Guanyin andGuanyin andQueer Theology:Queer Theology:An Experiment in An Experiment in

Comparative Comparative (Interreligious?) (Interreligious?)

TheologyTheologyEuropean Society for European Society for Intercultural Theology & Intercultural Theology & Interreligious StudiesInterreligious StudiesSt Virgil, Salzburg, AustriaSt Virgil, Salzburg, Austria17th April 200917th April 2009Dr Paul HedgesDr Paul HedgesUniversity of WinchesterUniversity of Winchester

IntroductionIntroduction Aims:Aims:

Consider Guanyin in the light of Prof. Consider Guanyin in the light of Prof. Elizabeth Stuart’s Queer TheologyElizabeth Stuart’s Queer Theology

Outline:Outline: 1) Who is Avolokiteshvara/ Guanyin/ 1) Who is Avolokiteshvara/ Guanyin/ Kwannon?Kwannon?

2) What is Queer Theology?2) What is Queer Theology? 3) Use Queer Theology to develop a notion 3) Use Queer Theology to develop a notion of ‘Queer Religious Identity’ (QRI)of ‘Queer Religious Identity’ (QRI)

4) Apply QRI to Guanyin and discuss its 4) Apply QRI to Guanyin and discuss its role as a category in comparative/ role as a category in comparative/ interreligious theologyinterreligious theology

Important:Important: Not a discourse on sexuality or genderNot a discourse on sexuality or gender

Who?Who?

http://www.buddhistdoor.com/bdoor/0304/sources/painting4.htm

British Museum Collection

http://www12.canvas.ne.jp/horai/tai-16-21.htm

Male or Female?Male or Female? Scripturally:Scripturally:

male - male - ungenderedungendered

Gender – no Gender – no interestinterest

A Chinese GoddessA Chinese Goddess Modern popular devotion:Modern popular devotion:

““She is not primarily the bodhisattva She is not primarily the bodhisattva who assists A-mi-t’o Buddha of the who assists A-mi-t’o Buddha of the Pure Land scriptures, the thousand-Pure Land scriptures, the thousand-armed deity of tantric traditions, or armed deity of tantric traditions, or even the saving bodhisattva of the even the saving bodhisattva of the Lotus SūtraLotus Sūtra. Kuan-yin is a Chinese . Kuan-yin is a Chinese female bodhisattva known primarily female bodhisattva known primarily through Chinese legends, art, novels, through Chinese legends, art, novels, plays, and recent miracles”plays, and recent miracles” (Reed, 1992, p. 176).(Reed, 1992, p. 176).

Miaoshan 1Miaoshan 1 Indigenization:Indigenization:

Princess MiaoshanPrincess Miaoshan Legend:Legend:

Refuses to marryRefuses to marry Father’s angerFather’s anger To conventTo convent

Spiritual lifeSpiritual life Nuns cannot convince herNuns cannot convince her Father burns conventFather burns convent

Saved miraculouslySaved miraculously Female lay asceticFemale lay ascetic Father illFather ill

No curesNo cures Hear of holy manHear of holy man

One cure:One cure: sacrifices hands and sacrifices hands and eyeseyes

BuddhaBuddhahttp://www.gutenberg.org/files/15250/15250-h/15250-h.htm#d0e4202

Miaoshan 2Miaoshan 2 Usages:Usages:

females empowered to find females empowered to find religious and subversive role in a religious and subversive role in a patriarchal societypatriarchal society Motif of marriage refusalMotif of marriage refusal Female celibacyFemale celibacy Self-mutilationSelf-mutilation

However, also accommodates women However, also accommodates women to rolesto roles Wives, acceptance of positionsWives, acceptance of positions

Queer Theology: Queer Theology: introductionintroduction Notable: Elizabeth StuartNotable: Elizabeth Stuart Stems from feminist, lesbianStems from feminist, lesbian and gay theologies…and gay theologies… However: However:

it is not primarily a discourse it is not primarily a discourse of, or about, sexuality and genderof, or about, sexuality and gender (Stuart, 2003, p. 102)(Stuart, 2003, p. 102)

seeks to liberate all people from seeks to liberate all people from their notions of embodimenttheir notions of embodiment (Stuart, 2003, p. 89)(Stuart, 2003, p. 89)

Stuart’s Queer Theology Stuart’s Queer Theology 1:1:some themessome themes

Hospitality:Hospitality: ““Both marriage and monasticism build Both marriage and monasticism build up the body of Christ by practising up the body of Christ by practising hospitality to the stranger (usually hospitality to the stranger (usually a child in heterosexual marriage)”a child in heterosexual marriage)”

““the celibate saves Christianity the celibate saves Christianity from the grave mistake of believing from the grave mistake of believing that sexual love reaches its end, that sexual love reaches its end, its fulfilment in sexual pleasure or its fulfilment in sexual pleasure or procreation rather than God”procreation rather than God” (Stuart, 2003, p. 97)(Stuart, 2003, p. 97)

Stuart’s Queer Theology Stuart’s Queer Theology 2:2:some themessome themes Transgress identities:Transgress identities:

the Christian tradition is “essentially the Christian tradition is “essentially queer in its attitude to identity”queer in its attitude to identity” (Stuart, 2003, p. 101).(Stuart, 2003, p. 101).

original Adam non-gendered; Church as the original Adam non-gendered; Church as the body of Christ is omnigendered; female Sts body of Christ is omnigendered; female Sts (e.g. Pelagia, Marina, Eugenia, Joan of (e.g. Pelagia, Marina, Eugenia, Joan of Arc) defied gender roles -grow beardsArc) defied gender roles -grow beards (Stuart, 2003, p. 101)(Stuart, 2003, p. 101)

““Christians are… called to live out their Christians are… called to live out their culturally negotiated identities in such a culturally negotiated identities in such a way as to expose their non-ultimacy”way as to expose their non-ultimacy” (Stuart, 2003, p. 108). (Stuart, 2003, p. 108).

Stuart’s Queer Theology Stuart’s Queer Theology 3:3:some themessome themes Subvert/ parody Subvert/ parody

conventions:conventions: Sexuality:Sexuality:

erotic gaze of human erotic gaze of human body transferred in body transferred in images of crucified images of crucified Jesus from genitals Jesus from genitals to woundsto wounds

Coupledom:Coupledom: celibate parodies celibate parodies single life: united single life: united (via Church) to all(via Church) to all

Family:Family: Religious parody Religious parody family: ‘father’, family: ‘father’, ‘mother’, ‘brother’ ‘mother’, ‘brother’ and ‘sister’and ‘sister’

http://www.ibiblio.org/wm/paint/auth/grunewald/crucifixion/crucifixion.jpg

Men in Men in dresses…dresses…

““Growing up surrounded by Growing up surrounded by men wearing clothes men wearing clothes society labelled feminine society labelled feminine whom I had to relate to as whom I had to relate to as ‘father’, taught by women ‘father’, taught by women who were my ‘sisters’ or who were my ‘sisters’ or ‘mothers’ with names such ‘mothers’ with names such as Augustine and Bernard as Augustine and Bernard Joseph taught me that Joseph taught me that societal categories were societal categories were not fixed, that they could not fixed, that they could be played around with and be played around with and that the Church was a that the Church was a place in which gender place in which gender shifted”shifted” (Stuart, 2003, p. 109).(Stuart, 2003, p. 109).

Cardinal Law with Sister Bernard Richardson, CSJ,

http://www.rcab.org/Pilot/2002/ps021206/Jubilarians.html

Queer Religious IdentityQueer Religious Identity1)1)Subverts conventional notions of genderSubverts conventional notions of gender2)2)Subverts conventional notions of identitySubverts conventional notions of identity3)3)De-emphasizes gender and sexualityDe-emphasizes gender and sexuality4)4)Embodiment importantEmbodiment important5)5)Embodiment and gender become mediums for Embodiment and gender become mediums for hospitalityhospitality

6)6)Route to re-enchantmentRoute to re-enchantment7)7)Parodies conventional identities and Parodies conventional identities and understandingsunderstandings

8)8)Allows escape/ repositioning in relation Allows escape/ repositioning in relation to worldto world

9)9)Makes gender and identity subversion Makes gender and identity subversion ‘holy’‘holy’

10)10) Makes connections between scandalous Makes connections between scandalous and sacredand sacred

Guanyin as a Queer Guanyin as a Queer Goddess:Goddess:Some AspectsSome Aspects Gender i/d:Gender i/d:

main manifestation is female, understood as male, main manifestation is female, understood as male, but lacks gendered identitybut lacks gendered identity

Male roles:Male roles: role of religious leadership and guidancerole of religious leadership and guidance

I/d:I/d: celibate ascetic - does not take monastic vows but celibate ascetic - does not take monastic vows but shaves her head = anomaly (legitimates new ideas)shaves her head = anomaly (legitimates new ideas)

Liberating embodiment:Liberating embodiment: Helps women overcome shame/pollution of menstrual Helps women overcome shame/pollution of menstrual blood/ act of childbirth – hellblood/ act of childbirth – hell

Roles:Roles: women leave normal roles – husbands take women leave normal roles – husbands take concubines, they recognized as mother (Topley, concubines, they recognized as mother (Topley, 1975)1975)

Scandal:Scandal: self-mutilation; refuse children/ marriageself-mutilation; refuse children/ marriage

Guanyin as Guanyin as hospitable/ hospitable/ subversive subversive figurefigure

Guanyin is worshipped Guanyin is worshipped by older women, as well by older women, as well as “prostitutes, social as “prostitutes, social outcasts and other outcasts and other marginalized groups marginalized groups [particularly ethnic [particularly ethnic minorities] because of minorities] because of her inclusivity.”her inclusivity.” (Yü, 2001, p. 414, see (Yü, 2001, p. 414, see Sangren, 1983, pp. 15-22) Sangren, 1983, pp. 15-22)

http://www.suite101.com/view_image.cfm/711633

Guanyin as Guanyin as subversive subversive mothermother Guanyin: universal motherGuanyin: universal mother ““the universalizing values the universalizing values of Buddhist salvation of Buddhist salvation finally at peace with the finally at peace with the particularist values of particularist values of filial piety and filial piety and motherhood”motherhood” (Huang & Weller, 1998, p. 386)(Huang & Weller, 1998, p. 386)

Guanyin: unorthodox Guanyin: unorthodox ‘mother’‘mother’ ““a fertility goddess who a fertility goddess who nevertheless is devoid of nevertheless is devoid of sexuality. She gives sexuality. She gives children to others, but she children to others, but she is never a mother.”is never a mother.” (Yü, 2001, p. 257)(Yü, 2001, p. 257) http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:B-Dehua-Guanyin.JPG

Reflections on QRIReflections on QRI QRI as a mainstream religious QRI as a mainstream religious notion can be found across notion can be found across traditions:traditions: breaking down gender rolesbreaking down gender roles promoting hospitalitypromoting hospitality promoting forms of ‘sacredness’ promoting forms of ‘sacredness’ which transgress or defy societal which transgress or defy societal normsnorms

disrupting and subverting worldly disrupting and subverting worldly rules and regulationsrules and regulations

Reflections on GuanyinReflections on Guanyin The imagery and representation of The imagery and representation of Guanyin is a particularly potent Guanyin is a particularly potent source of Queer religious source of Queer religious subversionsubversion (Hedges, forthcoming)(Hedges, forthcoming)

Possible to read Guanyin in non-Possible to read Guanyin in non-subversive/ conventional/ subversive/ conventional/ oppressive terms:oppressive terms: (Cabezon, 1992, p. 188; Yü, 2001, pp. (Cabezon, 1992, p. 188; Yü, 2001, pp. 413-419; Reed, 1992, pp. 169-170). 413-419; Reed, 1992, pp. 169-170).

Reflections on QRI and Reflections on QRI and interreligious theologyinterreligious theology

‘‘Religion’ is the only and truly most Religion’ is the only and truly most properly ‘queer’ space:properly ‘queer’ space: It provides a narrative that supports itself It provides a narrative that supports itself by reference to a ‘higher order’ that allows by reference to a ‘higher order’ that allows a complete reversal of all conventional forms a complete reversal of all conventional forms and standards.and standards.

It is not inherently bound up with It is not inherently bound up with physicality or sexuality because it is physicality or sexuality because it is posited upon a foundation that links the posited upon a foundation that links the earthly and spiritual in a way that gives earthly and spiritual in a way that gives importance to both, without prioritizing the importance to both, without prioritizing the way we find the physical, nor yet, in its way we find the physical, nor yet, in its queer manifestations, giving way to a queer manifestations, giving way to a Gnosticism that empties the physical in Gnosticism that empties the physical in favour of the spiritual.favour of the spiritual.

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The EndThe End

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