Indigenous Knowledge ManagementPerspective of Social Ecology Mined

Land Towards Green EraBy : Wahyudi Himawan1) and Alfitri 2 )

1. Doctoral program in environmental science graduate programSiriwijaya University

2. Social Program in Sriwijaya University

AbstractIndigenous knowledge is a knowledge which is rise from value oflife and culture exist in a region, indigenous knowledge system(IKS) that is formed from Indigenous Knowledge trusted containsof many local knowledge that can be tested as IndigenousKnowledge and can solve many kind of environmental problem.Natural environment, sometimes be judge as the factor of problemrising in human life, but it still provided some potentialsolutions as the problem solver of the future problem. This isvery important to understand some various kind of culturalheritage and local knowledge, mostly which is save in mined landmanagement by people around the region to create harmony betweenpeople and their environment. This research intends to recognizeagain about local knowledge as the ecological indigenous blossomthe mined land.Indigenous Knowledge which is studied is about IndigenousKnowledge System can be the foundation in doing local servicesystem, local knowledge which is tested in this research takenfrom the paradigm expression and social action scheme aroundmined land. Result from this research may become continuouslybuilding concept to reach green era and also become guidance forregions which have the same mined land.

I. Preface

A. Background

This article is going to review the process of transfer ofknowledge as an indigenous knowledge which is exist in theenvironment around tin mined land as the ecologicalindigenous knowledge of human to adapted with theirenvironment. The research about environmental problem ariseis an effort of socioecological knowledge. In epistemologyand axiology as the foundation ethic and aesthetic, alsoontological side how the basic knowledge being relevant increating local knowledge which may balancing ecosystem ingreen development.The beauty of the beach in Bangka Belitung island reallyfascinating, by the expanse of giant granite making theentire landscape look unique when it compare to anotherbeach in Indonesia. But when we are crossing Bangka Belitungfrom above, many big holes everywhere, those are tin minedland which are exist hundred years ago also newly mined areeven still operating tin mined can be seen. This view is notchange so much until now, even illegal tin mined which isknown by unconventional mined make more worst. Not only that, puddle former of the tin mined also drainingdirty water and containing chemicals that become source ofhuman illness. For example, Sungai Rangkui which is drainingin the center of Pangkalpinang, long time ago, this river isso useful, many people use the water to take a bath, washingclothes, and also fishing, many fish live there when thisriver is still in good condition. But after unconventionalmined land in the headwater of the river being operated,Clearwater turn to be so dirty, and also containing mud fromunconventional mined.People paradigm consider that the tin mined could not begreening just like before mined, or also be engineered to besome artificial land which contain new balancing. Need longtime and modern technology, also expensive cost to rebuild,according their perspective, local knowledge were not souseful in managing tin mined land.It seems that we have to learn from Phuket Island inThailand, just like Bangka Island, Phuket also a tin mined

land, but after 16 years, tin mined are closed, the peoplelive in peace and happy from tour and tourism.Phuket Island bring out some idea about how local knowledgelocal knowledge around tin mined can be integrated policymanagement to increase people prosperity around tin minedland according to local knowledge of citizen.

Some questions arise after, and need to be examined are:1. How is Indigenous Knowledge arise as the point of

socioecology around tin mined land2. How IKS can be the foundation in managing policy of

environment3. How is the strategy of managing policy to act in the

environment around tin mined land which is based onIndigenous Knowledge to lead to the green era

B. Purpose of the Research

The purpose of this research is to answer the questionsabove, those are:

1. Knowing Indigenous Knowledge as the socioecology oncitizen around tin mined land

2. Knowing and searching model integrating IndigenousKnowledge system in managing environment local servicesystem tin mined land

3. Making mined land management strategies based onIndigenous Knowledge towards green era

II. FrameworksDevelopment, poverty and environmental damage become threethings has relationship to each others. That relationship canbe unidirectional or reciprocal overview of ecologicalrelationships between a causal relationship. Development is aform of social planned exchange and it should be a governmentperspective in increasing public welfare and reduce poverty,poverty in socioecological perspective is public has notenough access in managing natural resources and in the

implementation many development program of government onlyabout local revenue and ignoring the environmental aspect.(Masyarakat dan Ilmu Pemerintahan Indonesia, Desember 2013).As example, granting mined license, granting smelter licensepermission tenure on employer and another licenses on naturalresources management which contributing environmental damage.Employer attitude has force people to do something to survive,even it comes to dangerous. Just like unconventional tin minedland had buried alive some workers (Bangka Pos, 2009). Socialreconciliation in concept of ecological modernization towardsgreen era and it basically on people participation and basedon Indigenous Knowledge exist as Indigenous Knowledge Systemtrusted as the solver and even increasing economic growth andpublic welfare. Ecological modernization concept is graduallyprocess and development of ecosystem, ecological system orsocial system towards new balance that is about the harmony ofsocial balance and ecology, the unbalance between social andecology was happened because of utilization of naturalresources and positivism perspective though that thinks aboutscience as the universal and absolute right. However, out ofscience, was exist a local knowledge system which so empiricand able to be the guard and guide of the harmony.Green social theory with gradually development try to payattention on the effort and overcome the problem of theseparating human and nature (Barny, 1999), graduallydevelopment often synonimized with ecological modernizationwhich discussed in first seminar in WCED (World Commission onEnvironmental Growth and Development, 1998). Ecologicalmodernization from social perspective is socioecology theinteraction between human and nature towards harmony.In this research, we use socioecology which means thatdevelopment can be used by nowadays generation or future whilemaintaining harmony between social system and natural ecologysystem assumptions used in socioecology is growth of socialeconomic which is recounciliated with ecologicalsustainability.

Tin mining land is a complex process , causing not only thedamage of ecology, but also causing conflict of access to thatnatural resources also trade off between people who have powerover that. Technical approach to make evaluate andenvironmental recovery of tin mined land (Kolong) which isonly use technology and done gradually was turns out to looselegitimation and intention from people. The attention turns toexchange form become participatory valuation approach andintegrated to as socioecology participatory approachintegrated with socioecology based on indigenous knowledgewill apply some source of local knowledge with accuratelydrawing complex socioecology process.

III. DiscussionIn environment sociology perspective, nowadays condition washappened cause of people failed in managing relationship(socioecology) nature environment and the built environment.Built environment tend to build and give some responsibilityto ecological environment and the affect is disturbance ofharmony of natural harmony. Each natural environment hasspecial character which can be the source of the problem inhuman life, but it is fair to say that human has that wise andability to repair their environment, although thecharacteristic of nature can be the problem to the human life.

People live in different natural environment, such asmountain, snowy land, forest, dessert, rocky mountain, beachand on surface of water, river or sea. Amos Rapoport(2006:179-180) it’s identified at least exist about 1.278built environment was built because of different condition ofenvironment.

Bangka Botanical Garden and Hutan Pelawan are some example ofbuilt environment to shows how traditional people can live

consistently with their built environment. Nowadays, it seemsthat natural harmonic condition and built environment nolonger exist, it seems that people try to conquer nature, sothat’s why this research aim to know about the form ofexpressions of knowledge as the knowledge point as theindigenous knowledge to return back the damage of builtenvironment towards a new condition that can give new harmonyand advantages in economical side and continuouslysocioecology development.BBG and Hutan Pelawan can be used as a model to understand howindigenous local system was created. The study do by seeingsamples best practice in managing tin mined land whichsuccessfully done by qualitative descriptive method withaction research in Bangka Botanical Garden and Hutan Pelawan.

A. Best Practice: Bangka Botanical Garden (BBG)Johan is native people of Bangka Island, he was so worryabout the nature condition and people paradigm which assumedthat tin mined land was wasted at all. But based on hisexperience when he was making trip to Phuket Thailand, Johanthen determined to change tin mined land in Pangkalpinangaround Pasir Padi Beach to change become a land which has aneconomic, ecology and social side. With great intentions tomake changes, Johan then looking for some references toMalaysia, Singapore and Thailand how to improve theenvironment at low cost efficient and give much advantages.Point of local knowledge, said by Johan is “if gold becomegold is ordinary, but if trash turn to gold that is great”.This is real indigenous knowledge truly built, and it existsin every people around tin mined land. But, lack ofmotivation and brave, indigenous knowledge not rise at all;Johan is the brave one to raise it.Johan start his big steps in 2005, before he was abusinessman who own a tin smelter, when he started hisbusiness, he was accused as that the wasted from his smelterwas poisoned and harmful. He tries to show that it’s wrong.He makes a pool then filled fish there, fish are alive and

still can be consumed, then he planted tomato and chili,flush them with wasted from the smelter, the fact, theystill can produce healthy fruit and safe to be consumed. Notsatisfy with his little success, Johan plant again and uselarger land in tin mined land, he plant cashew nut, sengon,Ketapang and Pucuk Merah in tin mined land, side the beach.But the people around not support him anyway, they destroythe land again because tin price are rising, and that landstill deposit containing tin.Apparently tin mining in Bangka Island is unique, when tinprice rising, everyone mining, and when the price down, theyleave. When Johan and his plant on mined land, they stoppedby people who though that Johan want to take their land,Johan determined to create a special area to be a sample ofenvironment improvement on tin mined land, Johan says thatcharacteristic of Bangka people is not bothered, has to bechanged and give examples of concrete proof of his successfirst then duplicate. The area is the named BBG (BangkaBotanical Garden) an ecoindustrial park concept.Johan start developing BBG with 3 Balinese cows, 6 milchcows, and 14 calfs, the dung used as compost to neutralizingwater in aquaculture ponds to be built. Compost also willget back the soil nutrient need by plants before it,nutrient content of the soil relatively few, because beforeit was dominated by tailing and wasted from mining, the landcontains C-organic very low, only 2% so this land is notproductive.Synergy between cattle breeding, environmental improvementsupport by experts from local government and centralgovernment also Balai Inseminasi Buatan (center forartificial insemination) fish breeding center institutionJawa Barat, and another institutions, resulting cow manuretreated and change become biogas, and compost or liquidfertilizer, liquid used to wash contain micro planktonplaced to feed fish, grass planted utilized cow manure asfertilizer and the result for cows back, an ecologicalmetabolism concept.

Now, although it only greening about 100 Ha, the target isabout 150 Ha from 300 Ha owned land which got from localgovernment of Pangkalpinang, consist of tin mined land, BBGnow owned 400 cows, produce 450 Tons compost per month andalso produce liquid fertilizer from cow manure up to 500Littre per days, from 80 milch cows, produce 160 Littre milkper day, BBG also spreading 700 glass of fresh cow’s milk tosome school in Bangka twice each years.From agriculture, BBG concentrated to produce dragon fruit,and resulting 90 kg per one harvest in a 1.6 Ha land, someornamental plants and original forest plants from Bangkaalso exist there. BBG also try to plant Date, in a 1.8 Haland and plant orchid and Pelawan which almost extinct.Johan mission is to make BBG as a research location, sporteducation, tourism, and the most is can be the role model tomotivate another region to fix the post mining land. So asto create ecological modernization, economic and peopleperspective about tin mined land change become “wastedbecome blessing”Now BBG most visited by student from kindergarten untilsenior high school. Johan now pioneering training institutegreening program and empowerment environment to students,Johan wish that will be rise young generation who loveenvironment. According to Johan, result from BBG more promising economicbenefits as well as social and ecological sustainable ratherthan plays in smelter, because it’s more important andneeded. So gradually development towards next generation canbe exist not as like tin smelter which only make benefitsbusinessman in fact are foreigner who act as financier andloot our natural resources even make wound to our livingplace.

A. Best Practice 2; Kehati Garden Namang VillageDifferent with Johan, Zaiwan, Headman of Desa Namang is ahero of environment who got Kalpataru award from theMinistry of Environment by his pretty cool idea to make a52. 4 Ha land, now increase about 252. 4 Ha land, that landused to a tin mined land successfully change to be a ricefield with especially plant brown rice, also producingPelawan Bitter Honey and Pelawan Mushroom. The questionrising is how relationships are formed Indigenous KnowledgeSystem in rural communities Desa Namang on mined land in thecontext of ecological modernization (socioecology)?On Desa Namang has develop a protected forest areas whichsome part is used to be a tin mined land, that area is about252. 4 Ha that area has a function as forest tourist areaalso as the lung air for Central Bangka Regency. The forestwhich is exist of some species like Gelam, Leting, Pelawanand Rempodong is sources of nectar for bees. Pollen fromPelawan absorbed by bees then produce bitter honey which isbecome a typical honey from Bangka Tengah, bees only flyfrom their nest, look for nectar, propolis and water then goback to nest, that’s why Pelawan Honey is special if comparewith another, the taste is also special, it’s bitter andwhen swallowed the bitter is gone, the bitter honey isbecause it’s containing alkaloid which is may become thedrugs and efficacious as anti infective, useful to be theimmune and treat some kind of disease. The development ofnon timber forest product is Pelawan Honey, also develop byproductive business group in protect forest area throughBUMDes (Badan Usaha Milik Desa/Village Owned Enterprises)

Honey harvest in the region based on people experience, inSeptember, October, and November until December but whenchange of seasons in September, there is another blessingfor people in Desa Namang, that is the growing of PelawanMushroom which is very tasty and the price is very expensive(Rp. 1.300.000/kg Dry mushroom).

Use of mined land become agriculture also develop in thisarea by returning the soil surface and invest organicmatter, after 1 to 2 years land is already to be planted,Sengon, Acacia at the side and in the plot rice terraceswhere planted brown rice. Now already exist some field about 86 Ha in Desa Namang andDesa Belilik Namang. The making of those field using centralgovernment fund and local government and can produce riceabout 4-5 tons/Ha, then will added also fund from additionalbudget/2011 in September by the target will be some new ricefield about 800 Ha

Cultural History of Desa NamangLong time ago at three junction on the village, there was alarge wood named Namang wood/Ramin Wood, and under the bigwood live a young man who was so kind, everyone who stopthere always give drink by the young man, every time he givedrink he said “na-mang” (“na” is word used by Bangka peopleto give something, “mang” is called to a person older thanus, so until now that village is called Desa Namang, inbuilding normative and ethic points also vision of thevillage, Desa Namang then make a slogan that is “Pelawan”(Produktif, Elaboratif, Aman dan Berwawasan Lingkungan) thispoint later become Indigenous Knowledge to people in DesaNamang to develop and improving welfare.This little village with population no more than 16.625people become famous because the succeed to preserveprotected forest or usually called as Hutan Pelawan. Headmanof Desa Namang , Zaiwan said that the people there alsosucceed to conserve Pelawan Mushroom and Pelawan Honey whichbecome the most expensive honey and mushroom in Indonesiabased on data of Ministry of Forestry and Agriculture. HutanPelawan also often used as a research place by someuniversity like UGM, ITB, UNSRI, UBB and many more. Zaiwansaid that at the beginning is not easy to keep and guardingHutan Pelawan, many challenges he got, even Zaiwan wascalled crazy by people there, but Alhamdulillah now it’s

been succeed and all the people around support to conservethis forest. We conserve this to our next generation hesaid.

Governor of Bangka Belitung, Dr. Eko Maulana Ali, M.Sc(Almarhum) was so proud and happy because of localgovernment of Bangka Tengah and apparatus of Desa Namang canutilize natural resources very well, “this can change peopleparadigm which used to earn money from tin mined, to changeto farm or gardening” governor said.

IV. ConclusionFrom best practice in two research location we cantake a lesson that to repair environment in mined landsomething’s which have to be look are:1. Tin mined land, if we cultivated with perseverance,

faith, and Indigenous Local System as theIndigenous Knowledge, also support of allstakeholders can make a proof that people aroundBBG and Desa Namang can live in peace with no tinmined at all.

2. Need patience and all participation of allstakeholders in doing changes of paradigm throughbest practice as a transfer of knowledge inbuilding Indigenous Knowledge System insocioecology.

3. Environmental management policy strategy foranother regions which is larger need more deepresearch and comprehensive in doing strategy,implementation, evaluation also reflection frompractice experience, transfer of knowledge toregions is by approach method to look for LocalKnowledge which match with potential andcharacteristic of the region and need valuation and

allocation around mined land can be done towardsgreen era.

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