Evaluation of industrial by-products as soil acidity amendments: chemical and mineralogical...

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Evaluation of industrial by-products as soil acidity amendments: chemical and mineralogical implications F. G ARRIDO , V. I LLERA , C. V IZCAYNO & M. T. G ARCI Â A- G ONZA Â LEZ Centro de Ciencias Medioambientales, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientõÂficas, Serrano 115 dpdo, 28006 Madrid, Spain Summary Lime, mined gypsum and some gypsum-like by-products have been frequently applied to soil to counter acidity. We have examined the changes in the chemical and mineralogical properties of three acid soils resulting from the application of three industrial by-products (phosphogypsum, red gypsum and sugar foam). We did so in laboratory experiments on suspensions of soil in saturated solutions of the by-products. A sizeable fraction of the Al released by exchange with Ca of the amendments remained on the mineral surfaces as Al polymers, as suggested by changes in the CuCl 2 -, oxalic±oxalate- and DTPA- extractable Al contents. Polymerization of Al was promoted by corresponding neutral and basic pH of red gypsum and sugar foam saturated solutions, respectively. Sorption of these Al polymers was particularly favourable in those horizons with more clay fraction and variable-charge clay minerals. On the other hand, in most cases there was little or no detectable sorption of sulphate, thus excluding precipitation of crystalline or amorphous basic Al sulphates to alleviate Al toxicity. Based on the reduction of the Al saturation of the exchange complex in the soils, as well as on the small contents of heavy metals and natural radionuclides of the three by-products, these can be considered effective alternatives to mined gypsum and lime for alleviating soil acidity and reducing toxic concentrations of Al in agricultural, acid soils. Introduction Soil acidity can pose severe problems in agriculture. Asso- ciated with strong acidity, a dearth of calcium and toxic con- centrations of soluble and exchangeable aluminium and manganese hamper root development, thereby severely decreasing the agricultural productivity. Of these effects, Al phytotoxicity is the most common. Not only is it responsible for nutrient and water stress in plants, but it also interferes with active uptake of ions by roots. Consequently, vast areas of acid soils in the temperate zone suffer from low productiv- ity, and risk being abandoned to the detriment, in many cases, of environmental quality. Lime and gypsum have traditionally been applied to the soil surface to counter aluminium toxicity. In some cases, however, liming has proved ineffective because calcium carbonate is barely soluble and can generate additional exchange capacity when it is applied (Noble et al., 1995; Smith et al., 1995). It is therefore of interest to see whether organic or inorganic amendments can correct acidity and Al toxicity without polluting the environment. Among inorganic amendments, both mined gypsum and industrial gypsum-like by-products have been widely applied for many years as ameliorants to counter subsoil acidity, and as sources of Ca and other nutrients in acid and infertile soils. Sumner & Carter (1988) showed that applying gypsum to the topsoil can decrease the amounts of exchangeable Al in the subsoil. Most studies on the application of gypsum have shown inconsistent small increases in pH, reductions of both exchangeable Al 3+ and Al 3+ activity, and increases in exchangeable Ca 2+ and Ca 2+ activity (Shainberg et al., 1989; Sumner, 1993). Adding gypsum can have an adverse effect in that it encourages the leaching of Mg and K (Pavan et al., 1984; O'Brien & Sumner, 1988). Nevertheless, the alternative use of gypsum-like by-products is gaining interest on account of their ability to enhance soil quality and because, while most such by-products are usually piled in stacks on-site, controlled application on the land is a cheap way of disposing of the wastes (Miller et al., 2000). However, the materials may con- tain hazardous concentrations of heavy metals and radioactive elements, so the risks of pollution must be assessed before they are used in agriculture. Much information on the ability of gypsum and some gypsum-like by-products to ameliorate acidity in highly wea- thered soils is available. Nevertheless, the use of these wastes and sugar foams in acid soils in temperate regions requires further study to provide a better understanding of their effi- cacy. Also, soils vary tremendously in their capacity to accept by-products; as a result, when these products are used, their Correspondence: F. Garrido. E-mail: [email protected] Received 17 January 2002; revised version accepted 12 October 2002 European Journal of Soil Science, June 2003, 54, 411±422 # 2003 Blackwell Publishing Ltd 411

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