Gender mainstreaming in Extension

LECTURE THREE (3)Gender mainstreaming in Extension

THURSDAY 20/02/20142:00PM to 4:00PM At the Auditorium

ARG 102: Introduction to Agricultural extension

LecturerHudu ZakariaDepartment of Agric. Ext., Rural Development and Gender StudiesFaculty of Agribusiness and Communication Science UDS, Nyankpala Campus Post Office TL 1882, TamalePhone No: 0242980581 Email: [email protected] or [email protected] Office Location: FACS Administration Block

Wednesday, October 12, 2022

What is Gender?


Social and cultural ascribed Roles and responsibilities

How society view men and women by the virtue of their sex

More of social and cultural issues than biological

Social stratification

Gender roles and Needs Gender refers to the social construction of identity as a male or female.

It is about the roles assigned to men and women respectively according to cultural norms and traditions.

Most often, gender roles are not based on biological or physical imperatives but rather result from stereotypes and presumptions about what men and women can and should do.


Gender: Social concept Originate from studying

Diversity Influenced by social factors

Can changeFor example: Women can be president or Captain of ship

Gender and SexSex: Biological concept Innate - Appear as long as born

Identical Influenced by biological factors

Can not changeFor example: Only women can give birth, while men give sperm

Gender roles and Needs Gender roles

Reproductive gender roles Productive roles Community management and governance gender roles

Gender Needs Practical Needs Strategic gender needs . Moser (1993)


Gender needsPractical/Actual gender needs

Strategic gender needs

Practical gender needs are needs related to improving present living conditions while not changing women’s dependent relations (dependence about finance, decision making…)

Strategy gender needs are needs to help women to escape dependency and low positions, change unequal relations between men and women

Gender roleGender roles are the work men and women are doing in the society

Gender roles are divided into 3 categories:

Productive role: Cultivate, Breed, Engineering…Reproductive role: Child care, household work…Community role: Build a road, street sanitation, meeting…

Women usually do multiple roles at the same time, thus, they have less time than men

Why gender matters Extension 1. Gender matters: evidence from

research

2. Evidence from impact evaluation of policies. a) Direct effects on beneficiariesb) Indirect effects on different

genders within beneficiary households

3. Building the evidence base

Evidence from researchA range of research shows that male and female face different sets of constraints in accesss and control over:land, capital, labour and market

In addition, men and women often face differential institutional environments (e.g. restrictions on movement)

All of these will affect relative productivity of male and female farmers and their income

Gender roles in Agriculture Gender division of labourAccess and control of resourcesParticipation in decision makingGender needs

Gender division of labour Women carry out 3 types of work (roles)

Normally men focus on productive work – men’s work is recognized clearly

Men are considered as main person generating income for family

Many women’s work is invisible and unpaid

The value of women’s work is considered lower than that of men’s because of social perceptions

Gender division of labour (cont)Normally women take more works, and working time is longer for women

Housework is considered as women’s responsibility

The responsibility of men’s income earning always pressurizes them and they spend less time for family

Both women and men participate in community work. However, women tend to participate less in decision making works in community

Why Pay Attention to Gender in Agriculture? improving Agricultural productivity

increasing Agricultural Sustainability

Food Security and Nutrition

Poverty reduction and empowerment

Potential of Agricultural Research and Development


When to Pay Attention to Gender:The Agricultural R&D Cycle


PrioritySetting

Research & Developm ent

Extension

AdoptionEvaluation

Gender and project cycle:Need to analyse at all steps

Gender

Study/ Identify problem

Design project

Approval for project

Supervise andEvaluate project

Implementing process

Value Chains and Food SystemsAs agricultural research is expanding from food production to income generation, it is important to recognize the specific roles of women and men in value chains.


Value Chains and Food Systems


Gender Mainstreaming Gender mainstreaming is "the process of assessing the implications for women and men of any planned action, including legislation, making women’s as well as men’s concerns and experiences integral dimensions in the design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation

of policies and programmes in all political, economic and social spheres so that women and men benefit equally and inequality is not perpetuated Wednesday, October 12, 2022

Gender Mainstreaming; policy decision

Gender Mainstreaming in Agriculture:

Baseline sectoral gender analysis Analysis of gender-based constraints to achieving sector-based goals and objectives

Institutional assessment and capacity building on gender equity achievement

Participatory planning and policy formation Improve budgeting process to incorporate gender concerns

Establish and/or improve monitoring and evaluation of gender components of the given strategy

Access to land, inputs, and credit for women Wednesday, October 12,

2022

Gender Mainstreaming; policy decision


Gender Mainstreaming Ghana Experience

Women in Agriculture Development (WIAD) is a unit under the ministry of food and agriculture.

VISION OF WIADTo improve lives and working conditions of rural households and other women in terms of increase in income, improved nutritional status and health

MISSIONTo assist rural households and other women in the agricultural sector to improve their standard of living through improved agricultural practices.


Gender Mainstreaming Ghana Experience

OBJECTIVESTo improve access of women and other target groups to information, improved agricultural and post production practices for adoption, facilitating their access to resources towards an increase in production, high incomes, improved nutrition, health and food security on environmentally sustainable basis.

PROGRAM AREAS OF WIADFood based nutrition programFood productionFood processing, preservation, storage and utilization

Resource management on the farm and at home.Food hygiene and safetyWednesday, October 12, 2022

Gender Mainstreaming In Health & Nutrition Extension

Gender Analysis This is the first step in designing, implementing and evaluating health policies, projects and research in a gender sensitive way.

The gender analysis helps to identify:who suffers from ill-health (Patterns of ill-health)

why particular groups suffer from ill-health (Factors affecting who suffers from ill-health)

how men and women’s responses to ill-health are influenced by gender (Factors affecting responses to illness)Wednesday, October 12,

2022

Gender Analysis framework (Community Health)


Gender Empowerment


•Improve women adoption of best practices through gender sensitive extension service provision •Improve women access to market and bargaining powers through provision of market information


END OF PRESENTATION

Gender mainstreaming in Extension

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