Fisheries technical report no. 52 (1970)

NEW ZEATAND 'ì,IARINE

DEPART'NENT

FISHERIES TECHNICAL REPORT

No.52

FISHING INDUSTRY BOARD

SOUTHERN SPIDER CRAB(JACOUINOTIA EDWARDSII (JACOUINOT,

SURVEY-AUCKIAND ISTANDS ANDCAMPBETI ISLAND

3o/r/7o - 23/2/7oCO'I'ìPILED AND EDITED BY

L. D. R'TCH'E

r8s3))

WETTINGTON, NEW ZEATAND

1970

Fisheries technical report no. 52 (1970)

aûo.?Ë)

d

Vqtsîo

Jacquinotia edwardsii : left-intermetliateiemãIèl fõwei right-light phase female.

Plate 1 phase male; upper right-d.ark phaseFisheries technical report no. 52 (1970)

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FISHERIES TECHNICAI REPORT

FISHING INDUSTRY BOARD

sorJ'IrrERN SPIDER CRAB (JACQUINOTIA EDI'/A,RDSII (JAoQUINOT' 1817>)

SURVEY AUCIGJAND ISIA}TDS AND CAMPBE,II ISI,AND

7O.1 .7O 27.2.7O

L.D. RIICHIE,

FISIIERIES BIOIOGIST,

YIÀRTNE DEPAR'IMENT

NOTES ON PROCESSING CRABS AT'TER CAPTURX

I\T.F. PARSONS,

TECHNICAT OFFIffiR,FISHING INDUSTRY BOARD

R.J. RAE AND I.D. RITCHIX

I¡G OT' IUI.F.V. 'ITUATEA'' DURIIIG THE SOUTIIERN SPIDER CRAB

SURVEY 7O.1 .7O 2r.1 .7O

R.J. ME,

MASIER, ',TUATEATI

SoI{E NOTES ON GENERAL oBSERVAIIONS ON IHE SEA.SONAI cYctrE

OF THE SOUIIIERN SPIDER CRAB (JACQUINOTTA ED\.JARÐfIII)

R.A. FAÏ,IJA,

OHAIRMAN,

NATURE OONSERVATTON COI]NCII

ç


NOTE,s ON THE OCCI]RRM{CE OX' THE SOUIHDR}T SPTDER CRAS

( rrAoeurNo' l¡, EDr^IARDÊrr )

G.A. KNoX,

PROFESSoR OI' ZOOIJOGY,

CÀ}TTERBURY I'NIÏERSITT.

J. INKSTER,

INKSÎÉRS FISHERIES T,SD,

CIIRIS[úEIIROH

ÏINDERS¡ÂTEN OBSERVATTONS OF SPTDDR CRABS AT rHE .â,UCKIA}TI)

ISïr.A][DS

J . P. CAI.,CO[{[ tTRE,ASIIRER,

NE}I ZEAIAND I]I{I)ERhÍATER AfISOCIATION INC.

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OONTTINTS

ABSTRACT

SUMMARY

INTRODUCTION

THB FTSHTNG INDUSTBY BOARD SURVEY 1970 - L.D. RITCHIE

AIT{S AND SCOPE OF 'TIIIì SURVEY

ÐPIANAIIONS A}TD DEFINI'IIONË

FIS}IING ARE.A"S

( a) Auckland- IsIand.s(b) Canpbell IsLands

I"TATERIA],S AND i"IEIHODS

(a) Fishing Gear(b) tr'ishing Method.s(c) Col-l-ection of l3ioj-ogical- Data

RESIILIS - AUOi{I,A}ID IS],1\NDS

(a) Distribution oJ' Tobal. Orab Üatch by Area

(b) Distribution of Total 0rab Catch by Depth

( c) Distribut j.on of tatch by l¡otnight Period'

(d) Fishing ,E)ffi-cierie.y oÍl the Different Pots

(e) Size of the Crabs in Different Fishing Areas

(f) Síze/)treight Relationsh.i"p ancl 'bhe DifferentPhases of the 9"..05kûletort

(S) Reproclucti-ve St¿rte ofl the Orabs During

February(h) Notes on Other Animals in the Fishing .Areas

CAMPBELL ISI,ÂND

( a) Distribution of 1['o1,-al- Cr¡rb Catch by Area

(¡) Distribution oi' Smooth l.Jater Bay grab Catch

b.y Depth

Page

1

2

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9

11

12

1212

17

1719

2'24

25

262729

71

,,

+t

48

49

,o51

s


CONTIßTIS ( Contd.)

(c) Distribution of Catch by Potnight Period.

(a) Fishing Efflciency of the Different Pots

NOTEEI ON PROqESSING CRABS ASTER CAPTIIRE - N.F. PAR,SONS,

R.,J. RÁS AI,ID IJ.I). RITCHIE

(a) Cooking(t) Sectioning of Crab(c) Survival of the Crabs after Capture(¿) Packaging Crab

IJOG OF M.F.V. TTTUATEATT DURING fHE SOUTHERN SPIDER CRÂB

suRvEY - to.1.7o - 2V.2.7O R.J. RÂ3

Page

54

,5,6,?,8

66

69

82

82

82

8g

90

o

52

52

,+

SOHE NOIES ON GnIERA¡ OBSERVATIONS

CYCLE OF TIIE SOUTI{ERN SPIDER CRAB

EpwÂRpsrr)a,

cNOTES ON THE OCCURRSNCE OF

( J.â,CQUINOÎrA Epr,rARpSr r )

REPORT ON VTSIT TO AUCK],AND

11.11.69

TIIE SOUTIIERN SPIDER CRAB

G.A. KIIOX

rstAlIDS - 1.11.69 -J. INKSTER

68

nIINDERI¡/ATER OBSERVAI IONS

AT THE AUCE,ATID ISI^AI{DS

DISCUSSTON ïJ.D. RITCEIE

(a) The Common Name of Jacquinotia ed.ward.sii(b) Seasonal Movements, Reprod.uction, and.

Moulting of the Southern Spid.er Crab(c) Non-Reprod.uctive Habj.ts and. Distribution of

the Crabs(¿) The Feasibility of tbe FieherTr, ar¡d. Notee on

Conservation and. Management

OF SOUTHERN SPIDER CRÂBS

J.P. CAI'COTE

t


CONTENTS ( Contd.)

ACXNOI'IIJEDGEIÎENTS

REFERENCES

APPENDIX IAPPEI.IDTX ÏI

AUCKJÀND TSL^A}TDS

CAUPBELI, IS],A}TD

CATCH DATA

CATCI{ DATA

Paße

94

102

108

9'

ff


PI,ATE

H.AP 1

I,IAP

}lAP

I{.AP 4

FIGÏTEE 1

TAB],E 2

TABLE '

T.O,BLE 4

[aBIiE 5

TABI.,E 6

[Â3LE 7

T¡,BI,E 8

l[^â3IrE 9

FIGUNT 2

FIGT'RE '

FIGIINE 4

TIGIIRE 5

ITSI OF I{APS. FIGURES. IABIJES AND PI,ATES

Jacquinotia ed.warrclsii FrontispieceNew Zealanct Region, showing locati.on of theAuckLancl Island.s aad. Canpbell Islancl

Auckland. Island.s, showing crab fishlng areaa

Sarahr s Bogom-Iarbour, Auckland. Island.e,showing crab fishíng áreas

Canpbell Islancl, showing crab fishing areag

Crab pots used. d.uring the suryey

Fishing areas at Auckland. Is1and.s

Fishing areas at Çampbell Island

9"*þ_ pots_fished./d.epth anct,/potnight period. -Auckland. Is1and.

Qrab_ pgts_fished./d.epth and./potnight period. -Canpbell fsland

Tota1 crab catch by

Total crab caüch by

Crab catch in areasAuckland. Island.s

Crab catch in areaspot t¡>e - Auckland.

Crab caüch in a¡eas.Auckland. fsland,s.

area - Auckland. f sLa¡rd s

d.epth - Auckland feland.e

A and. Crlpotnight period. -

Â and. C,/potnight peniodr/f sland.e

B and. Grlpot t¡pe -

Size frequency histogransof crabs in areasÂ, B ancl C - Auckland. fsLa¡d.s

Size frequency histograns of crabs in areaeE and, G - Auckland. Islands

Size,/t{eight relationsbip, of nale crabe -Auckland. Island.s

Slzefileight relatíonship of crabs with 1tghtphase¡ interned.iate phase and d.ark phaseexoskeletone - Auckla¡d Island.s

Page

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2

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16

18

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21

22

22

25

27

28

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,7

,1

,8


CÂBIJE 10

TÂ3ïrE 1'l

ÎABËE ,12

FIGI]RE 6

fl¡,3IrE 14

rABIE

fABIE

TASI,E

TAB],8

TÂBIJE 19

PIJATES 2 &,

PI'AIE 4

PIJ.â,TES 5 -

LIST OF l'lAPS, X'IGIIRES' tASlES Al{I)

PT,¡,TES ( CONTD)

Frequency percent of light pha6e, intermed.-iate phase and. dark phase crabs - Auckland.Isl-and.s

ltleight of whole, cooked- arld. sectioned. crab -aucÈIand, Islanctá (after fnkster, Nov. 1969)

\^Ieight of whole, cooked. and- sectioned. crabat four areas - Auckland- fsland.s, Feb. 1970

Female crab sj-zen weight and. egg number -Auck1and. Isla¡.d-s

Egg nunber/carapace length rel-ationshipfor six d-ark phase female crabs - Auckland.Island.s

Distribution of exoskel,eton phaseo and.neprod.uctive state for female crabs atareas A and. C - Auckland. Island.s

Total crab catch by area - CamFbel)- trs1arld.

Crab catch by d.epth - Snooth lllater Bay -CamFbel-l Isla:rd.

Crab catch at Smooth trIater Bay/pot tJæe

Inksterrs sectioned. ;:rab weight d.ata,Auckland. Island.sn November 1969

A comparison of the catch by area data fronInksterr s survey and, the present survey

Crab pots used. d.uring the survey. 96

Part of a d.ayrs takeable cateh"

Butchering the erabs " 99

Page

40

4'

4'

47

41

15

16

'17

x8

n52

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78

e97

9a

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1.

G grab potting was carried out on the east coasts of the

Auckla-nd. Is1a¡.d"s (5Oo 4-OrS¡ 1660 2OtE) r 7.1.?O - 12.2.?0, and.

- Canpbell Island. (5eoS¿ 1690 1r'I.), 14.2.?0 - 18.2.?0. Co'nmercially

talceable crabs are d.efined. as 5.5in (r+cn) carapace length and- 1Ib

11oz (?65gn) green weight. l{ales grow to 8.5in (22cn) carapace

length a¡rd. 8Ib (7.ekg) green weight. X'enales seldom exceed- 5.5i.ncarapace Ìength.

Sectioneil weight is Og% of green weight and- meat weight is 17%

of green weight.

Catches were poor at Campbell Island., with takeable crabs ind-eep water and. very localised. in d.ístribution. Àt the Auckla¡d-

Island.s tb.e largest catches were in Sarahrs Bosom Harbour - lrtocrabs/1O pots | (1gZ/10 pots (12.r%)) takeable; meat yield. 111Ib/1O

pots). llTre most prof itable f ishing was at the entrance to Carnley* Harbour - 24+/10 pots, (ZtO/lO pots (96.7Ð) talceable; neat yield

214Lb/1O Pots.Ê Length of fishing period- d.id. not effect the catch where crabs

of alL sizes and. both sexes occurred.. Llhere large males pred.onrinatedt

long fishing period-s (eO-eAnr) prod-uced. bigger catcb.es than short (1-

'l2hr) .

large pots with coarse mesh fished. better than rock lobsterpots with fine mesh and. escape gaps, which fished better than rock

lobster Pots without escape gaBs.

Best overall catches were mad-e in 9-l9fn'New, intermed.iate âgêr and. old moults are recognisable; the

puberty moult is the terminal mou1t. Data anil observations on'

moulting and. reproiluction are given. Recruitment a.nd naturalmortality are 11-2r% for fenales ancl possibly sÌíghtly higher for

ê males.

A


(A) CATCH DATA

1. It is proposed. that the fuLl common name ofed.ward.sii be: rr,f acquinot I s southern spid.er crabtt

D

Jacquinotia, nonoally

abbreviated. to southern spid.er crab.

2. OnIy the east coasts of the Auckland. Island.s and. CanpbellIsland. lrere surveyed..

V. Crab potting was carried. out using steel framed., wire meshcovered. rock lobster pots ("small pots"), small pots with escapegaps (ttgap pots'r), and. rarger steel framed., wire mesh covered. crabpots of North American d.esign ("Ìarge potst,).

4. At Auckland. Island.s the best fishing areas in terms of numbersof takeable crabs per 10 pots rrrere:

Entrance to Carnley Harbour (216), Sarahrs Bosom Harbour (192) |Dund.as rsland. Green rsland. reef complex (gz), seaward. of EwingIsland. and. Tule Isla¡rd. (58), entrance to trrlaterfalt Tnlet (4?)seaward- end. of Smith Harbour (20).

5. At Auckland. Islancls the total catch a¡d. takeable catchd-ecreased. with d.epth but the percentage of takeable crabs increased.with d.epth as forlows: 9-19fm UB takeable crabs/1o pots, - 1t.g%of the totar catch; Zo-Zjfm, 106 takeabl-e crabs/1o pots, = 4z.o%of the üotal catch; 7o-19fn, 46 takeable erabs/1o pots, = 9?/o oîthe totaL catch.

6. The catch per fishing tine (potnight) varied. d.epend.ing on thearea fisbed.. At sarahrs Bosom Harbour short potnights gave ahigher total catch than long, but the catch of takeable crabs wassinilar. At Du¡das Isla¡d. - Green rsland reef complex long pot-nights (20-28 hr) trebled the takeable catch of short potnights(1-i2hr).

ô

6


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7. Ât Canpbell Is1and. the begt flshing areag in ùerms of takeablecrabs/10 Bots were: off the heatllands of North East Earbour (ee¡,smooth lrtater Bay (7Ð, Pereenrerance Harbour (r.7), between soutb !Point and. Iilo¡rr¡ment Harbour (t.1).

8. At Snooth ïlater Bay, Call¡pbell Island, the catch of femalesand. total catch d.ecreased. with d.epth (V216 females /1O pots at 25-2tfn, 4 fenale s/1O pots at 40-4-r+fn) , while the catch of males ancl

takeable crabs increased. with d.epth (]O takeable crabs/1o pots, =O.9% of total catch at, 25-29fni 228 takeable crabs/1O pots, =

95% ot total catch at, 4O-4¿t"fn) .

9. 0f the three pot types ueed., ât both the Auckland. Island.s and.

Cempbell Island., Iarge pots fished. better (i.e., caught more takeablccrabs) than gap pots which fished" better than small pots for bothIong and. short potnights.

10. Male crabs grow to a greater maximum size (a 8.5in carapaceIength) than females (=5.75in carapace tength).

11. An arbitrary lower size linit for takeable crabs was establisb.ed.at 5.9ín caraBace length. This sÍze l-init elininates females (whichhave proportionately less meat than nales) fron the takeable caüch.

"a2. ÍIakeable crabs (nales) occurred. d.eeper at ÇnmFbell Island.ühan at the Aucklanil Island.s.

â


4.

(B) CRÂB PROCESSTNG

1V. On thls surrey sectloned. caab weighü as a proportion of thegreen weighü, over tb.e size range of ,t Lb - 6 Ib, was 6616-?46

tith a meen ol 69f6. Inkster (November, 196Ð record.ed. a range of5&-66?6, with recently noulted. crabs (light phase craba) consietenüIygíving a lower eectioned weight proportionately than mature crabg.

14. Meaü weigbt as a percentage of the green weíght ranges from1&2c,ø.

15. Meat weight returns per 10 pots at the Auckland. Island.6 wereas foLlows¡ eatrance to Carnley Harbour, 214 Lbi Sarab.rs Bosom

Earbourr 111 Ib; Dr¡nd.as fsland. - Green Isla¡rtl reef complex, 108 lb¡seaward of Ewing Island. and. Tule Islancl , ,7 J-t-.

í6. 0n this survey, steaming whole and. sectioned. crab was the mostsuccessful cooking nethod.. rrBlood. stainingtt ís a processingproblem to be overcoue, however this is alleviated. consid.erably by ,¡

- pronpt removal of meat from the crabs after eooking.'

1?. Crabs survived. up to 12 hours on d.eck and. up to 10 hours 1f Ô

carefully Backed. out of tbe v¡ind. and. sttn.

18. Glazing is probably the best method. for preventing moistureIoss from cooked., frozen packed. crab.

19. !üorking lro pots, 2 toas of takeable crabs could. be caught perdayr aú,2-7 tons per week on a voyage basis should. be possible.Eowever the sustaínable yield. is not knoun.

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(c)

,.

BIOIJOGï

20. Dl,fferent phaees of the exoskcleton can be recog¡rised,sd.ark phase (olcl eroskeLeton), interued.iate phasc (exoskeletoa ofinter¡necliate age), and. ltght phase (new exoskeleton).

21. Dark phase crabs are distinguished. by their exoskeleton and.

prolific epizoic grovrüh. The extent of epizoic growüh is deüe¡nLned.

by the substrate. Stony sea floors and. the crabs inhabiting them

are liberaLly covered. with encrtrsting organisms. Smooth gand. Eea

floors and. the crabs inhabiting them tend. to be free of epizoicgrowth.

22. Evid.ence suggests that southern spid,er crabs, Iike other naJfds,have a puberty noult which is the terminal moult. Thus d.ark phasecrabs are postpuberty moult crabs, intermed.iaüe phase includ-e recentpuberty moults crabs, aud. light phase crabs are very recent pubertymoults or prepuberty moult crabs.

2V. For any given length, dark phase crabs are heavier thanintermed.iate phase crabs which are heavier than light phase crabe,and- ùhese weight d.ifferences are d.ue partly to exoskeleton weightand. meat weight d.ifferences" All these phases occur throughout thesize range of both sexes although light phase crabs are less common

in the larger size groups.

2+. Disjunctive sex d-istributíon is apparent for southern spid.ercrabs. Dur'ing this survey, females and. prepuberty males pred.ominated.i.n shallow water (Sarahrs Bosom Harbour and. Dund.as Isl-and. GreenIsland- reef complex, Auckland. Island.s; inner Smooth VJater Ba¡rrÇernpbell Island.), and. Large males pred.ominated. in d.eeper areas(entrance to Carnley Harbour, entrence to Snith Harbour, and. seaward.of Ewing Island and. YuIe Is1a¡d,, Auckland. Island.s; outer Snooth.Wa'üer Bay, CampbelJ- Island.).

25. L,arge males üove into and out of d.eep water seasonally, butthe stocks of mature mal"es at the north and- south. end. of Auckland.Ieland.s probably d.o not intermix.

c\


6.

26. {Ihere are probably several t¡pes of I'massingf'behaviour in thecraber aeeociaücd. with: pair formation, moultlng, and. food,.

27. Pair formation oecurs in shallow water or Just out of thewater in Noveüber. The females &re in late berry.

28. Mean d.iameter of recently laid. eggs is O.94nm with a stand.ard.d.eviation of o.17o. A female of 4.oin (1o.1cu) carapace lengthcarries ,7r5oo erternal eggs while a fernale of 5.oin (1z.6cn)carapace length carries 71r2OO external eggs. External egg numberincreases at approximately 6r7oo/o.25j.n (o.64cn) increase incarapace length.

29. Egg laying probably occurs in January and. Februar¡r (eome eggshlere still being laid. d.uring this survey).

VO. larval release occurs betwe'en nid.-October and. nid.-November.

71. Moulting occurs in March.

,2. Natural mortality of mature (postpuberty) females is 1j"/nz5%¡and. may be slightly higher for mature males. o


7,

( D) orEER aNrllÂt s cout'rouly ENooIJII[EnEI)

,t. [hree other species of crabs entered. the pots at Auckland.IslaJld.s - Nectoca¡cinus bennetti, & anüarcticus, and. Cance¡ûovaezeland.iae. I* bennettí is very common but probably not largeenough to be e:çloitect commercially. Treptonithrax australis ísalso very conmon but d.oes not enter pots.

-@g!4!;þ ed.ward.sil

and !:. australis appear to have complementary tlistributions - theformer on smooth sea floors in areas of sllght or absent tidalcurrents, the latter on foul sea floors in areas of strong tidalcurrents and. surge.

V4. Two aotothenid. fish, Notothenia microlepid.ota and. NototheniafÍlholi cotntnonly enter pots on foul sea floor.

,5. Two species of mussels Ì"I:rbilus ed-ulis aoteanus and. Aul-acomyamaoríana comrnonly occur at both the Auckland Is1and.s and. CanpbellIeland.. Tbe former occurs in large clumps l-ittorally, especially

'' in regions of freshwater influence.

V6. The sea lion [eopþ,9_C forsteri consumes soft shellecl southernaspid.er crabs in March, and. is probably their most inportantpred.ator.

17. Ílhe New Zealand. rock lobster Jasus ed.ward.sii was not seen ateither the Auckland. Is1and.s or SnrnFbell Isla¡d during the presentsurvey.


B.

INIRODUCTION

llhe presence of large, ed.ible crabs JacquÍnotia ed.ward.sii t)

(Jacquiaot, 185Ð aù the Aueklanil Island.s and. Canpbell fsland., haslong been lrnowx. Investigatory crab potting trips to the Auckland. ,.1,

Island.s b.ave been mad.e by several fishernen includ.iag Messrs ,fohnsonand. d.e RiJk, Reid., Inkster, and. Ilarine Department Fisheríes Divisionpersonnel, inclucling G.[,I. Crorrther, llr¡ro New Zealand. companies,CaprÍcorn 3ísberies ltd. and. luggaüe Game Packers and. a JapaneseÂntarctic Elcpeclition (1964-1965) sbip, l[.S. I'Uniüaka-Martr'r have a]-so

investigatecl the crab fisheq¡ poteatial of the Auckland. fsla¡ld.s.

Results of these trips have aroused. uíxed. feelings in thoseparticipaùíng, a¿d sufficient interest amougst New Zealancl fishingco¿cerns for a consortíum comprisi-ng:- Luggate Game Packers,llima:nr Físhing Co. Ltd, Ota]ou Fisheries lrtd, lfilson Neill I.tcl,National Mortgage and. Agency Co. ltd., to be formed to d.etermi-ne thecommercial feasibility of a crab fishery.

The X'ishing Ind.ustry Board. was invited. by the consortium to eparticipate in this exploratory crab pottingr Ayìd con.sequently

cb.artered. Otakou Fisheries l"td 91 foot M.F.V. rrTuateafi und.erCaptain R.J. Rae to take an ex¡led.ition to the Auckland. Isl-a¡rd.s in

The wriùer was invited. to Join this exped.ition as observerfor the Fisheries Division of the Marine Departnent.

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o

rrm FrsrrrNG TNDUSTRY 3o4,8!-_ErrRvEy_19æ.

Ir.D. Ritehie

AIMS' AhTD SCOPE OF TIIE SI'RVEY

The aims of the survey were as follows¡

(a) flo d.etermine localities in which crabs occur insufficienù nurnbers and- of a sufficient size to becotntnercially utilisable .

(U) |[o d.etermine optinum d.epth a¡rd. sea floor t¡pe forbest crab catches.

(c) To d.etermj-ne the most efficienü tlrye of pottinggear, bait, and- fishing tine of the pots.

(A) [o investigate the habits and. life cycle of the crabby collecting physical and. biological d.ata such assea tenperature, tidal currents, sea floor t¡4pe,fishing area (e.g., open water, sheltered. water),state of uoult and. reprod.uctive cond.ition of thecrabs, carapace lengthr/totaI weight relationship ofthe crabs, and. observations on other animal-s and.

plants associated. with the crabs.

(e) Ílo carry ouü simple butchering, cooking, and. freezingex¡leriments as time permitted..

llhe d.ata collected. apply only to the season d.uring which thissuryey was cond.ucted. (nid.-tate s¿rnmêr) r end. therefore wheneverpossible d.ata from earlier crab potting trips is comFared with d.atacollected. on this trip.

The author (1-.,.D. Ritchie) f.as used. d.ata supplied. by N.X'. Parsoasfor the section on materials and. nethod.s, and. both N.F. Parsons anöR.J. Rae supplied. the bulk of the information for the notes onprocessing crabs after capture.


t(j "

i1,J. Ëae hils prepar,ecL the log or'"tu¿rte¿r'r fol'i;his rel)ort.The 1o5 gives en ind.icatic¡n of fishi.ng cond-itions a¡rd. the sea and.

weather cond-itions likely to be encounterecr d,uring February at ithese latitudes.

Dr R.A. Falla and. Prof essor G.À. I(nox have kind.ly offered their Þ

observations on the crabs for inclusion in this report.

J. Inkster has aliowed. publication of hj.s excellent report ofa previous crab potting trip; and J.P. CaLcott has offered hisinteresting notes on underlvater observations of crabs on the l.¡est

coasi of Auckland. fsLand.

These repor.ts lrrhicli have unclergone a minimun of ed-iting are

valuable supplements to the catch ,Lata emd. bioLogÍcal informationcollected, d.uring this su:nr/rjll.

e

ê


11.

ETPTJANATIONS AI{D DEFINTIIONS

fishing area - a geographicalLy d.efined. area in which one

or more |tsete[ of pots were fished-

set - consists of one or more crab pots set at the sÊme timeand. at the sane locaÌitY.

potnisht - the period. of time d.uring which a crab pot isfishing, from the time of setting to the tine of lifting.

fn - d.enotes female crab.

g - d.enotes male crab.

takeable crab - a crab which in the opinion of members of thissurrrey party is of sufficient size to be commercially utilisable.

I'or practical purposes a takeable crab vùas arbitrarily d.efined.

as being 9.5" in carapace length or larger, and. of llb 11oz in totalweight or heavier. Only male crabs l¡Iere considered. to be ofcomrnercial value because female crabs seld.orn occurred. above 5.5'u i-ncarapace lengtbr ând- d.uring this survey vtere almost invarlably inearly rrberrytr, i.e.¡ carrying external eggs.

ê

tength greater than 5.5".large pot - a 6r x 6t x2lsnal-I pot-a6txV'x1lgap pot_ - a snall pot with escape gaps.

d.ark phase qqeÞ - crab with a clark, thick exoskeleton coveredextensively by encrusting orgânisms.

interned.iate pb.ase crab - crab with a d.ark thick exoekeLetonwfth none or only sma1l patches of encrusting organismg.

light phase crab - crab with a light, thin exoskeleton whichlacks encrusting organisms.

full berry - reprod.uctive state of female crab bearing a fullcomplernent of ova on the pleopod.s.

take o/o - is the percentage of a catch (nales) with a carapace

pot.

pot.6'r crab

6tt crab


12.

intermed.iate berry - reprod.uctive state of fenaLe crab bearinEless than a full complement of ova on the pleopod.s.

lacking bemy - reproductive state of femaÌe crab lackingexternal ova. The ovaries of a female lacking berry nay either bespent or in the early d.evelopnental stages.

carapace lengùh of crab.

total green weight of crab.

FISIIING ARE^AS

Map 1 shows the location of the Auckland. fsland. (255 nauticalniles south south west, of Bluff , New Zealand) and. CarnFbell IslanilG>ø nautical miles east south east of Bluff , New Zeala¡rd.) in theSouth Pacific Ocean.

( a) - Auck1and. Island.s

At the Auckla¡rd. Island.s crab potting d.uring the presentsurvey was confined. to the east coast especially in thearea north of Dund-as Island. and Green Island., and. inSarahr s Bosom Harbour. tr'ishing areas with d.epùhs infathoms and. notes on tid.al currents are given in Table1 and. ind.ivid.ual sets of pots are plotted. on Maps 2 anð,

V. To the writerrs knowled.ge no crab potting has everbeen attenpted. on the west coast of Auckland. Island.sbecause of the comparatively d.eep water inshore (eO-gO

fathoms) and the prevailing wind. and. seas which would.make enall boat operations extremely hazarrlous¡

(b) Canb¡ell Islan¿

At CanFbelL Island. crab potting d.uri-ng this survey hras

confined. to the east and. south coasts-from 1 nile northof Cossack Rock to the eastern head.La¡rd. of Monument

Harbour and. also ínside Perseverance Harbour.Fishing areas, d.epths and. notes on tid,al- currents aregiven in {Iable 2 a:ed. areas fished. a¡rd. "Eetst' of potsare plotted. on Map 4.

Ð

â


17.

North lslond

NEW ZEALAND

-\Àsou \

AUCKLAND ISLANDS

Newa¡xd.

ZeaIand. region includ.íng Auckland. Island.sCanpbelì. Island..


14.

AUCK LAND ISLANDS

\c.iti¡*, rnr"t,' ìI

-: Woterf oll lnlet

2345

Ct

MÀP 2 Areas (.1-n. surrotutd.ed. by broken lines) and. positionsof crab poú sets (1-2O, óircled.) arou¡¿ the Auckla¡dIsland.s lisnea d-uríng the present survey - ?.2.7O -12.2.?0. The sets are plotted. (solid. lines) in areasD-H. Sets for areas A-C are plotted- on nap t.


0

/ \ \/ -/': ------ 12

*olL tno,,""': .,,ö P"o-;ì-',,o,'" 21

.4 t"ro tOceaÃdd '' a I13 r37 s a )

eShoe Isld

Erebus C

Ronuj;9\eCrozier

JWla

MÀP , 4T"*" (+-q, surroun$"4 by broken lines) end sets of crab pots(1-9 , 11-1+, and. 16) fished. in the Sarahr s Bosom Harbour --

Green Island._al9a, Auckland. Isla.nd.s, d.uring the present survey -7.2.70 - 12.2.70. Set positions are plotted. as sol-id. lines.Fisheries technical report no. 52 (1970)

'r. Bay O

ù-

1, ,,,,,,,9 I ç q

Scole: M¡les

.}ola

I'llp 4 Areas (A-D, surround.ect by broken lines) and. sets of crab pots(1-14, cirðlect) fishecl during the present sulvey at CampbellIsland. - 14.2.70 - 18.2.70. Sets in eacb. axea are plotted. assolicl lines.

,


17.

q

I{ATERIAI,S AND YIETHODS

(a) Fishi,ns Gear (Plates 2 a¡.d. t)Nineteen pots conprising 15 snal-l and. 4 large were

used. on thi s survey.

(i) Snall pots - The small pots hlere of theBluff (N.2.) rock lobster type measuring

6r x Vt x ,1 | 6tt. The frame hras weld.ed. '!ttsteel reinforcing rod- and- was covered by

ztt x 1+" wire mesh. A 11n x 11" throatsurrour.ded try anti-escape tines protrud'inginward.s about 6", was situated- centrally on

the 6t x 7t top surf ace of the pot (¡'ig. 1a).

(ii) Gap Pots - Eight of the small pots were

nod.ified- as escape gap pots by removing

pieces of mesh 2 meshes wid-e (approx. 4tt)

by 4 or ! meshes long (approx. 9") frorn

each end. of both sicles of the pot. lfhisgave 4 escape hol-es for snall crabs.

(iii) I-,arqe Pots - |lhe 4 large pots were

constructed. to specifications d-rawn up by

McAllister (1967) for potting queen crabs(Chionogcetes opilio) in the GuIf of St

lawrence, North America. [hese pots were

6r x 6t x 2t 6", with the frame mad'e ofwelded. 9/16" steel reinforcing rod- and' were

covered. in 4" x 7" wire mesh. Two throatseach measuring +å" x 2+'t and' unguard'ed' by

tines were taper recessed- into opposite sid-es

of the pot (Fie. '1b).All pots had. one sid.e hinged. to facilitateunload,ing the catch-

(iv) Pot lines and. buoys - 4O-5O fathom syntheticropes of 1+" ci-rcumference used with between

2 a¡ro. 4 plastic brr-roys per line according todepbh alcl tid"a1 cument.

tr


19.

.C¡. 6'x3x1' 6" crob Pot

112" reinlorcing rocl 2'x1 1l2"mesh

dx6'x2'6" crob pot

at tta ¿t ¿a¿)ua,.rrattt r, , Ð) , t t ¿"

9/16" reinforcing rod 4'x 3" mesh

Bluff tme rock lobster Pot ( a)pot (b);- as used. on the Present

and Kingsurvey.

t

FIG. 1 crab


19.

(b) Fishins Methods

llwo baits each of about vrv in weight were attached.,using wire hooks, in each pot. Bait t¡¡pes used. weretarakihi frames, whore stargazerg, elephant fÍsh head.s,rig (ttpioke") head.s and. flaps, ancl occasionally 1ocalnotothenid.s, ("black cod.") tafen in the pots. potsvere hauled. by hyd.raulic winch using a block on a shortboom lasheil at a convenient height a¡rd, d.istpnce overthe gunwale so that well filled., heavy pots could_ behauled. cl-ear of the sid.e of the boat.Fishing was carried out on a smooth sea floor instraight line sets of between 2 and_ 12 pots. Each setcontained. the ã pot t¡4pes which r^¡ere often grouped.together within the sets so that the fishing efficiencyof each pot true in each area coul-d. be compared..

At the auckland" rsla¡rd.s potnights of from 2. hours to zBhours were fished-, however, most pots were set over-night. Sometimes it bra6 practicable to fish shortpotnights d.uring the day, but unfortunately no shortpotnights could. be fished. at night. Pots were fisbed" atd.epths between 9 a¡d. 50 fathoms. Some pots set inshallower water at the anchorages d_id_ not yieì-d. anycrabs r end. potting to d.epths greater than !O f athonswas not practicable owing to the risk of losing geallbecause of tid.aI currents actíng on the long buoy Lines.At campbell rsLand. most pots ürere set overnight for 18-24 hours, but 4 pots Írere set for short d_aylight pot-nights (1å-4 hours). Fishing a.reas were d.eeper atÇanFbell rsland. than at Auckland. rsla-nds and. pots wereusualry set between ZJ-JO fathons except for 4 sharlowersets in Perseverance Harbour. llhe occumence of thickmists at Canpbell Is1ald. mad.e the use of rad.ar essentialfor fixing the position of some pots set werl offshore.Visibility was at ti¡res d.own to 40-50 yard.s.Sets in each.area and- the number of pots fished. atd.ifferent depths ancl for d.ifferent potnights in eacharea are given for the l|uckl_and. Isla¡ds (TabJ"e ,) and.

Ca-npbeJ-1 Islanrl (TabÌe +) be1ow.Fisheries technical report no. 52 (1970)

TABIE 1 Fishi-n.g Areas for Auckland. Island. crabs, showing nunber of sets,d.epthr-and. comrnents on tid.al cuments in each area.

Fishi-og A¡ea Designation No. ofSets

Depth Other Featr¡res

Sarahts Bosom Harbor¡¡ (Port Ross)-bound-ed. by Rose Is; Ocean Is;Ewing Is; Sand.y Bay and. End.erbyIs.

A(map V)

7 12-1lfms Sb.eltered., tidalcurrents sl-ight.

North east of Evri-ng Is. and- YuleIs.1-2miIes.

B(map 1)

2 21-27fss Inner set, shaIlow,Do tid.e; outer setd.eeper, strong tid.e.

lTorth (r:r- ni-fes) and- east (1+sriles) of a l-ine through Dr¡ad.asIs. and- Green Is.

C(map 1)

4 17-28fms Mod.erate tid.alcu¡rents, mucb. kelpnear i-sland.s.

South of Du:rd-as Is. a¡d. Green Is.a¡d- west to south head-l-and- ofIIaskell Bay.

D(nap 2)

¿ 15-71îns Sor¡th of Green Is.and- Dr¡nd-as Is. Verystrong tid.e, east and.ìnshore shaLlow patcheswith ke1p.

Snith Harbour, inshore, north toGriffith Inl-et and. south to ShagRock.

E(nap 2)

¿ 28-4Ofns No tid.aL cu-rrents.

TJaterf aLl- Inl-et. r'(nap 2)

1 ãOfms No tid.al currents.

Entranee to Car:eley Harbour. G(nap 2)

1 27-7Ofns S1ight-mod.erate tid aJ-

currentg.

Masked. Isla¡d.. H(nap 2)

1 15fms No tid.al currents.

Noa

Þ¡ aè ll


t:t $r

fÄB1,¡l Ïishing &reas for Campbe1l Island. crabP, showil8 aumbers of Eetetd.eptb., -a.nd. cotnrnents on ticli currents in each areao

NJa

Fishiag ^å.rea Designation No. ofSets

Depth Otber Features

Between Soutb Point and. the easthead,land. of Monr:ment Harbour. A , ã¿l-48fns

No titlal cu¡rente -much plankton present(salps).

Between Shoal- Poi:rt Pnd ErebusPoint, Perseverance Halbour. B 4 19-74tns Inner sets of Persever-

ânce Harbour - no tidalcu¡rents. Strong titleat Erebus Poi¡t.

Between East Cape and the northheadJancl of Smooth Wate¡ BaYtand. seawa¡d. to the 5Ofn mark.

6 27-5otus l,ittle titLat cunentinside Smooth l[aterBay, but moderate titlebetween 4l-)Ofns.

Inshore at north and. southheadland.s of North East Earbour. D 2 J1-J4fms No tid,aI currents.


22.

ÍIABLE z Nr¡mber of sets, and. pots fished. at d.iff erentdepths and. for d.ifferent potnights in eacharea at the Âuckland. Islands.

.A,rea

No.ofSets

TotalNo.ofPots

No. of pots set ateach d-epth range(¡atnoñs)

No. of pots set forva¡i-ous potnight perlod.s

(hrs a¡d. nins)

9-19 20-29 to:19 40-49 00.0o-or.59

04.oo-11.r9

12.O0-19.r9

20.oo-27.59

AB

cD

EFt¡E

72

42

1

I1

1

7o10

v,,

16

,10

2

7o

¿

2

lo70

2

1

I

;I

1+

,2

2

I

7

12(2 po

14

10

s lost16

10

2

2

7

7

710

11

T.ABLE 4 Nr¡mber of sets, ând pots fished. at d.iff erentd,epths and. for d.ifferent potnights in eacharea at Campbell Island..

Area

No.ofSets

Total,No.ofPots

No..of pots set ateach depth range

(fathõns)No. of pots set forva¡ious potnigb.t period.s

(hrs and. ¡oins)

9-19 20-29 to-tg 40-50 oo.oo-07.59

04.oo-11.59

12.0O-19.59

20.o0-2?.59

A

B

D

,+

6

2

16

12

26

9

, 4,

6

,7

9

10

14;1

;14

9

16

6'10


25.

COLI'ECTION OF BIOIOGICAI D^â,[A

- In each area fishecl the complete catch of crabe (or rantlonJ.ychoeen EampIeB of 50 naLes and. 50 ferales - when catchee were verylarge) frou 4 or 5 randonly chosen pots was retained. in marked. fishboxes. later the folLowing measurements and. observations were mad.e.

(a) ca¡apace length (to O.1") fron posterior ed.ge ofcerapace to anterior típ of rostrum.

(b) carapaoe width (üo O.1x) at wid.esü point, exclud.ingspines ancl protrusions.

(e) total sreen crab weight (to 1oz) weight of whole crab,uncooked..

(A) phase of the noult - (i) d.ark phage - carapace and legarrnour thick and. heavy, d.orsal surface tlark red.,/brownand. heavi3,y encnrsted. with algae (@ gp. and.

filny Rhod.ophyceae), tubeworms (PomatoceroÈ sp.), a

chiton (Ânthochiton €@ ?), barnacles (Balanus sp.)rand. encrtrsting ectoprocta. Ventral surface is yelLow/brown. (ii) intermed.iate phase - caraBace d.ark and. fullyharrclenecl, but encrustj-ng organisms few or absent.Cb.aracterísticaÌl-y spots of litb.othannion sp. occur, butd.o not form a continuous cover. (iii) lígbü phase -carapace and- leg armour thin (nay be soft), dorsal-surface pinkish/red,, spines and protrusions shaqp,completely lacking encrusting organisms. Ventra.L surfacewhite. (See Plate 1).

(e) reproiluctive state of the female - (i) Sr11 berry -abd.omen d.istend-ed. ventrally because of egg mass. No

pleopod.s visible. (ii) intermed.iate berry - eggs inearly d.evelopmental stage and. present in reduced. numbers,abd.omen not d.istend.ed. ventrally, pleopod.s visible,(iii) Lacking berr::y' - no external eggs present althoughthe pleopod-s remain tthairyrt.

As well as the above observations on the southern spid.er crab,field rtotebooks were kept in which the occurrence of otb.er animalsin the pots and. general observations were noted.


24.

RESTITîS

Auckland. IsLand.e

|[he conplete catch d.ata are given in Append.ix I. The caüchd.atabave been analyeed. below as follows¡

(a) Distribution of total crab catch by area

(b) Distribution of total catch by d.epth

(c) Distribution of catch by potnight period.

(d) X'ishing efficiency of the d-ifferent pots

(e) Size of the crabs in d.ifferent fishing areas

Some biological d.ata are also analysed- as follows:

(f) Sizelweight relationship and, the d-ifferent phases ofthe exoskeleton, with notes on meat content of the crab

(g) Reprod-uctive state of the crabs d.urinR February

(h) Notes on other animals in the fishing areas

Exoskeleton phase/reprod.uctive state inter-relationships,and. movements of the crabs are discussed. in the d.iscussion.


25.

(a) Distribution of [otal Crab 0atch bv AreaTotal crab catches i¡. each area are gj-ven belov (taUte 5) z

I.ABLF q [otal crab catch by area - Auokland lelnnd.s.

AreaSetNos

Pots/set

Crabs/setfn m Í[.bke

Ctabs/1O potsi¡. each setfm m llake

Crat/lO potsfn m llake

A

1

2

5

6

911

12

I2

2

2

v17

1

119'8'

288

t742

1200188

,84,oo

7889

47e+9

168

747'7o

7+21'2t

199o420

1u/10

1B'1tÐ

1000

1880

4802ro150190297

298490

21017017'150247

178zVo

11t+4 ,e6 192

B7

7

46

22

7o

17

66v

,,,,

11772'110

7.'92 92 79 ,8

a

4I

14

16

11

2

10

10

16816

2854'

2r7144666

2082V

to41

117

BO

2854'

2Vo

170t+6

66

189115

Vo

41

15ø 121 92

D10

1',2

No catcb.lostlin t d.e

E 17 16 1 t8 v2 O.5 24 20

F 18 t 1' 14 50 47

G 19 10 6 2va 2V6 6 218 2V6

H 20 2 Noc atch


26.

{[he d.ata in Table ! show that the areas of greatest catch oftakeable crabs, in ord.er of abundancer were aa folrows:

(i) Entrance to Carnley Ilarbour (area G)

crabe/1O pots.(ii¡ Sarabrs Bosom Harbour (area A) 192/10

(iii) North of Dr¡nd.as fsland. and. Green IsLa.nd92/10 pots.

2t6 takeable

pots.(area C)

(iv) Seaward of58/10 pots.

(v) Entranee to(vi) Seaward. end.

Ewing Islanct and. TuIe Island (area B)

tlaterfall InLet (area I,) - 4?/1O pots.of Snith Harbour (area E) ZO/1O pots.

flhe ùotal catch by area datq also ind.icate that at thetine of the survey the sexes had. different d.istributionsd.own the east coast of Auckrand. rslancl. Femalespred.oninated. in the north, outsid.e Ewing rsrand. and. Tuleïsland, reaching a maximum d.ensity in the relativelyehalrow and. sb.eltered. waters of sarah I s Bosom Ea¡bour(11t4/1o pots). rn the southern fishiag areas, outsid.esnith Harbour, outsid.e waterfarr rnlet, and. at carnleyEarbour entrence, the catch was almost exclusively nales.llhese three southern areas tend.ed. to be deeper ühan theaorthern areas (eee Table 'l). llhis apparent d.isJunctivesex d-istribution is furüher elaborated_ on page vi et sg,.No crabs were caught near Masked. rsrand (in upper carnleyIlarbour, area H) or in the area inmediately south and.west of Dund.as rsrand (area Ð). rn the latter areaexfremery strong tid.aI currents prevail and. two crabpots were losü.

(¡)

An ad.equate d.epth range at alr the fishing areas courd.not be covered. because d.epth is d.epend.ent on the areafiehed.. The totar catch by depth clatq given iu Tabre 6below, is p4obabry onry neaningfur when compared. withsinllar d.ata from other seasong of the year thus oary abroad. aaalyeis of thie d.ata is attenpted..


(c)

27.

TABITE 6 Distribution of Total Crab Catch by Depth

shallow water a¡rd. d.ecreased. rapid.ly with increase índ.epth. The male catch, and catch of takeable males alsod.ecreased. to a l-esser extent with increase in d.epthn butthe proportion of comrnercial sized. crabs to the totaLcatch increased marked-ly with d-epth increase. Althoughthe best catches of takeable crabs occurred in tb.e 9-19fathoms range this may be because most pots in thisrange were fished. in Sarahr s Bosom Harbour where catchesof all categories of crabs were high. Furthermore, thearea prod-ucing the largest overall catch is not necess-arily the best area for commercial fishing because:

(i) Much time is spent sorting out the numerousfemales and. smal-l males; and

(ii) the smal-l crabs may be d.amaged- d.uringhandling and" by d.rying v¡hile awaiting sorting.|lhis may have ad.verse effects on later recruit-ment.

Distribution of Catch by Potnight Period.

lfable 7 shows that a ûieaningful semparison of sinj-Iarpotnight periocls; can only be macle fron the data fromareas A a¡c1 C. Catch by potnighb period is given inTabl-e / beJ-ow.

Depthin

Fathoms

No.ofPots

Total Catch Grand.Total

Çatch/1O Pots Take%fn m Take fm m Take

9-19 ,v ,471 117O 586 4641 1012 ,55 178 12.6

20-29 47 ,66 61|. 496 1181 120 1tt 106 42.O

to-v9 24 5 116 111 121 2.1 48.1 46.7 91.7


29.

IABLE ? Distribution of crab catch in areas .â. and.

-

C þy potnight Periocl in houts.

AREA A

Potnight(rrrs andrni-ns)

No.ofPots

Total Catch Catcb./1o Potnights Take"Áfn m Eake fm m Take

oo.00-ot.r9 7 952 t1, 14t 1t60 4ro 20+ 11.V

04.00-1 2 .oo 1+ zot1 596 261 1+51 +26 186 9.9

20 .oo-28.o0 7 162 177 1r8 2V1 zrv 197 40.7

AREA C

oo . oo-ot .59 12 61 9o 64 51 75 ,1 +2.O

04.00-12.oo 10 28' +6 1o 28' t+6 to 9.1

20.00-28.oo 11 168 211 208 151 270 1Bg 49.1

fn Area A. (Sarahrs Bosom Harbour) significantly more

females and. sroall males were caught in short potnightsthan in long - thi-s may be because sma1l crabs escaped

from the pots during J-ong potnights (large pots and' gap

pots) after the bait was eaten. llhe catch of takeablecrabs was similar for all- potnight period.s.

In area C (north of Dund.as Island. and. Green Island-)both short and. long potnights yield.ed sinilarpercentages of takeable crabs, but long potnigbts more

than trebLed the catch of takeable crabs (Table 7).


(d)

toLJ.

lrlhere large crabs (naLes) constituted- a highproportion of the catch (e.g., area C) long potnightstend.ed to give better catcbes than short. Street(1966) has observed. rock lobster (Jasus ed.ward.sii)pots fishing at night and. in the early morning and.

states that small rock lobsters tend. to vacate thepots before morning once the bait is consumed, whilethe larger rock lobsters rest in the pots" Further-more, Street (pers. comm. 1966) stated- that smal} roekIobsters enter pots first and. l-eave, if this is possible(i.e., via esc.ape gaps), when large ind.ivid-uals enter.The data of Table '/ sirow '[h.at these behavj-our patternsnay hold- for southern sp-i-iler: crabs v¡here mal-es areplentifuJ- wittr lorl¡,; potriights increasing both theproportíon of 'bakeabl-e cr:¿lb¡ and the rturnbe:: of takeablecrabs.

Iiühere females;, em¿rll rnal-¡¡s and" Iarge males all occurred.in considerable numbers (e.g., area À) bh.e "scramble"for food- ancl the effects o.f crowd:i-n¡3 complicated- thepattern anÖ ensured. that tlre pots were filled. with crabs.

Fiehi"ng Effj-ciency of the Dífferen'b Fots

Only two basic pot t¡4>es $rere availabÌe for catcheffectiveness comparisons (i.e., 6r x 6t x 2t 6" largepots and.6t x 1'x 1t 6" small potsr âs d"escribed. above).

Approximately half of the sma1l pots r^rere modifiecl as

escape gap pots (gap pots) to see if the catch of snallcommercially unusable crabs (especiatty fernal-es) could.tie reduced-.

[he d.ata of Table B show that in area A, fishing ,-6hrs potnights the catch of takeabÌe crabs'in large pots(with l+" mesli and. thus acting as escape pots for crabs<4.8" car¿rpace length) was greater (?79/10 pots or

1r.?i/") th¿ur smal-l- pots with escape gaps (1Br/1O pots or12%)., whictr in bur:n was greater than small- pots wlthoutescape gaps (1'-r's/1t,) pots or 6.8%).


10.

The effectiveness of large pots was further increased.with Longer potnights (2O-?1 hrs) (1OO/1O pota or,6.?96) of total catch, while the snall pots both withantl without escepe gaps showed. considerably smallercatches. 'However, the number of snall pots involved.iu the comparison is small ancl the results nay ber¡¡reliable,In area C, using short potnights (a hrs) the takeablecatch was greatest for large pots (59/10 pots or 15.9%),Iess for gap pots (r8/1O pote or 18.+%), and. Ieast forsmall pots (lO/lO pots or ,9.5%). Increase in lengthof potnight greaüIy increases the catch of both J.argepots (U5/1O pots or 87.7%) and. small pots ('192/10 potsor 4J.6oÁ). (Table 8.) No d.ata a¡e available for gappots fished for long potnights aü area C.


51.

TABIJE I Comparison of eatch in areae .â, and. 0 ford.iflerent potnights using J-arge, sma1l

"n¿gap pots.

AREA A

Potlyre

No.ofPots

Av. Pot-NightPeriod.(nrs)

Av.Deoth(F^thns)

Aatch/1Q Pots

fn Í¡ flake Take%

Irarge 5 21 12 17e ,56 voo 56.2

Gap 1 20 12 v , 100

SnaII v 21 12 120' 2?ß 66 4.6

Ï.,arge 7 , 14 12?+ 560 279 15.2

Gap 4 5 15 1200 ,48 185 12.O

Snal1 10 6+ 1+ 1611 tBo 1t5 6.8

AREA C

large 2 2t 22 70 1BO 175 8t.tGap

Small 9 24 21 1BO 241 192 +5.6

Irarge 8 4 24 284 B8 59 15.9

Gap 6 4 2' 158 48 ,8 19.4

Sna11 B 4 2' to 46 ,o 19.5


t2.

In area 3, fishing long potnights (2t-27 hrl) thegap pots fisheiL more effectively (gO takeable crabs/10 pots ot 65%) th.an sma1l pots (5O/1O pots or 2V.1%).(tabte 9). OnIy one large poù was available fors6nparison w"ith the snall pots and. therefore tb,ieconparison is inoonclusive.

Ia area G, using netlium length (8å nrs) potnights thelarge pots fishetl most effecüively (29O takeable crabs,/lO pots or 86.8%). . The small pots were less efficient(225/10 pots or 97.8%) tnan the large pots, but moreefficient than the gap pots (17O/1O pots or 96%).(naute 9).

TÂ3UE 9 Comparison of catch in areas B and G usinglarge, small and. gap pots.

ARE¡. B

Ílhe data in lab1es B anil ! are too sparse to show welldefined patterns. The trend is that large pots fisbbetter than sma11 pots d.uring short potnigbts and. thatgap pots fish better üha¡ snall pots. This tenclencyis apparent al-so for the l-onger potnights which in allcases increaeed. taleable catches.

PotSype

No.ofPots

Av. Pot-NishtPeriotl(Hrs)

Av.Depth(¡'tnms)

Catch/1O Pots

fn m Take Take%

Large 1 27 27 4 4 100

Gap t 27 27 vv 9o 80 65

S¡na11 6 27 2t 1tø 80 ,o 21.1

AREA G

Irarge t 8å 28 7 v27 290 86.8

Gap , B+ 28 7 170 170 96.o

Snall 4 8t to 5 22V 22t 97.g


,r.

From previous work done on escape gap effectivenees inrock lobster pots, bf Ritchie (f966), Street (1966) and.

Bain (1967), it h.as been d.emonstratecl conclusively ühaü

escape gaps in rock lobster pots not only red.uce thecatch of smalL rock lobsters and. hence pot hand.ling tine tbuü also increase the catch of larger rock lobsters. Thisappears to be true also for the southern spid.er crab.However, ratber than putting escape gaps ín potsr a morÐ

satisfactory nethod. to ensure liberation of small crabswould. be to use a large mesh pot covering (at least 4tt

mesh).

( e) Size of L@iffeqenlqasþj.ng--Àr9-æ.Carapace length (C.L.) was the simplest and most easilymeasured. paramet-er, and- I,{as used- for comparisons of thesj-ze and. composition of the catches in d.ifferent areas.Figures 2 and. 1 show the carapace length frequencyd.istribution (e4pressed. as percentages) of crabs fromfive pots in each of areas A, Br C and Gr and- from twopots from area E.

At areas ,4. ancl C the crab siz,e d.istributions hlere

appr,oximately norinal although the mod-al size of males

was Tri-gher in C than A. Females were of a simil-ar sizein both areas.

In areas B, E and. G males wer.e largerr md femal-es üIere

far less nunerous tharr in areas A and. C. Histogramsfor females a'b ê. alcl C were prepared- from sub-samples of

\O/pof, whereas only 9 females r¡/ere caught/l pots at B;

2/9 pots at G; anð' O/?- Pots at E-

The puberty moult of spid-er crabs is the terminal moult(HartnoÌÌ, 1961; Knud.sen, 196+) (see p-84 for furtherd.iscussion), therefore a higher proportion of i-arge rnales

in areas B, B and- G than in areas.A. and- C possibl-y incLicate,s

a hig5her proportion of mature males in B, E and. G than inA and- C (see p"19, and. 82 et sqq.).Figs. 2 and- , also show

that in February the J-arge males are separated. fron most

of the females. Large males occur mostly in the deeper

water off Ewing Island and, YuIe Is1and., off Snith Harbourt


20

"/" o

20

mu$

7'O 8.O 9.oln

length frequency percentage d.ist¡ibution ofIlarbour) ; B (Ewing IslancLÆule Ista¡ct) a¡ct

Islalcls, February 1Çl0.

crabs from northern areasC (Dund.as Island,/Green

AREÂ E

8.O 9.Oln

!'IG. ,. Carapaee ).engbh frequency percentage

d.istribution of crabs frorn southern areas E (SnithHarbour), and. G (Carntey Harbour Entrance), Auckland

Islands, February 1970.

A

40

"1"

40

,!Nt

4.O 5.O

FIG. 2. CarapaceA (Sarahrs Bosonlslanil), Aucklarrd

6.O


ii.

and. at tbe entrance to carnley Harbour, and occur ínsmaller numbers (relative to tbe total catch) inSarahr s Bosom Harbour. Small (lnnature?) males and

females occur mostly in the shallower waters of Sarahrs

Bosom Harbour, and. along the Dund.as Island/Green fslancl

reef complex, and. are uncommon in the d.eeper afleaa

outlined. above. Unfortunatel-y, the d.ata collected' gives

no information on the abund"ance a¡rd. distributÍon of crabs

smaLler than 4.Oin C.I-,. Different d.iet (?) and' clifferentd.istribution (water sh.allower than 10 fathons?) may have

preclud-ed the aÌ;'fraction of small crabs to the pots.

(f) Size,/\,^Ieight R-e-laiionship and- the Different Phases ofthe Exoskeleton

The carapace length (C.1,.)/totaL weight (W) relatíonshipfor crabs of all sizes is curvilinear with weight

inereasing at a lesser rate than carapace length incrabs(5.O" C.l. and- weiSht increasing at a greater ratethan carapace length in crabs)6.5'r C.Ir. (X'ig. 4r curva a).If takeable crabs (àr.5" c.l.) of alL exoskeleton phases

(i.e., d-ark, intermed.iate, andlight phase) ale consid-ered-

the C.!. /\tr reLabionship cafi reasonabJ.y be interpreted- as

isometric (Fig. 41 curve b). Curve b is fitted. by lll =

15.28 C.L. 1?2.2 with r = .88, and. was constructed- from

carapace length/weight d,ata from 75 takeable crabs from

areas Ar C a¡d. G.

Figure 5 represents a further breakilornm of C.f,.r/lf d-ata

from crabs sampled- in area A, and. shows that d-ifferentcurves can be calculated, for crabs of d.ifferent exoskeletonpb.ases. The curves for d.ark phase (Id = 22.+B C.L. 96.18) t

intermed.iate phase (W = 21.56 C.L. 91.+9), an¿ tightphase (trü = 1?.O1 C.L. 61.+9) male crabs show that crabs

of the sane size increase in weight fron light to d-ark

phase. llhese weight d.if f erences are caused. partly by

exoskeleton a¡rci- epifauna weight d'ifferences arrd- also by

meat content d-ifferences i-n crabs of the d.ifferentexoskeleton phases (see p. 41 , a:0.d. lnkster p.69 et €Sg.).


76.

The scatter d.iagrarn for males (Fig. Ð also shows thatthe great najority of the rarge crabs were d.a¡k phasg.Da¡k phase crabs are probabry those that have uad.ergonethe terninal puberty mourt (p. g4) and thusr âs would. bee:qlected., are larger than prepuberty (tight phase andsome intermedÍate phase) males. However, dark phasecrabs occurred. d.or'¡n to 4.!rt C.I¡. and this indicates thatthe puberùy nouLt nay take place over a consid.erable sizerange.

Ìla-Les were not exanined for maturity criteria anct it ispossibre that prepuberty noults a¡e spaced. sufficientlyfor the carapace to assume the d.ark phase cbaracteristicsof substantial over-growth by encrusting organisms.tr'emales generally show the same trend. in that d.ark phasecrabs ([/ = 6.50 c.I,. 14.02) are heavier tb.an lightphase crabs (!,¡ = G.11 C.TJ. 1V.BA) of the sgme carapacelength. Intermed.iate phase females (lf = ?.g? C.T.,.22.26) ed¡ibit an anomalous trend.. This is probabryd.ue to the smal] sample size and. the subjectivity of theintermed-iate phase category. Hovrever, this category hasvarue in that it ind.icates that not aÌl crabs of the s'mesize moult at the sâme time.[he scatter d.iagram for females (Fig. Ð also shows thatthe puberty mourt can occur over the whole size rangê offemal-es that enter the pots (4.oin - 6.oin c.l.). [hespread. of sizes of the three exoskereùon phase categoriesmakes it unlikely that moulting (and hence growth) occursafter the attainment of tb.e d.ark phase. Tabre 14 showsthat there is high correration between d.ark and. inter-rned.iate phase and. maturity as d.etermined by the presenceOf eXüefnal ecløÊ


+¿col0)

72o+to'+J

t7.

2'4'6 in '8 1025

c o ro poce I en gth

Carapace length/total wei-glt relationshiq-{o" malecrab's from Sãrah's Bosom Harbour, Feb. 1970Curve â. C,.L./W relationship fot 219 la1es of all;i;;; (iittãa'uy eye)- cur-ve b, c.L./\tr reLationshiptor ?5 mares >5.5" c-L- (!ü = )5-28 c.L' 172'2,r = .88).

FIG. 4


D

X

L

moles. n:41 r:.946o n = 15 ¡ =.945on=31 r:887

femolesD ' n = 4¡ r:.766

X o n=47 r:'828L ôn=g2 r='789

o.oo.Á

o

'1:^'a \->¡coo

FTG. q

ì9' .//a âo

Carapace lengthr/totalIines for a sample ofD = d.ark phase crabs,phase crabs.

weight scatter d.iagrans a-nd. regressiorrcrabs fron Sa¡ahrs Bosom Harbour, Feb. 1970.f, = intermed.Íate phase crabs ¡ ârrd. I = lighü


t9.

From a consid-eration of the epizoic growths of thecrab carapaces (especially ectoprocts and polychaetes)D. Eggleston (pers; conm.) end.orses the writerrs viewsthat it íe possibly more than 1 or 2 years since some

d-ark phase crabs last mou1ted., wbile the light pb'ase

exoskel-etons utere probably only a few months old-.

Intermediate phase exoskeletons usually appear to be

intermed-iate in âBer but ectoproct colonies on some

relatively clean intermed-iate phase carapaces ind.icatethat these may be as o1d- as d.ark phase exoskeletons.

The frequency of occurrence of erabs in Ùhe d-ifferentexoskeleton phases from five areas (/\, Br Cr E and- G)

and. for the total catch examined- are given in llable'lO.In areas A, C a¡rd. G ttre proportions of maLes in thed-ifferent phases vrere similar. fhe high proportion ofd.ark phase males at B reinforces evid-ence for clisjunctivesex d.istribution as shown by the size frequency d.i-strib-utions (Fig. 2), i.e., that large, mature mal-es (area B)

tend-ed. to be .sepgregated- from smal-ler mal-es a¡rd. females(areas A a:rd- C). ltales from areas E and- G are alsolarge (fie. 7) , yet are predominantJ-y light orintermed-iate phase. Vlith the subjective classificationof light, intermed-iate, and. d.ark phases it was notpossi-ble to d.istinguish the crabs at E and- G (fignteoloured., lacking epizoic growbkr, thick shelLed-), fromthe wid.ely occurring recentl-y moulted- males (figntcoloured., lacking epizoíc growth, thin or even softshelled), which were found. at aII localities. Large

males at E and. G probably Lacked. epizoic Srowth because

the smooth, sand. sea fl-oor they inhabited- lacked-

encrusting organisms. Stony sea floors comnonly had

much encrusti-nçç g;rowth (tn:"s was revealed by stones,sponges, molLuscs, polyzoans, polychaetes, red algaetetc., ad.hering to the crab pots), and' large mature crabs


40.

caught at these areas were sinilarly heavily encrusted..Larval life of the t¡rical encrusting orgau.isms(ponotocerid polychaetes and. polyzoans) is short (D,Eggleston, pers. com) with consequent hearry 1arvalsettlement and. growbh near the parent organism.

Inkster (p. 75) has suggested. phenotypic adaptation ofcarapace colour to the substrate for the light coloured.crabs at area G, but this is unlikely.The occurrence of rrlightrr and. rrdar¡krr populations ofmature nales implies that exbensive and_ frequentmigrations of the crabs across d.ifferent t¡res of seafloor d.o not occur otherwise all post-puberty moultcrabs wou1d. be e>çosed. to larval settlenent ôuringmigration. IIowever, there is evitlence for shallowwater nigrations and. an annus] reproductj-ve nigrationof the crabs (p.82).

.

No d.istinct populations of 'rlight'r coloured. maturefemales hrere noted. and. d-ark phase females in berry vreremore abunclant than tight phase females (pre-pubertymoult females) i-n all areas (TabJ-e 10). This probablyj-nd-icates the presence of several year classes of maturefemales in the areas where females are common.

TABIE 10 Frequency percentage of light, intermed.iateand d.ark phase crabs samplecl át lived,ifferent areas and. in the whole catch.Âuckland. Islands, Februatl 19TO.

Area

Males Females

No.ofCrabs

% Phase of Mou1t No.ofCrabs

% Pbase of lloultLisht fntermed.. Dark light Intermed. Dark

A

B

c

E

G

À11Areas

Conbined.

78¡,

40

200

21

1V+

7Bo

14.7

1r.o

4r.O

oo.o

+5.5

76.9

27.9

22.5

22.O

91.1

20.9

27.4

t7.v62.5

t7.o8.7

11.6

tg.B

VtÆ

10

129

a

481

27.6

10.o

19.+

24.9

11.2

17.1

26.6

4'1 .2

90.o

61.6

100

48.4


+1.

Dark phase crabs are h.eavier than rÍght phase crabsat any given rength (x'ig. 5). observations mad.eclurln8 the present survey euggested that thesediffenenceg were d.ue to exoskereton and. epifaunaweight d.Ífferences, but fnkster (p. 6Ð shows that

sectioned weight as a proportion of green weight i.shigher in dark phase th.an in ligbt phase crabs.Inksterr s d.ata ís tabulated. below.

r.â,BlE 11 ÏIeight (l^lt.¡ _analvsis_of whole, cooked., and.sectioned. crabs from Sarab.ts Bósom Harbour -(after Inkster, 1969).

Dark PhaseCrabs

Light PhaeeCrabe

No. of crabs 87 +2

Total weight of crabs 221 Ib 9' 1b

-â,verage weight of crabs 2Lb8$oz 21b7+ozSectioned. weight of crabs 174 rb 52 Lb

Cooked., sectioned. wb. of crabs 119 ta ,8 rbSection wb, as ?t af total rdt. æ.6% 55.9%

Cooked, ut. as % of total Írt. 5r.9% tÐ.9%

Cooked. rrt. as % of sectioned- urb. ge.g% 7r.1?6


42.

Sectioned weight as a proportion of green weight may

vary sligbtly with size (althougb the rleân size ofInkster's light phase a¡rd. d.ark phase crabs is sinilar),however, d.ata from 10 randonly selected crabs weigheil

before and. after sectioning d.uring the present surveysuggested only a small rand.om variation in sectionedweight as a proportion of green weight in the V Lb

8 oz 6 tb size rarì.ge¡ e.g.!

green lrb septlpned vrt as % of green wt

-

t tbSoz 66%

TLblOoz 71

4lbZoz 6?

41b7oz 69

4lb6oz 70

41b8oz- 724 lb 11 oz 69.

4lb11oz 71

5 lbloz 7O

61bOoz 67

The above d.ata gives a mear. value of 69% fot sectioned.weight as a percentage of the green weight.

R.J. Rae (pers. cotlt.) achieved- a Vr?', by weight meat

extraction from sectioned. crabs. llhis represents a

thorougb removal of all meat 25% is probably a more

realistic working figure.From a sanple of several pots in each area the catchof takeable crabs, mean €çreerL weight, total sectioned-weight a¡rd total meat weight v¡ere deternined. assumìng

that sectioned. weight is 69% of green weight and' meat

weight is 25% of the sectioned. weight (Table '12).


IABLE 12

41.

lteigbt estimates .of takeable crabs sampled.from tbe catch at four fishing areas in theÀuckland. Island.s, Februar¡r 1970.

Area

No. ofPoüsCatehMeasured.

No.Take-ableCrabs

Av.l,leighüofCrab

lrlt of Takeabl-e Ctabs/1O Pots

tr{hoIelÍt.

Sect-ioned.Ilt.

MeatOnlyIâIt.

A 12 voo 2lb 9oz *, Lb /l'l,l Ib 111 Ib

B 4 27 4Lb1!oz t27 rb 226 Ib ,7 rb

c 7 14' 7Lb loz 627 rb 41t rb 108 1b

tt 5 1V' 4lb11oz. 1242 Lb 8r7 Lb 214 rb

The d.ata of Table 12 ind.icate ùhat fishing in area G

(Carnley Harbour) returned. twice the crab meat weightr/pot that fishing in areas A (Sarahrs Bosom Harbour)and. C (Uunaas Island- - Green Island. reef systen)returned-, and. four times the meat weight /pot thatfishing in area B (outsid.e Ewing Island. to YuIe Island.)returned..

(g) Reproiluctive State of the Crabs during X'ebruary

Female crabs vrere examined- f or exoskeleton phase ( see

above) and. for state of berry (tne presence and.

quantity of eggs carried. beneaùh the abd.onen). Allfemales in berry carried. eggs of the sgme size, colour,and. stage of d.evelopment. From six females which Ì'¡ereueed. for the fecund.ity estimates (tr.ig. 6 and. llable 1)) ,small ra¡rdom samples totaLling 128 eggs were measured..{Ihis gave a mean egg d.iameter of 0.94 rnrn æ¿ a stand.ardd.eviation of O.11O. ALI e6gs i^¡ere at an early d.evelop-mental stage and. consisted of masses of bright orangeyoLk material which lacked. any sign of internal structure.


44.

Figure 6 shows that for the six berried. females exnmined.a crose correLation exists between carapace length and.

egg number. A fenale of 4.Or, (10.,1 cn) C.Ir. carried.tT rrOO external eggs and. a f emale of 5.Ott (12.6 cn) C.Il.carried. 71r2oo externar eggs. Egg numbers increased. atapproximately 6t7OO eggs per O.29,, (0.6+ cn) increase incarapace length.

Table 14 shows a high correLation between furr berry and.

d.ark exoskel-eton phase, a¡d. between racking berry andlight exoskeleton phase. Numbers of partly bemied.femares in j-ntermed-iate exoskel-eton phase together withthe early d.evelopmental- stage of the eggs ind.icates thategg laying occurs in February.

Examination of the ovaries of femal_es in full_ bemyshowed. that they vrere tube-like, Iumpy, Iight f arun incolour, and. appeared. t¡>ical of a post-spawning orregressi-ng crustaceau. ovary. The ovaries of partly-berried. females were d.istend.ed. (twice the d.iameter ofthose crabs in fully bemy) and. full of orarge eggs.Iright exoskeleton phase females without bemy had.

ovaries which were at a stage of d.evelopment mid.waybetween the former two t¡pes. The ovaries were notfully d.istend.ed- and. contained. yel1ow eggs which weresomewhat smarl-er than the ovarian eggs of partly berried_femaLes. lrhese crabs were thus either at an earr-ierd.evelopmental stage than the great majority of fenalesexamined- (no d,ark phase females vrere found. ín thiscond.ition) or r4rere prepuberty moult femares the ovariesof which Ï¡ere und.ergoing seasonar d.evelopment simirarto mature ovaries without producing mature eggs capabreof being fertilized.Exarnination of males to d-etermine the cond.ition of thetestes was not attempted. one or two males exud.ed. acLear fluid. fron the copuJ-atory append.ages aftercapture.


4r"

At Sarah¡g Bosom Earbour in the å.iickland. -r',-l-and's and

Davis Point, Perserverance Harbour, campbell- Islancl,snall_ numbers of crabs sma]-ler than l.oin c"Ir" and. inth.e light exoskeleton phase hacl at¡domens j-nbermecliate

in shape between male and- f emale " -â.s these crabs

carriect nornal. female pIèopods ¿¡ncl. had. ilevelopingovaries, tbey are thought to be prepuberty noultfemales (pers. colrun. J.C. Teld.w¡rn).

The reproductive biology of the southern spi.d.er crab

is d.iscussed. further on p.82 É. -g9g."

f¡Ä3LE 1e Carapace lengthn_gle9n. weight, weight of . erbernaleggs ancL extiapòlatea total number of erbernal eggsfõi 6 crabs samFled from Sarahrs Boson Harbourt6.2.7O.

No.

C.Ir. green wb. Total wb.ova (gm)

Sample wt.ova (en)

SanpleNo"Ova

Tota]-No.OvatD cn Ib oz gnû

1

2

t4

5

6

4"O 10.1

4.2 10.8

4.' 11.'4.6 11.7

4.? 12.O

5.O 12.6

o 11t 129

o 11+ '2to 111.- 119

1 o+ 47o

1 o+ +78

t jtæ,

14.21

24.70

1r.61

29"o,

25.O9

v8.28

o "125o.26'o.2+7

o.211

o.266

o"519

,11

495

476

79'

,17

592

,7,500

46,2OO

,o r1oo

47 1900

48r80O

?1r2o0


+6.

I

7

60

30

r/lo)o)C)

E40cLC)

PXC)

c onopoce length

FTG. 6 Nr¡mber of external eggslength for 6 ctark PhaseSarahr s Bosom Harbourt

related. to carapacefemale crabs from

6.2.?O .


47.

IABIJE 14 Distribution of exoskeleton phase arßdreprod.uctive state in fenale crabs exanineôfrom areas A and C, Auckland. Is1and.sttr'ebruar¡r 19?O.

exoskeleton phase

d-arkphase

intermed.iatephase

lightphase

No 108 101 99

C)-{)d

{J(r)

0)Þ.rl-poidoflp0)[-{

b0dÞ>.r{ f{¡{ frood.or{

¿qo\ 5 30 59

o){J(d

'r{-d Þ>oÉlÊ1 Êf-r q)o,Ô+É.rl

rôl'r\

5 23 25

Þ)rf Élrl Frã(l)

q-1 ,o

Ìc\\oç-

9B 50 15


49.

(U) Notee on Other Aninals in.the Fishins Areas

trarge nr¡nbers of Nectocarcinus bennetti, the smoothred. swírnning crab which occurs onty at canpberr rslandand. the Auckland. Island.s entened. the pots with the,,southern spícler crab. llhese crabs, alühough. numerousin alr the erçosed. fiehing areas, are probabry too enatr(z-r" in carapace length) to be commercially exproitáble.llhe rlapâneset fishing with beam trawl gear during thevoyage of the rrUnitaka Marurr (Inoue et aI f 968), caughtmany of these crabs and. consid.ered. them to be palatablebut less tasty than the southern spid.er crab. Ílhesmooth red. swiTnmlng crab ca¡ be caught on any type ofsea floor and. in areas of strong tidal currents wherethe southern spid.er crab d.oes not occur. one trawlshot mad.e v or 4 niles offshore on a frat sea floorapproximately halfway d.orcn the eastern side of auckland.Island. yíe1d.ed. severaL hund.red. smooth red..swinming crabsbut no southern spid.er crabs.

A second. species of switnrning crab, lTectocarcínusantarcticus the hairy red. swirnrning crab u¡hich alsooccurs throughout New Zealand., entered. pots in protected.waters¡ €.9. insid.e the entrence to snith Earbour. {[hiscrab was never as prentifur as the smooth red. swinmingcrab.

one pot set off Masked. Tsl-and. in upper carnLey Earbouryierd.ed. two specimens of the New Zealand. cancer crab,Cancer novae-zeland.Íae.

Mourts of the camoufrage crab reptomithrax australiewere carnmenr y found. on all gravel .and. bould.er beachesexamined., but no live camouflage crabs trere potted. atth.e Auckrand. rsrand.s. one r-ive epecimen was caught ina crab pot at Erebus Point, CemFbell fsland..No New Zealand. rock lobsters Jasus ed.warrlsii were caughtat either the -å'uckla¡d. rsland.s or campbell rsland..


¿|9.

ÍIwo species of fish weIte commonly caught when crab

pgts vÍere set over foul sea bottoms. These were the

Iarge nototbenid No'lgq@tg giig}sgllglg or I'b1ack

cod' and. the smaller blue cod.-like @, .!.!}4!.llhe ftesh of these fish is white and- is palatable but

inva¡iably nenatocles occurred' amongst the víscera a¡rd'

along the spine. Analysis of notothenid. stomach

contents showeil that salps and- red- algae vüere the main

food. iteros witb. the occasional snall specimens of ân

r¡nid.entified. blenay, and- canouflage crabs'

Two specíes of mussel hlere very common at botb the

Auckland. Island.s and. canpbell Island.. {lhe ribbed

mussel Aulacomya maoriana rn¡as fOUnd. On a variety ofsubstrates throughout the l-ittoral zone, and- small (up

to 2.Ocm long) specimens were semmofÌ within the

branchial chamber and attached- to the giIls of large

d.ark phase male crabs. The blue nussel Mytilus ed-ulis

aoteanus was found. in thick clusters toward-s the 10w

tide level anil also below tb.e low tid-e ]-evel especiallywhere freshwater infl-uence l^Ias consid.erabl-e.

The main pred.ator of the southern spì-der crab is probably

the sea lj,on NeoBhoca forsteri. Dr Fall-a has observed'

from examination of sea lion vomit that the d-iet changes

from sea birds, to soft-shel-Ied- southern spider crabs

d.uring March. Parad"oxically the largest catches of crabs

were mad.e off sa¡rd.y Bay, sarahts Bosom Harbour, where tbere

is a large colonY of sea lions'

' -@e11 Island-

As a Teasonable coverage of the major likely fishing areas at

the Auckland Isla¡.d-s was made, it was d.ecided to extend" üb'e scope of

the survey by briefly investigating the east coast of campbell Islsnd'"


50.

The fisblng nethods and Localities for Campbell Island. ared.etailetl on p.1t and Tab1e 2. fn general the southern spid.er crabcatch at CFmpbeII leland. was verJr poor. llhe conplete catch d.atais given in Appenclix II, and. only the following catch analysis hasbeen attenptetl:

(a) Distribution of total crab catch by area

(b) Distribution of Snooth lrrater Bay crab catch by d.epth

(c) Distribution of catch by potnight periotl

(d) Fishins efficiency of the tlifferent pots

(a) Distribution of Total Crab Catcb. by Area

Total crab catches in each. area are given below(rabte 15).

|[Â3LE 1q total C¡ab Catch by Area - Canpbell Is1and

lrca' SctNo.

Pots/Set

Crabs/Set Crabs/1O PotJin each Set Crabe/1O poùs

.rm m Take T¡û m lakc IM m lakcA 10 6 'l + 4 1.? 6.i 6.?

11 , t 1 1 6 2 2 2.5 t.8 7.112 5 1 2

B 1 t u 4 57 17

2 3 I 11 1 27 ,7 z7 28 1? t.tt 3

6 7 9 5 t 3O 16.? 10

c 4 1 61 7 207 lo ì6a 1

5 4 1222 4o 4 ,o55 100 10 888 12t 75

7 6 1O25 140 6l 1?OB 2tt 105 ))

17 9 2 126 't19 2.? 140 13214 t 10 10 t3 tt )

D I t 171 66 61 _5,?0 220 20, ) 'tg'l 115 94

9 6 1 t8 24 't.7 6t 4o


51.

|[he ctata in [ab]e 15 show that the areas of greatestcatch of takeable crabs, in order of abunclancer vlere

as follows:(1) Inshore off the north alxd. soutb head.land.e of

North East Earbour (area D) - 94 takeable erabsr/

10 pots (cf. 216/10 pots at the entrance toCarnley Harbour, Aucklancl Island.s) .

(ii) Smooth \,trater Bay (area C) 75/10 pots-

(iii) Perserverance Harbour (area B) t.r/1o pots.

(iv) Between South Point and. l{onumenü Harbour (areaA) V.1/1o pots-

The total catch by area d.ata also shows that femalespred_omi-nated. in the catches in areas B, c and. D; thecatch at area A was so poor that the d-ata are

inconclusive.

The largest catches of fenales were mad.e at area c,This is discussed- further und.er crab d.ietribution by

d.eptb, below.

(U) Distr,ibution by gnooth l^Jater Bal¡ Crab Catch by Depth

Smooth ltater Bay ( area C) waÉ¡ the only area fishedwhich allowed. neaningful comparj.sons of catches atd.ifferent d.epths. Tour sets (5, ?, 1t ancl 14) were

mad.e from the central inshore area to 2-ã ¡oiles off-ehore from the central bay area (Uap 4). The d,ata inîable 16 show that females oecurred. in large numbers

(lZ16/10 pots) ia 29-29 fatbons, and' decreased innumber with depth increases until 40-44 fathoms, where

only 4/1O pots we?e caught. There ïÍere no f enales ind.epths over 45 fathon,s¡

Male crabs sbow a complementarTr d.istrlbution 19A/rcpots at 2r-29 fathons of whicb only ,O/1O pots or 0.996

of the total catch was takeable, increasing to a maxi¡num

of 2t6/1O pots at 4O-4/+ fathoms, of which 228/1q pots or951ø of the total eatch was takeable. At d.epths Sreater


52.

than ¿t4 fathons the catch of both mal"es anct takeablecrabe d.ininishes, although all crabs caught Ìreretakeable. llakeable males appear to occur d.eeper atCanpbell Islancl than at the Atrcklanit fsland.s.

ÍI.ABL,E 16 Crab Oatcb va¡iation with depth; Snoothllfiater Bay., ÇnnFbell Islanil

(c) Distribution of Catch by Potnight Period.

All but four pots were set over-night at Çampbellïsland. thus no worthwbile comparisons of catches fromd.ifferent potnight period.s can be mad.e. llhe three potsset for 2$-4 hr potnights in Perserverance Harbourreturned, very poor catches which probably d.id, not var¡rsignificantly from the longer potnight catches in thesame area (eee Appendix II area B).

(d) X'ishins Efficiency of the Different Pots

The catcb of pots at Snooth !/ater Bay, where femalesvJere numerous, gave an indication of the fishingefficj"ency of the d.ifferent pots. Data frou sets 5

arrd ? ([able 17), show that large pote caught fewerfemales, but greater numbers (and a hlgber percentageof the total nr¡mber) of takeable crabs than either snallor Bap pots. Gap pots sinilarly caugbt fewer fenales

Depthinfathous

No.ofDots

Catch Aateh-/1O poüs

fn m |Iake fm n rÍeke Fa}.e %

2r-29 5 1608 95 1' 7216 190 70 o.9

7A-V4 2 469 25 214' 12' o.o

t5-19 1 170 19 11 17OO 190 110 7.8

40-4ll 5 2 118 11+ 4 21o 228 9'4r-49 B 57 ,4 71 68 95

,o-54 1 2 2 20 20 100


Ê.Ã/ )-

and. more takeatrle crabs tha¡r small pots. Hohreveï,this data is sparse and. the d.epths at which the potswere fished. influenced. the catch, butr âs at theAuckLand fsla¡rd.¡i, pots wlth very large mesh or withescape Baps were ûore efficient tha¡r pots v¡hich d.o notallow small crabs to escape.

TABI,E 17 Comparison of catch at Snooth Water tsay (sets5 air¿ 7) using large, small ancl ççap pots.

The size/weight relatiouship, exoskeleton phase, and_

reproductive data coLlected from crabs at CampbellIsland are not cli-scussed in this report, because theyhrere consid.ered to be very sinil_ar to the sâme d_atarrollc'c'bed. from the Auckland. Island_ clrabs. fn thewriter's opinion, the numbers and. area occupied. bytakeable crabs at CampbelJ- IsLa¡rd_ probably precludesthe chance of profitable fishing the,re.

Tmeof

Pots

No. ofPots

Av. Depth(Ftri¡ns)

Catch/1O Pots

frn m Take [ake ?,i'

Irarge 2 v5 17' 120 180 27

GaB 2 1t+ 1095 115 )5 +"1

SnaIl 6 ,o tt2? 11' 1t o


54.

NOTE,S ON PROCESSING CRÂBS AT'TER CÂPTIIRE

N.F. Parsons, R.J. Rae and. l.D. Ritchie

The following method.s of processing were tried on M.F.V.rrlluatearr during this surrey.

(1) trlhole crab, uncooked., frozen(2) Sectioned. crab, washed., uacoo'ked., frozen

3) lJhole crab, boiled., frozen(4) Sectioned- crab, washed., boiled., frozen(5) hlhole crab, steemed., d.rained., frozen(6) Sectioned. crab, washed., steerned., d.rained., frozen.

(a) Cookins

Cooking hras carried. out j.n a stainless steel electríccooker of Vft x 71t x 2ft 6ins ínternal d.inensionsïrith immersion heaters of lBKw capacity recessed. in Ithe bottom. tr'rom coLd. (approxinately lOoC) a fullcooker of sea water took V+ fus to boil and. was thusuneconomic. Hod.ifications to the cooking facilitiesinclud.ed. running salt water through the ship I s wetbackhot water system for preheating. Hor*ever, steaming wiühjust enough preheated. water to cover the inrnersion heatersproved. the quickest, most economical and. practicablemethod. of cooking.

l{cAllister (196?) states that I'd.uê to nany factorsr Do

d.efinite cooking time for any crab species is of much-valuerr. He ad.d,s that the best test is the minimumcooking time until tb.e tend.ons from the largest sectionsof the legs come out clean (í.e. free of neat) when thecooked" leg is broken at a joint. fnkster tried. cookingtimes of 6, B and. '10 ninutes (p.?j). During this surveyvre d.uplicated. these cooking times, but found. up to 20minutes r.ras necessarJr before the tend.ons of the legsections cane away cleanly frorn the meat.


,r.

Tbe biggest d.isad.vantages of boiling are that no

matter bow the crabs were packed. in the wire baske'b ofthe cooker and. no matter how carefully the crabs vrere

handled. t \U/o+ of the boiled crabs l-ost one or more

Iegs d.uring cooking. R.J. Rae is of the opinion thettprocess (5) above, steamed.rwhole crabs, lvhich have been

carefully packed. "nose down" in the wire coolcing basket,steamed. for zr-tA minutes, removed, washed- with sea water,d.rained- and. placed. in the freezer at 1}-15otr', was themost practicable method- for processing aboard. the "Tuatea"on the present survey. This process minimised. leg lossd.uring cooking and. l-ater hand.ling,, l¡ut has the d.isad.van'bage

that much freezet space is required"

(U) Sectionins of CrabSectionj-ng or butchering of crabs uras carriecl out usinga 6" 1ong, pointed., clouble-blad.ecl Ìrrif e mounùed. verticall-yon the edge of a üabÌe . The crab, caa.apace toward-s f he

operator, was brought d-own "taj-l- first" on tl-e larifewhich passecr the full- length of the bod.y. The erat¡ was

then bent away fronr the operator and. trvi-sted. from sid.e

to sj-d.e until the carapace and. viscera cane l"ree and-

fel-L to a scrap bucket and. the feg sections, eacTr witbhal-f the sternum (ventral skeletal area) with legmuscuLature erncl giJ.ls attached., vrere freed. for washing.These leg sections viere de-gilled antl were thoroughlywashed, and. brushed to reûove traces of ruptured. visceraand bl-ood. Sections vrere stacked. in the wj-re baskettsteamed. for 2A-2, minutes, d.rained., washed-, packed inpolytb.ene or fish carbons a¡,cL frozen.

Crab meat in the sections started. to turn black(especially at the cut i¡ruscle fibr:e end.s) eitlier 1's-2Q

minutes after secbiorring oï eookin¡5. [hclr..ougli washingof raç¡ sectj-c.¡ns for: jU lninutcs iu mnning s¿rlt waterd"id not ilriplove this"'r.rloori stainin¡1". iiowc'-verr if 'bhe

ureat 'vi/aí:; r'ernoved -inrneúierüeìy f::oin r':lpidly cooled secùionsaf ter cooking " bloocl s tai-nj-ng;" lvcìs a.l-l-eviated to a

consi,:.erabl-e extcnt .


56.

McAllister (1967) stresses that rapid. cooling bydunking the cooked. crab d.irectly into colÖ over-flowing fresh water is necessarif to prod.uce topquality crab meat.

(c) Survival of the crabs after capture

Dead. crabs could. not be processed. as t'blood. stainingtloccurred- rapid.ly after d.eatb especiarry in the areaswhere the legs joined. the bod.y. Four to 6 hrs afterd.eath legs wouId. read,ily d.rop off crabs and. the tbrood.

s¡¿iningrr was very ad.vanced.. crabs cour-d. be processed.the sane d.ay that they were potted. or at the ratesü,the following morning.

Crabs lived_ for 24-]O hrs when placed. one d.eep inprastic fish boxes and. sheltered. from light and. wi¿d-.|[he dark phase ind.ivid-ual-s tend.ed. to survive rongerthan the light phase ind.ivid-ual-s. survi-var of thecrabs on d-eckr even in high wind-s, !úas up to 12 hrs ifthey r4rere placed- carapace upmost in d.eck fish pond-s a¡.d.

wetted- with fresh saLt water at 1:z hr intervals.As leg loss was a problem when cooking 1ive crabs,attempts were mad.e to kilt órabs by d,rowning in freshwater immed.lately prior to cooking. Dro!,¡ning took j+h-rs and- on a commercial scale would. require huge amountsof fresh water a¡d- was thus not consid.ered. practicable.rt is essential that crabs are alive up untir the timeof processing (l'tc¿ttister, 196?). During this surveyprocessing was d.one with live crabs on the d.ay ofcapture, therefore no attenpts were mad.e to extend. thelife of the crabs by "rive tanking. them aboard. the boat.rnkster (p.74) attenpted. 'rri,ve tanking' d.uring Novenber,but only managed to keep crabs arive for 4 hrs in ruaningsea water - considerably less than crabs fron this Burveykept wetted.r oî deck. McAl_lister (lgOÐ d.evotes much


5?.

attention to tbe construction of crab Live ¡nnks as used.

for the queen crab in the GuJ.f of St law¡ence and claimsthat water temperature in these tanks is very critical.He points out that su¡face water temperature is notnecessarily an ind.ication of temperatr¡¡e in the'crabshabitat and. that "Live tanking'r crabs in water even afew d.egrees F warner than the environmental temperaturewill greatly red.uce crab survival. McÂllister aLso

claims thatrrlive tanked." crabs must be able to raiseboth chelae (pinchers) or tbe survival is greatlyred.uced., and- that d.amaged, bleed.ing or floatiag crabsshould- never be placed. in l-ive tanks wíth healthy crabs.

If "live tankingil problems could. be overcome or if livestorage in ice $¡ere feasible the southern spid.er crabfishery migh.t be able to make use of existÍng crayfishprocessing establishnents in New Zealand_. However, itis generally agreed by those who have fished- e>çeriment-aIì-y at the Auckl-arrd. Island.s that a factory ship-typeoperation rvoul-d- be the most practicabl"e.

(d) Packaqins CrabPol¡rbhene lined. fish cartons, large polythene bags a:rd-

stackabl-e plastic fish boxes were used. for storing crabsin the freezer. Cartons are probabÌy id.eal for sectioned.crab, but are too smal_l for whole crab. Initially, wholecrabs, v¡hether cooked_ or raw, were seal_ed_ Í:e heavypoJ.ythene bags. later some crabs were packed. in plasticfish boxes insid.e large polythene bags, but it wasd.ifficurt to avoid. puncturing the polythene and- the fishkits mad-e freezing the erab a sl-ow process. Grazing ofsectioaed. crab was camied- out by Inkster (p.?5) after thesections had. been frozen for about 24 hours. 0f thefreezi-ug nethods mentioned. above, glazing wourd. probabtybe the ¡oost successfuL in preventing moisture ross.

(See Plates 4-7)


58.

IOG OF M.tr"V. ''{TUAITE¡.'' DI]RTNG TI|E SOUTEERN SPIDET,0RAS SÍJR]E,Y - tO.1.7O - 21.2.70

R.J. Rae

Frid.ay. zO.'l .7O

Preparing vessel for Auckland Island. voyage. G. Bland.ford.

aad. D. Arnold worked. by half day, Ioad.ing stores, nets, crayboomtetc. Opened. articles this day, at Ma¡ine Department Shippi¡g OfficetDuned.in.

Crew for Auck1and. fsLand,s voyage:

R.J. Rae¡ MasterN.¡r. Parsons, Ntate (cear Technologist, Fishing

Ind.ustry Board.)R. Stephens, EngineerG. Bland.ford., ABrlCook

D. Arnold-, AB

L.D. Ritchie, Deckhand. (Fistreries Bj.ol-ogist, tr'isheriesDivision, IúIarine Department)

J. Fettitt, Deckhand. (Photographer, "lVeek1y News")

Saturd.ay. ã'1 .'1 .70OgtO hrs, crew on board . Preparing vessel for sear load.i-ag

stores, crab pots, etc. 1r7O, left berth. 1610, mole en. abeam toport. 1?+5, Saund.ers Light abeam, set compass Uzo(I) 2208,19Oo std. = '18Oo strg . light SSW cond.itions, overcast and- clearrba¡ometer 10'18 mbs. 2O0O, bend- SSE, wind 5 knots, sligbt sea and.

swelI. Cl-ear sky - overcast to N, barometer 10'18 mbsr s€ temperatr¡¡e1t.roT. 21oQ, 8" fuel used. (= ,7.2 gallons). 24OOr Do wind., lightESE swe1I, clear skXr barometer 1018 mbs.

Sr:nd.ay, 1 .2 .70O4OO hrs, wind- light NNE 5 hrots, sligbt sea and. swel-l. CLear,

barometer 1016 mbs. Sea temperature 12.roC. Dead. reckoning 47o lOrS:1690 5o'8. o4r1, observed. positioî +?o 21's: 1690 ,?'F . ortot a/c21oo strg = 2160(T). 0600, sounder shows ,5 fathoms (?). Stopped


,9.

shipr put eod line over siôe - no bottom. Fiaally put 4 lines on(abouü 2¿+O fathons), stitl no botùom. Cnrised. over patch'withsor:Dd.er operating, finalty for¡nd 40 fatho¡ns (?). O93O, proceed.ed.

on 2100 std. = 216a(T) . 1720, úc 2070([) VOon, 1??6 std = 1670strg. 1610, vind" tllNW 12 hrots, see. slight, cloud.y, rain in sight,baromeùer 1O1O nbs aad. falling. 18OO, dead. reckoning position 48o

O/ S ¡ 1680 15'E 24OO ¡ wi-nd. S 2! hots , sea nod.erate , becomingrough, nod.erate s¡ye1l, barometer,lOlT mbs - red.uced. speed. - clear sky.

Mond-ay. 2.2.7Oo45O, observed. position 49o 11'S¿ 16?0 +7rI..

1016 mbs rising. O8OO, wind. Sïf 17 hrots, mod.. sea,and. clear, barometer 1O1l mbs rising. Compass 18Oo

217o(f). Og7O, 15 in fuel = 1OB.O gallons. 1200,sea slight, swell- mod-. , barometer 1016 qbs stead_y.

1600r hderby Island. beariag 18Oo compass x 'lg.Or. 184,d.ropped. anchor in Erebus Cove. 22oo, completed rigging crab potsfor use tomorrow. Westerly wind.o rain. barometet 1OOl.! mbs.

vteather off Þod.erby rsLand. - wind. west '18 knots, barometer1o1] rnbs falling, croud.y, rain in sight. Mod.. sêâ, heavy sweLl, seatemperature 'lO "lo0.

Tuesd.ay. 4.2.70O47O, turo to. Or2O weigh anchor, proceeding to drop first pots

Dear Shoe Island.. Ar+5, d-ropped. No. 1 pot. Comp.,,,about S.Vt (t),O71r, d-ropped. No. B, proceed.ing to Sand.y Bay. O?jO a¡rchored_. Ogil,breakfastr hand.s on- d.eck prepari-ng cray uoom. ogl l J,ifting gear.o9+5, picked. up No.'1 6r x 6r potr very d.ifficurt to get aboard., butfished. wel-r. 1o1r, d.ropped. No. 1 at sa¡ne position. 1o1o picked. upNo. 2r full of femal-e crabs. Drifting, sorting, sexing and. weighinscrabs. l7oor picked- up pots 51 61 7 and. B end. moved. out off Tulersland.. 1V4o set pots ,r 6, 7 and. B. 15oo, set remainder of gearat Green Isrand. - Du¡rd.as Island- . 1610, picked. up pots t and. 4 offOcean Isl-and. and. reset. Return to ¡rnchor. 1?tO, ancb.ored. in ErebusCove. Pumped. 14tr fuel = 1OO gallons.18oo/1rð' wx, Port Ross. wind. 12 knots, cloudy, fi-ne and. crear,internittent rai-n squalls all day, barometer 1OO, mbs. Crabs inlarge 6r x 6r pots (4u nesh) were nainly large males. Tb.is ind.icatesaD. eecape pot night f,isb better" ì{ust try ao¡ne escape gaps in 6t x }tpots tomomow.

0600, WX, barometerhearry swe}I, finestrg, 71oE =

wi:rd. SW, 1l knots,


60.

Wednesd.ay. 4.2.7O0610 left ancb.orage and. proceeðed. to Sanôy Bay. OTVO t

breakfast. OSOO , 12o fuel - 86.4 galloas. OSrOr worki^ng Sandy Bay

6ear. 1O+l vorki-ng Tule Island. gear. 1VO4r vorki-ng southera IuÌeIel,ancl gear. 1+17, working Green Island. - Duncl.as Island gear.'l6VO, last poü aboard and. proeeeding to Erebus Cove . 17rO anchored..18OO, tea. 19OO, changiag weùback hot water systen üo sea water and.

prepari-ug to cook crabs. 27rO, hande below.

18OO,/4th, WX, Erebus Cove, riad. N 20 h.ots, semi-conti.nuous¡ein squaLls, barometer 997 nbs falling - 10 nbs since OI+OOZ"

llhursd.ay. q.2.7O

A¡chored. at Erebus Cove. 0600, üurn to. Hand.s packing crabsti¿sulating boiler, pumping down fuel and. preparing after d.eck forprocessing erab. 0800, 12 in fuel = 86.4 ga1lons. 1ror, leftanchorage to work gear. 1rr7, set first pot. 1419, d.rop J.asù potof set. Move out to YuIe Islancl . 15V4rYule Island. gear aboard.Proceed.i-ng through Kekeno Channel (least d.epth 4 fathoms, f níIeoffshore). 1617, setting gear off Eanfield.. 1648, completed, and.

proceed.ing to enchorage i-n Chanbres Inlet. 177O, anchored. inChambres In1et. Hand.s naking up ri-ng pots. 1900, hand.s below.

lBOO/rþh WX, Chambres Inlet, wind. NW 20 lorots, NW squalls to,O krots d.uring afternooa, overcast, barometer 99O mbs.

Frid.ay. 6.2 .7OÂnchored. Chambres In1et. 0600, proceed.ing to geax. O7OO,

punped 9u fuel- = 64.8 gallons. OTOOr or gear off Haskell Bayr Do

crabs. Set time e>rperimentr 4 sets,7 pots/set, hauled. after ] houre,4 hours, 5 hor¡¡s and..6f hor.rrs. 17VO, completed., and. proceecling ErebusCove. 18tO I nnchored.. zVrO, completed. cooki¡S and. stowing belot - aloag day!

Saturd.ay. 7.2.70Anchored. in Erebus Cove. 0815, moved. out to Sand.y Bay. O8r0,

pnnped. 'lr" fuel = 91.6 gallons. O9OO, d.roppe¿ snmple gap pot - ,gaps - Rose Island. open on End.erby Island.. 1057, picked. up potgood. crabs. .188 fm + 49 n, take = 2t. Spend. d.ay evaluating cookiaggear. llried. d.rowai¡rg cuabs in fresh water - 1j[ brs. Seü up ateaminge4peri.ueut usi-ng 20 gal. sea water - 50 nin' to boil witb all eLemeatsgoil,g. Eand.s ashore in pn. 2OrO, noved. back to Erebus Cove. 21OO,

changed. wetback back to fresh water as steami-reg seems OK.Fisheries technical report no. 52 (1970)

61.

1ïOO/?tb wx, Erebus cove, wi-nd wNW 10 lorots s cloudy and

clea¡, barometer 1OO4 nbs. High winds and. heavy rain squal.ls

overnigb.t.

Sr¡nd.av. 8.2.7OOBOO, t¡rn to. O82O, teft ancborage for Green Island after

pulling pot left d.own overnigb.t - rro crabs, but lice had. taken baittand. also snails anct bivalve spat on remaining skin. OIOO pr:'nped' 6n

fuel = 47.2 gal. '1012, conrnenced. setting gearto NE of Green Isla¡'d..

1047, 10 pots set, retu¡ning to anchor at Ewing lela¡xd. 141r, leftEling Islancl for gear. 'l+rr, picked up first pot (No. 17) - 1618,

picked up last pot (No.4). OnIy last 2 pots (to tl ot set) had'

crabs. Very strong tid.e. 1670, proceed.ing to Cbambres Islet. 182rr

anchored. in Chambres InIeü " 2OrO, hand's below'

1BOO,/Bth. WX, off Chambres Inlet, wind. Wsrill 12 trnotsr cloud'y -intermittent rain squalls, barometer 1021 mbs, stead.y"

Mond.ay. a.2.7O-Anchorecl in Cha¡nbres Inlet. OSOO turn to. Or4O left ancborage,

pnnped. 10" fuel = ?2 gù. 0648, dropped two pots soutb' of Green

Islax.d. - these immed.iately Oisappeared. in the strong tid.e. Moved.

to north of Green Island. - Dund.as Island.. A817 r conmenced. dropping10 pots. 0816, completed., went to look for 2 pots on south sid-e.

11OO, ret¡rned to north and. picked up 10 pots. 1214, completed, and'

proceeding to Chambres In1et. 1170, wind. btowing west about lO knotstproceed.ing to Snith Ha¡bour. 15OO, ancb.ored. i:c Snith Harbor¡¡. Highwind.s, to 50 hots, in rain squalls throughout aight.

IBOOr/gth WX, Smith Harbour, wind. w 1, knots, overcast, rainequalls, baroneter 1O1O mbs, stead.y since O2OO7'. Wind. W 50-60 knote.heavy rain OOOOZ/O1OOZ.

Tuesd.ay. 10.2.70Auchored. in Snith Harbour. O8OO, breakf ast. lloo much wi¡od

ùo leave anchorage. Spent forenoon on shipboard maintenance. O9VO,

pumped 12n fuel = 86.4 gal. Heavy rain and bigb wind' aÌI Oay. 18OOt

crew ashore rain stopped., althougb westerly wind. about ]O hotset j.ll bJ-owing.

1gl11/1otb \tfx, Snith Harbour, wind. westerly ,O hotsr partcloud.y and clear, barometer 1OO2 mbs risinS, fell to 998 nbs about

O2OOZ. HeavT rai-n all d.ay.

v


62.

IIed.nesd.ay. 11.2.7OÁnchorecl ín snith Ea¡bou¡. o57o, teft anchorage. o6otr

dropped' Sear off 'faad.y Inlet. Dropped 5 groups of pote to ChaubresInlet and. last group betweeu Shag Rock and, Haufie1d. Ialet. OBO5,16 pots set - breakfast. 0845, <lrifting offshore i¡r 40 fms. llried.makesb,ift botton sanpler - shells and. sponge. O9OO, steamed. offshorelookiag for trawl ground.. 1o5o, shot gear away, tow 1 . 1or5, geartowing. 1125r lifted gea¡ as approachi-ng foul bottom - ni1 fish,only swimming crabs. 12OO, net stowed.. 1707, started lifting pots.1rr1, completed.. 1645, d.ropped I pots off waterfaLl rnret. j?15,anch'ored. in lVaterf all In1et a beautiful spot, rata in flower' and.almost flat calm. 1AVO, hand.s ashore. Found. 1942 Cape E:ped.ition Eut.Towecl planküon net wiùh dinghy and. outboard. - very poor,2 arrowworms,1 med.usa, 1 copepod.. '

21OO/11th WXr rtrIaterfall Inlet, wind. ITNIII 5 bots, clear sk¡r,barometer 10'18 mbs.

flhursd.ar¡. 12.2.7OA¡rchored in Waterfall Inlet. 0600, left anchorage and picked,

up 7 pots outsid.e. o77o, proceed.ed. to carnley Harbour. o9oo,pumped 14t' fuel = 102 gaI. Setti:rg gear off Stern Head- = Ad.ans Islanð.0916, completeil and. proceed.ed. up harbotln. Went iato Norùh Arn, passed.Epigwaitt- No sign visihle from ship of settlenent. 1+11, set gearoff Masked. rslard, then proceed.ed. to anchor at canp cove. crewashore found' camp fire and. signs of recent occupation in bush -cut saplings, etc. 1600, Ieft anchorage and. picked. up Masked. Island.gearrno Jacclu.inotia, 2 cancer crabs. 1?15-1Bi|B, picked. up carnleygear - 10 pots = 15001bs of large male crabs. 1g40, anchored. inBol]ons Bay and- cooked. crabs. 27OO, cooking completed., hand-s below.

18OOZ/12 IIIX, off Carnley Harbour, wind- rlÍ ! knots, overcast, rainin sight, barometer 1OO9 mbs.

X'rid-ay. 1z .2 .70Anchored. Bollons Bay, Ad.am Island.. '0600, cleared. BolLons Bay

bound' canpbell rsrand.. set comp. oSBo std. = oBSo sürg +zoÛ error =lroo([). Error d.etermi¡.ed. by sr¡n bearings 40 nin. apart. Deviationmay be erçlained. by abnormar va¡iation - check pm. speed. g.1 h.ots.161r, observed. position J1o rr,r 'g- 16g0 oo'E ¡ a/c ltro(T). zoTolsighted canpbelt rsland bearing loro strg x zJ.ot niles a/c looo strg.


6r.

18}O1,,/1ttb wxr 5'l.9oS! 168.ro8, wind. SsrI lO Ìu.ots, cJ-oud.y and,

clearn barometer 1O2O nbs. Mod.. sea, healry sweLl! sea temp. 9.1oC"

Saturd,ay. 14.2.70O17O, eatered. Perseverpnce Earbor¡¡ . O2rO, anchored off

Canpbe}l Islancl station, 2 shackles - 7 fns. O7OO, hand.s on d.eckpreparing. to set gearo O8tO, shore staff f¡om Island. aboard. O9OO'

restowi¡.g freezer" 1OOO, Ieft for sea. trOzr, conm,enced. setti-nggear " 121, ) set 5 sets. 12tO, lunch. 1r2O, picked up 1 pot f,roneach set. 1 JacouiJaatie anð 2 notothenid.s - not very good. signs.157O, ancb.ored off Beeman HilI.

Sund.ay. 15.2.?OAnchored. off Cempbell Islancl station. O8OO, turu. to. O9VO,.

]eft anchorage. 0841, first pot shoal Point. o9+7, fÍrst potDavis Point. 1O+r, first pot Perseverânce Harbor¡¡ entrab.ce " 1228 jsetting gear in Smooth ltlater Bay. Set 2 groups, E'W, 25-41 fms tofind. Iarge males. 1446, south of NE Harbour entrance - 7 pots.1507, nortb. of Cossack Rock - 6 pots. 1527, proceed.ed Bull Rock.1r4O, went south close ín for V/ild.lífe Department photos of molly-mawk hatcheries. 16tO, entering North East Harbour . 1645, membersashore to shoot sheep. 17OO, left North East Harbour for PerseverenceHarbour. 18OO, anchored. off station.

Mond-ay. 16.2.7OAnchored. off Çanpbell Island. station. 0600, left anchorage.

0640, first pot (No.'l! d.ov'rn in ticle 15th) lifted.. 0645, pumped. 11nfuel = 79.2 gal. O85 lifted. pots south of North East lIa¡bonr - good..O9r4, lifted. pots north of Cossack Rock - fair. 1000, Ieft foreouthern coast. 1114r setting gea¡ south of South Poi-nt. 11V62Monr.¡menü Harbor.¡r. 1119, off South East Harbour. 1272, south of SouûhEast Harbour to Monr¡ment Harbor¡¡. 15OOr Ênchored. of,f, station. -Ferseverance Harbou¡.


d+.

lfuesd.ay. 17.2.70Ânchoretl off Beeua¡r Cove Station. 0640, left anchorage antl

proceed.ed. to gear. 0645, pr:mped. 12n fuel = 86.4 BâI. 0719,lifted. gear south of Soutb Point - niI. O82rr lifted gear offSouth Point - nil. O8r?, Iifted. gear off South East Ea¡bour -niI. O95O, Iiftecl gear between South East llarbour and. Monr¡nenü

Ea¡bour. 1000, left for Smootb. Water Bay. 11'lV, setting gear inIine north east into d.eep water - 2 lines/pot. 1705, completed.'171r, lunch.. C¡uised. in Smooth Water Bay looki^ng for trawl ground. -bottom too r¡nevêD.

14rO, left for anchorage. Fog, ligbt N wind.. 1570, anchored'

i¡. Beeman Cove - flat calm.

Wednesd.ay. 18.2"7OAncb.oreô off Beeman Cove. O4l+O, left anchorage for gear.

0559, first pot lifted. at Smooth Water Bay - thick fog. 0615,pnmpecl 15" fuel = 98.0 ga1 . 0827, lifted. last pot of inner line.O9+O, completed,, all pots c1eaned., lines stowed.. Retunring toBeemen Cove to prepare for passage home. 1110, anchored off Beeman

Cove. Preparing for sea. All pots Iasb.ed.. Fuel pumped. below.17rO, left anchorage for sea. 181r, cleared. Perseverânce Ea¡bor¡¡.1920, dr. position. JZo 2?'Sz 1690 1r'I', set co&p. j4go strg, lOonOlOo(T). Cloud.y and. c1ear, barometer 1O1g mbs. Slight sea suiell.zotn, pum,ped 1/¡r fuel . 27tO, wind N I knots, partly cloudy and. cleartbarometer 1O1B mbs. Slight sea end. swell.

Thursday. 1q.2-,lqPerseverance Harbor¡¡ to Port Chalmers. Conp. TqQo strg t 7OoE,

OlOo(T). OBrO, 19" fuel. Red.uced. revs. 20 to 7?O. 1Or7, red.ucedrevs. TO to ,OO. Wind. N 18 loots. 11VO, ad.d.ed. revs. lO to VrO. Wi¡dN by I[ 12 lcrrots. Fog, visibility å nile, barometer 1014 mbs. S1ightsea, mod. swell. 2OOO, 16" fuel . 2710, strg V4ro. Wj-nd. N ! hots,thick fog, barometer 1O1B mbs. Sea slightr low swell.

X'rid.arr. 2C .2,7O' Perseverance Ha¡bour to Port Chalmers. O8rO, 17" fuel r 12, gal.

08r+6, observed, position (position liae) a/c VrOo strg , V56o std., 22oE -O18o(T). 'Light northerly cond,itions, cloudy and. cLea¡. ljOVr observed.position ¿+8o lorSt llOo li,n 2OOO, 16,0r off Cape Sar¡nd.ers,LÍght.V6Oo co¡np. 16n fuel = 11r.2 gal . 2r2O, mole end., bor¡¡d. inwa¡d..


65.

Satu¡d.av. 21 .2.7OOO2O, all fast, Sheerlegs berth Port Chalmers. O9OO' crew

packi-ng eanples, speeiuens, etc. 12OO, hands o¡r ti-ne off . 1600-17OO¡ ren freezer for crab.

Sr¡nd.ay. 22.2.7OMoored. Sheerlegs - Port Cha'lnerg. Crew on tj-ne off . tr'¡eezer

n¡n OSOO-O94O. Freezex run .17OO-'l8rO.

Mond.ay. 2ã .2 .70Moored at Sheerlegs Berth - Port Chalmers. O9O0, comnenced.

d.ischa¡ge of crab from freezer . 1OVO, completed; coatinuingd.ischarge of nets, Bots, empty d.¡r¡ns and ex¡red.ition sanplee anô

specinens. 1tOO, completed; hand.s ashore to Shipping Office toclose articles. 1610, articles closed. for Aucklaad Island,s -Canpbell Island. resea^rch voyage.


66.

SOUE NOTES ON GBIffi"ÀI,SEA,SONÂL CTCLE 0X' THE

OBSERVATIONS ON THESOUTHERN SPIDER CE¡3

( JACQUTNOTTA EpWARpSrr )

R.A " Falla

|Ihe following notes are cullecl from field notes on generaÌnatr¡¡al history phenomena mad.e clurÍ-ng several visits to theAuck1and. Iela¡c.d.s. llhe periocls covered were -

Decembet 1942 to Februaæy 1)MNovember 1914December 1962 to Ja¡uary 1967,faouary 1966

It must be empbasised. that no d.esigned investigaüion of eitherdistribution or biology of crabs was r¡nd.ertaken on any of theseoccasions. However, notes were mad.e when and. where crabs were meü

with, and. are here summarised. as a backgror¡nd. contribution to themore intensive stud-ies now being r.md.ertaken. The linited anor¡nt ofcolLecting, with nakeshj-ft equipment, was ilone ín 1942-ll4 by Dr lil.H.Dawbin and. Dr R.W. Bal-ham, and- ín 1962-67 by Dr J. Yald.w¡m a¡rd. Mr J.Morelend..

Breed.ingThere appeared. to be a d.efinite movement inshore in November.

Along the shoreline of Port Ross, at least from Tucker Point southto Crozier Point, large nr.rmbers of crabs were to be for¡nd. from 2 ot7 fathons to low watermark. In some instances females, clear of thewater on tidal reefs, were seen. to be followed and. picked up by malesand. tucked. in ventrally by them. All the fema-les seeD. thus were iJlberry.

By contrast tbey were absent from this shallow zone in December-January though large samples were taken by d.redge and. snatl pots in7-1O fathons drrring this period.. In most other months tbey wereappareatly d.eeper as f ew were taken with gea¡ used. at these deBths.


67.

MoultE\¡id.ence of extensive moulü was obtained. wiüh the sud.d.en

appe&rance in sea liou vonit during Ma¡ch of quantitíes of Êoft-sheLlecl crabs. Seasonal changes in the d.iet of sea lionscatx easilybe t¡aceö in this yeyr and. the moulted. crabs were d.ominanü in al"lMa¡ch vomit. It was rare to fincl crab remains at any oùher ti-me,and they seem clearly to be unattractive as they hard.én up. SeaIions, of course, can feed. at any of the d.epths record.ed. in PortRoss.

GeneralMost of our regular observations were mad.e in the comparatively

shalLow area of Port Ross bor¡nded. by a line running from TuckerPoint to Ocean f slancl to Ewing f sland. to Crozier Point. Ä good.

d.eal of the botton is sand,y rather than rocky, but there are J-oag

submerged. reef extensions from the snal1 islets, and. quantities ofkelp (Macrocystis) . There is a strong tialal- current through the&rea, of consid.erable velocity. Aû impression was that it supported.a stabl-e and. fairly d.ense population of crabs.

FootnotePort Ross i"s an

The other localitiesaLternative name for Sarahrs Bosom Harbour.mentioned. can be for¡-nd. on Hap ,. ed..


G.A. Knox

Tþese obaervations were uad.e during December 1962 and'

.fanua¡.¡r 196, by a member of a conbined. erqlettition to the nortbernpart of the Auckland le1ands. Dlríng this period crabs nere conmon

in the shallow waters of the Ross Harbour region. On one occasion

in 1ate Decenber a ãOft set neü was run out in the keJ.p zotc;e below

Iow water sBringe off Ranui Cove. It was set in the evening and.

Iefü overnight. lrlhen liftecl in ùhe morning there v¡ere about 4O

crabe entanglect in the neshes. A large number were aleo trawled. inPort Ross using a small otüer trawl.

Footnote

llangle netüing may be an alternative físhing method. to potti,n8.

Eowever, the use of nets may cause heavy nortality of r¡¡d.ersize

crabs. - ed.


69"

REPORI ON VISIT [O AUCruATID ISI,AIIDS

1.11.69 lO 11.11.69

-

J. Inksüer

Ireft Port Çþn'lms3s j p.m. 1.11 .69¡ but because of engine

trouble turned. back at 10.45 p,.[1. r agivittg Port Chalmers 7 &'IIl¡

2.11.69.

Ti-naIIy saiLed 6 p.m. 2.11.69 and shot the first pots at PortRoes , .11 .69.

8.11.6g port Ross - Shot 14 pots ancl lifted them about 2 hours laterobut I was vexy d.isappointect at the size because I elÇI)ecteð a largercrab. Itte cooked. some of tbe larger ones but once again th-e neat

recovery was d.isappointing. Shot another B pots further out, so Iam hoping for brighter things in the morning. (see Footnote I)

14 Ib live wei-ght gave 21 lb of legs5 Ib cooked J-egs gave 1 Ib cooked meat

6.1'l .69 Port Ross - Blowing a gale from W. to S.W. at , â.ÍI.t sùiIIblowing at I â.rD., but am anxious to see what is in ad.d.itional Ipots shot fr¡rther out yesterd.ay, togetber with the first 14.lifted alL 22 pots and. there is good. quantity but no qualitythoweverr wê will process and- freeze some.

Ð.AXK CRABS (Cod.e A) 87 Crabs 221 lb greenr gave

17+ Lb leg weigbt which red-uceÖ

to 119 Ib cooked-.

42 Crabs 97 Ib green t gave ,2 Lb

Ìeg weight wbich red.uced to t8 l.b

cooked..(See Footnote II)

Darker crabs appear to survive much better than tbe lightervarieti, although they d.o not look so attractive when cooked.. The

lightoolour.ed.crabs appear to be freshly shelled, and. d.anage verTr

IIGHT CRABS (Cod.e A.IJ.) -


7O"

easily when tipped out of the pots " $/ben d.amaged, they d.o notsr¡¡vive iu the hold.ing ùanks. and. eight d.ied bef ore butcheriae inthis instance, Ia this day's catcb., tbe best pot prod.uced. 26takeable crabs, but this stj,ll only represented. about 20% of tinecrabs actually trapped. in the pot in questiorl. The rest which wered.iscard.ed. were nostly f emaJ.es and. very snall, vhicb. pattern continued.fbrough the rest. of the pots.

7.11.64 Porü Ross - Fresh. to strong S.W. urind.s, cloud.y at times, butgood. visibility. Pots set about balf a miLe from Sb.oe Island. ín 7Afathons, âù ¿t¿+O yd intervals right d.ow¡o tb.e sþennsf to the open ssso(Îwo set in Sand.y Bay prod.ucect good results).

POI NIIMBER.S IOTAI CRÄBS

1

2

7

4

,6

7I9

10

6622

7o

t27671

114281

7o79

USASIE CR.A3S

2

,2

16

18

20

+,)o!./

19

1B

BO6 172 = 21% VSLBT'E

(See Fooçnote ffl)Of pots nr¡nbereð, 11 to 22, 5 pots had. nothing in tben or ìrere missed.,and. the other / prod.uced, 87 usable c¡abs from a total catch tooD.unerous to cot¡¡t. Six batches were processed. and. cooked. for I minutesper batch..

DARK CRABS (Cod.e B) 181 crabs 464 Ib green, gave 2?? IbIegs which red.uced, to 249 lb cooked..

0


71.

rJrGH[ cPÂRs (cod.e B.TJ.) go crabs zzo lb green gave 115 lblegs which red.uced. to 88 lb cooked..

(See Footnote II)llhese weights are only approximaüe because of ship moveuent.

lhe size of the carapace is ia d.irect relationship to the overatlsize of the crab. llhree test neasurements sere taken to d.etemi.nethe ninimr¡m acceptable sizer Fnd. they were as folloys¡

," d.own gave leg span of j?"

5*" d.oryn gave leg spaa of 1Bt!

|ot d.ov¡n gave leg span of 28tt(See Footnote fV)

Iten (2) above is the ninimr¡-u comvnercial size, and. where rejectsare refemed. to in great nr.¡.mbers in this report, it can be assuned. thatthey were below the niaimum 4är' carapace measurement. Item (Ð is Ênexcellent crab, but unfortunatery very few and. fa¡ betweerr.

B'11.60 Port Ross - light S.W. wi:rd., lovely sunshi¡e fished. port Ross,and- moved- d-own to waterfarL cove when pots l-ifted..

(1) Carapace 4't', across

(2) Carapace ¿þË" across

(r) Carapace 6', across

n

POT NI]MBER

12

11

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

Pot No . 22 was lost,crabs fro_n a totaL caught

IOTAI CR.A,BS

166151

+5

14

B6

4

t9

NIItOO (Fenales)

( see

and. pots numbered. 1-11too nr.¡¡nerous to ta1ly.

USASI,E CRASS

22

1B

1+

960

+

v

7NII

9

142 = 19ú USABIE

Footnote fII)prod.uced. 165 usable


7?'

DARK CR¡3S (Cod.e C) 197 crabs 558 Ib green gave 71? Lblegs t¡shich red.uced. to 291 lb cooked..

IIGHT CAABS (Cod.e C.L.) 100 crabs 265 Ib green gave 1+1 Lb

legs whicb- red.uced. to 1091b cooked..(See Footnote II)

Tright coloured. crabs wb.en taken from the freezer for glazing d.o nothand.le at all well a¡rd. break easily.

9.1'1 .69 - Waterfal-} Cove - Wind"s light N.IÍ. which freshened. to galeVlater ternperature atforce in

ìIfaterf alI

Set

the afternoon with light drízzLe.cove 9oc 47oF.

hauled. 21 pots as foll-ows:

POT NO. CRAsS POT NO.

and.

CRABS

6

20

12

64

15

I

POT NO. CRABS

1627119+4,1866710

I9

10

11

12

17

i4

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

17

6

29

7It

12(See Footnote III)

Very noticeable that most of crabs as caught above were ofcommercia.L sj-ze. However they were all of the right coloured.variety which show a consid.erable loss of weight when cooked. and.frozen. This tine pots were set on both rough and. smooth bottom,but no significant d.ifference uras noted. in tbe catch. High wind.snecessitated- an anchor watch for which we ôrew card.s, but fortr¡natelytbe wind d.ied. d.owr at d-usk which mad.e this ururecessary.

],fGHT 0RABS ONty (code DI.,) 198 crabs 615 tb green gave747 Ib 1eg weight red.uced. to 11O Ib cooked..

(See Footnote II)'1o.11.6e carnley Ha¡bour - Mod.erate s.T/. wi-nd., overcast with dtizzLecl-earing later. shot the pots from the entrance in a line Erlw arnostto the anchorage. Pots numbered. 1 to B caught nothing, and. 9 to zoas folÌows:


POT NINIBER

9'lo11

12

1V

1+

15

16

17

18

19

20

7r.

IOTAI CRABS

2

12

101V

1612

614

661B

1O

+7

USASIE CRABS

2

644.4,2

941

1'2840

242 160 = 66% USABLE

(See Footnote III)Most noticeable that the 4 pots set at the entrance caught most

of the crabs. Pots numberecl'1 to B caught noÙhing. This catching atthe entrance to the inlets has been most noticeabLe with nothing much

insid-e, and. nothing outsicle. Once again all crabs above were lightcoloured. variety. Processing operation (cooked for 6 mj-nutes.)

1IGHI CRABS (Co¿e C.l.) 167 crabs ,77 Ib green gave 142 1b

legs which red.uced. to tt6 Ib cooked'.(See Footnote II)

Crabs were covered. in barnacl,es and. marine growth which could.

ind.icate that they were fairly oLd-. They were certainly the biggestyet caugbt, but I wonder j-f when caught there is a replacement forthese big ones, or if you catch then once, that is the finish. Tom

Reid reported. catching big crabs i¡, Port Ross last year, but be couldhave cleaned. then out because we d.id. not get any big ones up tbere.Most of the rejects yrere females, which r¡nIike crayfish carry theireggs in tbeir bod.ies, not und.er their tails -

11.11.60 Car.nley Ilarbour - Wind,s fresh S"W. reaching gale force attimes. In the light of 4 good pots yesterd.ay, all tod.ayrs pots satat ha¡bor¡r entrance between 10-47 fathoms.


74.

POT NI]MBER CR.IBS POI NI]MBER CRABS

1

2

v4

56

7I9

10

9

9

94

11

29

24

20

2715

24

20

720

611

,to2017

1',Ì

12

1t1415

161a7

1819

20(See Footnote IfI)

lotal, of ,o9 good. crabs with the usual fenale rejects. potllumbers 5, ?, 11, 12, 1J were a 4t x t' pot with a much smaller neckfhan the 6 t x 7 ' pot. {Dheir yielcl is noticeably lower and. so theywere not shot again. Â11 samples as follows were cooked. for eightmì nutes.

IÏGHT OR.A'BS (code F.t.) 2?z crabs loBA Lb green gave 6?4 Lblegs which red-uced. to 6VB Lb cooked..

(See Footnote II) rAs the d-ecision to d.epart had. been mad.e r wê l-ifted. again j-n tb.e

afternoon the 14 pots whi-ch prod-uced. 14C good- crabs wj-th qu1-te a fewfemale rejects.

lrcHT ORABS (coae G.t.) >o crabs 10? l-b green gave J-egs2o2 rb which red.uced- to an r¡nhrown cooked. weigb.tbecause vessel rolling bad.ly.

(See Footnote II)1lhe instruction to camy live crabs back to Port Chalmers in ühe

holding tanks for the 50 hor¡¡ journey was a w¡ite off , because theywere only living on the qverage for 4 hor¡¡s in n:¡ning water. saired.for home early on the morning of Novemb er lztla 1969.

cATcH al'IAlrsrs - The catch courd- be d.ivid.ed. roughfy i-nto 7 groups. q.

GROIIP 1 - I,i8ht coloured. fragile shell-ed. crabs caught i-n porùRoss axea- I d.onrt think they would. have any value conmercia-Lly o

because'of the poor yieJ-d. of J.eg and sh.oulder meat, and. the loss ofweight from green to frozen cooked..


75"

GROUP 2 - Darlc shelled. fishr elso fr.on the Fort Ross area"th,ese alee a much heavier green weight and. sb.ow less weight j-oss;

they woul-d. probably be satisfactory but do not compare with the tbírt{Iot.

GROUP , - tr'ish caught i.:a Carnley Harbour" These were lj-ghÈcoloured-, but no! soft sheLled. l-ike the Port Ross crabs. It ispossible they colour thernseLves to merge with tbe sea-bed- theyinhabit at that time" All fish of takeabfe size were good. (exceptthe females), with the average 6r' carapace measurement a¡d. a Ieg spaTl

of 29-tO inehes. Vúhen butchered,, good hearry sections were prod"uceù

with plenty of shoul-d.er meat. These fish were much .ulore active tha¡.the previous two groups, anô d.j.ffi-cuÌty wa.s erçeri-enced keeping tliemin the water tanks. Like all groups, females in this group were notof commercial sLze, and. both maLes and. females ÌAlere covered. withmarine growth, and" barnacl-es up to one inch i-n <liameter. It was

significant three pots set close together where the best pot was inbhe morning, gÍ.ve t.he poorest results in the after:noon l-ift.

PROCESSING - Three cooking ti-mes werle used", 6, B a¡rd 1O minuteË.The cooking plant wa.s inprovised, and- therefore temperamental, and.

the exact cookJ-ng times mus'b be regarded. with sone doubt because ofship no'irenent, ancl ]itùle bits of bother with-È;he plant d.uring thecooking operations. Glazing always took place after the sectj-ons had.

been in the freezer for 24 h.ours.

CONCIUSION¡J The anea woulcl be satisfactory for 50 foob boats withhold.ing tanks to keep the crabs al-ive, but any chance of working thewest coast could. almost certainly be forgotten. flast coast anchoragçe*are perfeet witir goocl hoì-din6 bottom and fresh water supplíeso and dooffer reasonably goocl protection fron the awful weather.

"å. much more comprehensive survey will be necessary to determis:.ethe d-ensity available, a¡rd- I would. suggest ùÌrat anything iurd.er: threernonths woukl 'ue inconclusive, [he cor¡'ect type of caLtching potswould. be ie be1p, and" I woulr1 put Þ hours as tìre maxi¡uuru length of


76.

time crabs coul-d. b'e kept alive in hold.ing tanks. A lot ofquestions need. to be ansÌrered., includ.ing the theory ühat the soft

' sb.elleö crabs have no meat in tbe legs, because all their proteinis going into proclucing new shell. Also the nystery exists of Êome

crabs with marine growth accunulated. over several years ind.icating' they have not d.ropped their shells in tbat period., while others are

obviously freshly shelled.. (See d.iscussion p.8il+ - ed.)

At all events, a great d.eaL more research is obviouslyD.ecessarJr before the venture could. be exploited. as a commercial'proposition.

Footnote IThis d.ata suggests a lower yie1d. than was found. on the preeenù

survey, viz., sectioned weight (Ieg weight) is 6?/o of green wb.(c.f. 69% on present survey); neat return is 20% rtom sectioned.crab and. 17/o ftorn a whole crab. - ed.

Footnote If[able 11 gives a conplete analysis of the yie1d. d.ata col].ected.

from Port Ross (= Sarahrs Bosom Harbour) on 6.11.69.The remaind.er of Inksterts yield. d.ata, erçressed. as percentages,

are tabulated. below.

Tab1e 11 a:rd- the d.ata in Table 18 show ühat in the Port Rossarea light phase crabs give a lower yield. of sectioned. weight and.

und.ergo a greater weight loss d-ue to cooking than d.ark phase crabs.

ß


fIABIJE 18 -

77.

Inksterrs sectioned. crab weight d.ata, AuckLanilIsÌand.s, November, 1969.

Date Area Exoskeleton phaseof crab

Sectioned. lrb.as % of green

w-b.

Wt" of cooked.sections as %green wb.

7.11.69

9.11.69

9.11.69

10.11.69

11.11.69

11.11.69

Ross

Port Ross

tJaterf allCove(=VIater-faI1Inlet)

CarnleyHarbour

CarnleyHarbour

CarnleyHarbour

Dark phaseLight phase

Dark Phase

Light phase

Light phase

Light phase

L,ight phase

Light phase

60

,2

57

51

,6

,9

62

66

,440

>,41

,o

5B

59

Lright phase crabs only, were caught and, processed. at CarnleyHarbour and. l"Iaterfall Cove. These crabs returned. sinilar yield.figures to d.ark phase crabs at Port Ross and thus supBort theearlier argument (p.19) that they are light-coloured. (lackingeplzoic organisms), post-puberty males.

Sectioned weight as a percentage of green weight was hì-gher(66% - 72%) d.uring this survey, than d-uring Inksterrs survey$2% - 66%>. This may reflect seasonal physiotogical d.ifferencesd.ue to breed.ing condition, but more d.ata wou1d. be need.ecl to verifythls. - ecl.


Footnote fIIDistribution of catch

fndustrSr Board.) survey and.

78.

by area d.ata from the present (FishingInksterr s surwey ie given below:

ÎABLE 19 - A comparison of the catch by area d.ata frou

-

Inkstärts survey and the présent survey.

Ârea [me of Catch

Catcb/1O Pots

PresentSurvey

Inksterr gSurvey

Port Ross(=Sarahr s Bosom

Harbour)

tlaterfall fnlet(=!üaterfall Cove)

Carnley Harbour

All crabsTalceable crabs

All crabsTakeable crabs

All crabsÍlakeable crabs

15ro192

,o47

zt+r+

276

792148

104

94

202147

The catcb. of takeable crabs at Sa¡ahrs Bosom Harbour was

sinilar on both eurveys but the total catch on the present surveywas tw'ice that of Inksüerr s slrrvey. However, Inkster d.oes not giveall his catch d.ata and. states (p./O) ühat in some cases the totalcaùch was 'f too numerouE to col¡Dtrt. Ílhus his d.ata are probably biaseiltowarcl the more manageable pots.

Ílhe total and. takeable catches at trrlaterfal] InLet on the presentsurvey vJere only half those of InÌsterrs survey, while at CarnleyHarbour total catcb.es were sinilar, but the takeable catch was æ%

bigger on the present survey. Differences in breed.ing .cond.ition ofcrabs on the two surveys may complicate the patternr but some loca-L

migrations of the light coloured. crabs may occur in tbese southern

fishing areas. - ed..

Footnote fVInksterrs a¡bitrary ch.oice of the 5.5Ln C.l. lower size linit

for takeable crabs was also indepentlently cbogen by the personnelof the present survey. ed.

tt


79.

ïINDERI^IATER OBSERVATIONS OF SPIDER CRABS

AT IHE AUCT,AIVD ]STJANDS

J.P. Calcott

ûring a short visit to the Auckland. Island.s in the last weekin Januar7 1970, our party of nine fully equipped. SCUBA d.ivers mad-e

tO-¿+O exploratory d.ives in the clear water just off the coast ofAuckLand. Island..

Âlthough ¡re Ïrere not fishing we did. keep a special lookout forcrabs. Few d.ivers have d.ived. in this area thus it riùas consid.ered.that our observations would. be of interest to those conducting thecurrent sunrey of southern spid-er crabs in this area.

(See Footnote 1)

(a) Area Surveyed.Most of the d-ives were mad-e at selected- spots withintwo chain of cÌiffs along the northernmost 20 miles ofthe western coastline of Auckland. Island." These d.ivesr¡rere mad.e betlveen 9.7O â.In. and 4.1O p.ûr. ¡ at d-epthsbetv¡een 2O-'1OOft.

One d.ive was mad-e on each, sid.e of North Harbour (t'tap 2)at poinùs two third-s in from the head.land.s. Thesed.ives:^Iere mad.e at B.1O p.m. and. were of 20 minutesd.uration, until- d.arkness aricl sea].s cbased. us out.Depth, VO ft.

(¡) observations( i) 1,'l9st Cogqt

The sea floor in this area was smooth rock withbould.ers ancl occasional gravel. Between VOft and.

|Oft smaIl crabs of approximately ,n-4tt C.1., and.

larger crabs of approximately 4rr-6tr C.l. werescattered. approxinately one every !O-1OOft increvices and. behind. boulders. The larger crabstend.ed. to be d.eeper than the snaller. One snallcrab was observed. at VOft, clutching to a frond.


BO.

of large seaweed. as itthe consid.erable surge.collected by ha¡d - two(leptonithrax australis

swept back and. for:th inllwelve crabs were

had. new shells.- See Footnote 2 )

(ii¡ Norüh Ha¡bour

The sea floor in North Harbour was smooth sand.large crabs (greater than 6.0rr C.tr.) were seensingly walking on the sand. away from the weed.

covered rocks on the shore. These crabs ÌJerespaced ot¡t at about one chain from each other.Many other brachyrhynchous crabs (crabs otherthan spid.er crabs) hrere seen congregating on thesand. at the time. Six large specimens (greaterthan 6.Ort C.Ir.) llere taken, and. all had. apparenttyoId. shells with weed. and. tube-hrorm growbh coveringthen. Several crabs had. holes in the shell or had.

legs or parts of legs and. nippers missing. Theirsex was not ascertained. at the tine (alnostcertainly nale Jacquinotia ed-ward-sii - ed.)

(iii) General Comments

No lobsters and. very few fish were seen. OId.

bits of crab shell near the yellow-eyed- penguinrookeries ind.icate that spid.er crabs possibly fornpart of their d.iet. (See Footnote ])

Iootnote 1

Ílhe person¡rel, of the Fishing fnd.ustry Board. survey were fullyalt¡are of the d.esirability of und.erwater observation of the crabs todeternine their reaction to pots and- pot throats, the area over whichcrabs are attracted. to a baited. potr and. the abund.ance of crabs byconparing population estimates from pot samples with actual counts.Unfortunately, d.iving was inpossible on the Fishing IndustrSr Board.

srrvey, but it is hoped that und.erwater observations will be mad.e on

a future crab survey.

Calcottts report is an excellent start to the collection ofinfornation on ühe d.istribution and. behaviour of spid.er crabs at theAuckland. IsIand.g. ed..

â

D


81.

Footnote'2

Calcott enclosed. photographs of crabs with his report and

includ.ed. information on where the photographed crabs vrere caught.The crabs refemed. to as havi-ng been caught on ühe west coast ofAucklancl Islands can be positively identified. as Leptomithraxaustralis, however, this in no way red.uces the usefulness ofCalcott I s observations as virtually nothing is Ìo.own of the habitsand. d.ístribution of the very secretive L. austraLis. This ísdiscussed ft¡rther on pá,r89- ed.

Iootnote ã

J.H. Sorensen, pers. conrr., d.oubts that penguins would. fishfor the relatively large southern spid.er crab, and. also points outthat the yellow-eyed- penguin is a solitary nesting bird-, however,some crested- penguins d-o nest in rookeries. - ed.

o


82.

DISCUSSION

(a) The connon name of Jacquinotia ed.ward.sii.

Much confusion has existed. concerning the cotl¡mon names

of Jacquinotia ed.ward-sii and !Å!þdes mumayi. The

Iatter crab is an anomuren or half-crab related. to thehernit crabs and. characterised by only three pairs ofwalking legs and. an assJ¡rnmetrical abclomen. This crabis kno¡r¡r as tbe southern stone crab, (letl , 1967) .

J. eilward.sii, a brachyuran or true crab, b.as been

calted. Ântarctic Island.s crab, Auckland. Island.s crab,New Zealand. crab, New Zealand giant crabr giant crabtand. southern spid-er crab. It is proposed. here toestabl-ish a conmon nane which precludes confusion withother crabs and. is geographicalty meaningful withoutbeing too restrictive, viz. southern spid.er cxab.Tal-d.wyn (pers. comm.) suggests that 'Jacquinottssouthern spid.er crab" would. completely avoid. aoy

confusion because another spid.er crab leptonithraxaustral-is (= of the south) occurs in southern watersof New Zeal-and., incJ-ud-ing the Auckland. fsland.s and.

Canpbell Island..

Thus the proposed. ful-l common nane is "Jacquinotrssouthern spid,er crab" - which should. be used. if thereis any cha:rce of confusion with any other spid.er crabsof southern d.istribution - noxmally abbreviated. toItsouthern spid.er crabt' .

(b) seasonaf Movements. Reproduction. and MourtinF of theSouthern Spid.er Crab

FaIIa (p.66) suggestscrabs occur. Ind.irect€.g., by conparison ofsurvey with fnkster'swith Dumerous prevj.ousd.ifferent tines of the

t

that seasonal movements of theevidence for this is substa¡rtiaI,distributional data from this

d.ata, FaJ.lar s observations, and.

reports of crabs t'massing" atyear. "Mas6ingt', the occurrence

I


o

81.

of large nr¡mbers of crabs in small, usually shal]ow

axeas, is well d.ocumented., €.$r - Ilhomson (1915)

outsíd'e otago Head's during August; Filhor (x886)

Perse$¡erance Harbour, Canpbelt IsLand; J.H. Sorensen

(pers. coûtr.) - Pe¡selverance Harbourr Canpbell fslandduring Jwre, August, October, and' December 1942, and

Januar¡r 1g+5i and at Sarahrs Bosom Harbourn Auekland'

Ielands, anfl Snooth trrlater Bayr Canpbell Is1anð d.uring

the present survey. crabs have al-so been obsel\/'ed.

watking about on larxd.¡ e.g. - Falla (p,66) - between

Tucker Point and. Crozier Point d-uring November; Chilton(1911) = on beaches at Stewarù Island'r 19OB; J'H'Sorensen (pers. comm.) - on Sand-y Bay beach, End'erby

Islancl, 6"2.t+4 - these were }arge (na1e) crabs and

appeared. to be noribund; R.J. Stanley (pers' comm') -Tucker cove, campbell Island. - these !'tere all sizes and'

very numesous, d.uring october and. November 19rO, 1952

and. 195i.

llhe reasons for swarming and. leaving the water are

uncertain. Roberts (unpub. thesis, 1Çffi), in a d.iscussion

on the swarming in shallow water of the southern spid'er

erab, suggests that it is an ad.aptation to the problem ofpair f<¡rmation. Hartnoll (1961) cofroborates this id"ea

and. gives the observations of BaaI (1951) ancl Carlisle(1grÐ on the European spid-er crab Maia squinad_q, which

forms ,,mound.S¡r in late summer and. autumn. llheSe ilmound.gtt

consist of post-puberty (i.e., mature) males peripherallyan¿ pre-puberty (irnrnature ancl maturing) crabs of botb

sexes in the centre. Once the females in the t'moundst'

moult, copulation with the post-puberty males occurs

inmediately. Tb.e above authors suggest therefore, thatthe "mou¡Id.grt or Basses have two purposes for matingl

and. for pxotection of the newly noulted crabs of both

sexes.

Sinilarities between this behaviour end' that of the

Eouthern spid.er crab in Sarah' s Bosom Earbour duringthis survey are consid'erable.


84.

No copulation was witnessed. amongst crabs in th,e potsin this instauce, although there were large clark phase

males whicb olr two occasions were observed. to have theabd.omen flexed. at right angles to the body with ühe

oopulatory appendages protrucling antt enitting a clearf1uid. (p.44 ).Falla (p.67) gives evid.ence of moultfng Ín March, thustbe above observations may ind.icate the onset of nassing,/noulting behavíour in FebruarJr. However, it is d.oubtfr¡lthat coBulation oöcurs in Febnrary or March because allühe mature females are in early beny; al.eo Falla(p.66) has observed. t¡pical brach¡ru¡'an prêcopulatorybehaviour (i.e., male southern spid.er crabs catching and.

tucking in fenales veatrally) during November. thísobservation supports a massing,/reproduction relationship,but the fact that these females were in late bemy (X'at1a,pers. conm.) causes problems. The two alte'rnatives arethat: - males copulate with f emales whj-ch are in berryand. the sperm is stored- until the next egg laying season,or that although pair formation occurs before the releaseof last seasonrs larvae, copulation d.oes not occur untilafter larva1 release. In either case it appears that theperiod. between release of one lot of larvae a¡rd. extnrsionof the next batch of eggs, is short. Recourse toavailable literature d-oes not fully clarify this point,however, it appears that najid.s (spid.er crabs) unLikeother crab fanilies can. copulate in both the harcl and.

soft exoskeleton phase (Knud.sen, 1964i Hartnoll, 196r).This is because, accord.ing to the above autb.ors, najid.shave a puberty noult v¡hich is the terminal moultHartnoll r s evid.ence for this includ.es

(í) The presence of large epizoic organisns(ii) Prenoult lnd.lviduals can be dtsttagulehecl f:ron

others (ancl Ha¡tnoll could. find no mature femaLesexhibíting Bremoult cb.aracteristics such as brittlecarapace and. presence of new integument beneatholcL) .

Ç

D


85'

(iii) ',¿Jb.en prepuberty and. postpuberty femaLes havebeen kept in aquaria only pr-epuberty femaleshave moulted..

(in) Iinb bud.s only form in prepuberty a¡.0 not j-npostpuberty crabs.

Items (i), (ii-) and. (iv¡ closely agree with observatiousmad.e d-uring thi-e survey.

fn no d.ark phase crab examined" was a newly formingintegument found- beneath the carapace or legs. The

suggestion that no post-puberùy moults occur is alsocred.ible if ùhe size ra¡ge of mature crabs is consid.ered-.Mature femal-e crabs rarely occumed" above 5.5" C.l. orsmaller than 4.O" C.L. and. exhibited. the whole ra¡ge ofexoskeleton phases from light (new moul-t) to d.ark phasecrabs with extremely hear4y encrustations of Balanus sp.and. pomatocerid.s. The size range of males also fits thistheory in that light phase maLes occur over a much largersj-ze range than the females, although maturity of maleswas not d.etermined. Hartnoll (lgøl) points out that thepuberty mouLt call. occur over a consid.erable size ¡angêfor both male and female individ.uals of the roajid, crabHyas coarctatus (from stud-ies carried. out at the Isle ofIIan), and. that size alone is not the d.etermi-nant f actorfor a puberty moult.

The massing of southern spid.er crabs has no overallpattern. HartnoLl and. Roberts suggest that massing isa social stimulus to pair f ormat j-on, and. FaLlat s

observations seem to confirm this for the southern spid.ercrab. Sl-end.er evid.ence a-l-so suggests that massing occllrsd.uring the main noulting season (e.g., the sud.d.en appear-ance of soft shel-led. crabs in sea lion vomit in Harch -Falla). Sorensenrs observations (pers. comm.) atCampbell Island- d.uring 19+2-+) suggest that massing mayalso be a common and. unpred.i-ctable event, perhapsassocj-ated. with feed.ing. Furthermore the nassing onshore may in fact be incid.ental- to the more cornmonlyobserved. phenornenon of nassing i-n shall-ow water.


96.

Both Knud.sen and. Eartnoll indicate that thed.evelopment of naJid egge is slow. Some species mayprod.uce eeveral 'rsetsn of eggs Ber year, but in others,tb.e furr embrSronic d.evelopmeat takes virtuarry the whoreyear.

Ârthough Roberts was r¡nable to cllstinguish between theLarvae of Jacquinoüia eclwardsii ancl treptonithraxaustralisr his planktoa calend.ar suggests that rarvaeof both species are releasecl between mid. October and.

mid. November. Farrats observations of pair fornationin November (p.66), and. the presence of females inilearlyil berrXr d.uring this survey both support Robertrsd.ata.

Thus, in summarîr, the main seasonal events in the rifehistory of Jacquiqotia ed.ward.sii- appear, from the dataand. observations available to d.ater &s follows:(í) Pair formation in shallow water or even.out of

the r+ater in November, at which tine thefemales are in late bemy.

(ii) Egg laying in January and_ early February.(iii) llature mal-es no've out into d-eeper water away from

naJor concentrations of prepuberty males, pre-puberty females, ancl mature females_

(iv) Main moulting period. (¡otrr prepuberty and. pubertyuoults) is in Harch.

(v) larval release is mainly between nid. october a¡clnid. November.

rrl{assiag'r has no overall pattern. Massing probabryoccurs d.uring pair f ormation (November); d.uring thenoult (March); and possibry when certain feed.ingconditions are satisfied..

a


87.

In a¡r unerçloited crab populatj.on the ad.ult population,apart from small an¡rual flucüuations r wouLd. be reasonablyconstant¡ i.ê.¡ naturaL norta-lity of postpuberty crabsequ.als recnrltmeut of postpuberty orabs, thue Haltnoll(196r) has suggested ühat wb.ere the pubert¡ir noult Ís theùerninal uoult¡ i.ê,¡ in naJid.s, a first approximatÍon tothe naüural norüality (= the recnritnent of postpubertycrabs) can be ertrapolated. by comparing the proportion ofnewly noulted. postpuberty crabs with tbe proporùion ofpostpuberty crabs with hard. old.er exoskeletonsr d'uringthe puberty moult season. tr'alla noted. that exten'sivenoultiug üook place irr Harch, but Inkster also record-s

consid.erable quantitiee of light phase crabs (or new

noults) in November.

llb.is suggests that light phase crabs are probablyrecognisable for long period.s after the mouLt. The

writer suggests that, al.though the actual tlne of thepuberty moult is unknown (if in fact it d.oes occur orrera short perioit), the proportioa of light phase crabs inberry, at any tine of the year, will give an incticationof the postpuberty recruitment.

l[hus d-ata in Table 10 shows that ?5% of all females and.

V?% of a]-l nales examined. were light phase and. hacl thusuad.ergone recent mouÌts. Assuming that 50% of theintermed.iate phase crabs are recent mouLts with more

epizoic growth than usual and. 50% of tb..e intermed-iatephase crabs are postpuberty crabs with less epizoiegrowth than usual (assunption 1), tbe proportions of,

the recently noulted. crabs wou1d. be consid.erably higb'er.Evid.ence for assumption 1 includes¡ there is onLy oae

lrnown noulüing season for the crabs i btyozoarr age

indications amongst the carapace epifauna suggest thatsome intermediate phase carapaces are as old, aa 6ome d.ark

phase earapaces (p.ã9); there are consid.erable ilifferencesin relative amounts of epibiont settlenent on crab carapaces(p.79)¡ the sLze d.istributions of interned.iate and, d.ark

phase carapaces are similar.


gg.

Assuning thaù 1oo% of those femaree which uad.ergo thepuberüy mouLt, copulate, and, carr¡r external eggs asBoon aE is normally possible after the puberty ¡ooult(assunption 2), llable 14 ind.icates th,at from crabsganFled. in sa¡ahr s Bogom Earbour and. in the Dr¡nd.asrsrand, - Gneen rsrand. reef conprex, AuckLaad. rsrand.o,19p6 (light phase only) - 24% (ftgnt phase and. jO% ofinterned.iate phase) had. und.ergone prepuberty noulteand 1r% (light phase only) Zr% (Iight phase and 50%

,of intermed.iate phase) had r¡nd.ergone recent pubertymoults (i.e., recent moults with berrT). Thus annualnatural adulü recrtritment and. mortality of fenares wasin the region of 1j?6 - Z5%.

llhese figures are firsü approxímations only becaueethere are severa'l sources of error, e.g., precised.etails of moulting are not trrrowni probabry ress than1oo% of the mature femares c*rry egg' because ofd.isease, abnornal sterirÍty, etc (taue 14 inclicatesthat 1.6% of d.ark phase crabs (nature crabs) lacked.berry, and. if 50% of the intermediate phase crabs areassumed. to be maüure, ühis figure rises to 6+%); ardreco6nition of new moults and. mourting is noù alwayeeasy (Hartnolt). Thus Hartnoll craims that recmitmentfigures for the mature crab popul-ation based. on the abovepremises are probabry too low. However, these fíguresseem reasonable or even high for an unelq)loited. crabpopulation, ind.icatin6 ind.irectly that growbh and. henceturnover are mod"erately rapid..Unfortunately, the spme crud.e estimates cannot be mad.efor males as matu:rity criteria were not noted., buü thed.ata of rabre 10 suggest a erightly faster turnover formares than for femal-es. rnd.irect evid.ence supports thisin that rarge dark phaee male crabs were never observed.to be as heavily encrusted. witb epizoic organiems,eepecially barnacles, as v¡ere femaleg.

È


(c)

89.

Â conpleuentar¡r d.istributLon of erab epecies is apparentat ühe Àuckraad. rslancls. From potting results d.urÍngtbis eurvey it was notecl that Jacquiaotia edwa¡'dsiLprefers a suooth sea floor, where tidal currents areweak or abgent. (However, Inkster (pers¡ comÐ") reportsthat during November 1969, soutbern spid.er crabs werecaught quite readíJ.y in areas of strong tÍitar cument) .calcott I s observations of rarge epid.er crabs on sa¡xd. inNorth Harbour subsùarxtiate this. No southern spÍd.ercrabs were potteil on fouL botton or in strong tid.alcurrentg, however, it is quite likety that the other(snalrer) spid.er crab leptonithrax australis occurs o¡rfour bottom. The only l. austraris potteil d.uring thissurvey was on foul bottou at camBbelr rsland. and onespecinen was taken from the etomach of a uotothenid.potted. on foul bottom. The writer suggests .theenallish spider crabs obsenred. by calcott on a rock/bould.er/gravel sea floor on the west coast of ÂlrcklandIsland, were T,. @gl¿g (see Footnote Z, p.B1).As noted. ersewhere smooth red. swimming crabs Nectoca¡clausbennetti oecurred in consid.erable nunbers with thesouthern spider crab, but are most numerous in areaswhere some tidal current occurs. Ver,¡r few southernspid.er crabs occurred. in the eastern fiord.s of Auckl,and.rsrand.r where the hairy red. swinming crab [. antarcticusentered. pots. No sor¡thern spid.er crabs v¡ere obse¡¡¡ed.where cancer novaezeÌand.iae was potted.. rt is not knowowhether or aot algae form a part of the southern spid.ercrab d.iet . J.H. sorensen (pers. comm. ) record s boatingsouthern spid.er crabs from areas of extensive seaweed. inPerse¡versnce lIarbour, campbell rsland., by usiag nn es.r¡and. carcott reports seeíng one epid.er crab ou weed. in thesurge on the west coast of Auckla¡d. rsland. - (tne latüermay have been I,. australis). Majids elsewhere areconmonly record.ed. from algal habitats (Hartnolr, '1g67;Knud.sen, 196/l).


90.

(d)and. Hanagenent

E.J. Rae (pers. cot¡¡.m.) nas supplLed. ühe nriter with thefollowing aotess

trllhe cost or breakd.own poinü of nrn¡,ing a vesseL such asnÍPuateañ in the Aucklanet Islands vou1d. be about $trlOO-$1r5OO per week and this 1s about the breakd.orn figurefor Chathams operations also. Eer ead.ura¡ree with presenttankage and. d.r'ums on deck coulcl be up to 45 days Bluff toB1uff. For profitable n¡¡alng wbÍch would. gÍve a fairreturn to owners and. crew, a figure of abouü $2r5OO (Berweek) is required.. It is ny opinlon that this could. be

achieved. by processing between 2 tons and. J tons of crabsper week at a price of abouü 50 cents per lb to the vessel.I believe a catch of between 2 tons and. ] tons per week

is possible - whether a return of 50 cents per Ib f-s

'possíble is unknor{r¡.. Físhing averaged. about 20 largetakeable males per pot. Using 4O potsr üP to about 8OO

crabs could. be takea claily. If these erabs averaged. 5 lb(Zlø takeables from set lp gave about 15OO lb weight whichequals a¡ average of 6., 1b). 1[b.is would. gíve a clailyweight of 2 toas. I therefo¡e feel a weight of between2 tons to J tons per week is possible on a voyage basis.The reüurn to the vessel will d.epend. on price tonnagealone.

llith regard. to the use of d.ories orcatcherboats, thesetin ny opinion, would. only be justified. once a narket had.

been establÍshed. for the crab meat. Diffieulties oftransport of vessels, pots, fuel and. stores would. haveto be consíd.ered. carefully.Ue dicl establish with t'Tuatearr that pots left d.own 5 or6 hours fisheô as weII as pots seü ovêrnight. If potswere set by 0600 and. hauled. at 1æO hours nid-clayr tb,enby 1530 hours ühe vessel could. return to a¡chor and beglnprocessiag. l+O pots could. be worked in }| bours bynlluatean a¡d, could. be ce¡ríecl on d.eck when required toehift ground.r or on pagsage.r¡

o

Þ


91.

Souüheru spid.er crabs are slow moving and. heavilyshelledt a¡rd. as outri¡red Ln the cateh d.ata, takeablemalee occuned. onLy fn relatively rocalieed. sroagoverÌy few crabs were caughü in areas of strong tid.e(eee p.89) ancl such areas are effiensive aror¡¡d. theauekra¡d rsrand.s. llhe water tenperature is row at theeelatítud.es (average 1o.1oc Âuckland rsrancls and. g.goc,CanpbelJ. Is1and. d.uring the survey period), and. thusnetabolien and. growüh rate axe likeLy to be low.(However, snnuel recnritment figures appear to bereasonabty high - see above - ind.i-cating that stocküurnovern a¡d. ind.irectJ-y grolrbh, may be quite rapid.).{lhese problems wir]- have to be investigated. on a muchLarger scare tha¡ was possible on this survey, and. atother tines of the year. fn the opinion of the writer,and other fishermen who have experimentalry potted. forcrabs at the Auckland. rsraxd.s, large com,nercially takeablecrabs wourd. probably be r¡nable to sustain the pressure ofintensive fishing for uore ühan one or two seasons.

Processing problems *ir" also consid.erable, however,processing techniques are well d.ocumented.. MeatextractÍon from the relativery so1íd. exoskeleton,relatively ritùLe meat return for totar- weight, thepoor apBearance of the crabs, and. blood. stainÍng a-re ajllad-d-itional probremso rf alr these factors are consid.ered.it appears unlÍkery that a maJor crab ind.ustry courd.d.eve].op. Hor,vever, the auekland rsland.s courd. probabrysupport a smalr scare, highly organised., and. efficientfactory ship type fishery.Quite apart from the problems outlined. above, naturaListsancl the conÉ¡ervation-miad.ed. pubric of New Zealand. would.queetion the long term benefÍts of a few thousand. dolrareper annum Ín overgeas fr¡.¡ad.s for the posslbre despoilationof a wíld. and. beautifur group of sub-Antarctic relands..0't sone fuùure d.ate and. und,er carefuJ.ry controrredcoad.itlons the Aucktanil rsrand,s may be more profitabtyerçloited. as a touriet attraction than as a crab fishery.


92.

In the writerr s opinion, shore baseal. operations ehould

d.efiaitely not be allowed.. Perhaps a línited. licencesystem, sinílar ùo that operating for B1uff oyster boatswouLd. be the best neühocl for regulatfng tbe fieherSrtw'tth Iícenoes being mad,e avaiLabLe onLy to companie6 or a

consortir¡m which cen oa¡ry out operations eafelyteffícíent1y antl profiüabJ.yr and. without clisturbÍng theecology and appearaace of the Island.s.

Management nnd. conservatíon meaaures can only be cnrclelyassessecl from this brief surrrey. It appears as if the5.5t' C.Ir. linit a¡bitraríIy chosen during this tríp naybe a reatistic size lin:it, however, the proportion ofmales which have und.ergone the pube:lty moult by thissize, may be too snalI to enabLe euccessful reprod.uctionand. maintennnce of the stocks. lrlhile no evid.ence suggeststhat e:çIoltation of females, in berry, or otherwise,would. be harnful, the choice of the 5.5tt C.!. wou1d.

preclud.e all but a vexy snall percentage of the femalesfrom the takeable catch.

(¡


91.

|[he writer thanlrs l1Ir t.s. ÇamFbe1l¡ General ÌIanager, Ffehlngfaduetly Boanl, and. Hr Â.C. Kaberr.¡r, forner Director of Flsheriee,Ìlarl,ne Deparünent, f or being glven the opportunlty to carrT out . :

this survey.

Special thanks are d.ue üo N.F. Parsons, Ffshing Ind.ustryBoard, aad. Capüaln R.J. Rae and. crew of the M.F.V. rrÍ[uateart fortheir invaluable praetical help ancl d.iscussÍons during ühe suryeyoÍrhe writer also thanks the following peopre: J.f[. sorensen,B.l[. ftr:rainghan, Dr D. Eggleeton and. R.D. Cooper of the FisherieeDivísion, Marine Depaltnent, for thelr consid.erabre helB and.

critícisn¡ B. Ransby, of the Fisheries Division, who helped withthe naps¡ Dr R.A. FaIIa, Nature Consenratíon Council¡ ProfeasorG.A. Knoxr Zoology Department of Canterbury üniversity; Dr J.C.Tald.vr¡r and. J.M. Moreland., Donlnion Museum; iI. Inksterr R.J.Stanley and. ,I.P. Calcott, all of whom contributed. infornation aboutSouthern Spid.er Crabs.

Finallyr thanks to J.Ä. BaJrrer, Marine Departnent, whoprod.uced. Plates 1 - 7.


94.

Baalr E.J. 195Vt Behav-lour of spíd.er crabs in the pregence ofoctopusee, Nature. Irond.. lZ1 ¡ BBZ.

Bain, ü. (,fnr¡ 796?z Invesüigaüions iato the effecülveness of esoapegaps in crayfish traps. Fish. tech. Bep . N. Z. lnaroDeo. 17t 1-2O.

Bennettr E.tf. 196t+¿ llhe marine fauna of New Zealanct: CnrstaceaBrach¡rura. N.z. Dep. scí. ind.ustrí. Res. 8u11.þ2t 1-120.

carlisre, D.B. 195?¡ oa the horuonal- inhibÍtion of mourting índecapocl cnrstacea. 2. llhe terminaL anecdysis iacrabs. ;fo rrâr. biol. Ass. U.K. ã6t 291-VO?.

Chilton, C. 1911¡ Scientific results of the New Zealand. Governnentllrawling e:qled.ition, 19OT. Cntrstacea. E€.Canterbury (N.2.) t{us. 1(1): Agg-r12.

Dellf R.K. 196V2 Native crabs. A.H. & A.w. Reed., trüeltington.

Grifffnr I).J.G. 1966t ÍIhe Maríne Fauna of New Zealand.: spid.er crabs,faniJ-y Majidae (crusüacea, Brach¡rura) N.Z. Dep. sci.ind.usür. Res. Bull. lZ2 z 1-1j2.

Eartnollr R.G. 1967: fhe biology of l{anx spid.er crabs. proc. zool.Soc. lond. 141 z 42V-496.

Inoue, K. , R. Aa'ai and. T.voyage

o

Abe 19AA: E'xperinental fishing d.uring theof the rrUmitaka-Maru,r. J. Tokyo Univ. Fish.9

(2):175-140.

Knud.sen, J.lf. '19G4¿ observations of the reprod.uctiveecology of the conmon Brach¡rura and.

Anomura of hrget Souad., L/ashington.

cycles and.

crablikePacif. Sci.

18(1): 7-V7.Þ


9r.

UoAulgüer, E. 196?z Ql¡een crab industriel manual (nineograph'et-

manual, Dec. 1967).

BLtchlc ¡ L.I). 19662 Crayf ish pot196, - Januar¡rDep. 14¡ 1-2r.

-

escapement gap surrrey, November

1966. Fí

Bobert s t P.E. 19æpcnscrverance llarbour. CamDbell Is1ancl' aJxd' the

morþhologv of decapod clustacea laI\rae fron the

harbour. (Unpublishect zoology tbesis, VictoriaUniversiüy of l,Iellington, 1968) '

Street¡ B.if. 19662 escape gaps 1n craYfisb Pots.z 10-11.

Ífhomson¡ G.M. 191V¿ The natural hietory of otago Earbour 'and' the

ad.jacent sear together with a record' of the

researches carried. on at the Portobello Marine

lishHatchery:part1.Trans.N.Z..Inst.46:225-211.

E'rcperinents withComml. Fishg. 4

o

t


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P1ate 2 Bluff tJDe rock lobster pots or "small potsr' - 6r x 1, x 1l


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ç:- rtt j

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Plate 5 Butchering table; sectioning to right, cte-gilling and. brushing to left.Fisheries technical report no. 52 (1970)

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Plate 6 Sectioning the crabs prior to steaming.

a o


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Fisheries technical report no. 52 (1970)

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Transcript of Fisheries technical report no. 52 (1970)