GENESIS AND CHANGING INVENTORIES OF NEIGHBORHOOD SHRINES AND TEMPLES IN THE DIYALA REGION FROM THE...

It’s a Long Way to a Historiography of the Early Dynastic Period(s)

Edited by Reinhard Dittmann and Gebhard J. Selz

in collaboration with Ellen Rehm

Altertumskunde des Vorderen Orients Archäologische Studien zur Kultur und Geschichte

des Alten Orients

Band 15

herausgegeben von Manfried Dietrich — Reinhard Dittmann — Ellen Rehm

It’s a Long Way to a Historiography of the Early Dynastic Period(s)

Edited by Reinhard Dittmann and Gebhard J. Selz

in collaboration with Ellen Rehm

2015 Ugarit-Verlag Münster

It’s a Long Way to a Historiography of the Early Dynastic Period(s) Edited by Reinhard Dittmann and Gebhard J. Selz in collaboration with Ellen Rehm

Altertumskunde des Vorderen Orients 15 © 2015 Ugarit-Verlag, Münster

www.ugarit-verlag.de All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photo-copying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. Printed in Germany ISBN 978-3-86835-139-2

Printed on acid-free paper

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Gebhard J. Selz / Reinhard Dittmann Vorwort ....................................................................................................................... i Hans J. Nissen Die ältere Frühdynastische Zeit als Forschungsproblem ............................................ 1 Joachim Bretschneider Seals, Tablets and Bricks: Fine-tuning of Early Dynastic Chronology in Syria....... 33 Petr Charvát O tempora, o mores? The Sumerian city of Ur before, and after, 3000 B.C............. 51 Reinhard Dittmann Genesis and Changing Inventories of Neighborhood Shrines and Temples in the Diyala Region. From the Beginning of the Early Dynastic to the Initial Akkadian Period............................................................................................. 71 Martin Gruber “… somewhat smaller and shallower”. The development of Conical Bowls in third Millennium Mesopotamia .......................................................................... 129 J. Cale Johnson Late Uruk bicameral orthographies and their Early Dynastic Rezeptionsgeschichte.............................................................................................. 169 Camille Lecompte Untersuchungen zu den Siedlungsstrukturen und ländlichen Siedlungen in der FD-Zeit. Auf der Suche nach den verlorenen Dörfern in den altsumerischen Urkunden ....................................................................................... 211 Marta Luciani Some Methodological Remarks on Stratigraphic and Chronological Issues in Third Millennium Central and South Mesopotamia ........................................... 247 Hana Mayerová The queens of Lagash in the Early Dynastic Period; especially the last three royal couples ........................................................................................... 259 Susan Pollock Abu Salabikh: History of a Southern Mesopotamian Town ................................... 267

vi Vorwort

Licia Romano Holding the Cup: Evolution of Symposium and Banquet Scenes in the Early Dynastic Period ................................................................................... 289 Ingo Schrakamp Urukagina und die Geschichte von Lagaš am Ende der präsargonischen Zeit ....... 303 Gebhard J. Selz (with the collaboration of Daniela Niedermayer) The Burials After the Battle. Combining textual and visual evidence.................... 387 Stefano Seminara Die Rede des Königs. Die sogenannten ‚Reformen‘ UruKAginas zwischen Politik und Theologie.............................................................................. 405 Marcos Such-Gutiérrez Der Übergang von der frühdynastischen Zeit in die altakkadische Periode anhand der Adab-Texte .......................................................................................... 433 Giuseppe Visicato An Unpublished Archive from ED IIIb Umma before Lugalzagesi ....................... 453 Helga Vogel Brim-Stirnketten-Träger, Musikerinnen und Dog-Collar-Trägerinnen als Bestattungen und Mitbestattungen im Royal Cemetery in Ur ........................... 461 Index....................................................................................................................... 509

GENESIS AND CHANGING INVENTORIES OF NEIGHBORHOOD SHRINES

AND TEMPLES IN THE DIYALA REGION

FROM THE BEGINNING OF THE EARLY DYNASTIC TO THE INITIAL AKKADIAN PERIOD

Reinhard Dittmann / Münster INTRODUCTION According to common opinion, temples of the late Early Dynastic period like the Temple Oval at Khafagah would represent complex oikos-akin systems.1 But how can one trace the development to this stage? Approaching this problem, I turned to the inventories of shrines and temples of the Diyala region in order to analyze the evolution of their inventories within the Early Dynastic period. First some simple basic definitions: As to me, a household-shrine is a room with an altar-like installation sometimes accompanied by smaller offering tables, a hearth and the like. The shrine is of primary importance for the household to which it be-longs.

A neighborhood-shrine has the same features sometimes including more than one cella and complementary installations as for food production. The shrine is em-bedded in a group of households and is of primary importance for these.

A temple does not only differ in quality, size and economic power from a neigh-borhood-shrine but is of importance for the whole settlement and sometimes beyond.

1 Understood by Pollock as “a complex web of economic interdependent units whose members frequently had connections and obligations to more than one household” (Pollock 1999, 117 Fig. 5. 1), As noted earlier (Dittmann 2013, 54–55), I would favor a very open definition of an Early Dynastic “oikos”-system, in agreement with the criticisms put forward by Marzahn and Neumann (Marzahn 2002 and Neumann 2002). As to me, the oikiai of the 3rd Millennium were more of monastery-type than of an all-encompassing “oikos” of a city state with de-pendent villages since private property existed (cf. Foster 1994; Powell 1994; Selz 2010, 11–12 notes 35 and 37; Yoffee 1995, 289 and Englund 1998, 209 for the Ğamdat Naṣr period). The “oikos” was one of the several socio-economic systems, perhaps the most prominent, going hand in hand and existing side by side with tributary and more ‘private’ economic systems.

72 Reinhard Dittmann

The chronological scheme used here, is an enlarged combination of Jean Evans’s and McGuire Gibson’s analyses.2 I kicked off terms like Early Dynastic I–IIIb and use instead Early Dynastic A–F (Tab. 1).3

Tab. 1 Chronological Chart: L.Akk = Late Akkadian; Flat Br. = Flat Bricks; Akk.Fd. = Akkadian Foundations; Gr. = Grave; ML = Main Level; Interm.= Intermediate; Earlier B = Earlier Building; SqT = Square Temple; Single Shr. = Single Shrine; Arch. Shr. = Archaic

Shrine; Earliest Shr. = Earliest Shrine; E.North P. = Earlier Northern Palace 1. EARLIEST REMAINS In regard to the genesis of these shrines, the evidence is quite meager. Ubaid-mater-ial is present at the three Diyala sites considered here, but has never been excavated in a proper context. What are also missing in the Diyala are excavated strata of the beginning of the Uruk period. The following remarks give an overview on the sites discussed here. 1. 1 Khafagah At Khafagah, the oldest remains have been found in N43–44, O43 and P42–43 but unfortunately, the ground-water table was quite high. Remains under the Sin temple proper consisted of a debris layer of ashes, charcoal and potsherds at 32,00 m, just a bit higher than the water level at 30,50 m. In these debris layers fragments of mud brick, 20–30 cm thick were found. The accompanying pottery consisted of Uruk red- and grey ware, bevelled rim bowls, clay wall cones, and directly under Sin I, a painted fragment of a stand occurred.4 2 Gibson 1982. 1984 and 2011; Evans 2005, 2007 and 2011 and Dittmann 2013 und ders. n.d.a. 3 For the relation to the sequences at Fara and Nippur see Dittmann 2013, Tab. 3. 4 OIP 58, 8–9 Fig. 3c, Pl. 14a; OIP 63, Pl. 4 (Kh.IX 49). See also Postgate 1986, 97.

Genesis and Changing Inventories 73

Next to the Sin Temple, in P42:28, wall fragments were encountered as well as two superimposed walls in O43:50. According to the excavators, these remains antedate Sin I–III, having bricks of 22–34 x 9–11 cm in size (no “Riemchen”), and they were much larger than the bricks of Sin I–V, which measure, mostly – with variations –, 21–23 cm in length and 9 x 9 or 9 x 11 cm in section. The excavators consider them as “Planoconvex Riemchen” or “Riemchennahe Flachziegel” with variations. Two rooms, found 1 m higher in O43:40, are dated to Sin (–III) by the excavators.5 In N44:19, an archaic numerical tablet was found next to the later Temple Oval at about the same level as the foundations of Sin Temple I.6 Even though there is no direct stratigraphic connection of all these earlier remains to the subsequent Houses 12, the direction of the walls is the same.7

Concerning the genesis of neighborhood shrines a seal representing the ‘Façade and Goat’ motif from P42:28 (at 32,25 m, a little higher than the groundwater table) is of particular interest.8 Cylinder seals featuring this motif were only found within public buildings in the Diyala so far.9 The same is true concerning wall cones, being also typical for such a context. Therefore, with some probability, the so-called Sin Temple had an Uruk predecessor in the closer neighborhood of Sin I, but without direct stratigraphic connection.10 The situation could well be comparable to the small Ǧamdat Naṣr/Initial Early Dynastic shrine at Tall Uqair built next to an Uruk predecessor on a terrace.11 5 OIP 58, 118. 6 OIP 88, 3, Pl. 15 Sect. A–A’, 32,50 m (Kh.V 338). Since the foundation walls of Sin I start at about 32,20 m, the tablet in question, from a stratigraphic point of view, is roughly to be associated with Sin I. The deepest point for the foundations of Houses 12 in P43:54 is about 33,50 m, about 1 m above the locus in N44:19. These debris layers accumulated in Proto-literate c; see Nissen 1986, 321. 7 OIP 88, 2. Graves 1–4 could belong to this horizon between the ground water table and Houses 12 – OIP 88, 2; Grave 1 – P43:54, 31,97 m below Houses 12, a few cm lower than the foundation walls of Sin I: two children, beads (one carnelian ring), a stone, pottery B.544.240, C.537.240, 534.262 – OIP 88, 59; Grave 2 ‒ P43:54, 31,97m: a child 12–14 years, pottery: C.654.240, 654.520 – OIP 88, 60: Grave 3 ‒ O43:55, ca. 32,00 m: an adult, beads – OIP 88, 60; Grave 4 ‒ P43:54, 31,97 m: an adult, stone vessels, lead? copper vessels, one painted jar Kh IX 220, C.513.270 and C.546.222 and B.023.700 – OIP 88, 60–61. See also Wilson 1986, 64 note 14. 8 OIP 58, Pl. 14, 1 and OIP 72, No. 284 (Kh.VII 70). 9 Henri Frankfort considered them as votive offerings (Frankfort 1939, 33) and Pittman, due to the lack of sealings, as markers of the (high) economic and social status of certain individu-als (Pittman 1994, 61 note 72). 10 From the Uruk period, a small neighborhood shrine is known from Gebel Aruda, S 103/VIII, with a large quantity of pearls and sea shells as offerings – but no seals or sealings. It should be noted that this building apparently was completely devoid of wall cones (Van Driel / van Driel-Murray 1983, 15). 11 Lloyd / Safar / Frankfort 1943, 145–47, Pl. IV. At Tall Uqair too, no direct stratigraphic continuity between the Uruk and Ğamdat Naṣr structures is given. In the Ğamdat Naṣr build-ing level II, second occupation of the chapel, a hoard of beads and amulets high up in the filling and painted Ğamdet Naṣr- and a little of scarlet ware potsherds occurred. Bricks of “Riemchen”-type were laid in the same manner as planoconvex bricks (ibid., 147). An archaic tablet (No. 117) of Uruk, writing stage III-type was found in the chapel, but if it belonged to


The Small Temple in O43 in the midst of a houses’ area between the later Temple Oval and the Sin Temple, build at 35, 30 m, can roughly be paralleled to Houses 11 and is of little later date than Sin V.12 The walls of Small Temple I rested on earlier smaller walls with bricks similar to the earlier “Riemchen”– like bricks of the early Sin Temples I–V, but probably belonged to simple houses. Bricks of Small Temple I, on the other hand, were planoconvex and of the same type as those in Sin Temple VI–X.13 The genesis of this shrine could perhaps be derived from a small household-shrine like the later shrine in L43:4 in the younger Temple Oval, House D, gaining a certain importance within time, shown by the addition of a courtyard to the shrine in Small Temple VI, equal to Temple Oval I, and Sin Temple VIII.14

No sophisticated comments can be given for Nintu Temple I so far, since its remains rested on debris devoid of mud bricks. The bricks of its walls are closer to planoconvex bricks than to “Riemchen”.

For the Temple Oval a foundation pit, corresponding approximately to the plan of the building was excavated at a depth of c. 8 m, then filled up with sand overlaid by a low terrace followed by the temple complex on top of it. In K45:6, a deep sounding cut into the layer of sand did not reach virgin soil but at about 32,00 m some uncharacteristic potsherds were encountered and the water table at 30,74 m prevented any further excavation. Additional soundings showed that the sand fill, which had the enormous volume of about 64.000 m3, corresponded more or less to the ground plan of the Temple Oval, except for the area of House D in M43 and N44, were the sand level was larger than the house.15 The Temple Oval in its first stage either belonged to a time contemporary with a late phase of Sin VII or, as to Delougaz, to Sin VIII and Houses 6.16

The Small Single Shrine in S44 was directly located under the present surface of Khafagah. His outer walls had buttresses, and the entrance on the NW-side was further accentuated by steps in the flanking buttresses. Obviously, this building stood isolated and had no predecessor. The shrine is considered to be of latest Early Dynastic date but cannot be dated on behalf of its finds.17

level III or II is not stated. The remaining tablets of this stage were found in level IV in rooms under the chapel (ibid., 147. 155). 12 OIP 58, 104. 13 OIP 58, 104–5 Pl. 18 and Fig. 97a–b. See also Postgate 1986, 98. 14 OIP 58, 108, Pl.17F. 15 OIP 53, 16. A similar huge sand layer has also been encountered at the late Early Dynastic temple of Umm al-‘Agrab. 16 OIP 53, 138–139. 17 OIP 58, 113–116 Figs.105–107.


1. 2 Tell Asmar Virgin soil was only reached at Asmar in Sounding D15:3 (Bird-vase pit) and H18:14 (Pit under the Akkadian Houses, at about 21,00 m).18 The Protoliterate de-posits in both soundings were about 5 m thick. In D15:3, a sterile layer of 3 m of sand at 25–22 m occurred, but the pottery above and under this sand was quite the same. As to Delougaz, the presence of two archaic cuneiform tablets (of Uruk writ-ing stage III) showed that these layers should date to Protoliterate d as is the case with the earliest remains of the Abu Temple in Tell Asmar. In fact, in both sound-ings, these archaic tablets of writing stage III were found together with pottery of “Early Dynastic I”-date, reflecting perhaps the lasting of this writing stage to the be-ginning of the Early dynastic period.19 At about the same level of the Earliest Shrine two sealings were found and dated by Frankfort to the Uruk- and Ğamdat Naṣr periods.20

Tab. 2 Schematic representation of the Deep Soundings at Tell Asmar: 1 = Solid-footed

goblet;21 2 = Four-lugged neckless jar with fingernail incisions; 3 = Four-lugged neckless jar, plain or incised;22 4 = Early Dynastic II glyptic;23 5 = “ED III” contest scene and Cross

style;24 6 = Archaic tablet, writing stage III25 18 OIP 63, Pl. 63–64. 19 Dittmann 1987, 60–61 notes 121–22, Tab. V. 20 OIP 72, Nos. 486–487 at about 25 m. The impressions could well belong to the “pseudo Uruk” seals as Nos. 35 and 36 from Sin III (cf. Moortgat-Correns 1959, 346–349 and Wilson 1986, 65). In Sounding H18:14, level 24–23 m, a seal of the glazed steatite group was found (Pittman 1984, 113; OIP 72, No. 540 [As.34:239]). In level 25–24 m, a seal akin to the softly carved style was found (OIP 72, 541 [As.34:229] – cf. Agrab, Shara 31,00 m, OIP 72, 831 and Dittmann 2013). At 33,00 m, a pigtailed women seal occurred (OIP 72, No. 542). 21 For the problematic distribution of this type see Sürenhagen 2011, 27–28. 22 OIP 63, Pl. 63:18–19. 26. 31. 39. 52. 70 and 34 from D15:3; Pl. 64, 24. 43 and 2–3 from H18:14. Such vessels occur also at Khafagah, Sin Temple V and Houses 9 or 8, Asmar, Ar-chaic Shrine II–III and perhaps Agrab, Hill B (OIP 63, 53–54, Pls. 40–43). 23 OIP 72, No. 489. 24 OIP 72, No. 507 from a neighboring Sounding in D14 (“ED III”- contest), and No. 543 from Sounding H18:14. 25 OIP 63, Pl. 63, 73 from Sounding D, 22–21 m (As.34:64), and Pl. 64, 68 from Sounding H, 22–21 m (As.33:721); see Nissen 1986, 322.


The Earliest Shrine was built of irregular (hand-formed?) “Riemchen”. Underneath its pavement, no bricks occurred, but at further 3 m virgin sand, similar to the sand level in sounding D15. In the latter, after additional 5 m, the ground water level was reached but no signs of occupation occurred here. The plan of the Earliest Shrine is quite irregular perhaps due to the presence of houses in the area before the shrine was constructed or a room of a normal house gained importance within time.26 1. 3 Tell Agrab The earliest remains of the Shara Temple have not been excavated. The walls found under the Earlier Building obviously continued the later temple pattern.27 In all Levels, planoconvex bricks were used.28 Virgin soil was reached in Tell Agrab in Tell B, which gave Protoliterate- and Early Dynastic I material, and in Hill C, both were considered by Delougaz as suburbs to the main Mound.29 Fragments of carved objects from the Shara Temple, considered by the excavators as heirlooms of the Uruk period, are, in fact, of Early Dynastic date.30 1. 4 Summing up In the Ubaid period, the Lower Diyala region was sparsely settled (Map 1 – lower part).31 Only eight sites (compared to 83 Early Dynastic-sites) could be located,32 including one single period site; seven sites continued up to Early Dynastic I. The number of settlements increased in the Uruk period. Unfortunately, the inner dynam-ics of this process cannot be traced on behalf of the current survey data. 25 Uruk sites could be traced, including seven single period sites; 18 sites continued up to Early Dynastic I. (Map 1 – upper half, and Map 2). The increase in the number of settlements was impressive in the following Ğamdat Naṣr and Early Dynastic I period (Map 2 – upper half, and Map 3). Of 83 sites, 60 belong to the Ğamdat Naṣr period, more than twice the Uruk value, but no single period sites could be traced. A continuing growth in Early Dynastic I to 75 sites can be observed including 15 single period sites. In the Ğamdat Naṣr and Early Dynastic I period clear lines can be traced in mapping the sites, a strong hint for channels in antiquity.33 That this irrigation process started already on a smaller scale during the Uruk period is not impossible. For the Early Dynastic period as a whole and the end of the Early Dynastic to the Akkad period these channels have been traced by Adams (Map 4 – upper half, and map 5).34 26 OIP 58, 159. 27 A Ğamdat Naṣr/Early Dynastic I seal was found below the Earlier Building at 29,70 m, in O12:2 (OIP 72, No. 784 [Ag.35:1068]). I will not exclude that the earlier remains could well resemble the official building at Ğamdat Naṣr – Matthews 2002, Fig. 3. 28 OIP 58, 260. 29 OIP 63, 28 and Pls. 133h–i. 30 Evans 2011, 49–51. 31 Maps 1–3 are based on Adams 1981, 46–49. 55, and Fig. 10. 32 Based on Adams 1981, Fig. 10. In Adams 1965, 39 Tab. 10; 95 sites are mentioned for the entire Early Dynastic period. 33 See Adams 1965, Fig. 2 and Postgate 1986, 98‒100, Fig. 5‒6. 34 Map 4 – upper half, includes all sites of Adams “period 3 = Early Dynastic” in Adams 1965, Fig. 2, in connection to his pottery criteria on p. 127–128. However, on behalf of the


At Tell Asmar and Khafagah late Ubaid potsherds are known from unstratified context. Uruk material was found in Khafagah at and below water level and one Uruk sherd occurred at a level corresponding to Sin II (Kh.VII 38). To mention also the numerical archaic tablet from Khafagah (Kh.V 338) in N44:19 and obsidian from P45 at Khafagah, a material which otherwise is unattested at sites in Proto-literate and Early Dynastic levels in the Diyala region.35 Ubaid material was also found at Tell Agrab by Adams.36 In no case, as far as the three sites are concerned, is there a direct stratigraphic continuity of public or “sacral” buildings from the Ubaid-, Uruk- to Protoliterate c–d levels. However, compared to an Uruk shrine inventory like that of Ğebel Aruda, mentioned above, the small neighborhood-shrine Sin I had only a very limited amount of material which then increased continuously to Sin III37 with a peak at the beginning of Early Dynastic A in Sin IV. Concerning the rate of offerings, Sin I starts with one object, Sin II has 14, Sin III already 68 and Sin IV 181. The same trend can be observed concerning substitutes: Sin I 1, Sin II 35, Sin III 30 and Sin IV 153.38 In other words, the development of cult inventories is a linear growth starting with Sin II. There are no strong signs of a “cultic continuity” before Sin II at Khafagah, not to speak of Tell Asmar were the oldest shrine reminds much a modest neighborhood shrine squeezed into the surrounding houses. At Khafagah, the Small Temple I of Early Dynastic A or initial B date was also set in a milieu of “simple houses”. Since no Early Dynastic A phase or older levels have been excavated at Tell Agrab under the Shara Temple yet, unfortunately the devel-opment of this large temple/institution remains obscure. 2. CHANGING INVENTORIES 2. 1 Introduction In the shrines and temples, severe fluctuations of the amount of distinctive find-groups can be observed. Do these variations follow a synchronous course over time for all temples or can be local different developments observed?

In order to approach this problem the Sin Temple at Khafagah was analyzed first, since the stratification of the site is more or less well observed and published. Plotting in first step temple inventories from the Sin Temples, beginning with Sin IV present survey data, no internal subdivision is possible. Map 5 – upper half, corresponds to Adams “period 4 = Akkadian‒Guti” in ibid., fig. 2, in connection to his pottery criteria on p. 128. The range of the “Akkadian–Guti” pottery is end Early Dynastic to Late Akkadian in date. According to his 1965’ data, 31 sites would be abandoned or would only show traces of an Akkadian occupation (including Tell Agrab, Adams 1965, 39 Tab. 10). 35 OIP 63, 29 and 35. 36 Adams 1965, 155, site 115. According to Adams 1981, Fig. 10, Ubaid and Uruk material are present at the site. 37 Sürenhagen 2011, 6 note 3, tends to date two seals from Sin III (OIP 72, Nos. 35–36) and thus Sin III to the Late Uruk period, i.e. Uruk, Eanna, Archaic IVa, following Nagel 1964, 43. I go along with Wilson 1986, 65, referring to Moortgat-Correns 1959, 346‒349, who favored a later date, i.e. the transition to Early Dynastic I on behalf of the style of the seals. The motif (especially of OIP 72, No. 36) as such, starts beyond doubt earlier in the Uruk period. 38 See Appendix 1.1 and 1.3 and the definition of find-groups.


at Khafagah,39 an astonishing monotony of objects presented in the temples could be recognized:

1. Offerings as used here, consist of amulets,40 beads, inlays, mace heads, or-naments (including pins), semiprecious stones, frit, carved stone- and cop-per-vessels.

2. Figurines are divided in anthropomorphic and zoomorphic ones. 3. Substitutes are all kinds of seals41and sculptures, including fragments. 4. Pottery. 5. Votive plaques, reliefs and wall nails. 6. Textile: spindle whorls, awls, needles, loom-weights and the like. 7. Food Production: mortars, pestles but also items for fishing, etc.42 8. Tool. 9. Weapon: blades, daggers, spearheads. 10. Weight.43 11. Personal Cult: clay model wheels and clay chariots, beds and Puzu-heads. 12. Cosmetic items: mirrors, cosmetic containers, etc. 13. Money: spirals of copper wire44 and “Hacksilber”. 14. Other.

In addition, exotica and raw materials have been plotted as a reflection of external relations and development of wealth. 2. 2 Khafagah Considering the presence of temple inventories in the Sin sequence, after an absolute peak at the beginning of Early Dynastic A in Sin IV, the number and variety of the material decreased sharply to Sin VII. Only with Sin VIII their number increased once more up to Sin IX and then dropping again in Sin X, to a level comparable to Sin V. In Sin IV the relation between offerings and substitutes was almost 1:1; the substitutes gained more in importance than the offerings in the younger phases, ex-cept for Sin X (Tab. 3).

In regard to the Nintu Temples V–VII, and Temple Oval I–III, the following additional information can be given: Nintu V, probably of Early Dynastic D–E date, is in no way comparable to the roughly contemporaneous Sin IX, but more to the domestic shrine in the Temple Oval I, House D in L43:4. Nintu VI and VII, on the other hand, had a larger amount of inventories than Sin X in its last days. Offerings would top the substitutes in Nintu VI, a trend which is reversed in Nintu VII, which is quite similar to the Temple Oval III inventories (Tab. 4). 39 Like Wilson 1986, 88, Fig. 14; in my scheme Early Dynastic A starts with Sin IV. 40 According to Delougaz, amulets had a similar representative function as statues (OIP 58, 18). 41 For the distribution of the seals up to Early Dynastic E cf. Dittmann 2013. 42 Not present from Sin IV onwards, but in Sin I, flints set in bitumen (Kh.IX 5–6). 43 Not present from Sin IV onwards, but perhaps in Sin III, Weight (?) (Kh.VII 141). 44 It should be noted that copper wire was also part of strings and necklaces of magic-ritual and apotropaic purpose against all evil and to protect the king’s chariot (Schuster-Brandis 2008, 65 note 197 and 151–154). Bronze wire was part of a foundation deposit under the northern corner of the platform of Temple Oval II in N46:5 (OIP 53, 86, Kh.IV 427).


A closer look at the Temple Ovals I–III at Khafagah shows that the relation of the two temple inventories of Oval I and II do not differ too much if separated from the integrated House D. Oval III, on the other hand, has a much reduced inventory, if compared with the earlier temples (Tab. 5).

Tab. 3 Inventories of the Sin Temples

Tab. 4 Inventories of the Sin Temple, the Temple Oval I–III, House D (/D) and the domestic

shrine of House D (/L43) and the Nintu Temple (N) This is in contrast when separating the small domestic shrine in L43:4 of House D from the latter in Oval I. The amount of substitutes was much larger in the domestic shrine than in the rest of the house, if the finds from L43:4 are taken off from House D. Whereas Pottery, as one would expect, was more prominent in House D. The rest of the House D inventory consisted of objects of household activities.


Tab. 5 Inventories of the Temple Ovals I–III, Ovals I–II without House D (-D), House D

(/D including /L43) and the small domestic shrine in L43:4 (/L43) The variety of the inventory of House D decreased somewhat in Early Dynastic F-early at the time of Oval II, and the domestic shrine in L43:4 obviously lost its importance, even though some kind of an altar-like structure was present. Only two fragments of sculpture have been found here, and it cannot be excluded that they originally belonged to the earlier shrine. Compared to Oval II, the inventory of Oval III clearly decreased.

House D of Oval I was obviously the seat of a high official and his family, involved in religious practices. In the Early Dynastic D–E Phase, House D was firmly connected to the Temple Oval and was only accessible after passing through the entrance of the Oval precinct. In Early Dynastic F-early, this firm connection between the Temple Oval and House D was lost. The entrance of House D to the outer precinct was blocked, and a new main entrance led directly to the open space in front of the Oval II precincts. In this respect, the house “desacralized”, and in Oval III, it was finally completely eliminated.45 Having noted on behalf of House D that houses inventories might have had some relation to shrine inventories, first the ones of the houses (Tab. 6) were plotted and then compared to the ones of the Sin Temples (Tab. 7). The amount of potential offerings was quite rare in the earlier houses except for a hoard from Houses 9.46 Substitutes occurred to a small amount only in Houses 12 and 8 to 5, also due to the fact that seals were missing in Houses 11–9. With Houses 6, this trend changed in respect to offerings, once more due to a hoard.47 Houses 5 had only a very limited inventory. In regard to quantity and variety, the Houses 4 / west of the Sin shrine, were poorer than those to the northwest of the Temple Oval. 45 Henrickson 1982, 5‒33, esp. 6‒11. 46 Two clusters of beads in P43:35 (Kh.V 295–96), OIP 88, 27. 47 Jar (Kh.V 155) containing a hoard (Kh.V 312–36) in P43:25, OIP 88, 28.


This trend continued in Houses 3, where the total amount of objects dropped significantly in Houses 3/west of the Sin Temple, if compared with Houses 3/north of the Temple Oval. Furthermore, within Houses 2, a difference between the main area and the one to the East of the Sin shrine can be observed. A large amount of “Hacksilber” was found in a jar in the Houses east of the temple.48 The Houses “below Houses 2” (here called “Houses 2a”)49 were only excavated on a limited scale. Therefore, the amount of finds is hardly similar to Houses 2. The inventories of Houses 1, on the other hand, were quite comparable to Houses 3/north of the Temple Oval. Houses’ inventories, if compared to the ones of the shrines, were extremely meager in Early Dynastic A to C, except for a hoard in Houses 9, mentioned above.

With Sin VIII in Early Dynastic D, the situation improved. In Houses 6–5 the amount of potential offerings increased, due to a hoard of beads in Houses 6,50

Houses 5, on the other hand, had only one potential offering (Appendix 1. 1). In this Early Dynastic D phase, the Temple Oval I was founded with obvious conse-quences also on the living quarters in regard to a significant increase in potential of-ferings.

With Sin IX and Houses 4, a new quality in the amount and variety of objects of both units was reached. The amount of offerings in the shrine was more comparable to the earlier Houses 6, but increased in Houses 4 due to the same reason as before.51

The amount of potential offerings in Houses 3 was almost double to Sin X. With Houses 2 the quality, the variety and the number of objects in the inventories in-creased to a level, never reached before but decreased once more in Houses 1, quite comparable to Houses 3.

As noted before, Houses 3/north of the Temple Oval I were much richer than those, west of the Sin Temple (Tab. 8). Potential offerings, on the other hand, are quite comparable: TO I = 55, H3nOI = 56 and H3wS = 12. What was called “Below Houses 2” by the excavator, labelled “Houses 2a” here, was only excavated on a limited scale. Therefore, the amount of finds cannot be compared to the younger Houses 2. The latter also show interesting differences: the main area of the Houses, west of the Sin Temple marks the peak so far, as discussed before. However, a con-temporaneous area, east of the Sin Temple has an inventory, which is much lower in quantity and variety of the objects’ present, except for a large amount of “Hacksil-ber”.

After Sin IX and the initial phase of Sin X, the contemporaneous Small Temple, Houses 3 and Temple Oval I were the victims – or at least affected – by a con-flagration. The Sin Temple in its extension, younger phase obviously lost import-ance when Temple Oval II was built.52 48 Jar (Kh.IX 87) containing a hoard (Kh.IX 87a–h) in S41:1 (under floor), OIP 88, 45. 49 On Houses 2a, see Dittmann n. d. a. 50 Large quantities of different beads were found in P43:25 in a jar (Kh.V 155). 51 Hoard of beads in K42:4; 95 lapis lazuli and three carnelian beads (Kh.IV 435). 52 OIP 58, 72. 123; Marchesi / Marchetti 2011, 29 note 57.


Tab. 6 Houses inventories Tab. 7 Sin Temples and Houses


2. 3 Tell Asmar In order to test if the patterns observed at Khafagah would reflect a general trend in the Diyala, a few remarks will be made on behalf of the small neighborhood shrine in Tell Asmar, the Abu Temple and the large Shara Temple at Tell Agrab.

Contrary to Khafagah, shrines in Tell Asmar of the Early Dynastic A date had no spectacular inventories (Tab. 9). This changed drastically in Early Dynastic B, when at Archaic Shrine III more than 660 solid-footed goblets were found in one room, obviously deliberately broken and according to Evans once involved in ritual liba-tions on altars. Such goblet types were also frequent at the same time in Sin V and VI, even though they are outnumbered by large by the Asmar evidence.53

This pattern did not survive into the next shrine Archaic Shrine IV, which, on the other hand, saw an increase in offerings.

With the Predecessor Building/Square Temple I, of Early Dynastic C date, the amount of offerings and substitutes increased dramatically.54

In the following Square Temples II and III, the numbers of objects in the shrines decreased once more to a level, comparable to the beginning of the Early Dynastic A phase, and at least some substitutes were present in both shrines.55In the inter-mediate layers and Single Shrine I, offerings and substitutes increased slightly.56 In comparing the inventories of the Sin and Abu shrines (Tab. 10), the high amount of objects, typical for the Early Dynastic A phase at Khafagah, was not paralleled at the contemporaneous shrines of the Abu Temple. In the following Early Dynastic B phase, the Sin Temple inventories were next to zero, contrary to those of Archaic Shrine III (lesser in IV), where the quantities are quite large, especially in respect to pottery as mentioned before. Substitutes, on the other hand, were nearly missing in the Abu Temple in Early Dynastic A but increased in Early Dynastic B.

In Early Dynastic C, in sharp contrast to the Sin Temples VI–VII and VII, being almost devoid of any inventory, the Predecessor Building/Square Temple I at Tell Asmar saw an impressive increase of objects not only on behalf of offerings and substitutes, but also in regard to objects for Textile-production and Weights, attested at Khafagah only from the Early Dynastic D phase onwards. The development at Tell Asmar shows exactly the opposite trend to the Early Dynastic B to C phase pattern at Khafagah.

This trend was once more reversed in the Early Dynastic D to E phases, when the Sin shrines VIII, and especially IX, had quite prosperous inventories, decreasing in Sin X one more time, but not to a level like the Square Temples II and III in Tell Asmar. In Early Dynastic F, offerings increased in the Abu Temple, and the amount of substitutes was higher than in Sin Temple X. 53 Evans 2011, 54. On the contradictory information concerning the occurrence of solid- footed goblets in the archaeological record of the Diyala sites see Sürenhagen 2011, 27‒28. 54 Unfortunately only the “more important finds” have correct find spots and levels. There-fore, the Predecessor Building and Square Temple I were lumped together here, concerning the ‘ordinary finds’. For the stratigraphic problems see Evans 2005, 79–111 and Evans 2007. 55 Evans 2005, 111–115, 420–428. 56 Evans 2005, 112–115; Tunça 1984, 24–26; Evans 2007, 608 Tab. 2 – called “construction pavement (31.8 m elev.) and Predecessor to Square Temple (no elevation given).”


Tab.8 Inventories of Houses 5–1 and Ovals I–III


Tab. 9 Abu Temple Inventories. ES = Earliest Shrine; AS = Archaic Shrines; Pred/SqI =

Predecessor Building/Square Temple 1; Int./SinSI = Intermediate layers and Single Shrine I57 2. 4 Tell Agrab Turning to the large Shara Temple of Tell Agrab, it has given the largest amount of inventories of all buildings in the Diyala, considered so far. Unfortunately, the documentation is not without pitfalls.58 Only thanks to Jean Evans’s painstaking analysis do we have at least some idea about the distribution, especially in regard to substitutes like seals and sculpture, votive plaques and to a lesser extend to pottery. Even though the final publication gives no hint to attribute the “minor important” small finds to levels of Early Dynastic B to D, nevertheless, some general trends can be formulated (Tab. 11):

Contrary to Khafagah and Asmar in Early Dynastic B, the Shara Temple had signs of Textile- and Food-production.

Within the Early Dynastic B/C–D Phase the pattern remains, but some sort of Money occurred in form of copper and gold wire. 59 Weapons remained almost at the same level. The presence of the latter is in accordance to the hostile situation in the region at that phase, reflected not only by sling stones found at the outer face of the city-wall and within the temple, but also by the blocking of the entrances of the cella of Main Level 1 followed by a violent breach in this part of the building.60

Inventories of the Shara Temple were much richer than those of the large Temple Oval at Khafagah, even though both structures are about the same size but different in ground plan. This evidence might be significant also in regard to the fact, that – contrary to the Temple Oval – only about half of the Shara Temple could be exca-vated.

57 On these intermediate layers see Tunça 1984, 24–26; Evans 2005, 112–115 and 2007, Tab. 2. 58 Evans 2005, 119–165. 429–449 and 2007, 619 note 117. 630 Tab. 6. 59 From L13:3 (Ag.35:139–146. 149. 151–154. 158 and Ag.35:997) but see here note 44 for copper wire. 60 OIP 58, 229–231.


Especially the categories offerings and substitutes at the Shara Temple out-number anything known from shrines at Khafagah.

Lloyd had suggested that the Rooms in M14:6 to M15:5 in the Main levels of the Shara Temple could be compared to House D in Temple Oval I–II at Khafagah.61

Based on the arrangement of the rooms in the Shara Temple, this makes sense. However, the inventories of House D and the rooms in M14:6–M15:5 of the Shara Temple differed to a great extent (Tab. 12). offerings were more common in the Shara Temple in contrast to substitutes and objects of more daily life. Textile pro-duction, Tools, Weights, objects of Personal Cult, Cosmetics and Money are missing from these rooms, but are present in the rest of the Shara Temple (Tab. 11) and House D of the Temple Ovals. Furthermore, the evidence for Food Production is meager. 2. 5 Remarks on sculpture Larger sculptures start in the Diyala with late Early Dynastic B, with the Inter-mediate Building of the Shara Temple. The Earlier Building, Level 2 at the Shara Temple in Tell Agrab only gave copper statuettes. However, one male statue frag-ment is either from the Earlier- or Intermediate Building.62 If it originated from the Earlier Building, it would be the oldest statue from the Diyala.63 Nevertheless, the story might be even more complicated, since in the courtyard of Sin Temple IV at the beginning of Early Dynastic A, an eyeball was found, a common discovery among later temple inventories. If it corresponds in size to the usual eyeballs of Early Dynastic sculptures, then the existence and the beginning of such statues must be pushed back to Early Dynastic A.64

The distributional pattern of male, female statues and fragments is also interest-ing:

At Tell Agrab and Tell Asmar the male statues dominate in number. This is also true for Nintu VI–VII, but contrary to Sin VIII and IX at Khafagah, were female statues outnumbering the male ones by far.65 Furthermore, looking at the ratios of 61 Lloyd OIP 58, 261‒265. Votive plaque = relief (Ag.35:656); 18 Other = metal band (Ag.35:559); nail (Ag.36:463); pronged copper object (Ag.35:513); shell group (Ag.35:525); shell lamps (Ag.35:628. 1129); 12 shell rings (Ag.35:505). 62 OIP 60, Pl. 31B, No. 265 (Ag.35:899) from M14:4, 31,50 m – cf. Evans 2005, 149–153 and Pl. 54. The beaker hold by the statue was identified as solid-footed goblet by Evans 2011, 55. According to Evans 2012, 155, there is a direct relationship between the occurrence of large amounts of solid-footed goblets in Archaic Shrine III and Sin Temple V and the “outfitting of the altars for liquid provisions” of the two shrines. In Sin Temple VII such installations are missing in the cella but from Sin Temple VIII onwards they are found in the courtyard of the shrine. As to her by the disappearance of the solid-footed goblets, the libations were not car-ried out by people anymore but “by” the statues. The donor was excluded from this process. 63 Evans 2012, 149 note 13, mentions two fragments of sitting female statues from D17:15 in Tell Asmar (No. 97 and As.33:631) corresponding by the height to Archaic Shrine IV, but this correlation is not beyond doubt. 64 Already suggested by Delougaz, OIP 58, 26, on behalf of Kh.VII 65; Evans 2005, 20 note 46; Marchetti 2006, 31 note 28. 65 As to Evans 2012, 190-191, men and women could have used different neighborhood shrines.


male and female heads found in the temples in relation to sculptures without heads, especially Sin VIII and IX are of interest: Sin VIII has five male heads but only one male statue without head, and the ones found do not fit the body. In case of female fragments, the ratio of heads to statues without heads is 12:3. The ratio in Sin IX is even more impressive: 26 female heads are contrasted by only seven statues without head. 66 What happened to the missing bodies?

That sculptures were decapitated and the feet cut off makes sense, if they fell out of use and/or the person represented by the sculptures died. However, in one case, another act of statue-destruction was observed: in Nintu VI a group of statues was deliberately burnt, pulverizing most of the male statues.67

Furthermore, what is behind the distributional spatial pattern of statues and fragments? Except for the well-known hoards of statues from the Predecessor Temple at Tell Asmar and Nintu V68 of Early Dynastic C and D–E date, only very few complete statues of stone were found in the temples:

On behalf of Early Dynastic A, the famous little female statue in Sin IV,69 for Early Dynastic B one seated male statue in a room next to the later cella of the Intermediate Building of the Shara Temple, as well as a seated male from the same context70 and a sitting female sculpture from another find spot.71 For Early Dynastic B–C, the layer between Sin VI–VII has given a squatting male figure with a load on its head,72 and from Early Dynastic D‒E and E, from the several layers of Sin IX six male and two female statues are attested.73 Nintu VI has also one male statue in a 66 Sin VIII – male heads: OIP 40, Nos. 58. 60. 102a. Kh.IV 444 and 449 = 5; male sculptures without head: No. 83 = 1; female heads: Nos. 112. 120. 124. 127. 130. 133. 139. 140. 145. 148. 151a-b. Kh.IV 348 = 12; female sculptures without head: Nos. 114–115. OIP 60, No. 250 = 3. ― Sin IX – male heads: Nos. 18. 27. 38. 44. 46. 48. 51. OIP 60, No. 251. 254. OIP 40, Kh.IV 99. 220 and 297 = 12; male sculptures without head: Nos. 21. 24. 26. 102b. OIP 60, Nos. 252–253 = 6; female Heads: Nos. 116–117. 119. 123. 125–126. 128–129. 132. 134–138. 141. 143. 146–147. 149. 150. Kh.IV 100. 157. 215. 290–291 = 25; female sculptures without head: Nos. 76. 107–110. 113. 118 = 7. See also Nunn 2012 and especially Evans 2012, 139, who further notes: “It should be recalled here that the temple statue itself has been interpreted as a type of contractual obligation: the continued benevolence of the deity was in proportion to the continued maintenance of the statue, with the temple as the ultimate benefactor...The disassembly of the head of the temple statue then could be understood as the ending of the obligation …the addition of a new head – which would explain the concentration of heads left behind in Diyala temples – might have been sufficient for creating a new statue for a new donor.” (Ibid.,140). 67 OIP 58, 89–91. Evans 2012, 141 speculates if the gypsum of the burnt statues was not used as plaster in the cellae. 68 Marchesi / Marchetti 2011, 30 attribute this hoard to a pit, but even then the objects from the pit could well belong to the time of Nintu V, buried when temple VI was built. 69 OIP 60, No. 208. 70 From M14:4, 32,50 m = OIP 60, No. 269, 32,00 m = No.270. 71 From L14:1, 32,50 m = OIP 60, No.271. 72 OIP 44, No. 92; Evans 2011, 51‒52, Pl. IVd. In fact, the feet are lost. 73 OIP 44, Nos. 17 (R42:2, 39,00 m “Sin IX 5”). 21–22 (Q42:7, 39,03 m, Sin IX 1). 36 (Q42:7, 39,03 m, Sin IX 1). 37 and 39 (Q42:3, 39, 67–69 m, Sin IX 5) 104 and 105 (Q42:7, 39,03 m, Sin IX 1). Marchesi / Marchetti 2011, 23 tab. 1, consider almost all finds from Sin IX 5 as originating from pits, those of R42:2, 39,00 m (which would be close to Sin IX 1 from


room in the Northwest of the courtyard,74 that’s all. So, except for deliberately deposited sculpture hoards, only few intact statues remained in the shrines, contrary to all kinds of fragments. 2. 6 Raw materials Coming finally to the integration in exchange systems and the evolution of wealth, the Abu- and Shara Temples used only a limited repertoire of raw material, whereas the evidence at Khafagah, and more prominent in the Houses, is much more diver-sified (Tab. 13).

Unfortunately, since the contemporaneous houses of the Abu- and Shara Temp-les have not been excavated, this impression might be false. Anyhow, except for Sin Temple IV, Houses 6. 4 to 2 at Khafagah and the Shara Temple, the presence of raw materials is quite low in the record of the Diyala for the phases considered here. Cylinder seals of glazed steatite occurred only in Sin IV in impressive quantities, but are quite rare before and later.

However, before making further annotations on raw materials a short comment on beads and necklaces should be added. Up to now beads have been understood as offerings, which, in regard to later evidence, is not impossible.75 On the other hand, beads, and therefore, all kinds of semi-precious and precious stones as well as seals, had also a healing and apotropaic function and were used in acts of incantation and repelling all kinds of evil.76 For quite a large number of stones and metal, their function in such a context is known:

Agate It gives protection against all kinds of calamities also in combination with lapis lazuli, carnelian and types of agate, like the ḫulālu, muššaru and the papparminu stones.77

Carnelian It seems to represent the female principle in incantations to facilitate birth and protection against the šû-illness.78

Chlorite/Steatite Protection in battle and against the ra’ibu-illness.79 the absolute height), according to the authors would originate from a pit dug from Sin IX 5 to the level of Sin IX 1. As to them, this interpretation would explain the stylistic differences be-tween the finds and the other from Sin IX 1. Furthermore, the finds from Q42:3, 39, 67–69 m should equally belong to a pit, dug before Sin X. Finds without elevation from Q42:3 (OIP 60, Nos. 251–254) and Q42:4 (OIP 44, No. 48) are also attributed to Sin IX 5. 74 OIP 60, No. 232 from Q44:15). 75 Bastert / Dittmann 1995, 19 note 21, Fig. 9, in relation to Müller 1937, 11. 17 and 23 note 4. 76 Schuster-Brandis 2008. 77 Schuster-Brandis 2008, 403–404.433. 436–437. 433–434 and 404; Moorey 1994, 99‒100. 78 Schuster-Brandis 2008, 413–416; Moorey 1985, 141; Moorey 1994, 96; Potts 199, 33 Tab. 2.6. 79 Schuster-Brandis 2008, 407–408; Kohl 1975; Moorey 1985, 138–140; Moorey 1994, 100–101; Potts 1999, 33 Tab. 2. 6.


Tab. 10 Sin- and Abu Temples Inventories


Tab. 11 Shara Temple Inventories compared to Temple Ovals I–III

Tab. 12 Inventories of Shara Temple M14:6–9 to M15:1–5 and House D of

Temple Ovals I–II


Copper It is associated with the god EA. Copper wire used as string protects against all evil and the king’s chariot.80

Frit It is also used in necklaces and strings and as an ingredient in ointments. Frit is often connected to lapis lazuli, and understood as stone (NA4) as well.

Gold It is associated with the god Enlil.81

Hematite It is associated with the god Šamaš and used in certain oracles.82

Jasper Protection against the allaḫappu-demon and other evil.83

Lapis lazuli It seems to represent the male principle in incantations to facilitate birth.84

Lead As galenite it is used for ointment against eye diseases and protects humans from a spell.85

Rock crystal It occurs also in strings and necklaces together with other stones.86

Serpentine It is also attested together with other stones on strings and necklaces.87

Shell Of fresh water and maritime origin occurs also on several necklaces but cannot be identified with the textual evidence, since in the excavation reports they are summar-ized only as ‘shell’ without further specification.88

Silver It is associated with the god An.89 80 Schuster-Brandis 2008, 65 note 197; 151–154 and 423; Moorey, 1985, 26–30. 51–52. 56; Moorey 1994, 242–278. 81 Schuster-Brandis 2008, 423. 426; Moorey 1985, 69–91; Moorey 1994, 217–232, esp. 219–20, as to the possible origin; Potts 1999, 33 Tab. 2.6, and Winter 2012. 82 Schuster-Brandis 2008, 424–425; Moorey 1994, 280. 83 The identification is problematic: Schuster-Brandis 2008, 401. 403. 408. 416, and esp. 432; Moorey 1994, 76, 93. 96. 98–99. 84 Schuster-Brandis 2008, 453–455; Moorey 1994, 85–92. 85 Schuster-Brandis 2008, 424. 444–445; Moorey 1985, 108–126; Moorey 1994, 292–297; Potts 1999, 34 Tab. 2.6. Lead is also attested in Khafagah in Graves 4–5. 8 under Houses 12 (OIP 88, 60-63 [Kh.IX 171?. 216 and VII 42]). 86 Schuster-Brandis 2008, 81 note 253. 457–458; Potts 1997, 102–103; Moorey 1994, 71. 87 Schuster-Brandis 2008, 448; Moorey 1994, 74–77. 100. 88 Schuster-Brandis 2008, 421. 438–449. 456 (associated with the goddess Nin.Líl).


Furthermore, antlers of stags can be added; pieces of stag’s antlers were used against sorcery.90

The archaeological record of the Diyala offers some important data in regard to this special kind of necklaces and strings. Beads in different quantities were almost present everywhere (Appendix 17 and Tab. 13–14). However, some locations have given large amounts of beads, which are beyond the common quantities: Houses 10, Grave 67, Houses 9 and Grave 73, Houses 6 and Grave 91. The latter is of import-ance, since beads encountered here reflect combinations also known from the apo-tropaic strings and necklaces, like agate, carnelian and lapis lazuli. Furthermore, Houses 4 and Grave 119A fit in this scheme in Khafagah. In Tell Asmar, the pre-sence of bead groups is small, contrary to the Shara Temple in Tell Agrab, where beads occur in all levels in fair numbers. Above all a small shrine in N13 of the Earlier Building of the Shara Temple has to be mentioned. Here a lot of beads and necklaces occur, much more than in any other cella of this large temple.

Unfortunately, most of the stones of the cylinder seals are unidentified (See Ap-pendix 15‒17). The presence of these large amounts of “special stones” in only few graves and in the shrines might be significant in regard to the use of the apotropaic necklaces, either as offerings when the “treatment” was successful or as burial object in the opposite case. The trends, observed before, can also be traced in the distributional pattern of raw materials (Tab. 13). At the beginning of Early Dynastic A, steatite is the most com-mon raw material in Khafagah, due to the high number of seals of glazed steatite from Sin IV. After this phase, raw materials decreased at Khafagah.

Interesting is the presence of hematite in Sin V, a material which became pro-minent only in later periods. To mention also the occurrence of gold in Sin VIII to IX and to a lesser extend in Sin X. In the Temple Oval gold was rare. Silver occurred from Early Dynastic D to F-early in the Temple Ovals and Sin X. Lead is present in Temple Oval I. Carnelian occurred only in Oval II. Lapis Lazuli was only present in Sin Temple IV but not in the other Sin shrines nor in the Temple Ovals I–II.91

The meager evidence for the Early Dynastic B–C phase shrines is paralleled in the houses. In Houses 6, Early Dynastic D, carnelian was quite prominent, but of course due to a hoard.92 This material is also attested in Temple Oval II, in Early Dynastic F-early. Having said that lapis lazuli was not present in the shrines at 89 Schuster-Brandes 2008, 423. Silver had a higher value than gold, followed by copper. Seven grains of silver and gold are also presented to the god Šamaš (ibid. 103); Moorey 1985, 107‒126; Moorey 1994, 232–240 and 237 for its use as money. 90 Schuster-Brandis 2008, 95. Antlers/horns are known from Nintu IV (OIP 58, 98 Fig. 92); Houses 2, west of Sin (ibid., 40 [Kh.III 129]); Archaic Shrine III (ibid., 207 [As.34:53]); Pre-decessor / Square Temple I (ibid., 210 [As.33:458]) and Single Shrine I (ibid., 197. 202, Fig. 158 [As.33:31]). 91 Lapis lazuli was part of foundation deposits under the eastern and northern corner of the platform of Temple Oval II (OIP 86, Fig. 78–79, N46:3+5 [Kh.IV 425 and Kh.IV 427]) and therefore, was not counted here. These precious stones were associated with metate, gold, copper, carnelian, crystal and slate as well as bronze wire (only under the northern corner). 92 Kh.V 155 in P43:25.


Khafagah later than Sin IV, this material occurred, then again, in Houses 6 and con-tinued in fair quantities from Houses 4 onwards.

Tab. 13 Distribution of raw material in the Diyala sites

Crystal, a material, quite common in the Abu Temple at Tell Asmar, was extremely rare at Khafagah known only by one item in Houses 3 in Early Dynastic E. In Early Dynastic D only hematite occurred, but the temple was almost devoid of finds anyhow. This is also true for Square Temples III to Single Shrine I, where no raw materials are listed. Houses Vc showed bits of hematite and lapis lazuli, and the Akkadian Foundations had eight seals of frit. The Shara Temple, in Early Dynastic B, had quantities of objects. Shell was also quite common (Appendix 14). Gold, attested in Khafagah from Sin VIII to IX, i.e. Early Dynastic D‒E, occurred already in good quantities in the Early Dynastic B to D phases in the Shara Temple at Tell Agrab. The same is true for the presence of silver, which occurred in decreasing quantities from Early Dynastic B to Early Dynastic D. Lapis lazuli and carnelian were extremely rare.


The distributional pattern of raw material at Tell Asmar is quite different (Tab 13). In the early stages of the Abu Temple, only local material was used. In the Early Dynastic B phase, Crystal and Hematite were added, complemented by Serpentine. 3. SUMMING UP Focusing on the evidence of Khafagah alone, one would get the impression that after the beginning of the Early Dynastic A phase, an overall decline in shrine inventories would reflect a general decrease in cult activities in the neighborhood shrines in the Diyala in the Early Dynastic B to C phases. This situation would only improve with Early Dynastic D to E. This positive trend from Early Dynastic D onwards seemed to be in relation to the establishment of the Temple Oval. At Khafagah, the houses show – except for Houses 9 – only few potential offerings in the Early Dynastic A to C phases. With Early Dynastic D, the number of these items increased in the houses to a slightly higher quantity as in the contemporaneous shrine Sin VIII. Possibly, from Early Dynastic D onwards, the Temple Oval profited in an increasing way from the houses, whereas the Sin Temple lost importance after Early Dynastic D–E, i.e. Sin IX, as well as the Temple Oval III in Early Dynastic F.

Signs for Food Production, Textile, Weapons and Weights did not occur before Sin VIII and Temple Oval I, i.e. Early Dynastic D-E at Khafagah (Tab. 15). “Money” is not found before Early Dynastic F in Houses 2 and 1 and Temple Oval III. Moving to Tell Asmar, the trend of the development in the Abu Temple is quite op-posite to the Sin shrines at Khafagah. Inventories were extremely reduced in the Early Dynastic A phase, increasing from that phase onwards to a peak in Early Dynastic C in the Predecessor Building/Square Temple I. In Early Dynastic D and E, this small shrine lost its importance also in contrast to Khafagah, where only Sin X would fit this trend. Furthermore, in contrast to Khafagah, signs for Food Produc-tion, Weapons and Weights occurred as early as Early Dynastic B at Tell Asmar. However, only Textile, Food Production and more prominent Weights continued in Early Dynastic C, i.e. the Predecessor Building/Square Temple I. From Early Dyn-astic D to E such objects are almost completely missing in Tell Asmar. Weights are later attested in Single Shrine I and Houses Vc in Early Dynastic F. The Shara Temple at Tell Agrab is unique in quantities and variety of objects. Textile (?), Food Production and Weapons are well attested in Early Dynastic B, i.e. the Earlier- and Intermediate Building and continue to Early Dynastic B/C to D, i.e. from the Intermediate Building to the Main Levels. Weights are missing in Early Dynastic B, but at least one is attested in the Main Levels. Money is well attested in Early Dynastic B/C to D. Taking the evidence from Asmar and Agrab, in Early Dynastic B to D, the variety of activities was much higher in these shrines than in those of the same phases at Khafagah.


In Early Dynastic D, the excavated shrines and temples at Asmar and Agrab lost their importance, shortly after the Temple Oval I was erected and the Nintu Temples and Sin VIII–IX were flourishing. In how far regional conflicts were responsible for this development is hard to judge, but signs of rivalry are clearly attested at Tell Agrab, end of Main Level 1 in late Early Dynastic C and also at the turning point from Early Dynastic E to F signs of conflagration at Khafagah could point to another conflict. In the historical reconstruction of the Early Dynastic period Pollock and others have proposed that the socio-economic system developed from a tributary one of Uruk tradition to an oikos–like system with increasing complexity in the younger Early Dynastic period.93 The trends traced here, would not contradict such an assumption. A further significant archaeological indicator for an oikos-akin system would be the identification of large storage facilities for items being redistributed within the system. The presence and absence of Pithoi in the archaeological record would be important in this respect, but unfortunately information on that category is extremely meager in the Diyala, since Delougaz’s Type D is very rare (Tab. 16).94 Therefore, one has to focus on other types of storage installations.

As far as it is known from Tell Gubba in regard to Tell Razuk, site extern storage facilities of this very specialized type changed their function at the end of Early Dynastic B or the beginning of C, at best (at least in the Hamrin region), as dis-cussed by Pollock.95 In the Diyala larger inner-site facilities have been convincingly defined by the excavators for Temple Oval I at Khafagah for Early Dynastic D to E.96

Even though comparable large rooms for storage do not exist in the earlier tem-ples, the variety of activities in the shrine at Tell Asmar and the Shara Temple at Tell Agrab97 are in line with such an economic development, which ended in the one reflected by the Temple Oval, identified as an oikos-like structure. With some pro-bability such kinds of shrine-extern storage units were also present in the Diyala sites in the earlier part of the Early Dynastic period, like at Ur, here reflected by the contemporary SIS material, but have not been excavated so far in the Diyala. That an institution like the Shara Temple was a complex on the way to an oikos-akin status, but still continued the old traditional Uruk tributary system, is perhaps also reflected by the on-going use of the ‘Façade and Goat’ motif seals, which – as to 93 See here note 1 and Pollock 1999, 117 Fig. 5.1. For the Round buildings see also the con-tributions by Renette 2009; Forest 2011 and Heil 2011. 94 See Henrickson 1981, 64–66 Tabs. 6–8. But of course, the presence of complete or restor-able pots was low, except for graves. 95 Pollock 1999, 138. 140. 142 Tab. 5.4 and 5.10 on storage and subsistence strategies. 96 OIP 53, 27 large storage jars in N44:1, but possibly used for stonecutter’s products; a round structure against the inner precinct in O46:1 and large storage jars at the back of the platform and woven reed baskets in connection to sickles in N46:1 (ibid., Figs. 24–26). The function of these rooms continued in Oval II (ibid., 78). Interesting are also footprints of men, children, cattle, sheep and dogs on the floor of the courtyard to the right of the stairs leading to the platform, reflecting the position of sacrificial animals. 97 One should keep in mind that only small parts of the Shara Temple could be excavated.


Evans – were no heirlooms in the Main Level shrines of the Shara Temple.98 They were common in the Diyala in the earlier shrines, reaching back before Protoliterate c in Khafagah as discussed in the first part. A similar argument can be stated for the pigtailed women seals, which were quite common also in the later Early Dynastic phases. Evans could detect clear stylistic and compositional distinct elements be-tween older and younger seals of this group.99 I am well aware that textual evidence and common historical constructs give a some-what more complex picture of the activities of shrines and temples of the Early Dynastic period. However, they have to face the archaeological data. One could argue, as usual, that a large amount of finds were victims of intensive robbery before excavations started, which was the case in the Diyala. Anyhow, one should keep in mind that buildings close to the surface, like Sin IX and more impressive, the Main Levels of the Shara Temple, gave an abundance of finds. Therefore, the fluctuation within the presence of objects in shrines and temples of deeper levels would need an explanation. Anyhow this of course would be a case for further micro-archaeological studies.

98 Evans 2005, 175–180. 99 Evans 2005, 180–182.


Tab. 14 Occurrence of beads in graves of the Diyala


Tab. 15 Special inventories in the Diyala sites


Tab. 16 Occurrence of Delougaz’s vessel types in the Diyala sites


APPENDICES 1. OFFERINGS Offerings as used here, consist of amulets, beads, inlays, mace heads, ornaments (including pins), carved vessels, and stone-, frit/faience- and copper-vessels.

1.1 Khafagah Sin I:100 1; II: 14; III: 68; 101 IV: 181; V: 15; VI: 0; VI–VII: 2; VII: 1; VIII: 45; IX: 55; X: 39. Nintu V:102 6; VI: 75; 103 VII: 16. Small Temple III:104 14; VI: 0; VIII: 1; IX: 1. Temple Oval I-total:105 55; Oval I –D: 46;106 Oval I/D: 9; Oval I/L43:4: 6; Oval II-total:107 60; Oval II –D: 57;108 Oval II/D: 3; Oval II/L43:4: 0; Oval III: 13. Houses (H)12:109 2; H 11:110 0; H 10:111 1; H 9:112 2; H 8:113 2; H 7:114 0; H 6:115 52;116 H 5117: 1; H 4-total:118 147; H 4-w. of Sin (N–P 42–44): 36; H 4-nw. of Oval I (J–K 42–43): 111;119 H 3120-total: 68; H 3-w. of Sin (N–P 42–44): 12; H 3-n. of Oval I (J–M 41–43): 56;121 Below Houses 2 = H 2a (O–R 41–45): 22;122 H 2-total (M–R 100 The finds from this shrine are listed in OIP 58, 136‒148. Objects from “Sin III or IV” (ibid., 139) from Q 42 are discarded, as well as those marked “Sin VIII–IX” from Q 43:11 (ibid., 145) as well as those from “Sin IX–X” from Q 42: an R 42:2 (ibid., 147). 101 A hoard of beads, without specific number. A seal pendant (Kh.VII 19) is included here. 102 Finds from this shrine are listed in OIP 58, 148‒151. 103 Copper wrestlers included (Kh.VIII 117). 104 Finds from this shrine are listed in OIP 58, 151–152. 105 Finds of this temple are listed in OIP 53, 155–164. Objects from “Oval I–II” were dis-carded. 106 Including copper statues (Kh.I 351a‒c), gold ribbon (Kh.IV 7), one lead ring (Kh.III 1310) and a silver bead (Kh.II 257a). 107 Finds from “Oval II–III” were discarded. 108 Including carnelian lump (Kh.IV 426), copper flower (Kh.IV 428), gold-leaf ornament (Kh.I 285), silver crescent (Kh.III 903). 109 Finds from the Houses are listed in OIP 88, 25–50; those from “Houses 12?” and “Houses 12 or 11” were discarded. 110 Finds from “Houses 11?” were discarded. 111 Finds from “Houses 10 or 9” were discarded. 112 Finds from “Houses 9 or 8” were discarded. 113 Finds from “Houses 8?” were discarded. 114 Finds from “Houses 7?” were discarded. 115 Finds from “Houses 6? 6 or 5, 6. 5 or 4” were discarded. 116 Including a jar with a hoard (Kh.V 155) with finds (Kh.V 312-36: offerings: 176, Pottery: one, Food production: three, Tool: one (Flint), Weight: one? Other: two). 117 Finds from “Houses 5?” were discarded. 118 Finds from “Houses 4? 4 or 3 and 4 or above” were discarded. 119 Including 95 lapis lazuli and 3 carnelian beads (Kh.IV 435) and a lapis lazuli bead (Kh.III 1239). 120 Finds from “Houses 3? And 3 or 2” were discarded. 121 Including three carnelian beads (Kh.III 318. 1182–83), five lapis lazuli beads (Kh.III 381. 594. 1084‒85. 1267) and a lapis lazuli animal amulet (Kh.I 530). 122 Including three lapis lazuli beads (Kh.III 100. 276. 283), a lapis lazuli bull amulet (Kh.III 516), a lapis lazuli animal amulets (Kh.III 520‒21) and a lapis lazuli eye inlay (Kh.III 599).


41–46): 123 123; H 2-w. of Sin (M–R 41–46): 113;124 H2-e. of Sin (R-T 41‒43):125 10;126 H 1127: 73.128

1.2 Tell Asmar, Abu Temple and Houses Vc129 Earliest Shrine: 2; Archaic Shrine I: 0; Archaic Shrine II: 1; Archaic Shrine III: 2; Archaic Shrine IV: 17; Predecessor/Square Temple I: 140;130 Square T. II: 0; Square T. III: 3;131 Single Shrine I: 21. Houses Vc: 7.132

1.3 Tell Agrab, Shara Temple Earlier-/Intermediate Buildings:133 458;134 Intermediate Building/Main Levels 1‒2: 632.135 2. FIGURINES Figurines are divided in anthropomorphic and zoomorphic ones.

2.1 Khafagah 123 “Houses 2? and 2 or 1” were discarded. 124 Including one agate bead (Kh,I 272), one bitumen club head (Kh.III 438), carnelian (16 beads: Kh.III 16. 69. 311. 398. 421. 509. 888. 891. 932. 935–36. 945–46. 1213–14. 1154), gold (beads [Kh.III 1215–17], leaf-shaped ornament [Kh.III 1221], ring [Kh.III 925], spacer beads [Kh.III 1218–19]), lapis lazuli (19 beads [Kh.III 15. 166–67. 213. 360. 370. 415. 485. 889. 892. 897. 937–39. 941. 1210. 1222. 1231. 1246], a frog amulet [Kh.III 924], two pen-dants [Kh.III 312. 416], and two inlays [Kh.III 178. 405]), and silver (silver-covered bitumen monkey amulet [Kh.III 1212], and a spacer bead [Kh.III 1220]). 125 OIP 88, Pl. 16. 126 Including a carnelian pendant (Kh.IV 484), and two lapis lazuli spacer beads (Kh.IV 379). 127 Finds from “Houses 1 or above” were discarded. 128 Including two agate beads (Kh.I 105. 191), 6 carnelian beads (Kh.III 53. 71. 186. 193. 580. 1242), a gold-foil crescent amulet (Kh.I 194), an ivory (?) bead (Kh.III 90), lapis lazuli (18 beads [Kh.I 37. 131. 140. 182 and Kh.III 91–92. 104. 165. 191. 194–96. 581–82. 813. 828–30], an amulet fragment [Kh.III 817], a monkey amulet [Kh.III 900]), and a silver earring (Kh.III 47). 129 Finds from this shrine are listed in OIP 58, 206‒214; those of Houses Vc in OIP 88, 210. 130 Including crystal sherds (As.33:657 (8x). 571), a crystal bowl (As.33:684) and a carved vessel (As.33:138). 131 Including a stone with two rams’ heads (As.33:213). 132 Including a lapis lazuli pendant (As.33:215). 133 Finds from this temple are listed in OIP 58, 266–284. Evans 2005, 119–165. 429–449 has given concrete levels for the Shara Temple, as: Earliest Remains: Floor 29,00m, Earlier Building: Floors 30,00 and 30,75/31,00 m, Intermediate Building: over 31,00–32,00 m, Main Level 1: Floor 32,30 m and Main Level 2: Floor 33,40 m. But since in the original publication only three rough categories in regard to levels are given, i.e. 30,00–32,00 m (p.266. 272 and 283) 32,00–34,00 m, and “Top level”, no differentiation for most of the finds can be given, only for the “better ones” like sculpture, seals etc. The Shara Temple is a clear example, that locus numbers were not restricted to one find spot – pace Gibson 2011, 68 note 12. The few finds from the top level have been discarded here. 134 Including a bead hoard (Ag.36:3) and the famous copper quadriga (Ag.36:150). Three carved vessels are also included (Evans 2005, 189 note 73). 135 Including 39 bead groups and two gold model bottles (Ag.35:1001–1002). 23 carved ves-sels from the Main Level are included here (Evans 2005, 189 note 73); to add also Ag. 35:1013 from L13:1 and Ag.35:515 from N15:2.


Sin I: 0; II: 1 (Anthropomorphic); III: 0; IV: 2 (1 (Anthropomorphic); V: 3 (2 an-thropom.); VI: 0; VI-VII: 0; VII: 0; VIII: 3;136IX: 6;137X: 2.138 Nintu V: 1; VI: 1;139 VII: 0. Small Temple III: 0; VI: 0; VIII: 0; IX: 0. Temple Oval I-total: 2;140 Oval I –D: 2; Oval I/D: 0; Oval I/L43:4: 0; Oval II-total: 1; Oval II –D: 1;141 Oval II/D: 0; Oval II/L43:4: 0; Oval III: 0; Houses 12: 1;142 H 11: 0; H 10: 0; H 9: 0; H 8: 1;143 H 7: 1;144 H 6: 0; H 5: 0; H 4-total: 4;145 H 4-w. of Sin (N–P 42–44): 1; H 4-nw. of Oval I (J–K 42–43): 3; H 3-total: 10; H 3-w. of Sin (N–P 42–44): 0; H 3-n. of Oval I (J–M 41–43): 10;146 Below Houses 2 = H 2a (O–R 41–45): 1;147 H 2-total (M–R 41–46): 9; H 2-w. of Sin: 7;148 H 2-e. of Sin (R–T 41–43): 2;149 H 1: 3.150

2.2 Tell Asmar, Abu Temple and Houses Vc Earliest Shrine: 0; Archaic Shrine I: 0; Archaic Shrine II: 4;151 Archaic Shrine III: 6;152 Archaic Shrine IV: 3;153 Predecessor/Square Temple I: 4;154 Square T. II: 0; Square T. III: 1; Single Shrine I: 2. Houses Vc: 0.

2.3 Tell Agrab, Shara Temple155 Earlier- /Intermediate Buildings: 2;156 Intermediate Building/Main Levels 1‒2: 11.157 3. SUBSTITUTES Substitutes are all kinds of seals and sculptures, also fragments.

3.1 Khafagah Sin I: 1; II: 35; III: 30 (including one stamp seal); IV: 153;158 V: 14; VI: 1; VI-VII: 7;159 VII: 5; VIII: 47; IX: 108;160 X: 3. 136 A copper figurine (Kh.V 105). 137 Two anthropomorphic figurines included. 138 Including one Imdugud fragment (Kh.IV 228). 139 Bearded cow (Kh.IX 123). 140 One anthropomorphic. 141 Zoomorphic. 142 Anthropomorphic. 143 Anthropomorphic? 144 Anthropomorphic? 145 Including one anthropomorphic. 146 Including three anthropomorphic. 147 Zoomorphic. 148 Zoomorphic. 149 One anthropomorphic. 150 Zoomorphic. 151 Animal figurines. 152 Including two animal figurines. 153 Animal figurines. 154 Including three goddess figurines (As.33:92. 686. 415). 155 Finds from this temple are listed in OIP 58, 266–284. 156 The “rough carving” (Ag.36:472) is included – see OIP 60, Pl. 45E. 157 Including two anthropomorphic ones, one goddess-type (Ag.35:554), two fragments of an animal figurine from different loci (Ag.35:728 and 36:21), a small copper lion (Ag.36:190), and copper animal fragments (Ag.35:677).


Nintu V: 11; VI: 31; VII: 35.161 Small Temple III: 2; VI, 0; VIII: 2; IX: 0. Temple Oval I-total: 40; Oval I –D: 18; Oval I/D: 22; Oval I/L43:4: 16; Oval II-total: 37; Oval II –D: 28; Oval II/D: 9; Oval II/L43:4: 2; Oval III: 12. Houses 12: 2; H 11: 0; H 10: 0; H 9: 0; H 8: 2; H 7: 2; H 6: 2; H 5: 2; H 4-total: 22;162 H 4-w. of Sin (N–P 42–44): 11;163 H 4-nw. of Oval I (J–K 42–43): 11;164 H 3-total: 27; H 3-w. of Sin (N–P 42–44): 5;165 H 3-n. of Oval I (J–M 41–43): 22;166 Below Houses 2 = H 2a (O–R 41–45): 8;167 H 2-total (M–R 41–46): 46; H 2-w. of Sin: 43;168 H 2-e. of Sin (R–T 41–43): 3; H 1: 18.169

3.2 Tell Asmar, Abu Temple and Houses Vc Earliest Shrine: 1; Archaic Shrine I: 1;170 Archaic Shrine II: 1; Archaic Shrine III: 6; Archaic Shrine IV: 5; Predecessor/Square Temple I: 56;171 Square T. II: 1; 0; Square T. III: 6; Single Shrine I: 19.172 Houses Vc: 10.173

3.3 Tell Agrab, Shara Temple Earlier-/Intermediate Buildings: 87;174 Intermediate Building/Main Level 1‒2: 122. 4. POTTERY

4.1 Khafagah Sin I: 7; II: 3; III: 23; IV: 7; V: 8; VI: 3; VI–VII: 0; VII: 2; VIII: 3; IX: 6; X: 4. Nintu V: 0; VI: 2; VII: 4. Small Temple III: 0; VI: 3; VIII: 2; IX: 7. 158 Including one small statue (Kh. VI 325), and an eyeball: Kh. VII 65. 159 A statuette (Kh. V 209) is listed for Sin VI–VII and VII – OIP 58, 143. See Evans 2011, 51–52, Pl. IVd. 160 Including one eyeball (Kh.IV 175) from R42:2. 161 Including an unfinished head (Kh. III 1004). 162 Including one clay tablet (Kh.III 1293), and five seal impressions (Kh.III 679. 1161. 1308, V 54. 55). 163 Including two seal impressions (Kh.V 54‒55). 164 Including one clay tablet fragment (Kh.III 1293), and three seal impressions (Kh.III 679. 1161. 1308). 165 Including one sculpture (Kh.V 46 – No.326). 166 Including seven seal impressions (Kh.III 327–328. 645. 678. 1090. 1167–1168), one sculp-ture, and two sculpture fragments (Kh.III 583 – No.189. 1289. 1305). 167 From “Houses 3 or 2” comes another seal (Kh.III 1237 = OIP 72, No. 322). 168 Including 18 seal impressions (Kh.III 119. 329-39. 463. 794. 1067‒68, 1168, V 73), one statue (Kh.III 179 – No. 90), a statue base (K.III 138), and a stamp seal (Kh.III 397). 169 Including two seal impressions (Kh.II 150 and III 139), and one statue (Kh I 320, No. 255). 170 Seal impression (As. 34:214). 171 Including one eyeball (As.33:309) from D17:7 (courtyard). A feet from D 17:6 (As.33:281) joins with a male statue of Single Shrine I in E 17:11 (As.33:75; OIP 58, 209). 172 Including a statue group (As.33:32). 173 Including three seal impressions (As.33:232 [= OIP 72, No. 546], 233, 315). 174 Including copper statues (Ag.35:1035; Ag.36:70. 140. 141), and four eyeballs from N13:1 (Ag.35:910 –11. 937) and from M14:4 (Ag.35:828).


Temple Oval I-total: 18; Oval I –D: 9; Oval I/D: 9; Oval I/L43:4: 1; Oval II-total: 29; Oval II –D: 9; Oval II/D: 20; Oval II/L43: 0; Oval III: 18. Houses 12: 14; H 11: 7; H 10: 3; H 9: 2; H 8: 7; H 7: 7; H 6: 4; H 5: 1; H 4-total: 42; H 4-w. of Sin (N–P 42–44): 7; H 4-nw. of Oval I (J–K 42–43): 35; H 3-total: 84; H 3-w. of Sin (N–P 42–44): 9; H 3-n. of Oval I (J–M 41–43): 75; Below Houses 2 = H 2a (O–R 41–45): 18;175 H 2-total (M–R 41–46): 111; H 2-w.of Sin: 102; H 2-e. of Sin (R–T 41–43): 9; H 1: 69.

4.2 Tell Asmar, Abu Temple and Houses Vc Earliest Shrine: 9; Archaic Shrine I: 0; Archaic Shrine II: 26; Archaic Shrine III: 668; Archaic Shrine IV: 16; Predecessor/Square Temple I: 22; Square T. II: 0; Square T. III: 0; Single Shrine I: 6. Houses Vc: 13.

4.3 Tell Agrab, Shara Temple Earlier-/Intermediate Buildings: 14; Intermediate Building/Main Level 1‒2: 7. 5. VOTIVE PLAQUES, RELIEFS AND NAILS

5.1 Khafagah Sin I: 0; II: 0; III: 0; IV: 0; V: 0; VI: 0; VI–VII: 0; VII: 0; VIII: 3;176IX: 4; X: 0. Nintu V: 2; VI: 2;177 VII: 7.178 Small Temple III: 0; VI: 0; VIII: 0; IX: 0. Temple Oval I-total: 6; Oval I –D: 2; Oval I/D: 4;179 Oval I/L43: 0; Oval II-total: 3; Oval II –D: 2;180 Oval II/D: 1;181 Oval II/L43: 0; Oval III: 3.182 Houses 12: 0; H 11: 0; H 10: 0; H 9: 0; H 8: 0; H 7: 0; H 6: 0; H 5: 0; H 4-total: 0; H 4-w. of Sin (N–P 42–-44): 0; H 4-nw. of Oval I (J–K 42–43): 0; H 3-total: 0; H 3-w. of Sin (N–P 42–44): 0; H 3-n. of Oval I (J–M 41–43): 0; Below Houses 2 = H 2a(O–R 41–45): 0; H 2-total (M–R 41–46): 0; H 2-w. of Sin: 0; H 2-e. of Sin (R–T 41–43): 0; H 1: 0.

5.2 Tell Asmar, Abu Temple and Houses Vc Earliest Shrine: 0; Archaic Shrine I: 0; Archaic Shrine II: 1; Archaic Shrine III: 0; Archaic Shrine IV: 0; Predecessor/Square Temple I: 4;183 Square T. II: 0; 0; Square T. III: 0; Single Shrine I: 3. Houses Vc: 0.

5.3 Tell Agrab, Shara Temple Earlier-/Intermediate Buildings: 3; Intermediate Building/Main Level 1‒2: 8.184 175 From “Houses 2 or below” comes another vessel (C.555.420). 176 A stone relief included (Kh.IV 393). 177 Relief fragments (Kh.VIII 26 and 183). 178 Including a relief fragment (Kh.VIII 205). 179 One relief fragment included (Kh.I 565). 180 One relief fragment included (Kh.III 1364). 181 One wall peg included (Kh.I 410). 182 Including two inscribed stelae fragments (Kh.II 51. 162), and one relief fragment (Kh.II 129). 183 Including one relief fragment (As.33:419). 184 Including seven relief fragments (Ag.35:8 (2x). 668 (2x), Ag.36:192, Ag.35:656. 800), and a stone wall nail (Ag.35:1071).


6. TEXTILE Spindle whorls, awls, needles, loom weights and the like.

6.1 Khafagah Sin I: 0; II: 0; III: 1; IV: 2;185 V: 0; VI: 0; VI–VII: 0; VIII: 1; IX: 0; X: 0. Nintu V: 0; VI: 1; VII: 0. Small Temple III: 0; VI: 0; VIII: 0; IX: 0. Temple Oval I-total: 3; Oval I –D: 0; Oval I/D: 3; Oval I/L43: 0; Oval II-total: 8; Oval II –D: 5; Oval II/D: 3; Oval II/L43: 0; Oval III: 2. Houses 12: 0; H 11: 0; H 10: 0; H 9: 0; H 8: 0; H 7: 0; H 6: 0; H 5: 0; H 4-total: 5; H 4-w. of Sin (N–P 42–44): 2; H 4-nw. of Oval I (J–K 42–43): 3; H 3-total: 9; H 3-w. of Sin (N–P 42–44): 1; H 3-n. of Oval I (J–M 41–43): 8; Below Houses 2 = H 2a (O–R 41–45): 2; H 2-total (M–R 41–46): 16; H 2-w. of Sin: 16; H 2-e. of Sin (R–T 41–43): 0; H 1: 3.


6.3 Tell Agrab, Shara Temple Earlier-/Intermediate Buildings: 3?186 Intermediate Building/Main Level 1‒2: 2.187 7. FOOD PRODUCTION/PREPARATION Mortars, pestles but also items for fishing etc.

7.1 Khafagah Sin I: 1; II: 0; III: 0; IV: 0; V: 0; VI: 0; VI-VII: 0; VII: 0; VIII: 0; IX: 0; X: 0. Nintu V: 0; VI: 1;188 VII: 0. Small Temple III: 0; VI: 0; VIII: 0; IX: 0. Temple Oval I-total: 5; Oval I –D: 1; Oval I/D: 4;189 Oval I/L43: 0; Oval II-total: 4; Oval II –D: 3;190 Oval II/D: 1; Oval II/L43: 0; Oval III: 2.191 Houses 12: 0; H 11: 0; H 10: 0; H 9: 0; H 8: 1; H 7: 0; H 6: 0; H 5: 0; H 4-total: 4; H 4-w. of Sin (N–P 42–44): 1; H 4-nw. of Oval I (J–K 42–43): 3; H 3-total: 8;192 H 3-w. of Sin (N–P 42–44): 1; H 3-n. of Oval I (J–M 41–43): 7;193 Below Houses 2 = H 2a (O–R 41–45): 1; H 2-total (M–R 41–46): 3;194 H 2-w. of Sin: 2; H 2-e. of Sin (R–T 41–43): 1; H 1: 6.195 185 OIP 58, 28 Fig. 24, two hut symbols (Kh.VI 242-43; used for spinning? – Breniquet 1996 and Caubet 2006). 186 Three hut symbols (Ag.35:1042; 36:134. 367) – cf. Breniquet 1996 and Caubet 2006. 187 Including one hut symbol – cf. Breniquet 1996 and Caubet 2006. 188 Double edged flint blade (Kh.VIII 44). 189 See also Henrickson1982, 7. 190 Group of flint blades included (Kh.II 201). 191 Including a flint blade set in bitumen (Kh.II 76), and a flint scraper (Kh.II 195). 192 Henrickson 1981, 61‒62 and Tab. 2, would add six cooking vessels. 193 Including a net sinker of bitumen (Kh.III 1139a). 194 Henrickson 1981, 61‒62 and Tab. 2, would add one cooking vessel. 195 Including two flint blades (Kh.III 189-90)? Henrickson 1981, 61‒62 and Tab. 2, would add 11 cooking vessels.


7.2 Tell Asmar, Abu Temple Earliest Shrine: 0; Archaic Shrine I: 0; Archaic Shrine II: 0; Archaic Shrine III: 1; Archaic Shrine IV: 0; Predecessor/Square Temple I: 1; Square T. II: 0; Square T. III: 0; Single Shrine I: 0. Houses Vc: 0.196

7.3 Tell Agrab, Shara Temple Earlier-/Intermediate Buildings: 1;197 Intermediate Building/Main Level 1‒2: 2. 8. TOOL

8.1 Khafagah Sin I: 0; II: 0; III: 1; IV: 0; V: 0; VI: 0; VI–VII: 0; VII: 0; VIII: 1; IX: 0; X: 1. Nintu V: 1; VI: 1; VII: 4. Small Temple III: 0; VI: 0; VIII: 0; IX: 0. Temple Oval I-total: 4; Oval I – D: 0; Oval I/D: 4; Oval I/L43: 0; Oval II-total: 11; Oval II – D: 5;198 Oval II/D: 6; Oval II/L43: 0; Oval III: 2. Houses 12: 0; H 11: 0; H 10: 0; H 9: 0; H 8: 0; H 7: 0; H 6: 0; H 5: 0; H 4-total: 5; H 4-w. of Sin (N–P 42–44): 1; H 4-nw. of Oval I (J–K 42–43): 4; H 3-total: 5; H 3-w. of Sin (N–P 42–44): 1; H 3-n. of Oval I (J–M 41–43): 4; Below Houses 2 = H 2a (O–R 41–45): 3; H 2-total (M–R 41–46): 9; H 2-w. of Sin: 9; H 2-e. of Sin (R–T 41–43): 0; H 1: 4.


8.3 Tell Agrab, Shara Temple Earlier-/Intermediate Buildings: 5; Intermediate Building/Main Level 1‒2: 9. 9. WEAPON Blades, Daggers, Spearheads etc.

9.1 Khafagah Sin I: 0; II: 0; III: 0; IV: 0; V: 0; VI: 0; VI–VII: 0; VII: 0; VIII: 0; IX; 0; X: 1. Nintu V: 0; VI: 1; VII: 1. Small Temple III: 0; VI: 0; VIII: 0; IX: 0. Temple Oval I-total: 2; Oval I –D: 1; Oval I/D: 1; Oval I/L43: 0; Oval II-total: 0; Oval II –D: 0; Oval II/D: 0; Oval II/L43: 0; Oval III: 2.199 Houses 12: 0; H 11: 0; H 10: 0; H 9: 0; H 8: 0; H 7: 0; H 6: 0; H 5: 0; H 4-total: 3; H 4-w. of Sin (N–P 42–44): 1; H 4-nw. of Oval I (J–K 42–43): 2; H 3-total: 2; H 3-w. of Sin (N–P 42–44): 1; H 3-n. of Oval I (J–M 41–43): 1; Below Houses 2 = H 2a (O–R 41–45): 0; H 2-total (M–R 41–46): 2; H 2-w. of Sin: 2; H 2-e. of Sin (R–T 41–43): 0; H 1: 5.

9.2 Tell Asmar, Abu Temple and Houses Vc 196 Henrickson 1981, 61‒62 and Tab. 2, would add three cooking vessels. 197 Flints set in bitumen (Ag.36:292). 198 Including one obsidian knife (Kh.I 315). 199 Including one knife fragment (Kh.II 1).


Earliest Shrine: 0; Archaic Shrine I: 0; Archaic Shrine II: 0; Archaic Shrine III: 1;200 Archaic Shrine IV: 0; Predecessor/Square Temple I: 0; Square T. II: 0; Square T. III: 0; Single Shrine I: 0. Houses Vc: 0.

9.3 Tell Agrab, Shara Temple Earlier-/Intermediate Buildings: 6; Intermediate Building/Main Level 1‒2: 7. 10. WEIGHT

10.1 Khafagah Sin I: 0; II: 0; III: 1?;201 IV: 0; V: 0; VI: 0; VI–VII: 0; VII: 0; VIII: 0; IX: 0; X: 0. Nintu V: 0; VI: 2; VII: 1.202 Small Temple III: 0; VI: 0; VIII: 1; IX: 0. Temple Oval I-total: 5; Oval I –D: 3; Oval I/D: 2; Oval I/L43: 0; Oval II-total: 2; Oval II –D: 2; Oval II/D: 0; Oval II/L43: 0; Oval III: 1. Houses 12: 0; H 11: 0; H 10: 0; H 9: 0; H 8: 0; H 7: 0; H 6: 0; H 5: 0; H 4-total: 12; H 4-w. of Sin (N–P 42–44): 0; H 4-nw. of Oval I (J–K 42–43): 12; H 3-total: 3; H 3-w. of Sin (N–P 42–44): 0; H 3-n. of Oval I (J–M 41–43): 3; Below Houses 2 = H 2a (O–R 41–45): 7;203 H 2-total (M–R 41–46): 12; H 2-w. of Sin: 10; H 2-e .of Sin (R–T 41–43): 2; H 1: 10.

10.2 Tell Asmar, Abu Temple and Houses Vc Earliest Shrine: 0; Archaic Shrine I: 0; Archaic Shrine II: 0; Archaic Shrine III: 1; Archaic Shrine IV: 0; Predecessor/Square Temple I: 9; Square T. II: 0; Square T. III: 0; Single Shrine I: 1. Houses Vc: 3.204

10.3 Tell Agrab, Shara Temple Earlier-/Intermediate Buildings: 0; Intermediate Building/Main Level 1‒2: 1. 11. PERSONAL CULT Clay model wheels, clay chariots and beds and Puzu heads.

11.1 Khafagah Sin I: 0;205 II: 0; III: 0; IV: 0; V: 0; VI: 0; VI–VII: 0; VII: 0; VIII: 0; IX: 1;206X: 2.207 Nintu V: 0; VI: 0; VII: 0. Small Temple III: 0; VI: 0; VIII: 0; IX: 0. Temple Oval I-total: 1; Oval I –D: 0; Oval I/D: 1; Oval I/L43: 0; Oval II-total: 4; Oval II –D: 3; Oval II/D: 1; Oval II/L43: 0; Oval III: 3. Houses 12: 0; H 11: 0; H 10: 0; H 9: 0; H 8: 0; H 7: 0; H 6: 0; H 5: 0; H 4-total: 2; H 4-w. of Sin (N–P 42–44): 0; H 4-nw. of Oval I (J–K 42–43): 2; H 3-total: 6; H 3-w. of Sin (N–P 42–44): 4; H 3-n. of Oval I (J–M 41–43): 2; Below Houses 2 = H 2a 200 Including one copper blade (As.34:119). 201 Weight (?) (Kh.VII 141). 202 Duck weight (Kh.III 907). 203 Including one hematite weight (Kh.III 518). 204 Including one hematite weight (As.33:234). 205 Perhaps a model boat from Q42 (Kh.IX 7) should be included here – cf. Meyer 2001. 206 Puzu head (Kh.IV 209). 207 Puzu heads (Kh.IV 153 and IV 164)


(O–R 41–45): 0; H 2-total (M–R 41–46): 12; H 2-w. of Sin: 10; H 2-e. of Sin (R–T 41–43): 2; H 1: 12.

11.2 Tell Asmar, Abu Temple and Houses Vc Earliest Shrine: 0; Archaic Shrine I: 0; Archaic Shrine II: 0; Archaic Shrine III: 0; Archaic Shrine IV: 0; Predecessor/Square Temple I: 0; Square T. II: 0; Square T. III: 0; Houses Vc: 1.

11.3 Tell Agrab, Shara Temple Earlier-/Intermediate Buildings: 0; Intermediate Building/Main Level 1‒2: 0. 12. COSMETIC ITEMS208

12.1 Khafagah Sin I: 0;209 II: 0; III: 0;210 IV: 0; V: 0; VI: 0; VI–VII: 0; VII: 0; VIII: 0; IX: 0;211 X: 1.212 Nintu V: 0; VI: 0; VII: 0. Small Temple III: 0; VI: 0; VIII: 0; IX: 0. Temple Oval I-total: 2;213 Oval I –D: 1;214 Oval I/D: 1; Oval I/L43: 0; Oval II-total: 0;215 Oval II –D: 0; Oval II/D: Oval II/L43: 0; Oval III: 1. Houses 12: 1; H 11: 0; H 10: 0; H 9: 0;216 H 8: 0; H 7: 0;217 H 6: 1;218 H 5: 0; H 4-total: 11;219 H 4-w. of Sin (N–P 42–44): 3; H 4-nw. of Oval I (J–K 42–43): 8;220 H 3-total: 6;221 H 3-w. of Sin (N–P 42–44): 3; H 3-n. of Oval I (J–M 41–43): 3; Below Houses 2 = H 2a (O–R 41–45): 2;222 H 2-total (M–R 41–46): 3;223 H 2-w. of Sin: 3;224 H 2-e. of Sin (R–T 41–43): 0; H 1: 3.225

12.2 Tell Asmar, Abu Temple and Houses Vc Earliest Shrine: 0; Archaic Shrine I: 0; Archaic Shrine II: 0; Archaic Shrine III: 0;226 Archaic Shrine IV: 0; Predecessor/Square Temple I: 1;227 Square T. II: 0; Square T. III: 0; Single Shrine I: 0.228 208 For the association of Pottery type A with Cosmetics, see Delougaz OIP 63, 18‒19. 209 Pottery type A: 2 (1). The numbers in parenthesis are from the original excavation report OIP 88, the first numbers refer to OIP 63. 210 Pottery type A: 1 (0). 211 Pottery type A: 1. 212 Mirror (Kh.IV 339). Pottery type A: 1. 213 Pottery type A: 1. 214 Mirror (Kh.IV 86). 215 Pottery type A: 9 (8). 216 Pottery type A: 1. 217 Pottery type A: 1. 218 Pottery type A: 1 (0). 219 Potter type A: 2. 220 Including four copper vanity sets (Kh.III 1075. 1114? 1272. 1276), and one copper mirror (Kh.IV 498). 221 Pottery type A: 5 (6). 222 Including one copper vanity set (Kh.III 291), and Pottery type A: 2. 223 Pottery type A: 14 (19). 224 Including two copper vanity sets (Kh.III 61. 420). 225 Including three copper vanity sets (Kh.I 108a and III 103. 831), and Pottery type A: 9. 226 Pottery type A: 1.


Houses Vc: 0.229 12.3 Tell Agrab, Shara Temple

Earlier-/Intermediate Buildings: 2;230 Intermediate Building/Main Level 1‒2: 0. 13. “MONEY” Spirals of copper and silver wire and “Hacksilber”.

13.1 Khafagah Sin I: 0; II: 0; III: 0; IV: 0; V: 0; VI: 0; VI–VII: 0; VII: 0; VIII: 0; IX: 0; X: 0. Nintu V: 0; VI: 0; VII: 0. Small Temple III: 0; VI: 0; VIII: 0; IX: 0. Temple Oval I-total: 0; Oval I –D: 0; Oval I/D: 0; Oval I/L43: 0; Oval II-total: 0; Oval II –D: 0; Oval II/D: 0; Oval II/L43: 0; Oval III: 1.231 Houses 12: 0; H 11: 0; H 10: 0; H 9: 0; H 8: 0; H 7: 0; H 6: 0; H 5: 0; H 4-total: 0; H 4-w. of Sin (N–P 42–44): 0; H 4-nw. of Oval I (J–K 42–43): 0; H 3-total: 0; H 3-w. of Sin (N–P 42–44): 0; H 3-n. of Oval I (J–M 41–43): 0; Below Houses 2 = H 2a (O–R 41–45): 0; H 2-total (M–R 41–46): 100; H 2-w.of Sin: 1;232 H 2-e. of Sin (R–T 41–43): 99; 233 H 1: 3.234

13.2 Tell Asmar, Abu Temple Earliest Shrine: 0; Archaic Shrine I: 0; Archaic Shrine II: 0; Archaic Shrine III: 0; Archaic Shrine IV: 0; Predecessor/Square Temple I: 0; Square T. II: 0; 0; Square T. III: 0; Single Shrine I: 0. Houses Vc: 0.

13.3 Tell Agrab, Shara Temple Earlier-/Intermediate Buildings: 0;235 Intermediate Building/Main Level 1‒2: at least 15.236 14. OTHER

14.1 Khafagah Sin I: 0; II: 1; 237III: 5;238 IV: 7;239 V: 0; VI: 0; VI–VII: 1; 240 VII: 0; VIII: 5;241IX: 2;242 X: 3.243 227 Mirror (As.33:461). For the Square Temple: Pottery type A: 0 (1). 228 Pottery type A: 2. 229 Pottery type A: 1. 230 Two mirrors (Ag.36:75. 112). 231 Including one twisted gold bead (Kh.II 159)? 232 Copper wire (Kh.III 143). 233 Hoard (Kh.IX 87/C.545.340) including: silver (14 rings [Kh.IX 87a], 15 beads [Kh.IX 87b], two cones – one made of spiraled wire [Kh.IX 87c], ring and 14 fragments of rings and wire [Kh.IX 87d], 13 fragments of foil [Kh.IX 87e], ingot [Kh.IX 87f], nine stripes [Kh.IX 87g, c], and 30 pieces of melted-down silver and scraps [Kh.IX 87h]). 234 Copper bars (Kh.III 175–77). 235 Wire bead (Ag.35:1008)? 236 Including gold wire (Ag.35:997). Perhaps a “pot with fragments of copper” from L13:4 (Ag.36:279; B.644.520) should also be included here ‒ OIP 58, 273. 237 Game piece (Kh.VII 228). 238 Shell lamp (Kh.VI 332), conical object (Kh.VII 96), knob (Kh.VII 142), game piece (Kh.VII 158), and shell (Kh.VII 165).


Nintu V: 0; VI: 5;244 VII: 5.245 Small Temple III: 6;246 VI: 0; VIII: 1;247 IX: 0. Temple Oval I-total: 22; Oval I –D: 11;248 Oval I/D: 11;249 Oval I/L43: 3;250 Oval II-total: 24; Oval II –D: 13;251 Oval II/D: 11; 252 Oval II/L43: 0; Oval III: 6.253 Houses 12: 2;254 H 11: 0; H 10: 0; H 9: 0; H 8: 1;255 H 7: 0; H 6: 1;256 H 5: 0; H 4-total: 18; H 4-w. of Sin (N–P 42–44): 6;257 H 4-nw. of Oval I (J–K 42–43): 12;258 H 3-total: 9; H 3-w. of Sin (N–P 42–44): 1;259 H 3-n. of Oval I (J–M 41–43): 8;260 239 Three buttons (Kh.VII 50), game piece (Kh.VI 231), palettes (Kh.VI 311‒12), stone troughs (Kh.VI 318‒19), shell lamp (Kh.VI 372), and a clay knob covered with bitumen (Kh.VI 380). 240 Imitation of shell (Kh.V 146). 241 Group of shells (Kh.IV 436), clay Horn (Kh.IV 439), pronged copper object (Kh.V 184), inscribed lion-headed bird (Kh.V 68), and a bone spoon (Kh.IV 394). 242 Copper bull’s head (Kh.V 154), and a pierced stone (Kh.IV 367). 243 Incised stone (Kh.IV 227), pronged copper object (Kh.IV 197), and gold ribbon (Kh.IV 238). 244 Bull’s head (Kh.IX 56), human-headed bull protome (Kh.IX 124), staff head (Kh.VIII 23), body of animal (Kh.VIII 240) and a knob (Kh.VIII 24). 245 Worked stone (Kh.III 915), animal supporting cup (Kh.III 1013), animal head (Kh.III 1023), bull’s head (Kh.VIII 204), and a bone chisel (Kh.VIII 228). 246 Shells (Kh.V 225‒227. 230), and pebbles (Kh.V 231‒232). 247 Pronged copper object (Kh.V 121a). 248 Bitumen object (Kh.I 397), calf muzzle (Kh.IV 86), celt (Kh.IV 38), cone (Kh.IV 499), foot impression (Kh.IV 3), incised stone (Kh.IV 26), lamp (Kh.IV 501), nails (Kh.III 1309 and IV 5), and worked stones (Kh.II 71 and IV 25). 249 Bitumen bottle stopper (Kh.I 467), bone spoon (Kh.I 513), box (Kh.I 601), hook (Kh.I 405), knob (Kh.I 623), pierced shell (Kh.I 403); pierced stones (Kh.I 515. 574), rosette (Kh.I 592), and worked stones (Kh.I 466. 522). 250 Box (Kh.I 601), knob (Kh.I 623), and a rosette (Kh.I 592). 251 Carved stone fragment (Kh.III 636). copper (disk [Kh.I 157], hook [Kh.I 358]), foundation deposits (Kh.IV 425. 427), hollow Bricks (Kh.II 97. 285), nails (Kh.I 7. 29. 373 (2x); III 905), and a worked stone (Kh.II 7). 252 Bitumen staff head (Kh.I 497), bone spoon (Kh.I 607), nail (Kh.I 626), shell ([Kh.I 454f‒k; I 615], lamp [Kh.I 482]), and a worked stone (Kh.I 412). 253 Including bitumen object (Kh.I 148), inscribed fragments (Kh.II 173 and III 805), pronged tool (Kh.II 75), reed impression (Kh.I 146), and a worked stone (Kh.I 564). 254 Bone chisel with bitumen-covered butt (Kh.IX 98), and a stone trough (Kh.IX 126). 255 Stone squat cylinder (Kh.V 178). 256 Baked clay cone for wall mosaic (Kh.V 199). 257 Copper dagger blade, possibly from grave 132 (Kh.V 39), bone spoon (Kh.IV 373; V 124), bitumen plaque with shell inlays (Kh.V 59), Celt (Kh.V41), and a stone plaque fragment (Kh.V 53). 258 Bitumen knob (Kh.III 1363), copper cone filled with bitumen (Kh.IV 499), shell ([Kh.III 1050. 1346], lamp [Kh.IV 501]), stone (ring [Kh.III 1074], stud [Kh.III 1316], a plaque frag-ment [Kh.III 1338a‒b]), and unbaked clay cubes with markings (Kh.III 1122a‒c). 259 Bitumen jar stopper (Kh.I 52). 260 Miniature clay trough (Kh.III 763), silver hoard in lump of bitumen (Kh.V 300), unbaked clay cube with markings (Kh.III 761), shell lamp fragments (Kh.III 1304), silver fragment (Kh.III 1089), bitumen knob (Kh.III 1268), bone pin (Kh.III 315), and a copper nail (Kh.III 410).


Below Houses 2 = H 2a (O–R 41–45): 3;261 H 2-total (M–R 41–46): 15; H 2-w. of Sin: 13;262 H2-e. of Sin (R–T 41–43): 2;263 H 1: 12.264

14.2 Tell Asmar, Abu Temple and Houses Vc Earliest Shrine: 0; Archaic Shrine I: 6;265 Archaic Shrine II: 1;266 Archaic Shrine III: 3;267 Archaic Shrine IV: 2;268 Predecessor/Square Temple I: 21;269 Square T. II: 0; Square T. III: 0; Single Shrine I: 2.270 Houses Vc: 3.271

14.3 Tell Agrab, Shara Temple Earlier-/Intermediate Buildings: 42;272 Intermediate Building/Main Level 1‒2: 53.273 261 Pronged copper tool (Kh.III 227), and stone (door socket [Kh.III 232], cylinder [Kh.III 516]). 262 Animal horn (Kh.III 129), baked clay model horns (Kh.III 990), bone toggle (Kh.III 121), bone punch (Kh.V 6), copper nails (Kh.I 278, III 254. 850), flint core (Kh.III 414), copper disk with lump of iron (?) adhering (Kh.III 1065), lump of red pigment (Kh.III 1223), ostrich shell fragment (Kh.III 148), and shell (Kh.III 411. 1056). 263 Bitumen with basket impression (Kh.I 26), and shell (Kh.IV 482), 264 Bitumen with basket impression (Kh.I 138), bone toggle (Kh.III 156), clay (jar stopper [Kh.III 140], knob [Kh.I 211], model ax [Kh.III 142]), copper (disk [Kh.I 144], nail [Kh.III 831], pronged tool [Kh.III. 219]), flint core (Kh.I 151), ostrich shell (Kh.I 153), shell contain-ing red pigment (Kh.III 1198a), and a stone cone for wall mosaic (? Kh.III 136). 265 Game piece (As.34:160), fragments of open drain or rainspouts (As.34:218–219. 224), and animal bones (As.34:253a‒b). 266 Rainspout (As.34:228). 267 Antler (As.34:53), rainspout (As.34:223), and a pierced stone (As.34:86). 268 Bone spoon (As.34:74), and impression of a miniature foot (As.34:504). 269 Blue paint (As.33:379), shell (As.33:227. 253. 264. 578 (3x). 459. 480. 692 (6x), three fish vertebrae (As.33:266), bull protome (As.33:278), and a model axe head (As.33:703). 270 Animal horn (As.33:31), and a stone knob (? As.33:15). 271 Celt (As.33:285), three clay model horns (As.32:1347), and shell containing red pigment (As.33:317). 272 Bird’s heads (Ag.35:12.; As.36:168), bull’s head (Ag.33:1028), dog’s head (Ag.35:1031), falcon’s head (Ag.36:353), copper bull’s horn (Ag.35:84), double headed nail (Ag.36:32), flint core (Ag.36:91), model paddle (Ag.36:291), nail with three lion’s heads (Ag.36:310), fish tail (Ag. 36:378), spoons (Ag.36:68. 351), four sickle shaped objects (Ag.36:146‒47. 162–63), copper tube fragment (Ag.36:303), lump of carnelian (Ag.36:423), carved shell (Ag.35:898), shell lamp (Ag.36:35), 11 spiral shells (Ag.35:906), and 10 Shells (Ag.35:908). 273 Staff’s head (Ag.35:125), shell ([Ag.35:24 (4x). 186–188. 190. 505 (12x)]; lamps. [Ag. 35:49–50. 124. 628]); tube (Ag.35:981), pronged copper object (Ag.35:513. 735), ram pro-tome (Ag.35:739), bull’s head (Ag.35:439. 609. 721. 834), bird’s head (Ag.35: 629), knob (Ag.35:845), copper foot fragment (Ag.35:988), rattle (Ag.35:205), gold ([Ag.35:157]; ribbon [Ag.35:495]; flower center [Ag.35:197]; two model bottles [Ag.35:1001‒2]; bull’s head [Ag. 35:546]: beech leaf [Ag.35:196]), cone (Ag.35:678), fragment of lapis lazuli (Ag.35:825), plaque (Ag.35:984), nail (Ag.36:463), copper rod (Ag.36:238), stone trough (Ag.35:1120). silver (4x Ag.35:155‒156), and ostrich shell (Ag.35:557).


15. RAW MATERIALS274 15.1 Khafagah

Sin I: Bitumen (flints set in bitumen [Kh.IX 5–6]); ― Sin II: Crystal (seal, OIP 72, No. 4 [Kh.VII 209]), frit (seals [Kh.VII 231, No. 3; 207, No.7; 232, No. 8; 206, No. 9; 94]); jasper (seal: OIP 72, No. 26 [Kh.VII 268]), silver (seal-loop: OIP 72, No.33 [Kh.VII 260]); ― Sin III: Gold crescent (Kh.VII 117), white frit seal-loop (Kh.IX 12); ― Sin IV: Frit (seals [Kh.VI 14, No. 129; 1, No. 143; VII 4, No. 159; 60, No. 210]); lapis lazuli (seal, OIP 72, No. 163 [Kh.VI 193]; seal loop [Kh.VI 306]); ― Sin V: Hematite (seal, OIP 72, No. 221 [Kh.V 210]); ― Sin VIII: Frit seal (Kh.VI 30, No. 238); ― Sin VIII‒IX: Gold (bull pendant [Kh.IV 145] and nine beads [Kh. IV 146]); ― Sin IX: Chlorite (OIC 19, 46‒49, Fig. 53-54. 56 [Kh.IV 144. 156]), serpentine (seal, OIP 72, No. 246 [Kh.IV 381] 13 Chlorite vessels/fragments are known from Khafagah: Lhuillier 2013, 64. 138-9, Cat. Nos. 28-33); ― Sin X: Gold (bead [Kh.IV 201], ribbon [Kh.IV 238], and ring [Kh.IV 387]), silver ring (Kh.IV 386). ― Oval I ‒D: Silver bead (Kh.II 257a); ― Oval I/D: Bitumen bottle stopper (Kh.I 467); ― Oval II–D: Carnelian lump (Kh.IV 426), gold leaf ornament (Kh.I 285), silver crescent (Kh.III 903); ― Oval II/D: Bitumen staff head (Kh.I 497); ― Oval III: Bitumen (Kh.I 148, flint blade set in bitumen [Kh.II 76]), gold bead (Kh.II 159).275 ― Houses 6: Frit (bead [Kh.V 336a], and seal [Kh.VI 58, No. 292]), lapis lazuli (seal, OIP 72, No. 294 [Kh.V 364]); ― Houses 4-NW. of Oval I: Bitumen knob (Kh.III 1363; copper cone filled with bitumen (Kh.IV 499), frit (beads [Kh.III 1107. 783. 1312], and seal [Kh. III 1260]); 95 lapis lazuli and three carnelian beads (Kh.IV 435), lapis lazuli bead (Kh.III 1239); ― Houses 4-w. of Sin (N–P 42–44): Bitumen plaque with shell inlays (Kh.V 59); ― Houses 3-w. of Sin (N–P 42–44): Bitumen jar stopper (Kh.I 52); frit bead (Kh.III 1200); ― Houses 3-n. of Oval I: Bitumen net sinker (Kh.III 1139a), carnelian beads (Kh.III 318. 1182-83), crystal seal (OIP 72, No. 312 [Kh.III 683]), frit beads (Kh.III 1183. 643. 684. 674. 1200), lapis lazuli (animal amulet [Kh.I 530], beads [Kh.III 381. 594. 1084–85. 1267]), silver (Kh.III 1089); ― Below Houses 2 = H 2a (O–R 41–45): Hematite weight (Kh.III 518), lapis lazuli (animal amulets [Kh.III 520‒21], beads [Kh.III 100. 276. 283], bull amulet [Kh.III 516], eye inlay [Kh.III 599]); ― Houses 2-w. of Sin: Agate bead (Kh,I 272), bitumen (one club head [Kh.III 438], bitumen with basket impression [Kh.I 26]), carnelian, 16 beads (Kh.III 16. 69. 311. 398. 421. 508. 888. 891. 932. 935‒36. 945–46. 1213–14. 1154), frit beads (Kh.III 427. 43. 1201. 1208. 833–837. 926. 928. 933), gold (beads [Kh.III 1215–17], leaf-shaped ornament [Kh.III 1223], ring [Kh.III 925], spacer beads [Kh.III 1218–19]), lapis lazuli (19 beads [Kh.III 15. 166–67. 213. 360. 370. 415. 485. 889. 892. 897. 937–39. 941. 1210. 1222. 1231. 1246], frog amulet [Kh.III 924], two pendants [Kh.III 312. 417], two inlay [Kh.III 178. 405] and a seal [OIP 72, No. 331, Kh.III 922]), ostrich shell fragment (Kh.III 148), silver (silver-covered bitumen monkey amulet [Kh.III 1212], and spacer bead [Kh.III 1220]); ― Houses 2 east of Sin: Carnelian (bead [Kh.III 437], and a pendant [Kh.IV 274 There is truly much more, which cannot be detected on behalf of the publications. 275 A frit (?) seal (Kh.I 254) from Temple Oval III has been discarded due to the uncertain identification of the material.


484]), frit seal (Kh.III 59, No. 328); lapis lazuli, two spacer beads (Kh.IV 379.); silver (15 beads [Kh.IX 87b], 14 rings [Kh.IX 87a], two cones – one made of spiraled wire [Kh.IX 87c], ring, 14 fragments of rings and wire [Kh.IXd], 13 fragments of foil [Kh.IX 87e], an ingot [Kh.IX 87f], nine stripes [Kh.IX 87g], and 30 pieces of melted-down silver and scraps [Kh.IX 87h]); ― Houses 1: Agate, two beads (Kh.I 105. 191), carnelian, six beads (Kh.III 53. 71. 186. 193. 580. 1242), frit (beads [Kh. III 112. 853. 1243–1244. 222. 111. 216. 535–537], seal [Kh.III 659, No. 357]), gold-foil crescent amulet (Kh.I 194), ivory (?) bead (Kh.III 90), lapis lazuli (amulet fragment [Kh.III 817; 18], beads [Kh.I 37. 131. 140. 182 and Kh.III 91‒92. 104. 165. 191. 194‒96. 581-82. 813. 828‒30]; monkey amulet [Kh.III 900], seal [OIP 72, No. 350. 355, Kh.III 60. 89]), ostrich shell (Kh.I 153) and a silver earring (Kh .III 47).

15.2 Tell Asmar Abu Temple, Archaic Shrine III: Hematite: (seal, OIP 72, No. 447 [AS.34:116]); ― Archaic Shrine IV: Crystal (sherds, As.33:551. 556. 658); ― Predecessor/Square Temple I: Crystal (seals [OIP 72, 55 As.33:456]; OIP 72, No. 456 [As.33:666]; No. 460 [As.33:248]; No. 462 [As.33:270]; No. 463 [As.33:454], sherds [As.33:657 (8x). 571], bowl [As.33:684]), hematite (seal, OIP 72, No. 455 [As.33:699]), serpentine (seal, OIP 72, No. 457 [As.33:663]); ― Square Temple II: Hematite (seal, OIP 72, No. 468 [As.33:205]); ― Akkadian Foundations; Frit (bead, As.VI 27. 57); ― Houses Vc: Hematite (weight, As.33:234), lapis lazuli (pendant, As. 33:215).

15.3 Tell Agrab, Shara Temple Earlier Building 2: Lapis lazuli (seal, OIP 72, No. 791 [Ag.36:116]); ― Earlier-/Intermediate Building: Carnelian (lump of. Ag.36:423), frit (seal, No. 828 Ag. 36:397), gold (rosette (2x) [Ag.35:968 and Ag.36:379], ring (3x) [Ag.35:969 and Ag.36:6], beads (10x) [Ag.35:888. 970. 938–40, Ag.36:10. 62. 318. 356], toggle pin (2x) [As.36:4. 46], foil (2x) [Ag.36:50. 63], spacer [Ag.35:1095] lion amulet [Ag. 941], and a crescent [Ag.35:1069]), silver (pinhead [Ag.35:1009], headband (?) [Ag. 36:5], toggle pins (2x) [Ag.36:29. 148], pin (2x) [Ag.36:47. 377], and a leaf [Ag.36:317]); ― Intermediate Building: Lapis lazuli (seal: OIP 72, No. 846 [Ag. 36:159] M 14:12, 31,00 m); ― Intermediate Building/Main Levels 1‒2: Bitumen (disk with rosette inlay [Ag.35:194]), gold ([Ag.35:157], wire [Ag.35:997], ribbon [Ag.35:495], flower center [Ag.35:197], model bottles [Ag.35:1001–02], bull’s head [Ag.35:546], beech leaf [Ag.35:196]), lapis lazuli (Ag.35:825), ostrich shell (Ag.35:557), silver (4x), (Ag.35:155–156); ― Main Level 1: Lapis lazuli (seal, OIP 72, No. 847 [Ag.36:324], M14:2, 32,60 m), serpentine (seal, OIP 72, No. 864 [Ag. 36:479], M14:5, 32,30 m); ― Main Level 2: Bitumen (seal, OIP 72, No. 875 [Ag. 35:775], L14:1, 33,00 m).

Chlorite vessel fragments are known from Tell Agrab, unfortunately without find spot and registration number (Lhuillier 2013, 152 Cat.No.75; Evans 2005, 202 note 139, Pl. 92-above; Kohl 1975, 27, Fig. 9).


16. SEALS OF GLAZED STEATITE 16.1 Khafagah

Sin II: 3, Pittman 1994, 109; Sin III: 3, ibid., 110; Sin IV: 74,ibid., 110; Sin V: 3, ibid., 111; Sin VIII: 1, ibid. 1994, 111; Houses 4, P43:23, Kh.V 156, No. 297 (three items according to ibid., 111 note 124).

16.2 Tell Asmar, Abu Temple and Sounding H18:14 Earliest Shrine: D17:34, OIP 72, No. 441 (As.34:222); ― Archaic Shrine I: E17:30, OIP 72, No. 442 (As.34:214); ― Archaic Shrine III: D17:31, OIP 72, No. 444 (As.34:124); ― Archaic Shrine IV: D17:16, OIP 72, No. 448 (As.33:715); ― Predecessor/Square Temple I: D17:8, OIP 72, No. 459 (As.34:30); ― Square Temple III: D17:9, OIP 72, No. 472 (As.33:358); ― Single Shrine I: D17:3, OIP 72, No. 474 (As.33:218); ― Sounding H18:14: 24–23 m, OIP 72, No. 540 (As.34:239).

16.3 Tell Agrab Earlier Building 1: N13:1, 30,30 m, OIP 72, No.813 (Ag.35:923); ― Earlier Building 2: M14:10, 31,00 m, OIP 72, No. 802 (Ag.36:43); M14:15, 31,00 m, OIP 72, No. 806 (Ag.36:415); ― Intermediate Building: M14:4, 32,20 m, OIP 72, No. 840 (Ag.35:854); M14:4, 32,20 m, OIP 72, No. 842 (Ag.35:716); ― Main Level 1: M14:2, 32,60 m, OIP 72, No. 848 (Ag.35:994); L14:2, 32,70 m, OIP 72, No. 869 (Ag.35:776). 17. OCCURRENCE OF IMPORTANT BEAD GROUPS IN THE DIYALA (FOR GRAVES SEE TAB. 14)

17.1 Khafagah Sin III: Q42:26, bead hoard (Kh.VII 132); ― Sin V: Q42:19, necklaces (Kh.V 261-262); ― Grave 67/Houses 10: P43:45, 280 carnelian beads (Kh.IX 36-37); ― Houses 9: P43:35, 77 stone and clay beads (39+38) (Kh.V 295‒296); ― Grave 73/Houses 9: P43:45, 30 obsidian, 26 carnelian and one agate bead (Kh.IX 76a‒c); ― Houses 6: P43:25, Jar containing hoard: shell animal amulet, 17 stone beads, shell animal amulet, 24 shell and faience beads;276 shell animal amulet and 30 clay, faience, shell, and stone beads; shell animal amulet and 18 faience beads; shell animal amulets and 18 faience beads; shell amulets and 18 faience beads; one white stone and 15 carnelian beads from necklace; shell; copper fishhook wound with string of faience, shell and stone beads; 16 shell and stone beads; 26 faience and stone beads; parts of 5 bead necklaces; frit five-way spacer bead (Kh.V 155. 312‒336):277; ― Grave 91/Houses 6:278 P43:23, lapis lazuli, carnelian, crystal and agate beads (Kh.V 273, 121); lapis lazuli, carnelian and agate beads (Kh.V 274 148); frit, lapis lazuli, carnelian, and other stones (Kh.V 275 172); lapis lazuli and carnelian beads (Kh.V 276 36); lapis lazuli and carnelian beads (Kh.V 277, 40); 256 small lapis lazuli and 15 carnelian beads (Kh.V 281); 137 lapis lazuli, 10 carnelian beads and 26 tiny white stone rings (Kh.V 309); ― Houses 4: K42:4, 95 lapis lazuli and three carnelian beads (Kh.IV 435); Grave 119A/Houses 4: N44:5, 91 lapis

276 For faience see Moorey 1994, 19. 166. 171‒186. 277 Only beads are listed. 278 OIP 88, 98 note 53.


lazuli, two carnelian, two unidentified stone, one shell bead; ― Oval II‒III, M44:3, beads (Kh.II 181‒89. 235‒40; IV 495a),279

17.2 Asmar, Abu Temple Predecessor/Square Temple I: D17:6, ‘Priest’s room’, bead groups (As.33:50‒55); E16:40, bead groups (As.33:574‒75), nine beads (As.33:577), shells (As.33:578).

17.3 Tell Agrab, Shara Temple Earlier Buildings 1‒2: M14:10, bead hoard (Ag.36:3); M14:15, 2 x 25 beads (Ag.36:517‒518); N13:1,280, bead (Ag.35:932); bead group (Ag.35:94); 35 long beads (Ag.35:902); four worked beads (Ag.35:903); mended bead (Ag.35:904); 13 long beads (Ag.35:905); gold beads (Ag.35:938‒940); spacer beads (Ag.35:931. 933‒936); spacer, gold (Ag.35:1095); necklaces (Ag.35:942‒951); 50 shell rings (Ag.1077‒1094. 1098‒1132; Ag.35:901); 11 spiral shells (Ag.35:906); 10 shells (Ag.35:908); green translucent stone, Lion against goat, moufflon head and plant;281 (OIP 72, No.824 [Ag.35: 8]); white stone, hatched, including eye and fish? (No.814 [Ag.35:912]); light gray stone, geometric enclosed stars and x? (No.815 [Ag. 35:913]); yellow translucent stone, bird of prey, goat, gazelle, man (No.821 [Ag. 35:914]); green stone, geometric goats (No.820 [Ag.35:915]); gray stone, goats, tête-bêche, fish (No.822 [Ag.35:916]); gypsum, horned animal (Ag.35:917); yellow stone, goats, branches (No.818 [Ag.35:918]); white stone, façade + goats (No.816 [Ag.35:919]); pink stone, spiders (No.817 [Ag.35:920]); white stone, geometric (No.812 [Ag.35:921]); yellow stone, three men in boat (No.823 [Ag.35:922]); white stone, geometric, cross, plant, horns? (No.813 [Ag.35:923]); pink stone, pigtailed women tête-bêche, objects (No.819 [Ag.35:924]); ― Intermediate Building: M13:1 (courtyard), bead groups (Ag.35:67. 82. 122. 126. 201. 377. 382. 385); ― Inter-mediate Building/Main Levels 1‒2: L13:3, bead groups (Ag.35:68. 83. 133); copper wire (cf. note 44, Ag.35:139‒146. 149. 151‒154. 158); L14:1, gold wire (Ag. 35:997); M13:2, bead groups (disturbed by a pit, p. 440, Ag.35:127. 202. 379); M14:2 (cella), bead groups (Ag.35:129. 195. 198‒199. 380‒381. 388; Ag.36: 257); M14:3, bead groups (Ag.35:89. 128. 138); M14:4, bead groups (Ag.35:130. 374. 465); M14:5, bead groups (Ag.35:376. 384. 457. 519. 522‒523); ― Main Levels 1‒2: L13:5, bead group (Ag.35:387); N15:1, bead group (Ag.35:518). 18. POTTERY-TYPES

18.1 Type A According to Delougaz: “The first group is reserved for miniature vessels which are too small to have been used for ordinary household purposes. It may include toys, models, cosmetic containers, etc.”282 A set of such miniature vessels on a shelf in Sin Temple III, room Q43:17 was identified by Delougaz with a kind of pharmacy 279 OIP 58, Fig. 53. 280 Further finds are amulets, animal amulet (Ag.35:929), bull amulets (Ag.35:59. 1135), gazell’s head amulet (Ag.35:80), gold lion amulet (Ag.35:941), head Amulet (Ag.35:93), pig amulet (Ag.35:909), copper bull’s horn (Ag.35:84), copper vessel (Ag.35:953), eyeballs (Ag.35:910–911), ferrule? (Ag.35:930. 937), gold crescent (Ag.35:1096), maceheads (Ag.35: 620. 623), pottery (C.526.373a), stone vessels (Ag.35:75‒77), four worked rings (Ag.35:907). 281 Stamp seals of unknown material (Ag.35:925‒928). 282 OIP 63, 18‒19.


of the priests.283 As to Henrickson,284 this type is too rare in the Houses to permit analysis.

18.1.1 Khafagah Sin I: 2 (1);285 Sin II: 0; Sin III: 1 (0);286 Sin IV: 0;287 Sin V: 0; Sin VI: 0; Sin VII: 0; Sin VIII: 0; 288 Sin IX: 1; Sin X: 1. Nintu V–VII: 0. Small Templ: 0.289 Temple Oval I: 1 (1); Oval II: 9 (8); Oval III: 0. Houses 12: 0;290 H 11: 0; H 10: 0; H 9: 1; H 8:0; H 7: 1; H 6: 1 (0); H 5: 0; H 4: 2; H 3: 5 (6); H 2: 14 (19);291 H 1: 9.

18.1.2 Tell Asmar, Abu Tempel and Houses Vc Earliest Shrine–Archaic Shrine II: 0; AS III: 1; AS IV: 0; Predecessor/Square Temple I: 0 (1); Intermediate layers/Single Shrine I: 2. Houses Vc: 1.

18.1.3 Tell Agrab, Shara Temple Earlier Buildings/Intermediate Building: 0; Intermediate Building/Main Levels: 0. 18.2 Type B For Delougaz: ”The second group is reserved for ‘table crockery’, that is, for vessels which could have been used for serving food and drink, in other words, such vessels as cups, small dishes, saucers, etc., which can be conveniently hold in one hand.”292

18.2.1 Khafagah Sin I: 1; Sin II: 5 (1); Sin III: 7 (5); Sin IV: 1; Sin V: 2 + many (1); Sin VI: 1 + many (0); Sin VII: 1 (0); Sin VIII: 1 (0); Sin IX: 1; Sin X: 0 (2). Nintu V: (0); Nintu VI: 1 (3); Nintu VII: 2 (0). Small Temple I–V: 0; ST VI: 1; ST VII: 0; ST VIII: 1; ST IX: 1 (5). Temple Oval I: 8 (3); O II: 10 (7); O III: 6 (4). Houses 12: 4 (2); H 11: 9 (0); H10: 28 (1); H 9: 7 (1); H 8: 19 (3); H 7: 18 (2); H 6: 142 (3); H 5: 30 (0); H 4: 117 (24); H 3: 108 (45); H 2: 57 (47);293 H 1: 40.

18.2.2 Tell Asmar, Abu Temple and Houses Vc Earliest Shrine: 2 (1); Archaic Shrine I: 0; AS II: 1 (1); AS III: many (c. 674); AS IV: 1 (1); Predecessor/Square Temple I.: 3 (2);294 Intermediate Levels/Single Shrine I: 0. Houses Vc: 3 (5).

18.2.3 Tell Agrab, Shara Temple 283 OIP 58, 20 Fig. 16. 284 Henrickson 1981, 67. 285 The numbers in parenthesis are from the original excavation report OIP 58, the first num-bers refer to OIP 63. 286 Pottery bird-vase (Kh.VI 333), OIP 58, Fig. 14. 287 Bull-vase (Kh.VI 411), OIP 58, Fig.25, and stone bird-vase (Kh.VII 45). 288 Cult wagon (Kh.IV 476), OIP 58, Fig. 48–49; OIC 19, 42–50. 289 Pottery bird-vase (Kh.V -) OIP 58, Fig. 99, and sculptured bowl (Kh.VI 4), OIP 58, Fig. 98. 290 The numbers in parenthesis are from the original excavation report OIP 88, the first num-bers refer to OIP 63. 291 Below Houses 2: 2. 292 OIP 63, 19. For their distribution in the Houses cf. Henrickson, 1981, 62–63, and Tab. 3. 293 Below Houses 2: 10. 294 Pred/SQ I: (2); SQ II–III: (0). SQ I: stone bird-vase (AS 33:682) OIP 58, Fig. 143.


Earlier Buildings/Intermediate Building: 1295 + 6 (4);296 Intermediate Building/Main Levels: 6297 (4). 18.3 Type C Delougaz stated: “To the third group we ascribe all ordinary household utensils which are too big to be held easily in one hand but can be carried without effort in both hands, even if filled with such substances like water and grain.”298

18.3.1 Khafagah Sin I: 4; Sin II: 5 (2); Sin III: 20 (18); Sin IV: 2; Sin V: 4; 299 Sin VI: 2 (3); Sin VII: 0; Sin VIII: 1; Sin IX: 1: Sin X: 1 (0). Nintu V–VI: 0; Nintu VII: 1. Small Temple: I–V: 0; ST VI: 3 (1); ST VIII: 1 (1); ST IX: 1. Temple Oval I: 5 (3); Oval II: 6 (3); Oval III: 1. Houses 12: 8 (9); H 11: 7; H 10: 1 (2); H 9: 0; H 8: 2; H 7: 3; H 6: 1 (0); H 5: 1; H 4: 9; H 3: 24 (25); H 2: 20 (19);300 H 1: 16 (17).

18.3.2 Tell Asmar, Abu Temple and Houses Vc Earliest Shrine: 3 (5); Archaic Shrine I: 0; AS II: 9; AS III: 5 (7); AS IV: 8; Predecessor/SqT. .I: 12 (11); Intermediate Levels/Single Shrine I: 0 (3). Houses Vc: 6.

18.3.3 Tell Agrab Earlier Buildings/ Intermediate Building: 1301 (4); Intermediate Building/Main Levels: 1 (2). 18.4 Type D Delougaz: “The fourth group contains vessels too large to be conveniently be handled by one person if even partly filled with water or grain”.302

18.4.1 Khafagah Sin I: 0; Sin II: 2; Sin III–X: 0. Nintu V–VII: 0. Small Temple: 0. Temple Oval I: 2 ; Oval II: 1; Oval III: 0. Houses 12: 1 (0); H 11-5: 0; H 4: 2;303 H 3: 2 (2);304 H 2: 2;305 H 1: 0.

18.4.2 Tell Asmar, Abu Temple and Houses Vc 295 B.754.540 (Ag.36:568), M14:15, 30.50 m. 296 B.075.210 (Ag.35:1012), B.203.510 (Ag.35:987), B.515.322 (Ag.35:986), M14:4, 31,50 m; B.533.230 (Ag.-), B.652.500 (Ag.-), L13:9, 32,00 m and B.663.213 (Ag.-), M15.5, 32,00 m. 297 Ibid. 298 OIP 63, 19. Probably to be associated with Hendrickson’s “storage jars/temporary vessels” (Henrickson 1981, 65 Tab. 8). 299 Fragment of polychrome theriomorphic vase (Kh.V C.96-.---). 300 Below Houses 2: two. OIP 88, 42, C.557.470 was erroneously attributed to Houses 1 in OIP 63. 301 C.526.373 (Ag.35:1032), N12:1. 30.00 m. 302 OIP 63, 19. Henrickson 1981, 64‒66, Tab. 65, “long term (storage) vessels”. 303 Henrickson 1981, 112, includes C.516.371b into this category, which somehow is in con-tradiction to Delougaz’s definition. 304 Henrickson 1981, 110, would include C.515.370b and C.545.310. 305 Below Houses 2: 0.


Earliest Shrine–Archaic Shrine I: 0; AS II: 4; AS III: 6; AS IV: 4; Predecessor/SqT. I: 0; Intermediate Levels/Single Shrine I: 0. Houses Vc: 1 (0).

18.4.3 Tell Agrab Earlier-/Intermediate Buildings: 2306 (1); Intermediate Building/Main Level 1-2: (0) 18.5 Type E Delougaz: “The fifth group contains vessels which can be considered as immovable, either because of size or function. It includes vats, coffins, drains and other archi-tectural fixtures.” 307

18.5.1 Khafagah Sin Temple I–III: 0; Sin IV: 1; Sin V–VII: 0; Sin VIII: 1; Sin IX: 3 (2); Sin X: 0. Nintu V–VII: 0. Small Temple I–VIII: 0; ST IX: 1. Temple Oval I: 2; Oval II: 6; Oval III: 1. Houses 12-5: 0; H 4: 2 (1); H 3-1: 0.

18.5.2 Tell Asmar, Abu Temple and Houses Vc Earliest Shrine–Single Shrine I: 0. Houses Vc: 0

18.5.3 Tell Agrab Earlier-/Intermediate Buildings: (0); Intermediate Building/Main Levels 1‒2: (0). 18.6 Henrickson has also defined Cooking vessels and Rooms with Heat-producing facilities for the Houses.308

Cooking vessels: Khafagah, Houses 6: 0; H 5: 0; H 4: 0; H 3: 6; H 2: 1; H 1: 11. Asmar, Houses Vc: 3

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Map 1 Ubaid (lower half) and Uruk sites (upper half) in the Lower Diyala region.


Map 2 Uruk (lower half) and Ğamdet Naṣr sites (upper half) in the Lower Diyala Region


Map 3 Ğamdet Naṣr (lower half) and Early Dynastic I sites (upper half) in the Lower Diyala Region


Map 4 Early Dynastic I (lower half) and Early Dynastic sites (upper half) in the Lower Diyala Region


Map 5 Early Dynastic (lower half) and Late Early Dynastic to Late Akkadian Sites (upper half) in the Lower Diyala Region

GENESIS AND CHANGING INVENTORIES OF NEIGHBORHOOD SHRINES AND TEMPLES IN THE DIYALA REGION FROM THE...

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