, co cau chinh phu, irinh tu to lung, bieu dien nhac khi, do an uong, do cuoi ngua, do diing cho hon su,., Cuon sach nay la mot tai lieu quan trong de nghien ciiu ngon ngir, chir viet Tay Ha va hieu ve xa hoi Tay Ha, cung la loai sach cong cu don gian lien lgi nhat danh cho nguoi men hoc tieng Tay Ha, la "chia khoa" duy nhat co the mo kho bail van hien Tay Ha

Nam 1909, hoc gia Nga Alekseylvanovich Ivanovdadira tren tai heu nay de viet bai bao khoa hgc co ten A'guven cz™ «gott rtgiT Tay tia, nho do nen van minh nay mdi bat dau duoc biel tm. Aleksey Ivanovich Ivanov ciing la nha khoa hgc Nga dSu tien chii y idi nhung thir van vat Tay Ha duoc mang ve tit Khara- Khoto, dat nen mong cho su ra ddi ciia lay Ha hoc.

16

- Tru-dng DHSP TPHCM Phan Thu Vdn

Inoue Yasushi vilt tilu thuylt lich su, nhung trong mdt sd chi tilt quan trpng, dng van sEn sang "phdt Id" Hch sii, gidng nhu dng da cd tinh "danh trao" nhan vat lich sir Cdt Lac Mau Tai vdi nhan vat hu ciu Trieu Hanh Diic de nhan manh hon dugc niem dam me van ty, va rgng hem la van hda - van minh ciia nhan vat.

Cimg nam 1959, sau khi hioue Yasushi cho ra ddi tac pham Sdi xdm, nha van, nha phe binh Shdhei Ooka (:^P<]?^^) da chat van phuong phap sang tac cua Sdi xdm va cac tac pham trudc, eho ring tieu thuyet lich sir phai dua tren sy that lieh sii chii khdng phai dya vao sang tac cila tac gia de siia doi lich su. Nhan do, Inoue Yasushi lan dau tien giai thich quan diera ve tieu thuyet lich sii eua minh: Tieu thuyet lieh su trudc tien phai la tilu thuyet chii khdng phai lich sir, khdng the danh ddng sy thyc lich sii va tieu thuyet lich sii. Tieu thuyet lich sii chi can la tieu thuyet, thi khdng the khdng them nhiing Ii giai cua tac gia vao giiia nhiing su thyc lich su.

Mdi con ngudi timg tdn tai trong lich sir chac deu co liie nhin lai de thay minh chang

khac nao mdt con lae da, lung chat day nhung thii tich liiy dugc ciia ca cupc ddi, lang le di

xuyen sa mac dudi anh trang, tim mdt chd cat giau de truyen lai cho the he sau. Dich den

cudi cimg cua Ddn Hodng, khdng phai la tai hien lich sii, ma diing lich sir nhu mgt "ngu

ngdn" nham dien dat nhihig tu tudng sau sae hem ve con ngudi, ve nhan loai.

5. Ket luan

Tay Ha, mdt "qudc gia than bi", mgt qudc gia chim khuat dang dan dugc khai ggi lai trong lich sir hien dai, da dua den chat lieu sang tac thii v; va kha tin, ddng thdi tao nen khdng gian rdng Idn vd bien cho tri tudng tugng. Tieu thuyet lich sir cua Inoue Yasushi da can bang dugc ca hai khia canh nay, qua dd giri gam nhiing thdng diep dac sac cua tac gia ve ca tmh dan tdc, ciing nhu gia tri trudng ton cua van minh.

W^*^4tuyin b6vi quyin lgi: T^c gii xAonh$n hohn to^n khdng cdxungd^t vi quyin IgL

TAI LIEU THAM KHAO

Trin Hai Ba WM^^- (2016). Tay Hq gidn su 'BMM'^. NXB Dan chii va Kiln thilt

Inoue Yasushi ^1.^. Luu Mg Sa MB^> dich. (2015). Don Hodng ^'JM. NXB Van nghe

thang 10 Bic Kinh it^-^M Xz^^^Mt-

17

TAP CHi KHOA HOC - Tru'dng DHSP TPHCM

THE HISTORY OF WESTERN XIA EMPIRE AND INOUE YASUSHI'S HISTORICAL NOVEL TONKO

Phan Thu Van Ho Clii Minh City University of Education

Corresponding author: Phan Thu Van - Email: vanpth@hcmiie edu.vn Received. 21/3/2019. Revised: 29/3/2019; Accepted: 20/4/2019

ABSTRACT

This study introduces the histoiy of Western Xia empire (Xixia) and explores the reason why

Inoue Yasushis historical novel Tonko (1959) is built on the context of a country that has been

forgotten in histoiy.

Keywords: Inoue Yasushi, Tonko, historical novel. Western Xia empire (Xixia)'s history.