NAME: DEEPIKA VASNANI Roll no. 201 Topic: environment movements in India with reference to Maharashtra.

ENVIRONMENT MOVEMENTS IN INDIA WITH REFERANCE TO

MAHARASHTRA

ENVIRONMENT MOVEMENTS IN ENVIRONMENT MOVEMENTS IN INDIA.INDIA. CHIPKO MOVEMENT.CHIPKO MOVEMENT.

NARMADA BACHAYO ABHIYAN.NARMADA BACHAYO ABHIYAN.

SILENT VALLEY NATIONAL SILENT VALLEY NATIONAL PARK PROJECT.PARK PROJECT.

Chipko Movement Chipko Movement

THE CHIPKO MOVEMENTMOVEMENT

Foot March for Chipko Movement

Resistance to destruction of forests spread in the hills of Uttaranchal in1970’s

Place of origin - Gopeshwar in District Chamoli.

First Chipko action March 1974 in Reni village.

WHY CHIPKO MOVEMENT The forests of India are a critical resource for the livelihood of rural peoples throughout the country.

These forests have been increasingly felled for commerce and industry.

If the Himalayas are not saved all of India will be turned in to a desert, Fodder will not be available.

There will be Soil Erosion and land slides. The Chipko movement was started to prevent the cutting of trees.

Chipko Movement aimed at protection and conservation of trees and forests from being destroyed.

BACKGROUND  Government's decision to allot forest trees to a sports goods company

The local residents in Gopeshwar were denied the similar demand of getting few trees, required for making farm tools

Mr. Chandi Prasad Bhatt of „Dasoli Gram Swarajya Sangh‟(DGSS) wanted to establish small industries using forest resources, with an aim to provide job opportunities to local youth and check migration

Why Chipko Movement:-Why Chipko Movement:- Background :-Background :-

Chandi Prasad Bhatt:-Chandi Prasad Bhatt:- The birth of chipko The birth of chipko

movement:-movement:-

ABOUT ABOUT

““Let them know we will not Let them know we will not allow the felling of a allow the felling of a single tree. When their men single tree. When their men raise their axes, we will raise their axes, we will embrace the trees to protect embrace the trees to protect them.” them.”

- Chandi Prasad - Chandi Prasad BhattBhatt

Major people in the Chipko Major people in the Chipko MovementMovement

As a diverse movement As a diverse movement with diverse with diverse experiences, experiences, strategies, and strategies, and motivations, Chipko motivations, Chipko inspired inspired environmentalists both environmentalists both nationally and globally nationally and globally and contributed and contributed substantially to the substantially to the emerging philosophies emerging philosophies of eco-feminism and of eco-feminism and deep ecology and fields deep ecology and fields of community-based of community-based conservation and conservation and sustainable mountain sustainable mountain development. development.

THE NARMADA DAM IN INDIA

Narmada means ‘ever-delightful’, one of the Narmada means ‘ever-delightful’, one of the holiest rivers in the country of Indiaholiest rivers in the country of India

““they say that even the site of the river they say that even the site of the river will cleanse all of your sins”will cleanse all of your sins”

The Narmada The Narmada RiverRiver

WHY THE NARMADA DAM?? 1/5 of pop. (200 million people) are without safe drinking water

2/3 of pop. (600 million people) lack basic sanitation

2/5 of pop. (350 million people) live below the poverty line

With rain being sporadic because of rainy seasons and variations between different parts of the country, the idea of storing river water in reservoirs behind dams seemed to be a great solution

THE NARMADA DAM PROJECTTHE NARMADA DAM PROJECT

According to the government, the Sardar According to the government, the Sardar Sarovar Dam will do the following:Sarovar Dam will do the following:

Provide safe drinking water to 30 Provide safe drinking water to 30 million peoplemillion people

Irrigate 4.8 million hectares of landIrrigate 4.8 million hectares of landProduce 550 megawatts of powerProduce 550 megawatts of powerProvide 1,300 cubic-meters of water per Provide 1,300 cubic-meters of water per yr.for municipal and industrial purposesyr.for municipal and industrial purposes

Provide a drainage system to carry away Provide a drainage system to carry away floodwatersfloodwaters

It will also take the land of 320,000 It will also take the land of 320,000 peoplepeople

MEMBERS INVOLVED IN MOVEMENT Medha patkar Arundhati roy Alok agarwal Amir khan

PROPONENTS  Indian Government supports the building of dams.

The World Bank supported the Sardar Sarovar Dam Project and loaned India $450 million. They withdrew from the project after an independent review confirmed social and environmental impacts were increasing

Supreme court gave stay order & directed the states to complete rehabilitation process.

In 2000, Supreme court gave the final verdict of completion of construction according to its original scale.

OPPONENTSOPPONENTS Dalits and Adivasi (indigenous people). In accordance to their caste system they are often referred to as ‘untouchables’. Many of these people are uneducated and very few can read and write.

Narmada Bachao Andolan, the Save the Narmada Movement (NBA). The movement started in 1986 when the World Bank lent India $450 million for the Sardar project. It was started by a social worker named Medha Patkar. She is the representative for the NBA movement.

SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF DAMS

Relocation of communities:

- impacts on health, & economic, social, cultural well-being

Loss of community control over water:

- transfer of control from local level to central government or corporate control

Diseases: - encouraged by dam projects (creating habitat for parasites), e.g. schistosomiasis, mosquitoes

Increasing cost of dams:

- problems encountered in building dams (ex. sedimentation).- cost of mitigating social, environmental impacts.- delays- best sites already taken -- only more remote, more difficult sites left.

WHY DID THE WORLD BANK WITHDRAW WHY DID THE WORLD BANK WITHDRAW THE LOAN?THE LOAN?

It was a protest by It was a protest by the NBA called the NBA called 'satyagraha' that 'satyagraha' that caught the World Banks caught the World Banks attention.attention.

They sent in an They sent in an independent review independent review team headed by Hugh team headed by Hugh Brody, a British Brody, a British anthropologist and anthropologist and Donald Gamble, a Donald Gamble, a Canadian environmental Canadian environmental engineer.engineer.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTSENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTSThreat to aquatic habitat –

Water logging – Salinisation –

HEALTH IMPACTSHEALTH IMPACTSOutbreak of diseases Outbreak of diseases – the concern of an – the concern of an increase in malaria increase in malaria because of the because of the increased reservoirs increased reservoirs and water logged and water logged lands, which are lands, which are prime locations for prime locations for mosquitoes to breed. mosquitoes to breed.

SOCIAL IMPACTSSOCIAL IMPACTSThere was no There was no social impacts social impacts assessment assessment before the dam before the dam project project started. The started. The World Bank World Bank tried to do an tried to do an assessment assessment after the dam after the dam project started project started but found that but found that there was a there was a ‘severe ‘severe shortage in shortage in baseline data’.baseline data’.

SAVE THE NARMADA MOVEMENTSAVE THE NARMADA MOVEMENT

Established in 1989Established in 1989 Sept 1989 - 60,000 people rally against destructive Sept 1989 - 60,000 people rally against destructive developmentdevelopment

Jan 1990 – 5,000 people marched on the Narmada Valley Jan 1990 – 5,000 people marched on the Narmada Valley Development authority offices forcing them to closeDevelopment authority offices forcing them to close

March 1990 – 10,000 protesters blocked the highway from March 1990 – 10,000 protesters blocked the highway from Bombay for two daysBombay for two days

May 1990 – 2,000 people staged a sit-in outside the May 1990 – 2,000 people staged a sit-in outside the prime ministers house in Delhiprime ministers house in Delhi

CURRENT STATUS OF DAM The Spillway of Sardar Sarovar Dam is raised upto its crest level of 121.92 m

o Construction of Irrigation Bye Pass Tunnel [IBPT] is almost completed.

Preconstruction activities of Garudeshwar weir has been taken up

Protests are a regular occurrence and they will continue to do so until the dam is stopped

SAVE SILENT VALLEY

Save Silent valley

SILENT VALLEYSILENT VALLEYThe only 50 Million old The only 50 Million old Tropical Ever Green Tropical Ever Green forest in the Earth. Due forest in the Earth. Due to strong protest on the to strong protest on the part of Environmental part of Environmental

Groups the Government was Groups the Government was forced to declare Silent forced to declare Silent valley as a National Parkvalley as a National Park

HISTORY OF SILENT VALLEY HISTORY OF SILENT VALLEY MOVEMENTMOVEMENT

It was a battlefield of personal agendas, It was a battlefield of personal agendas, between the then prime minister Morarji between the then prime minister Morarji Desai, the Kerala government and the Desai, the Kerala government and the

environmentalists.environmentalists.

The Silent Valley hydroelectric project was The Silent Valley hydroelectric project was to dam the Kunthipuzha River, submerging the to dam the Kunthipuzha River, submerging the entire biosphere reserve and destroying its entire biosphere reserve and destroying its

four-million-year-old rainforests.four-million-year-old rainforests.

In 1980, the M.G.K. Menon Committee set up In 1980, the M.G.K. Menon Committee set up to review the project, came out with a to review the project, came out with a

recommendation to scrap it.recommendation to scrap it.

There are at least 34 species of mamals at There are at least 34 species of mamals at Silent Valley including the threatened Lion-Silent Valley including the threatened Lion-tailed Macaque, Niligiri Langur, Malabar tailed Macaque, Niligiri Langur, Malabar Giant Squirrel, Nilgiri Tahr, Peshwa’s Bat Giant Squirrel, Nilgiri Tahr, Peshwa’s Bat (Myotis peshwa) and Hairy-winged Bat. There (Myotis peshwa) and Hairy-winged Bat. There are nine species of bats, rats and mice are nine species of bats, rats and mice

It was a social movement aimed at the protection of Silent It was a social movement aimed at the protection of Silent valley, an evergreen tropical forest in the Palakkad district valley, an evergreen tropical forest in the Palakkad district of Kerala, India.of Kerala, India.

Silent Valley, occupying an area of 8950 hectares at an altitude Silent Valley, occupying an area of 8950 hectares at an altitude of 3000 feet in Palaghat district of Kerala, is perhaps, the only of 3000 feet in Palaghat district of Kerala, is perhaps, the only remaining undisturbed tropical rain forest in Indian peninsula.remaining undisturbed tropical rain forest in Indian peninsula.

In the 1960 s the state government began planning a dam to In the 1960 s the state government began planning a dam to generate hydroelectri city as the basis for regional economic generate hydroelectri city as the basis for regional economic developmentdevelopment

It was started in 1973 to save the Silent Valley Reserve Forest It was started in 1973 to save the Silent Valley Reserve Forest in from being flooded by a hydroelectric project.in from being flooded by a hydroelectric project.

The government eventually abandoned the project in 1983 and the The government eventually abandoned the project in 1983 and the valley was declared as in Silent Valley National Park 1985.valley was declared as in Silent Valley National Park 1985.

SILENT VALLEY IS THE HOME TO THE LARGEST SILENT VALLEY IS THE HOME TO THE LARGEST POPULATION OF LION-TAILED MACAQUES. They POPULATION OF LION-TAILED MACAQUES. They

are among the World's rarest and most are among the World's rarest and most threatened primates. threatened primates.

January 1981: Bowing to January 1981: Bowing to unrelenting public pressure, unrelenting public pressure, Indira Gandhi declares that Indira Gandhi declares that

Silent Valley will be Silent Valley will be protected.protected.

June 1983: the Centre re-June 1983: the Centre re-examines the issue through a examines the issue through a commission chaired by Prof. commission chaired by Prof.

M.G.K. Menon.M.G.K. Menon.

November 1983: the Silent November 1983: the Silent Valley Hydroelectric Project Valley Hydroelectric Project

is called off.is called off.1985: Prime Minister Rajiv 1985: Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi formally inaugurates Gandhi formally inaugurates Silent Valley National Park.Silent Valley National Park.

Silent Valley – A People’s Movement Silent Valley – A People’s Movement That Saved A ForestThat Saved A Forest

Map of Nilgiris Biosphere Reserve, Map of Nilgiris Biosphere Reserve, showing Silent Valley National showing Silent Valley National Park in relation to multiple Park in relation to multiple contiguous protected areascontiguous protected areas

ENVIRONMENT MOVEMENTS IN ENVIRONMENT MOVEMENTS IN MAHARASHTRA.MAHARASHTRA.

JAITAPUR NUCLEAR POWER PLANT

PANI PANCHAYAT

Nuclear power Nuclear power projectproject

BRIEF ABOUT THE PROJECTBRIEF ABOUT THE PROJECT

Jaitapur Nuclear Power Project is a proposed Jaitapur Nuclear Power Project is a proposed 9900 MW power project of Nuclear Power 9900 MW power project of Nuclear Power

Corporation of India (NPCIL) at Madban village Corporation of India (NPCIL) at Madban village of Ratnagiri district in Maharashtra. of Ratnagiri district in Maharashtra.

If built, it would be the largest nuclear power If built, it would be the largest nuclear power generating station in the world by net generating station in the world by net

electrical power rating. electrical power rating.

On December 6, 2010 an agreement was signed for On December 6, 2010 an agreement was signed for the supply of nuclear fuel for 25 years in the the supply of nuclear fuel for 25 years in the presence of French President Nicolas Sarkozy presence of French President Nicolas Sarkozy and Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh. and Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh.

French nuclear engineering firm Areva S.A. and French nuclear engineering firm Areva S.A. and Indian state-owned nuclear operator Nuclear Indian state-owned nuclear operator Nuclear Power Corporation of India signed this multi Power Corporation of India signed this multi

billion valued agreement of about $9.3 billion valued agreement of about $9.3 billion. billion.

It is proposed to construct 6 European It is proposed to construct 6 European Pressurized Reactors designed and developed by Pressurized Reactors designed and developed by Areva of France, each of 1650 megawatts, thus Areva of France, each of 1650 megawatts, thus

totaling 9900 megawatts. totaling 9900 megawatts.

These are the third generation pressurized water These are the third generation pressurized water reactors (PWR).reactors (PWR).

Estimated cost of this project is around 100,000 crore Estimated cost of this project is around 100,000 crore (US$18.2 billion).(US$18.2 billion).

This type of reactor is not currently operational This type of reactor is not currently operational anywhere in the world. anywhere in the world.

The cost of building the plant is about Rs 20 crore/MWe The cost of building the plant is about Rs 20 crore/MWe capacity compared with Rs 5 crore/MWe for a coal power capacity compared with Rs 5 crore/MWe for a coal power station.station.

The cost of electricity from this power plant will be The cost of electricity from this power plant will be below Rs.4 (US$0.07) per Kilowatt hour.below Rs.4 (US$0.07) per Kilowatt hour.

MISSION MISSION &&

AIMAIM

LOCATION..LOCATION..

LOCATION..LOCATION.. The proposed Jaitapur Nuclear Power Project is The proposed Jaitapur Nuclear Power Project is located at the west coast with an average located at the west coast with an average elevation of 90 feet (27 m). elevation of 90 feet (27 m).

This project will spread over 968 hectares of This project will spread over 968 hectares of land. land.

Jaitapur is on the Arabian Sea coast in Jaitapur is on the Arabian Sea coast in Ratnagiri district in the southwestern part of Ratnagiri district in the southwestern part of Maharashtra, India. Maharashtra, India.

The district is a part of Konkan in Western The district is a part of Konkan in Western Ghats. It is also known as one of the best Ghats. It is also known as one of the best ports from the Neolithic era. ports from the Neolithic era.

NUCLEAR PROJECT..NUCLEAR PROJECT.. Environmental effects of nuclear power and geological Environmental effects of nuclear power and geological

issuesissues

It is not clear where the nuclear waste emanating from the It is not clear where the nuclear waste emanating from the site will be dumped. The plant is estimated to generate 300 site will be dumped. The plant is estimated to generate 300

tonnes of waste each yeartonnes of waste each year

Since the plant will use the sea water for cooling and then Since the plant will use the sea water for cooling and then release warm water in the Arabian Sea, which will destroy release warm water in the Arabian Sea, which will destroy

marine life marine life

Jaitapur is in the Konkan region is considered to be one Jaitapur is in the Konkan region is considered to be one of the world’s biodiversity hotspots and is home to of the world’s biodiversity hotspots and is home to

thousands of species of plants and animals, many of which thousands of species of plants and animals, many of which are threatened.are threatened.

NEED OF THIS PROJECT  Nuclear power is green and clean source of energy o very much necessary for India to complement the electricity production in the country which is mostly by thermal power plants (with 63.95% share)

The present share of nuclear power in total generation of electricity in the country is only 2.83% as on 31st July 2008

India is poised to go largely for peaceful use of nuclear energy in generating electricity, which resulted in the waiver from Nuclear Supplier Group, enabling India to have nuclear trade

ISSUES RELATED TO THE PROJECTISSUES RELATED TO THE PROJECT

European Pressurised Reactors(EPR)European Pressurised Reactors(EPR)

Nuclear Damage Bill 2010Nuclear Damage Bill 2010

land acquisitionland acquisition

-Jaitapur being seismically sensitive area, the -Jaitapur being seismically sensitive area, the danger of an earthquake has been foremost on danger of an earthquake has been foremost on

the minds of people. the minds of people.

-The presence of two major creeks on the proposed -The presence of two major creeks on the proposed site has been ignored while clearing the site.site has been ignored while clearing the site.

OTHER ISSUES  Social impact Environment Human rights Earthquake zone Nuclear safety India’s weak regulatory environment

Lack of transparency

OPPONENTS According to the Earthquake hazard zoning of India, Jaitapur comes under Zone III. This zone is called the moderate Risk Zone

The presence of two major creeks on the proposed site has been ignored while clearing the site

Moreover jaitapur is located on plateau probability of tsunami reaching jaitapur is quite less

It is not clear where the nuclear waste emanating from the site will be dumped. The plant is estimated to generate 300 tonnes of waste each year.

PROTEST  Many protests have been carried out by local people against the proposed nuclear power plant. On 29 December 2009, 12 January 2010, and 22 January 2010

When the government authorities visited Madban for distribution of cheques in lieu of compulsory land acquisition, the villagers refused to accept the cheques

Government officials were shown black flags, denied any co-operation in carrying out their activities. 72 people were arrested on 22 January 2010 when people protested against the compulsory land acquisition.

PANI PANCHAYATPANI PANCHAYAT

water is a common property water is a common property resource and must, resource and must, therefore, be accessible to therefore, be accessible to all.all.

Founded in Founded in 1972 by Late 1972 by Late Mr. Vilasrao Mr. Vilasrao salunke Pani salunke Pani Panchayat has Panchayat has continued its continued its efforts efforts towards the towards the vision.vision.

MEMBERS INVOLVED IN MOVEMENT Kalpanatai salunkhe Anil madhav kale Pandurang balkrishna

Every family member should be allowed water for cultivation Every family member should be allowed water for cultivation at the rate of half an acre per head subject to a maximum of at the rate of half an acre per head subject to a maximum of 2.5 acres per family. In other words 1000 m3 of water per 2.5 acres per family. In other words 1000 m3 of water per head per year subject to maximum 5000m3 per family per year.head per year subject to maximum 5000m3 per family per year.

Water lifted be shared by members based on family size and Water lifted be shared by members based on family size and not land holding.not land holding.

No water intensive crops can be grown. Crops requiring too No water intensive crops can be grown. Crops requiring too high quantity of water should not be grown.high quantity of water should not be grown.

Cropping patterns be decided by mutual consultation in the Cropping patterns be decided by mutual consultation in the group.group.

Water rights are not attached to land rights. They cannot be Water rights are not attached to land rights. They cannot be alienated.alienated.

PrinciplesPrinciples

Land for which the water is obtained under this Land for which the water is obtained under this project cannot be sold without the permission of the project cannot be sold without the permission of the "Pani Panchayat"."Pani Panchayat".

Small lift irrigation schemes are built by joint Small lift irrigation schemes are built by joint efforts of farmers for common benefit.efforts of farmers for common benefit.

Water taxes to be paid by all members in 2 Water taxes to be paid by all members in 2 installments each year by the dates fixed by installments each year by the dates fixed by consensus failing which water supply will be cut consensus failing which water supply will be cut off.off.

WHAT LAID TO PANI PANCHAYAT Started in 1972 in state of maharashtra

Due to severe drought crisis in regions of purandhar taluka near pune

No availability of water for agriculture of any kind

No means of survival for villagers Cause of poverty No water no employement

SOLUTION TO PROBLEM Farmers themselves should conserve scanty rainfall

Watershed management Equal share of water

VISIONVISION Developing holistic farming system through the use Developing holistic farming system through the use of organic farming based on scientific techniques of organic farming based on scientific techniques are very successful remedy to the economic and are very successful remedy to the economic and ecological crises edangered by Green revolution.ecological crises edangered by Green revolution.

MissionMission

Assured Water for Population who are depending on Assured Water for Population who are depending on Land for livelihood. Land for livelihood. 

Natural Resouce Protection and Conservation Natural Resouce Protection and Conservation especially water. especially water.

Protecting water rights for Weaker Section of the Protecting water rights for Weaker Section of the Society.Society.  

THE RULES.THE RULES. ~ Water rights are not attached to land ~ Water rights are not attached to land rights. If land is sold, the water rights rights. If land is sold, the water rights revert back to the farmers' collective.revert back to the farmers' collective.

~ All members of community, including the ~ All members of community, including the landless have right to water.landless have right to water.

~ The beneficiaries of the panchayat have ~ The beneficiaries of the panchayat have to bear 20 percent of the cost of the to bear 20 percent of the cost of the scheme. They have to plan, administer and scheme. They have to plan, administer and manage the scheme and distribute water in manage the scheme and distribute water in an equitable manner.an equitable manner.

ACHIEVEMENTS Only crops which require perennial irrigation are permitted.

Emphasis on food crops ensures food security.

Some farmers have taken up floriculture Flowers like tube roses, which do not need large quantities of water, are grown

Social tensions reduced due to participatory management of community resources.

Some city migrants have returned to their villages to go back to farming

Barren lands that produced little or no food were gradually producing good seasonal crop

REFERENCESREFERENCES www.slideshare.net/PranavSatya/chipko-movement-www.slideshare.net/PranavSatya/chipko-movement-2601565726015657

Guha, R. (2006). The subaltern social ecology of Guha, R. (2006). The subaltern social ecology of Chandi Prasad Bhatt p. 175-189, in: How much should Chandi Prasad Bhatt p. 175-189, in: How much should a person consume. Publisher: Permanent Black a person consume. Publisher: Permanent Black

Joshi, Naveen (2006). Joshi, Naveen (2006). Davanal Davanal (a novel based on (a novel based on Chipko movement), Samayik Prakashan, New Delhi, pp. Chipko movement), Samayik Prakashan, New Delhi, pp. 504.504.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narmada_Bachao_Andolan http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narmada_Bachao_Andolan http://www.narmada.org/resources/books/http://www.narmada.org/resources/books/silenced_rivers.html silenced_rivers.html

http://www.narmada.org/http://www.narmada.org/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Save_Silent_Valleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Save_Silent_Valley http://www.conservationindia.org/case-studies/http://www.conservationindia.org/case-studies/silent-valley-%E2%80%93-a-people%E2%80%99s-silent-valley-%E2%80%93-a-people%E2%80%99s-movement-that-saved-a-forestmovement-that-saved-a-forest

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaitapur_Nuclear_Power_ProjectJaitapur_Nuclear_Power_Project

http://npcil.nic.in/main/jaitapur-atomic-power-http://npcil.nic.in/main/jaitapur-atomic-power-plant.aspxplant.aspx

http://www.greenpeace.org/india/en/What-We-Do/http://www.greenpeace.org/india/en/What-We-Do/Nuclear-Unsafe/Nuclear-Power-in-India/Jaitapur-Nuclear-Unsafe/Nuclear-Power-in-India/Jaitapur-nuclear-power-plant/nuclear-power-plant/

http://www.panipanchayat.org/ http://www.panipanchayat.org/ http://www.goodnewsindia.com/Pages/http://www.goodnewsindia.com/Pages/content/inspirational/content/inspirational/paniPanchayat.htm paniPanchayat.htm

http://panipanchayat.org/content/http://panipanchayat.org/content/history history