Emerging voices. Secondary syntax in a diachronic perspective

Emerging voicesEmerging voicesSecondary syntax in a diachronic

Barbara Sonnenhauser, [email protected]@univie.ac.at

Emerging voicesEmerging voicesSecondary syntax in a diachronic

perspective

Barbara Sonnenhauser, [email protected]@univie.ac.at

Aims

» illustrate the indexical quality of secondary syntax phenomena

such as parentheticals, paraphrases and addresses

» show the relation between narrative styles and usage of these

phenomena

» account for the gradual appearance of these phenomena in » account for the gradual appearance of these phenomena in

diachronically older stages of a language

illustrate the indexical quality of secondary syntax phenomena

such as parentheticals, paraphrases and addresses

show the relation between narrative styles and usage of these

account for the gradual appearance of these phenomena in

22

account for the gradual appearance of these phenomena in

diachronically older stages of a language

1. Starting point

• Thetical grammar and narrative style

“Whether the distinction between SG [sentence grammar] and TG

[thetical grammar] can be related to that between a reportive and

an expressive narrative style […] is an issue that would be worth

being looked into […].” (Kaltenböck, Heine & Kuteva 2011, 881)

Thetical grammar and narrative style




(Kaltenböck, Heine & Kuteva 2011, 881)

33

1. Starting point

• Thetical grammar and narrative style




being looked into […].” (Kaltenböck, Heine & Kuteva 2011, 881)

literary and linguistic development of early Balkan Slavic prose:

thetical grammar – secondary syntax

narrating instance

Thetical grammar and narrative style





44

literary and linguistic development of early Balkan Slavic prose:

secondary syntax – presupposes an overt

narrating instance

2. Phenomena

• Parentheticals

(1) toj napravi ljubimata si salata ot meki domati

pazara), udavi ja obilno s mirizlivo soevo grăcko olio i […]

‘He made his favoured salad from soft tomatoes (

cheapest at the marked), drowned it with his Greek oil and …’

toj napravi ljubimata si salata ot meki domati (bjaxa naj-evtini na

, udavi ja obilno s mirizlivo soevo grăcko olio i […] (SGE)

‘He made his favoured salad from soft tomatoes (they were the

, drowned it with his Greek oil and …’

55

2. Phenomena

• Paraphrases

(2) Săšto taka znaem, če ima znajni neznanija

nešta, koito ne znaem. (BNC)

‘We also know that there are known unknowns

that there are things that do not know.’

neznanija – sireč znaem, če ima

We also know that there are known unknowns – that is, we know

not know.’

66

2. Phenomena

• Vocatives, addresses

(3) Eto zašto, gospodin predsedatel,

kăm glasuvane. (BNC)

‘That is why, Mr. Chairman, I ask you that we immediately take the

vote’

, gospodin predsedatel, az Vi molja da pristăpim nezabavno

I ask you that we immediately take the

77

2. Phenomena

• Observations

»common in contemporary written texts

»rarer in diachronically older documents

»increase with vernacularisation of written documents (late 16th c.

onwards)

common in contemporary written texts

rarer in diachronically older documents

increase with vernacularisation of written documents (late 16th c.

88

2. Phenomena

• Assumptions

»correlation with development of text types and literary genres

»main changes: introduction of narrating instances

»underlying trend: increase in narrative text types

correlation with development of text types and literary genres

main changes: introduction of narrating instances

underlying trend: increase in narrative text types

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2. Phenomena

• Assumptions




narrativity: relation between narrator/narrating process and narrativity: relation between narrator/narrating process and

narration/object of narration




narrativity: relation between narrator/narrating process and

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narrativity: relation between narrator/narrating process and

narration/object of narration

2. Phenomena

• Assumptions




narrativity: explicitly relating two levels of communicationnarrativity: explicitly relating two levels of communication




narrativity: explicitly relating two levels of communication

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narrativity: explicitly relating two levels of communication

3. Two planes of communication

• communicative relevance of thetical elements / elements of

secondary syntax

“Theticals are elements […] allow the speaker to ‘step out’ of the

confines of the linearity of communication to some extent by

creating a kind of second plane of communication […]. This plane can

be inserted spontaneously virtually anywhere and therefore lends be inserted spontaneously virtually anywhere and therefore lends

itself particularly well to situation

information. But the plane needs to be signaled to the listener as

such […].” (Kaltenböck, Heine & Kuteva 2011, 883)


communicative relevance of thetical elements / elements of


communication to some extent by

creating a kind of second plane of communication […]. This plane can

be inserted spontaneously virtually anywhere and therefore lends

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be inserted spontaneously virtually anywhere and therefore lends

itself particularly well to situation-specific, metacommunicative




• communicative relevance of thetical elements / elements of

secondary syntax


confines of the linearity of communication to some extent by

creating a kind of second plane of communication

be inserted spontaneously virtually anywhere and therefore lends be inserted spontaneously virtually anywhere and therefore lends

itself particularly well to situation

information. But the plane needs to be

such […].” (Kaltenböck, Heine & Kuteva 2011, 883)


communicative relevance of thetical elements / elements of


communication to some extent by

second plane of communication […]. This plane can

virtually anywhere and therefore lends

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virtually anywhere and therefore lends

situation-specific, metacommunicative




• Duplex structures (Jakobson)

“In language and in the use of language, duplicity plays a cardinal

role. In particular, the classification of grammatical […] categories

requires a consistent discrimination of shifters.”


“In language and in the use of language, duplicity plays a cardinal

role. In particular, the classification of grammatical […] categories

requires a consistent discrimination of shifters.” (Jakobson 1971[1957]: 133)

1414



»Distinction 1: message and code

• M/M (message within/about message): ‘relayed’

• M/C (message referring to code): paraphrases, translations; quotations

• C/M (code referring to message): ‘shifter’

• C/C (code referring to code): proper names • C/C (code referring to code): proper names


Distinction 1: message and code

M/M (message within/about message): ‘relayed’ or ‘displaced’ speech

M/C (message referring to code): paraphrases, translations; quotations

C/M (code referring to message): ‘shifter’

ode referring to code): proper names

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ode referring to code): proper names



»Distinction 2: speech event and narrated event

• speech itself and narrated event

• event itself and event participants

� relevant for M (cf. Sonnenhauser 2012 for the problematic relation bewteen M/C and En/Es)� relevant for M (cf. Sonnenhauser 2012 for the problematic relation bewteen M/C and En/Es)


2: speech event and narrated event

speech itself and narrated event

event itself and event participants

(cf. Sonnenhauser 2012 for the problematic relation bewteen M/C and En/Es)

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(cf. Sonnenhauser 2012 for the problematic relation bewteen M/C and En/Es)



»C/M: relation to speech event

• semantically coded

• indexical symbols

»M/M, M/C: relation between two layers of

• communicatively established • communicatively established

• true indexicals

»C/C: no reference


two layers of communication

communicatively established

1717




»C/M: relation to speech event



»M/M, M/C: relation between two layers of


• true indexicals

»C/C: no reference


two layers of communication


1818




»C/M: shifter



»M/M, M/C: relation between two layers of communication


• true indexicals


M/M, M/C: relation between two layers of communication


1919




»C/M: shifter



»M/M, M/C: secondary syntax


• true indexicals



2020




»C/M: shifter



»M/M, M/C: secondary syntax


• true indexicals

Participants of



2121


Participants of Es/En: voices


• Voices (Baxtin / Vološinov)

»Polyphony

„[m]nožestvennost’ samostojatel’nych i neslijannych golosov i

soznanij“ (Baxtin 1972: 7)

‘multiplicity of autonomous and self

consciousnesses’consciousnesses’


„[m]nožestvennost’ samostojatel’nych i neslijannych golosov i

‘multiplicity of autonomous and self-contained voices and

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»Dialogicity

„Ved’ dialogičeskie otnošenija –

otnošenija meždu replikami kompozicionno vyražennogo dialoga […].

Dialogičeskie otnošenija mogut pronikat’ vnutr’ vyskazyvanija, daže

vnutr’ otdel’nogo slova […].“ (Baxtin 1972: 71, 315)vnutr’ otdel’nogo slova […].“

‘In fact, dialogical relations are a much more comprehensive

phenomenon, than relations between the replicas of a compositionally

expressed dialog. Dialogical relations may occur within an utterance,

even within one single word.’


– javlenie gorazdo bolee širokoe, čem

otnošenija meždu replikami kompozicionno vyražennogo dialoga […].

Dialogičeskie otnošenija mogut pronikat’ vnutr’ vyskazyvanija, daže

(Baxtin 1972: 71, 315)

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‘In fact, dialogical relations are a much more comprehensive

phenomenon, than relations between the replicas of a compositionally

expressed dialog. Dialogical relations may occur within an utterance,



»Multi-voiced, dialogical utterances

• speaker/narrator aims at an active, answering understanding

• anticipating the hearer’s reactions, the speaker/narrator is also an

answering person (Baxtin 2000: 259


voiced, dialogical utterances

speaker/narrator aims at an active, answering understanding

anticipating the hearer’s reactions, the speaker/narrator is also an

(Baxtin 2000: 259-261)

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»Multi-voiced, dialogical utterances

• speaker/narrator aims at an active, answering understanding

• anticipating the hearer’s reactions, the speaker/narrator is also an

answering person (Baxtin 2000: 259

underlying relation: indexicality


voiced, dialogical utterances

speaker/narrator aims at an active, answering understanding

anticipating the hearer’s reactions, the speaker/narrator is also an

(Baxtin 2000: 259-261)

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underlying relation: indexicality


• Indexicality (Peirce)

»indexical signs as relational phenomena

• establish a connection with their objects

• reactional

• direct attention by the fact of being used

• need not be conventionalised• need not be conventionalised


s as relational phenomena (EP 2: 163, 277)

establish a connection with their objects

direct attention by the fact of being used

need not be conventionalised

2626





• establish a connection with their objects:

• reactional


• need not be conventionalised • need not be conventionalised



establish a connection with their objects: duplex structures



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• reactional: dialogicity








2828







• direct attention by the fact of being used:





direct attention by the fact of being used: need to be signaled


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• direct attention by the fact of being used:

• need not be conventionalised: • need not be conventionalised:




direct attention by the fact of being used: need to be signaled

need not be conventionalised: spontaneous insertion

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need not be conventionalised: spontaneous insertion




• shifters: indexical symbols (indexicality semantically coded)

• secondary syntax: pure indices (indexicality arises by usage)


indexical signs as relational phenomena (EP 2: 163, 277)

shifters: indexical symbols (indexicality semantically coded)

secondary syntax: pure indices (indexicality arises by usage)

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• shifters: indexical symbols (indexicality semantically coded)

• secondary syntax: pure indices (indexicality arises by usage)

phenomena of secondary syntax introduce different voices by phenomena of secondary syntax introduce different voices by

establishing an indexical relation between the process of narration

and the object of narration


indexical signs as relational phenomena (EP 2: 163, 277)

shifters: indexical symbols (indexicality semantically coded)

secondary syntax: pure indices (indexicality arises by usage)

phenomena of secondary syntax introduce different voices by

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phenomena of secondary syntax introduce different voices by

establishing an indexical relation between the process of narration

and the object of narration

4. Early Balkan Slavic prose

• Background

»transitional period (17th – 19th century)

• linguistic: vernacular replaces Church Slavonic

• literary: narrating instances may become


century)

linguistic: vernacular replaces Church Slavonic

: narrating instances may become visible

3333


• Background

»transitional period (17th – 19th century)

• linguistic: vernacular replaces Church Slavonic

• literary: narrating instances may become visible

Secondary syntax does not quite fit the older norms; it increases Secondary syntax does not quite fit the older norms; it increases

with development of narrative style


century)

linguistic: vernacular replaces Church Slavonic

literary: narrating instances may become visible

Secondary syntax does not quite fit the older norms; it increases

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Secondary syntax does not quite fit the older norms; it increases

with development of narrative style


• Emerging voices

(4) Addresses (relation to participants of Es)

a. poslušaite blagosloveni xristiani

listen, blessed Christians

b. videteli kakvo xorotuva svetaja Paraspekva georgiju

do you see what Saint Paraskeva says to Georgij


Addresses (relation to participants of Es)

xristiani (Punčo)

kakvo xorotuva svetaja Paraspekva georgiju (Punčo)

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what Saint Paraskeva says to Georgij


• Emerging voices

(5) Insertions

a. i tamo poml҃še se b҃u i arxistratigu mixailu, da im pomogne. i vъ edinь

dn҃ь arxg҃glь mixaijь i proby sičkite korabe agarěiskye

b. i tamo pom҃lše se b҃u. i arxistratigu mixailu, da im

dn҃ь arxg҃glь mixailь probi sičkite korabe agarěiskye. dn҃ь arxg҃glь mixailь probi sičkite korabe agarěiskye.

‘and there they asked God and archangel Michel to help them. And one

day archangel Michael ruptured all the ships of the nonbelievers.‘


u i arxistratigu mixailu, da im pomogne. i vъ edinь

i proby sičkite korabe agarěiskye (Koprištenski, 17th c.)

u. i arxistratigu mixailu, da imь pomogne. I vъ edinь

probi sičkite korabe agarěiskye. (Tixonravovski 17th c.)

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probi sičkite korabe agarěiskye. (Tixonravovski 17th c.)

‘and there they asked God and archangel Michel to help them. And one

day archangel Michael ruptured all the ships of the nonbelievers.‘


• Emerging voices

(5) Insertions

c. i tamь se pomolixa bogu i arxistratigu Mixailu da imь pomogni.

Mixailь što stori? Edinь denь proby sičkite gemii agareiskyi

‘and there they asked God and archangel Michel to help them. And

archangel Michael, what did he do? One day he ruptured all ships of thearchangel Michael, what did he do? One day he ruptured all ships of the

nonbelievers.‘


i tamь se pomolixa bogu i arxistratigu Mixailu da imь pomogni. I arxangelь

proby sičkite gemii agareiskyi (Svištovski 1753)


archangel Michael, what did he do? One day he ruptured all ships of the

3737



• Emerging voices

(5) Insertions (relation to En and participants of Es)

c. i tamь se pomolixa bogu i arxistratigu Mixailu da imь pomogni.

Mixailь što stori? Edinь denь proby sičkite gemii agareiskyi

‘and there they asked God and archangel Michel to help them.

archangel Michael, what did he do? archangel Michael, what did he do?

nonbelievers.‘


Insertions (relation to En and participants of Es)

i tamь se pomolixa bogu i arxistratigu Mixailu da imь pomogni. I arxangelь

proby sičkite gemii agareiskyi (Svištovski 1753)



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• Emerging voices

(6) Parentheticals (relation to En and participants of Es)

Zašto ako edna rěčь se govori na edno město po Turski […]

jazykъ […]) na drugo město naxoždaš

Bulgarski. (Grammatika)

‘Because if at one place one word is pronounced in Turkish ‘Because if at one place one word is pronounced in Turkish

language), the same word is pronounced in plain Bulgarian at another place.’


Parentheticals (relation to En and participants of Es)

se govori na edno město po Turski […] (ili i po drugi nekoj

na drugo město naxoždašъ taę ista rěčъ da se govori čisto

Because if at one place one word is pronounced in Turkish (or in some other

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Because if at one place one word is pronounced in Turkish (or in some other

, the same word is pronounced in plain Bulgarian at another place.’


• Emerging voices

(7) Quotations (relation to code)

prinčina [...] da potopi Bogъ zemlję-

čelověka, egože sotvorixъ, ot lica zemli, jako umnožišasę zloby čelověkovъ [...]“

(LS 1844/1)

‚the reason why God drowned the earth in the sea, and ‚the reason why God drowned the earth in the sea, and

annihilate mankind, which I created, from the face of the earth, because

human malice has increased“‘


-ta vъ voda [...] i „reče Bogъ: potreblju

čelověka, egože sotvorixъ, ot lica zemli, jako umnožišasę zloby čelověkovъ [...]“

the reason why God drowned the earth in the sea, and „God said: I will

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the reason why God drowned the earth in the sea, and „God said: I will

I created, from the face of the earth, because

5. To conclude

• Secondary syntax: general perspective

»Indexical phenomena

»Different typesof indexical relations

»Correlation with narrative style

Secondary syntax: general perspective

Different typesof indexical relations

Correlation with narrative style

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5. To conclude

• Secondary syntax: general perspective

»Indexical phenomena

»Different types of indexical relations

»Correlation with narrative style

Focus on indexicality as basic principle

Secondary syntax: general perspective

Different types of indexical relations

Correlation with narrative style

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Focus on indexicality as basic principle

5. To conclude

• Secondary syntax: diachronic perspective

»developing syntactic structures

»‚oral‘ structures (anakolutha etc.)

»different principles of punctuation

Secondary syntax: diachronic perspective

developing syntactic structures

‚oral‘ structures (anakolutha etc.)

different principles of punctuation

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5. To conclude

• Secondary syntax: diachronic perspective

»developing syntactic structures

»‚oral‘ structures (anakolutha etc.)

»different principles of punctuation

additional perspective on diachronic syntax

Secondary syntax: diachronic perspective

developing syntactic structures

‚oral‘ structures (anakolutha etc.)

different principles of punctuation

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additional perspective on diachronic syntax

5. To conclude

• Secondary syntax: narratological perspective

»Traditionally: focus on lexicological and sociolinguistic

»Proposal here: focus on communicative relevance

Secondary syntax: narratological perspective

: focus on lexicological and sociolinguistic aspects

Proposal here: focus on communicative relevance

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5. To conclude

• Secondary syntax: narratological

»Traditionally: focus on lexicological

»Proposal here: focus on communicative

Analysing these phenomena within the framework of secondary

syntax allows figuring out their common function and sheds light on syntax allows figuring out their common function and sheds light on

the interrelation of linguistic and literary development.

narratological perspective

lexicological and sociolinguistic aspects

communicative relevance

Analysing these phenomena within the framework of secondary

syntax allows figuring out their common function and sheds light on

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syntax allows figuring out their common function and sheds light on

the interrelation of linguistic and literary development.

References

• Baxtin, M.M. 2000. Problema rečevyx žanrov. Bocharov, S. G. (ed.).

K filosofskim osnovam gumanitarnyx nauk. Sankt

• Baxtin, M.M., V.N. Vološinov.1930. Konstrukcija vyskazyvanija.

• EP 2: 1998. The Essential Peirce. Selected Philosophical Writings

Project, Vol. 2 (1893–1913). Bloomington, Indiananpolis: Indiana University Press.

• Jakobson, R. 1971[1957]. Shifters, verbal categories and the Russian verb.

The Hague, 130–147

• Kaltenböck, G., B. Heine & T. Kuteva. 2011. On thetical grammar. • Kaltenböck, G., B. Heine & T. Kuteva. 2011. On thetical grammar.

852–897

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199–232

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Baxtin, M.M. 2000. Problema rečevyx žanrov. Bocharov, S. G. (ed.). Mixail Baxtin. Avtor i geroj.

. Sankt-Peterburg, 249–298

Baxtin, M.M., V.N. Vološinov.1930. Konstrukcija vyskazyvanija. Literaturnaja Učeba 3, 65–87

The Essential Peirce. Selected Philosophical Writings, edited by the Peirce Edition

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Shifters, verbal categories and the Russian verb. Selected Writings II.

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Acknowledgments

The research for this paper has been funded

‚The emergence of narrativity in Early Neo-Balkan

This support is gratefully acknowledged.

http://pf.fwf.ac.at/de/wissenschaft

funded by the Austrian Science Fund FWF (project

Balkan Slavic‘; grant number M1536-G23).

http://pf.fwf.ac.at/de/wissenschaft-konkret/project-finder/29868

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Emerging voices. Secondary syntax in a diachronic perspective

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