FROM PLUNDER TO PRESERVATION Britain and the ‘Heritage’ of Empire, c. 1820–1940

21–22 March 2009, Cambridge Victorian Studies Group

University of Cambridge

The invention of heritage has become an important, yet highly fragmented, field in nineteenth-century studies. The conference aims to shed light on what has so far remained under-explored in the scholarly literature, the links between preservationism and imperialism. So far most research on preservationism has been divided into necessary and insightful area studies or test-cases within the British Isles. The aim of this conference is to bring together specialists on preservation in Britain and the colonies (from a range of countries and disciplines) to map a more entangled picture of preservation in the British Empire. Taking into account the importance of competition between different European imperial powers, the conference focuses in particular on the relationship between metropolis and dependant heritages. The underlying and most general questions might be put most crudely like this: what response did an Imperial authority take towards the heritage of a dependent area, how did imperial and indigenous preservationism interrelate, and how did this come to affect or interact with attitudes towards the heritage of the home country? The programme is divided into six roundtables over two days. The opening roundtable From Plunder to Preservation looks at the late 18th- and early 19th-century background, asking how the expanding European powers treated the ancient sites they encountered. Next, the privileged role of the Classical World is examined. How did the imperialists treat classical remains and how did this treatment in turn influence colonial preservation? As the Biblical World played an equally crucial part in the Victorian cultural imagination, the following panel analyses the preservation of religious sites under British domination. Empires and Civilizations examines how imperialists dealt with the monuments of non European civilizations, which often had been empires themselves, from India to Egypt and Mesoamerica. Interactions with the New World extended the concept of heritage to include endangered nature and peoples but were also characterised by transatlantic attempts to preserve the built heritage of the English speaking world and the British Empire long after the independence of the United States. The conference closes with a roundtable on imperialist versus nationalist preservation and provides an outlook onto the later 20th century. The conference has been generously sponsored by: The Cambridge Victorian Studies Group; King’s College, Cambridge; The Paul Mellon Centre for Studies in British Art and The British Academy.

PROGRAMME Saturday 21 March 10:00 Registration and Coffee, Beves Room, King’s College

11:00

Welcome and Introduction Astrid Swenson (CVSG, Cambridge )

11:30

Roundtable: From Plunder to Preservation Chair: Peter Mandler (History, Cambridge) Holger Hoock (History, University of Liverpool) Sujit Sivasundaram (History, LSE) Maya Jasanoff (History, Harvard University)

13:00 Lunch

14:00

Panel 2: The Classical World Chair: Anthony Snodgrass (Classics, Cambridge) Ed Richardson (Independent Scholar) ‘This Memory is Not for You’ Mary Beard (Classics, Cambridge) ‘Officers and Gentlemen? How Imperialist a Project was Nineteenth-Century Roman Britain?’ Robin Cormack (Courtauld Institute) ‘Byzantium and Sudan’

15:45 Tea

16:15

Panel 3: The Biblical World Chair: Michael Ledger-Lomas (CVSG, Cambridge) David Gange (CVSG, Cambridge) ‘Unholy Water: Archaeology, the Bible, and the Last Nile floods’ Simon Goldhill (Classics, Cambridge) ‘Restoration and Empire: Ashbee’s Jerusalem’

18:00

Drinks Reception

Sunday 22nd March Coffee , Beves Room, King’s College

9.00

Panel 4: Empires and Civilizations Chair: Phiroze Vasunia (Classics, University of Reading) Indra Sengupta (German Historical Institute, London) ‘Preservation and the Vexing Question of Religious Structures in Colonial India’ Donald Malcolm Reid (Georgia State University/University of Washington) ‘Representing Ancient Egypt at Imperial High Noon (1882-1922): Egyptological Careers and Artistic Allegories of Civilization’ Lindsay Allen (Classics, King’s College London) ‘“This ruined dream”: appropriations of imperial space at Persepolis’

10:45

Tea

11:15

Panel 5: The New World Chair: Richard Drayton (History, Cambridge) Donna Yates (Archaeology, Cambridge) ‘The Early Twentieth-Century Excavations of R.E. Merwin and Publication as Problematic Preservation at a Remote Maya City’ Sadiah Qureshi (CVSG, Cambridge) ‘Dying Americans: Race, Extinction and Conservation in the New World’ Melanie Hall (History of Art, Boston University) ‘Despoliation or Diplomacy? Britain, Canada, the United States and the Evolution of an English-Speaking Heritage’

13:00 Lunch

14:00

Roundtable: Between Imperialist and Nationalist Preservation Chair: Marie Louise Stig-Sørenson (Archaeology, Cambridge) Erik Goldstein (International Relations, Boston University) Margarita Diaz-Andreu (Archaeology, Durham University) Nabila Oulebsir (History, Université de Poitiers, Getty Institute, LA) Astrid Swenson (CVSG, Cambridge)

16:00

Tea

Roundtable: From Plunder to Preservation Chair: Peter Mandler (History, Cambridge) Maya Jasanoff Maya Jasanoff is Associate Professor of modern British and imperial history at Harvard University. Her first book, Edge of Empire: Lives, Culture, and Conquest in the East, 1750–1850, explores British expansion in India and Egypt through the lives of art collectors. It won the 2005 Duff Cooper Prize. She is currently investigating the diaspora of loyalists after the American Revolution, to Canada, the Caribbean, Britain, Sierra Leone, and beyond. Jasanoff's essays and reviews have appeared in publications including the New York Review of Books, the London Review of Books, and the New York Times Magazine. Holger Hoock

Holger Hoock studied History, Politics, & Law at Freiburg, Cambridge, and Oxford, and is currently a Reader (Associate Professor) in History & Founding Director of the Eighteenth-Century Worlds Research Centre, University of Liverpool. His publications include a history of the Royal Academy of Arts, entitled The King’s Artists (OUP, 2003) and Empires of the Imagination: Politics, War, and the Arts in the British World, 1750–1850 (in press, Profile, 2009). His interest in ‘heritage’ derives from research in the histories of collecting and museums, and the relations between the state, archaeology, and the organization of knowledge in the British Empire. Awarded a Philip-Leverhulme-Prize in History in 2006, he is now researching a book-length study on violence in the American Revolution, currently as a Fellow at the McNeil Center for Early American Studies at Penn and the Library Company of Philadelphia.

Sujit Sivasundaram Sujit Sivasundaram recently took up a Lectureship in International History at the London School of Economics. Prior to this, he was College Lecturer at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. He has published on the cultural and intellectual history of the British Empire in the long nineteenth century, and is especially interested in the Pacific and Indian ocean regions. His first book was Nature and the Godly Empire (2005). Of particular interest for historians of heritage is a recent article: 'Buddhist Kingship, British Archaeology and Historical Narratives in Sri Lanka, c.1750–1850', in Past and Present (2007). Panel 2: The Classical World Chair: Anthony Snodgrass (Classics, Cambridge) Edmund Richardson ‘This Memory Is Not For You’

In 1856, Colonel Monroe was sent to the Crimea to fight the Russians. He took two hundred men and two hundred shovels, and marched high up into the hills overlooking the Black Sea, far away from the enemy. Then the Colonel pitched a tent, and the men began to dig – for day after day. When they stopped, vases and busts and fragments of antiquity were piled high, and London's newspapers were falling over themselves to report on the fruits of this most incongruous archaeologist's excavations. The Crimean War was haunted by the ancient world: British soldiers on their way to the front dined in the Parthenon; generals sought to seize the mantles of ancient heroes; commentators insisted that Britain's campaign – commercial and colonial – was a re-enactment of the 'civilization' of the Crimea by the ancient Greeks. Empires, however, can rarely depend upon Imperial Memories, invocations of the past to rule all others. As the Crimean campaign descended into disease and defeat – as the Russian winter caught up with all those grand hopes – the ancient world began to take on a different tone, in the British debates which surrounded the conflict. In the hands of the marginal and the forgotten, it began to turn on its former elite masters; the comforting paradigm of Britain's glorious re-enactment of the past began to falter and fail – and this paper is balanced upon the rich productivity of that history's failure. The fragility of the past lies at the heart of my research; my doctoral dissertation recounts the pursuit of the ancient world in nineteenth-century Britain, in an often-Quixotic story of the tangled relationship between history and desire. It is a tale of hopes unrealized and fragile enchantment – of a backward glance at once confident and uneasy. The productive imperfection of the bond between the past and the present is also fundamental to my next research project, The Book of Forgetfulness. It asks how the connections between later cultures and the ancient world have been shaped by the awareness of loss; by the presence of what cannot be recalled. It is a history of absence, a work of classical reception which fuses literary criticism, historiography, and cognitive science, asking whether history’s goal should truly be to remember everything – or whether it should sometimes let itself (in the manner of John Donne) be ‘re-begot / Of absence, darkness, death; things which are not’? Mary Beard ‘Officers and Gentlemen? How Imperialist a Project was Nineteenth-Century Roman Britain?’ This paper examines the modern assumption that the archaeology of Roman Britain in the nineteenth century was imperialism under another name – practised by classically educated ex-public schoolboys, committed to seeing the history and material remains of the province in terms of the British colonial occupation of India. While not denying that the British empire provided illustrative or explanatory models for Roman Britain, I argue that the interface between the British and Roman empires was a much more slippery one than we have come to believe. I point to two crucial factors, often overlooked: the complexity of the classical sources on Roman Britain (Tacitus, especially,

problematizing imperial rule in the province); the lack of territorial overlap between the Roman and the nineteenth-century British empire (Britain being the only major territory shared between them). Archaeological writing (and the presentation of monuments) in Britain offered an ambivalent picture of the province as both centre and periphery. Particular examples to be considered include the various candidates for 'the British Pompeii' (Silchester, Verulamium etc) and Hadrian's Wall (massively rebuilt in the mid-nineteenth century). Mary Beard is Professor of Classics at Cambridge, a Fellow of Newnham College and a Director of the Cambridge Victorian Studies Group. She works both on Roman culture in its widest sense and on the reception of antiquity in the modern world. Her books include The Invention of Jane Harrison (Cambridge, Ma., 2000) and The Colosseum (with Keith Hopkins London and Cambridge, Ma, 2004), The Roman Triumph (2007) and Pompeii: The Life of a Roman Town (2008). She currently explores different forms of ‘non-elite’ engagement with the classical past in the nineteenth century. Robin Cormack ‘Byzantium and Sudan’ Byzantium and Sudan focusses on one of a group of professional architects who went to Greece in the late 19th century and recorded Classical and Byzantine monuments and sites while based at the British School at Athens. Their drawings and photographs are kept in the archive there which is currently being catalogued. Robert Weir Schultz was an Arts and Craft architect who returned from Greece to set up his own practice in London. His masterpiece is the Anglican Cathedral of All Saints at Khartoum, which was also a memorial to General Gordon. The cathedral was built between 1906 and 1913. The challenge of Sudan under British rule was that there was no local traditions of masonry style or technique. This gave the architect a free hand for his design. When his design was shown at the Royal Academy in 1909, a reviewer in the Builder wrote - ‘we cannot call it beautiful but it is original and interesting’. The Builder's Journal wrote ‘it has no reminiscence of any particular style’. An analysis shows a complicated relationship with Greek Classicism and Medievalism, resulting in a unique and impressive colonial monument (which has survived to today but not as a church). Bibliography: David Ottewill, 'Robert Weir Schultz (1860–1951): An Arts and Crafts Architect', in Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians of Great Britain, 22 (1979), 88–115. Robin Cormack is Professor emeritus in the history of art at the University of London and research associate at the Courtauld Institute of Art. He is co-curator of the exhibition Byzantium 330 - 1453 at the Royal Academy and consultant curator for an exhibition Visions of Byzantium planned for the Sabanci Museum and University at Istanbul in 2010.

Panel 3: The Biblical World Chair: Michael Ledger-Lomas (CVSG, Cambridge) David Gange ‘Unholy Water: Archaeology, the Bible, and the Last Nile Floods’ This paper begins with an altercation, involving Henry Wallis, Edward Poynter, Flinders Petrie, and Frances Cope Whitehouse. This public tussle was part of an argument over what professions should be responsible for the preservation of Egyptian monuments: politicians, engineers, architects, or archaeologists. Part of the consternation here issued from fears that Egyptologists were becoming too narrow in their focus; that because they didn’t have the architectural or diplomatic backgrounds that their predecessors had, they couldn’t be trusted to maintain rather than dissect ancient buildings. This altercation also fed into a debate within Egyptology. Was the aim of the archaeologist in Egypt to acquire scientific collections for Europe; to feed the public demand for evidence relating to biblical events and characters; or to make certain that Egyptian monuments were kept intact and in their original surroundings? Until well into the twentieth century the first two of these aims easily eclipsed the last. This was strikingly clear in the debate surrounding the construction of the Aswan dam, where Egyptological protest at the drowning of ancient monuments was muted and equivocal compared to that of engineers, artists lawyers and even politicians. Indeed, the positions we might assume to have been taken were more or less reversed. The scuffle that begins the paper occurred when lawyers and military men protested the involvement of Egyptologists such as Petrie in the new and short-lived Society for the Preservation of the Monuments of Ancient Egypt. I’m a Postdoctoral Fellow with CVSG, also affiliated to the Cambridge History Faculty and Wolfson College. I’m interested in the roles that pre-classical civilisations were made to play in nineteenth-century culture, especially the ways in which Egyptian, Assyrian, and Homeric archaeology played significant roles in debates over the nature of the Bible and the status of religion relative to other forms of knowledge. I’m currently editing a volume entitled Cities of God: the Bible and archaeology in nineteenth-century Britain with Michael Ledger-Lomas, while preparing a history of British Egyptology, set in its intellectual nexus of science, religion, and ancient history. Simon Goldhill ‘Restoration and Empire: Ashbee’s Jerusalem’ This paper looks at Jerusalem as it comes under the control of the British Empire and how the preservation of this most important city of the imagination is dominated by a particular aesthetic formed in the 1890s – which leads to acts of imperial construction and destruction in the Holy City. On the one hand, this is a story of a single man's intellectual formation and his surprisingly direct impact on the fabric of the city. On the other hand, it is a story about the

delayed power of aesthetic sediments, the interplay of empire and artistic thought, and how empire becomes the stage for competing nationalist agendas. Simon Goldhill is Professor of Greek at Cambridge University, fellow of King's College and a Director of the Cambridge Victorian Studies Group. He has published widely on Greek literature and Culture, and is a regular broadcaster on radio and television. His most recent books are Who Needs Greek? (Cambridge 2002), which is partly on Victorian classics; Love Sex and Tragedy (London and Chicago 2004); The Temple of Jerusalem (London, 2004) and Jerusalem: City of Longing (2008). Simon Goldhill is particularly interested in the role of Greek and Roman culture in the Victorian imagination, and currently works on the relation between the ancient world and Victorian religion. Panel 4: Empires and Civilizations Chair: Phiroze Vasunia (Classics, University of Reading) Indra Sengupta ‘Preservation and the Vexing Question of Religious Structures in Colonial India’ Colonial policy-making on the preservation of ancient Indian architectural heritage took legal form with the passing of the first Ancient Monuments Preservation Act in 1904. The principles of conservation spelled out in the Act were an indicator of the way in which conservation policy was made in colonial India: heavily influenced by principles of preservation derived from Europe, based on a specifically colonial understanding of the 'guardianship' role of the colonial state, and determined by a centralised colonial government. It was also the product of a particular understanding of India's past and of Indian religions. Yet, in the enforcement of legislation on pre-colonial religious structures, the colonial state and its bureaucracy came up against circumstances on the ground that made them radically revise their policies and act in decidedly ambivalent ways. This paper looks closely at the interface between preservation policy and practice in colonial India in the late nineteenth/early twentieth centuries, and calls into question colonial hegemony as an explanatory framework to understand what was a much more complex process. Indra Sengupta is a Research Fellow in British Empire and Commonwealth History at the German Historical Institute London. Her research interests include the production of knowledge on India in colonial India and Europe and monument-making practices in colonial India. Her current research is on monument-making in colonial India in colonial and metropolitan perspectives. She is the author of From Salon to Discipline: State, University and Indology in Germany, 1821–1914 (Würzburg, 2005), and 'Sacred Space and the Making of Monuments in Colonial Orissa', in H. P. Ray (ed.), Archaeology and Text: The Temple in South Asia, foreword by Gavin Flood (Delhi, forthcoming).

Donald Reid ‘Representing Ancient Egypt at Imperial High Noon (1882-1922): Egyptological Careers and Artistic Allegories of Civilization’ This paper explores competing Western imperial and Egyptian national claims to the heritage of the pharaohs during the forty-year heyday of British control of Egypt between 1882 and 1922. Between the brief French occupation (1798–1801) and the British occupation of 1882, the export of Egyptian antiquities was often framed as ‘spoils of war’ or ‘gifts of the ruler’ and justified with claims of European enlightenment and ‘oriental’ lack thereof. The appointment of Auguste Mariette as director of the Egyptian Antiquities Service in 1858 inaugurated ninety-four years of French control of that institution despite the later British occupation of the country. For much of the ‘imperial high noon,’ Lord Cromer dominated the country and Mariette’s successor Gaston Maspero directed the Antiquities Service. Collecting aggressively for the British Museum, Wallis Budge clashed with both Cromer and the French. In this colonial setting, Egyptian Egyptologist Ahmad Kamal had an uphill struggle both in the foreign-run Antiquities Service and to convince his compatriots that the pharaonic heritage was vital for intellectual awakening and national independence. Examination of the careers of these three Egyptologists is intertwined with analysis of three works of art which reflected offered competing interpretations of the larger significance of ancient Egypt for modern national and imperial identities. These works are the façade of Cairo’s Egyptian Museum (1902), a painting in the dome of the Library of Congress in Washington (1895–96), and the cover illustration of an Arabic educational journal (1899). Donald Reid’s books include Whose Pharaohs? Archaeology, Museums, and Egyptian National Identity from Napoleon to World War I (University of California Press, 2002) and Cairo University and the Making of Modern Egypt (Cambridge University Press, 1990). He is currently working on a twentieth-century follow-up to the themes treated in Whose Pharaohs? He is Professor Emeritus of the Department of History, Georgia State University, and now lives in Seattle, Washington, where he is Faculty Affiliate with the Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilization, University of Washington. Lindsay Allen ‘“This Ruined Dream”: Appropriations of Imperial Space at Persepolis’ The monumental stone remains of Persepolis, a capital of the Achaemenid Persian empire dating to the sixth-fourth century BCE, have always been prominently visible near a main route in Fars province, Iran. Known as Takht-i Jamshid in the Persian-speaking world, and identified as Persepolis, as destroyed by Alexander the Great, by Europeans at the turn of the sixteenth century, British diplomatic parties first undertook documented digging there in the early 19th century. This paper traces the trajectory from opportunistic digging, which provoked a strong Iranian political and cultural response, to the

formal granting of the dig concession to the Oriental Institute of Chicago, under the leadership of the German scholar Ernst Herzfeld, in 1931. The sources reveal some persistent themes: disputed cultural and political ownership of an imperial capital suspended between the Classical and Biblical worlds, a preoccupation with hidden or revealed secrets at the site through physical interference or destruction, and, ultimately a strong growth of the idea of not only preservation but restoration, driven by both foreign and nationalistic ambitions under the doomed Pahlavi monarchy. Lindsay Allen is lecturer in Greek and Near Eastern history at King's College London, and visiting scholar at the Institute for the Study of the Ancient World, NYU in 2008–09. She received her BA in Classics from the University of Oxford and her MA and PhD in Near Eastern history from the University of London. Her research and teaching focus on pre-Islamic, particularly Achaemenid Iran and related topics, with an emphasis on reception studies. As a distraction from adapting her doctoral thesis into the book, Through the King's Gate: Images and Reflections of Achaemenid Kingship, she is pursuing ongoing research into the shaping of Persepolis as an archaeological site through survey and excavation from the early nineteenth to twentieth century. Panel 5: The New World Chair: Richard Drayton (History, Cambridge) Donna Yates ‘The Early Twentieth-Century Excavations of R.E. Merwin and Publication as Problematic Preservation at a Remote Maya City’ This paper will focus on the complicated place that the excavation of Mesoamerican sites had to the adventurer scholars of the early twentieth century: a time when archaeological publication, not stabilization, was seen as a sufficient means by which a remote site could be 'preserved'. Excavation was undertaken to further the structured concept of science: inquiry was made and answers were gleaned. As a means to this end, excavators themselves took advantage of the ambiguity inherent in the deep jungle borders and the distant administrative centers of the still young Central American Republics. Archaeological 'experiments', which were not easily tested due to the constraints of forbidding landscape and the vastness of the resource that lay largely untapped, went largely unconfirmed. The known character of a particular scholar/explorer was a sufficient recommendation to the quality of his archaeological conclusions. I will discuss my excavations at Building B, Group II: an early classic Maya temple at the site of Holmul, Guatemala. This building was originally excavated by E. R. Merwin in 1910 and lay untouched by archaeologists until my own work in 2003, largely conducted in Merwin's back-filled trenches. Merwin died before finishing his notes on the site, which were later completed and published by another Maya archaeologist who had never visited Holmul. This resulted in a number of factual mistakes that have been repeated in publications and museum displays about the site up to the

present day. Beyond the pitfalls of preservation by publication in Merwin's own time, I will comment on how the archaeological practices of the early 20th century have contributed to the current compromised character of this large and remote site. Donna Yates is a PhD candidate in the Department of Archaeology at the University of Cambridge. Her previous work includes archaeological excavations in Belize, Guatemala, Greece, Ecuador and Bolivia. Her masters, also completed at Cambridge, explored deception and illegality within auctions of South American antiquities and her current research involves politics, indigenous-ness and nationalism in archaeological interpretations of Bolivia's past. Sadiah Qureshi ‘Dying Americans: Race, Extinction and Conservation in the New World’ Throughout the nineteenth century, many indigenous societies across the globe were felt to be dying out. This paper explores how the trope of the ‘vanishing Indian’ became coupled to shifting perceptions of the American ‘wilderness’ to create national parks like Yellowstone. Whilst Indians were once viewed of as intrinsic elements of the wilderness, over the course of the 1800s wildness became redefined to connote landscapes untouched by human hands or habitation. This new perception of the wild underpinned the establishment of national as Edenic grounds in which Indians were incongruous intruders. In turn, the protection of nature came to rationalise the federally sanctioned removal of Native Americans from their traditional homelands to ‘native’ reservations. Sadiah Qureshi originally read Natural Sciences and History and Philosophy of Science at Christ's College, Cambridge. Her forthcoming book, Performing Race: Exhibitions, Empire and Anthropology in Nineteenth-Century Britain (University of Chicago Press, 2010), examines the relationship between exhibitions of foreign peoples and the institutionalisation of anthropology. As a post-doctoral research associate with the Cambridge Victorian Studies Group, she is pursuing new research on the history of the notion of endangered peoples. Melanie Hall ‘Despoliation or Diplomacy? Britain, Canada, the United States and the Evolution of an English-Speaking Heritage’ Preservation of buildings in Britain was stimulated when an American circus owner began to take an interest in acquiring Shakespeare’s Birthplace which, through association with English literature, had an international sentimental appeal. This prospect of plunder disturbed a sense of the stability of ‘real estate’ and the invulnerability of place in Britain. When the focus transferred to Niagara Falls on the border between British Canada and the United States,

where the view was being despoiled, it provided an opportunity for two world powers to demonstrate cooperation through preservation. Preserving literary places of mutual interest in Britain became, briefly, an arena of ‘cultural diplomacy’ or, at least, influence which helped suggest commonality between ‘English-speaking peoples’. The century ended with more complex problems as debates about preservation focused on places of natural beauty and historic interest. The plunder of waterfalls brought them to the fore. This time the waterfalls were in Britain as well as at Niagara; their plunder was by Anglo-American business interests. Melanie Hall, FSA, is Associate Professor and Director of Museum Studies at Boston University. She formerly worked for English Heritage, in which context she wrote numerous Lists of Buildings of Special Historic and Architectural Interest, and where she became interested in how and why we save what we save. Her current focus of research is the Anglo-American origins of preservation, with a particular focus on the National Trust for Places of Historic Interest and Natural Beauty. Roundtable: Between Imperialist and Nationalist Preservation Chair: Marie Louise Stig-Sørenson (Archaeology, Cambridge)

Erik Goldstein

Erik Goldstein is Professor of International Relations, and of History, and has been Chair of the Department of International Relations at Boston University since 1998. Previously he was Professor of International History at the University of Birmingham. He has published widely on the history of British foreign policy and on Britain and the eastern Mediterranean. Professor Goldstein is also the founder-editor of the journal Diplomacy & Statecraft and has served on the editorial board of Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies.

Nabila Oulebsir

Nabila Oulebsir is Maître de conférences (lecturer-researcher) in History of Architecture and Patrimony at the University of Poitiers and member of the Center of Interdisciplinary Research on Germany (CRIA-EHESS, Paris). She is also editor in chief of the Journal Histoire de l'art. Currently she is Getty Scholar at the Getty Research Institute (Los Angeles , 2008-2009). Her principal publications include Les usages du patrimoine. Monuments, musées et politique coloniale en Algérie, 1830-1930 (Paris, Editions de la Maison des Sciences de l’homme, 2004); Alger. Paysage urbain et architectures (edited with Jean-Louis Cohen, Paris, Editions de l’Imprimeur, 2003); and Les orientalismes en architecture à l’épreuve des savoirs. Europe et monde extra-européen, XIXe et XXe siècles (edited with Mercedes Volait Paris, Editions Picard/InVisu-NHA, 2009).

Marga Díaz-Andreu Marga Díaz-Andreu, BA PhD (Reader in Archaeology, Durham University) has published widely on identity and the history of archaeology, with books such as The Archaeology of Identity (2005), Nationalism and Archaeology (1996, 2001), Excavating Women. A History of Women in European Archaeology (1998), and A World History of Archaeology in the Nineteenth Century: Nationalism, Colonialism and the Past (2007). Her research has focused on particular case studies in Spain and the United Kingdom, as well as wide-ranging overviews of gender, nationalism and imperialism. Her work has been published mainly in English and Spanish by publishing houses and journals in the US, Britain and Spain, as well as Brazil and Mexico, and has been translated into other languages. Astrid Swenson Astrid Swenson is a temporary lecturer in Modern European History at Cambridge University. She is a research fellow of the Cambridge Victorian Studies Group and of Darwin College. Astrid studied History, History of Art, Romance Languages and European Studies in Mainz, Dijon and Cambridge. Her doctoral dissertation compared the conceptualisation of 'heritage' in nineteenth- and early twentieth-century France, Germany, England. Her current research focuses on the interrelation of architectural preservation and imperialism in Victorian and Edwardian Britain, in comparison with corresponding attitudes in France and Germany. She is completing a book on The Rise of Heritage: Preserving the Past in France, Germany and England, 1789–1914 (forthcoming Cambridge University Press).

Doré, The New Zealander, 1872

The New Zealander would one day, Macaulay predicted, visit the future ruins of Lon-don, and take his seat on the remains of London Bridge to sketch the ruins of St Paul’s. Macaulay put him on London Bridge in 1840, in his notice in the Edinburgh Review of von Ranke’s History of the Popes. Blanchard Jerrold and Gustav Doré used this engrav-ing by Doré of the New Zealander as the last image in their London: A Pilgrimage (1872).

This project, funded by the Leverhulme Trust for five years (2006-11), investigates the development and impact of competing views of the past in the nineteenth century in Britain. Located at Cambridge University, in association with King’s College Lon-don, and conducted under the umbrella of the Cambridge Victorian Studies Group (CVSG), the project has directors from four disciplines (History, History of Science, English, Classics), six post-doctoral research associates and three doctoral students. It is advised by an external Academic Advisory Board and supported by the wider member-ship of the CVSG, one hundred postdoctoral scholars from the full range of disciplies.

Navsa / Bavs Joint Meeting

Registration Now Open

13–15 July 2009

Churchill College, Cambridge University

For more information see conference website: www.victorians.group.cam.ac.uk

Hiram

Powers, The G

reek Slave (1841-47) w

as exhibited at the 1851 Great Exhibition and inspired Elizabeth Barrett Brow

ning’s anti-slavery sonnet of the same title.