Four Inscriptions from Greater Knossos and the Road to its Port at Heraklion (Crete)

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FOUR INSCRIPTIONS FROM GREATER KNOSSOS AND THE ROAD TO ITS PORT AT HERAKLION (CRETE)

MW Bowsky

The Annual of the British School at Athens Volume 107 November 2012 pp 313 - 339DOI 101017S0068245412000081 Published online 17 December 2012

Link to this article httpjournalscambridgeorgabstract_S0068245412000081

How to cite this articleMW Bowsky (2012) FOUR INSCRIPTIONS FROM GREATER KNOSSOS AND THE ROAD TO ITS PORT AT HERAKLION (CRETE) The Annual of the British School at Athens 107 pp 313-339 doi101017S0068245412000081

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FOUR INSCRIPTIONS FROM GREATER KNOSSOSAND THE ROAD TO ITS PORT AT HERAKLION

(CRETE)

by MW Bowsky

University of the Pacific Stockton California (USA)

Four inscriptions of Hellenistic to Early Roman date were found in rescue excavations undertakenduring the construction of public housing at the location Bedevi east of Leophoros Knossou in thesuburbs of modern Aghios Ioannis (Heraklion) These four inscriptions constitute an intriguinggroup as they provide evidence of a rural installation where a vessel with an inscribed lid wasstored a sepulchral site and private worship of Artemis as well as a point between ancientHeraklion and Knossos where a Roman road crossed the Chrysopigis stream In antiquity thisarea was part of the greater Knossos area albeit closer to Heraklion than to Knossos Thesefour inscriptions provide new evidence for the nature of this area and for the northern roadconnections of Roman Knossos particularly the road that linked Knossos with its harbour atHeraklion

INTRODUCTION

Four inscriptions of Hellenistic to Early Roman date were found in rescue excavationsundertaken during the construction of public housing at the location Stani near theBedevi Kamara east of Leophoros Knossou in the suburbs of modern Aghios IoannisHerakliou (Fig no Fig )

These four inscriptions constitute an intriguing group as they provide evidence of anarea between Knossos and Heraklion that featured a possible rural installation asepulchral site and private worship of Artemis as well as a point between ancientHeraklion and Knossos where a Roman road crossed the Chrysopigis stream(Ioannidou-Karetsou ) This area is identified here as lsquogreater Knossosrsquo as itis most comparable to a Roman suburbium a transitional space in the movement ofgoods and people that featured a diverse range of activities including water systemsburials religious activities and roads The structure in which they were found ndash closerto Heraklion than to Knossos ndash is now covered over but was almost parallel to

Ioannidou-Karetsou Stani (Στάνη) which means literally lsquosheepfoldrsquo wasthe name of a pastry house that was very popular in the s and s (Kritzas pers comm)The building still stands on the eastern side of Leophoros Knossou (Fig ) Compare papers presented at a session entitled lsquoThe space between current investigations into

Roman suburbiarsquo at the Roman Archaeology Conference Frankfurt Marchndash April

The Annual of the British School at Athens pp ndash copy The Council British School at AthensdoiS

Leophoros Knossou These four inscriptions provide new evidence for the nature of thisarea and for the northern road connections of Roman Knossos particularly the road thatlinked Knossos with its harbour at Heraklion

THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND TOPOGRAPHICAL CONTEXT

These four inscriptions ndash and a bronze coin of the first century AD ndash were found in Romanfill above and inside a square underground building of Late Hellenistic and then Romantimes one that had been constructed of poros ashlar blocks preserved to an unspecifiedbut apparently significant height (Alexiou Ioannidou-Karetsou Fig ) In its first phase the building may have been a cistern with a floorlayered to provide waterproofing and a wooden staircase giving access from the ceilingor roof at the north wall (Ioannidou-Karetsou ) In its second

Fig Heraklion and Knossos area (a) ) Heraklion ) Aghios Constantinos )Bedevi ) Isopata ) Aghios Ioannis ) Ambelokipi (Teke) ) VenizelionHospital ) Zapher Papoura ) Palace of Minos a) PalioAno Fortetsa b)NeaKato Fortetsa Based on Spanakis map between and

(b) Comparable area from Hood and Smyth fig

A Karetsou pers comm The distance from Bedevi to the Dikaiosyni Street (the southernboundary of the Roman necropolis of Heraklion see Fig ) is km from Bedevi to theVenizelion (where the northern necropoleis of Knossos are to be found) is km

MW BOWSKY

phase the floor was coated with plaster the bottom step of the staircase was covered and apit was left in the west side (in a corner of Room ) perhaps for the cleaning of the cistern(Ioannidou-Karetsou ) In its third and final phase four internal wallsdivided the square building evenly into four rooms ndash numbered from the northwest cornerclockwise to the southwest ndash linked by small openings that were framed by door jambs andthresholds lying on the floor of the second phase (Ioannidou-Karetsou ndash ) The pit and staircase of the earlier phases continued to be used (Ioannidou-Karetsou ) Nearly all the pottery from the building ndash cups and other vessels aswell as lamps ndash was gathered in Room in the north-west corner of the building(Ioannidou-Karetsou ndash) In the same room bones of animals butnot humans were found as well as the bronze coin noted above (Ioannidou-Karetsou ) The building had a tile roof to judge from the number of flat tiles

Fig Structure excavated at Bedevi (Ioannidou-Karetsou

fig a)

FOUR INSCRIPTIONS FROM GREATER KNOSSOS (CRETE)

found in upper layers of the fill (Ioannidou-Karetsou ) It is difficult todetermine the final function of the building but it is not likely to have been sepulchral orreligious (Ioannidou-Karetsou )

The bridge that gives its name to the excavation was called τοῦ Πεντεβῆ ἡ Καμάρα and itwas ndash and still is ndash west of Leophoros Knossou some m to the north of the newNational Road where it crosses over Leophoros Knossou (Kritzas pers commAppendix Fig no Fig ) The bridge is now filled up half or more under themodern street level at the northern peak of a triangle of uncultivated earth withthe stream in the middle and can be seen only from the south (Kritzas pers comm)The bed of the stream with bullrushes is still visible at the location Stani near theintersection of Leophoros Knossou and the new National Road (Ioannidou-Karetsou ) across from the Bedevi bridge (Fig ) The stream which the Bedevi bridgecrosses the modern Chrysopigis stream was once called the Marulas after the suburbanarea where it emptied into the sea in Venetian times (Andriotis Appendix)Hood and Smyth show the stream (without name) whose headwaters lay northwest ofFortetsa ndash less than km from Knossos ndash before they joined another stream runningnorth to Ambelokipi (Teke) and west of Aghios Ioannis (Hood and Smyth fig and fold-out map) The stream began at Fortetsa and ran northeastward via the Bedeviand Chrysopigi quarters of modern Heraklion to the sea east of the Sabionara bastion ofthe Venetian walls of Candia (Ioannidou-Karetsou Alexiou pers comm)

The structure excavated at Bedevi Kamara is likely to have been water-related ndash atleast in its first and second if not its third stages ndash given its proximity to a stream thatwas even more significant in antiquity than in modern times The deepest part of the

Fig Bedevi Kamara taken from the south along Leophoros Knossou Photoauthor

MW BOWSKY

stream bed was about ndashm and the ancient stream could have provided some quantityof water for inhabitants of the area in the Roman period (Alexiou pers comm) We justmay have the remains of a rural installation from the area of greater Knossos (cf Fritzilasforthcoming) The Bedevi Kamara and the location Stani lie just northwest of theKnossos Survey Area whose section A barely touches the stream flowing towardsHeraklion This location was beyond the northernmost residential district of RomanKnossos whose boundaries are indicated by the North Cemetery in the area ofAmbelokipi and the necropolis at the modern Venizelion (Sweetman and) Rather it was in a location near the place where the Roman road betweenKnossos and Heraklion crossed the stream For possible comparanda for our water-related structure we might look first to a built cistern excavated in eastern AghiosIoannis whose water source has not been found even though it is located along a drystream near a western tributary of the Kairatos River (Bannou Hood andSmyth no ) We might also look to a fountain house excavated along awestern branch of the Karteros River (Panagiotakis ndash) It had a tile ceiling in itsoriginal phase and was then elaborated and associated with a deity to combine thebeauty of the countryside with the amenities of urban life (Panagiotakis ndash ndash)

THE INSCRIPTIONS

Lid of a vessel inscribed with the name Κύθ(ηρος)Heraklion Archaeological Museum inv no P (Fig andashb) From Heraklion foundat Bedevi in Room group a May This is the larger part of a clay disc with an

Fig Stani taken from Bedevi Kamara eastwards across Leophoros Knossouarrow points to area of excavation Photo author


inscription in raised letters Ten fragments were reassembled with signs of burningvisible in places on the upper surface and all over the lower (Ioannidou-Karetsou where the photograph is printed upside down)

Diameter m preserved maximum width m thickness m Claylight brownish-grey (MYR ) with no glaze Pale yellow encrustations (M Y )are visible on the upper surface

The inscription appears essentially centred within a visible circle that may have beenmade by the potterrsquos wheel Letter heights m (Κ Θ) m (Υ) The line ofbreakage cuts through Θ but the cross-bar is completely preserved

Letter forms suggest a Roman rather than Hellenistic date particularly the cursive ΥApices on the bar of Θ ensure that this letter is not a lunate Ε (Fig b)

ΚΥΘ( )Κύθ(ηρος)

This inscribed lid was found in Room of the building excavated at Bedevi (seeFig ) where other ceramics of the second half of the first century BC and of the firstcentury AD were found The raised letters appear to constitute an abbreviation for aname beginning with the letters Κυθ- In the Greek world names beginning with theseletters were likely to be theophoric names or else ethnics At Hellenistic Lissos onCrete Κυθήριος might be an ethnic rather than a personal name (Fraser and Matthews ) Elsewhere in the Aegean Islands personal names beginning with these

Fig Lid of a vessel inscribed with the name Kyth(eros) (a) Inscribed clay lid(b) Detail of inscription Heraklion Archaeological Museum inv no P

Photo author

Ioannidou-Karetsou figs ndash with handleless cups a sievestrainer a smallmonochrome vessel in the shape of a chalice a two-handled vessel and a fragment of a lamp

MW BOWSKY

letters include Κύθηρος and Κύθαινα (Fraser and Matthews from Thera andRhodes) Κύθηρος and Κυθήριος are attested at Athens and in Boeotia (Osborne andByrne Fraser and Matthews ) while the feminine Κυθηρία isrecorded in Thessaly and Bithynia (Fraser and Matthews Corsten ) The feminine Κυθέρη is attested in Bithynia (Corsten ) and the nameΚύθης() in Macedonia (Fraser and Matthews )

In the Roman world such Greek personal names could become cognomina that wereappropriate for men or women of servile or libertine status It is very tempting toidentify the person named on this inscribed lid as Kytheros a known duumvir ofRoman Knossos the name Κύθηρος was Latinised as Cytherus on two emissions ofcoinage that name a colonial duumvir one before AD and the other between AD

and Aeschinus Caes L was another duumvir of libertine status at Knossos whereas at Corinth freedmen were eligible for magistracies Among Greek personal namespreserved in Italian Campania ndash with which Knossos had particular connections(Bowsky ) ndash Κύθερος Κύθηρα and Κυθηρίς are names recorded at Pompeii whileΚυθηρία is attested at Puteoli In the Roman world this was a name derived from anepithet of Aphrodite or (for women) from the name of a hetaira (Solin and Solin )

The name Kytheros just may have been borne by the man whose name wasabbreviated on the lid of the storage vessel at Bedevi and by the Knossian duumvirThe fact that the letters on the lid are raised indicates that the inscription wasproduced before firing by something like a mould or stamp (Kritzas pers comm)We can note that at Heraklion there was an amphora production facility whoseterminus ante quem is provided by a bronze coin dated before AD Tantalisinglyenough the coin that provides this terminus ante quem is one that records the firstKnossian duumvirate of Kytheros This is not to say that the storage vessel wasstamped with a magistratersquos name but that Kytherosrsquo name could have been stampedon the lid of a vessel produced at the amphora production facility of Heraklion whereamphora supports bowls flat tiles and cover joints were also produced (Marangou-Lerat )

Fraser and Matthews list the Greek form as Κυθηρώ (Latin Cythero) apparently withouttaking into account the fact that the coin legend is in the Latin ablative case (Fraser andMatthews ) Burnett Amandry and Ripollegraves and give the nameCytherus and a date before AD for the first duumvirate of Capito and Cytherus (BurnettAmandry and Ripollegraves nos ndash) and a date between AD and for theirsecond (Burnett Amandry and Ripollegraves nos ndash) In AD Claudiusrsquo third wifeValeria Messalina was strangled after she was condemned to death for joining C Silius in amarriage ceremony (Rohden and Dessau no ) Burnett Amandry and Ripollegraves no see Spawforth ndash for Corinthian

magistrates of freedman stock Fraser and Matthews together with the nomina L Calventius (Kytheros) Pompeia

and [mdash]vidia (Kytheris) and Flavia (Kytheria) Marangou-Lerat Empereur Kritzas and Marangou and fig andashb In

the latter this coin is described as bearing a Latin legend that names Germanicus T Claudius andMessalina and dated before AD The legend is more correctly read as one that names TiClaudius Caesar Aug(ustus) Germanicus on the obverse and Valeria Messalina on the reverse(Burnett Amandry and Ripollegraves and nos ndash) For the date before AD seeBurnett Amandry and Ripollegraves and


A sepulchral inscription for Κύρσαμος ΣοάρχωHeraklion Archaeological Museum Epigraphical Collection inv no E (Fig ) FromHeraklion collected at Bedevi during digging December (Alexiou ndashIoannidou-Karetsou ndash )

The top left and right margins are preserved the bottom is broken left and right Theback side is roughly worked The stone has apparently been reused to judge from theback side and cutting as well as remains of mortar on the inscribed surface Height m width m at top m at bottom depth m

The inscription is not perfectly centred on the stone as preserved but may have beencentred before reuse Line begins m from the left margin ends m from theright line begins m from the left margin ends m from the right

The letter height is m in both lines the space between lines and is mLettering has apices Letter forms include Α with broken bar Μ with diagonals thatcross to form an apex Ο and Ω rounded Ρ with high small round loop Σ with straightbroad horizontals Υ and Χ very open Ω with pronounced straight horizontals Theinitial letter (K) is difficult to distinguish but visible apices suggest a vertical stroke onthe left as well as upper and lower diagonal strokes on the right

The date is Hellenistic

K˙ΥΡΣΑΜΟΣ

ΣΟΑΡΧΩK˙ύρσαμος

Σοάρχω

Fig Sepulchral inscription for Κύρσαμος Σοάρχω Heraklion ArchaeologicalMuseum inv no E Photo Y Papadakis Courtesy of A Ioannidou-Karetsou

Fraser and Matthews and citing Robert and Robert no whereRobert and Robert give a date well before the first century AD

MW BOWSKY

The name Kyrsamos is attested not only for the first time in Crete (Ioannidou-Karetsou ) but for the first time in the onomastics of ancient Greece Thename element Κυρσ- is attested in the names Κύρσας and Κυρσίλος from the end ofthe fifth century BC to the first century BC In Thrace the name Κύρσας is attestedthree times in a fourthndashthird century BC inscription from Apollonia-Sozopolis (Fraserand Matthews ) and once on a coin of the Greek colony of Olbia that isdated cndash BC (Fraser and Matthews ) The personal name Κυρσίλος isattested at Thessalian Pharsalos in the mid-fourth century BC for a Pheraian (Fraserand Matthews ) At Pherai and Delphi Κυρσίλος was the name of two menof high status The name Κυρσίλος is also attested at Athens (Osborne and Byrne Kirchner ndash vol no Traill no ) In Athensthe name Κύρσας was borne by a slave in BC (Osborne and Byrne Fragiadakis no ) The personal name Κυρσίλος appears twice for aNaxian named in a first century BC civic decree from the island of Syros (Fraser andMatthews )

The name Soarchos is specific to central Crete and its elite (Paluchowski ndashand Paluchowski ndash) At Axos in the fourth century BC an inscriptionconcerning the Pythion names Soarchos among other members of the local elite(Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum [] no ) Soarchos is moreover aname particularly associated with the Gortynian elite from the third century BC to thefirst century AD Gortynians of elite status named Soarchos also appear at theAsklepieion in its port Lebena from the second to first centuries BC (Guarducci no no ndash no no ) Melambes inland from Sulia on thewest coast of the Mesara preserves the name Soarchos in a funerary inscription of thesecondndashfirst century BC and in an inscription concerning the rebuilding of a temple inthe thirdndashsecond centuries BC (Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum [] nos and ) A bilingual inscription of the first century from Priansos ndash on the southcoast east of Gortyn ndash preserves the name Soarchos in the patronymic of a protokosmos(Guarducci no )

It is difficult to account for the pairing of a rare name like Kyrsamos ndash possibly ofThessalian origin ndash and an elite Cretan name like Soarchos in the area of greaterKnossos unless there was a military context that might bring the son of a Gortynianthere It is tempting to think that it was mercenary service that brought a name ofThessalian origin to Crete and Gortyn in particular On Crete in the Hellenisticperiod the shifting relationship between Gortyn and Knossos provides intriguingpossibilities for ways one or both of these men might have come to be in the regionnorth of Knossos We can note that in times of co-operation and alliance betweenKnossos and Gortyn ndash such as the War of Lyttos (ndash BC) or the joint efforts

See Bechtel for two names in Κυρσι- (Attic Κυρρι-) derived from κύρσαι ΚυρρίαςΛαμπρεύς and Κυρσίλος Φεραῖος Fraser and Matthews Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum () no

cndash BC Bousquet no IIA BC Guarducci nos (=Chaniotis ndash no ) ndash

Magnelli ndash Nolleacute and Schindler no Cross argues that the Cretan Koinon headed by Gortyn between the mid-third century BC and

the mid-second century BC entered into treaties to provide mercenary soldiers to foreign powers(Cross ) Gortynians are specifically attested as mercenaries in the Greek peninsula andin Ptolemaic Egypt (Launey )


against Kydonia ( BC) and Rhaukos ( BC) ndash an official context might account forthis sepulchral inscription (Chaniotis ndash) In times of enmity ndash in particulartheir conflict over Apollonia northwest of Knossos after BC and until BC ndash wecould think of a military context (Chaniotis Chaniotis ndash

nos ndash)

A private dedication to Artemis from Διαιδούμενος ΘετταλίσκουHeraklion Archaeological Museum Epigraphical Collection inv no E (Fig ) FromHeraklion collected at Bedevi during digging December (Alexiou ndashIoannidou-Karetsou ndash ndash)

The base and body of the altar are preserved on all sides despite some breakage on theleft side The pediment is composed of two steps barely preserved on the front side

Fig Private dedication to Artemis from Διαιδούμενος Θετταλίσκου HeraklionArchaeological Museum inv no E Photo Y Papadakis Courtesy of

A Ioannidou-Karetsou

MW BOWSKY

somewhat more on the back but not at all on left and right The uninscribed sides areunworked and show traces of tooling

The total height is m including base and pediment the base height m thepediment height in front m at back the field of inscription height m Widthm at base m at field of inscription The width of the pediment is not preservedThe depth is m at the base m at the field of inscription m at the pediment

The inscription begins m from the top of the field of the inscription and ends m from the bottom The inscription is not perfectly centred in the field Line

begins m from the left margin and ends m from the right line begins m from the left margin and ends m from the right line begins at the leftmargin is crowded and the final Σ (half as wide as the Σ in the next line) is barelyaccommodated at the right margin line begins m from the left margin final Υis inscribed on the right margin

Letter height is m in all lines The interval between lines is m (lines ndash) or m (lines ndash and ndash) Lettering has prominent apices Letter forms include Α withbroken bar Δ with small vertical stroke atop peak Θ with bar Κ with short diagonals Μwith central strokes that reach line of inscription Ν with incomplete second vertical inline Ρ with high round loop The spelling Διαιδούμενος seen by Alexiou () is clearer in photographs than to the naked eye The space of m between theright diagonal of Α and the left diagonal of Δ can certainly accommodate this slenderletter particularly given the crowding that is increasingly visible in this line

The date is first century AD to judge from lettering and the name Thettaliskos sharedwith M Claudius Thettaliskos

ΑΡΤΕΜΙΔΙΕΥΧΗΝ

ΔΙΑΙΔΟΥΜΕΝΟΣΘΕΤΤΑΛΙΣΚΟΥἈρτέμιδιεὐχήν

Διαιδούμενος Θετταλίσκου

Artemis was worshipped ndash mostly publicly but here privately ndash southwest westnortheast and now north of Knossos The new place where Artemis was worshippednorth of Knossos cannot be identified with the shrine of Artemis Skopelitis attested ina second century BC inscription and located southwest of Knossos on the rocky heightnow occupied by the village of Ano Fortetsa (Hood and Smyth no Ioannidou-Karetsou Fig no a) To the west of Knossos an Artemisionlay on its border with Tylissos to judge from the text of a fifth century BC treatybetween Knossos Tylissos and Argos (Ioannidou-Karetsou Sporn ndash Guarducci no b ) To the northeast of Knossos Artemis wasworshipped together with Eileithyia at Amnisos (Chaniotis ndash)

The only evidence for private worship of Artemis is provided by this inscribed altarfound south of Heraklion (Sporn ndash) This altar might well have been

Fraser and Matthews Demopoulou-Rethemiotaki Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum () no Kritzas for date


dedicated to Artemis as the πότνια θηρῶν (Ioannidou-Karetsou ) or as a water-giving goddess protector of plant growth (Chaniotis ) In the latter capacity hercult places tended to be located on the sea or near pools and ponds swampy lowlandswith luxuriant plant growth springs brooks and rivers (Chaniotis ) West ofKnossos at Mikra Anogeia an altar and shrine of Artemis Physis has recently beenlocated near a water course (Karamaliki ) An inscription from Pyrgi of Eleuthernamay preserve evidence of the cult of Artemis Agrotera hitherto unattested on Crete(Kalpaxis and Petropoulou ndash ndash) A cult place along the water course thatran from Fortetsa through Bedevi to the sea east of Heraklion would be just the sort ofplace for Diaidoumenosrsquo dedication to Artemis as a water-giving goddess

Diaidoumenos ought to be the son of Thettaliskos named in the genitive in thededication to Artemis His is now the second name with a possible Thessalianconnection to be found inland from Heraklion Diadoumenos is a Greek personalname derived from the verb διαδέω and originally meant lsquobindingrsquo (Liddell Scott andJones sv διαδέω) The name is well attested across the Greek world includingonce for a priest at Thessalian Pharsalos in the first century BC to the first century AD

(Kern no b =Decourt no B) In the Roman world it wasparticularly common as a name for slaves and freedmen and ironically meant eitherlsquodressed clothedrsquo or lsquonaked nudersquo The earliest occurrences of this name appear todate from the first century BC to the first century AD at Pompeii It is most commonin southern Italy ndash particularly Campania ndash and Sicily (Fraser and Matthews ) as well as in coastal Asia Minor (Corsten ) It is also attested onAmorgos and Thasos at Athens and Sparta in Boeotia and Thessaly MacedoniaSarmatia and Thrace

Thettaliskos is the less common of two spellings of a Greek personal name thatrefers to Thessaly or a Thessalian It is intriguing indeed that in this area of greaterKnossos there are now three names with possible Thessalian connections KyrsamosDiaidoumenos and Thettaliskos In the Greek world names that begin with theletters Θεττ- are less common than those that begin with Θεσσ- Θετταλός on KeosΘετταλή Θετταλία and Θετταλός in Attica and Θετταλή and Θετταλία in Boeotia(Fraser and Matthews Osborne and Byrne Fraser and Matthews ) The name Θεσσαλίσκος was borne by a Theban sent on an embassy toDarius sometime before BC captured after the battle of Issos and released byAlexander the Great (Fraser and Matthews ) Of the Greek names attested inRome ndash Thessalus Thessale Thessalius Thessali[mdash] and Thettaliscus ndash Thessalushas been identified as a slave name (Solin and Solin )Thettaliskos could also be the name of a freed slave as lsquo-iskosrsquo is a Greek nameending (Dornseiff and Hansen ) that means lsquolittlersquo appropriate for a slave

Solin and The apparently conflicting meanings might reflect thefamous Diadoumenos statue by Polyclitus often copied in Roman times which portrayed anude youth tying a fillet around his head after an athletic victory Zangemeister et al ndash nos (cf p for identification as a scribe)

Zangemeister et al ndash no Mommsen no Amorgos and Thasos Fraser and Matthews Athens Osborne and Byrne

with accent Διαδουμενός two of the inscriptions cited use the spelling Διαιδούμενος (Kirchner no no ) Sparta Fraser and Matthews Boeotia and Thessaly Fraserand Matthews Macedonia Sarmatia and Thrace Fraser and Matthews

MW BOWSKY

The cognomen Thettaliskos with or without the praenomen and nomenM Claudius is part of an onomastic combination that appears to link Crete withItalian Campania and Latium and particularly with the Cretan wine trade Kritzas( ndash) argues that depending on the presence or absence of the praenomenand nomen M Claudius we cannot be sure that the Thettaliskos named at Bedevi isthe same man as the M Claudius Thettaliskos named at Karnari or that the latter isconnected with the Thettaliskos named on the Cretan amphora found at Pompeii Westill might be able to connect the Thettaliskos named at Bedevi ndash albeit withoutpraenomen or nomen ndash with () M Claudius Thettaliskos named south of Knossos atKarnari in the so-called Capuan lands () (M Claudius) Thettaliskos a wealthyfreedman of M Claudius Marcellus Aeserninus (Groag et al ndash vol no )() M Claudius Thettaliskos named at both Campanian Portici and Rome and() Thettaliskos named on a Cretan amphora transported to Pompeii First thecognomen Thettaliskos was borne by M Claudius Thettaliskos named in aninscription discovered south of Knossos at Karnari in the lands given by Augustus tothe Italian city of Capua There he appears to have been a landowner himself(De Caro ndash ) whose slave Soteridas made a dedication to the Kouretes asthe protectors of pastoral interests (Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum [] no Kritzas ) Secondly Kritzas identifies M Claudius Thettaliskos of Karnarimost securely with M Claudius Marcellus Aeserninusrsquo wealthy freedman(M Claudius) Thettaliscus who brought a specimen of Platanus sempervirens fromCrete to Italy in the reign of Claudius (Pliny Naturalis Historia SupplementumEpigraphicum Graecum [] no Kritzas SupplementumEpigraphicum Graecum [] no ter) Thirdly at Portici in the territory ofnearby Herculaneum a lead pipe preserves the name of M Claud(ius) Thettal(iscus)apparently the same freedman of M Claudius Marcellus Aeserninus who owned asuburban villa there And in Rome an inscription names M Claudius Thettaliskos asthe owner of the slave Serenus Fourthly the cognomen Thettaliskos is further borneby a man whose name appears in the dative on a Cretan wine amphora that wasapparently shipped to him at Pompeii in AD In inscriptions from Crete or onanother Cretan amphora at least two other M Claudii are known M ClaudiusCharmosynos Pratoneikos named at Gortyn (Guarducci no A) and M C(laudius) Eury(tos) named on a Lyttian amphora found at Pompeii (Zangemeisteret al ndash no )

Kritzas identifies Soteridas ndash the slave named in the inscription from Cretan Karnari ndashas the probable οἰκονόμοςvillicus of M Claudius Thettaliskos (SupplementumEpigraphicum Graecum [] no Kritzas ) It is tempting to thinkthat in the area of greater Knossos a Thettaliskos can be identified as the owner ofland or even a villa or rural installation there In the so-called Capuan lands

Fraser and Matthews Demopoulou-Rethemiotaki Demopoulou-Rethemiotaki Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum () no Kritzas See Camodeca on the significance of this cognomen Ruggiero Guadagno no Pagano Camodeca and

n for the identification of M Claudius Marcellus Aeserninus as a villa owner in the territoryof Herculaneum Henzen et al ndash no Camodeca for the identification Marangou-Lerat P painted on an amphora of type AC which was produced at

Heraklion among other places (Marangou-Lerat )


Thettaliskos may have owned land or a rural installation that involved animal husbandrywhile in the area of greater Knossos his land or rural installation featured a water-relatedstructure (Marzano forthcoming Vlahogiannis forthcoming)

An inscription on the road between Heraklion and Colonia IuliaNobilis CnosusHeraklion Archaeological Museum Epigraphical Collection inv no E (Fig ) FromHeraklion collected in the location Bedevi during digging December Rectangular flat block of rough porolithos broken at the upper right and the lowercorners

Height m width m (m at bottom) depth m The upper rightcorner is broken off but reattached The block may have been shaped rather thanbroken at the bottom for insertion in the ground A cutting that may not be ancienton the top surface is not quite centred ( m from the left margin m from theright) m from the front edge width m depth m

The inscription begins m from the top and ends m from the bottom Theinscription is not centred but relatively well laid out with line nearly centred Theinscription begins m (line ) from the left margin m (lines ndash) m

Fig Inscription on the road between Heraklion and Colonia Iulia Nobilis Cnosus(a) Inscribed block (b) Detail of inscription Heraklion Archaeological Museum

inv no E Photo Y Papadakis Courtesy of A Ioannidou-Karetsou

Alexiou ndash Ioannidou-Karetsou ndash Chaniotis and Preuss ndashno Ioannidou-Karetsou ndash

MW BOWSKY

(lines ndash) m again (line ) m (line ) The inscription extends to the rightmargin (lines ndash) and ends m before (line ) m before (line ) mbefore (line )

The letter height is m in all lines somewhat attenuated and cursive with apicesIn line a rasura has obscured around letters that should contain the abbreviatedpraenomen and full nomen of the proconsul in the nominative The second visibleletter (lsquoIrsquo) in this line has a lower apex and the third (lsquoLrsquo) has a light lower stroke theleft vertical of N is interrupted perhaps by a flaw in the stone The space between Nand V is wider than normal but contains no visible stroke and a possible apex mayagain be due to a flaw in the stone Letter forms include Α with slightly diagonal barand pronounced diagonal strokes Β and P and R with small rounded upper loop Cand G and O somewhat attenuated M with central strokes that reach the line ofinscription and pronounced diagonals N with pronounced diagonals S particularlyattenuated in line V with diagonal left stroke and nearly vertical right stroke

The date is mid-first century AD given the name of the emperor Nero

EXAVCTORITATE vacat

NERONISCLAUDICAESARAVGbullGERMANICI vacat

rasura SILVINVS PROCOSbullVIAM vacat

COLbullCOLbullIULbullNOBCNOSbullvvv RESTITVIT

Ex auctoritate vacat

Neronis Claudi Caesar(is)Aug(usti) Germanici vacat

rasura Silvinus proco(n)s(ul) viam vacat

col(onis) Col(oniae) Iul(iae) Nob(ilis) Cnos(i)vvv restituit

This Latin inscription ndash unusual at Knossos as in all Crete ndash mentions the emperor Neroon whose authority a proconsul restored the road for the colonists of Colonia Iulia NobilisCnosus (col(onis) Coloniae Iuliae Nobilis Cnosi) No fewer than five inscriptions attestNerorsquos involvement in territorial arbitrations in central Crete At Knossos theprocurator P Licinius Secundus restored to the colony five iugera given to Asklepiosby Augustus and confirmed as the godrsquos property by Claudius (Guarducci no) At Pyranthus in the Mesara the proconsul L Turpilius Dexter restored publiclands to the Gortynians and several other lands occupied by private individuals(Guarducci ndash no ) Another inscription from Pyranthus preserves only thephrase ex auc[toritate] Neron[is Claudi] Caes[aris Aug] Ger[manici] (Guarducci no ) An inscription from Rhizenia ndash cut by the same hand as Guarducci

Col(onis) Baldwin Chaniotis and Preuss Col(legio) Alexiou ndash Ioannidou-Karetsou ndash


no ndash probably also records a boundary established by Dexter (Guarducci no ) At Rhytion in the Mesara Nero appears to be named on a stele that gives thehistory of territorial arrangements involving a shrine of Zeus Skyllios (Guarducci ndash no )

Careful re-examination of the inscription shows that the proconsulrsquos cognomen wasnot Livi(a)nus (Baldwin ndash) but Silvinus Silvinus also spelled Silvanus wasa very common cognomen (Kajanto and ) Flower takes particular note ofthe unusual pattern in our inscription in which Nerorsquos name is preserved while thename of the proconsul is erased (Flower ) It appears even more peculiar thatthe praenomen and nomen were erased but not the cognomen Flower further notesthe difference between such erasures from the late second century BC down to Hadrianndash focused on individuals ndash and those from the post-Hadrianic period (Flower xxi) If the name is that of a known senator we should look for nomina attested by thereign of Nero or under Nerva Trajan and Hadrian at the latest The variant Silvinusis attested for one senator during this period Sextus Curvius Silvinus in the AugustanndashTiberian period (Groag et al ndash vol following no ) and oneequestrian P Silvinus in the Julio-Claudian period (Groag et al ndash vol no ) The senator Sextus Curvius Silvinus may have been the uncle orgrandfather of two Sex Curvii adopted by Cnaeus Domitius Afer in his will of AD

or and so named Cn Domitius Sex f(ilius) Volt(inia tribu) Afer Titius MarcellusCurvius Lucanus (Groag et al ndash vol ndash no ) and Tullus (Groaget al ndash vol ndash no ) Between AD and however their adoptivefather took an active role in accusing and condemning their natural father SextusCurvius Tullus (Groag et al ndash vol no ) on grounds Pliny doesnot specify with the result that his estate was confiscated (Pliny Epistulae ndash) It isjust possible that an otherwise unknown homonymous descendant of Sex CurviusSilvinus ndash whose praenomen and nomen would fill the letter spaces available beforethe cognomen in our text ndash was proconsul of Creta-Cyrenae in the reign of Nero

Even if we identify our proconsul as [Sex Curvius] Silvinus we still cannot explainthe erasure of his praenomen and nomen Thomasson (pers comm) estimates thatthe erasure of a proconsulrsquos or legatersquos name is not unusual but mainly involvedgovernors of consular rank who had been involved in criminal actions against theemperor andor state If we again look to the period down to the reign of HadrianThomassonrsquos catalogue of provincial proconsuls and other officials suggests that it wasthe name or names of emperors imperial procurators or imperial legates ndash notproconsuls ndash that were removed from inscribed texts

In the Late Republic and under the first three emperors the cognomen Silvanus is attestedwith the patrician nomen Plautius (Groag et al ndash vol ndash nos ndash) In theClaudian period it also appears with Pompeius (Groag et al ndash vol ndash no )During the reigns of Trajan and Hadrian it appears with Licinius (Groag et al ndash vol no ) Flavius (Groag et al ndash vol no Silva or Silvanus) Paccius(M [Paccius Sil]vanus Q Goredius Gallus Gargilius Antiquus who may or may not be the sameas Q Gargilius Antiquus [Groag et al ndash vol no ] and M [Paccius Sil]vanusCoredius [or Goredius] Gallus L Pullaienus Gargilius Antiquus [Groag et al ndash vol no ]) and Pomponius (Groag et al ndash vol no ) The name of Nero was erased (Thomasson no ) the name of an imperial

legate of pro-praetorian rank was erased under Domitian (Thomasson ndash no )

MW BOWSKY

THE ROAD CONNECTIONS OF KNOSSOS

The inscriptions presented above increase our knowledge of the nature of the area ofgreater Knossos including the stream and road that ran through it Until the mid-s the road leading from Heraklion to Knossos south of the old cemetery ofAghios Constantinos (Fig no ) was much narrower than now Its eastern side wasflanked by a deep ravine of the Chrysopigis stream created by rain waters comingfrom the hills to the north of Mount Yuktas and reaching the sea to the east ofHeraklion In the mid-s concrete tubes were installed in the bottom of theravine so that rain water could continue to be channelled to the sea while the rest ofthe ravine was filled up in order to enlarge Leophoros Knossou (Kritzas pers comm)

The Latin road inscription found at Bedevi (no above) is likely to have marked acrossing over the Chrysopigis stream (Fig no ) as it flowed from the area of Fortetsa(Fig no andashb) to Heraklion The Roman road apparently crossed the Chrysopigisstream in the area of Bedevi ndash possibly on a wooden crossing of which no trace is left(Alexiou pers comm) ndash on its way from Knossos to Heraklion or vice versa The Bedevibridge that crosses the modern Chrysopigis stream first appeared on a map published atthe end of the nineteenth century just before the Cretan War of Independence (Mariani fig ) Marianirsquos map ndash apparently drawn with the assistance of I Hatzidakispresident of the Syllogos of Candia ndash shows not only the Chrysopigis stream but theprincipal road from Knossos and a bridge over it southeast of the Christian cemetery atAghios Constantinos (Mariani fig Fig no ) Pendlebury noted thatKnossos was connected with its harbour east of modern Heraklion by a road thatpassed close to the cemeteries of Zapher Papoura and Isopata (Pendlebury Hood and Smyth no and nos ndash Fig nos and )

Even though this road inscription was not found in situ but in fill above theHellenistic-Roman building excavated at Bedevi it should have come from nearby andso can suggest a point along the KnossosndashHeraklion route that is considerably furthernorth than any identified to date (Fig a no ) Parts of the ancient Roman road ofKnossos had already been found as far north as the Venizelion Hospital (Fig no )and as far south as the Vlychia stream where a Roman bridge took the ancienttraveller toward Archanes in the so-called Capuan lands (Ioannidou-Karetsou Fig a no ) In the northern reaches of the Knossos Survey Area evidence forthe Roman road west of the Venizelion supports S Patonrsquos argument that the road islikely to have run along a route parallel to the main axis of the Civil Basilica ndash roughlyon the m contour ndash rather than veering northwest at the gate of the Villa Ariadneand then cutting through the middle of the Roman theatre (Paton pers comm)

In the north Knossos Valley Sweetman has identified a residential area for an enclaveof Italian settlers where part of a cobbled road and drain were found in rescueexcavations at the Knossos Paediatric Clinic on the west side of the Venizelion(Sweetman ndash Fig b no ) That this northndashsouth road ran west of theVenizelion is confirmed by the remains of Roman necropoleis at the North Cemetery

Kritzas pers comm In the mid-s the stream still ran almost parallel to LeophorosKnossou at the foot of the Mesambelies hill (Ioannidou-Karetsou ) Still visible someyears ago the stream is now covered though it continues to function to channel rain water(Alexiou pers comm)


as well as the cemeteries recently excavated in the Venizelion area (Ioannidou-Karetsou Grammatikaki ) Evansrsquo note of traces of a road south of the Venizelionjust beyond the point where the modern road crossed the stream that formed theboundary of the city in Roman times just might belong to an eastndashwest road ratherthan the one that ran south from Heraklion (Hood and Smyth and no Fig b no ) The Knossos Project found parts of the main Roman road westof the modern road in two areas between the Roman theatre (Fig b no ) and theVilla Ariadne (Fig b no ) at a location probably across the Roman road from theforum and possibly marking an eastndashwest intersecting road (French ndash Tomlinson ndash Fig b no )

In the central Knossos Valley where Sweetman has located the civic centre and aprestige residential area rescue excavations uncovered a substantial eastndashwest roadconstruction south of the Civil Basilica one that may also run along south of the VillaDionysos (Sweetman Fig b nos ndash) This eastndashwest road just maysuggest the intersection of the colonyrsquos cardo maximus and decumanus maximus whichought to have met at the forum Further remains of the northndashsouth Roman road havebeen found under the modern road that runs in front of the Villa Ariadne (Fig b no )and through the modern village of Knossos (Paton pers comm The British School atAthens Annual Report of the Managing Committee for the Session ndash )

In the southern Knossos Valley where Sweetman locates an area that mixed affluentresidences with small-scale industry rescue excavations revealed part of the road in the

Fig Traces of the Roman road betweenHeraklion and Knossos (a) ) Heraklion) Bedevi Kamara ) Kairatos bridge ) Vlychia bridge (b) ) Knossos PaediatricClinic ) Evans ) Roman Theatre ) Knossos ) Civil Basilica ) VillaDionysos ) Villa Ariadne ) Little Palace North ) Royal Road )Mathioudakis plot ) bridge pier or gateway at Vlychia bridge Based on Hoodand Smyth fig Marangou-Lerat fig Ioannidou-Karetsou

ndash Sweetman fig

MW BOWSKY

area of the Little Palace North ndash near the Unexplored Mansion ndash as well as a cobbled roadsurface extending to the north (Sweetman ndash Fig b no ) Another stretch ofnorthndashsouth Roman road perpendicular to the Minoan Royal Road was found by Warren( ndash Fig b no ) Immediately west of the Mathioudakis Plot across themodern road from the Minoan Palace evidence of the Roman road was revealed bytests in (Sweetman Hood and Smyth no Fig b no) A monumental feature found in rescue excavations still further to the south maybe the remains of a Roman bridge pier or other substantial feature at the southerngateway to the colony (Sweetman ndash Fig b no ) From there the roadcrossed the Vlychia stream on the way to Archanes (Hood and Smyth no Fig a no )

The Latin road inscription presented above provides new and tantalising evidence forthe road connections of Knossos The Roman road now marked much further to thenorth by this inscription ndash itself the result of rescue excavations ndash might not have beenthe main artery that connected the north central coast of Crete with the south whichought to have been marked by milestones like those found near Eleutherna Apteraand Kisamos (Tzifopoulos Bowsky and Niniou-Kindeli ) In the Romanperiod a bridge over the Kairatos could mark another route leading from Knossos tothe north (Hood and Smyth no ) in the direction of Amnisos andChersonesos with which Knossos is connected in the tabula Peutingeriana (Miller ) Another Roman bridge marks the crossing to Knossosrsquo south over theVlychia stream (Hood and Smyth no ndash) in the direction of Gortyn withwhich Knossos is also connected in the tabula Peutingeriana (Miller )

We now have evidence of a third Roman crossing north of Knossos and over theChrysopigis stream to connect Knossos with its port at Heraklion The Latin roadinscription presented above is more like those found in the chora of Hierapytna (Bowsky) which are associated with seasonal streams like the Chrysopigis stream of Fortetsaand Heraklion The Hellenistic-Roman city of Heraklion was located on the eastern sideof the modern city just inside the Sabionara bastion to which the Chrysopigis streamflows (Ioannidou-Karetsou ndash figs ndash) As at Thessalian Pherai the ancientroad that connected Knossos with its harbour may have passed close to one or morerural installations (Doulgeri-Intzesiloglou and Arachoviti forthcoming)

The Roman city of Heraklion (Fig ) is better known than ever thanks to the effortsof Greek archaeologists from the early nineteenth century onwards Greek-French studyof an amphora production facility there and Karetsoursquos synthesis of its hitherto unknownhistory Beginning in the fourth or third century BC a small natural harbour wasorganised at Heraklion where there was a supply of clean drinkable water for shipsand a sandy beach for sailors and sellers alike outside the Sabionara bastion of theVenetian walls where the Chrysopigis stream empties into the sea (Ioannidou-Karetsou ) The modern coastline is around m lower than in antiquitywith the result that the ancient port is to be found within modern Heraklion in anarea bounded by Idomeneus (or more likely Ariadne) Milatos August th andpossibly Merambello Streets (Ioannidou-Karetsou figs and ) TheRoman necropolis lay in an area bounded by August th Epimenides Idomeneusand Daidalos Streets Three ceramic workshops have been located one a suburbanamphora production facility located in an artisanal quarter of the city delimited byIdomeneus Daidalos and Milatos Streets (Marangou-Lerat Ioannidou-Karetsou ) Another has been identified in a part of the artisanal quarter defined


by Idomeneus Merambello and Arethousa Streets (Ioannidou-Karetsou ) A thirdwas most recently found on the north side of Merambello Street east of Idomeneus Street(Ioannidou-Karetsou ) This workshop was associated with a Roman villa thatfeatured no fewer than six mosaics and yielded both local and imported ceramics fromboth Italy and the Greek East (Ioannidou-Karetsou ) In this period the Romancity was economically vigorous involved in the Cretan wine trade (Ioannidou-Karetsou and ) and supporting a well-appointed villa of unknown ownership This villaaround km from Knossos probably lay on the road from Knossos to its port(Markoulaki ) The Roman road could have reached the port on the easternside of the modern city after crossing the Chrysopigis stream at Bedevi Kamara around km south of the villa

Fig Roman Heraklion (after Ioannidou-Karetsou fig )

MW BOWSKY

The number of inscriptions found at the Bedevi site further encourages us to examinethe archaeological evidence and other inscriptions found in the modern suburb of AghiosIoannis in order to investigate the nature of this area in antiquity In traces ofRoman buildings and abundant pottery were noted by N Platon where paths meet nearthe stream bed to the west of the modern road to Heraklion but by nothing wasvisible (Hood and Smyth no ) There may nevertheless have been a smallsettlement or housing estate in the Bedevi area to judge from the discovery of twoRoman lamps and first century AD coins as well as our inscriptions and the structureexcavated by Alexiou Most recently a built cistern excavated at a dry stream in theeastern reaches of Aghios Ioannis had a floor layered with pebbles and then cement witha circular drain in the centre walls and a means of access for its cleaning (Bannou near Hood and Smyth no ) The cistern yielded a large piece of a whitemarble column that was probably from a neighbouring structure and ceramics especiallysherds of Italian sigillata in the outer trench of its foundation (Bannou )

The ancient inscriptions found in modern Aghios Ioannis are notable for the fact thatthey name men who appear to have belonged to the same milieu as the enclave of Italiansnorth of the northern reaches of the Knossos Survey Area Aghios Ioannis ndash an oldertoponym still used (Vasilakis ) ndash was a small settlement north of Knossos thatincluded τοῦ Μακραμμέτη τὸ μετόχι cited by Halbherr in connection with Guarducci no (not as cited in Vasilakis ) This inscription names a now-anonymous veteran who had been a military tribune in legio VI Ferrata Anotherinscription built into the same μετόχι names a now-anonymous flamen divi VespasianiIIvir and patronus coloniae (Guarducci no ) In the s a funeraryinscription naming L() Licinius Lf Rufus was collected in or near the Kairatos River inthe eastern area of Aghios Ioannis (Chaniotis and Preuss ndash no )

The Campanian connections long established for the Roman colony at Knossos ndash

together with the names attested in the rural area between Heraklion and Knossos andthe presence of water-related structures there and in the so-called Capuan lands ndash

encourage us to identify landowners in the area as Knossians even Roman colonistsThe Campanian context established for the names Kytheros Diadoumenos andThettaliskos suggests that we see such a new type of residential and economic unit inthe countryside as one expression of a change in landownership and strategies ofagricultural exploitation that accompanied the creation of the Roman colony at Knossosand the creation of the Capuan lands to the south (Rizakis forthcoming) The area ofgreater Knossos lies not to the west south or east of Knossos ndash the so-called Capuanlands ndash but to the north where wealthy men may have maintained villas or ruralinstallations and exploited the agricultural landscape and where there were also theamphora production and port facilities of Heraklion Comparison between the stampedsherds of Italian sigillata found in the villa urbana on the boundary between the civiccentre and port of Heraklion (Ioannidou-Karetsou ndash) those found in the builtcistern excavated in eastern Aghios Ioannis (Bannou ) and those found atKnossos itself will further illuminate the ties that bound Knossos to its port atHeraklion via the road restored in the reign of Nero

Sporn For the lamps see Sanders no citing Alexiou Hoodand Smyth no citing Alexiou (sic for ) See Bowsky for a review of the connections suggested by scholars and by the literary

epigraphical and archaeological evidence


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to express my heartfelt thanks to the several people who made it possible forme to study and publish these four inscriptions Dr Alexandra Karetsou DirectorEmerita of the rd Directorate of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities at Heraklionwho invited me to publish these inscriptions formally Mrs Maria Bredaki andDr Athanasia Kanta Directors of the rd Directorate who extended permission forme to study the inscriptions in the Epigraphical Collection and in the storerooms of theHeraklion Archaeological Museum Mrs Stella Mandalaki and Mrs Vaso Marsellou whofacilitated access Prof Stylianos Alexiou and Mr Charalambos Kritzas who wereunfailingly gracious in answering my questions about local history and topography andDr Rosemary Tzanaki who helped me locate and photograph the Bedevi Kamara andthe location Stani

mbowskypacificedu

APPENDIX THE BEDEVI BRIDGE AND THE CHRYSOPIGIS STREAM

To a Venetian plan of the city of Candia together with Fortetsa and the Turkish campodated Spanakis added five place names in Greek including Bedevi ndash just where theroad from Knossos crosses the Chrysopigis stream ndash the Chrysopigi quarter and theChrysopigis stream itself (Spanakis pl cf Tzompanaki )

The Bedevi bridgeThe bridgersquos name ndash Πεντεβής also spelled Μπεντεβής and transliterated as Bedevis ndash

may be derived from the name or nickname of a local landholder who lived in Creteduring the Ottoman period (S Alexiou pers comm) In the mid-s the entry inΑρχαιολογικόν Δελτίον records the toponym Μπεντεβή (Ioannidou-Karetsou ndash Heraklion Museum accessions books for inv nos Endash and P)Alexiou and Karetsou also use the spelling Πεντεβή (Alexiou ndashIoannidou-Karetsou ) This name was attached to the bridge because it wason the land of a specific person not otherwise attested in the documentary record(Alexiou pers comm) It is possible that Bedevis was a descendant of one of theEgyptian soldiers brought to Crete during the siege of Candia (Sarigiannis n ) Four documents in the Turkish Archive of Heraklion dated ndash refer toEgyptian soldiers (Stavrinidis nos and ndash) A descendant ofBedevis recently came to Heraklion to see the bridge of his ancestor and said thattheir real name was Belevis (Kritzas pers comm)

The landowner who gave his name to the Bedevi bridge could moreover haveacquired the family name Bedevis by descent from a member of an Egyptian order ofdervishes that came to Crete together with the Egyptian soldiers brought there byKoumlpruumlluuml Fazil Ahmed who arrived in Crete late in (Detorakis ) Adocument dated October in the Turkish Archives of Heraklion records the

MW BOWSKY

presence of a lodge of the order of the Bedevi (Τεκὲ τοῦ τάγματος τῶν Μπεντεβήδων) nearHeraklion which received yearly amounts of grain barley butter and olive oil fromresidents of the area (Stavrinidis no ) This order of Egyptian origin ndash

rarely present in non-Arab speaking provinces of the Ottoman Empire ndash was notconnected with the Bektashi order whose lodge was in modern Ambelokipi (Teke)(Fig no )

The bridgersquos name persisted after Cretan independence from the Ottomans Spanakisadded the toponym Πεντεβή to a Venetian map of the Turkish siege dated

(Spanakis ndash pl ) While writing Ὁ Καπετὰν Μιχάλης in ndashKazantzakis mentioned the place (στοῦ Πεντεβῆ ἡ Καμάρα) twice as he narrated eventsof the uprising and from the youth of Capetan Michalis (Kazantzakis )In a letter written to P Prevalakis on February Kazantzakis said that he stroveto resurrect the Heraklion of his boyhood (Μάχουμαι νrsquo ἀναστήσω τὸ Ἡράκλειο τῆςπαιδικῆς μου ἡλικίας Prevelakis no )

The Chrysopigis streamFrom the eighteenth century onwards Marulas came to be a place for lepers and so wascalled Meskinia until a large leper colony was founded at Spinalonga in and thesuburb was able to change its name to Chrysopigi (Andriotis ndash) FromVenetian to modern times this stream is visible on various maps of Heraklion and itsenvirons A Venetian perspective illustrating Candia and its countryside shows a streamrunning from the area of Fortetsa to the sea east of Candia (Spanakis pl datedbetween and ) A Venetian plan of Fortetsa and the camp of the Turks showsthe valley of this stream but does not extend south to Candia itself (Tzompanaki )

More modern plans of Fortetsa include southern suburbs at Aghios Ioannis andBedevi currently associated with Heraklion and Knossos instead (Spanakis )A Turkish document of reported that a spring of water flowed from Marathitisjust above modern Fortetsa (Spanakis sv Μαραθίτης) Sprattrsquos map of Creteshows that in the nineteenth century the stream ran south between hills from Fortetsato the sea (Spratt endmap to vol I) Almost a century later in the sSpanakis could show the route of the stream from Atsalenio and Bedevi northwards toPlateia Hierapoleos and then along Moni Preveli street and through the quarter ofChrysopigi to the sea (Spanakis and ndash)

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Alexiou S ldquoΤυχαία ευρήματαπαραδοθέντα υπό ιδιωτώνrdquo Κρητικά Χρονικά ndash

Alexiou S ldquoΤυχαία ευρήματαπαραδοθέντα υπό ιδιωτώνrdquo ΑρχαιολογικόνΔελτίον Χρονικά ndash

Alexiou S ldquoΠεντεβῆ Ἁγίου ἸωάννουrdquoΈργον ndash

Andriotis N Πληθυσμός και oικισμοί τηςανατολικής Κρήτης (οςndashος αι)(Heraklion)

Baldwin MW lsquoFasti Cretae etCyrenarum Imperial Magistrates of Creteand Cyrenaica during the Julio-Claudianperiodrsquo (PhD dissertation University ofMichigan Ann Arbor ΜΙ)

Bannou E ldquoΗ ελληνορωμαϊκή Κνωσόςμετά τις ανασκαwές των ετών ndashmiddotστοιχεία από την κεραμεική και τηντοπογραwίαrdquo in Livadiotti M andSimiakaki I (eds) Creta romana eprotobizantina Atti del congresso


internazionale Iraklion ndash settembre (Padua) ndash

Bechtel F Die historischen Personennamendes griechischen bis zur Kaiserzeit (Halle)

Bousquet J Corpus des Inscriptions deDelphes vol Les comptes du quatriegraveme etdu troisiegraveme siegravecle (Paris)

Bowsky MW lsquoColonia Iulia NobilisCnosus (Creta)rsquo in Πρακτικά ΙΑ΄Διεθνούς Συνεδρίου Κλασσικών ΣπουδώνΚαβάλα ndash Αυγούστου τομ Β΄(Athens) ndash

Bowsky MW lsquoHighways and byways ofRoman Hierapytna (Crete) Four newClaudian road inscriptionsrsquo Annuario dellaScuola Archeologica di Atene ndash

Bowsky MW and Niniou-Kindeli V lsquoOn the road again A Trajanic milestoneand the road connections of ApteraCretersquo Hesperia ndash

Burnett A Amandry M and Ripollegraves PP Roman Provincial Coinage Volume IFrom the Death of Caesar to the Death ofVitellius ( BC ndash AD ) (London and Paris)

Camodeca G I ceti dirigenti di rangosenatorio equestre e decurionale della Campaniaromana (Naples)

Chaniotis A lsquoDie Geschichte vonAmnisos von Homer bis zur EroberungKretas durch die Tuumlrkenrsquo in Schaumlfer J(ed) Amnisos nach den archaumlologischenhistorischen und epigraphischen Zeugnissen desAltertums und der Neuzeit (Berlin) ndash

ChaniotisA DieVertraumlge zwischenkretischenPoleis in der hellenistischen Zeit (Stuttgart)

Chaniotis A War in the Hellenistic World(Malden MA)

Chaniotis A and Preuss G lsquoNeueFragmente des Preisedikts von Diokletianund weitere lateinische Inschriften ausKretarsquo Zeitschrift fuumlr Papyrologie undEpigraphik ndash

Chaniotis A and Preuss G lsquoNeuelateinische Inschriften aus KnososrsquoZeitschrift fuumlr Papyrologie und Epigraphik ndash

Corsten T A Lexicon of Greek PersonalNames VA Coastal Asia Minor Pontos toIonia (Oxford)

Cross M The Creativity of Crete CityStates and the Foundations of the ModernWorld (Oxford)

De Caro S ndash lsquoVino di Cnosso deiCampani un nuovo documento epigraficoper la storia del vino cretese in etagraveromanarsquo Annuario della ScuolaArcheologica di Atene ndash ndash

Decourt J-C Inscriptions de ThessalieVol Les citeacutes de la valleacutee de lrsquoEacutenipeus(Eacutetudes eacutepigraphiques Athens)

Demopoulou-Rethemiotaki N ldquoΚαρνάριrdquo Αρχαιολογικόν Δελτίον Χρονικά

Demopoulou-Rethemiotaki N ldquoΚαρνάριrdquo Κρητική Εστία

Detorakis ThE History of Crete(translated by JC Davis Heraklion)

Dornseiff F and Hansen B Reverse-Lexicon of Greek Proper-Names (Chicago)

Doulgeri-Intzesiloglou A and Arachoviti P(forthcoming) ldquoΑγροικία αυτοκρατορικώνχρόνων στην περιοχή των αρχαίων Φερώνrdquoin Rizakis AD (ed) Αρχαιολoγικόσυνέδριοmiddot Αγροικίες και αγροτικήοικονομία στην Ελλάδα κατά τη ρωμαϊκήεποχή ndash Απριλίου

Doulgeri-Intzesiloglou A and ChrysopoulouE (forthcoming) ldquoΈπαυλις()αυτοκρατορικών χρόνων εκτός της πόλεωςτης Σκιάθουrdquo in Rizakis AD (ed)Αρχαιολoγικό συνέδριοmiddot Αγροικίες καιαγροτική οικονομία στην Ελλάδα κατά τηρωμαϊκή εποχή ndash Απριλίου

Empereur J-Y Kritzas C and Marangou A lsquoRecherches sur les amphorescreacutetoises II Les centres de fabricationdrsquoamphores en Cregravete centralersquo Bulletin deCorrespondance Hellenique ndash

Flower HI The Art of ForgettingDisgrace and Oblivion in Roman PoliticalCulture (Chapel Hill NC)

Fragiadakis Ch Die attischenSklavennamen (Athens)

Fraser PM and Matthews E A Lexiconof Greek Personal Names I The Aegeanislands Cyprus Cyrenaica (Oxford)

Fraser PM and Matthews E A Lexiconof Greek Personal Names IIIA ThePeloponnese Western Greece Sicily andMagna Graecia (Oxford)

Fraser PM and Matthews E A Lexiconof Greek Personal Names IIIB Central Greecefrom the Megarid to Thessaly (Oxford)

Fraser PM and Matthews E A Lexiconof Greek Personal Names IV MacedoniaThrace Northern Regions of the Black Sea(Oxford)

French EB ndash lsquoArchaeology in Greecendashrsquo Archaeological Reports ndash

Fritzilas St (forthcoming) ldquoΑγροτική καιβιοτεχνική εγκατάσταση στη θέσηΒελιγοστή στη νότια Μεγαλοπολιτικήχώραrdquo in Rizakis AD (ed)Αρχαιολογικό συνέδριοmiddot Αγροικίες και

MW BOWSKY

αγροτική οικονομία στην Ελλάδα κατά τηρωμαϊκή εποχή ndash Απριλίου

Grammatikaki E ldquoΤαwικά μνημείαΚνωσούrdquo in Cadogan G Hatzaki Eand Vasilakis A (eds) Knossos PalaceCity State (British School at AthensStudies London) ndash

Groag E Stein A Petersen L and WachtelK ndash Prosopographia ImperiiRomani saec I II III nd edn vols(Berlin and Leipzig)

Guadagno G lsquoSupplemento epigraficoErcolanese IIrsquoCronicheErcolanesi ndash

Guarducci M Inscriptiones Creticaevol Tituli Cretae mediae praeter Gortynios(Rome)

Guarducci M Inscriptiones Creticaevol Tituli Gortynii (Rome)

Henzen G Rossi IB de Bormann EHuelsen C and Bang M ndashCorpus Inscriptionum Latinarum vol Inscriptiones urbis Romae latinae (Berlin)

Hood S and Smyth D ArchaeologicalSurvey of the Knossos Area nd edn (BritishSchool at Athens supp vol London)

Ioannidou-Karetsou A ldquoΆγιοςΙωάννηςrdquo Αρχαιολογικόν Δελτίον Χρονικά ndash

Ioannidou-Karetsou A(ed) ΗράκλειοmiddotΗ άγνωστη ιστορία της αρχαίας πόλης(Heraklion)

Kajanto I The Latin Cognomina(Helsinki)

Kalpaxis Th and Petropoulou A ndashldquoΤμήματα δύο επιγραwῶν από τήνΕλεύθερναrdquo Κρητικά Χρονικά ndash ndash

Karamaliki N ldquoΑρχαίο Ιερό στα ΜικράΑνώγεια Ρεθύμνηςrdquo paper presented atthe th International CretologicalCongress Rethymno October

Kazantzakis N Ὁ Καπετὰν ΜιχάληςἘλευτερία ἢ Θάνατος (rd edn Athens)

Kern O Inscriptiones Graecae vol IX Inscriptiones Thessaliae (Berlin)

Kirchner J (ed) ndash Prosopographia Attica vols (Berlin)

Kirchner J Inscriptiones Graecae II et IIIInscriptiones Atticae Euclidis anno posterioresPars II Catalogi Nominum InstrumentaIuris privati nd edn (Berlin)

Kirchner J Inscriptiones Graecae II et IIIInscriptiones Atticae Euclidis anno posterioresPars III Tituli Sepulcrales nd edn (Berlin)

Kritzas C ldquoΑναθηματική επιγραwή στουςΚωρήτεςrdquo in Carinci F Cucuzza NMilitello P and Palio O (eds) ΚρήτηςΜινωΐδος Tradizione e identitagrave minoica tra

produzione artigianale pratiche cerimoniali ememoria del passato Studi offerti a VincenzoLa Rosa (Studi di archeologia cretese Padua) ndash

Launey M Recherches sur les armeacuteeshelleacutenistiques II (Paris)

Liddell HG Scott R and Jones HS A GreekndashEnglish Lexicon th edn with arevised supplement (Oxford)

Magnelli A ndash lsquoUna nuova iscrizione daGortyna (Creta) Qualche considerazionesulla neotasrsquo Annuario della ScuolaArcheologica di Atene ndash ndash

Marangou-Lerat A Le vin et les amphoresde Cregravete de lrsquoeacutepoque classique agrave lrsquoeacutepoqueimpeacuteriale (Eacutetudes creacutetoises Athens)

Mariani L lsquoAntichitagrave cretesirsquoMonumenti Antichi ndash

Markoulaki S ldquoΤα ψηwιδωτά δάπεδα τουΗρακλείουrdquo in Ioannidou-Karetsou (ed) ndash

Marzano A (forthcoming) lsquoThe villa rusticaand its productionrsquo in Rizakis AD(ed) Αρχαιολoγικό συνέδριοmiddot Αγροικίεςκαι αγροτική οικονομία στην Ελλάδα κατάτη ρωμαϊκή εποχή ndash Απριλίου

Miller K Itineraria Romana roumlmischeReisewege an der Hand der TabulaPeutingeriana (Rome)

Mommsen T Corpus InscriptionumLatinarum Vol InscriptionesBruttiorum Lucaniae Campaniae SiciliaeSardiniae Latinae (Berlin)

Nolleacute J and Schindler F Die Inschriftenvon Selge (Inschriften griechischer Staumldteaus Kleinasien Bonn)

Osborne MJ and Byrne SG A Lexiconof Greek Personal Names II Attica (Oxford)

Pagano M Portici archeologica (Portici)Paluchowski A Fastes des protocosmes des

citeacutes creacutetoises sous le haut empire (Antiquitas Wydawnictwo)

Paluchowski A La coloration sociale desnoms de personnes grecs sur lrsquoexemple desnotables creacutetois sous le haut empire(Antiquitas Wydawnictwo)

Panagiotakis N ndash lsquoA vaulted fountainhouse in the Pediada region in centralCretersquo Eulimene ndash ndash

Pendlebury JDS The Archaeology ofCrete (New York)

Prevelakis P Τετρακόσια γράμματα τοῦΚαζαντζάκη στὸν Πρεβελάκη nd edn(Athens)

Rizakis AD (forthcoming) ldquoΤο σύστημα τωνvillae rusticae και η νέα μορwή αγροτικήςεκμετάλλευσης και σχέσης ανάμεσα στην


πόλη και την ύπαιθρο χώραrdquo in Rizakis AD(ed) Αρχαιολογικό συνέδριοmiddot Αγροικίεςκαι αγροτική οικονομία στην Ελλάδα κατάτη ρωμαϊκή εποχή ndash Απριλίου

Robert J and Robert L lsquoBulletinepigraphiquersquo Revue des Etudes Grecques ndash

Rohden P de and Dessau H Prosopographia Imperii Romani Saec I IIIII Pars III (Berlin)

Ruggiero M Storia degli scavi di Ercolano(Naples)

Sanders I F Roman Crete (Warminster)Sarigiannis M ldquoΈνας ετερόδοξος

Μουσουλμάνος στην Κρήτη του οαιώναrdquo in Lappas K Anastasopoulos Aand Kolovos E (eds) Μνήμη ΠηνελόπηςΣτάθηmiddot μελέτες και wιλολογίας(Heraklion) ndash

Solin H Die griechischen Personennamenin Rom ein Namenbuch vols (Berlinand New York)

Solin H Die stadtroumlmischen Sklavennamenein Namenbuch vols (Stuttgart)

Spanakis SG Μνημεία τῆς κρητικῆςἹστορίας (Heraklion)

Spanakis SG Crete A Guide to TravelHistory and Archaeology (Heraklion)

Spanakis SG Πόλεις και χωριά τηςΚρήτης στο πέρασμα των αιώνωνmiddotεγκυκλοπαίδεια ιστορίας αρχαιολογίαςδιοίκησης και πλυθυσμιακής ανάπτυξης(Heraklion)

Spawforth AJS lsquoRoman Corinth Theformation of a colonial elitersquo in RizakisAD (ed) Roman Onomastics in the GreekEast Social and Political Aspects (Athens)ndash

Sporn K Heiligtuumlmer und Kulte Kretas inklassischer und hellenistischer Zeit (Studien zuantiken Heiligtuumlmern Heidelberg)

Spratt TAB Travels and Researches inCrete vols (London)

Stavrinidis NS Μεταwράσεις τουρκικώνιστορικών εγγραwών αwορώντων εις τηνιστορίαν της Κρήτης vol (Heraklion)

Sweetman R lsquoRoman KnossosDiscovering the city through the evidenceof rescue excavationsrsquo Annual of theBritish School at Athens ndash

Thomasson BE Laterculi PraesidumVol I ex parte retractatum (Gothenburg)

Tomlinson RA ndash lsquoArchaeology inGreece ndashrsquo Archaeological Reports ndash

Traill JS (ed) Persons of Ancient Athensvol (Toronto)

Tzifopoulos Y ldquoPecunia sacra deaeDiktynnae τα μιλιάρια απὸ τη ΒιράνΕπισκοπή και το Ροδωπού και άλλεςεπιγραwικές μαρτυρίεςrdquo in Livadiotti Mand Simiakaki I (eds) Creta romana eprotobizantina Atti del congressointernazionale Iraklion ndash settembre (Padua) ndash

Tzompanaki Chr Ο κρητικός πόλεμοςndashmiddot η μεγάλη πολιορκία και ηεποποιία του Χάνδακα (Heraklion)

Vasilakis A ldquoΤα τοπωνύμια τηςΚνωσούrdquo in Cadogan G Hatzaki Eand Vasilakis A (eds) Knossos PalaceCity State (British School at AthensStudies London) ndash

Vlahogiannis E (forthcoming) ldquoΑκραίwνιοΒοιωτίαςmiddot αγροικία των ρωμαϊκών χρόνωνστις όχθες της Κωπαΐδαςrdquo in Rizakis AD (ed) Αρχαιολογικό συνέδριοmiddotΑγροικίες και αγροτική οικονομία στηνΕλλάδα κατά τη ρωμαϊκή εποχή ndashΑπριλίου

Warren PM lsquoThe Minoan roads ofKnossosrsquo in Evely D Hughes-Brock Hand Momigliano N (eds) Knossos ALabyrinth of History (Oxford) ndash

Zangemeister C Schoene R Mau A andCiprotti P ndash Corpus InscriptionumLatinarum Vol Inscriptiones parietariaePompeianae Herculanenses Stabianae (cumSupplementi partibus Tabulae ceratae Pompeisrepertae annis mdccclxxv et mdccclxxxviiInscriptiones parietariae et vasorum fictilium)(Berlin)

Τέσσερεις επιγραwές από την ευρύτερη περιοχή της Κνωσού και το δρόμο προς τολιμάνι της στο Ηράκλειο (Κρήτη)Τέσσερεις επιγραwές της Ελληνιστικής και πρώιμης Ρωμαϊκής περιόδου βρέθηκαν κατά τηδιάρκεια σωστικών ανασκαwών που διενεργήθηκαν κατά την ανέγερση δημόσιας οικίαςστην τοποθεσία Μπεντεβή ανατολικά της Λεωwόρου Κνωσού στα προάστια του ΑγίουΙωάννη (Ηρακλείου) Οι τέσσερεις αυτές επιγραwές αποτελούν μια αξιοπερίεργηομάδας καθώς παρέχουν πληροwορίες για μια αγροτική κατασκευή όπου αποθηκευόταν

MW BOWSKY

ένα αγγείο με ενεπίγραwο πώμα για μια ταwική θέση για ένα χώρο ιδιωτικής λατρείας τηςΆρτεμης καθώς επίσης και για ένα σημείο μεταξύ του αρχαίου Ηρακλείου και της Κνωσούόπου ένας Ρωμαϊκός δρόμος διαπερνούσε τον ποταμό της Χρυσοπηγής Κατά την αρχαιότητααυτή η περιοχή αποτελούσε μέρος της ευρύτερης περιοχής της Κνωσού παρότι βρίσκεταιπιο κοντά στο Ηράκλειο παρά στην Κνωσό Αυτές οι τέσσερεις επιγραwές παρέχουνκαινούρια στοιχεία για τη wύση της περιοχής και για τις βόρειες οδούς της ΡωμαϊκήςΚνωσού ειδικότερα την οδό που συνέδεε την Κνωσό με το λιμάνι της στο Ηράκλειο


FOUR INSCRIPTIONS FROM GREATER KNOSSOSAND THE ROAD TO ITS PORT AT HERAKLION

(CRETE)

by MW Bowsky

University of the Pacific Stockton California (USA)

Four inscriptions of Hellenistic to Early Roman date were found in rescue excavations undertakenduring the construction of public housing at the location Bedevi east of Leophoros Knossou in thesuburbs of modern Aghios Ioannis (Heraklion) These four inscriptions constitute an intriguinggroup as they provide evidence of a rural installation where a vessel with an inscribed lid wasstored a sepulchral site and private worship of Artemis as well as a point between ancientHeraklion and Knossos where a Roman road crossed the Chrysopigis stream In antiquity thisarea was part of the greater Knossos area albeit closer to Heraklion than to Knossos Thesefour inscriptions provide new evidence for the nature of this area and for the northern roadconnections of Roman Knossos particularly the road that linked Knossos with its harbour atHeraklion

INTRODUCTION

Four inscriptions of Hellenistic to Early Roman date were found in rescue excavationsundertaken during the construction of public housing at the location Stani near theBedevi Kamara east of Leophoros Knossou in the suburbs of modern Aghios IoannisHerakliou (Fig no Fig )

These four inscriptions constitute an intriguing group as they provide evidence of anarea between Knossos and Heraklion that featured a possible rural installation asepulchral site and private worship of Artemis as well as a point between ancientHeraklion and Knossos where a Roman road crossed the Chrysopigis stream(Ioannidou-Karetsou ) This area is identified here as lsquogreater Knossosrsquo as itis most comparable to a Roman suburbium a transitional space in the movement ofgoods and people that featured a diverse range of activities including water systemsburials religious activities and roads The structure in which they were found ndash closerto Heraklion than to Knossos ndash is now covered over but was almost parallel to

Ioannidou-Karetsou Stani (Στάνη) which means literally lsquosheepfoldrsquo wasthe name of a pastry house that was very popular in the s and s (Kritzas pers comm)The building still stands on the eastern side of Leophoros Knossou (Fig ) Compare papers presented at a session entitled lsquoThe space between current investigations into

Roman suburbiarsquo at the Roman Archaeology Conference Frankfurt Marchndash April

The Annual of the British School at Athens pp ndash copy The Council British School at AthensdoiS







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fig a)






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THE INSCRIPTIONS











Photo author


MW BOWSKY















K˙ΥΡΣΑΜΟΣ


Σοάρχω



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EXAVCTORITATE vacat

















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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS


mbowskypacificedu






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BIBLIOGRAPHY








































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fig a)






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THE INSCRIPTIONS











Photo author


MW BOWSKY















K˙ΥΡΣΑΜΟΣ


Σοάρχω



MW BOWSKY










nos ndash)





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MW BOWSKY














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EXAVCTORITATE vacat

















MW BOWSKY












ndash Sweetman fig

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS


mbowskypacificedu






MW BOWSKY







BIBLIOGRAPHY








































MW BOWSKY


































































MW BOWSKY





fig a)






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THE INSCRIPTIONS











Photo author


MW BOWSKY















K˙ΥΡΣΑΜΟΣ


Σοάρχω



MW BOWSKY










nos ndash)





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MW BOWSKY














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EXAVCTORITATE vacat

















MW BOWSKY












ndash Sweetman fig

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MW BOWSKY









ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS


mbowskypacificedu






MW BOWSKY







BIBLIOGRAPHY








































MW BOWSKY


































































MW BOWSKY







MW BOWSKY


THE INSCRIPTIONS











Photo author


MW BOWSKY















K˙ΥΡΣΑΜΟΣ


Σοάρχω



MW BOWSKY










nos ndash)





MW BOWSKY





















MW BOWSKY














MW BOWSKY




EXAVCTORITATE vacat

















MW BOWSKY












ndash Sweetman fig

MW BOWSKY








MW BOWSKY









ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS


mbowskypacificedu






MW BOWSKY







BIBLIOGRAPHY








































MW BOWSKY


































































MW BOWSKY




THE INSCRIPTIONS











Photo author


MW BOWSKY















K˙ΥΡΣΑΜΟΣ


Σοάρχω



MW BOWSKY










nos ndash)





MW BOWSKY





















MW BOWSKY














MW BOWSKY




EXAVCTORITATE vacat

















MW BOWSKY












ndash Sweetman fig

MW BOWSKY








MW BOWSKY









ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS


mbowskypacificedu






MW BOWSKY







BIBLIOGRAPHY








































MW BOWSKY


































































MW BOWSKY










Photo author


MW BOWSKY















K˙ΥΡΣΑΜΟΣ


Σοάρχω



MW BOWSKY










nos ndash)





MW BOWSKY





















MW BOWSKY














MW BOWSKY




EXAVCTORITATE vacat

















MW BOWSKY












ndash Sweetman fig

MW BOWSKY








MW BOWSKY









ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS


mbowskypacificedu






MW BOWSKY







BIBLIOGRAPHY








































MW BOWSKY


































































MW BOWSKY

















K˙ΥΡΣΑΜΟΣ


Σοάρχω



MW BOWSKY










nos ndash)





MW BOWSKY





















MW BOWSKY














MW BOWSKY




EXAVCTORITATE vacat

















MW BOWSKY












ndash Sweetman fig

MW BOWSKY








MW BOWSKY









ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS


mbowskypacificedu






MW BOWSKY







BIBLIOGRAPHY








































MW BOWSKY


































































MW BOWSKY












nos ndash)





MW BOWSKY





















MW BOWSKY














MW BOWSKY




EXAVCTORITATE vacat

















MW BOWSKY












ndash Sweetman fig

MW BOWSKY








MW BOWSKY









ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS


mbowskypacificedu






MW BOWSKY







BIBLIOGRAPHY








































MW BOWSKY


































































MW BOWSKY























MW BOWSKY














MW BOWSKY




EXAVCTORITATE vacat

















MW BOWSKY












ndash Sweetman fig

MW BOWSKY








MW BOWSKY









ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS


mbowskypacificedu






MW BOWSKY







BIBLIOGRAPHY








































MW BOWSKY


































































MW BOWSKY
















MW BOWSKY




EXAVCTORITATE vacat

















MW BOWSKY












ndash Sweetman fig

MW BOWSKY








MW BOWSKY









ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS


mbowskypacificedu






MW BOWSKY







BIBLIOGRAPHY








































MW BOWSKY


































































MW BOWSKY






EXAVCTORITATE vacat

















MW BOWSKY












ndash Sweetman fig

MW BOWSKY








MW BOWSKY









ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS


mbowskypacificedu






MW BOWSKY







BIBLIOGRAPHY








































MW BOWSKY


































































MW BOWSKY









MW BOWSKY












ndash Sweetman fig

MW BOWSKY








MW BOWSKY









ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS


mbowskypacificedu






MW BOWSKY







BIBLIOGRAPHY








































MW BOWSKY


































































MW BOWSKY














ndash Sweetman fig

MW BOWSKY








MW BOWSKY









ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS


mbowskypacificedu






MW BOWSKY







BIBLIOGRAPHY








































MW BOWSKY


































































MW BOWSKY










MW BOWSKY









ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS


mbowskypacificedu






MW BOWSKY







BIBLIOGRAPHY








































MW BOWSKY


































































MW BOWSKY











ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS


mbowskypacificedu






MW BOWSKY







BIBLIOGRAPHY








































MW BOWSKY


































































MW BOWSKY









BIBLIOGRAPHY








































MW BOWSKY


































































MW BOWSKY



































MW BOWSKY


































































MW BOWSKY




































































MW BOWSKY



Four Inscriptions from Greater Knossos and the Road to its Port at Heraklion (Crete)

Documents

Transcript of Four Inscriptions from Greater Knossos and the Road to its Port at Heraklion (Crete)