Euboean Imports to the East Aegean and East Aegean Productions of Pottery in Euboean Style: New...

1

Archaeometric Analyses of Euboean and Euboean Related Pottery New Results and their Interpretations

Proceedings of the Round Table Conference held at the Austrian Archaeological Institute in Athens 15 and 16 April 2011

M Kerschner ndash I S Lemos (eds)

001_012 Introductionindd 1 29072014 094912

Introduction2

WIEN 2014

ERGAumlNZUNGSHEFT ZU DEN JAHRESHEFTEN DES

OumlSTERREICHISCHEN ARCHAumlOLOGISCHEN INSTITUTES IN WIEN

herausgegeben im Auftrag des

OumlSTERREICHISCHEN ARCHAumlOLOGISCHEN INSTITUTES

von

Sabine Ladstaumltter

HEFT 15


3


ArchAeometric AnAlyses of euboeAn And

euboeAn relAted pottery new results And

their interpretAtions



Introduction4

Das Oumlsterreichische Archaumlologische Institut ist eine Forschungseinrichtung des Bundesministeriums fuumlr Wissenschaft Forschung und Wirtschaft

Bibliografische Information der Deutschen BibliothekDie Deutsche Bibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie detaillierte bibliografi-sche Daten sind im Internet uumlber lthttpdnbddbdegt abrufbar

Bibliographic information published by Die Deutsche BibliothekDie Deutsche Bibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie detailed bibliographic data is avail-able in the Internet at lthttpdnbddbdegt

Alle Rechte vorbehaltenISSN 1727-2502ISBN 978-3-900305-71-0Copyright copy 2014 by Oumlsterreichisches Archaumlologisches Institut Wien LOGORedaktion Barbara Beck-Brandt Angela SchwabUmschlaggestaltung Buumlro PaniSatz und Layout Angela SchwabGesamtherstellung Holzhausen Druck GmbH


5

contents

Introduction ISLemosndashMKerschner 7

List of Authors 10

Abbreviations 11

Provenancing by Neutron Activation Analyses and Results of Euboean and Euboean Related Pottery HMommsen 13

Pottery from Lefkandi of the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age in the Light of the Neutron Activation Analyses ISLemos 37

Macroscopic Analyses of Late Bronze Age to Early Iron Age Pottery from Lefkandi Preliminary Observations IKWhitbread 59

rsaquoEuboeanlsaquo Pottery from Early Iron Age Eretria in the Light of the Neutron Activation Analysis SVerdanndashAKenzelmannPfyfferndashTTheurillat 71

Pottery from a Funerary Context (MG IIndashLG I) in Eretria in the Light of the Neutron Activation Analysis APsalti 91

Archaeometric Analysis of Early Iron Age Pottery Samples from Oropos Local or Euboean Production AMazarakisAinianndashVVlachou 95

Euboean Imports to the Eastern Aegean and Eastern Aegean Production of Pottery in the Euboean Style New Evidence from Neutron Activation Analyses MKerschner 109

Euboean Imports at Al Mina in the Light of Recent Studies on the Pottery Finds from Woolleyrsquos Excavation AVacek 141

Euboean or Levantine Neutron Activation Analysis of Pendent Semicircle Skyphoi from Al Mina MKerschner 157

Pendent Semicircle Skyphoi from Central Italy in the Light of the Archaeometric Results ANaso 169

The Archaeological Background of the Analysed Pendent Semicircle Skyphoi from Pontecagnano BdrsquoAgostino 181


6

Production Export and Imitation of Euboean Pottery A Summary of the Results of the Workshop on the Provenance of Euboean and Euboean Related Pottery and Perspectives for Future Research MKerschnerndashISLemos 191

Overview of the Results of NAA of Euboean and Euboean Related Pottery 195

Contents


10 List of AuthorsAbbreviations

Prof Dr Bruno drsquoAgostinoDipartimento di Studi del Mondo Classico e del Medi-terraneo AnticoUniversitagrave degli Studi Napoli - LrsquoOrientalePalazzo CoriglianoPiazza S Domenico Maggiore 1280134 Naples ndash Italye-mail dagostbrgmailcom

Dr Anne Kenzelmann PfyfferInstitut drsquoArcheacuteologie et des Sciences de lrsquoAntiquiteacuteUniversiteacute de LausanneFaculteacute des lettres ndash Bacirctiment Anthropole1015 Lausanne ndash Switzerlande-mail AnneKenzelmannunilch

PD Mag Dr Michael KerschnerOumlsterreichisches Archaumlologisches InstitutFranz Klein-Gasse 11190 Vienna ndash Austriae-mail michaelkerschneroeaiat

Prof Dr Irene S LemosFaculty of ClassicsUniversity of OxfordIoannou Centre66 St GilesrsquoOxford OX1 3LU ndash Great Britaine-mail irenelemosclassicsoxacuk

Prof Dr Alexandros Mazarakis AinianDepartment of History Archaeology and Social Anthro-pologyUniversity of Thessaly38221 Volos ndash Greecee-mail amazarakisainianyahoocom

Prof Dr Hans MommsenHelmholtz-Institut fuumlr Strahlen- und KernphysikUniversitaumlt BonnNussallee 141653115 Bonn ndash Germanye-mail mommsenhiskpuni-bonnde

Prof Dr Alessandro NasoInstitut fuumlr ArchaumlologienUniversitaumlt InnsbruckLanger Weg 116020 Innsbruck ndash Austriae-mail alessandronasouibkacat

Dir Dr Athanasia PsaltiDirector of the 10th Ephorate of Prehistoric and Classical AntiquitiesArchaeological Museum Delphi33054 Delphi ndash Greecee-mail psaltinanyahoogr

Dr Thierry TheurillatEacutecole suisse drsquoarcheacuteologie en GregraveceInstitut drsquoArcheacuteologie et des Sciences de lrsquoAntiquiteacuteUniversiteacute de LausanneFaculteacute des lettres ndash Bacirctiment Anthropole1015 Lausanne ndash Switzerlande-mail ThierryTheurillatunilch

Mag Dr Alexander VacekFaculty of ClassicsUniversity of OxfordIoannou Centre66 St GilesrsquoOxford OX1 3LU ndash Great Britaine-mail alexandervacekclassicsoxacuk

Dr Samuel VerdanInstitut drsquoArcheacuteologie et des Sciences de lrsquoAntiquiteacuteUniversiteacute de LausanneFaculteacute des lettres ndash Bacirctiment Anthropole1015 Lausanne ndash Switzerlande-mail SamuelVerdanunilch

Dr Vicky VlachouUniversiteacute libre de BruxellesCReA-Partimoine CP 17550 avenue F D Roosevelt1050 Bruxelles ndash Belgiume-mail vasilikivlachouulbacbe

Dr Ian K WhitbreadSchool of Archaeology and Ancient HistoryUniversity of LeicesterUniversity RoadLeicester LE1 7RH ndash Great Britaine-mail ikw3leacuk

list of Authors


11

The abbreviations used in this volume follow the guidelines of the Austrian Archaeological Institute lt httpwwwoeaiatgt

Further abbreviations used in this volume

Abbrevations

AAS atomic absorption spectrometryBA Bronze AgeDA discriminant analysisD diameterEG Early GeometricEH Early HelladicEIA Early Iron AgeGM Geacuteomeacutetrique MoyenGR Geacuteomeacutetrique ReacutecentH heightInv inventory numberLBA Late Bronze AgeLG Late GeometricLH Late HelladicLPG Late Protogeometric

MG Middle GeometricMH Middle HelladicMPG Middle ProtogeometricNAA neutron activation analysisPG Protogeometricpres preservedPSC pendent semicircleSPG SubprotogeometricSubG SubgeometricSubMyc SubmycenaeanTh thickness of the wall of a vesselUl unlocated provenance groupW widthXRF X-ray fluorescence spectrometry


Euboean Imports to the Eastern Aegean and Eastern Aegean Production of Pottery in the Euboean Style 109

M i c h a e l K e r s c h n e r

Euboean Imports to the Eastern Aegean and Eastern Aegean Production of Pottery in the Euboean Style New

Evidence from Neutron Activation Analyses1

1 Trans-Aegean contacts between Euboea Ionia and Aiolis

From the 1960rsquos onwards excavations at the EIA sites of central Euboea ndash Lefkandi Eretria chalkis ndash and since 1985 also at Oropos on the Southern coast of the Euripos have given a strong impetus to the research on both the overseas ventures of the Euboeans and on the interconnection of the Aegean with the central and Eastern Mediterranean during the Early Iron Age2 Being the most readily traceable of the exchanged commodities Euboean pottery has played a major role in this discussion In this way the long distance trade involving Euboean pottery has been inten-sively studied yet the trans-Aegean contacts have remained largely unexplored

During the last two decades however the discovery of Euboean LG pottery at Kyme in Aiolis3 has raised the issue of the interconnection between Euboea and the Eastern Aegean contact in the opposite direction had been discernable previously by the discovery of two remarkable Eastern Aegean imports of the LG period the famous rsaquoNestor cuplsaquo from the Euboean apoikia at Pithe-koussai and a fragmentary counterpart from Eretria4 Both bear incised verse inscriptions which are among the earliest preserved examples of writing in the Greek language5 Both are LG bird kotylai of the rsaquostandard fabriclsaquo produced in the rsaquoBird Bowl Workshopslsaquo6 Originally considered as rsaquoRhodianlsaquo the NAA research of Mommsen has shown that this important ceramic production centre chemically defined as provenance group B was in fact situated at Teos in North Ionia7 Both bird kotylai were unique pieces at the sites to which they had been exported whereas they were very common in Ionia where they had been produced Their verse inscriptions mark them as possessions of the Euboean and Pithekoussian elite Thus it seems probable that these two bird

1 I am grateful to H Mommsen (Bonn) for carrying out the NAA and for his unequalled patience in explaining the scientific side of archaeometry always in a vivid way I am indebted to F Krinzinger and S Ladstaumltter (both Vi-enna) who financed the NAA of the Ephesian samples and to M Buumlyuumlkkolancı (Denizli) who invited me to pub-lish the LBA and EIA finds of his excavations on Ayasoluk hill (Ephesos) from 1996ndash2002 I thank M drsquoAccunto (Naples) Y E Ersoy (Ccedilorum) R Kearsley (Sidney) and U Schlotzhauer (Berlin) for their comments on and additions to the present paper D Hertel (Koumlln) kindly sent me an extract of his manuscript on the early pottery of Larisa on Hermos which he is preparing for print

2 For a comprehensive bibliography see the contributions of I Lemos A Mazarakis Ainian ndash V Vlachou A Psalti and S Verdan ndash A Kenzelmann Pfyffer ndash T Theurillat on the sites of the Euripos region and those of B drsquoAgostino A Naso and A Vacek on the long-distance trade

3 Frasca 1993 Frasca 1998 Frasca 2000 On the NAA Kerschner 2006a 115 126 fig 34 Mommsen ndash Kerschner 20064 Pithekoussai Buchner ndash Ridgway 1993 219 no 168 169 pls 72 9 73 Eretria Johnston ndash Andreiomenou 19895 Jeffery 1990 434 pl 73 4 Latacz 2007 682ndash684 figs 1 2 pl 91 36 coldstream 2008 277ndash279 479 pl 61 cndashe For a definition of the rsaquostandard fabriclsaquo of the bird kotylai and bird

bowls see Kerschner et al 1993 199ndash201 M Kerschner in Akurgal et al 2002 66 f7 This is the result of a recent and still unpublished NAA study of 25 samples from the ongoing excavations at Teos

including 7 kiln wasters they all belong to the provenance group B which therefore must have been local For earlier arguments pointing to North Ionia Dupont 1983 26 31 (raquoIonie du Nord 2laquo) Kerschner et al 1993 Akurgal et al 2002 63ndash76 83 f figs 11ndash16 pl 1 Kerschner ndash Mommsen 20042006 86 f fig 1

109_140 Kerschner Ioniaindd 109 29072014 094359

Michael Kerschner110

kotylai travelled as objects of an aristocratic gift exchange or as personal belongings rather than as ordinary trade goods

The recent discovery of considerable numbers of PSc skyphoi at Klazomenai and Ephesos (Fig 1 see Appendix 1)8 and of some PGSPG Euboean imports to Ephesos (see Appendix 2) demonstrate that the trans-Aegean contacts reach back beyond the LG period into the 9th and 10th centuries Bc

2 PSC skyphoi in the Eastern Aegean local productions in the Euboean style

21 The PSc skyphoi found at Ephesos and their provenance

211 The PSC skyphoi found at EphesosBeing the favoured type of drinking vessel in LPGndashSPG Euboea9 the PSc skyphos is regarded as raquothe hallmark of Euboean potterylaquo10 It was exported in appreciable numbers to cyprus and the Levant with a single example ending up in Nineveh and some scattered specimens in Southern Italy Sicily and Sardinia11 Recent finds from the Phoenician emporium at Huelva show that PSc skyphoi together with PSc plates played a certain role in the far-distance trade with the tin-mining area around the Rio Tinto in Andalusia12 Together with the exemplars from Klazomenai (see Ap-pendix 1) the finds from Ephesos presented here demonstrate that this type of drinking vessel was also disseminated in the central part of the Eastern Aegean coastline (Fig 1)

Up to now nine PSc skyphoi have been excavated at Ephesos (see Appendix 2 Figs 2ndash10) five in the presumed EIA settlement on Ayasoluk hill another four in the sanctuary of Artemis at its south-western foot13 Nearly all PSc skyphoi found at Ephesos have a thick-walled deep body and if preserved a medium high to tall carinated slightly out-turned lip (Ephe 110 111 143 162 163 179 Figs 2ndash8) The only exception is AYA 010 (Fig 10) with its thin-walled shallow body and a markedly set back lip The average diameters range from 15 to 18 cm (Ephe 110 111 162 163 179 205 AYA 010) Two skyphoi are larger (Ephe 143 D 242 cm Ephe 166 preserved D 226 cm) they can be classified rather as crater-bowls14

All preserved lips are offset a feature which becomes standard from the LPG period on-wards15 As demonstrated by Desborough on the basis of the stratified deposits from Lefkandi raquoit is the lip that is the most informative There is a development from high to low with lips of medium height probably used throughout SPGlaquo16 Ephe 110 and Ephe 162 (Figs 2 5) have tall

8 Figs 1ndash18 copyAustrian Archaeological Institute Vienna9 On the typology chronology and distribution of PSc skyphoi Desborough 1952 180ndash194 coldstream 1968

151ndash153 pl 33 e g h V R drsquoA Desborough in Popham et al 1980 28 f 32 37 299ndash301 fig 8 pls 30 31 33 Kearsley 1989 Lemos 2002 44ndash46 coldstream 2008 492 f See also the other contributions in this volume

10 Lemos 2002 4411 See the contributions of M Kerschner A Vacek A Naso B drsquoAgostino (each with comprehensive bibliography)

in this volume On the PSc skyphos from Nineveh Boardman 1997 375 fig 112 Gonzaacutelez et al 2004 86ndash92 pls 57 58 (the PSc skyphoi belong to Kearsleyrsquos latest type 6) Gonzaacutelez et al 2006

19 f figs 21 2213 On the EIA deposits on Ayasoluk hill Kerschner 2006b 366ndash369 figs 3 7 8 Buumlyuumlkkolancı 2007 On the EIA

deposits in the Artemision of Ephesos Kerschner 2003a Kerschner 2003b 44ndash50 figs 1ndash5 Forstenpointner et al 2008 On the development of the settlement during the EIA M Kerschner in Kerschner et al 2008 109ndash118 pls 48 49 M Kerschner in Stock et al (in print)

14 Lemos 2002 4415 Kearsley 1989 84 87 93 95 99 101 (types 2ndash6) Lemos 2002 4416 V R drsquoA Desborough in Popham et al 1980 299ndash301 fig 8 GndashI cf Lemos 2002 45 Kearsley 1989 84ndash104

115ndash125 proposed a classification into six types based mainly on the shape of the whole vessel it is thus less suited for assigning fragments Her numerical analysis uses the ratios of the height to lip and base diameters the shape and height of lip and the foot Her classification of the lip size differs from Desboroughrsquos proposal



Fig 1 Distribution of pendent semicircle skyphoi in the Eastern Aegean (M Kerschner and I Benda-Weber)



lips (18 cm)17 and can therefore be placed early in the development of the PSc skyphoi (LPGndashSPG II) if the development at Lefkandi is paralleled in the Eastern Aegean18 Three examples rank among the medium high lips (1ndash13 cm) Ephe 111 143 and 179 (Figs 3 4 8) and date to SPG IndashIII Among them Ephe 143 (Fig 4) stands out because of its markedly everted lip set off by an additional groove None of the preserved lips can be classified as low

The two wall fragments Ephe 166 and 205 (Figs 7 9) can only be assessed by the thickness of the wall and by the deep body Both features are in conformation with the particulars of the PSc skyphoi with the medium to tall lip discussed above AYA 010 (Fig 10) clearly stands out from this group as already mentioned Its wall is unusually thin and more slanting Its markedly set back lip is a feature characteristic of Kearsleyrsquos late type 5a19 AYA 010 was not analysed Its macroscopic appearance differs from the previously mentioned PSc skyphoi but the visual im-pression might be misleading

As to the decoration most of the preserved lips are monochrome outside (Ephe 110 111 162 163 179) except Ephe 143 (Fig 4) with a band on the lower part of the lip leaving the lip itself unpainted The eponymous pendent semicircles are thin and generally neatly painted There is no evidence for intersecting groups of semicircles but the fragments are so small that such an inter-section can in no case be definitely excluded On Ephe 162 and 205 (Figs 5 9) the innermost semicircles were omitted without inserting a central filling The inner side of the lip can either be painted completely (Ephe 143 179 Figs 4 8) or as is the rule on Euboea and on the south coast of the Euripos20 it has a reserved band varying in width and position (Ephe 110 111 162 Figs 2 3 5) The stock of PSc skyphoi from Ephesos is still too few to tell if a monochrome interior to the lip is more common in this region especially within the provenance group W (see below) as it seems at the moment The inside of the body is monochrome like on the Euboean PSc skyphoi but unlike most of the examples from Klazomenai (see Appendix 1)

Eight of PSc skyphoi found at Ephesos were investigated by NAA Ephe 110 111 143 162 163 166 179 205 None of them showed the Euboean element pattern EuA prevailing among the other PSc skyphoi from diverse sites discussed in this volume Instead the examples from Ephesos belong to four different provenance groups g Ul51 Ul52 and W The element pattern g is already well known from earlier NAA work21 The other three ndash Ul51 Ul52 and W ndash are new and will be discussed in detail below

212 A PSC skyphos of the South Aiolian provenance group gThe fragment Ephe 166 (Fig 7) of a PSc skyphos with a thick wall and a deep body belongs to the well defined provenance group g22 Group g is a subgroup of provenance group G The ele-ment patterns of both correspond so closely that they clearly originate from the same production centre23 The slight variation can be best explained by modified paste recipes during the prepara-tion of the same raw material

17 Following the classification of V R drsquoA Desborough in Popham et al 1980 300 raquoArbitrarily dividing into high (15 cm or over) medium (1ndash14 cm) and low (under 1 cm)laquo Kearsley 1989 84 87 95 97 proposes a slightly different division using the categories raquotalllaquo (12ndash22 cm) and raquoshortlaquo (08ndash14 cm)

18 V R drsquoA Desborough in Popham et al 1980 299ndash301 fig 8 GndashI cf Kearsley 1989 84ndash104 figs 34ndash41 Lemos 2002 45

19 Kearlsey 1989 98ndash100 fig 39 b on the distribution of type 5a 137 f fig 47 20 V R drsquoA Desborough in Popham et al 1980 299 301 cf the contributions of I S Lemos and A Mazarakis

Ainian ndash V Vlachou this volume 95ndash10721 Kerschner 2006a Mommsen ndash Kerschner 200622 Kerschner 2006a Mommsen ndash Kerschner 2006 Mommsen et al 2012 440 443 no 12 445 tab 223 Mommsen ndash Kerschner 2006 107 f fig 2 raquoGroup g has a dilution of about 10 compared to G and has higher

cr and lower rare earth element concentrations Except for the cr value the concentrations of all other elements vary less than 2σ This close agreement in composition of G and g might be due to a slightly changed paste recipe at these workshops There is also a strong archaeological argument in favour of the localization of both provenance groups G and g at the same site both comprise an almost identical range of ceramic wares and classeslaquo



Provenance group Gg can be located in the Southern Aiolis with high probability at Kyme andor its vicinity24 Although no kiln wasters or other unequivocal reference material were avail-able from the site for scientific analysis there are three major reasons for assigning the prov-enance group Gg to Kyme firstly the conspicuous prevalence of this element pattern within the whole set of samples from the site secondly the longevity of the group Gg at Kyme (attested so far from the Archaic to the Roman Imperial period) and thirdly the great diversity of ceramic classes showing the complete element pattern The samples of provenance group Gg from Kyme comprise Archaic decorated banded and Grey wares a lamp and common ware pots of the Hel-lenistic period as well as a Roman water pipe25 Taken together these three features can only be explained plausibly if the pottery workshops of provenance group Gg were either situated in the city or in its vicinity It is not conceivable that a city would have imported its whole range of ce-ramic products from one and the same distant site for centuries clay is not a rare natural resource but rather occurs at many places

In the past a hypothesis regarding Phokaia as a potential production place of the more elabo-rate of the ceramic classes now included in provenance group Gg prevailed26 but was also criti-cized27 Phokaia however can now be ruled out as a potential production place since the analysis of kiln wasters from this site resulted in distinctively different element patterns28 This was first shown by Dupont from the XRF result of a kiln waster it has since been corroborated by our NAA of further wasters from a Roman pottersrsquo dump at the site29 Both sets of scientific analyses showed that the clay source used by the ancient potters of Phokaia are chemically clearly distinct from the element pattern Gg which therefore must be located elsewhere

The argument of prevalence within the finds from the site over a long period applies also to Larisa a smaller Aiolian polis 12 km southeast from Kyme30 Since both cities are effectively near neighbours it is conceivable that potters from both places exploited the same geological clay lay-ers albeit perhaps at different spots31

A similar hypothesis has recently been put forward by İren in order to explain the contem-poraneous existence of different styles of vase-painting within the same provenance group Gg32 He raquobelieve[s] that the Dot Style pottery painters were working in different settlements in Southern Aiolis perhaps some of them were even travelling in the same regionlaquo33 This seems possible although practical and economic reasons speak against his subsequent assumption that the production places that shared a common clay source were raquocovering geographically a big area in the North of Smyrnalaquo34 Ethno-archaeological studies of Mediterranean potters still working in

24 Kerschner 2006a113ndash115 Kerschner ndash Mommsen 2009 139ndash142 Mommsen et al 2012 44025 Kerschner 2006a 11626 Walter-Karydi 1970 10 İren 2002 165 194 19727 cook ndash Dupont 1998 56 f raquoclaims for Phocaea are based mainly on its having been Ionian and therefore progres-

sivelaquo28 Kerschner 2006a 113 115 fig 33 (raquoWe detected two small chemical groups [T Y] among the Roman wasters and

a number of singles none of them going with any of the Archaic pieceslaquo) In total 18 wasters from Phokaia were analysed

29 Dupont 1983 22 Akurgal et al 2002 89 116 nos 104ndash107 Kerschner 2006a 113 115 figs 32 33 Dupont 2007 178 180 fig 7 Kerschner ndash Mommsen 2009 140

30 Kerschner 2006a 115 f (with a list and photos of the analysed finds from Larisa) Mommsen ndash Kerschner 2006 107 Kerschner ndash Mommsen 2009 141

31 Mommsen ndash Kerschner 2006 107 The question of how far a chemically homogeneous layer of clay can extend has not yet been studied systematically as far as I know cf also Posamentir ndash Solovyov 2007 205 f and the contri-bution of I K Whitbread this volume 59ndash69

32 İren 2009 81 raquoHowever I find the contents of Gg too heterogeneous to be produced only in a single centre I think that the rsaquophenomenalsaquo of the Gg Group could be interpreted archaeologically differently Maybe various workshops in different settlements were using the same clay resources which were not very far from each otherlaquo

33 İren 2009 8134 İren 2009 81



a traditional way show that most of them are using clay beds in their vicinity and within a radius of only a few kilometres35

İrenrsquos proposal that artisans decorating their pots in different styles ndash in this case the rsaquoDot Stylelsaquo and the Orientalizing style of the rsaquoLondon Dinos grouplsaquo ndash lived in different though neigh-bouring settlements is not the only possible interpretation of the results of the NAA of Aiolian pottery It is equally feasible that they lived in the same city since cases do exist that show that pots of different styles and qualities were made contemporaneously in the same large production centres The polychrome chigi Group was made at the same time as SubG aryballoi and kotylai in mid-7th century corinth36 The early red-figured masterpieces and the mediocre lekythoi of the still lingering black-figure style were both made in late Archaic Athens37 The Kleophrades Paint-er and the Haimon Painter worked at the same time in Athens at the beginning of the 5th century Bc These differences in style and quality can be explained more convincingly by combining ar-guments of economy (different purchasers cheap standardized mass production versus elaborate masterpieces for rich connoisseurs) of ability (differences in the skill and training of individual artists) and of the sociological context (different traditions forming the taste of customers special requirements for specific occasions like the Panathenian prize amphorae) rather than by the ethnic origin or ndash as in the case of the southern Aiolis ndash by citizenship of the potters-painters

coming back to the PSc skyphoi the NAA of Ephe 166 (Fig 7) proves a production of painted pottery in Southern Aiolis presumably at Kyme or Larisa during the EIA This result sheds new light on the sole PSc skyphos that has been so far reported from the Aiolian mainland a lip fragment excavated at Larisa on Hermos (Appendix 1) which has not been analysed Hertel considered the piece as a local product mainly because of the high amount of mica38 İren also notes raquohe very micaceous claylaquo but thinks that raquoall the painted PG pottery discovered in the area is probably importedlaquo39 To determine the actual origin a macroscopic assessment is surely not sufficient The unanimously observed high amount of mica points indeed against its being an Euboean import but only a scientific analysis can show its exact origin

213 The new provenance groups Ul51 Ul52 and WThe distribution of the new provenance groups Ul51 Ul52 and W is restricted in terms of geog-raphy and chronology Within the huge set of samples of the Bonn data base comprising ca 9000 NAA of Greek and related pottery from the Mediterranean and the Black Sea these three element patterns occur only among the LBA and EIA pottery from Ionia so far Ul51 and Ul52 have turned up solely at Ephesos which is also the main locale of provenance group W Other members of

35 Mommsen ndash Kerschner 2006 105 with bibliography cf Arnold et al 1991 85 raquoData of a worldwide sample of resource distances have demonstrated that potters travel no more than 7 km to obtain their raw materiallaquo See also the contribution of I K Whitbread this volume 59ndash69

36 On the chigi Group Amyx 1988 31ndash40 pls 11 12 On SubG and related pottery of the same period Stillwell ndash Benson 1984 54ndash69 pls 12ndash15 Neeft 1987 127ndash272 Pemberton 1989 79ndash81 pl 4 (Group 1 deposit of the mid-7th century Bc)

37 On early Athenian Red Figure Boardman 1979 29ndash36 91ndash95 figs 33ndash53 129ndash161 On late Athenian Black Fi-gure Haspels 1936 41ndash191 pls 14ndash50 Boardman 1978 125ndash127 146ndash150 figs 233ndash261

38 Hertel 2007 10 raquoEs handelt sich im uumlbrigen um das Fragment eines in Larisa angefertigten Gefaumlszliges Der feine ziegelrote Ton mit den weiszligen und manchmal auch schwarzen Partikeln und den vielen meist feinen Silber- und Goldglimmerteilchen (sehr zahlreich) entspricht jedoch voll und ganz dem Ton der sicherlich lokalen bemalten Keramik archaischer Zeitlaquo Boehlau ndash Schefold 1942 170 already noted the macroscopic similarity to the local fabric (raquoTon der dem einheimischen aumlhneltlaquo) but regarded the piece however as an import coldstream 1968 297 who had not seen the original classified it typologically as raquoThessalo-cycladiclaquo In a recent manuscript Hertel modified his earlier opinion on the provenance of the PSc skyphos he now has doubts on a local origin mainly because of the colour of the fabric I thank him for sending me the relevant part of his manuscript

39 İren 2008 35



W were excavated at the LBA site of Bademgediği Tepesi north of Ephesos40 and at Hattuša the capital of the Hittite empire during the LBA41

It is remarkable that the element patterns Ul51 Ul52 and W dominant at Ephesos during the PG and MG period have yet never appeared among analysed pottery from the site dating after 750 Bc Furthermore two already well known provenance groups H and I localised at Ephesos with certainty thanks to unequivocal reference pieces can be traced from the LG period down to the Hellenistic (They are established within the local pottery production of Ephesos from at least 700 Bc onwards42) Yet these two element patterns H and I have never turned up among the samples of the PG and MG pottery from the site It seems that the Ephesian potters abruptly abandoned the clay beds they had long exploited up to the first halfmiddle of the 8th century Bc in favour of new clay sources

The reason for this change is not known Within the region this phenomenon is peculiar to Ephesos The provenance groups of the other main production centres known from the Archaic period in Ionia can be traced back to the 10thndash9th centuries Bc A at Miletos J at Samos and B at Teos43 Hence it seems probable that some local incident caused this shift of the exploited clay bed There may be a connection with the rapid increase of erosion in that period44 Geomorpho-logical changes may have made the former clay beds inaccessible

214 PSC skyphoi with element pattern W and the localization of this provenance groupOne half of the PSc skyphoi analysed from Ephesos ndash four out of eight ndash belong to the prov-enance group W Ephe 111 143 163 and 179 (Figs 3 4 6 8) Thus W is the most common element pattern among the Ephesian finds of this skyphos type Where is the group to be located

Up to now we have no unequivocal reference piece (like a kiln waster or a vessel from the original fill of a potterrsquos kiln) by which to locate the provenance group W but there are some indications pointing to Ephesos Firstly W is the most common single element pattern among the analysed samples of EIA pottery found at this site Out of a total of 40 analysed vessels decorated in PG style from Ephesos 18 show the element pattern W 38 of these 40 samples had been found in the above-mentioned EIA deposit in the Artemision45

Apart from the high frequency at the site there are two other arguments in favour of a localisa-tion of provenance group W at Ephesos The first one is that of distribution outside Ephesos the element pattern W has turned up so far only at Bademgediği Tepesi possibly the town of Puranda mentioned in Hittite sources situated 33 km to the north46 However only two samples out of more than hundred analysed by Mommsen and Mountjoy from this site belong to group W This paucity speaks clearly against a localisation of provenance group W at Bademgediği Tepesi a site that anyway shows only slight activity in the EIA and has not yielded any painted PG pottery

40 This NAA will be published by P Mountjoy and H Mommsen41 Goren et al 2011 693 f fig 5 3 tabs 1 2 no 1242 Akurgal et al 2002 47ndash50 Kerschner et al 2002 Kerschner ndash Mommsen 20042006 84 86 92 fig 143 On the provenance groups A B and J Akurgal et al 2002 37ndash47 Kerschner ndash Mommsen 20042006 83ndash87 92 f

figs 1ndash3 Schlotzhauer ndash Villing 2006 59 fig 14ndash16 EIA finds in provenance group A PG amphorae from Ephesos (Ephe 227) and Halikarnassos (Hali 2 Hali 5) MG amphora from Ephesos (Ephe 141) provenance group B PG oinochoe from Ephesos (Ephe 136) provenance group J MG skyphos from Ephesos (Ephe 176) The large and well defined provenance group B can now definitely be located at Teos thanks to the NAA of kiln wasters (Teos 20ndash26) from the site carried out in 2013 We thank M Kadıoğlu (Ankara) for the possibility to take samples at Teos

44 Stock et al (in print)45 Kerschner 2003a Kerschner 2003b 44ndash50 figs 1ndash5 Forstenpointner et al 2008 It is important to be aware that

these 38 analysed samples are only a small selection out of several hundreds of painted and semidecorated PG frag-ments from this sanctuary deposit These numbers reflect the current state of research and have to be treated with caution

46 Mericcedil ndash Mountjoy 2002 Mericcedil 2003 Mericcedil et al 2003 153ndash155 158 Mericcedil 2007



so far47 It would thus be highly implausible for the small indigenous settlement of Bademgediği Tepesi to be the main producer of the painted PG pottery found at Ephesos

215 The Tawagalawa letter ndash a member of provenance group WAnother member of the provenance group W at Ephesos is the so-called Tawagalawa letter ana-lysed by Goren and Mommsen48 This cuneiform tablet found in Hattuša (Boğazkoumly) was written by a Hittite king presumably Hattušili III (ca 1265ndash1240 Bc) and addressed to the king of Ahhiyawa whose brother Tawagalawa is mentioned in the text Only the third tablet is preserved It tells about the activities of a certain Piyamaradu operating against the Hittite power in Western Anatolia An official document of the Hittite king like the rsaquoTawagalawa letterlsaquo could have been written only in an administrative centre A reasonable candidate is Apaša the capital of the Luwian kingdom of Arzawa a vassal of the Hittite Empire in the 13th century Bc49 According to a com-bination of arguments from Hittite written sources and the archaeological record Apaša has been located at Ephesos or in its vicinity by the majority of scholars50 The distribution pattern of the members of provenance group W suggests an origin of the rsaquoTawagelawa letterlsaquo in the same area

216 A PSC skyphos with the element pattern Ul52 and the localization of this provenance groupEphe 162 (Fig 5) found on Ayasoluk hill is the only PSc skyphos analysed so far that belongs to the provenance group Ul52 This group has seven members so far all were discovered at Ephesos Hence it seems reasonable to assume that the group was situated at Ephesos or in its vicinity Five samples are amphorai or hydriai one of which is Ephe 70 (Fig 14) from the above mentioned PGSPG deposit in the Artemision a shoulder fragment with long languettes and full concentric circles adjoining the band that marks the transition to the neck In Attica this combination of mo-tives is common during the EPG phase continuing into MPG51 The oldest piece within the same deposit is another member of provenance group Ul52 the cup Ephe 124 (Fig 16) with stylistic parallels among SubMyc and EPG cups from Lefkandi52

217 PSC skyphoi and other EIA vessels with the element pattern Ul51 and the localization of this provenance groupEphe 110 (Fig 2) from the Artemision is the only PSc skyphos with the element pattern Ul51 Its steep-sided deep bowl and the tall everted carinated lip can be compared with LPG to SPG I examples from Lefkandi53

The element pattern Ul51 comprises only three members to date Being so few in number it is rather an emerging provenance group which will become better defined if more members are attributed to it All three once again were found at Ephesos and date to the late 10th or early 9th century Bc

Ephe 121 (Fig 15) was presumably a kantharos although it cannot be excluded that it was a large cup since only one side with one handle is preserved While the decoration is consistent with

47 Mericcedil 2003 86 f 92 fig 14 (raquoAt nearby sites such as Ephesus Protogeometric pottery has been found but so far it has not appeared at Bademgediği Tepelaquo Grey Ware Orange-brown and Red Ware are prevailing in the EIA layers at the site) Mericcedil et al 2003 153 drawing 3 cf Mericcedil 2007 32 35

48 Inv cTH 181 sample no VAT 6692 On the analysis Goren et al 2011 693 f fig 5 3 tabs 1 2 no 12 49 Edition Goetze 1926 no 3 On the extensive academic discussion of this letter see Singer 1983 209ndash214 Zur-

bach 2006 289ndash293 Niemeier 2007 80ndash82 Niemeier 2009 18 f Beckman et al 2011 101ndash122 all with further bibliography

50 Eg Hawkins 1998 1 22ndash24 Buumlyuumlkkolancı 2005 Seeher 2005 35 Kerschner 2006b 367ndash369 Zurbach 2006 274 283 f Buumlyuumlkkolancı 2007 Niemeier 2007 54 f 58 63 f Buumlyuumlkkolancı 2008

51 cf Lemos 2002 56 f pls 4 1 7 1 (EPG) pl 22 3 (MPG)52 Popham et al 1980 294 fig 7 a pl 106 Lemos 2002 27 33 pl 12 1053 Popham et al 1980 121 no 331 pl 102 128 f pl 107 no 56 3 (SPG I) Lemos 2002 44 f pl 70 6 (LPG)



kantharoi from the western side of the Aegean the shape is peculiar the body is shallow (H 84 cm D 17 cm) with flaring gently curved sides Its shoulder is hardly perceivable The rim is slight-ly curved outward without a proper lip The base is flat with a concave bottom Ephe 121 is closer to Euboean than to Attic examples54 but the differences in shape outweigh the common features

The third example with element pattern Ul51 Ephe 129 (Fig 17) is a trefoil oinochoe Its exterior is completely painted except for a group of three reserved lines on the shoulder The ovoid body and broad mouth point to an EPG date55 The monochrome exterior with groups of reserved bands finds parallels on Euboea56 The neck of Ephe 129 however is broader than that of contemporaneous Euboean examples

On the question of the origin of the element pattern Ul51 we should be cautious Since but three members exist in it further NAA may eventually allocate them to two or three chemically similar groups from other provenances If this threesome does comprise a separate provenance group we have still very few indications as to where to locate it According to our current knowl-edge their presence is confined to EIA Ephesos which implies a location for production at this site or in its vicinity

22 A presumed local manufacture of PSc skyphoi at Klazomenai

Klazomenai is the one site in Ionia where PSc skyphoi occur most frequently according to the current state of our knowledge (Fig 1 Appendix 1)57 They are represented in deposits from the LPG to the mid 8th century Bc58 Ersoy observed that raquothe pieces from Klazomenai [were] pro-duced with clay rich in micalaquo and concluded that they raquoare definitely not imports from Euboea as Euboean pottery does not include gold sparkling inclusionslaquo59 The earlier PSc skyphoi from a LPGSPG pit at Klazomenai60 find close comparisons among the productions of the raquoEuboean koineacutelaquo as defined by Lemos61 The later PSc skyphoi found in a fill of the mid-8th century Bc correspond in their shape to Kearsleyrsquos type 4 with its short sharply everted lip62 The treatment of the interior however shows a conspicuous divergence from Euboean examples unlike the latter the inner surface of the Klazomenian pieces is mostly unglazed decorated with one broad band on the lip and often another in the middle of the bowl This lighter appearance of the interior is also in contrast to the PSc skyphoi of the provenance groups g Ul51 Ul52 and W found at Ephesos (see Appendix 2 and Figs 2ndash10) with their monochrome insides Hence the later PSc skyphoi from Klazomenai originate with high probability from a further production centre which Ersoy convincingly placed at Klazomenai the only place where this subtype has been found so far63 Nonetheless yet additional production places may be involved as Ersoy suggested having observed differences in the fabric of some pieces mainly in the amount of mica64 Archaeometric analysis could help to clarify this question

54 Popham et al 1980 193 pl 190 (Pyre 2 3) (Lefkandi) For Attic kantharoi Desborough 1952 102ndash106 pl 12 Lemos 2002 54 pls 31 4 80 5

55 cf Popham et al 1980 113 316ndash321 pl 95 (Tomb 12 1) Lemos 2002 68 pls 12 8 15 1 (EPG)56 Popham et al 1980 316ndash321 fig 15 Lemos 2002 67ndash70 pls 12 3 8 15 1 40 657 Ersoy 2004 45 raquohellip the significant number of PSc skyphoi is definitely surprising as is apparently not the case in

Miletos or Old Smyrnalaquo58 Aytaccedillar 2004 27 Ersoy 2004 44ndash4759 Ersoy 2004 44 with n 8 on p 69 4760 See Appendix 1 Klazomenai nos 7 8 with comparisons61 Lemos 1998 Lemos 2002 212ndash217 map 762 See Appendix 1 Klazomenai nos 9ndash15 with comparisons63 Ersoy 2004 47 raquothey are most likely local productslaquo64 Ersoy 2007 153 n 9 raquoThe clay structure of the Pendent Semicircle skyphoi shows variations potentially indicating

different sources for their origin While some pieces are rich in sparkling inclusions others have either few specks of mica or none at alllaquo



3 Euboean imports to Ephesos and localregional emulations of Euboean pottery

Among the earliest exports of Euboean pottery to the Eastern Aegean are the samples Ephe 125 173 and 311 (Figs 11ndash13) attested now by NAA as products of the provenance group EuA65 They date to the PGSPG period and were excavated at the two sites at Ephesos where PGndashMG finds and deposits have been revealed up to now the sanctuary of Artemis and the adjacent hill of Ayasoluk where the contemporary settlement was presumably situated66

Sample Ephe 125 a shoulder fragment of a PG belly-handled amphora67 or hydria (Fig 11) shows the element pattern EuA The shoulder frieze with upright concentric semicircles separated by groups of long pendant languettes finds parallels among the pottery from Lefkandi68 although this combination of motives is well known from other regions too69 Yet by means of the archaeo-metric analysis it was possible to pinpoint the precise origin of this small fragment

Another member of provenance group EuA is Ephe 311 (Fig 13) a large fragment from a closed vessel decorated with a doubled chevron in the shoulder frieze and three reserved lines on the glazed belly It belonged presumably to a jug an amphoriskos or a large lekythos70

In addition to these vessels of the provenance group EuA there are a number of PG vessels from Ephesos which have not yet been scientifically analysed but show typological and stylistic links with the Euboean koineacute Some of them may actually turn out to be imports others to be local or regional emulations of Euboean models Among the latter is a hydria or neck-handled amphora (inv ART 8929196 Fig 18) Its fabric differs from that of the members of provenance group EuA Its decoration with four groups of languettes in the shoulder zone framed by bands however finds a close parallel in a MPG hydria from Lefkandi71

While both imports and emulations of Euboean pottery are not uncommon among the PG and SPG pottery from Ephesos this trans-Aegean connection obviously became less important during the MG period In LG no pottery of Euboean type has turned up so far during the processing of the ceramic finds from the Artemision and the settlement beneath the later Tetragonos Agora72 There is however one fragment excavated on Ayasoluk hill which the NAA attested as member of the provenance group EuA Ephe 173 (Fig 12) is a shoulder fragment of a crater Parts of a me-tope frieze are preserved In the left panel a water bird can be recognised with a star as subsidiary ornament under its tail In the right panel there are scanty remains of a largely lost ornament per-haps a quatrefoil73 The drop-shaped body of the bird is vertically hatched as is usual in Euboea whereas Ionian vase-painters preferred cross-hatching The NAA of this LG crater testifies that occasional imports from Euboea reached Ephesos also in the 8th century Bc

65 An Euboean origin for a number of these pieces has already been proposed by I S Lemos at the occasion of her visit to Ephesos in 1999 cf Lemos 2007 720 n 54

66 On the EIA contexts of the Artemision Kerschner 2003b Kerschner 2006b 369ndash371 Forstenpointner et al 2008 On the excavations of LBA and EIA finds and deposits on Ayasoluk hill Buumlyuumlkkolancı 2005 Buumlyuumlkkolancı 2007 Buumlyuumlkkolancı 2008 On the settlement history of pre-Hellenistic Ephesos Kerschner 2006b 366ndash369 figs 2ndash4 Kerschner et al 2008 11ndash20 109ndash126 pls 47ndash51 M Kerschner in Stock et al (in print)

67 The shoulders of neck-handled amphorae tend to be more inclined and there are no languettes used separating the semicircles on the shoulder cf Lemos 2002 57

68 Popham et al 1980 272 no 983 pl 276 For the same decoration on an oinochoe Lemos 2002 68 pl 23 469 See eg Wells 1983 161 nos 1 3 4 fig 105 107 108 (with full circles and languettes) 256 f nos 748 752 fig

194 (Asine) Lemos 2002 60 f pls 22 1 3 (MPG amphora Athens Kerameikos) 33 3 (LPG amphora Athens Kerameikos) 90 1 (hydria Peristeri)

70 Jug catling ndash Lemos 1990 127 no 725 pl 72 Amphoriskos Popham ndash Lemos 1996 pl 45 8 Lemos 2002 64 f pl 39 5 Lekythos Lemos 2002 72ndash74 pl 23 5

71 Popham et al 1980 147 no 14 1 pl 134 Lemos 2002 66 pl 24 1272 cf Kerschner 2003b 51ndash58 figs 6ndash9 The LG and Archaic finds from the excavations of G Langmann and P

Scherrer in this settlement were studied by von Miller 201373 cf for the decoration J Boardman in Popham et al 1980 62 f 69 pls 47 129 55 277 Verdan et al 2008 120

pls 18 62 24 96



4 Conclusion The results of the NAA study within the framework of the trans-Aegean contacts between the Euboean koineacute and the Eastern Aegean

The NAA of the PG and SPG pottery from Ephesos has shown that trans-Aegean contacts with the area of the Euboean koineacute already played a conspicuous role during the 10th and 9th centuries Bc In the archaeological record this impact is discernable both in imports of Euboean pottery of the provenance group EuA as well as in emulations of ceramic types common in the Euboean koineacute especially of the PSc skyphos produced in several Eastern Aegean sites

The NAA has demonstrated that there existed at least four different provenance groups of PSc skyphoi indicating several local production centres in the Eastern Aegean The element pattern g located in Southern Aiolis presumably at Kyme and possibly also at Larisa has already been discussed The other three element patterns with PSc skyphoi ndash Ul51 Ul52 and W ndash cannot yet definitely be pinpointed to a specific site for lack of unequivocal reference material The pattern of distribution of the group members however indicates an origin in the central part of Ionia in andor around Ephesos where all three element patterns occur among the EIA finds74 W prevails among the analysed samples of PG and SPG pottery at the site Another Ionian production of PSc skyphoi was convincingly proposed by Ersoy at Klazomenai combining arguments of frequency typological peculiarities and the macroscopic appearance of the fabric75 None of the PSc skyphoi of the provenance groups Ul51 Ul52 and W has the banded decoration of the interior peculiar to the Klazomenian examples Therefore the Klazomenian production site is not amongst those revealed by our NAA it constitutes a further production centre for this vase type

Taking all the evidence together we can trace now at least three and possibly four or five places in the Eastern Aegean where PSc skyphoi were produced these are ndash with high probabil-ity ndash Kyme (and possibly Larisa) in Southern Aiolis Klazomenai in North Ionia as well as Ephe-sos and possibly one or two other places in its vicinity in the central part of the Ionian mainland The typological links between the Euboean PSc skyphoi and their Ionian counterparts are so close that this similarity is surely better explained as due to an external impulse than by an inde-pendent parallel development Hitherto PSc skyphoi of provenance group EuA have not been detected on the Eastern Aegean mainland but this absence may be contingent on the present state of research that rests upon a still limited body of EIA pottery from the region Originally inspired by models from the Euboean koineacute the PSc skyphoi have become an Eastern Aegean vase type too in the central area of the Western Anatolian coast by the 9th century Bc perhaps even a little earlier

The NAA of the PG pottery from Ephesos has detected a number of Euboean imports of the provenance group EuA These imports prove that there existed trade relations between Euboea and Ionia already in the 10th century Bc76 This exchange of goods and the accompanying per-sonal contacts may well have stimulated the emulation of the PSc skyphos ndash raquothe hallmark of Euboean potterylaquo77 ndash in Ionia and Aiolis

If we try to consider these new results within the larger framework of the Eastern Aegean we have to keep in mind that the archaeological record for the EIA in this region is still very patchy

74 Empirical evidence has shown that at sites with a complex geological environment there may occur chemically different raw clays The pots produced from them show different element patterns although they were made at the same site If raw clays of varying sources are mixed the paste shows a new element pattern different from any of the raw clays Examples of production sites with more than one local element pattern are Miletos (A and D) Eph-esos (H and I) and Phokaia (T Y) See M Kerschner in Akurgal et al 2002 37ndash47 fig 3 Kerschner et al 2002 199ndash205 Kerschner ndash Mommsen 20042006 83 86 92

75 Ersoy 2004 44 4776 For Klazomenai this was already stated by Ersoy 2004 45 raquoBetween the tenth and mid-eighth centuries Klazo-

menai seemed to have established good links either with Euboea or other regions that were under the strong cultural impact of Euboea provide clear evidence of this overseas contactlaquo

77 Lemos 2002 44



currently it is largely based on decorated pottery Some sites which were supposedly important are virtually or totally unknown during this period Being aware that both the distribution pattern as it appears at the moment (see Fig 1 for the PSc skyphoi) and the conclusions drawn from it are preliminary it seems nevertheless worth summarizing and analyzing the situation at the eastern side of the Aegean

According to the present evidence the Euboean-Eastern Aegean exchange is focussed upon the central part of the western coast of Anatolia during the 10thndash9th centuries Bc The main pro-ponents of these trans-Aegean contacts are Ephesos and Klazomenai in Ionia It is possible that Aiolian Kyme may be added since the provenance group g which comprises also a PSc skyphos was probably located in this city andor in neighbouring Larisa The earlier periods of the EIA are still elusive at Kyme but excavations in LG layers yielded a high amount of Euboean imports which is not paralleled at any other Eastern Aegean site

At Smyrna PSc skyphoi occur but are less frequent than in neighbouring Klazomenai (see Appendix 1) A number of PG and Geometric finds have been published but the selection is limited and therefore not easy to evaluate78 Lemos observed that some of the Geometric pottery raquoshows similarities to the SPG style of pottery which has also been found on chios and Lesbos as well as in Thessaly and Euboeanlaquo79

Our knowledge of EIA pottery in Aiolis is still scanty and patchy80 While Grey Ware prevails among the fine pottery in the whole region during the EIA81 the NAA of the PSc skyphos Ephe 166 (Fig 7) proves that production of painted Geometric pottery took place in Southern Aiolis ndash presumably at Kyme and possibly also at Larisa ndash as early as the 9th to first half of the 8th century Bc Interestingly this locally produced decorated skyphos emulates a main type of the Euboean koineacute Further links with this area were observed by İren on some EIA vessels from the Aiolian mainland and by Lemos on the PGndashSPG pottery found on the island of Lesbos82

To the north on the Western Anatolian coast Troia shows another cluster of PSc skyphoi (Fig 1) while catling traced the connection of the painted PGndashSPG amphorae with the North Aegean83 In the Troad like in Aiolis Grey Ware is dominant throughout the EIA84 If as catling has shown with the example of a PG Grey ware cup from Troia locally produced Grey ware imitates a type of the Euboean koineacute commercial contacts produced an effect on the material culture85

In the southern part of the Eastern Aegean ndash in South Ionia and in East Doris ndash finds of Euboean and Euboean related pottery are clearly fewer than in the central part of the western coast of Asia Minor PSc skyphoi are rare at Samos and raquonearly absentlaquo at Miletos (see Ap-pendix 1)86 During the LG period raquoEuboea is the source of several importslaquo at Samos87 whereas they are very rare at Miletos88 Krumme noted a common feature shared by both the Milesian PG and the Euboean koineacute in the preference of two sets of concentric circles on the

78 cf Oumlzguumlnel 1978 Oumlzguumlnel 2003 and Appendix 1 Ersoy 2004 45 with n 14 warns that raquoThe published finds are highly selective and do not represent the overall character of the settlement in terms of its contacts with overseaslaquo

79 Lemos 2002 211 A different view was uttered by Ersoy 2004 45 with n 14 raquoLike Miletos there is apparently no strong evidence of Thessalo-cycladic influence in the material recordlaquo

80 For recent surveys see Spencer 1995 (on Lesbos) Hertel 2007 İren 2008 (on the mainland sites)81 Bayne 2000 137ndash242 263ndash268 cf İren 2008 30 f82 İren 2008 31 f 35 fig 2 2 Lemos 2002 211 on Lesbos raquomost of the pottery is either late PG or SPG and is imilar

to pottery from Euboea and Thessalylaquo83 See Appendix 1 and catling 1998 For further finds see chabot Aslan 2002 83ndash85 97ndash100 pls 1ndash584 Bayne 2000 226ndash237 figs 67 68 chabot Aslan 2002 84ndash86 96 Hertel 2007 104ndash10885 catling 1998 178 f fig 1486 Krumme 2003 24487 coldstream 2008 478 identifying Walter 1968 93 100 107 pls 8 42 30 155 49 282ndash289 as Euboean imports

to the Heraion An Euboean LG skyphos from Pythagoreio chatzi-Vallianou 1977 303 pl 177 (lower left)88 For one of the rare Euboean imports at Miletos Schlotzhauer 2001 no 25 pls 4 25 100 25 a fragment of a MG

skyphos sample no Mile43 which is also member of the provenance group EuA (NAA by H Mommsen)



circle skyphoi89 In the 9th and 8th centuries Bc however similarities between Milesian and Euboean pottery are faint90 During the LG period again Samos seems to be more receptive of western influences than Miletos91

Further south in the Dodecanese the rich finds from the EIA necropoleis at Kos show a pro-nouncedly individual character92 Nevertheless Lemos noted some stylistic links with the west with the Euboean koineacute and to a lesser degree with the Argolid93 On Rhodes like on Kos the strong local tradition is much more open to inspirations from cypriote and Levantine pottery than from the west94

If we consider the results of the NAA from the historical point of view the trans-Aegean con-tacts between Euboea and the Euboean koineacute on the one hand with the Eastern Aegean especially the central part of the Western Anatolian coast on the other have become more conspicuous now This study is based on pottery its provenance distribution and emulation It has become a com-monly agreed tenet that raquoPots are not peoplelaquo and we have to be aware that pottery is only one element of many within a material culture But for the EIA it is still our most abundant body of evidence Indeed in the case of the Eastern Aegean at the present state of research but single instances exist that provide more complex features like necropoleis or houses with destruction levels The conclusions which we can draw from the ceramic evidence may be restricted but they are still a step forward

The PG to LG imports of the provenance group EuA at Ephesos demonstrate that there was contact between Euboea and the central part of the Western Anatolian coast Who the carriers were remains beyond the bounds of archaeological verification either the Euboeans or the Eph-esians or a third party The imported pots influenced the local pottery production as is traceable through the PSc skyphoi and other types of painted vessels Whether there were also craftsmen involved trained in the area of the Euboean koineacute and later migrating to Ionia or whether it is only the imported pots which were emulated lies once more beyond the available archaeological record to confirm The existence of cultural contact between the two areas however is evident

This Euboean contact can now be placed alongside the Attic which had been detected by NAA already before95 Several imports from both regions are attested by NAA among the PG finds at Ephesos A third source of ceramic imports the Southern Argolid is represented by one sample only up to now96 These imports from Euboea Attica and the Southern Argolid reach back to the late 11thndash10th centuries Bc they thus show that the trans-Aegean connections of the Ephesians existed already in the PG period when the material culture of that city became predominantly Greek It is possible that this trans-Aegean link was intertwined with the migration of people as ancient traditions suggest97 Again the archaeological evidence available from Ephesos at the mo-ment is not yet detailed and comprehensive enough to either prove or disprove hypotheses on the historicity of those written sources on the so-called Ionian Migration

89 Krumme 2003 244 cf Lemos 2002 212 raquoThere are also a few circle skyphoi which are again closer to the MPG examples from Lefkandi because they do not have the characteristic zigzag below the rim typical of Attic examp-leslaquo On the circle skyphoi from Lefkandi Lemos 2002 37

90 coldstream 1968 266 271 f 296 f Ersoy 2004 45 with n 13 raquoDr Michael Krumme told me that there is apparently no strong evidence of Thessalo-cycladic koine or impact in the material record at the sitelaquo coldstream 2008 478

91 coldstream 2008 478 raquoAtticizing tendencies in the metopal decoration of LG can now be most plausibly attributed to Euboea which unlike Attica is the source of several importslaquo

92 Morricone 197893 Lemos 2002 20894 Bourogiannis 2000 coldstream 2008 264 266 268 275ndash277 Bourogiannis 200995 Kerschner 2003a 247 Kerschner 2006b 37096 Sample no Ephe 127 inv ART 89292641 This small shoulder fragment of an oinochoe or lekythos with a cross-

hatched triangle comes from the same PGSPG context in the Artemision of Ephesos as Ephe 125 The NAA of Mommsen detected it as member of provenance group TIR located in the Southern Argolid (TirynsAsine)

97 cf Lemos 2007 and crielaard 2009 46ndash57 both with comprehensive bibliography



What this NAA study has revealed however is the fact that more interaction existed between Euboea and the Eastern Aegean especially the central area of the Western Anatolian coast than had previously been assumed

Appendix 1 Catalogue of PSC skyphoi in the Eastern Aegean

An overview of published PSc skyphoi from the western coast of Asia Minor and the off-shore islands (from north to south)

1 Troad

Troia1 Blegen et al 1958 279 pl 303 8 Kearsley 1989 67 no 2252 Blegen et al 1958 233 pl 278 26 Kearsley 1989 67 no 2263 Schmidt 1902 183 no 3710 catling 1998 184 n 1114 catling 1998 178 Lenz et al 1998 208 no IV1 pl 2 4 right 11 1 bulging body and short

outturned lip985 catling 1998 178 Lenz et al 1998 208 no IV2 pls 2 4 middle 11 2 slightly curved wall

and short pointed lip

2 Aiolis

Methymna on Lesbos1 Buchholz 1975 90ndash92 fig 25 a Kearsley 1989 55 no 176 Spencer 1995 283 shallow body

with short offset concave lip cf Kearsley 1989 103 fig 41 a (raquoType 6laquo)

Larisa on Hermos1 Boehlau ndash Schefold 1942 170 pl 57 4 coldstream 1968 297 (raquoThessalo-cycladic not

later than MGlaquo) Kearsley 1989 42 no 107 Hertel 2007 102 fig 3 pl 9 3 İren 2008 31 37 figs 2 3 3 with deep body and high lip cf Kearsley 1989 91 fig 36 c (raquoType 2laquo)

3 Ionia

Phokaia1 Boardman 1967 117 n 2 raquohellip the class is represented at Phocaea but the circumstances have yet

to be publishedlaquo on the still unpublished finds from the excavations by E Akurgal 1952ndash19552 Oumlzyiğit 1994 92 fig 35 above (raquoThe most ancient ceramic find was a piece of a skyphos from

the Protogeometric periodlaquo) no profile drawing provided but presumably a fragment of a PSc skyphos

Smyrna (Bayraklı)1 Popham et al 1980a 292 395 n 81 (raquoseveral unpublished PSc skyphoi with high or medium

lip and circles skyphoi from the Anglo-Turkish excavations of 1948ndash1951laquo) Kearsley 1989 61 no 202

98 catling 1998 178 raquoHowever as none of the three belong to canonical shapes their dates remain uncertainlaquo



Two of these skyphoi both excavated in raquotrench Hlaquo were published by Oumlzguumlnel 2003 with a description and photo but without a profile drawing so that the classification is not com-pletely certain

2 Oumlzguumlnel 2003 71 n 21 pl 3 5 PSc skyphos with tall lip3 Oumlzguumlnel 2003 72 n 21 pl 4 2 PSc skyphos with tall lip The banded exterior of the lip is

uncommon among Euboean examples and may point to an Eastern Aegean product4 Oumlzguumlnel 2003 71 Anm 21 pl 3 4 Presumably a PSc skyphos with tall lip Exterior with

monochrome lip and pendent semicircles and an hour-glass as central filling This feature points to a LPG rather than to a SPG date cf Desborough in Popham et al 1980 299 301 Lemos 2002 45

Klazomenai1 Bakır et al 1982 87 f fig 8 Kearsley 1989 192 no A3 with high to medium lip2 Bakır et al 1982 87 f fig 9 Kearsley 1989 192 no A3 with high to medium lip

Both lip fragments were published as raquofragment de cotylegravelaquo without a profile drawing but the photo suggests that both have rather an everted offset lip (cf Kearsley raquoappear to be from pendent semicircle skyphoilaquo)

3 Işık 1992 54 no 9 pl 5 classified as raquoSkyphos-Kraterlaquo but the dimensions point clearly to a skyphos cf Kearsley 1989 102 fig 40 b raquoType 6laquo

4 Aytaccedillar 2004 27 fig 16 no 10362 with high lip5 Aytaccedillar 2004 27 fig 16 no 10421 with short slightly out-turned lip and straight wall6 Aytaccedillar 2004 27 fig 16 no 10201 with high slightly out-turned lip7 Ersoy 2004 44 fig 1 c Ersoy 2007 151 f pl 18 1 (left) with high slightly out-turned lip

cf Kearsley 1989 88ndash90 fig 35 c (type 2b) Inside painted with reserved band at the lip8 Ersoy 2004 44 fig 1 d Ersoy 2007 151 f pl 18 1 (right) with high slightly out-turned lip

cf Kearsley 1989 87ndash90 fig 35 a (type 2a) Inside painted with reserved band at the lip9 Ersoy 2004 45 f fig 3 a with medium high lip cf Kearsley 1989 95 f fig 38 a (type 4a)

Inside unpainted except for a broad band at the lip and upper part10 Ersoy 2004 45 f fig 3 b with medium high lip cf Kearsley 1989 95 f fig 38 b (type 4a)

Inside unpainted except for a band at the lip11 Ersoy 2004 45 f fig 3 c with straight slightly everted medium high lip Inside unpainted

except for a band at the lip12 Ersoy 2004 45 f fig 3 d with medium high lip cf Kearsley 1989 95 f fig 38 b (type 4a)

Inside unpainted except for a band at the lip13 Ersoy 2004 45 f fig 3 e straight nearly vertical wall with short out-turned lip Inside with

two bands one at the lip one at the lower body14 Ersoy 2004 45 47 fig 4 a straight nearly vertical wall with medium high vertical lip The

profile is in fact similiar to North Ionian kotylai of that period cf Ersoy 2004 46 fig 3 f Inside unpainted except for a band at the lip ()

15 Ersoy 2004 45 47 fig 4 b vertical markedly off-set tall lip profile close to Kearsley 1989 95 f fig 38 b (type 4 a) Inside unpainted except for a band at the lip ()

Chios city1 Tsaravopoulos 1986 127 pl 27 1 Archontidou-Argyre 2004 207 212 fig 1 13 deep coni-

cal body with high offset lip cf Kearsley 1989 91 fig 36 a (raquoType 2laquo) Desborough in Popham et al 1980 32 pl 31 6

2 Archontidou-Argyre 2004 207 f 212 fig 2 11 deep conical body with high offset flar-ing lip cf Kearsley 1989 91 fig 36 a (raquoType 2laquo) Desborough in Popham et al 1980 32 pl 31 6



3 Archontidou-Argyre 2004 207 f 212 fig 2 12 deep rounded body with high offset lip cf Kearsley 1989 91 fig 36 a (raquoType 2laquo) Desborough in Popham et al 1980 32 pl 31 6

Emporio on Chios1 Boardman 1967 117 f fig 72 pl 30 Kearsley 1989 28 no 67 with deep body and high

everted lip cf Kearsley 1989 91 fig 36 b (raquoType 2laquo)

Phanai on Chios1 Beaumont 2011 233 fig 7 a left2 Beaumont ndash Archontidou Argyri 2004 217 222 no 40 fig 11 Beaumont 2011 233 fig 7 b

Ephesos1ndash9 See below Appendix 2

Miletos1 Krumme 2003 244 raquoDie sonst sehr haumlufigen Skyphoi mit haumlngenden Halbkreisen fehlen fast

vollstaumlndiglaquo

Heraion on Samos1 Walter 1968 33 97 no 109 pl 19 no profile drawing but the short lip seems to be strongly

offset presumably like Kearsley 1989 fig 39 c d (raquotype 5laquo)

Kampos auf Ikaria1 Buchholz 1975 90ndash92 fig 25 b Kearsley 1989 33 no 82 straight wall with offset lip incli-

nation seems uncertain cf Kearsley 1989 91 fig 36 a (raquoType 2laquo) Desborough in Popham et al 1980 28 f pl 30 12

4 Eastern Doris

Kos city1 Morricone 1978 30 202 no 16 fig 394 Kearsley 1989 192 no A4 with high offset lip no

drawing provided but similar to Kearsley 1989 91 fig 36 (raquotype 2laquo)

Ialysos on Rhodes1 Grigoriadou et al 2001 395 fig 45 no drawing given so it remains unclear if the short lip is

offset or straight like on other examples from Rhodes

Vati on Rhodes1ndash2 Papachristodoulou 1975 226 fig 3 Papachristodoulou 1984 14 fig 4 Kearsley 1989

194 On the chronology coldstream 2008 477 (MG) M drsquoAcunto kindly informed me that both examples have a straight lip a feature that is barely visible on the published pho-tos He interprets this variation of the profile as a regional feature typical in Rhodes of PSc skyphoi it also appears on two deep skyphoi with concentric semicircles from Kameiros Jacopi 19321933 191 f no 3 fig 227 The examples from Kameiros differ from the Vati pieces in their decoration with only one group of concentric semicircles on each side Thus they share with the Euboean PSc skyphoi nothing but the motive of the PSc the shape and the decoration system differ Any connection with the Euboean PSc skyphoi seems therefore unlikely99

99 M drsquoAcunto (Naples) considers the skyphoi from Kameiros as raquoprobably locallaquo (personal communication)



5 Lydia

Sardis1 Hanfmann 1967 27 fig 12 24 (upper row right) Kearsley 1989 60 no 168 no drawing

medium to high lip2 Hanfmann 1967 27 fig 12 27 (middle row third fragment) Kearsley 1989 60 no 168 no

drawing medium to high lip

6 Doubtful and alleged PSc skyphoi

Antissa on LesbosKearsley 1989 15 no 21 suggested that two of the fragments excavated by W Lamb at Antissa and published in Lamb 19311932 56 fig 9 as raquoprotogeometriclaquo belonged to PSc skyphoi Since neither a detailed description nor a profile drawing are given by Lamb Kearsleyrsquos attribution seems doubtful The fragment Lamb 19311932 57 fig 9 a decorated with concentric semicircles and a broad band is obviously broken on all sides Thus it is uncertain if it actually belonged to the lip of a skyphos It could also be a wall sherd of a closed vessel However the other fragment ndash Lamb 19311932 57 fig 9 c ndash was certainly part of a skyphos but nothing of the decoration vis-ible on the photo points to a PSc skyphos The multiple vertical lines framing the handle are in fact a feature which is not typical of this class100

DidymaKearsley 1989 28 no 65 lists a small fragment of an open vessel with concentric circles ex-cavated in the sanctuary of Apollon at Didyma ndash Tuchelt 1971 59 no 9 pl 3 ndash among the PSc skyphoi This fragment is described by Tuchelt as raquoWandungsfrgtlaquo not as raquorim fragmentlaquo as Kearsley thought The orientation of the fragment as published by Tuchelt supports his descrip-tion of raquokonzentrische Kreiselaquolaquo rather than semicircles This small fragment belongs very likely to the class of deep skyphoi with concentric circles that von Graeve 1978 35 f pl 12 1 first defined as a class of SubG drinking vessels common at Miletus in the late 8th and early 7th cen-tury Bc The monograph of Schattner 2007 does not include any PSc skyphos among the range of Geometric pottery from the site This might however be due to chronological reasons since Geometric finds are not numerous and most if not all belong to LG

IasosKearsley 1989 33 no 80 considers a fragment with concentric semicircles from Iasos as the lip of a PSc skyphos Levi however does not describe the shape of the vessel101 It is not even sure if it is a lip fragment and even if it were the lip would be unusually short for a skyphos It might then rather belong to a plate102

100 R Kearsley (Sidney) kindly informed me that she still thinks that raquofig 9a could well be a psc skyphos fragment Without a profile though hellip it is impossible to be sure As to 9b its shape is not a problem but the decoration is Lamb says it was a fragment with concentric circles or semicircles but in the photo the lines look rather straight As to the horizontal lines below there are psc skyphoi with these alsolaquo To be sure about the two pieces it will be necessary to check the originals which neither Kearsley nor I were able to do within the frame of our studies

101 Levi 19651966 417 fig 26 (lower right) raquoframmenti geometricilaquo102 coldstream 1995 187ndash189 fig 2 pls 15 16



Fig 2 PSc skyphos Ephe 110 (Inv ART 9314531) found in the Artemision of Ephesos provenance group Ul51 (Scale 1 2 drawing G A Plattner digitalizing I Benda-Weber)

Fig 3 PSc skyphoscrater-bowl Ephe 111 (Inv ART 8810741) found in the Artemision of Ephe-sos provenance group W (Scale 1 2 drawing M Kerschner digitalizing I Benda-Weber)

Fig 4 PSc skyphoscrater-bowl Ephe 143 (Inv AYA 040) found on Ayasoluk hill at Ephe-sos provenance group W (Scale 1 2 drawing A Vacek digitalizing I Benda-Weber)

Fig 5 PSc skyphos Ephe 162 (Inv AYA 233) found on Ayasoluk hill at Ephesos provenance group Ul52 (Scale 1 2 drawing M Stanke digitalizing I Benda-Weber photo N Gail)



Appendix 2 Catalogue of the analysed pieces from Ephesos

The analysed fragments Ephe 70 110 111 121 124 125 129 179 and 311 were excavated by A Bammer in the Artemision and are stored in the depot of the Austrian excavation house at Selccediluk the fragments Ephe 143 162 163 and 173 were excavated by M Buumlyuumlkkolancı on Ayasoluk hill and are stored in the depot of Efes Muumlzesi at Selccediluk A 10times magnifier was used to describe the fabric the Munsell 1992 chart to determine its colour

1 PSc skyphoi of Ionian provenance

Ephe 110 (Fig 2)Inv ART 9314531Lip fragment of a PSc skyphosStratigraphical context Artemision trench 1021 EIA deposit103H 57 cm W 47 cm Th 05 cm D 15 cmShape deep body with a thick steep slightly curved wall and tall slightly out-turned offset lip maximum dm at the rimDecoration outside lip painted below a group of 11 thin pendent semicircles inside painted except for a broad reserved band at the lipFabric surface 75YR64 breakage 75YR 56 hard fine fine pores with lime pseudomorphs fine mica few reddish-brown and dark gray grainsPreviously published Kerschner 2003b 46 f fig 4 1 (The fragment was thought to be Euboean at that time prior to the NAA)cf Popham et al 1980 121 no 331 pl 102 128 f pl 107 no 56 3 on the date 421 Kearsley 1989 87ndash90 fig 35a pl 3a (type 2a) Lemos 2002 44 f pl 706 (LPG) Hertel 2007 102 fig 3 pl 9 3 = İren 2008 31 37 figs 2 3 3chemical provenance group U

Ephe 111 (Fig 3)no ART 8810741Lip fragment of a PSc skyphosStratigraphical context Artemision trench 580104 context f105H 37 cm W 39 cm Th 045ndash065 cm D 15 cmShape thick steep slightly curved wall and medium-high slightly out-turned offset lip maxi-mum dm both at the shoulder and at the rimDecoration outside lip painted below a group of at least 13 thin pendent semicircles inside painted except for a resEphe 143 (Fig 4)Lip fragment of a large PSc skyphos or crater-bowlno AYA 040Stratigraphical context Ayasoluk trench 22Sa106

103 On the location of the trench Kerschner 2003 44 fig 1 cf Weiszligl 2002 320 fig 5 (immediately west of trench 1020) On the context Kerschner 2003 45 50 fig 2

104 On the location of the trench Puumllz 2009 map 1 (western half of the early Archaic peripteros = Naos 1)105 The metrical excavation unit contains PG as well as LG fragments The analysis of the stratigraphy was carried out

by Weiszligl from 1998ndash2003 On methods to reconstruct the actual stratigraphy on the basis of the rsaquoarbitrarymetrical excavationlsaquo applied by A Bammer in the Artemision until 1993 (and also on its limitations) Kerschner 2011 19ndash21

106 On the location of the trench Buumlyuumlkkolancı 2007 22 f fig 1 On the excavation Buumlyuumlkkolancı 2007 22ndash24 fig 2 pls 2ndash5 Buumlyuumlkkolancı 2008 45 f figs 14ndash20

Ephe 110 (Fig 2)Inv ART 9314531Lip fragment of a PSc skyphosStratigraphical context Artemision trench 1021 EIA deposit103H 57 cm W 47 cm Th 05 cm D 15 cmShape deep body with a thick steep slightly curved wall and tall slightly out-turned offset lip maximum diameter at the rimDecoration outside lip painted below a group of 11 thin pendent semicircles inside painted except for a broad reserved band at the lipFabric surface 75YR64 breakage 75YR 56 hard fine fine pores with lime pseudo-morphs fine mica few reddish-brown and dark gray grainsPreviously published Kerschner 2003b 46 f fig 4 1 (the fragment was thought to be Euboean at that time prior to the NAA)cf Popham et al 1980 121 no 331 pl 102 128 f pl 107 no 56 3 on the date 421 Kearsley 1989 87ndash90 fig 35 a pl 3 a (type 2a) Lemos 2002 44 f pl 70 6 (LPG) Hertel 2007 102 fig 3 pl 9 3 = İren 2008 31 37 figs 2 3 3chemical provenance group Ul51

Ephe 111 (Fig 3)Inv ART 8810741Lip fragment of a PSc skyphos

Stratigraphical context Artemision trench 580104 context f 105H 37 cm W 39 cm Th 045ndash065 cm D 15 cmShape thick steep slightly curved wall and medium-high slightly out-turned offset lip maximum diameter both at the shoulder and at the rimDecoration outside lip painted below a group of at least 13 thin pendent semicircles inside painted except for a reserved band at the lipFabric surface 75YR64 breakage 5YR64 fine pores with lime pseudomorphs fine mica reddish-brown and dark gray grainsNo exact parallels known Similar but lip more everted and pointed Kearsley 1989 87ndash90 fig 35 a (type 2a) 92ndash94 fig 37 a pl 5 d (type 3a)chemical provenance group W

Ephe 143 (Fig 4)Inv AYA 040Lip fragment of a large PSc skyphos or crater-bowlStratigraphical context Ayasoluk trench 22Sa106H 29 cm W 34 cm Th 05 cm D 242 cmShape thick steep slightly curved wall and medium high markedly everted offset lip ac-centuated by an additional groove rounded rim maximum diameter at the rim



Fig 6 PSc skyphos Ephe 163 (Inv AYA 214) found on Ayasoluk hill at Ephesos provenance group W (Drawing M Stanke scale 1 2 digitalizing I Benda-Weber photo N Gail)

Fig 7 PSc skyphoscrater-bowl Ephe 166 (Inv AYA 02002) found on Ayasoluk hill at Ephesos provenance group g (Scale 1 2 drawing M Stanke digitalizing I Benda-Weber)

Fig 8 PSc skyphos Ephe 179 (Inv ART 8929283) found in the Artemision of Ephe-sos provenance group W (Scale 1 2 drawing S Karl digitalizing I Benda-Weber)

Fig 9 PSc skyphos Ephe 205 (Inv ART 9315073) found in the Artemision of Ephesos singleton (Scale 1 2 drawing S Karl digitalizing I Benda-Weber)

Fig 10 PSc skyphos (Inv AYA 010) found on Ayasoluk hill at Ephesos not analysed (Scale 1 2 drawing M Kerschner digitalizing I Benda-Weber)



Decoration outside band on the lower part of the lip below a group of at least 10 thin pendent semicircles inside painted throughoutFabric surface 75YR64 breakage 5YR66 hard white particles much mica reddish-brown and dark brown grainscf Kearsley 1989 93 f fig 37 a pl 5 d (type 3 a dissimilar however is the tapering rim) Popham ndash Lemos 1996 pl 100 (raquoPyre 14 1 SPG IIIlaquo)chemical provenance group W

Ephe 162 (Figs 5 6)no AYA 233Lip fragment of a PSc skyphosStratigraphical context Ayasoluk upper western slope trench 32 D MG deposit107ip with taper-ing rim maximum dm at the rimDecoration outside lip painted below a group of five thin pendent semicircles (inner circles omitted) inside painted except for a thin reserved band half way on the lipFabric surface 10YR74 breakage (fringes) 75YR66 breakage (core) 5YR66 hard scat-tered pores with lime pseudomorphs much golden mica reddish-brown and dark gray grainscf Similar but with a more curved wall Kearsley 1989 87ndash90 fig 35 a pl 5 a (type 2 a) Popham et al 1980 37 pl 33 1 (lip more offset) 121 no 331 pl 102 Popham ndash Lemos 1996 pl 100 (raquoPyre 34 1laquo)chemical provenance group V

Ephe 163 (Figs 7 8)no AYA 214Wall fragment of a PSc skyphosStratigraphical context Ayasoluk trench 22Sa b (see Ephe 143)H 19 cm W 43 cm Th 04ndash05 cm max preserved D 16 cmShape deep body with a steep thick wall and an out-turned offset maximum dm at the rimDecoration outside lip painted below gray grainscf Kearsley 1989 90 f figs 23 b 36 a pl 4 andashc (type 2b) Popham et al 1980 32 pl 31 6 130 no 59 2 59 a4 pls 108ndash109 300 fig 8 Hchemical provenance group W

Ephe 166 (Fig 9)no AYA 02002Wall fragment of a large PSc skyphos or crater-bowlStratigraphical context Ayasoluk upper western slope trench 32 D MG deposit (see Ephe 162)H 44 cm w =38 cm Th 06 cm max preserved D 226 cmShape deep body with a steep thick wall fragment broken just below the lipDecoration outside preserved is a small part of the band reaching down from the lip below a group of at least 10 thin pendent semicircles inside paintedFabric surface 5YR66 breakage 5YR54 hard a little mica redd79 (Fig 10)no ART 8929283Lip fragment of a PSc skyphosStratigraphical context Artemision trench 740 PGSPG deposit108

107 On the location of the trench Buumlyuumlkkolancı 2005 70 drawing 1 On the excavation Buumlyuumlkkolancı 2005 67 f 71 74ndash77 drawing 3 figs 4ndash8 Buumlyuumlkkolancı 2008 52 f figs 25ndash28 The fragment belongs to the fill of a circular rock-cut pit interpreted by M Buumlyuumlkkolancı as raquoMycenaean tholos tombslaquo The fill is homogeneous and dates to the MG period

108 On the location of the trench Weiszligl 2002 320 fig 5 On the context Weiszligl 2002 322ndash324 figs 5ndash7 (raquoPGAlaquo) Kerschner 2003a Forstenpointner et al 2008 33ndash37 figs 12ndash20 Kerschner 2011 27 fig 1 (raquoPGAlaquo)

Decoration outside band on the lower part of the lip below a group of at least 10 thin pen-dent semicircles inside painted throughoutFabric surface 75YR64 breakage 5YR66 hard white particles much mica reddish-brown and dark brown grainscf Kearsley 1989 93 f fig 37 a pl 5 d (type 3 a dissimilar however is the tapering rim) Popham ndash Lemos 1996 pl 100 (raquoPyre 14 1 SPG IIIlaquo)chemical provenance group W

Ephe 162 (Fig 5)Inv AYA 233Lip fragment of a PSc skyphosStratigraphical context Ayasoluk upper west-ern slope trench 32 D MG deposit107H 56 cm W 69 cm Th 055ndash07 cm D 18 cmShape deep body with a steep slightly curved wall and tall out-turned lip with tapering rim maximum diameter at the rimDecoration outside lip painted below a group of five thin pendent semicircles (inner circles omitted) inside painted except for a thin re-served band half way on the lipFabric surface 10YR74 breakage (fringes) 75YR66 breakage (core) 5YR66 hard scattered pores with lime pseudomorphs much golden mica reddish-brown and dark gray grainscf Similar but with a more curved wall Kearsley 1989 87ndash90 fig 35 a pl 5 a (type 2a) Popham et al 1980 37 pl 33 1 (lip more offset) 121 no 331 pl 102 Popham ndash Lemos 1996 pl 100 (raquoPyre 34 1laquo)chemical provenance group Ul52

Ephe 163 (Fig 6)Inv AYA 214Wall fragment of a PSc skyphosStratigraphical context Ayasoluk trench 22Sa b (see Ephe 143)H 19 cm W 43 cm Th 04ndash05 cm max pres D 16 cm

Shape deep body with a steep thick wall and an out-turned offset lip maximum diameter at the rimDecoration outside lip painted below a group of at least 11 thin pendent semicircles inside paintedFabric surface 75YR64 breakage 5YR56 hard white particles much golden mica red-dish-brown and dark gray grainscf Kearsley 1989 90 f figs 23 b 36 a pl 4 andashc (type 2b) Popham et al 1980 32 pl 31 6 130 no 59 2 59 a4 pls 108 109 300 fig 8 Hchemical provenance group W

Ephe 166 (Fig 7)Inv AYA 02002Wall fragment of a large PSc skyphos or cra-ter-bowlStratigraphical context Ayasoluk upper western slope trench 32 D MG deposit (see Ephe 162)H 44 cm W 38 cm Th 06 cm max pres D 226 cmShape deep body with a steep thick wall fragment broken just below the lipDecoration outside preserved is a small part of the band reaching down from the lip below a group of at least 10 thin pendent semicircles inside paintedFabric surface 5YR66 breakage 5YR54 hard a little mica reddish-brown and dark brown grainschemical provenance group g

Ephe 179 (Fig 8)Inv ART 8929283Lip fragment of a PSc skyphosStratigraphical context Artemision trench 740 PGSPG deposit108

H 3 cm W 33 cm Th 04 cm D 22 cmShape steep slightly curved wall and medium high out-turned lip maximum diameter at the rimDecoration outside lip painted below a group of at least five thin pendent semicircles inside entirely painted



Fig 11 PG Amphora or hydria Ephe 125 (Inv ART 89292643) found in the Artemision of Ephesos provenance group EuA (Scale 1 2 drawing S Karl digitalizing I Benda-Weber)

Fig 12 LG crater Ephe 173 (Inv AYA 02062) found on Ayasoluk hill at Ephesos provenance group EuA (Drawing M Stanke scale 1 3 digitalizing I Benda-Weber photo N Gail)

Fig 13 PG oinochoe Ephe 311 (Inv ART 87037517) found in the Artemision of Ephesos provenance group EuA (Drawing S Karl scale 1 2 digitalizing I Benda-Weber)



Fabric surface 75YR74 breakage 75YR74 fine pores with lime pseudomorphs fine mica reddish-brown and dark gray grainscf Ephe 111chemical provenance group W

Ephe 205 (Fig 9)Inv ART 9315073Wall fragment of a PSc skyphosStratigraphical context Artemision trench 1021 EIA deposit (see Ephe 110)H 26 cm W 51 cm Th 065 cm max pres D 18 cmShape deep body with a thick steep slightly curved wall fragment broken just below the lipDecoration outside preserved is a rest of the band reaching down from the lip below a group of eight pendent semicircles (inner semicircles omitted) inside paintedFabric surface 75YR73 breakage 5YR66ndash5YR74 hard fine many fine pores with lime pseudomorphs silvery mica few reddish-brown grainsSingleton

not analysed

Inv AYA 010 (Fig 10)Wall fragment of a PSc skyphosStratigraphical context Ayasoluk trench 22Sa b (see Ephe 143)H 33 cm W 31 cm Th 03ndash045 cm max pres D 17 cmShape shallow conical body with a thin ta-pering wall lip markedly set back from the shoulder fragment broken at the lower end of the lipDecoration outside thin band at the recess of the lip below a group of at least seven thin pendent semicircles inside paintedFabric surface 10YR52 breakage 5YR54 very hard many white particles no micacf Kearsley 1989 98ndash100 fig 39 b (type 5a this example has however a thicker wall than AYA 010) Popham et al 1980 33 pl 33 20

2 Euboean imports to Ephesos

Ephe 125 (Fig 11)Inv ART 89292643Shoulder fragment of a belly-handled amphora or hydriaStratigraphical context Artemision trench 740 PGSPG deposit (cf Ephe 179)H 52 cm W 71 cm Th 06ndash065 cmShape Fragment of the flat slightly curved thick-walled shoulderDecoration outside preserved is a group of 13 upright thin concentric semicircles based on a broad band to the right two languettes as sub-sidiary decorationFabric surface (outside) 75YR74 surface (inside) 5YR78 breakage 5YR56 semi-hard fine a few white grains fine mica black particlescf Popham et al 1980 272 no 983 pl 276 (Lefkandi) Lemos 2002 60 f pl 22 1 3 (MPG amphora Athens Kerameikos) 33 3 (LPG amphora Athens Kerameikos) 90 1 (hydria Peristeri)chemical provenance group EuA

Ephe 173 (Fig 12)Inv AYA 02062

Shoulder fragment of a craterStratigraphical context Ayasoluk upper west-ern slope trench 32 D (on the location of the trench see Ephe 162)H 39 cm W 37 cm Th 05ndash055 cm max pres D 35 cmShape fragment of the steep slightly curved shoulderDecoration outside preserved two metopes of a frieze separated by three vertical lines and based on at least two ground lines in the left panel the rear part of a bird with a star and a wavy line () as subsidiary ornaments in the right panel perhaps a quatrefoil inside paintedFabric surface 5YR66 breakage 5YR58 hard fine few golden micacf for the shape Verdan et al 2008 91ndash95 pl 20 67 For the decoration Boardman in Popham et al 1980 62 f 69 pls 47 129 55 277 Verdan et al 2008 120 pls 18 62 24 96chemical provenance group EuA

Ephe 311 (Fig 13)Inv ART 87037517Shoulder fragment of a closed vessel presum-ably a jug an amphoriskos or a large lekythos



Fig 14 PG amphora or hydria Ephe 070 (Inv ART 8810021) found in the Artemision of Ephesos provenance group Ul52 (Scale 1 2 drawing M Kerschner digitalizing I Benda-Weber photo N Gail)

Fig 15 LPGSPG kantharos or cup Ephe 121 (Inv ART 8929231) found in the Artemision of Ephesos provenance group Ul51 (Scale 1 2 drawing S Karl digitalizing I Benda-Weber)

Fig 16 SubMycEPG cup Ephe 124 (Inv ART 8703685) found in the Artemision of Ephesos provenance group Ul52 (Scale 1 4 drawing S Karl digitalizing I Benda-Weber photo N Gail)



H 7 cm W 133 cm Th 035ndash055 cm

3 Further members of the Ionian provenance groups U and V

Ephe 70 (Figs 18 19)no ART 8810021Three shoulder fragments of an amphora or hydriaStratigraphical context Artemision trench 584110 PGSPG deposit (see Ephe 179)H 51 cm W 74 cm Th 055ndash06 cmShape straight sloping shoulder broken at the transition to the neckDecoration outside nine languettes hanging down from the band around the lower end of the neck followed by a group of at least four concentric circles sticking to the same bandFabric surface (outside) 5YR66 surface (inside) 5YR64 breakage 5YR66 hard much mica black and reddish-brown grainsPreviously published Kerschner 2003a 246 pl 40 1cf Lemos 2002 56 f pls 4 1 7 1 (EPG) pl 22 3 (MPG)chemical provenance group V

Ephe 121 (Fig 20)Profile of a kantharos or a cupno ART 8929231Stratigraphical context Artemision trench 740 PGSPG deposit (see Ephe 179)H 84 cm W 82 cm Th 05ndash07 cm D rim = 17 cm D bottom = 66 cmShape thick-walled shallow body with flat concave base and flaring lip vertical strap handle fr

Ephe 124 (Figs 21 22)Two wall fragments o81111 PGSPG deposit (see Ephe 179)

109 On the location of the trench Puumllz 2009 map 1110 On the location of the trench Weiszligl 2002 320 fig 5111 On the location of the trench Puumllz 2009 map 1

3 Further members of the Ionian provenance groups Ul51 and Ul52

Ephe 70 (Fig 14)Inv ART 8810021Three shoulder fragments of an amphora or hy-driaStratigraphical context Artemision trench 584110 PGSPG deposit (see Ephe 179)H 51 cm W 74 cm Th 055ndash06 cmShape straight sloping shoulder broken at the transition to the neckDecoration outside nine languettes hanging down from the band around the lower end of the neck followed by a group of at least four concentric circles sticking to the same bandFabric surface (outside) 5YR66 surface (in-side) 5YR64 breakage 5YR66 hard much mica black and reddish-brown grainsPreviously published Kerschner 2003a 246 pl 40 1cf Lemos 2002 56 f pls 4 1 7 1 (EPG) pl 22 3 (MPG)chemical provenance group Ul52

Ephe 121 (Fig 15)Profile of a kantharos or a cupInv ART 8929231Stratigraphical context Artemision trench 740 PGSPG deposit (see Ephe 179)H 84 cm W 82 cm Th 05ndash07 cm D rim 17 cm D bottom 66 cm

Shape thick-walled shallow body with flat concave base and flaring lip vertical strap handle from rim to mid-body It is uncertain if there was another handle oppositeDecoration Both sides covered with black glaze reserved are one band on each side of the lip a circle in the centre of the inside and the bottom of the outside a broad band and blobs on the handle Fabric surface 10YR84ndash25Y82 breakage 75YR66 hard many fine pores with lime pseudomorphs fine mica reddish-brown and dark brown grains scattered nuggets of quartzPreviously published Kerschner 2003a 246 pl 40 3cf Similar but deeper and with ring base Popham et al 1980 193 pl 190 (Pyre 2 3)chemical provenance group Ul51

Ephe 124 (Fig 16)Two wall fragments of a cupInv ART 8703685Stratigraphical context Artemision trench 581111 PGSPG deposit (see Ephe 179)H 3 cm W 32 cm Th 045ndash06 cmShape cylindrical body with flaring lipDecoration outside three parallel horizon-tal wavy lines unsteadily drawn one by one inside painted Fabric surface 10YR74

Stratigraphical context Artemision trench 581109 PGSPG deposit (see Ephe 179)H 7 cm W 133 cm Th 035ndash055 cmShape thin-walled curved steep shoulderDecoration outside body glazed with a re-served band therein two horizontal lines above on the shoulder linear ornaments based on a ground line preserved is a standing dou-bled chevronFabric surface 75YR64 breakage 75YR54 hard fine many fine pores with lime pseudo-

morphs fine mica reddish-brown and black grainsPreviously published Kerschner 2003a 248 pl 40 8cf catling ndash Lemos 1990 127 no 725 pl 72 (jug) Popham ndash Lemos 1996 pl 45 8 Lemos 2002 64 f pl 39 5 (amphoriskos) Lemos 2002 72ndash74 pl 23 5 (lekythos)chemical provenance group EuA



Fig 17 PG oinochoe Ephe 129 (Inv ART 8929296) found in the Artemision of Ephesos provenance group U (Scale 1 3 drawing S Karl digitalizing I Benda-Weber photo N Gail)

Fig 18 PG amphora or hydria (Inv ART 8929196) found in the Artemision of Ephesos elevation (Scale 1 4 drawing S Karl digitalizing I Benda-Weber photo N Gail)



breakage 75YR66 middle hard many fine pores with lime pseudomorphs fine mica red-dish-brown and black grains cf Popham et al 1980 118 pl 99 (Tomb 24 1) = Mountjoy 1986 200 fig 269 2 (SubMyc) = Lemos 2002 27 33 pl 12 2 (EPG)chemical provenance group Ul52

Ephe 129 (Fig 17)Inv ART 8929296Seven fragments of lip neck and shoulder of a trefoil oinochoeStratigraphical context Artemision trench 740 PGSPG deposit (see Ephe 179)H 5 cm W 73 cm Th 06 cm max pres D 132 cmShape thick-walled ovoid body broad neck and trefoil mouth with thickened lipDecoration outside completely painted ex-cept for a group of three reserved lines on the shoulder inside a band at the lipFabric surface (inside) 75YR74 break-age 75YR75 very hard many fine pores with lime pseudomorphs fine mica dark grey grainscf Popham et al 1980 113 316ndash321 pl 95 (Tomb 12 1) Lemos 2002 68 pls 12 8 15

1 (EPG) The type is also found at Miletos Hommel 19591960 54 pl 54 1chemical provenance group Ul51

not analysed

Inv ART 8929196 (Fig 18)Seven shoulder fragments of a hydria or a neck-handled amphoraStratigraphical context Artemision trench 740 PGSPG deposit (see Ephe 179)H 79 cm W 146 cm Th 075ndash09 cm D at the neck 13 cmShape thick-walled slightly curved sloping shoulder and cylindrical neckDecoration outside four groups of languettes distributed over the shoulder zone framed by a single band from the neck and by the standard band system (one thin one broad and origi-nally another thin) from the bellyFabric surface (outside) 75YR64 surface (in-side) 25YR66 breakage (fringe) 25YR48 breakage (core) 10YR53 hard white grains (lime []) reddish-brown and dark grey grains much mica scattered nuggets of quartzcf Popham et al 1980 147 no 14 1 pl 134 Lemos 2002 66 pl 24 12 (MPG)

Bibliography

Akurgal et al 2002 M Akurgal ndash M Kerschner ndash H Mommsen ndash W-D Niemeier Toumlpferzentren der Ostaumlgaumlis Archaumlometrische und archaumlologische Untersuchungen zur mykenischen geometrischen und archaischen Keramik aus Fundorten in Westkleinasien ErghOumlJh 3 (Vienna 2002)

Amyx 1988 D A Amyx corinthian vase-painting of the Archaic period (Los Angeles 1988)

Archontidou-Argyre 2004 A Archontidou-Argyre Πρωτογεωμετρική Κεραμική από τη Χίο in N ch Stam-polides ndash A Giannikoure (eds) Το Αιγαίο στην πρῶιμη εποχή του σιδήρου Πρακτικά του Διεθνούς συμποσίου Ρόδος 1ndash4 Νοεμβρίου 2002 (Αthens 2004) 207ndash214

Arnold et al 1991 D E Arnold ndash H Neff ndash R L Bishop compositional Analysis and rsaquoSourceslsaquo of Pottery An Ethnoarchaeological Approach American Anthropologist 93 1991 70ndash90

Aytaccedillar 2004 N Aytaccedillar The Early Iron Age at Klazomenai in Moustaka et al 2004 17ndash41

Bakır et al 1982 G Bakır ndash J de la Geniegravere ndash A Nickels ndash E Oumlrgen ndash T Oumlzkan Recherches reacutecentes agrave cla-zomegravenes RAArtLouv 15 1982 82ndash96

Bats ndash drsquoAgostino 1998 M Bats ndash B drsquoAgostino (eds) Euboica LrsquoEubea e la presenza euboica in calcidia e in Oc-cidente Atti del convegno Internazionale di Napoli 13ndash16 novembre 1996 collection centre Jean Beacuterard 16 AIONArch Quaderno 12 (Naples 1998)

Bayne 2000 N Bayne The Grey Wares of North-West Anatolia in the Middle and Late Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age and their Relation to the Early Greek Settlements AMS 37 (Bonn 2000)

Beaumont 2011 L A Beaumont chios in the Dark Ages New Evidence frrom Kato Phana in A Mazarakis Ainan (ed) The rsaquoDark Ageslsaquo Revisited Acts of an International Symposium in Memory of William D E coulson University of Thessaly Volos 14ndash17 June 2007 (Volos 2011) 221ndash231



Beaumont ndash Archontidou-Argyri 2004 L Beaumont ndash A Archontidou-Argyri Excavations at Kato Phana chios 1999 2000 and 2001 BSA 99 201ndash255

Beckman et al 2011 G M Beckman ndash T R Bryce ndash E H cline The Ahhiyawa Texts Writings from the Ancient World 28 (Atlanta cA 2011)

Blegen et al 1958 c W Blegen ndash c Boulter ndash J L caskey ndash M Rawson Settlements VIIa VIIb and VIII Troy 4 (Princeton 1958)

Boardman 1967 J Boardman Excavations in chios 1952ndash1955 Greek Emporio BSA Suppl 6 (Oxford 1967)

Boardman 1978 J Boardman Athenian Black Figure Vases (London 1978)

Boardman 1979 J Boardman Athenian Red Figure Vases The Archaic Period (London 1979)

Boardman 1997 J Boardman The early Greek sherd at Niniveh OxfJA 16 1997 375

Boehlau ndash Schefold 1942 J Boehlau ndash K Schefold Die Kleinfunde Larisa am Hermos 3 (Berlin 1942)

Bourogiannis 2000 G Bourogiannis The Black-on-Red pottery found in cos from pots to trade or immigrants AIONArch 7 2000 9ndash23

Bourogiannis 2009 G Bourogiannis Eastern influence on Rhodian Geometric Pottery foreign elements and local receptiveness in V Karagheorgis ndash O Kouka (eds) cyprus and the East Aegean Intercultural contacts from 3000 to 500 Bc An International Archaeological Symposium Held at Pythago-reion Samos October 17thndash18th 2008 (Nicosia 2009) 114ndash130

Buchholz 1975 H-G Buchholz Methymna Archaumlologische Beitraumlge zur Topographie und Geschichte von Nordlesbos (Mainz 1975)

Buchner ndash Ridgway 1993 G Buchner ndash D Ridgway La necropoli Tombe 1ndash723 scavate dal 1952 al 1961 Pithek-oussai 1 MonAnt Seria monografica 4 (Rome 1993)

Buumlyuumlkkolancı 2005 M Buumlyuumlkkolancı Eski Efes ndash Ayasuluk Tepesi in M Şahin ndash İ H Mert (eds) Festschrift fuumlr Ramazan Oumlzgan (Istanbul 2005) 65ndash77

Buumlyuumlkkolancı 2007 M Buumlyuumlkkolancı Apaša das alte Ephesos und Ayasoluk in cobet et al 2007 21ndash26 pl 6

Buumlyuumlkkolancı 2008 M Buumlyuumlkkolancı Selccediluk Ayasuluk Tepesi (Eski Efes) raquoAppasaslaquo mı in A Erkanal-Oumlktuuml ndash S Guumlnel ndash U Deniz (eds) Batı Anadolu ve Doğu Akdeniz Gec Tunccedil Ccedilağı Kuumlltuumlrleri uumlzerine Yeni Araştırmalar (Ankara 2008) 41ndash55

catling 1998 R W V catling The Typology of the Protogeometric and Subprotogeometric Pottery from Troia and its Aegean context StTroica 8 1998 151ndash187

catling ndash Lemos 1990 R W V catling ndash I S Lemos The Protogeometric Building at Toumba The Pottery Lefkan-di 2 1 BSA Suppl 22 (Oxford 1990)

chabot Aslan 2002 c chabot Aslan Ilion before Alexander Protogeometric Geometric and Archaic Pottery from D9 StTroica 12 2002 81ndash129

chatzi-Vallianou 1977 D chatzi-Vallianou Pythagoacutereio ADelt 32 1977 chron 299ndash303

cobet et al 2007 J cobet ndash V v Graeve ndash W-D Niemeier ndash K Zimmermann (eds) Fruumlhes Ionien Eine Be-standsaufnahme Panionion-Symposion Guumlzelccedilamlı 26 September ndash 1 Oktober 1999 Mil-Forsch 5 (Mainz 2007)

coldstream 1968 J N coldstream Greek Geometric Pottery (London 1968)

coldstream 1995 J N coldstream Amathus Tomb NW 194 The Greek Pottery Imports RDAc 1995 187ndash214

coldstream 2008 J N coldstream Greek Geometric Pottery sup2(Exeter 2008)

cook ndash Dupont 1998 R M cook ndash P Dupont East Greek Pottery (London 1998)

crielaard 2009 J P crielaard The Ionians in the Archaic Period Shifting Identities in a changing World in T Derks ndash N Roymans (eds) Ethnic constructs in Antiquity The Role of Power and Tradi-tion Amsterdam Archaeological Studies 13 (Amsterdam 2009) 37ndash84

Desborough 1952 V R drsquoA Desborough Protogeometric Pottery (Oxford 1952)

Dupont 1983 P Dupont classification et deacutetermination de provenance des ceacuteramiques grecques orientales archaiumlques drsquoIstros Rapport preacuteliminaire Dacia 27 1983 19ndash42



Dupont 2007 Le rsaquoVide Phoceacuteenlsaquo vu drsquoHistria et de Beacutereacutezan Dacia 51 2007 177ndash183

Ersoy 2004 Y E Ersoy Klazomenai 900ndash500 Bc History and Settlement Evidence in Moustaka et al 2004 43ndash76

Ersoy 2007 Y Ersoy Notes on History and Archaeology of Early clazomenae cobet et al 2007 149ndash178

Forstenpointner et al 2008 G Forstenpointner ndash M Kerschner ndash U Muss Das Artemision in der spaumlten Bronzezeit und fruumlhen Eisenzeit in U Muss (ed) Die Archaumlologie der ephesischen Artemis Gestalt und Ritual eines Heiligtums (Vienna 2008) 33ndash46

Frasca 1993 M Frasca Osservazioni preliminari sulla ceramica protoarcaica ed arcaica di Kyme eolica in Studi su Kyme eolica Atti della giornata di studio della Scuola di specializzazione in archeolo-gia dellrsquoUniversitagrave di catania catania 16 maggio 1990 cronA 32 1993 51ndash70

Frasca 1998 M Frasca ceramiche greche drsquoimportazione a Kyme eolica nellrsquoVIII secolo ac in Bats ndash drsquoAgostino 1998 273ndash279

Frasca 2000 M Frasca ceramiche Tardo Geometriche a Kyme Eolica in F Krinzinger (ed) Die Aumlgaumlis und das westliche Mittelmeer Beziehungen und Wechselwirkungen 8 bis 5 Jh v chr Akten des Symposions Vienna 24minus27 Maumlrz 1999 AForsch 4 = DenkschrWien 288 (Vienna 2000) 393ndash398

Goetze 1926 A Goetze Keilschrifturkunden aus Boghazkoi 14 (Berlin 1926)

Gonzaacutelez et al 2004 F Gonzaacutelez de canales cerisola ndash L Serrano Pichardo ndash J Llompart Goacutemez El Emporio pre-colonial de Huelva (ca 900ndash770 a c) (Madrid 2004)

Gonzaacutelez et al 2006 F Gonzaacutelez de canales cerisola ndash L Serrano Pichardo ndash J Llompart Goacutemez The Pre-colonial Phoenician Emporium of Huelva ca 900ndash770 Bc BABesch 81 2006 13ndash29

Goren et al 2011 Y Goren ndash H Mommsen ndash J Klinger Non-destructive provenance study of cuneiform tablets using portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) JASc 383 2011 684ndash696

Grigoriadhou et al 2001 A Grigoriadhou ndash A Giannikoure ndash T Marketou Kαύσεις νεκρών από την Λαυσό in N ch Stampolides (ed) Kαύσεις στην Eποχή του Χαλκού και την Πρώιμη Eπoχή του Σιδήρου Πρακτικα του Συμπoσίου Pὁδoς 29 Aπριλίου ndash 2 Mαΐου 1999 (Athens 2001) 373ndash401

Hanfmann 1967 G M A Hanfmann The ninth campaign at Sardis 1966 BASOR 186 1967 9ndash62

Haspels 1936 c H E Haspels Attic Black-Figured lekythoi (Paris 1936)

Hawkins 1998 J D Hawkins Tarkasnawa King of Mira rsaquoTarkondemoslsaquo Boğazkoumly sealings and Karabel AnatSt 48 1998 1ndash31

Hertel 2007 D Hertel Der aiolische Siedlungsraum (Aiolis) am Uumlbergang von der Bronze- zur Eisenzeit in cobet et al 2007 97ndash122

Hommel 19591960 P Hommel Die Ausgrabung beim Athena-Tempel in Milet 1957 II Der Abschnitt oumlstlich des Athena-Tempels IstMitt 910 19591960 31ndash62

İren 2002 K İren Die Werkstatt des Londoner Dinos eine phokaumlische Werkstatt IstMitt 52 2002 165ndash207

İren 2008 K İren Dark Age Pottery from Southern Aeolis in D Brandherm ndash M Trachsel (eds) A New Dawn for the Dark Age Shifting paradigms in Mediterranean Iron Age chronology Interna-tional Union for Prehistoric and Protohistoric Sciences Proceedings of the XV World congress (Lisbon 4ndash9 September 2006) BARIntSer 1871 (Oxford 2008) 29ndash43

İren 2009 K İren On the Ethnical Origin of the Dot Style Pottery in Southern Aiolis in H Oniz (ed) SOMA 2008 Proceedings of the XII Symposium on Mediterranean Archaeology Eastern Med-iterranean University Famagusta North cyprus 5ndash8 March 2008 BARIntSer 1909 (Oxford 2009) 81ndash90

Işık 1992 E Işık Elektronstatere aus Klazomenai Der Schatzfund von 1989 Saarbruumlcker Studien zur Archaumlologie und Alten Geschichte 5 (Saarbruumlcken 1992)

Jacopi 19321933 G Jacopi Esplorazione archeologica di camiro II clRh 67 (Bergamo 19321933) 3ndash439

Jeffery 1990 L H Jeffery Local Scripts of Archaic Greece A study of the origin of the Greek alphabet and its development from the eighth to the fifth centuries Bc with a supplement by A W Johnston sup2(Oxford 1990)



Johnston ndash Andreiomenou 1989 A W Johnston ndash A Andreiomenou A Geometric Graffito from Eretria BSA 84 1989 217ndash220

Kearsley 1989 R Kearsley The pendent semicircle skyphos BIcS Suppl 44 (London 1989)

Kerschner 2003a M Kerschner Zum Kult im fruumlheisenzeitlichen Ephesos Interpretation eines protogeometri-schen Fundkomplexes aus dem Artemisheiligtum in Schmaltz ndash Soumlldner 2003 246minus250 pls 39 40

Kerschner 2003b M Kerschner Stratifizierte Fundkomplexe der geometrischen und subgeometrischen Epoche aus Ephesos in Ruumlckert ndash Kolb 2003 43ndash59

Kerschner 2006a M Kerschner On the provenance of Aiolian pottery in Villing ndashSchlotzhauer 2006 109minus126

Kerschner 2006b M Kerschner Die Ionische Wanderung im Lichte neuer archaumlologischer Forschungen in Ephe-sos in E Olshausen ndash H Sonnabend (eds) raquoTroianer sind wir gewesenlaquo ndash Migrationen in der antiken Welt Stuttgarter Kolloquium zur Historischen Geographie des Altertums 8 2002 Geographica Historica 21 (Stuttgart 2006) 364ndash382

Kerschner 2011 M Kerschner Approaching aspects of cult practice and ethnicity in Early Iron Age Ephesos using quantitative analysis of a Protogeometric deposit from the Artemision in S Verdan ndash T Theurillat ndash A Kenzelmann Pfyffer (eds) Early Iron Age Pottery A Quantitative Approach Proceedings of the International Round Table organized by the Swiss School of Archaeology in Greece (Athens November 28ndash30 2008) BARIntSer 2254 (Oxford 2011) 19ndash27

Kerschner ndash Mommsen 20042006 M Kerschner ndash H Mommsen Neue archaumlologische und archaumlometrische For-schungen zu den Toumlpferzentren der Ostaumlgaumlis in P Dupont ndash V Lungu (eds) Les productions ceacuteramiques du Pont-Euxin agrave lrsquoeacutepoque grecque Actes du colloque international Bucarest 18ndash23 septembre 2004 Il Mar Nero 6 20042006 (2009) 79ndash93

Kerschner ndash Mommsen 2009 M Kerschner ndash H Mommsen Imports of East Greek pottery to Sicily and Sicilian productions of East Greek type Archaeometric analyses of finds from the votive deposit in Katane in A Pautasso Stipe votiva del santuario di Demetra a catania La ceramica greco-orientale Stipe votiva del santuario di Demetra a catania 2 = Studi e materiali di archeologia greca (catania 2009) 125ndash150

Kerschner et al 1993 M Kerschner ndash H Mommsen ndash T Beier ndash D Heimermann ndash A Hein Neutron Activation Analysis of Bird Bowls and Related Archaic ceramics From Miletus Archaeometry 35 1993 197minus210

Kerschner et al 2002 M Kerschner ndash H Mommsen ndash c Rogl ndash A Schwedt Die Keramikproduktion von Ephesos in griechischer Zeit Zum Stand der archaumlometrischen Forschungen OumlJh 71 2002 189minus206

Kerschner et al 2008 M Kerschner ndash I Kowalleck ndash M Steskal Archaumlologische Forschungen zur Siedlungsge-schichte von Ephesos in geometrischer archaischer und klassischer Zeit Grabungsbefunde und Keramikfunde aus dem Bereich von Koressos ErghOumlJh 9 (Vienna 2008)

Krumme 2003 M Krumme Geometrische Keramik aus Milet in Schmaltz ndash Soumlldner 2003 244 f

Lamb 19311932 W Lamb Antissa BSA 32 19311932 41ndash67

Latacz 2007 J Latacz Fruumlhgriechische Epik und Lyrik in Ionien in cobet et al 2007 681ndash700

Lemos 1998 I S Lemos Euboea and its Aegean koine in Bats ndash drsquoAgostino 1998 45ndash58

Lemos 2002 I S Lemos The Protogeometric Aegean The Archaeology of the Late Eleventh and Tenth centuries Bc (Oxford 2002)

Lemos 2007 I S Lemos The Migrations to the West coast of Asia Minor Tradition and Archaeology in cobet et al 2007 713ndash727

Lenz et al 1998 D Lenz ndash F Ruppenstein ndash M Baumann ndash R catling Protogeometric Pottery at Troia StTro-ica 8 1998 189ndash222

Levi 19651966 D Levi Le campagne 1962ndash1964 a Iasos ASAtene 4344 19651966 401ndash546

Mericcedil 2003 R Mericcedil Excavations at Bademgediği Tepe (Puranda) 1999ndash2002 A Preliminary Report Ist-Mitt 53 2003 79ndash98



Mericcedil 2007 R Mericcedil Ein Vorbericht uumlber eine spaumltbronzezeitliche befestigte Houmlhensiedlung bei Metropo-lis in Ionien Die Arzawa-Stadt Puranda in cobet et al 2007 27ndash36

Mericcedil ndash Mountjoy 2002 R Mericcedil ndash P A Mountjoy Mycenaean Pottery from Bademgediği Tepe (Puranda) in Ionia A preliminary report IstMitt 52 2002 79ndash98

Mericcedil et al 2003 R Mericcedil ndash A K Oumlz ndash A Ekin-Mericcedil Metropolis 2001 Yılı raporu KST 24 1 2002 (2003) 151ndash158

Mommsen ndash Kerschner 2006 H Mommsen ndash M Kerschner chemical provenance determination of pottery The ex-ample of the Aiolian provenance group G in Villing ndashSchlotzhauer 2006 105ndash108

Mommsen et al 2012 H Mommsen mit U Schlotzhauer ndash A Villing ndash S Weber Herkunftsbestimmung von ar-chaischen Scherben aus Naukratis und Tell Defenneh in Aumlgypten durch Neutronenaktivie-rungsanalyse in U Houmlckmann (ed) Griechische Keramik des 7 und 6 Jhs v chr aus Naukratis und anderen Orten in Aumlgypten Archaumlologische Studien zu Naukratis 3 (Worms 2012) 434ndash455

Morricone 1978 L Morricone Sepolture della prima Etagrave del Ferro a coo ASAtene 56 1978 9ndash427

Mountjoy 1986 P A Mountjouy Mycenaean Decorated Pottery A Gudie to Identification SIMA 73 (Goumlteborg 1986)

Moustaka et al 2004 A Moustaka ndash E Skarlatidou ndash M-c Tzannes ndash Y Ersoy (eds) Klazomenai Teos and Ab-dera Metropoleis and colony Proceedings of the International Symposium held at the Ar-chaeological Museum of Abdera 20ndash21 October 2001 (Thessaloniki 2004)

Neeft 1987 c W Neeft Protocorinthian Subgeometric aryballoi Allard Pierson series 7 (Amsterdam 1987)

Niemeier 2007 W-D Niemeier Westkleinasien und Aumlgaumlis von den Anfaumlngen bis zur Ionischen Wanderung Topographie Geschichte und Beziehungen nach dem archaumlologischen Befund und den hethiti-schen Quellen in cobet et al 2007 37ndash95 pl 8

Niemeier 2009 W-D Niemeier Milet und Karien vom Neolithikum bis zu den rsaquoDunklen Jahrhundertenlsaquo My-thos und Archaumlologie in F Rumscheid (ed) Die Karer und die Anderen Internationales Kol-loquium an der Freien Universitaumlt Berlin13 bis 15 Oktober 2005 (Bonn 2005) 7ndash25

Oumlzguumlnel 1978 c Oumlzguumlnel Spaumltgeometrische Keramik in Bayraklı (Alt-Smyrna) in Les ceacuteramiques de la Gregravece de lrsquoEst et leur diffusion en Occident centre Jean Beacuterard Institut Franccedilais de Naples 6ndash9 juillet 1976 (Paris 1978) 17ndash26 pls 1ndash4

Oumlzguumlnel 2003 c Oumlzguumlnel Geometrische Keramik von Alt-Smyrna aus der Akurgal-Grabung in Ruumlckert ndash Kolb 2003 69ndash89

Oumlzyiğit 1994 Ouml Oumlzyiğit The city Walls of Phokaia in P Debord ndash R Descat (eds) Fortifications et deacutefense du territoire en Asie mineure occidentale et meacuteridionale Table ronde cNRS Istanbul 20ndash27 mai 1993 REA 96 1994 77ndash109

Papachristodoulou 1975 I ch Papachristodoulou Γεωμετρικograveς τάφoς εigraveς Bάτι Pὁδoυ AAA 8 1975 223ndash226

Papachristodoulou 1984 I ch Papachristodoulou Γεωμετρικά ευρήματα στo Bάτι Pὁδoυ in Grecia Italia e Sicilia nellrsquoVIII e VII secolo a c Atti del convegno internazionale Atene 15ndash20 ottobre 1979 ASA-tene 61 1984 III 9ndash17

Pemberton 1989 E G Pemberton The Sanctuary of Demeter and Kore The Greek pottery corinth 18 1 (Prince-ton 1989)

Popham ndash Lemos 1996 M R Popham ndash I S Lemos Lefkandi 3 The Toumba cemetery The excavations of 1981 1984 1986 and 1992ndash1994 Plates (Oxford 1996)

Popham et al 1980 M R Popham ndash L H Sackett ndash P G Themelis Lefkandi 1 The Iron Age The settlement The cemeteries (Oxford 1980)

Posamentir ndash Solovyov 2007 R Posamentir ndash S Solovyov Zur Herkunftsbestimmung archaisch-ionischer Keramik die Funde aus Berezan in der Eremitage von St Petersburg II IstMitt 57 2007 179ndash207

Puumllz 2009 A M Puumllz Goldfunde aus dem Artemision von Ephesos FiE 12 5 (Vienna 2009)



Ruumlckert ndash Kolb 2003 B Ruumlckert ndash F Kolb (eds) Probleme der Keramikchronologie des suumldlichen und westlichen Kleinasiens in geometrischer und archaischer Zeit Internationales colloquium Tuumlbingen 24 3ndash26 3 1998 Antiquitas series 3 vol 44 (Bonn 2003)

Schattner 2007 T G Schattner Die Fundkeramik vom 8 bis zum 4 Jahrhundert v chr Didyma 3 4 (Mainz 2007)

Schotzhauer 2013 U Schlotzhauer Die Suumldionischen Knickrandschalen Eine chronologische Untersuchung zu den sog Ionischen Schalen in Milet (unpublished PhD thesis Ruhr-University Bochum 2001)

Schlotzhauer ndash Villing 2006 U Schlotzhauer ndash A Villing East Greek Pottery from Naukratis The current State of Research in Villing ndash Schlotzhauer 2006 53ndash68

Schmaltz ndash Soumlldner 2003 B Schmaltz ndash M Soumlldner (eds) Griechische Keramik im kulturellen Kontext Akten des Internationalen Vasen-Symposions in Kiel 24minus28 9 2001 (Muumlnster 2003)

Schmidt 1902 H Schmidt Heinrich Schliemannrsquos Sammlung trojanischer Altertuumlmer (Berlin 1902)

Seeher 2005 J Seeher Uumlberlegungen zur Beziehung zwischen dem hethitischen Kernreich und der Westkuumls-te Anatoliens im 2 Jahrtausend v chr in B Horejs ndash R Jung ndash E Kaiser ndash B Terzan (eds) Interpretationsraum Bronzezeit Bernhard Haumlnsel von seinen Schuumllern gewidmet UPA 121 (Bonn 2005) 33ndash44

Singer 1983 I Singer Western Anatolia in the Thirteenth century Bc according to the Hittite documents AnatSt 33 1983 205ndash217

Spencer 1995 N Spencer Early Lesbos Between East and West a rsaquoGrey Arealsaquo of Aegean Archaeology BSA 90 1995 269ndash306

Stillwell ndash Benson 1984 A N Stillwell ndash J L Benson The Pottersrsquo Quarter The pottery corinth 15 3 (Princeton 1984)

Stock et al (in print) F Stock ndash M Kerschner ndash J c Kraft ndash A Pint ndash P Frenzel ndash H Bruumlckner The palaeo-geog-raphies of Ephesos (Turkey) its harbours and the Artemision ndash a geoarchaeological recon-struction for the timespan 1500ndash300 Bc in H Bruumlckner ndash M Engel (eds) Zeitschrift fuumlr Geomorphologie 58 Suppl 2 (in print)

Tsaravopoulos 1986 A N Tsaravopoulos H αρχαία πoacuteλη της Xίoυ Horos 4 1986 124ndash144

Tuchelt 1971 K Tuchelt Didyma Bericht uumlber die Arbeiten 196970 IstMitt 21 1971 45ndash108

Verdan et al 2008 S Verdan ndash A Kenzelmann Pfyffer ndash c Leacutederrey ceacuteramique geacuteomeacutetrique drsquoEacutereacutetrie Eretria 6 (Gollion 2008)

Villing ndash Schlotzhauer 2006 A Villing ndash U Schlotzhauer (eds) Naukratis Greek diversity in Egypt Studies on East Greek pottery and exchange in the Eastern Mediterranean The British Museum Research Publication 162 (London 2006)

von Graeve 1978 V von Graeve Zur milesischen Keramik im 8 und 7 Jh v chr in Les ceacuteramiques de la Gregravece de lrsquoEst et leur diffusion en Occident centre Jean Beacuterard Institut Franccedilais de Naples 6ndash9 Juil-let 1976 (Paris 1978) 34ndash39

von Miller 2013 A von Miller Die archaischen Siedlungsbefunde von Ephesos Keramik Kontexte und chro-nologie (unpublished PhD thesis University of Vienna 2013)

Walter 1968 H Walter Fruumlhe samische Gefaumlszlige chronologie und Landschaftsstile ostgriechischer Gefaumlszlige Samos 5 (Bonn 1968)

Walter-Karydi 1970 E Walter-Karydi Aumlolische Kunst in Studien zur griechischen Vasenmalerei AntK Beih 4 (Bern 1970) 3ndash18

Weiszligl 2002 M Weiszligl Grundzuumlge der Bau- und Schichtenfolge im Artemision von Ephesos OumlJh 71 2002 313ndash346

Wells 1983 B Wells The Protogeometric period catalogue of pottery and other artefacts Asine 2 4 (Stockholm 1983)

Zurbach 2006 J Zurbach LrsquoIonie agrave lrsquoeacutepoque myceacutenienne Essai de bilan historique REA 108 2006 271ndash297


Introduction2

WIEN 2014

ERGAumlNZUNGSHEFT ZU DEN JAHRESHEFTEN DES

OumlSTERREICHISCHEN ARCHAumlOLOGISCHEN INSTITUTES IN WIEN

herausgegeben im Auftrag des

OumlSTERREICHISCHEN ARCHAumlOLOGISCHEN INSTITUTES

von

Sabine Ladstaumltter

HEFT 15


3







Introduction4






5

contents


List of Authors 10

Abbreviations 11













6



Contents
















list of Authors


11



Abbrevations





























































33 İren 2009 8134 İren 2009 81











39 İren 2008 35






















































pls 18 62 24 96












77 Lemos 2002 44

































1 Troad




2 Aiolis





3 Ionia





































vollstaumlndiglaquo





4 Eastern Doris










5 Lydia






























































not analysed




































not analysed


Bibliography







































































































































3







Introduction4






5

contents


List of Authors 10

Abbreviations 11













6



Contents
















list of Authors


11



Abbrevations





























































33 İren 2009 8134 İren 2009 81











39 İren 2008 35






















































pls 18 62 24 96












77 Lemos 2002 44

































1 Troad




2 Aiolis





3 Ionia





































vollstaumlndiglaquo





4 Eastern Doris










5 Lydia






























































not analysed




































not analysed


Bibliography







































































































































Introduction4






5

contents


List of Authors 10

Abbreviations 11













6



Contents
















list of Authors


11



Abbrevations





























































33 İren 2009 8134 İren 2009 81











39 İren 2008 35






















































pls 18 62 24 96












77 Lemos 2002 44

































1 Troad




2 Aiolis





3 Ionia





































vollstaumlndiglaquo





4 Eastern Doris










5 Lydia






























































not analysed




































not analysed


Bibliography







































































































































5

contents


List of Authors 10

Abbreviations 11













6



Contents
















list of Authors


11



Abbrevations





























































33 İren 2009 8134 İren 2009 81











39 İren 2008 35






















































pls 18 62 24 96












77 Lemos 2002 44

































1 Troad




2 Aiolis





3 Ionia





































vollstaumlndiglaquo





4 Eastern Doris










5 Lydia






























































not analysed




































not analysed


Bibliography







































































































































6



Contents
















list of Authors


11



Abbrevations





























































33 İren 2009 8134 İren 2009 81











39 İren 2008 35






















































pls 18 62 24 96












77 Lemos 2002 44

































1 Troad




2 Aiolis





3 Ionia





































vollstaumlndiglaquo





4 Eastern Doris










5 Lydia






























































not analysed




































not analysed


Bibliography





















































































































































list of Authors


11



Abbrevations





























































33 İren 2009 8134 İren 2009 81











39 İren 2008 35






















































pls 18 62 24 96












77 Lemos 2002 44

































1 Troad




2 Aiolis





3 Ionia





































vollstaumlndiglaquo





4 Eastern Doris










5 Lydia






























































not analysed




































not analysed


Bibliography







































































































































11



Abbrevations





























































33 İren 2009 8134 İren 2009 81











39 İren 2008 35






















































pls 18 62 24 96












77 Lemos 2002 44

































1 Troad




2 Aiolis





3 Ionia





































vollstaumlndiglaquo





4 Eastern Doris










5 Lydia






























































not analysed




































not analysed


Bibliography
































































































































































































33 İren 2009 8134 İren 2009 81











39 İren 2008 35






















































pls 18 62 24 96












77 Lemos 2002 44

































1 Troad




2 Aiolis





3 Ionia





































vollstaumlndiglaquo





4 Eastern Doris










5 Lydia






























































not analysed




































not analysed


Bibliography
















































































































































39 İren 2008 35






















































pls 18 62 24 96












77 Lemos 2002 44

































1 Troad




2 Aiolis





3 Ionia





































vollstaumlndiglaquo





4 Eastern Doris










5 Lydia






























































not analysed




































not analysed


Bibliography



























































































































































































pls 18 62 24 96












77 Lemos 2002 44

































1 Troad




2 Aiolis





3 Ionia





































vollstaumlndiglaquo





4 Eastern Doris










5 Lydia






























































not analysed




































not analysed


Bibliography

















































































































































77 Lemos 2002 44

































1 Troad




2 Aiolis





3 Ionia





































vollstaumlndiglaquo





4 Eastern Doris










5 Lydia






























































not analysed




































not analysed


Bibliography






































































































































































1 Troad




2 Aiolis





3 Ionia





































vollstaumlndiglaquo





4 Eastern Doris










5 Lydia






























































not analysed




































not analysed


Bibliography




































































































































































vollstaumlndiglaquo





4 Eastern Doris










5 Lydia






























































not analysed




































not analysed


Bibliography








































































































































5 Lydia






























































not analysed




































not analysed


Bibliography


























































































































































































not analysed




































not analysed


Bibliography



































































































































































not analysed


Bibliography







































































































































Euboean Imports to the East Aegean and East Aegean Productions of Pottery in Euboean Style: New...

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Transcript of Euboean Imports to the East Aegean and East Aegean Productions of Pottery in Euboean Style: New...